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http://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/abortion-pill/ | Abortion Pill Home Unplanned Pregnancy Abortion Pill The name Abortion Pill is most commonly used to reference the medications mifepristone and misoprostol taken to terminate the pregnancy of a developing baby Some individuals confuse the morning after pill or emergency contraception with the abortion pill The two are not the same Methotrexate is another abortionrelated medication possibly referred to as the abortion pill In either of these inquiries individuals asking about this medication are considering terminating their pregnancy If you are experiencing an unplanned pregnancy you are not alone Asking questions about the abortion pill is important to ensure you have all the information you need to know about your options You can also ask questions about the medical possible physical and emotional side effects of abortion the abortion pill itself and what resources are available to help you if you decide to keep your baby give it up for adoption or continue with termination of pregnancy Got questions We have answers Call the helpline now 18006722296 When should the abortion pill be taken The abortion pill is approved by the FDA for use to terminate a pregnancy during the first 10 weeks after your last menstrual period This means that the abortion pill may be taken up to 70 days or a little over 2 months after the first day of your last period If you are more than 10 weeks pregnant and considering an abortion you will need to look at surgical abortion procedure options because the embryo is too developed for these medications to terminate completely How effective is the abortion pill The abortion pill is fairly effective failing about 2 to 8 of the time The earlier in your pregnancy the more likely it is to be successful with termination The higher 8 failure rate is associated with taking abortion medications later in your pregnancy and possibly outside the intended approval period Approximately 2 to 4 individuals out of a 100 will discover a failed abortion attempt with a continuation of their pregnancy If this is the case you would need to return to the clinic for a second attempt at a medical abortion or more than likely a surgical option Learn more about the abortion laws according to your state How much does the abortion pill cost The financial cost ranges from approximately 300 up to around 800 Factors that affect the cost of an abortion include Lab work Office visit Types of testing Region of country If the abortion pill fails and your pregnancy continues you will have to pay for a second abortion procedure How does the abortion pill work The first step is to discuss your options learn about resources available to you and learn about the medical abortion in more detail From there you will go through a medical exam which includes the following Medical history Lab work Physical exam Following the medical exam you will be asked to sign a liability release Your abortion provider should give you a guide that explains the medication and termination process The threestep abortion pill process includes the following Take Mifepristone A medication used to block the activity of progesterone Progesterone is one of your pregnancy hormones that is necessary for the uterus ability to support a pregnancy Mifepristone blocks the ability of your bodys progesterone to be recognized by the uterus causing the lining of the uterus to break down and ending the life of the developing embryo Take Misoprostol This medication is taken to cause the uterus to contract and expel the embryo embryonic sac and lining of the uterus expelling the developing baby This process usually takes 2448 hours and is often accompanied by heavy bleeding and strong uterine cramping Return to Clinic You will need to come back to the clinic for an exam 2 weeks later to confirm if the medical abortion was completely successful or not This is a very important step because if the abortion was not complete any parts left behind could cause an infection and leave permanent effects How long does it take for the abortion to complete The second pill Misoprostol is taken 24 to 48 hours after the first pill Mifepristone is taken Approximately half will experience the heavy cramping and bleeding necessary to expel the embryo uterus lining and embryonic sac within the first five hours The majority of women will complete the expulsion within a few days Your abortion provider will usually encourage you to watch the toilet for the passing the blood and embryo tissue Your provider will also schedule a time for a return visit to make sure that the abortion is final This appointment usually occurs between 1 to 2 weeks after initiating the abortion process but it could be as many as three weeks What should you expect during the medical abortion process Once you take the second regimen Misoprostol you should plan to experience heavy bleeding cramping and possibly other symptoms Although it is possible to experience some light bleeding before taking the second medication the majority of heavy bleeding and cramping occurs after the second pill Other symptoms or side effects you may experience include the following Dizziness Intense cramping Nausea with or without vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain separate from cramping Mild fever or chills Light lactation The bleeding should mimic a very heavy period You may notice blood clots and bodily tissue passing as well Avoid using a tampon during this process and for a short time after termination It is best to use overnight pads to absorb the blood and tissue that is expelled You should begin to feel better the next day and continue to improve each of the next few days unless you happen to be the percentage of women that experience adverse effects from the abortion attempt If you experience any of the physical risks below contact your healthcare provider immediately What are the risks of the abortion pill Like any procedure or medication there are risks related to the abortion pill Although rare an incomplete abortion is a risk which may lead to a second procedure with additional side effects Other medical abortion risks include An allergic reaction Infection Blood clots Heavier bleeding than expected A continued pregnancy Although extremely rare severe reactions to the medication can be fatal An infection or ectopic pregnancy may be severe and even lifethreatening The abortion pill does NOT end or treat an ectopic pregnancy A Finland study found an association between abortion and elevated mortality rates Therefore it is imperative that you contact your abortion provider if you experience any of the following Excessive bleeding that fills up more than two pads in an hour and occurs for two hours or more Blood clots that occur for two hours or more A fever of 1004F or higher Nausea with or without vomiting for more than 24 hours Diarrhea for more than 24 hours Foul smelling discharge Pregnancy symptoms Extreme depression or suicidal thoughts When should my period return Once the pregnancy is terminated it is considered the end of a menstrual cycle You should expect to have your period return within the next two months It is rare for a period to be absent longer than two months Aftercare Following the abortion procedure It is important for you to consult with your healthcare provider on an after abortion care treatment plan Most will advise that you wait at least a week before engaging in sexual intercourse This might get extended to two weeks depending on your circumstances If it was an unplanned pregnancy you might need to think about abstaining from sexual intercourse again until you are ready for the outcome of the reproduction process It is possible to experience ovulation and get pregnant again within the first month Conception is possible if you engage in sex again even during the first couple of weeks Cautions for those considering taking the abortion pill Abortion is a personal choice and like all medical and surgical procedures it has side effects You should take caution before taking the abortion pill if You are past the 10week window You believe it is taking a babys life You are morally opposed to abortion Someone is forcing you to choose abortion You will refuse a surgical abortion if the medication fails You are taking blood clotting medication You have a blood clotting condition You are using an IUD You are emotionally unstable or have depression or anxiety Emotional challenges are more likely for those who believe they are terminating a life It is important that you talk with a professional in regards to your beliefs around getting an abortion What about Getting Pregnant in the Future Mifepristone and Misoprostol are not considered harmful to future fertility according to the Food and Drug Administration or FDA However the longterm effects of these drugs have not been studied as extensively as the surgical procedures Last updated June 14 2018 at 1740 pm Compiled using information from the following Sources 1 Basu Ranjan et al Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Medical Termination of Pregnancy the effectiveness of a Flexible Regimen Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2932003 2 Grimes David Risks of Mifepristone Abortion in Context Contraception 71 2005 3 Hausknecht R Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Early Medical Abortion 18 months Experience in the United States Contraception 612003 4 Misoprostolorg Adverse Effects Potential Problems with Misoprostol Retrieved Dec 2016 httpwwwmisoprostolorgadverseeffects 5 Planned Parenthood The Abortion Pill Retrieved Dec 2016 6 ParkMed NYC Abortion By Pill Process Retrieved Dec 2016 httpswwwparkmedcomabortionpillabortionpillfacts Pin 38 | [
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http://americanpregnancy.org/while-pregnant/first-fetal-movement/ | First Fetal Movement Quickening Home Your Developing Baby First Fetal Movement Quickening Some moms can feel their babies move as early as 1316 weeks from the start of their last period These first fetal movements are called quickening and are often described as flutters It may be difficult to determine whether this feeling is gas or your babys movements but soon you will begin to notice a pattern Firsttime moms may not feel these movements as early as secondtime moms Some moms especially those in their first pregnancy may not feel movement until 1820 weeks Remember that each woman and every pregnancy is different so you may not feel movement as early as another woman There is a broad range of when the first detection of movement can be felt ranging from 1325 weeks Why does my baby move As your baby is continuing to develop heshe will stretch and flex hisher limbs As you get further along in your pregnancy you will begin to feel more obvious movements such as kicking punching and rolling Your baby may also move as heshe responds to noise or to your emotions If your baby finds a position you are in to be uncomfortable heshe may also begin to squirm Certain foods you eat can also cause your baby to be more active and you may notice heshe follows a sleepingwaking cycle How often should my baby move As you get further along in your pregnancy you will need to keep track of how often your baby moves each day Sometime in the third trimester you may notice your babys movements are more frequent and vigorous and occur in a regular pattern However although movements are still regular they may change towards the end of the third trimester because the baby is bigger and more restricted in the uterus Talk with your doctor if you notice a decrease in your babys movements Beginning with week 28 it is beneficial to begin counting your babys movements This will help you to identify potential problems and can also be a great bonding experience between you and your baby Using a kick count chart can be very helpful When counting your babys movements choose the same time each day It may be easiest to lie on your left side and record how long it takes to feel 10 movements For further information about recording movements see kick counts What should I do if I dont feel my baby moving If you have been keeping a chart of your babys movements and you notice a significant deviation in the pattern contact your health care provider If you do not feel 10 movements within 2 hours try again later that day If you still do not feel 10 movements within 2 hours you should contact your healthcare provider Last updated September 2 2016 at 1756 pm Compiled using information from the following sources 1 Count the Kicks nd What are my babys movements weekbyweek httpwwwcountthekicksorgukmumsyourbabysmovementsbabysmovementsweekbyweek Pin 653 Tags Understanding Development | [
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http://americanpregnancy.org/womens-health/hpv/ | Human Papillomavirus : HPV Home Women ' s Health Human Papillomavirus : HPV HPV During Pregnancy : Symptoms , Treatment and Prevention HPV , the Genital Human Papillomavirus , is a viral infection that affects nearly 6,200,000 new individuals each year . There are over 100 different types of HPV , including about 30 types that are spread through sexual transmission . Approximately 20 million Americans are currently infected with HPV . Between 50 - 75 % of sexually active men and women have an HPV infection at some time in their life . What are the symptoms of HPV ? In most cases there are no symptoms of HPV . Many people have HPV and do not know it . Some people will experience genital warts on the penis , scrotum , labia , vagina , cervix , or anus . Can having HPV lead to other problems ? Most people that are infected with HPV feel fine and do not even know they are infected . HPV can cause genital warts which may return after treatment . HPV may cause pre - cancerous cells on the cervix resulting in abnormal Pap smears It may also lead to cancer of the cervix , labia , anus , or penis . There is no cure for HPV , which means that once you contract it , it can be a life - long infection . The good news is that the body ’ s natural immune system appears to get rid of the infection . However , this may take months to years . Even though there are no visible symptoms , HPV may still be transmitted to another person . How is HPV transmitted ? HPV is transmitted by genital skin - to - skin contact , which in most cases is through sexual activity including oral , anal , and vaginal intercourse . HPV may be transmitted even if someone does not exhibit symptoms . How is HPV diagnosed ? HPV may be diagnosed by your health care provider . HPV is diagnosed by one of the following ways : Pelvic exam looking for warts Pap smear of cervix to look for pre - cancerous / cancerous cells Biopsy ( removing a piece of tissue ) of warts , cervix , or other genital areas The liquid - based Pap test is significantly more effective for detecting abnormal cervical cells than the conventional Pap smear . For the liquid - based Pap test , your health care provider will put the collected cells into liquid , rather than smearing them onto a slide . This allows more cells to be preserved and minimizes blood , mucus , and inflammation . Most health care providers agree that the liquid - based Pap test is advised for women who have or are at risk of contracting HPV . In 2003 , the FDA approved a screening test that can be done in conjunction with a Pap test to determine if you have the HPV virus . The HPV DNA test can detect high risk types of HPV , such as types 16 and 18 , before any abnormal cells can be detected on the cervix . This screening is recommended for women over the age of 30 , who are at an increased risk of a chronic HPV infection turning into pre - cancerous cells . Men can carry and transmit the HPV infection without ever having symptoms . At this time , there is no test to detect HPV in men . What is the treatment for There is currently no cure for the HPV infection for those people whose immune system can not eliminate the virus on its own . The warts may be treated or removed with chemicals , freezing , burning , laser , or surgery . Researchers believe that cervical cancer is directly related to the human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . There are over 100 different types of HPV , including about 30 types that are spread through sexual transmission and can possibly lead to cervical cancer . HPV causes approximately 70 % of cervical cancer , but most women who receive treatment for HPV do not develop cervical cancer . Most pre - cancerous cells on the cervix can be treated with freezing , burning , laser , or surgery . If the abnormal cells have turned into cancer , it can be treated through surgery , radiation , and / or chemotherapy . With proper screening , cervical cancer is preventable and avoidable . Can be prevented ? Gardasil is a vaccine that may help guard against some HPV related diseases by possibly preventing HPV Types 6 , 11 , 16 and 18 . There are approximately 30 other sexually transmitted HPV types that Gardasil does not prevent against . Gardasil is given as a series of 3 injections over 6 months . Gardasil does not treat existing HPV infections , but most HPV infections resolve on their own . Minor adverse reactions to the Gardasil vaccine include pain , swelling , fever and nausea . More severe reactions include headache , inflammation of the stomach , and arthritis . Because Gardasil contains aluminum ( aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate ) , the vaccine is not recommended for women who are pregnant or may become pregnant . There are only two ways to prevent HPV . The first is to refrain from sexual contact of any kind . The second is to be in a long - term monogamous relationship such as marriage , with a person who has not had any other sexual partners . There is no scientific evidence that condoms greatly reduce your chances of getting genital HPV . Last updated : March 10 , 2017 at 21 : 29 pm Compiled using information from the following sources : 1 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention href = ” https : / / www . cdc . gov / 2 . “ Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention , ” in Sex , Condoms and STDs : What We Now Know published by the Medical Institute for Sexual Health . 3 . U.S. Food and Drug Administration https : / / www . fda . gov 4 . Merck & Co . , Inc . https : / / www . merck . com / Tags : Sexually Transmitted Diseases human papillomavirus | [
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http://americanprofile.com/articles/glen-campbell-children-band/ | Home Celebrity Q&A Glen Campbell ’ s Children Glen Campbell ’ s Children By Ken Beck on April 29 , 2012 Do the children who play on stage with Glen Campbell belong to him and his present wife ? — Lorena Peach , Jasper , Fla . Yes . Campbell , 76 , who announced he had Alzheimer ’ s last year , and Kim , his wife since 1982 , have three children , all currently members of his band : drummer Cal , 28 , guitarist Shannon , 27 , and keyboardist - banjo player Ashley , 25 . Shannon reports he ’ s been getting some on - the - job training during his father ’ s Goodbye Tour . “ The way he knows his way around the neck of a guitar is just incredible to watch , ” he says . “ Found in : Celebrity Q&A PREVIOUS ARTICLE ‘ Hee Haw ’ Actress Cathy Baker NEXT ARTICLE Jeff Lewis of ‘ Interior Therapy ’ | [
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http://americanprofile.com/articles/raul-malo-mavericks/ | Home Celebrities Singer Raul Malo Singer Raul Malo By American Profile on April 25 , 2004 I would like to know more about Raul Malo , the lead singer of the Mavericks . — Lisa L . , Oregon Born to Cuban parents in Miami on Aug . 7 , 1965 , Malo decided his destiny at age 11 when he saw Elvis Presley in concert . He spent his high school years playing in bands before forming the Mavericks in the late 1980s as the group ’ s lead singer and songwriter . The title song from their 1992 MCA Records release , From Hell to Paradise , detailed Malo ’ s family ’ s dramatic exodus from Fidel Castro ’ s Cuba in 1959 . The Grammy - winning band went on hiatus in the late 1990s Found in : Celebrities Celebrity Q&A People PREVIOUS ARTICLE Former Presidential Candidate Ross Perot NEXT ARTICLE John Wayne ' s Son | [
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http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/americandream/ | The " American dream " has powered the hopes and aspirations of Americans for generations . It began as a plain but revolutionary notion : each person has the right to pursue happiness , and the freedom to strive for a better life through hard work and fair ambition . But over time , this dream has come to represent a set of expectations about owning things and making money . So what exactly is the American dream ? How did we come to define it ? And is it changing ? The American dream has roots in the nation ' s loftiest ideals - the right to liberty and the pursuit of happiness . So when did it also come to mean a house , a car and a college education ? There are many facets to the American dream , including a strong belief in freedom , and a powerful desire to consume . An historian first coined the phrase " American dream " in 1931 . He said it meant more than having " motor cars and high wages . " But for many Americans , that ' s exactly what it was . The seeds for America ' s consumer expectations were planted during a time of widespread scarcity : the Great Depression . Imagine being told you could buy a house with no money down or attend college for free . That ' s what the G.I. Bill offered World War II veterans . The U.S. government unlocked the American dream for millions of veterans in the 1950s – but not for all . Black veterans often got shut out . The postwar era seemed to promise each new generation more prosperity than the last . The 1970s broke that promise with a long and withering period of inflation . Each generation is shaped by the economic circumstances of its time . A new generation learned that debt could be smart . Since Colonial times Wall Street was the province of an elite few . That changed in the 1980s . Millions of Americans hitched their dreams to the stock market . America ' s economic tide rose in the 1980s , but more of the nation ' s wealth flowed to those who were already well - off . In the 1990s , middle class Americans learned that wealth is in the home . The American dream is a rallying cry during hard times . But is the dream in crisis ? MAY 2009 You can download the radio program or read the transcript . Hear what people describe as their American dream . Does America need debt Links and Credits Comments or questions Support for A Better Life comes from the Kendeda Fund , furthering values that contribute to a healthy planet . | [
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http://americansongwriter.com/2010/08/john-denver-john-denver-talks-about-songwriting-fifth-song-he-wrote-was-a-hit/ | Home Features Articles John Denver : The Fifth Song He Wrote Was A Hit John Denver : The Fifth Song He Wrote Was A Hit Written By Deborah Evans Price / / August 20 , 2010 This article originally appeared in American Songwriter magazine in July 1992 Many songwriters have to write hundreds of songs before they pen a great one . With John Denver it only took five . The fifth song that he wrote was “ Leaving on a Jet Plane , ” a tune that became a number one hit for Peter , Paul and Mary in 1969 and launched the career of one of popular music ’ s most highly acclaimed songwriters . Penning such mega - hits as “ Take Me Home , Country Roads , ” “ Rocky Mountain High , ” “ Sunshine On My Shoulders , ” “ Annie ’ s Song , ” “ Thank God I ’ m A Country Boy , ” “ Calypso ” and others . Denver ’ s songwriting defined a decade of popular music . He has an incredible sales record , having 14 gold and 8 platinum albums to his credit in the United States alone . His Greatest Hits lp is still one of the largest selling albums in the history of RCA Records , with world - wide sales of over 10 million copies . Denver currently records for his own label , Windstar , distributed by American Gramophone Records . A love of music and the environment , and the desire to communicate those passions to other people led Henry John Deutschendorf , the son of an Air Force officer , to write his first song at age 13 . “ I think it ’ s natural for anyone who starts to play a musical instrument to start pretty soon experimenting with melodies of their own , ” Denver says . “ I was about 12 when I started playing the guitar . I think the first song I wrote was when I was about 13 . It was at Denver says it was about a year before he attempted a second song and then he just wrote sporadically over the next few years . “ The fourth song I wrote was called “ For Baby ( For Bobbie ) , ” he recalls . “ It was written for a girl . And the next song I wrote was “ Leaving on a Jet Plane . ” That ’ s about the fifth song I ever wrote . ” Denver ’ s first big break as a singer also led to his first and only publishing association . He auditioned and won a spot as lead singer for the popular Chad Mitchell Trio over 250 other young hopefuls . Denver said he had never thought much about signing a publishing agreement , pitching songs or any of that . He says things began quite simply when he sand a song he had written for Milt Okun who headed Cherry Lane Music . “ He said it was good enough for the Trio and offered to be my publisher , ” Denver recalls . “ And he has been ever since . ” He continues , “ I had never thought about signing with a publisher . I never thought about the business end of it . When it got to a point where a song of mine was going to be recorded then it was appropriate to have a publisher , it was much smarter to have a publisher who knew the business and who could take care of me in an area where I have no talent or ability or knowledge than to try to do it myself . “ I feel very lucky to have been able to sign with a very able , wise and honest man . And I underline honest because there are a lot of crooks out there that will make every deal they can , hoping to sign some young kid who has the greatest song in the world , make a fortune and pay the kid as little as possible . Unfortunately , that goes on out there . But you trust your heart and look for a guy who can do the things you ca n ’ t do . ” Denver says Okun has built Cherry Lane into one of the best publishing companies in the world and he has always been very happy with his affiliation with them . After more than 20 years with Cherry Lane , Denver says Okun approached him about starting a new company . “ We have now established a new company called Cherry Mountain Music of which we share ownership , ” John explains . “ It was Milt ’ s idea and his offer . He said ‘ John it ’ s appropriate you get a part of the business end of When asked if he had a specific method or approach to writing songs , Denver replies that he is a very unstructured writer . “ I do n ’ t sit down every day and try to write a song . For some people , it ’ s like a job and that ’ s what they do . They go in and try to write a song , ” he says . “ For me it quite often begins with a phrase like ‘ leaving on a jet plane ’ or ‘ follow me ’ or ‘ back home “ What ’ ll happen there ’ ll be a phrase or line that I ’ ve come up with . When I ’ m driving I ’ ll start writing the song in my head . Then when I get to a guitar , I ’ ll sit and play it on the guitar until the rest of the song comes . Some songs come very quickly . I wrote “ Annie ’ s Song ” in 10 minutes one day on a ski lift – that ’ s how I know it was 10 minutes . Then other Denver says he believes a songwriter instinctively knows when a song is finished and says he very rarely rewrites a song once he ’ s finished it . “ You take whatever time it takes and when it ’ s done , it ’ s done , ” Denver says . “ I ’ m one of those that feels the song has a life of its own and in my songwriting I want whatever comes through me to be true to the song . I try to be true to the song , true to the music . ” Denver says he collaborates occasionally , but for the most part prefers to write on his own . He cites Joe Henry as the only other songwriter he ’ s collaborated with to a great extent . “ If I get stuck lyrically , he ’ s the person I call , ” Denver says then adds , “ I ’ ve never gotten stuck musically . ” “ Windsong ” is one of the tunes Denver and Henry wrote together . “ We sat up one night and talked about the wind , ” Denver recalls . “ Joe and I wanted to write a song about the wind and we talked and talked . I put out all these ideas and pictures I had in my head and he took notes . He stayed at my house that night and the next morning I got up and he had gone . The song was written out on a piece of paper on the kitchen table . Even though he had hits and seemed to master the craft of songwriting at an early age , Denver says he ’ s continually improved upon his craft and feels his writing has changed over the years . “ It ’ s more mature , ” he states . “ It comes out of being able to look more honestly at the feelings , look a little deeper inside , articulate things in a broader way . ” Though his situation and his perspective on some topics may have changed since he wrote them , Denver says when he hears one of his songs , it always takes him back to the point of reference and feeling from which it was written . “ Annie ’ s Song ” is a great example , ” he says leaning forward in his seat and smiling . “ What the song makes me feel is what I felt when I wrote the song , not all the other stuff . It ’ s a great love song and what it “ When I sing “ Annie ’ s Song ” and when I hear it , it ’ s about being in love and that ’ s what I think about . I do n ’ t think about being in hate or divorce , and see that ’ s why it ’ s such a good song because it brings that out of you . It opens up that inside of you regardless . There was a time when I had a pretty hard shell around my heard in regard to Annie , but I could still sing that The thing that caught the listener ’ s ears in the 60s and continues to be Denver ’ s greatest asset as a songwriter is his ability to strike an emotional chord in his audience through simple , direct , clearly expressed feelings brought to life with vivid imagery . In songs as diverse as “ Rocky Mountain High , ” “ Calypso ” and “ Grandma ’ s Feather Bed , ” Denver not only tells the listener what he ’ s feeling , he takes them to that place with him . A prime example is the short , soaring “ The Eagle and The Hawk . ” As Denver sings “ I am the Eagle , I live in high country in rocky though they were swooping and soaring from the peaks . The ability to move people with music is something that Denver is not sure can be taught through seminars and workshops . “ I think you can be taught the craft , the technical ability , the rhyme and meter , ” he says . “ You can be taught all that … but I think songwriting is the ability to articulate in a musical way and lyrical way an experience , a feeling , a memory , a vision in such a way that someone else can hear that lyric or listen to that piece of music and have “ I think that ’ s a gift and I do n ’ t know that you can learn how to do that . I think you can learn how to more clearly articulate yourself , you can learn how to better communicate your ideas or feelings , but to really be able to sit down and do that is a gift . ” His advice to others who have that gift and are learning to share it is simple . “ Do n ’ t try too hard . Do n ’ t copy anybody , ” he states . “ Just let it come through you . ” Comments comments | [
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http://americansymphony.org/about/music-director/ | American Symphony Orchestra Leon Botstein , Music Director Photo by Ric Kallaher Leon Botstein has been music director and principal conductor of the American Symphony Orchestra since 1992 . He is also music director of The Orchestra Now , an innovative training orchestra composed of top musicians from around the world . He is co - artistic director of Bard SummerScape and the Bard Music Festival , which take place at the Richard B . Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College . He has been president of Bard College since 1975 . He is also conductor laureate of the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra , where he served as music director from 2003 – 11 . In 2018 he assumed artistic directorship of Campus Grafenegg and Grafenegg Academy in Austria . Mr . Botstein is also active as a guest conductor whose recent appearances include the Mariinsky Orchestra in St . Petersburg , Russia , and the Los Angeles Philharmonic . He has made numerous recordings with the London Symphony ( including a Grammy - nominated recording of Popov ’ s First Symphony ) , the London Philharmonic , NDR - Hamburg , and the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra . Many of his live performances with the American Symphony Orchestra are available online . His recording with the ASO of Paul Hindemith ’ s The Long Christmas Dinner was named one of the top recordings of 2015 by several publications , and his recent recording of Gershwin piano music with the Royal Philharmonic was hailed by The Guardian and called “ something special . . . in a crowded field ” by Musicweb International . Forthcoming from Hyperion in fall of 2018 is a CD of music by Ferdinand Ries with The Orchestra Now . Mr . Botstein is the author of numerous articles and books , including The Compleat Brahms ( Norton ) , Jefferson ’ s Children ( Doubleday ) , Judentum und Modernität ( Bölau ) , and Von Beethoven zu Berg ( Zsolnay ) . He is also the editor of The Musical Quarterly . For his contributions to music he has received the award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and Harvard University ’ s prestigious Centennial Award , as well as the Cross of Honor , First Class from the government of Austria . Other recent awards include the Bruckner Society ’ s Julio Kilenyi Medal of Honor for his interpretations of that composer ’ s music , and the Leonard Bernstein Award for the Elevation of Music in Society . In 2011 he was inducted into the American Philosophical Society . | [
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http://americanupbeat.com/worlds-tallest-man-met-worlds-shortest-woman/ | The World ’ s Tallest Man Met With With The World ’ s Shortest Woman By Brianna 10 months ago Advertisement Earlier this week , the world ’ s tallest man met the world ’ s shortest woman in an event organized by the Egyptian Culture Ministry . The pair met up with the grand view of the Egyptian Pyramids as their backdrop . The world breaking pair joined people from all over the world as they tried to break many different weird and unusual records . World ’ s shortest woman , Jyoti Amge , meets world ’ s tallest man Sultan Kosen . 31 - year old Sultan Kosen is from Turkey and stands at a staggering 8 feet and 3 inches tall , currently the tallest man on the planet . His counterpart is 24 - year old Jyoti Amge from India . Amge is a diminutive 2 feet and an inch tall . Kosen is exactly four times the height of Amge . Their difference in height is so great that Kosen has to sit down and crouch just to be able to shake Amge ’ s hand . Kosen has always been tall for his age . Due to his extreme height , he was unable to finish school . So he began working as a farmer to support his family . As a teenager , he was signed to the Galatasarat basketball team in Turkey , but he was n ’ t good enough to sustain a spot on the team . Now Kosen has to use a cane to walk around because of problems with his feet and legs . Kosen is 8 ’ 3 ″ while Amge is 2 ’ 1 ″ . On the other hand , the tiny Amge is known in Nagpur , India as a TV personality . She has been featured in several local TV shows . In fact , she is actually considered to be the manifestation of a goddess in her hometown . She was also cast in a season of American Horror Story : Freak Show . Advertisement Next Post | [
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http://americaslibrary.pbworks.com/w/page/68844844/Battle%20of%20Yorktown%20in%20Primary%20Sources | If you are citizen of an European Union member nation you may not use this service unless you are at least 16 years old Battle of Yorktown in Primary Sources Page history last edited by americas 5 years 3 months ago Freedom Week Battle of Yorktown Prior Knowledge Watch the video to learn how the Battle of Yorktown ended military operations during the American Revolution Select two of the following primary sources and complete the analysis form to evaluate the significance of the Battle of Yorktown in securing American Independence Military Recruitment Poster Recruiment poster from the American Revolution The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown Virginia on October 19 1781 oil on canvas by John Trumbull completed in 1820 in the US Capitol Rotunda Washington DC Yorktown Campaign Map detailing the military campaign at Yorktown Washington Reports the Yorktown Surrender 1781 I have the honor to inform Congress that a reduction of the British army under the command of Lord Cornwallis is most happily effected The unremitted ardor which actuated every officer and soldier in the combined army on this occasion has principally led to this important event at an earlier period than my most sanguine hopes had induced me to expect The singular spirit of emulation which animated the whole army from the first commencement of our operations has filled my mind with the highest pleasure and satisfaction and had given me the happiest presages of success On the 17th instant a letter was received from Lord Cornwallis proposing a meeting of commissioners to consult on terms for the surrender of the posts of York and Gloucester This letter the first which had passed between us opened a correspondence a copy of which I do myself the honor to enclose that correspondence was followed by the definitive capitulation which was agreed to and signed on the 19th a copy of which is also herewith transmitted and which I hope will meet the approbation of Congress I should be wanting in the feelings of gratitude did I not mention on this occasion with the warmest sense of acknowledgment the very cheerful and able assistance which I have received in the course of our operation from his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau and all his officers of every rank in their respective capacities Nothing could equal the zeal of our allies but the emulating spirit of the American officers whose ardor would not suffer their exertions to be exceeded The very uncommon degree of duty and fatigue which the nature of the service required from the officers and engineers and artillery of both armies obliges me particularly to mention the obligations I am under to the commanding and other officers of those corps I wish it was in my power to express to Congress how much I feel myself indebted to the Count de Grasse and the officers of the fleet under his command for the distinguished aid and support which has been afforded by them between whom and the army the most happy concurrence of sentiments and views has subsisted and from whom every possible cooperation has been experienced which the most harmonious intercourse could afford George Washington George Washington toTimothy Pickering October 30 1781 and November 5 1781 George Washington wrote this manuscript just after his final defeat of the British at Yorktown The manuscript includes two letters from Washington to Timothy Pickering dated October 30 1781 and November 5 1781 The letters are both in the hand of aidedecamp Jonathan Trumbull Jr and signed by Washington In these letters General Washington authorizes the payment of the Southern army troops using funds from a British military war chest Pickering is instructed to give a total of 350 pounds to Colonel Edward Carrington for this purpose Carrington signs for receipt of this money on November 6 1781 Comments 0 You dont have permission to comment on this page Printable version To join this workspace request access Already have an account Navigator Loading SideBar | [
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http://amglithium.com/mibra-project/ | Lithium Project Overview As a global critical materials company at the forefront of CO2 reduction trends , AMG entered the lithium market in 2016 with an investment of approximately $ 50 million in the construction of a lithium concentrate ( also known as spodumene ) plant at its existing Mibra mine in Brazil . Leveraging its existing mining infrastructure in place at Mibra ( which has been in operation for almost 40 years ) , AMG ’ s goal is to be the low - cost producer of lithium concentrate globally . AMG can recover lithium - bearing materials from the existing and future tailings at its profitable tantalum operations at Mibra , with the ore extraction and crushing costs absorbed by the Tantalum operations . AMG has successfully operated a lithium pilot plant since 2010 , with more than 2.8 million tons of spodumene feed stock having been extracted . The project involves the construction of a lithium concentrate plant to produce 90,000 MT of spodumene per year , with operations having commenced in May 2018 . The recent mineral resource estimate for Mibra ( published in April 2017 and prepared in accordance with National Instrument 43 - 101 Guidelines ) identified 20.3 million MT of measured and indicated resources , which includes lithium , tantalum , niobium , and tin . Lithium Project Milestones and Phases See the latest updates and details of the Mibra Project milestones . LEARN MORE View Project Photos Mibra Mine Quick Facts Founded in 1945 and acquired by Metallurg / AMG in 1978 Activities include open pit mining , crushing / grinding and electromagnetic concentration Extracts tantalum and niobium bearing ores and sells as tantalum concentrate Current production of 300,000 pounds of tantalum concentrate annually Mibra mine ’ s location Approximately 225 km Northwest of Rio de Janeiro and 130 km Southwest of Belo Horizonte Approximately 300 km from Port of Santos , most important port in Brazil together with Rio de Janeiro Mibra Mine Production Process MINE LIFE EXTENSION , DRILLING CAMPAIGN & RESOURCE EXPANSION In April 2017 , AMG Mineração updated its mineral resource estimates for its Mibra mine in Brazil in accordance with CIM Definition Standard and Canadian Securities Administrators ’ National Instrument 43 - 101 ( “ NI 43 - 101 ” ) Guidelines . The Technical Report on Mineral Resources states that AMG Mineração ’ s Mibra mine has 20.3 million tonnes of measured and indicated resources , an increase of approximately 38 % compared to the previous Mineral Resource Statement completed in 2013 . Those resources include lithium , tantalum , niobium and tin . The report is based upon drillings and research done during the 2016 - 2017 core drilling campaign and certain economic assumptions that reflect today ’ s current market prices and extraction costs . Based upon AMG ’ s targeted production level of 180k MT of lithium concentrate from 2020 onwards , AMG estimates that the current life of the mineral resource is approximately 20 years , based upon current extraction and processing costs , and current economic conditions . Domain Quantity Grade ( ‘ 000s tonnes ) Li ( ppm ) Li 2 O ( % ) Ta ( ppm ) Ta 2 O5 Nb ( ppm ) Sn ( ppm ) Measured Mineral Resources A 3,224 4,685 1.01 289 353 52 267 C F 197 3,670 0.79 377 461 45 565 Total Measured 3,421 4,626 1.00 294 359 52 284 Indicated Mineral Resources A 11,989 5,130 1.10 293 358 46 258 C 4,842 4,545 0.98 228 278 64 685 F 37 4,179 0.90 428 523 49 773 Total Indicated 16,868 4,960 1.07 275 335 51 382 Total Measured & Indicated 20,289 4,904 1.06 278 339 51 365 Inferred Mineral Resources 2,434 4,714 1.01 309 377 45 204 1,787 4,895 1.05 231 282 63 842 Total Inferred 4,222 4,790 1.03 276 337 53 474 | [
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http://amityspanishlit.blogspot.com/2009/03/chac-mool.html | Friday March 27 2009 Chac Mool written by Carlos Fuentes I 190 205 Summary The narrator begins Filiberto murió ahogado en Acapulco 191 He seems to know why he drowned he was tempted to go then swam too much for his age Filiberto is to be transferred in his coffin via truck and the narrator is going to deliver him The narrator looks through Filibertos briefcase and finds his journal Filibertos journal begins normally he meets with a lawyer about his pension and dines in a café He talks with his friend Pepe about religion and work where someone died the water red He also has an affinity for certain forms of indigenous Mexican art Hes been looking for a reasonable replica of Chac Mool the Mayan god of rain which he finds in la Lagunilla He is very skeptical of its originality although it looks so elegant it has tomato sauce smeared on it to sell its authenticity He puts Chac Mool in his basement The plumbing broke putting water in the basement Chac Mool becomes covered with moss That night Filiberto begins to hear moans from the basement the night they stop more rain water inundates the basement Scraping off the moss was difficult it seemed to have become part of the stone already Also the figure grew softer the skeptical Filiberto thinks the statue was actually plaster Later though he notices the figure is the texture of flesh of rubber and that Chac Mool has hair on its arms Of this impossibility Filiberto writes Tendré que ver a un médico saber si es imaginación o delirio o qué y deshacerme de ese maldito Chac Mool 198 Filibertos handwriting deteriorates to that of a child here What is real and what is imaginary the line between the two is indistinguishable The Chac Mool has become smooth elegant and golden almost as if indicating he is a God He begins to awaken one night Filiberto opens his eyes to see a grotesque noisome creature at his bed entonces empezó a llover 200 In the real world Filiberto is pinned with rumores de locura y aun robo 200 Chac Mool has fantastic stories about myths and his birth but has an inhuman stench that emanates from flesh that isnt flesh He desires soap and sleeps in Filibertos bed When the dry season begins Chac Mool demands water says Filiberto debo reconcerlo soy su prisionero 202 Chac Mool wears his clothes and is used to being obeyed Filiberto discovers Chac Mool leaves the house at night to hunt for dogs rats and cats for food later in the dry season Filiberto is forced to order out rice with chicken He also has to run trips to get water if he tries to flee he will be struck down by Chac Mool also god of lightening Filiberto also notices that Chac Mool eventually has to turn back into stone that he is getting more irritable and that he is falling into human temptations Also Chac Mool He decides to flee to Acapulco at night he plans to swim away with his little remaining money He is sick of Chac Mool a ver cuánto dura sin mis baldes buckets de agua 204 The diary of Filiberto ends and the narrator arrives at the terminal When he gets there the door opens a yellow Indian appears his appearance is repulsive his face is covered in powder he reeks of cheap lotion his lips are smeared with lipstick This man Chac Mool says Lo sé todo Dígales a los hombres que lleven el cadaver al sótano 205 Translation httpwebmitedujikatzwwwChacMoolpdf Themes la decadencia del orden establecido y el descontrol la tenue línea entre lo real y lo ilusorio el cuento fantástico del siglo XIX y del siglo XX Posted by AP Spanish Literature at 805 PM Labels 11th grade cuento fantastico orden real y ilusorio Older Post Subscribe to Post Comments Atom Blog Archive 2009 19 May 5 April 5 March 9 Dos palabras El Sur Chac Mool Rima LIII Volverán las oscuras golondrinas Rima XI Yo soy ardiente yo soy morena Rima IV No digáis que agotado su tesoro habrá El Conde Lucanor La muerte y la brújula La noche boca arriba Contributors AP Spanish Literature Ashley Emery CFoster Emily Feng Joe Stein KKarabinos Katelyn W Patti Gonzalez Glunt | [
"Chac Mool",
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http://amjohannes.wikidot.com/film-review-of-the-quiet-american | AM . Johannes example menu example item 1 example item 2 contact Create account or Sign in Home Peace and Conflict Studies Communication Current Palestine Media Pedagogy Questions About me Links Page tags conflict development empowerment non - violence peace politics Add a new page edit this panel ' The Quiet American ' Film Review of ' The Quiet American ' The film ' The Quiet American ' is made by Phillip Noyce and based on a novel written by Graham Greene . It is a complex story about war , colonialism , politics , love and moral conflicts . It takes place in Vietnam in the early 50 ’ s , when Vietnam was a French colony and the Vietnamese were fighting for independence from French colonial rule . In the middle of this situation we meet Tomas Fowler , a British reporter who is working for the London Times and who has a young Vietnamese lover called Phoung . We also meet a young American man who claims that he is working as a medical doctor for the American Economic Ministry , helping the Vietnamese people . There are several conflicts arising between these characters as we are led through the dramatic events that determine their lives . The middle aged Fowler represents the old colonialism . He is cynical , but because he is a British reporter he claims to be neutral in the war and to report it objectively . This changes later in the film when he becomes more emotionally involved in the war . The truth is that he has fallen in love with Vietman , the atmosphere , the people and also with Phoung . He wants to spend the rest of his life there . However , his happiness is threatened by the young Pyle , who also falls in love with Pyle represents America and the American eagerness to “ replace ” the French and fight against the Communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh , in order to make Vietnam a democratic country . Pyle is idealistic and very naïve . He does not know the country nor its culture and he portraits the American attitude of being ignorant and uninterested in learning about ‘ the others ’ culture . He believes in democracy and in ‘ saving ’ the Vietnamese , unconcerned with the evil means that are used trying to reach the goal . The conflict that arises between Fowler and Pyle is on one hand a conflict concerning love since both of them want the same girl and on the other hand a political conflict . Fowler is witnessing Pyle ’ s naivety , ignorance and idealism . As he discovers that Pyle is working for the CIA and is responsible for a bomb attack that killed many civilians , a crime plot is forming . Fowler and Pyles have been good friends and Pyle even saved Fowlers life once . Because of this Fowler faces a moral ambivalence of how to react The contrasting attitudes of Fowler and Pyle is clearly demonstrated in the bomb attack that they both witness in Saigon . While Fowler is very upset and is trying to help the people who are wounded , Pyle is just concerned about wiping blood off his trouser leg . The title “ The Quiet American ” refers to Pyle , and the fact that he plays a quiet part in the colonial war between the French and the Vietnamese . Despite this , his ideas about democracy and his will to force his ideas on the Vietnamese by all means , is not quiet . The way the American nation enforces certain ideas upon other , foreign nations and cultures is anything but quiet . As well as saving the country , Pyle wants to ‘ save ’ Phoung from a life with Fowler who ca n ’ t marry her because he is already married to a British catholic woman who does n ’ t want a divorce . Pyle is disillusioned , but he always has ' good ' intentions . He sees Phoung as a child who needs protection . Phoung represents Vietnam , ruled by the French colonialists . She fears for being misused and betrayed by the French or other foreigners like so many other Vietnamese girls . She and the other Vietnamese girls are regarded as exotic , mystical , beautiful and innocent by the old colonial powers ; the French and the British , and by the Americans . The film deals with the concept of ‘ otherness ’ . The Vietnamese people and their culture is something different and unknown to the old colonial powers and to the Americans . This is clearly shown by the way that Fowler and particularly Pyle treat Phoung . She appears to be exotic and innocent and sometimes almost invisible . They talk about her in third person , as if she ’ s not there . She is regarded almost like a child , and because of the gap between the Western culture that they belong to and the Eastern culture Fowler wants to be with Phoung because she pleases him and because a life with her is simple , quiet and harmonious . She is always affectionate and respectful . After a while , she ends up with Pyle because he can marry her . She always seems to be unaffected no matter what goes on around her . In the end of the film Fowler is responsible for the death of Pyle . The murder of Pyle can be seen as revenge for the way that Pyle has disturbed Fowler ’ s personal life and taken his girlfriend , Phoung . However , the murder of Pyle can also be interpreted as a result of political motives . It appears to be a combination of both . The American , although quiet , acting with the best intentions , is seen as a threat because he is so ignorant and lacks both empathy as well as understanding for the consequences of his actions . His naivety , ignorance and bind fight for democracy is a reason why Fowler makes his decision . The film gives a picture of friendship and love in times of war , when a friend suddenly is an enemy and things are not as they seem . The acting clearly depicts all the nuance and ambiguities in the relationship between the tree characters . The film can also be seen as a critical presentation of imperialism and American foreign policy in Vietnam . It is a very well made film which deals with historical events that are important to remember and to learn from . M . Johannessen , April 2003 page revision : 11 , last edited : 15 Jun 2018 , 03 : 58 ( 275 days ago ) Edit Tags History Files Print Site tools + Options Help | Terms of Service | Privacy Report a bug Flag as objectionable Powered by Wikidot . com Unless otherwise stated , the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 License | [
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http://amnh.org/explore/curriculum-collections/antarctica/types-of-maps/studying-ice-flows-for-clues-to-climate-change | Studying Ice Flows for Clues to Climate Change Part of the Antarctica : The Farthest Place Close to Home Curriculum Collection . Antarctica : The Farthest Place Close to Home Christina studies the physics of ice flow , studying how the ice flows and what factors affect its movement . She uses observations and computer modeling in her work , investigating how changes in the ice sheets might affect global climate in the future . AMNH : Why should kids know about Antarctica ? Christina : It is truly a unique place , truly international cooperative . AMNH : How can students everywhere be good stewards of our least known continent ? Christina : " There are many changes going on in our world right now . The ozone hole is closely watched in Antarctica , but it ' s big news all over the world . Soon tourism may be a factor in Antarctic exploration – kids will need to decide about issues big and small when they become voters . By being aware , by talking over the issues with friends , teachers , parents , and politicians , kids can make a difference . " Field of Study Studies the physics of ice flow to understand how ice interacts with the global climate system Hometown Northern California Favorite Middle / High School Subjects Science Least Favorite Middle / High School Subjects " Gym , or P.E. , as we called it . " Interests in Middle / High School Animals , photography , geology , archeology , gymnastics team , hiking with family . Interests Today " I like to go hiking and camping wherever my path takes me . Recently I ' ve been to Tasmania and Iceland . I also like cooking and learning about other cultures . " Life Lessons from the Field " Do n ' t get frustrated when things do n ' t seem to go as you planned . Surprises can be good things . Be flexible and have patience . Focus on the details and make sure you ' ve got them right . " Major Influences " My parents really turned me on to science . . AMNH : What ' s so important about your field of study in Antarctica ? Christina : I study the physics of ice flow , the why and how and where of the way ice sheets move . If we understand the way ice moves , we can figure out how climate changes affected ice in the past , and how the ice is a signal of climate change . Ice sheets are important because they are at sea level , where climate change shows up . Melting ice sheets can be an early warning sign of global warming . We need to know what ' s happening to the ice because it is a AMNH : How do you study the " physics of ice flow " ? Christina : Observations in the field are the first step in understanding how ice behaves . I use my observations in the field to create computer models of ice sheets ; this can help us understand how ice interacts with the global climate system . We can use our computer models to predict how the changes in the ice sheets might affect the global climate in the future . AMNH : How do you make the computer models ? Christina : I use observations collected by other scientists , including satellite images , geological maps , measures of surface elevation and velocity of ice . That ' s how fast it ' s moving . I also use visual observations like looking at how the ice behaves and at the formations in the ice , as well as measuring the temperature of the ice at different points . I use these data to create my computer model . The rest involves figuring out an equation with an answerable question – for example , do velocity and mass and temperature AMNH : How accurate is the model ? Christina : That depends on how careful we are ! It is important to remember that just because you have a model , that does n ' t mean that you understand the system . You have to test it . We do this by using it to check a problem whose outcome we already know . And even with a well - tested model , we must remember that the further into the future we predict , the less accurate we can be . AMNH : What do you like about working and living in Antarctica ? Christina : The first time I went down there the plane was circling over the ice shelf before we landed and I started to get excited . It took forever to get out of the dark belly of the plane . Then suddenly we were out in the bright white ; it was so disorienting . I felt like I was being born into Antarctica . I could see the vast expanse of the Transantarctic Mountains reaching up like claws . I ' ve been to a lot of amazing places , but nothing compares to this . The beauty AMNH : How did you end up studying Ice Flow in Antarctica ? Christina : From the time I was a baby I was with my parents when they were doing field work . They really turned me on to science . My father teaches Astronomy and Geology and my mother is involved in natural history , Botany , plants , and animals . I spent time with them outdoors visiting mountains , deserts and beaches , learning to observe , to look at the world around us and ask , " Why is it like that ? " That is what science is all about . I got excited about glaciers in | [
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http://amo.bio/index.php/2016/12/15/watch-full-movie-online-and-download-ballerina-2016/ | 15 dicembre 2016 di amobio Watch Full Movie Online And Download Ballerina 2016 Watch Full Movie Ballerina 2016 Free Download Full Movie Ballerina 2016 Online Ballerina 2016 English Subtitles Free Streaming Movie Ballerina 2016 Watch movie online Ballerina 2016 Free Online Streaming and Download HD Quality Quality HD Title Ballerina Release 20161214 Language English Runtime 89 min Genre Adventure Animation Comedy Family Stars Elle Fanning Dane DeHaan Carly Rae Jepsen Maddie Ziegler Mel Brooks Julie Khaner Set in 1879 Paris An orphan girl dreams of becoming a ballerina and flees her rural Brittany for Paris where she passes for someone else and accedes to the position of pupil at the Grand Opera house Incoming search term Ballerina Ballerina English Subtitles Watch Ballerina Watch Ballerina English Subtitles Watch Movie Ballerina Watch Movie Ballerina English Subtitles Watch Movie Online Ballerina Watch Movie Online Ballerina English Subtitles Watch Full Movie Ballerina Watch Full Movie Ballerina English Subtitles Watch Full Movie Online Ballerina Watch Full Movie Online Ballerina English Subtitles Streaming Ballerina Streaming Ballerina English Subtitles Streaming Movie Ballerina Streaming Movie Ballerina English Subtitles Streaming Online Ballerina Streaming Online Ballerina English Subtitles Streaming Full Movie Ballerina Streaming Full Movie Ballerina English Subtitles Streaming Full Movie Online Ballerina Streaming Full Movie Online Ballerina English Subtitles Download Ballerina Download Ballerina English Subtitles Download Movie Ballerina Download Movie Ballerina English Subtitles Download Movie Online Ballerina Download Movie Online Ballerina English Subtitles Download Full Movie Ballerina Download Full Movie Ballerina English Subtitles Download Full Movie Online Ballerina Download Full Movie Online Ballerina English Subtitles Una risposta a Watch Full Movie Online And Download Ballerina 2016 Un commentatore di WordPress 15 dicembre 2016 alle 1156 Ciao questo è un commento Per iniziare a moderare modificare ed eliminare commenti visita la schermata commenti nella bacheca Gli avatar di chi lascia un commento sono forniti da Gravatar I commenti sono chiusi | [
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http://amoeba.ifmo.ru/guide.htm | Alexey Smirnov 1 and Susan Brown 2 1 . Light - microscopical morphology The cell of an amoeba is capable to sufficient conformations , especially when it is stationary , resting . When a cell starts to move , it change shapes rapidly , and it is hard ( if even possible ) to describe the form of an amoeba in non - directed movement . However , when the cell starts continuous , directed locomotion it becomes more stable . The shape of such cell still undergoes minor changes , however it keeps general type of organisation until it stops the movement or change the direction . The form of actively , continuously moving cell is called the locomotive form , first recognised by A . A . Schaeffer in 1926 and established by F.C. Page in 70th . Rhizamoeba saxonica CCAP 1570 / 2 : A - stationary , nearly non - mobile cells ; B - cells in non - directed movement ; C - locomotive form . This non - remarkable and rather small amoeba is specially choosen to show radical difference of the locomotive form from others . Typical appearence of the hyaloplasm in amoebae . A - frontal hyaline area in Vannella lata CCAP 1589 / 3 ; B : antero - lateral hyaline crescent in Thecamoeba similis CCAP 1583 / 8 ; C - anterior hyaline cap in Rhizamoeba flabellata CCAP 1546 / 2 Many ( but far not all ) amoebae produce pseudopodia - variable projections of the cell , which include both the granuloplasm and the hyaloplasm and participate in the relocation of the main cytoplasmic body of the cell . However , most of medium - sized and small amoebae move " as a whole " - without formation of distinct pseudopodia . Besides that most of amoebae are capable to form subpseudopodia - small hyaline projections of different form that do not take part in the movement of the cell . There function remains basically unclear . Often subpseudopodia are formed from the wide pseudopodium , in its anterior part . The posterior end of the locomotive form - uroid - in many amoebae species has characteristic distinct appearance . Various posterior formations are called uroidal structures . They are known for a long time , it was Wallich ( in 1838 ) who first decided that the appearance of the uroid may be taxonomically important in amoebae . Later , in 1974 F.C. Page defined this term and classified uroidal structures into several types . Many amoebae have folds or wrinkles on the dorsal surface of the locomotive form . Wrinkles may appear also on the lateral surface of the cell . A - finger - shaped subpseudopodia in Korotnevella stella CCAP 1547 / 6 ; B - pseudopodia in Deuteramoeba mycophaga CCAP 1586 / 1 ; C - dorsal hyaline ridges in Thecamoeba similis CCAP 1583 / 8 D - villous - bulbous uroid in Rhizamoeba flabellata CCAP 1546 / 2 Typical uroidal structures in amoebae ( scheme ) . A - bulbous ; B - morulate ; C - fasciculate ; D - spineolate ; E - villous - bulbous ; F - plicate ; G , H - adhesive uroidal filaments . Typical floating forms of amoebae . A , B and D , E - with radiating pseudopodia of different type ; C - without defined pseudopodia . Observations on the locomotive forms of several amoebae species soon will reveal the fact that amoebae differs clearly in the character of the cytoplasmic flows during locomotion . In some amoebae cytoplasmic flows are steady , continuos , even hardly visible sometimes . In other species , mostly in small monopodial amoebae of so - called limax type , cytoplasmic flows are eruptive , short periods of the formation of leading pseudopodium are followed with short breaks , when an amoeba does not seem to show any activity . This is so - called eruptive movement - characteristic feature of heteroloboseans . It is important that some monopodial lobose amoebae also can show single eruption of the cytoplasm . It is characteristic for leptomyxids , but they never move by mean of eruptive movement continuosly . If you are equipped with the DIC optics or phase contrast you are usually able to see the nucleus of the cell . Inside the optically empty nucleus there is a big dense patch ( or many small patches ) called endosome or ( if confirmed with EM observations or cytochemistry ) - nucleolus . To stress difference we should note that any dense body within the nucleus may be called “ endosome ” , but only confirmed aggregation of ribonucleoproteins ( RNP ) may be termed as “ nucleolus ” . In the literature these terms usually used as synonyms . Position of the nucleolus and number of nucleoli may be different ; they determine the type of the nucleus . Basic types of nuclear structure in amoebae . A - granular nucleus ; B - vesicular nucleus ; C - nucleus with peripheral nucleoli ; D - nucleus with complex nucleolus . In most amoebae you may see one or several contractile vacuoles . The last remarkable detail , visible at LM level is crystals and other cytoplasmic inclusions . They are usually very characteristic , however their appearance and shape may depend on the culture conditions and food of the cell . It is believed that in most cases crystals represent an excretes of an amoebae , and most of other visible refractive inclusions are either lipid drops of different size of various endobionts . Mitochondria and other organelles may appear as a dark spots , however they are not identifiable at LM level and require involvement of EM . 2 . Electron - microscopical morphology Electron microscopy , been applied to amoebae , make a revolution in our views on the organisations of amoebae cell and in approaches to amoebae systematics . Been applied initially to selected objects and then systematically , EM recovered a variety of structures , which are used now in gymnamoebae systematics . Cell coat of amoebae represents highly differentiated glycocalix . It forms variety of structures , and various types of the cell coat in amoebae may be listed in the following order : Amorphous glycocalix . It may be of different thickness and is best developed in amoebae of the genus Thecamoeba and in Flabellula baltica . In some species of the genus Saccamoeba the glycocalix usually appears to be amorphous , however in best fixation it is possible to distinguish some cup - lice or prismatic structures . We should always reserve that any glycocalix , destroyed under non - suitable fixation will appear amorphous . Filamentous glycocalix . Over the thin amorphous layer , there is a leyer of radiating filaments . Filaments may be rather thick , as in Amoeba proteus and Chaos carolinense or very fine , hardly discernible , as in Polychaos dubium and Polychaos annulatum Glycostyles . The variety of these structures is great , and they may be pentagonal , as in Vannella spp . ( in some species there are also long simple filaments among the glycostyles ) , hexagonal , as in Vexillifera spp . , spiral , as in Paradermamoeba spp . , may represent low , irregular hexagonal pyramids , as in Pseudoparamoeba pagei Cuticle ” . This term can not be recognised as a most suitable ( as it is pre - occupied ) , but it is widely distributed in literature . It is intended to term thick cell coat , consisting of several layers . Layers differs in structure , as in Mayorella spp . and Dermamoeba spp . In the members of genera Gocevia and Paragocevia the cell is covered with filamentous “ cuticle ” only from the dorsal surface . Scales . Some amoebae species , namely members of the genera Korotnevella and Paramoeba are covered with a layer of scales . Chemical composition of scales is not known , so we hardly can recognise them as a modification of a glycocalix . Scales may be of different shape and covers all cell in both these genera . In contrast , tectum of Cochliopodium also consists of a layer of scales but covers moving cell only from the dorsal surface . Cell coat of some amoebae species . A - amorphous cell coat of Chaos glabrum ; B - filamentous cell coat of Polychaos annulatum ; C - glycostyles of Vannella ; D - thick , multilayered cell coat called " cutuicle " of Mayorella ; E - scales of Korotnevella bulla . Scale bar is 100 nm . One of the most remarkable structures in the nucleus is the nucleolus ( or numerous nucleoli ) . Their number and position determine type of the nucleus . According to simplified classification by I.B. Raikov in 1982 , we distinguish vesicular nucleus with single central nucleolus and granular nucleus with many small nucleoli . Intermediate types represented by the nuclei with several large peripheral nucleoli , like in Thecamoeba striata or with a very complicative structure of the nucleolus , exemplified with Polychaos fasciculatum and several more species . Another remarkable structure which appears in some nuclei is the internal nuclear lamina . This term mean layers of hexagonal , honeycomb - like structure ( like in Amoeba proteus Thecamoeba striata ) or consisting of a fine filaments ( like in Saccamoeba limax ) . Functional role of this layer is unclear ; speculation about its mechanical properties does not seem to be reasonable . More probably , honeycomb - like layer fulfil some regulatory functions in the exchange of the material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm . Nuclei of some amoebae species . A - vesicular nucleus of Saccamoeba limax with fibrous nuclear lamina ( arrowed in A and B ) ; C - granular nucleus of Chaos glabrum with honeycomb nuclera lamina ( arrowed in C ; D - cross - section ; E - tangental section of the lamina ) ; F - nucleus of Thecamoeba striata with peripheral nucleoli ; G - complex nucleus of . Scale bar 500 nm . Mitochondria of amoebae may be of two principally different types - with tubular cristae and with flattened , discoid cristae . If to consider the shape of cristae more closely , which was done by L . Seravin in 1992 , it becomes clear that it is more correct to say " the cristae of tubular type " , as many particular modifications are possible within this type . The same probably is true for discoid cristae , which usually are plate - like , i.e. represent a plate , growing on a fine leg . Type of the mitochondria cristae , together with the character of movement and organisation of the Goldgi complex ( see below ) differs well Goldgi complex of an amoebae may be either organised as a dyctiosomes , well - visible in TEM sections ( this is a characteristic of the class Lobosea ) or to exists as a set of small vesicles , non distinguishable in TEM and discernible only with cytochemical methods ( in Heterolobosea ) . Among the cytoplasmic inclusions crystals are usually washed out during the treatment of the cell ( only so - called “ places of crystals ” may be found ) , and lipids drops are usually numerous and well - visible . Endobionts present in most of amoebae , and they are well - visible in TEM sections , A - dyctyosome of lobose amoeba Chaos glabrum ; B - mitochondria of lobose amoeba with tubular cristae ; C - mitochondria of heterolobosean Euhyperamoeba fallax with flattened cristae ( arrowed ) . Scale bar 500 nm . Basic methods for recovery , study and identification of gymnamoebae 1 . Approach Amoebae are nearly invisible ( with rare , occasional exceptions ) in fresh samples , been mostly rather flattened and attached to various particles . In experiments W . Foissner recovered by direct microscopical exemanation only 2 % of individuals added to the soil suspension ( Foissner , 1987 ) . Thus , amoebae must be isolated first , using a variety of enrichment cultivation methods . The background of enrichment cultivation is to create specific selective conditions for some group of protists in order to give them some advantages ( in the grows rate , or by absence of 2 . Media Following list of media is based on that compiled by Page ( 1976 , 1983 ; 1988 , 1991 ) . Most of protocols and abbreviations are taken from these sources . This is rather limited , minimal set as we suggest here only the media , which were found to be most useful in practical work . Many of Page ’ s media are not mentioned here . In our experience they are too reach with nutrients and their use result in rapid fungal growth , especially in initial cultures . The reader is addressed to above cited books 2.1 Saline solutions : AS ( modified Neff ’ s amoeba saline ) . Source : Page ( 1988 ) : Prepare 5 separate stock solutions . To make AS combine 10 ml of each stock solutions with 950 ml of distilled water Stock solution 1 : NaCl - 1.20g / 100ml H O Stock solution 2 : MgSO 4 * x 7H O - 0.04g / 100ml H O Stock solution 3 : CaCl x 2H O - 0.04g / 100ml H Stock solution 4 : Na HPO 4 - 1.42g / 100ml H Stock solution 5 : KH PO - 1.36g / 100ml H PJ ( Prescott and James solution ) . Source : Prescott & James ( 1955 ) , protocol adopted from Page ( 1988 ) Prepare 3 stock solutions . To make PJ combine 1 ml of each stock solution with 1 l of distilled water . In our opinion this solution can fully replace AS for experimental purpose , thus been much easier in preparation . Stock solution 1 : CaCl x 2H O - 0.433g / 100ml H O KCl - 0.162g / 100ml H Stock solution 2 : K HPO - 0.512g / 100ml H Stock solution 3 : MgSO * x 7H O - 0.280g / 100ml H For marine amoebae the nost popular mineral media is the artificial or natural ( Millpore filtered ) seawater . Marine salt is available from virtually any Zoo shop all over the world . Any kind will work ; we can not reccomend some preferable producer . Do not forget to check any particular portion of the seasalt for presence of protozoa before use . For the same purpose , it is desirable to make negative controls during the cultivation . Do not forget to check the salinity just before the usage of seawater . 2.2 Liquid media SE ( Soil extract with salts ) . Source : Page ( 1988 ) . Into a beaker put garden or agricultural soil ( preferably this one which seems to undergo no or minor treatment with chemical nutrients ) and natural or tap water so that the supernatant water occupies approximately four / fifths of the depth . Autoclave for one hour , than filter . The liquid is a soil extract . Combine with water and stock solutions of salts . Soil extract : 100 ml K 0.1 % w / v : 20 ml MgSO x7H 0.1 % w / v : 20 ml KNO 3 0.1 % w / v : 20 ml Distilled water : 840 ml CP ( Cerophyl - Prescott infusion ) . Source : Page ( 1988 ) , modified . Cerophyl is a cereal derivate , which have been manufactures by Cerophyl Laboratories , Inc . , Kansas City , Missouri , USA . The production has been stopped recently , and the new product with the same name has nothing common with old “ Cerophyl ” . However , many laboratories still have plenty of old Cerophyl in stocks , thus this protocol is listed here . Sigma Chemical supplies a product C7141 Dehydrated Ceral Leaves which probably can substitute Cerophyl . Boil 0.5g of Cerophyl in 1l of PJ for 5 minutes , filter and restore the volume with PJ . For marine amoebae use artificial or natural seawater of appropriate salinity ; do not forget to check and adjust the salinity of the final infusion Resulting media is rather reach with nutrients , thus additional dilution with PJ may require to avoid superfluous bacterial growth . 2.3 Agar media : NNA ( Non - nutrient agar ) . Source : Page ( 1988 ) . Perhaps the most common and oldest medium for amoebae . First was offered in 1922 ( Severtzoff , 1922 ) . Add 15 g of non - nutrient ( important ! ) agar to 1 l of AS or PJ solution . Autoclave ( 0.5 atm ; 30 min ) . CPA ( Cerophyl - Prescott agar ) . Source : Page ( 1988 ) . Add 12 g of non - nutrient ( important ! ) agar to 1 l of CP infusion . Autoclave ( o . 5 atm , 30 min ) . For marine amoebae use marine water instead of PJ and CP made on marine water , respectively . Note that under the salinity higher then 35 ppt the agar may coagulate in the solution . In this case we can advice to make a freshwater agar of double concentration and to dilute in just after autoclaving with the double - concentrated seawater or cerophyl infusion to approach desirable final salinity . Sampling , inoculation and examination of initial cultures for faunistic survey 1 . Soil samples The sample , taking by amoebae - free instruments ( sterilisation is not obligate , however preferable ) should be diluted with PJ or AS up to the appropriate concentration of soil particles . In case of faunistic survey dilution level should be adopted by the investigator , the primary criteria is that soil particles should leave enough free space for amoebae observation on the agar or plastic surface of the dish after inoculation . We can advice to start from approx . 15g of soil / 1l of PJ or AS solution and adopt it during further work . We advice following set of media for initial inoculation : 100mm Petri dishes with PJ and 1 wheat ( or rise ) grains in each dish . 100mm Petri dishes with SE 100mm Petri dishes with NNA or CPA Each dish should be inoculated with approximately 1 - 2 ml of diluted sample , it is important to have not only the liquid but several soil particles in each inoculated dish . In dishes with liquid media ( both agar and non - agar dishes ) the " spot " of particles should be accurate , local , and placed preferably near the edge of the dish , to leave enough bottom space for amoebae observation . In dishes with agar media , 1 - 2 ml of diluted sample should be dropped near the edge of the dish 2 . Freshwater and marine benthic samples Samples should be appropriately diluted to reach relatively low concentration of particles in inoculated dishes . A test of 10 most popular enrichment media ( Smirnov , 2003 ) revealed that few media allowed rather comprehensive species recovery , and that the number of inoculated dishes is of more importance than the number of media used . It is possible to offer following set of media that allow recovery of most amoebae species : 100mm Petri dishes filled with Millipore - filtered water from original habitat or PJ , with one wheat grain per dish . 100mm Petri dishes with CPA Filtered water from original habitat may be replaced with the cerophyl infusion or PJ medium . However , it seems to be logical to suggest that the water of original habitat that has characteristic chemical composition may allow for the creation of more appropriate michoniches . It results in the development of more species than an artificial , chemically - defined media . Inoculate not more than 0.1 - 0.2 ml of the sample per 100 mm dish . Patches of the inoculated material must leave enough free bottom space to observe amoebae and bacterial and fungal growth in the 3 . Plankton samples The only difference with benthic samples is that the number of amoebae in planktonic samples is relatively low ( with rare exceptions ) . No dilution require for such samples , the sample may be directly inoculated onto same media as benthic ones . The water of the sample play the role of liquid media . In certain cases techniques for concentration of samples may allow to reach better species recovery due to appearence of rare species . 4 . Examinatiom All initial cultures should be examined several times , as the succession of amoebae species is considerable and rapid . We advice to examine liquid cultures at 5 - 6 ; 10 - 11 ; 17 - 20 and 30 days after inoculations . For agar cultures the last time may be omitted . In case of the time shortage , two examination - at 10 - 11 and 17 - 20 days are generally sufficient . Cultures should be examined using both dissection microscope ( to recover large amoebe ) and inverted phase - contrast microscope with the magnification Agar cultures usually show more rapid amoebae growth , however only small and partly medium - sized species are developed in these cultures . They should be examined without opening , under dissection microscope at the magnification 40x or higher . It is easy to find amoebae , as in contrast with other protists they have strong tendency to migrate on the agar surface outside of the initial path of the inoculate , forming a set of small clamps on the agar surface with the narrow tracks of liquid below them . However , some species prefer to stay within 5 . Cloning techniques In terms of the modern systematics of amoebae identification of a species really represent an identification of a strain . Thus , after finding of an amoeba species in initial culture , amoebae should be cloned ( in order to avoid errors related with the similarity of many amoebae species ) and prepared for further studies . A variety of methods is suggested to clone amoebae . However , an experience shows that the level of success ( % of obtained clones ) is nearly similar in all of them . We suggest to use three basic methods , the reader is refereed to the cited literature for more techniques . The reader always should remember that the success of cloning ( the number of resulted cultures ) is rather low , and normally does not exceed 10 % . Migration method It is appropriate for amoebae growing on the agar ( with or without overlay ) and should be applied as following : When you observe initial culture of amoebae on the agar without overlay under dissection microscope , you need to find sites where amoebae migrated for sufficient distance from the initial path of the inoculate and are not too abundant ( if cells are to abundant or different types are mixed this may mean that you need to increase dilution of the soil sample for initial inoculation ) . Cut of a small block of agar with one amoeba or one cyst with a scalpel or a needle with flattened end . Resulted block should be transferred to a fresh Petri Pipette technique This is intended for amoebae , growing in liquid media . The method is trivial and require experience in pipetting . Make very fine cappillar end of a Pasteur pipette and try to capture one cell ( or cyst ) from the culture . Resolution of this method is much lower ( more mixed cultures as a result ) , however it nearly the only availiable in practice for cultures growing in 100 mm Petri dishes with grains . Dilution technique . This method based on the critical dilution of amoebae . Wash all amoebae ( and other material ) from the surface of a dish by a portion of fresh media , and dilute supernatant 1 : 100 , 1 : 1000 , etc . ( should be adjusted from preliminary results ) . Inoculate new dishes with 1ml of dilution each . If during examination at all times of the check you see only one species in the dish it is suggested to be a clone . For all three techniques it is preferable to repeat cloning . Only subclones may be relied on in further investigations . Suggested clones must be monitored for some time ( about a month ) , at different growth time to make sure that no other amoebae ( and preferably no other protists of comparable size ) are present . The last is important for further EM studies . Identification of amoebae Identification of amoebae remains one of the most difficult problems , and a lot is written about this . For correct generic and specific identification EM is obligate in the very most of cases . Another problem is our relatively low level of knowledge about amoebae biodiversity - the chances to find new species in any habitat are very high . For example , detailed faunistic survey of a freshwater lake revealed 32 Gymnamoebia species , of which 15 were found to be new for science ( Smirnov & Goodkov 1995 ) . You should always be ready to meet In order to identify an amoeba you need first to decide with the appropriate level of detalisation of your identification . If your are satisfied with the level of a morphotype , you have no need to clone amoebae , observation from initial cultures are sufficient . However , if you are going to follow further in systematical identification you must fulfil all requirements , for example , of Page ’ s key ( or other respective literature ) concerning the set of necessary species data . This may be rather laborious . It is strongly preferable to stop with Identification itself consists of several distinct steps . We will consider them subsequently , and this schedule should be used in real work as it is described . You are welcome to stop either at the first step , if you are going to identify a morphotype only , or to follow them all for systematic identification , using methods as required in respective literature ( cited for each morphotype ) . If you are going to deal with systematic identification of amoebae first consult F.C. Page ’ s keys ( 1988 - in English , 1991 - in German ) . They allow you to have a good deal of information and provide you with the basic steps for systematical identification . They may be sufficient for species identification , however when you will decide with the species always check the original description and latest papers dedicated to this species ( if availiable ) . Review the literature , dedicated to your species and relative taxa which was published after 1988 Step 1 . Locomotive form . Locomotive form - the form of an amoeba in continuos , directed movement is a background for any further speculations . If you are working with water - immersion or inverted optics , find locomotive amoeba on the clean area of the bottom , free of sufficient debris of bacteria and detritus ( presence of a material on the bottom of the dish may influence locomotive form ) . If you are working with agar culture , wash amoebae from the agar with a drop of respective media , place this drop on the object slide and cover with a Choose actively moving cell and note the shape and characteristic details of the locomotive form ( uroid , hyaloplasm , ridges , lateral flatness , shape of subpseudipodia , lobs and wrinkles , if present ) . Sketches , videoprints or photographs of moving amoeba may be highly useful in further work . Measure the locomotive forms using micrometer . Preferably several amoebae should be measured , but make sure that they all belong to the same species ! If you are going to identify species you should work with clones , and measure not less than 30 amoebae to If amoebae were maintained on the agar without overlay , it may be extremely difficult to observe moving cells . It seems that been cultivated under these conditions for several generations , cells loose partly their locomotive capacities . To avoid this , prior to observe locomotive forms cover the agar with the overlay of respective media and leave it for two - three days . In the very most of cases this is enough for cells to restore locomotion . In worst case try several passages using agar with overlay . Step 2 . Floating form Floating form is very important for species identification . Observation of the floating forms should be done preferably in clonal cultures , unless the size difference of amoebae you are interested in from any other existing in this dish is sufficient . In some cultures with overlay or in liquid you may easily see floating forms at any time under dissection microscope . If not , to observe floating form , shake a culture ( if it has an overlay or is liquid one ) carefully and observe under the dissection microscope development of the floating forms . Far not Note the appearance of the floating form , shape and number ( min / max . ) of pseudopodia , the material of pseudopodia ( hyaloplasm only , or with the granuloplasm ) , shape of the ends of pseudopodia , their thickness . Note if amoeba has tendencies to form coiled or spiral pseudopodia . Measure the length of pseudopodia comparing it with the size of a central mass of the cytoplasm in radiate floating forms . Some amoebae species has a tendency to gradual modification of the floating form with the increment of the time of cultivation , There are amoebae species which do not adopt any specific floating forms . They flotate remaining usual , locomotive - like . There are minor of them , and careful observations required to make a conclusion that an amoeba do not have differentiated floating form . Step 3 . Nuclear structure and crystals Nucleus and crystals are well visible with oil immersion optics , using 100x objective lense . Amoeba for these observation preferably should be slightly pressed with the coverslip in order to make nucleus and crystals better visible . Note nuclear structure , number and position of nucleoli , shape and size of crystals , count approximate number of crystals . However you should not measure nucleus under these conditions ! It should be done in locomotive form . Step 4 . Cysts Cyst formation and cyst structure is a very important criteria in amoeba systematics . However , far not all species form cysts in culture . Basically , to observe cysts you need to have pure clonal culture . Cyst may be found after 7 - 15 days in agar cultures and after longer periods ( up to month ) in liquid . Some species loose the capacities of encystment after some time of cultivation , some do form cysts only in cultures with overlay . Different conditions should be applied and all cultures should be traced for at least a Step 5 . TEM studies TEM studies are obligate if you would like to identify an amoeba up to the genus and species , as the microsystematics of gymnamoebae itself is based on EM features . This is a great disadvantage , of course , but so far we have no other way do distinguish species with sufficient level of confidence . We do not describe here all EM protocols , given that the reader is familiar with these techniques . Only important points are listed . To prepare amoebae for EM wash them of from the agar with a drop of media or shake the dish with liquid culture carefully . Concentrate amoebae with gentle centrifugation . We do not advice to embed amoebae in the agar blocks after fixation , as it seems to damage cell coat . If amoebae are adhered well to the agar , it may be easier to cut off small ( max . 2x2x1 mm ) blocks of agar with adhered amoebae and treat them further in a glass wells . For amoebae which are non - numerous in culture Prepare 40 mm Petri dishes with a layer of polymerised resin . Let them stay opened for 2 - 3 days after polymerisation . Place several drops containing amoebae on the resin and mark the position of the drops ( scrape the resin around the drops with a needle ) . Leave them in wet camera for 30 - 60 min in order to allow amoebae adhere to the resin . Fix amoebae and treat them as in the well - glass , in these dishes . The only difference is that you should not use acetone or any other This method allow to work with very small amoebae and even with single cells , as it is possible to examine embedding even under the microscope ( marks of the initial position of drops with amoebae are highly useful here ) , to ensure that you have really the organism of interest in the embedding and to mark its position in the block exactly . This method often gives better results then these which involves centrifugation ; it seems that it is preferable to fix locomotive forms to have better quality . Fixation . This is the most important part of TEM , and only appropriately fixed specimens may be considered . Numerous artefacts are possible , especially the elimination or coagulation of filamentous cell coat under unsuitable fixation ( Smirnov & Goodkov , 1998 ; Smirnov , 1999 ) . Three basic protocols may give satisfactory results , depending on species . They far not exhaust the variety of existing methods , and the reader is referred to Page ( 1983 ; 1988 ) and other respective literature for more information . All fixative in following protocols are suggested to be Procedure 1 . This is the most common protocol 4 % Glutaraldehyde - 30 min Wash 3 x 5 min . in buffer Osmium tetroxide 1 % - 30 - 60 min Wash 3 x 10 min in buffer Dehydrate and embedd Procedure 2 . This procedure appears to be best for marine amoebae Osmium tetroxide 0.1 % - 5 min Osmium tetroxide 1 % - 30 - 60 min Wash 3 x 10 min in buffer Dehydrate and embedd Procedure 3 . Appears to preserve well even very fine glycocalix Osmium tetroxide 0.1 % - 5 min Wash 3 x 5 min . in buffer 4 % Glutaraldehyde - 30 min Wash 3 x 10 min in buffer The last protocol is most complicative , however sometimes it gives perfect results . For example it was the only which allow to recovery filaments in the cell coat of Polychaos annulatum ( Smirnov & Goodkov , 1998 ) , while all other resulted in the collapse of filaments . All protocols are followed with the standard dehydration , embedding in any appropriate resin , sectioning , staining of sections with uranil acetate and Reynold ’ s lead citrate and examination . Some amoebae have glycostyles or scales on their surface . This is characteristic for amoebae of fan - shaped , dactylopodial and paramoebian morphotypes . These structures are poorly visible in TEM , thus chromium shadowing may be simple and highly useful technique to recover them . In fan - shaped amoebae only chromium shadowing can ensure in the absence of glycostyles . Shadowing protocol adopted by Ken Clarke ( CEH Windermere ) For shadowing collect amoebae from liquid cultures or wash them off from the agar surface . In the very most of cases , cells in cultures are densely covered with adhered bacteria ( this is especially true for agar cultures , thus try to wash bacteria off by active pipetting of the drop . Preferably the drop containing amoebae should be placed in a glass well , diluted with sufficient amount of distilled water ( osmotic shock does not seem to be sufficient ) and amoebae should be re - collected with pipette . Sufficient losses of cells are possible Remove the grids to a vacuum coater for shadow - casting . The ‘ grazed lighting ’ effects produced by this process will enhance the visibility of fine structure such as glycostyles and scales . Use gold - palladium ( medium resolution , high contrast shadows ) , platinum ( high resolution , low contrast shadows ) or chromium ( recommended for routine use ) as a shadow source . Shadow at 30 o - 40 o to the horizontal for the examination of general cell shape , or 20 - 30 to the horizontal for viewing surface filaments , scales , glycostyles , etc . Examine each grid by TEM . NB . As shadowed cells on the formvar grid - coating may shrink in size when exposed to the electron beam , be sure not to confuse shrinkage artifacts with fine surface structure . Step 6 . Special techniques The four above steps gives enough data for identification of the very most of Gymnamoebia . However , some groups may require special techniques . Identification of Acanthamoeba , for example , require physiological tests , impregnation of cysts and biochemical tests as described in the respective literature ( references within a key ) . Amoebae of eruptive morphotype can be identified at the morphological level mostly up to genus only , and this identification require enflagellation tests . For most of these amoebae reliable identification of species is possible only with molecular methods , as they are indistinguishable at | [
"amoebae",
"microscopical morphology"
] |
http://amominredhighheels.com/olaplex-gamechanger-hair/ | Olaplex : a Game - Changer for Hair ! Have you ever wanted to go blonde ( or blonder ) , and been told it would be too harsh on your hair ? Have you ever had a conditioning treatment that felt good when you left the salon , but was back to normal in a few days ? Has your hair been damaged by color , bleach , perms , straighteners , blow - drying , or heat - styling ? ( Or all of the above ? ? ) Does your hair show signs of aging , such as being coarse , brittle and difficult to manage ? Olaplex could change your life . OK … well , it can definitely change your hair ! So , what is Olaplex It ’ s a revolutionary new product that top hair stylists and colorists are going nuts for . From the Olaplex website : “ We started by finding two of the world ’ s leading PHD ’ s in Materials and Chemistry that had never worked on hair products before , Dr . Eric Pressly and Dr . Craig Hawker . With this fresh outlook , this dream team invented a single ingredient chemistry , that is free of silicone or oils , that links broken bonds in the hair during and after chemical services making them stronger than they were before . ” The Olaplex system has three components : Bond Multiplier ( the pure Olaplex ingredient ) , Bond Perfector , and Hair Perfector . What does that mean for me and my stressed strands ? ? Color , bleach , perms , straighteners , heat styling , and even putting tension on wet hair ( combing , brushing to detangle ) causes damage inside your hair . You do n ’ t see it when it happens , but you can feel it , and you definitely see it over time . The tiny bonds that make up your precious hair are being eaten alive ! Olaplex seeks out this hidden damage , and reinforces those bonds , making them stronger , more flexible , and more resistant to breakage . There are a few ways ways to use the Olaplex system : Protective Treatment : Done at the same time as color , highlights , balayage , or bleach ; Olaplex Bond Multiplier is added into your color or bleach formula . This will not affect the color result or grey coverage , however it may increase processing time for bleach , highlights , or balayage . Olaplex Bond Perfector is applied after rinsing ( and toning , if necessary ) . It will set for 10 minutes , then will be rinsed , shampooed , and conditioned . Olaplex Hair Perfector should be used at home once a week , to enhance and Reparative Treatment : Can be done independently , as a strenthening pre - treatment , or as a restorative post - treatment . Olaplex Bond Multiplier will be mixed in a solution and applied to dry ( or well - blotted , towel - dried hair ) , combed through , and allowed to set for 5 minutes . Olaplex Bond Perfector will be applied directly over it , without rinsing , and set for 10 minutes , then will be rinsed , shampooed , and conditioned . Olaplex Hair Perfector should be used at home once a week , to enhance Duo : To really give damaged hair the most intense therapy , both of the above can be done . Using Olaplex Bond Multiplier in color or bleach will protect hair from being damaged during that process . After hair is rinsed and towel - dried , the reparative treatment will commence as described above , to strengthen hair that has been damaged by previous chemical treatments , heat , and other factors . Olaplex Hair Perfector should be used at home once a week , to enhance and extend results between appointments . I have done all of the above , with incredible results ! Which is my favorite ? It ’ s tough to say . The protective nature is amazing , allowing more bleach or highlights than ever before , without damage ! This has absolutely revolutionized corrective colors and blonding services . Olaplex allowed me to highlight through this client ’ s darker , redder , hair in the back , giving her a bright , pale blonde and keeping the hair in excellent condition This young lady had gotten herself in trouble with home haircolor … 4 processes left her locks brassy , dry , dull , and mucky . Olaplex allowed me to lift it and give her highlights and broad blonde panels in a natural , pale shade ; a change that would normally take several visits and cause quite a bit of damage . But as you can see , it ’ s healthy and shiny ! The reparative treatment has worked miracles on any hair type that has been exposed to chemicals and / or heat . I have found it leaves hair softer and stronger , shinier and silkier , faster to blowdry , and fuller but light - weight ( not thick or heavy ) . Before and After shots showing the dramatic improvements made by the Olaplex Reparative Treatment As a pre - treatment before Brazilian Blowout or keratin services , the Olaplex reparative treatment makes hair stronger and enhances shine , softness and silkiness . The hair is more flexible and resistant to breakage . It is important to do this before beginning the Brazilian or keratin service , as Olaplex penetrates the hair to strengthen from within . The smoothing service conditions and seals the cuticle , helping defrizz and refine the cuticle ( the outer layer of the hair shaft ) . The result is stronger , healthier hair that is in a better place to maximize the benefits of a Brazilian Blowout or keratin treatment . Olaplex wows as a pre - treatment to Brazilian Blowout , enhancing the strength , shine , and softness As a restorative post - treatment , Olaplex replenishes the hair after a perm or straightener . These types of treatments break a large number of bonds in the hair , but we can start healing it right away by treating the hair immediately afterwards . I recently saw a client whose hair had been treated with Japanese straightening . Her natural hair was a tight , coily ringlet ( Type 4a ) . The Japanese straightening left her curls flattened , but not straight , poufy and frizzy , and damaged on the ends . We did an Olaplex reparative treatment , followed by a Brazilian Blowout . It look like a completely different head of hair ! See for yourself : Olaplex Reparative and Restorative treatment followed by Brazilian Blowout The Olaplex restorative treatment does the same for overprocessed , overlightened hair . The intensity of the direct application will work wonders to heal damaged hair . Unlike traditional conditioning treatments , which treat the outside of the hair , Olaplex goes deep inside to actually repair damage . This is another client , whose hair is thick , coarse , curly , and dry . She sometimes toys with going lighter , but I have hesitated because I was worried about the integrity of her hair , especially with regular heat styling . We did all three of the above here : Olaplex Bond Multiplier in her base and highlight formulas , a full / direct application on Bond Multiplier after rinsing , a generous application of Bond Perfector directly over that , then rinsed , shampooed with Brazilian Blowout Anti - Residue Shampoo , and performed the Olaplex highlights , Olaplex treatment , and Brazilian Blowout Where can I get this done ? ? ? Find Olaplex salons near you by using their Salon Locator ( in the top / right menu ) . If your favorite salon or stylist is n ’ t on the list , send them a link to this post . It ’ s easy to become an Olaplex salon , and they ’ ll thank you because it will open up a whole new world for them as well ! Stylists and salons can learn more , register and order here Contributed by : Jordana Lorraine , Hair Stylist Los Angeles , CA ( Marina Del Rey ) 310 - 922 - 2645 / jordanalorraine @ gmail . com Facebook Twitter Instagram Pinterest Author Jordana Lorraine | [
"Olaplex",
"Game-Changer",
"conditioning treatment"
] |
http://amp.aom.org/content/26/4/20.short | Academy of Management Perspectives Vol . 26 , No . 4 Articles Ethical Climates and Their Effects on Organizational Outcomes : Implications From the Past and Prophecies for the Future Aditya Simha and John B . Cullen Published Online : 9 Aug 2012 https : / / doi . org / 10.5465 / amp . 2011 . 0156 View Article Tools Share Abstract Ethical climate theory was first proposed by Victor and Cullen ( 1987 1988 ) . Ever since , it has been useful in increasing our knowledge on a variety of organizational outcomes such as workplace bullying , organizational commitment , ethical behavior , job satisfaction , and turnover intentions . In this paper , we scrutinize the extant research on ethical climates to provide an understanding of what has been observed thus far , and what else ethical climate theory could be harnessed to examine . We also provide a critique of the ethical climate theory literature base and suggest a future research agenda for ethical climate theory . | [
"Ethical climate theory",
"Victor and Cullen",
"ethical behavior"
] |
http://amppob.com/honor-courtney-goodson/ | Courtney Goodson Her Honor By Dwain Hebda Photo by James Smith Locked in a reelection battle Harrison native and Arkansas Supreme Court Associate Justice Courtney Goodson found herself the target of an ongoing negative campaign earlier this year which tatted a steady drumbeat of allegations and halftruths The smear was propagated by socalled dark money interests bottomlesspocketed political organizations that are not required to disclose donors identities I was not surprised to see dark money raise its head in the spring she says from her modest but tastefully appointed office in the shadow of the state Capitol I thought about not running But then I thought about the example that sets for my three children and I thought No way No way Win lose or draw these people will know theyve been in a scrape Goodson may have seen her enemies coming but even she was surprised at what they were packing in terms of resources She claims about 2 million worth of ads aired in just 21 days by the conservative Judicial Crisis Network of Washington DC In those ads Goodson is savaged as lobbying for a pay raise and accepting thousands of dollars worth of gifts from trial lawyers topped off by an Italian cruise worth some 50000 Accuracy in media groups have pointed out the skewed tactics of the ads The pay increase for instance was requested by Chief Justice John Dan Kemp on behalf of the entire Court and many of the gifts came from her thenboyfriend now husband attorney John Goodson of Texarkana Shes also stated publicly she would recuse herself from cases brought by certain attorneys that have presented such gifts to avoid conflicts of interest Still the appearance has been damaging and Goodson admits addressing the issue takes up considerable time and energy bandwidth that would otherwise be used to tout accomplishments As much as I can I try to talk about the good work the Arkansas Supreme Court is doing she says I like to talk about our case clearance rate thats never been higher than it is now that we truly are a welloiled machine and the objective numbers show it The Administrative Office of Courts has all the stats to show that when I joined this court there was a backlog a big embarrassing backlog and not just me but seven justices on this court have moved it in a great direction RELATED The Race for Governor The negative ads and the money would be flowing still had she not successfully filed an injunction to get them off the air a move resulting in a restraining order thats currently under appeal But as attested by the old courtroom phrase You can not unring a bell the echoes of those ads still reverberate on the campaign trail Whats top of mind for everyday Arkansans is they want to know What theyre saying about you is that true Goodson says No its not true They want you to believe Ive taken gifts or money as bribes for favorable treatment in the courtroom and thats never happened Its never going to happen People need to know They need to hear it from me More than just denying wrongdoing Goodson is hoping her campaign helps to sound the alarm on the impact of dark money and smear tactics Even after 10 years in a job that guarantees ones unpopularity shes taken aback by the firepower such organizations bring to bear on the American political system We need somebody to be the test case she says We need somebody to be willing to walk out or swim out in those waters and make the argument and thats what we did last May with the injunction Im here to make my argument and were not backing down I know that it can not be true that anyone has a constitutional right to lie she adds You can not hide behind the Constitution and say I get to lie I get to spend millions of dollars and say whatever I want to say about you Im not going to let the facts get in the way That cant be right It is in turns exhausting and frustrating and not without its own brand of grim irony that shes accused of profiting so substantially from an industry that didnt welcome her in the first place The legal profession is still a mans world she says I quickly learned that they had not sent for me They didnt ask for me I had presented myself probably too young too female and too blonde to be a judge How dare you Who do you think you are Judges generally in Arkansas dont look like me Goodson adds They were a different generation a different gender and they did not embrace the fact that I was here I didnt get any advice or helpful hints or Heres how to do it Goodson who graduated from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1997 says acceptance was won one colleague and one days work at a time After clerking for Judge Frank Arney and Judge Terry Crabtree from 1997 to 2005 she was elected to the Arkansas Court of Appeals in 2008 She was elected to an eightyear term on the Arkansas Supreme Court in 2010 capturing 58 percent of the vote What I learned was really and truly who I am is good enough for me and for the people of Arkansas she says Im a ninth generation Boone County resident Although I wasnt perfect and polished and from a political family I found I was exactly what Arkansans wanted I was their girl next door because I truly was Goodson says however that the political playing field has shifted dramatically over the past 10 years a combination of massive spending and a 24hour news cycle that puts individual candidates at the mercy of shadowy political action committees that operate with seeming impunity When you have one speaker dark money who has endless funding to say whatever they want on any stage in any venue and you say Oh they let a little regular person in Arkansas running for judge have the same opportunity Well theres no possibility for that because this little person in Arkansas running for judge doesnt have the same resources she says With that disparity not just in a political race but in a judicial race this turns into a very dangerous situation I have to raise money in a certain way in a transparent way she adds I do that I report every nickel over at Secretary of States office I play by these rules of ethics in Arkansas but these large groups with big buckets of money funneling millions in here they get to play by a different set of rules Theres no transparency Theyre not filing anything over at the Secretary of States office We dont know who their donors are Goodsons view of the law was shaped early in life when at age 6 she was adopted by her stepfather Her resultant view of the legal system as something serving the side of those who need it was a powerful image and ultimately led her to her lifes work That little girls view remains undimmed she says and fuels the fight shes willing to take on today I still get to embrace and lean into that same system that was generous with me at six years old Goodson says Doesnt necessarily mean Ill get my way doesnt mean that I will always win but it gives me a voice I know Ill be treated fairly and thats whats important to be able to make my argument I dont feel like Im jaded I dont feel like Im bitter or mad I feel like Ive been given an incredible opportunity to reshape Arkansas judicial elections Did I ask for this No Goodson adds But there are times in life where you just find yourself in that place where youre going to take the next step for everyone or youre not You can back up fold up and go home or put your shoulders back and say Were here to fight it out RELATED 2018 Election Day Roundup Arkansas Arkansas Supreme Court Associate Justice Courtney Goodson | [
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http://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/pharmacology/antimicrobials/spectrum-of-activity | Spectrum of Activity CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY . Depending on the range of bacterial species susceptible to these agents , antibacterials are classified as broad - spectrum , intermediate - spectrum , or narrow - spectrum . Note that the spectra of activity may change with acquisition of resistance genes , as will be discussed in the next module . Broad spectrum antibacterials are active against both Gram - positive and Gram - negative organisms . Examples include : tetracyclines , phenicols , fluoroquinolones , “ third - generation ” and “ fourth - generation ” cephalosporins . Narrow spectrum antibacterials have limited activity and are primarily only useful against particular species of microorganisms . For example , glycopeptides and bacitracin are only effective against Gram - positive bacteria , whereas polymixins are usually only effective against Gram negative bacteria . Aminoglycosides and sulfonamides are only effective against aerobic organisms , while nitroimidazoles are generally only effective for anaerobes . Clinical Implications : Intrinsic Resistance Knowledge of the intrinsic resistance of a pathogen of concern is important in practice to avoid inappropriate and ineffective therapies . For bacterial pathogens which are naturally insensitive to a large number of classes of antimicrobials , such as Mycobacterium tuber - culosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , this consideration can pose a limitation in the range of options for treatment and thus consequently further increase the risk for emergence of acquired resistance . Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Next Send this | [
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http://amysayscook.com/toaster-oven-used | Home Toaster Oven Reviews Compare Models Accessories Buying Guide Buying Tips Blog What is a Toaster Oven Used For ? 02.17.2014 by Amy / / 10 Comments If you have never used a toaster oven you may be wondering , “ What is a toaster oven used for ? ” That is a good question , and the answer may surprise you . Toaster ovens are incredibly versatile . Sure , you can make toast with them , but even the most basic toaster oven can do much more than just toast bread . A toaster oven is like a miniature version of your large , conventional oven , but it uses less energy and often cooks foods faster . Below are several ways you can use a toaster oven for something other than toast . Baking Breads and Desserts You can bake just about anything that will fit into a toaster oven . Here are some of the most popular foods and treats you can bake in a toaster oven : Bread Cake Cookies Cupcakes Muffins Pie Baking Potatoes Potatoes come out absolutely perfect in toaster ovens . My personal favorite is the sweet potato . Sweet potatoes that are baked in a toaster oven are incredibly soft , sweet , and delicious ! You are not limited to baked potatoes . You can also make twice - baked potatoes , potato wedges , or even home made french fries . Cooking Fresh Foods A toaster oven is really a small oven , so it makes sense that you can cook in it . Depending on the size of the toaster oven you can cook up to an entire chicken or roast . Cooking a chicken in a mid - size toaster oven might require you to cut the chicken in half . I ’ ve done this myself and was skeptical at first that I could cut a whole chicken . Fortunately it was easier than I thought , and the result was delicious ! Cooking Frozen Foods You are not limited to just fresh foods when it comes to cooking in a toaster oven . You can also cook frozen dinners and foods . In fact , one of the most popular uses for toaster ovens is the cooking of frozen pizzas . The other night I cooked a frozen Stouffer ’ s lasagna in my toaster oven . In the past I used our microwave to cook frozen lasagna but decided to try it in my toaster oven to see if we liked it better . My daughter is the big lasagna fan in our family and I asked her if she preferred it in the microwave or the toaster oven . Without hesitating , she said the toaster oven . Roasting If you like to roast foods then you will love roasting them in a toaster oven . You can roast meat and vegetables with ease . Toaster oven roasting results in wonderfully browned and crisp exteriors . Roasting in a toaster oven is not limited to meats and vegetables . You can also roast nuts . Roasting nuts in a toaster oven is faster than in an oven because toaster ovens preheat much quicker due to their smaller internal spaces . Snacks Do n ’ t cook that Hot Pocket in the microwave ! Cook it in a toaster oven instead and it will come out flaky and crisp . The same is true for other popular snack foods such as french fries , fish sticks , onion rings , and nachos . Toaster ovens are great for cooking snack foods and they do a much better job than microwaves because the foods will be crispy . Reheating Leftovers I have only recently discovered the joy of reheating in my toaster oven and I ’ m wondering why I did n ’ t do so sooner . Foods reheated in the toaster oven turn out much better than in the microwave , especially breads of any kind . I have found that most foods can be reheated in eight minutes or less , depending on the amount of food being reheated . Open Faced Sandwiches Another popular use for toaster ovens is the cooking of open faced sandwiches . Using a toaster oven for these type of sandwiches results in toasted bread , warm meat , and melted cheese . Delicious ! There are many types of open faced sandwiches . Some , like the one seen here in the picture , have meat , vegetables , and cheese on a piece of bread . Others can be as simple as a poached egg or tomato slices on bread , but if you want the sandwich warm , you can cook it in a toaster oven . Warming You can keep cooked foods warm in the toaster oven , as well as warm up plates and dishes . Making toast is a given for toaster ovens , but , as you can see , they also do so much more . Toaster ovens have become the workhorse of the kitchen , and rightly so . If the food or bakeware can fit into the toaster oven , then the toaster oven can cook it . Categories / / Buying Tips Comments Doug Williams says September 23 , 2015 at 5 : 51 pm Thanks for the nice article ! ! I have been using toaster ovens since the mid 1970 ’ s and love ’ em ! ! The only limitation I ’ ve found is the size of what is being cooked and the interior size of the toaster oven . Now a days frozen foods ( like ‘ TV Dinners ’ and little pot pies ) say not to cook in a toaster oven . I guess that ’ s because the food container is no longer aluminum but is a heavy paper and may catch fire in a toaster oven Reply Rachel Gonzales says September 4 , 2017 at 5 : 10 pm I was wondering can I cook turkey and chicken pot pies in a toaster oven cause my regular oven is out until it gets fixed and if I can how long do I bake them the same time or less if so how many minutes Reply Amy December 15 , 2017 at 3 : 23 pm I ’ m sure you can as long as your toaster oven is large enough for whatever size you are cooking . I would follow the directions for oven cooking but lessen the cooking time . The smaller inside means it will cook faster , especially if you have a convection toaster oven . Beth Hart October 18 , 2015 at 12 : 57 am Thanks for all the toaster oven ideas . I am convinced that it is worth the purchase . My big oven blows out hot air in my kitchen when it is cooking and cooling . A toaster oven will work great in the summer . izzaty May 14 , 2016 at 12 : 16 am can i bake a pizza or any type of dough in oven toaster ? September 12 , 2016 at 1 : 37 pm If the toaster oven is large enough then , yes , you can cook pizza or dough ( breads and cakes ) in a toaster oven . I have a Breville BOV800XL and we often cook 12 ″ pizzas in there on a round pizza pan . Becky August 11 , 2016 at 7 : 55 pm I expected some info on all these foods , but none ! So , how do yo cook these things September 12 , 2016 at 1 : 32 pm I think you are asking for specific instructions on how to cook the foods mentioned on this page ? If so , I purposely did n ’ t include that because cooking times and temperatures will vary from model to model . Kermit October 13 , 2016 at 3 : 33 pm what temperature should i leave the toaster oven as if i want to use it to keep food warm ? November 1 , 2016 at 7 : 04 am Each toaster oven is different but I ’ d start low or in the 150 - 200 degree range and see if that works . | [
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http://anaboliclegalsteroids.com/whoarewe.html | Follow @ anaboliclegal Anabolic Legal Steroids dot com , has been developed by you the dedicated bodybuilder . We meet both the needs of providing steriod quality supplements and expert advice . There are many aspects that contribute to your success and with years of experience in the Bodybuilding industry you can be sure to get all the inside info and tips you need to maximize your results . Our Legal Steroids have been thoroughly researched , clinically designed and are quality guaranteed . Providing our visitors with the best ingredients and value for the money . Our range includes Fat Burners , Muscle Builders and Anabolics , giving you all the tools you need to succeed . With our low pricing you will find our to be amongst the best available and they will help you achieve results in no time . Visit our Anabolic Supplements page for more information on each of our products . Whether you need the latest information , training guidance or just have a general training related question , you can be sure to find it all at AnabolicLegalSteroids . com . We ' re always ready with the most up to date information on the Bodybuilding and Fitness industry and we aim to keep our readers well informed on the latest fitness trends . As each individual is different we will always recommend that you consult your physician before changing your diet or training program . The information on this website is not medical advice in any way and is for informational purposes only . We value your feedback . If you have any comments or questions , feel free to contact us at sales @ anaboliclegalsteroids . com . We always enjoy hearing from you and our friendly staff is ready to assist . From all of us here at Anabolic we hope that you enjoy the service that we provide and we will do our best to keep you informed and updated on the best Bodybuilding , Fitness and Supplements news . | [
"Anabolic Legal Steroids",
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http://anabolicminds.com/forum/igf-1-gh/188210-first-hgh-cycle.html | Menu Log in Register What ' s new Search Latest activity Register Menu Log in Register Home Anti - Aging Discussion Anabolics IGF - 1 / GH First HGH cycle RECOMMENDATIONS ! ! ! Thread starter 1mightymouse Start date Dec 5 , 2011 1 1mightymouse New member Joined Nov 22 , 2011 Messages 8 Reaction score 0 Best answers 0 Dec 5 , 2011 # 1 Stats - Age - 30 Height - 5 ' 7 " Weight - 175 lbs Bodyfat - 9 - 10 % Bench - 405 + Squat - 585 + Dead Lift - 585 + 5 years on anabolics and would like to have a go at my first HGH cycle . . . I am finished a Test 500 mg / Tren225 - 250mgs / week and anavar cycle a month ago My goals are to maintain and possibly build 5 - 7 lbs of muscle and to reach and maintain 6 - 8 % bf A few of the things i would like to know is ; 1 ) dose ? I was thinking . . . 2 - 4iu ' s was planning on going on 6 - 8 months 2 ) how often . . . ? from your experiences what do you feel is the most effective ? 5 on 2 off 6 on 1 off or EOD at a higher dosage 3 ) Should I up the dosage progressively : start at 2 iu for the first month and increase 1 iu each month until i reach 4 iu ' s or my ideal dosage ? or start off at my max dosage immediately . 4 ) Should i start the HGH 1 or 2 months before my next cycle ? . . . because it may take that long to kick in . . . 5 ) I have a few different kinds of HGH available . . . Kefei Blue top , Hygetropin , Kigtropin , Riptropin . the prices vary I can get a hold of pharmaceutical HGH ( Norditropin - PENS ) however it is more than 3x the price of any of these . . . can anyone provide me any feedback if they have any experiences regarding these brands of HGH . Thanks for reading ! . . . ANY HELP AND INFO WOULD BE MUCH APPRECIATED ! A anaboller New member Joined Dec 29 , 2009 Messages 22 Reaction score Best answers # 2 1mightymouse said : Stats - Age - 30 Height - 5 ' 7 " Weight - 175 lbs Bodyfat - 9 - 10 % Bench - 405 + Squat - 585 + Dead Lift - 585 + 5 years on anabolics and would like to have a go at my first HGH cycle . . . I am finished a Test 500 mg / Tren225 - 250mgs / week and anavar cycle a month ago My goals are to maintain and possibly build 5 - 7 lbs of muscle and to reach and maintain 6 - 8 % bf A few of the things i would like to know is ; 1 ) dose ? I was thinking . . . 2 - 4iu ' s was planning on going on 6 - 8 months 2 ) how often . . . ? from your experiences what do you feel is the most effective ? 5 on 2 off 6 on 1 off or EOD at a higher dosage 3 ) Should I up the dosage progressively : start at 2 iu for the first month and increase 1 iu each month until i reach 4 iu ' s or my ideal dosage ? or start off at my max dosage immediately . 4 ) Should i start the HGH 1 or 2 months before my next cycle ? . . . because it may take that long to kick in . . . 5 ) I have a few different kinds of HGH available . . . Kefei Blue top , Hygetropin , Kigtropin , Riptropin . the prices vary I can get a hold of pharmaceutical HGH ( Norditropin - PENS ) however it is more than 3x the price of any of these . . . can anyone provide me any feedback if they have any experiences regarding these brands of HGH . Thanks for reading ! . . . ANY HELP AND INFO WOULD BE MUCH APPRECIATED ! Click to expand . . . Jesus dude you ' re strong as hell ! I ' ve taken gh for the better part of a year now , although for different purposes than you ( anti - aging , injury recouperation , speed , strength ) . It seems to be working pretty well for my goals at 2IU on a 5 / 2 split administered in the morning . Based on what you ' re looking at doing I ' d say you should look at the following : 1 ) Given where you ' re at now and your goals of dropping 3 % bf while gaining 5 - 7 lb I think you ' d need at least 4 - 6 IU ED , possibly on a 5 / 2 split if you ' re looking to save cash . A 2 IU / day dosage is n ' t going to get you the results you want , it will almost be barely noticeable . 2 ) You can go everyday if you ' d like at lower dosages ( for 2IU and lower the only limitation is cost ) , but if you ' re closer to the 6IU range , I ' d make sure I am at least taking the gh in the morning to prevent suppression . With such a large dosage I ' d be a bit concerned about natural gh secretion shutdown , so maybe stick to the 5 / 2 split or EOD . I ' ve heard of people going ED with larger dosages , so you 3 ) I see no reason to " ramp up " your dosage , but if you ' ve read any scientific articles that suggest this please share them with me . 4 ) GH for me took about 2 months to kick in , but I was on a lower dosage . I ' d say 1 - 2 months would be fine before your next cycle , but I ' d suggest also considering it as a form of PCT . 5 ) I have n ' t tried any of those but have heard Chinese blue tops are n ' t that great . I tried somatropin and it worked well . Good luck ! G gaijininjapan Active member Oct 28 , 2010 650 21 Dec 6 , 2011 # 3 ? 5 years and you ' re at 175lbs ? seems a bit odd to me , but you ' re lifts are up there for sure . What ' s your purpose for using HGH though ? does n ' t seem like you ' re looking to get any bigger . 1 Nov 22 , 2011 8 Dec 6 , 2011 # 4 thanks for the feedback ! anaboller said : Jesus dude you ' re strong as hell ! I ' ve taken gh for the better part of a year now , although for different purposes than you ( anti - aging , injury recouperation , speed , strength ) . It seems to be working pretty well for my goals at 2IU on a 5 / 2 split administered in the morning . Based on what you ' re looking at doing I ' d say you should look at the following : 1 ) Given where you ' re at now and your goals of dropping 3 % bf while gaining 5 - 7 lb I think you ' d need at least 4 - 6 IU ED , possibly on a 5 / 2 split if you ' re looking to save cash . A 2 IU / day dosage is n ' t going to get you the results you want , it will almost be barely noticeable . 2 ) You can go everyday if you ' d like at lower dosages ( for 2IU and lower the only limitation is cost ) , but if you ' re closer to the 6IU range , I ' d make sure I am at least taking the gh in the morning to prevent suppression . With such a large dosage I ' d be a bit concerned about natural gh secretion shutdown , so maybe stick to the 5 / 2 split or EOD . I ' ve heard of people going ED with larger dosages , so you 3 ) I see no reason to " ramp up " your dosage , but if you ' ve read any scientific articles that suggest this please share them with me . 4 ) GH for me took about 2 months to kick in , but I was on a lower dosage . I ' d say 1 - 2 months would be fine before your next cycle , but I ' d suggest also considering it as a form of PCT . 5 ) I have n ' t tried any of those but have heard Chinese blue tops are n ' t that great . I tried somatropin and it worked well . Good luck ! Click to expand . . . Thanks for the response . . . I believe from what i have read and researched on many people have typically felt it kick in around the same time frame you have experienced . . . so i was thinking to start with 2 iu ' s for the first month . . . 3 iu ' s for the second . . . and when it ' s finally kicking . . . go to 4iu ' s and see how i respond to 5 on 2 off . thanks again for your input ! G gaijininjapan Active member Oct 28 , 2010 650 21 # 5 be careful w / turtle shell syndrome . . . # 6 gaijininjapan said : ? 5 years and you ' re at 175lbs ? seems a bit odd to me , but you ' re lifts are up there for sure . What ' s your purpose for using HGH though ? does n ' t seem like you ' re looking to get any bigger . Hi , basically i have been active for 10 years . . . but i only consider myself truly putting alot into Bodybuilding and powerlifting for the past 5 years . . . from 20 - 25 i was one of those younger kids about 150lbs and would work out socially about once or twice a week total body etc . . . never watched what i ate . . . and played more sports than anything else . i ' ve put on about 5 lbs of relatively lean muscle a year since then . . . working out about 4 or 5 days a week . i really only got into it after a number of my friends who worked out religiously noticed i could Bench 315lbs at about 155lbs , and squat and deadlift about 405 while only working out seldomly . My current goals are like i said . . . to possibly lower my bf % 2 or 3 % . . . while gaining a few pounds as well . . . also i have been working 6 days a week about 8 - 12 hrs a day as well as being on call . . .it ' s taking it ' s toll on me and my body . This will be my career for the rest of my life and for the next few years it looks like this is how it ' s goin to be for me . - so my energy levels have been up and down - my workout require a preworkout . . . and i have never used them before . . . - it seems i ' ve reached close to my potential and before my work takes over my life i was hoping the HGH would balance it out . - on top of which i am hoping to start a family soon and from what i have heard . . . that can also consume alot of your time and energy . . . although it ' s one of those things thats worth it lol I hope that makes sense . . . # 7 Then why hgh instead of test or something else ? usually people go from PH / DS - > pinning - > HGH # 8 gaijininjapan said : Then why hgh instead of test or something else ? usually people go from PH / DS - > pinning - > HGH well . . . another thing is that . . . i have talked to number of people and have said that . . . on dosages around 6 iu ' s etc . . . they can maintain a low % of BF . . . with relatively no cardio . . . on a moderately balanced diet . . . additionally . . . i was going to see how i respond and possibly do a show . . . or do a powerlifting meet while off everything but GH . . . # 9 You DO know the downsides of HGH right ? HGH attaches to receptors all over the body , and causes EVERYTHING to grow . . . I believe low dose is sufficient for fat loss , but higher dosages are required for growing . HGH is the cause of " roid gut , " which should actually be called " HGH gut . " Jus be careful about how you use HGH . If you ' re just looking to cut and gain some strength , there ' s plenty of other options for your goals that , IMO , would be safer than HGH . test susp , or test prop clear rather quickly , so does tren ace . you could use those in the off season , and still be clear in case of any testing . at your numbers , I ' d go power lifting . you ' d be competing the 82.5kg class ( 181lb ) , and I ' d reckon not too many have a total as high as 1600 + , which you can probably reach with a simple cycle of test to put on 6 + lbs in the right areas while losing some bf . Reactions : bigbumpkin Dec 7 , 2011 # 10 You DO know the downsides of HGH right ? HGH attaches to receptors all over the body , and causes EVERYTHING to grow . . . I believe low dose is sufficient for fat loss , but higher dosages are required for growing . HGH is the cause of " roid gut , " which should actually be called " HGH gut . " Jus be careful about how you use HGH . If you ' re just looking to cut and gain some strength , there ' s plenty of other options for your goals that , IMO , would be safer than HGH . test susp , or test prop clear rather quickly , so does tren ace . you could use those in the off season , and still be clear in case of any testing . at your numbers , I ' d go power lifting . you ' d be competing the 82.5kg class ( 181lb ) , and I ' d reckon not too many have a total as high as 1600 + , which you can probably reach with a simple cycle of test to put on 6 + lbs in the right areas while losing some bf . yeh . . . i been thinkin either test prop or sustanon with either tren ace or masteron and maybe add some anavar . . . actually been looking into some of the blends . . . like profina . . . have n ' t tried them yet have you had any experiences with the blends ? . . . also yeh . . my numbers were actually quoted from when i was around 165 - 170 . . . so i havent actually done any 1rm for quite some time now keeping the reps around 6 - 8 with relatively heavy weight . . . i ' m actually curious to what they are currently . . . might do some next week Dec 7 , 2011 # 11 I have no experience with any pinned cycles , done a TON of research though . I ' m about to start my first pinned cycle soon ( sust ) . I ' m researching blends as well , but the sides from certain compounds like tren are really not desirable for my job / school , so I ' m researching alternatives right now as well . MattPorter Banned Mar 9 , 2006 1,698 188 Dec 8 , 2011 # 12 Not sure about the " roid gut " comment as many variables come into play with that excessive glucose intake + insulin levels + triglycerides in blood + exogenous insulin + igf1 usage + Etc etc etc . . . . It usually is excessive force feeding + slin usage = organ growth via igf1 and visceral fat build up . I would be hard to convince that moderate low dose GH 3 - 5iu + awesome strict diet would equate to any gut . Its always extreme measures . - Matt Reactions : ssbackwards Dec 8 , 2011 # 13 That ' s true , there are many factors involved , but the fact that GH grows everything . . . everything will be primed to grow and you ca n ' t really force it to grow only muscle , whereas AAS is more or less programmed to be anabolic . But to each their own . I ' m not saying it ' s bad to use GH , but for OP , I just think it ' s not the wisest first choice for a supplement . Dec 9 , 2011 # 14 MattPorter said : Not sure about the " roid gut " comment as many variables come into play with that excessive glucose intake + insulin levels + triglycerides in blood + exogenous insulin + igf1 usage + Etc etc etc . . . . It usually is excessive force feeding + slin usage = organ growth via igf1 and visceral fat build up . I would be hard to convince that moderate low dose GH 3 - 5iu + awesome strict diet would equate to any gut . Its always extreme measures . - Matt what ' s your advice on . . . the 5 on 2 off / 6 on 1 off / EOD . . . as well starting with 2 iu ' s and progressively increasing to 4iu ' s at the 2 month mark . would i be wasting my time starting at 2 ius and just go 4 from the start ? also . . . would it be best to take the entire 2 - 4 in the morning upon waking up or split . . morn & afternoon ? From a longevity view point . . . would it be best to stay at a lower dosage ( 2 - 4iu ) if i plan to stay on for 6 - 9 months . any information regarding first hand experience would be incredibly useful . thanks B bigred613 Dec 12 , 2011 4 Dec 12 , 2011 # 15 I would stick to 4 ius a day . Watch your insulin and cytomel use but I would run it strait through . Use insulin and cytomel to reduse the stress the hgh puts on your system . Good luck B bigbumpkin Member Feb 10 , 2011 429 33 # 16 I have seen EOD first week to see response to joint swelling ect - - Also seen 2 - 4 everyday afterward for fat loss not bulking - but of course its all dependant on QUALITY of the compound - better compound equals less dose needed people I respect like Kigs and Rips - - Proudly representing Lockout http : / / lockoutforums . com / MattPorter Banned Mar 9 , 2006 1,698 188 # 17 1mightymouse said : what ' s your advice on . . . the 5 on 2 off / 6 on 1 off / EOD . . . as well starting with 2 iu ' s and progressively increasing to 4iu ' s at the 2 month mark . would i be wasting my time starting at 2 ius and just go 4 from the start ? also . . . would it be best to take the entire 2 - 4 in the morning upon waking up or split . . morn & afternoon ? From a longevity view point . . . would it be best to stay at a lower dosage ( 2 - 4iu ) if i plan to stay on for 6 - 9 months . any information regarding first hand experience would be incredibly useful . thanks I would go straight to 4iu ed . Do this - - Try 2 and 2 split am and pm for 100iu ' s or so . . . . .then try all 4iu in morning or p / w for 100 iu or so . . . . THEN Try 8iu EOD split 4 / 4 Just need to experiment - Matt # 18 bigbumpkin said : I have seen EOD first week to see response to joint swelling ect - - Also seen 2 - 4 everyday afterward for fat loss not bulking - but of course its all dependant on QUALITY of the compound - better compound equals less dose needed people I respect like Kigs and Rips - - YOu hear of any respectable people comment on ip yellow ? Just curious . . . # 19 bigbumpkin said : I have seen EOD first week to see response to joint swelling ect - - people I respect like Kigs and Rips - - Thanks for the info . . . i ' m a little torn . . . with the Hygetropin and kig ' s i was looking for more feedback on the Kigs . . . as they would be more cost effifient by some amount . . . It seems there is more out there regarding the Hyge ' s . . . the kigs would save me close to a 1 $ an iu # 20 MattPorter said : I would go straight to 4iu ed . Do this - - Try 2 and 2 split am and pm for 100iu ' s or so . . . . .then try all 4iu in morning or p / w for 100 iu or so . . . . THEN Try 8iu EOD split 4 / 4 Just need to experiment - Matt thanks matt . . . that ' s very similar to what i was thinking of doing . . . i also read . . . alot of people doing for example . . . 2 iu ' s in the morning . . . and 2iu ' s post workout . . . and i know their should be a good 30 - 45 mins of no Food or should i say carbs . . . after the shots . . . any experience with that or know of anyone who administers this kind of regiment machorox123 Well - known member Mar 26 , 2011 1,483 120 Dec 16 , 2011 # 21 You DO know the downsides of HGH right ? HGH attaches to receptors all over the body , and causes EVERYTHING to grow . . . I believe low dose is sufficient for fat loss , but higher dosages are required for growing . HGH is the cause of " roid gut , " which should actually be called " HGH gut . " Jus be careful about how you use HGH . at your numbers , I ' d go power lifting . you ' d be competing the 82.5kg class ( 181lb ) , and I ' d reckon not too many have a total as high as 1600 + , which you can probably reach with a simple cycle of test to put on 6 + lbs in the right areas while losing some bf . yup . . Everything grows muscles organs hands . Crazy ishh schwellington Well - known member Mar 14 , 2010 4,799 612 Dec 19 , 2011 # 22 Ganji a good alternative to trenbolone is 400mgs of NPP stacked with about 700 mgs of masteron prop a week Test e / dbol / epi / winnie http : / / anabolicminds . com / forum / cycle - info / 164764 - schwellington - has - been . html You must log in or register to reply here . Home Anti - Aging Discussion Anabolics IGF - 1 / GH | [
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http://anabolicminds.com/forum/male-anti-aging/182189-new-trt-high.html | Home Anti - Aging Discussion Male Anti - Aging Medicine New on TRT . . . . High Estrogen - Arimidex Dosage advice getalpha Sep 2 , 2011 G getalpha New member Joined Sep 2 , 2011 Messages 53 Reaction score 1 Best answers 0 Hey All , Okay dont get me started . . . . my anti - aging Dr said to go to my GP for the arimidex since they gave me the reandron ( nebeido ) which he believes has got my E all high . E is 211 pmol / l Dr scripted me Arimidex ( $ 38 thankyou Australian medication subsidy ) BUT Said take 1mg EVERY DAY for 30 days . . . . . From what I read , that will crush my E bad . Can someone please give me confirmation on how to tackle this ? I took 1mg today I ' ll be getting bloods again on Monday ( will post other bloods in another thread later ) . Then will get bloods done again in 2 weeks time . Thanks H hitest Member Joined Apr 23 , 2011 Messages 171 Reaction score 4 Best answers 0 I do n ' t have first hand experience but from what I ' ve read it is best to start with very low doses of arimidex and slowly creep up on it all the while monitoring your E2 levels . If it were me I would n ' t start with any more than .5mg / week and give it some time to stabilize before retesting . If this does n ' t bring it down much I would increase by another .5mg . After that I would switch to .25mg increases if needed . This could take a The Matrix Well - known member Mar 7 , 2008 5,755 183 getalpha said : Hey All , Okay dont get me started . . . . my anti - aging Dr said to go to my GP for the arimidex since they gave me the reandron ( nebeido ) which he believes has got my E all high . E is 211 pmol / lDr scripted me Arimidex ( $ 38 thankyou Australian medication subsidy ) BUT Said take 1mg EVERY DAY for 30 days . . . . .From what I read , that will crush my E bad . Can someone please give me confirmation on how to tackle this ? I tell ur . Dr . Its . over kill . 25 mgs every 3 days is good I am not a medical Dr , please keep in mind that this answer is for information purposes only , and is not intended to diagnose , treat or replace sound medical advice from your physician or health care provider . G New member 53 1 Thanks for the advice guys . The Matrix , is this still suitable even though my E is currently high ? What should I do givne I ' ve already taken a 1mg tablet , just take .25mgs in 3 days time and keep up with that ? Cheers H hitest Member Apr 23 , 2011 171 4 getalpha said : Thanks for the advice guys . The Matrix , is this still suitable even though my E is currently high ? What should I do givne I ' ve already taken a 1mg tablet , just take .25mgs in 3 days time and keep up with that ? Cheers That 1mg is 12 days worth at .25mg / 3days . I ' d wait this long before the next .25mg dose . EasyEJL Never enough Jun 4 , 2007 32,103 1,628 hitest said : That 1mg is 12 days worth at .25mg / 3days . I ' d wait this long before the next .25mg dose . eh yeah , but its a suicide inhibitor , and a half life of only 2 - 3 days . with E2 being so high to start ( thats over 3x top of normal ) you can probably do .25mg E3D starting in 4 - 5 days . I still wish I could find more documentation on aromatase production rates . Thanks EasyEJL I was thinking similar to this , given E is so high at the moment . I ' ll do that , and get bloods tested in a few weeks . How long does it take to start showing an effect from this ? Is it worth dosing high first few days ( 1mg per day x 3 days ) then .25mg E3D ? EasyEJL Never enough Jun 4 , 2007 32,103 1,628 Thanks EasyEJL I was thinking similar to this , given E is so high at the moment . I ' ll do that , and get bloods tested in a few weeks . How long does it take to start showing an effect from this ? Is it worth dosing high first few days ( 1mg per day x 3 days ) then .25mg E3D ? Click to expand . . . hmm an effect from splitting the testosterone dose , or the arimidex ? The testosterone splitting should level out in 3 - 4 weeks . The arimidex should show some pretty immediate results because it is a suicide inhibitor . so the molecules of arimidex bind with molecules of the aromatase enzyme rendering them useless . at a 1 mg dosage , you more or less should almost entirely get rid of active aromatase in the body , unless you have really high bodyfat . thats why the dosages are suggested for small doses with days inbetween as more in Bodyfat at the moment is high , in the 20 ' s Sorry I was referring to the Arimidex dosing and how long effect takes . I did notice the nipples were not as sore or sensitive almost immediately , still sensitive though . Bodyfat at the moment is high , in the 20 ' s Sorry I was referring to the Arimidex dosing and how long effect takes . I did notice the nipples were not as sore or sensitive almost immediately , still sensitive though . well , the arimidex will more or less stop new creation of estrogen , but circulating estrogen will have to slowly disappear as its used . so it may be a few days to a week before its mostly gone . Can I help the body rid it better ? Will DIM and Resveratol actually help with this ? I ' ve read about them but how effective they are I do not know . Also , I believe D Aspartic Acid is responsible for increasing Aromatize and dumping a bunch of T into E so quickly . Do n ' t think my E would be this high if it were just the normal TRT , so removing that as of today . really everything i ' ve seen deals with inhibiting aromatase as for medical purposes its about the long run , so doing that and creating less estrogen is easier than trying to manage already created estrogen . Probably does make sense to drop the DAA though . Sep 3 , 2011 Yeah dropped all supplements today . Just doing the TRT so I can see where my body sits with it . Thought about DIM to help metabolize some of the high E quicker through the liver , given that I wo n ' t be aromatizing much with the arimidex . Is this worth doing ? How long should I expect with just arimidex to bring levels that high down ? P pmgamer18 Well - known member Aug 12 , 2006 1,571 22 Sep 3 , 2011 I do n ' t think there are to many men on TRT as long as I have been on it over 30 yrs and I have done Arimidex and it ' s not a suicide inhibitor Aromasin is . Arimidex will block the Aromatase from making more Estradiol E2 Aromasin will kill Aromatase . After many yrs on Arimidex I have found if your levels are over 50 pg / ml your 211 is = to 57 pg / ml so I tell men they need to start on .5 mgs every other day to get this down . You will know it ' s down when your Rem Sleep wood starts back up . Here is a copy of a file I made on how to do this . As for DIM when you get your levels down you might be able to keep them down on Indolplex / DIM . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = How To Take Arimdex and not go down on your Estradiol to Low . What I found is if you go to low taking arimidex , it ' s the length of time your to low , if your too low say for 8 weeks it can take your body a longer time to make more Estradiol . Bottom line is to know how not to go to low . Keep a log on your dose and how you feel men going to low ca n ' t get it up taking Viagra . I went to low when I first tried Arimidex and did not know about going to low or how one The best gage I have found to control your Estradiol levels is to gage your night time and morning wood . At good levels or what I call the sweet spot you get your night time and morning wood back so strong it will wake you up and you can hang a coat on it . Most men do good taking .25 mgs or 1 / 4 of a 1mg . pill , I use a pill cutter to cut the small pill in half then I stand it on the cut end and use a single edge razor to cut this in half . A good way to take arimidex is by how high your levels are . I tested over 90 pg / ml so we tried doing .5 mgs every other day after 8 weeks my next set of labs showed it did not move below 90 , test said > 90 . I kept doing this dose and in 8 weeks my next set of labs said < 20 back in the day labs were like this they did not have to good labs we have today they could not read lower the 20 . My Dr . told me this looks to low to stop taking the Arimidex . The one thing I noticed was my wood stopped and stopping the Arimidex my wood came back in about 7 weeks my next test at 8 weeks was 24 pg / ml . So we went back on the Arimidex but the I stopped the arimidex right away and got my wood back in 4 days . I then after playing with the dose for a time found the best dose is .25mgs every 2 to 3 days . So lets say your labs are less the 50 pg / ml if your take .5 mgs you can go down so dam fast your miss the sweet spot of your wood and go to low . It ' s best with lower levels 50 and under to do less Arimidex .25mgs every 2 days if later your lose wood when it comes back go to every 3 days . I have found estradiol is the hardest hormone to control , it goes up or down from month to month some times I need .25mgs every 2 days other times I need .25mgs everyday most of the time I do well on every 3 days . So between wood and labs I do great and so do most of the men I have told this to . I keep a log on how much I am taking and how I feel . Doing this and reading back in my log I was able to tell when I was going to high or to low my Dr . lets me dose my arimidex by how I feel . Over the yrs . I have posted this story until I am blue in the face . Thanks heaps mate , yeah I read this in another thread actually that you posted and it made alot of sense . At one point I was getting awesome wood , the damn thing would wake me up middle of the night . Lost that , I ' ve only just got back half wood in the mornings , so the Arimidex is already working , I ' ll go in for bloods on Monday anyhow and then again in 2 weeks from then . So are you on Arimidex now or Aromasin ? P pmgamer18 Aug 12 , 2006 1,571 22 I am on Aromasin now I feel this works the best and no sides no rebound effec on Estradiol and I can handle high levels of Estraidol most men do well taking a half a pill every 2 to 3 days . Thanks heaps mate , yeah I read this in another thread actually that you posted and it made alot of sense . At one point I was getting awesome wood , the damn thing would wake me up middle of the night . Lost that , I ' ve only just got back half wood in the mornings , so the Arimidex is already working , I ' ll go in for bloods on Monday anyhow and then again in 2 weeks from then . So are you on Arimidex now or Aromasin ? Yeah , I ' ll get it in control using Arimidex first since thats what I ' ve been scripted . Then I ' ll look at doing a switch over to Aromasin . I dont know anything about Arimidex sides yet , dont think I ' ve got any but will check into potentials . The sides I seen are going to low easy and the dam rebound effect I would take it in the morning go to low and by bedtime be to high again . Yeah , I ' ll get it in control using Arimidex first since thats what I ' ve been scripted . Then I ' ll look at doing a switch over to Aromasin . I dont know anything about Arimidex sides yet , dont think I ' ve got any but will check into potentials . Right . . . . Fun times ahead then I notice in the mornings I get slightly sensitive nipples again , but shortly after taking it , that goes away . Sep 4 , 2011 Listen once you lean to read your body you can keep your Estradiol in the Zone and feel dam good if your not sure how your doing just ask me I can help been helping men with this for many yrs . Right . . . . Fun times ahead then I notice in the mornings I get slightly sensitive nipples again , but shortly after taking it , that goes away . Sep 4 , 2011 I had n ' t realized what your normal scale was , I was thinking the normal american scales . I was more or less where you are at when my testosterone was in the 270s and really now that i ' ve dropped a lot of fat do n ' t think its any higher while on trt Here is a copy of a file I made on not going to low on Arimidex and it works the same for DIM and Aromasin you need to gage this by your Rem Sleep Wood . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = How To Take Arimdex and not go down on your Estradiol to Low . What I found is if you go to low taking arimidex , it ' s the length of time your to low , if your too low say for 8 weeks it can take your body a longer time to make more Estradiol . Bottom line is to know how not to go to low . Keep a log on your dose and how you feel men going to low ca n ' t get it up taking Viagra . I went to low when I first tried Arimidex and did not know about going to low or how one The best gage I have found to control your Estradiol levels is to gage your night time and morning wood . At good levels or what I call the sweet spot you get your night time and morning wood back so strong it will wake you up and you can hang a coat on it . Most men do good taking .25 mgs or 1 / 4 of a 1mg . pill , I use a pill cutter to cut the small pill in half then I stand it on the cut end and use a single edge razor to cut this in half . A good way to take arimidex is by how high your levels are . I tested over 90 pg / ml so we tried doing .5 mgs every other day after 8 weeks my next set of labs showed it did not move below 90 , test said > 90 . I kept doing this dose and in 8 weeks my next set of labs said < 20 back in the day labs were like this they did not have to good labs we have today they could not read lower the 20 . My Dr . told me this looks to low to stop taking the Arimidex . The one thing I noticed was my wood stopped and stopping the Arimidex my wood came back in about 7 weeks my next test at 8 weeks was 24 pg / ml . So we went back on the Arimidex but the I stopped the arimidex right away and got my wood back in 4 days . I then after playing with the dose for a time found the best dose is .25mgs every 2 to 3 days . So lets say your labs are less the 50 pg / ml if your take .5 mgs you can go down so dam fast your miss the sweet spot of your wood and go to low . It ' s best with lower levels 50 and under to do less Arimidex .25mgs every 2 days if later your lose wood when it comes back go to every 3 days . I have found estradiol is the hardest hormone to control , it goes up or down from month to month some times I need .25mgs every 2 days other times I need .25mgs everyday most of the time I do well on every 3 days . So between wood and labs I do great and so do most of the men I have told this to . I keep a log on how much I am taking and how I feel . Doing this and reading back in my log I was able to tell when I was going to high or to low my Dr . lets me dose my arimidex by how I feel . Over the yrs . I have posted this story until I am blue in the face . EasyEJL said : I had n ' t realized what your normal scale was , I was thinking the normal american scales . I was more or less where you are at when my testosterone was in the 270s and really now that i ' ve dropped a lot of fat do n ' t think its any higher while on trt Sep 5 , 2011 Can DIM really have that much of an effect that it can lower E too much ? What is the best brand of DIM I saw someone ( think it was you pmgamer18 ) tell someone else to check their PM ' s for the brand that you get the most results from . Also thanks for the offer of help pmgamer , appreciate it . One thing I am learning is how to read your body and what is hormonal . I thought I was getting tired again because it was not enough T , so when I saw my T levels I was shocked , but then saw E and it made sense . Sep 5 , 2011 If you ca n ' t get a Dr . to give you Arimidex or Aromasin and I feel Aromasin is the best for to much E2 do n ' t call E or Estrogen it ' s called Estraidol E2 so when your talking to your Dr . make sure you get this right or you will have the wrong labs . As for DIM the best kind comes in Tablets that you can cut up and is called Indolplex / DIM it only needs to say Indolplex on the lable . High Estradiol levels will undo any good TRT dose for use you can get ED , have trouble reaching an orgasm , get BPH , feel hot and sweat allday and night , look red on your face and upper body , get sore and hard nipples , have hot flash ' s and if you have a panic problem this will set one off . Some men say they ca n ' t get a good workout in the gym muscle will not pump up . Men lose there Rem Sleep Wood with high Estradiol levels and if they take something to bring it down and go to low it will kill your wood you ca n ' t get it up taking Viagra when this happens stop what your taking until your RSW comes back then go back on what your taking but take less or go from every 2 days to every 3 days on Arimidex or Aromasin . Can DIM really have that much of an effect that it can lower E too much ? What is the best brand of DIM I saw someone ( think it was you pmgamer18 ) tell someone else to check their PM ' s for the brand that you get the most results from . Also thanks for the offer of help pmgamer , appreciate it . One thing I am learning is how to read your body and what is hormonal . I thought I was getting tired again because it was not enough T , so when I saw my T levels I was shocked , but then saw E and it made sense . Click to expand . . . Sep 6 , 2011 GAH FRUSTRATING Okay here 30 / 08 / 2011 - Day before injection Oestradiol 211 pmol / L ( 55 - 165 ) SHBG 21 nmol / L ( 10 - 70 ) Testosterone 29.8 nmol / L ( 11 - 40 ) Calculated FTE 858 pmol / L ( 260 - 740 ) 05 / 09 / 2011 - start of 5th day post injection Oestradiol < 37 pmol / L SHBG 19 nmol / L Testosterone 38.2 nmol / L Calculated FTE 1190 pmol / L So . . . . I well and truly crashed my estrogen from high . . . . to low I suspect it is to do with the following . 1 . D Aspartic Acid , increased my aromatize ability abnormally 2 . Stopped D Aspartic Acid - Started Arimidex to lower aromatize 3 . Body cleared D Aspartic Acid within 3 to 5 days , thus bringing my aromatize to normal . . . . but now with Arimidex even lower = = = = = Crashed E End result . . . . have stopped Arimidex as of today ( dammit took .5mg this morning ) I dont think I will need arimidex going forward but we shall see , since thats pretty quick for the estrogen to be lowered , I ' d say I should be fine on DIM I ' ll be leaving all of it for about 1 week , where I will test pre testosterone shot next week , and 3 to 4 days post testosterone shot then go from there . Can anyone else please give me some further guidance here or tweaks to the plan . Sep 7 , 2011 Yes you E2 is very low so just stop takeing any meds or supplements stop them until you get some Rem Sleep Wood back when your sleeping they will come back and be very strong so much so they will wake you up . Then go back on what your doing but do less . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Over the yrs . I have posted this story until I am blue in the face . GAH FRUSTRATING Okay here 30 / 08 / 2011 - Day before injection Oestradiol 211 pmol / L ( 55 - 165 ) SHBG 21 nmol / L ( 10 - 70 ) Testosterone 29.8 nmol / L ( 11 - 40 ) Calculated FTE 858 pmol / L ( 260 - 740 ) 05 / 09 / 2011 - start of 5th day post injection Oestradiol < 37 pmol / L SHBG 19 nmol / L Testosterone 38.2 nmol / L Calculated FTE 1190 pmol / L So . . . . I well and truly crashed my estrogen from high . . . . to low I suspect it is to do with the following . 1 . D Aspartic Acid , increased my aromatize ability abnormally 2 . Stopped D Aspartic Acid - Started Arimidex to lower aromatize 3 . Body cleared D Aspartic Acid within 3 to 5 days , thus bringing my aromatize to normal . . . . but now with Arimidex even lower = = = = = Crashed E End result . . . . have stopped Arimidex as of today ( dammit took .5mg this morning ) I dont think I will need arimidex going forward but we shall see , since thats pretty quick for the estrogen to be lowered , I ' d say I should be fine on DIM I ' ll be leaving all of it for about 1 week , where I will test pre testosterone shot next week , and 3 to 4 days post testosterone shot then go from there . Can anyone else please give me some further guidance here or tweaks to the plan . You must log in or register to reply here . Thread starter Similar threads Forum Replies Date TRT lab results . Test too high ? Anabolics 18 Feb 8 , 2019 J Low Free T , High SHBG . is TRT a good choice ? Male Anti - Aging Medicine 12 Nov 30 , 2018 C Perfect Bloodwork on TRT except high SHBG ! Anybody been able to lower successfully ? Nov 19 , 2018 R TRT , since doc increased dosage . . starting to have physical symptoms of high estrogen Anabolics 6 Aug 12 , 2018 C trt . normal test , low e2 , total estrogen 20x too high . 5 Sep 5 , 2013 Home Anti - Aging Discussion | [
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http://anabolicminds.com/forum/supplements/218154-maca-users-how.html | Home Supplement Forum Supplements Maca users , how long does it take for it to work ? Killler Nov 19 , 2012 Killler Active member Joined Nov 14 , 2011 Messages 784 Reaction score 86 Best answers 0 Nov 19 , 2012 I m on day 3 and have n t felt anything libido - wise . I m just tired in the evening , and that s all . stopstalking Well - known member Joined Apr 19 , 2010 Messages 2,096 Reaction score 369 Best answers 0 Nov 20 , 2012 It ' s not really something that you feel right away , if at all . Some people report increased sex drive but nothing insane Personally only thing it does for me is makes me cum fast ( seriously ) I hate the stuff Active member Nov 14 , 2011 784 86 Nov 20 , 2012 Thanks man , I hope I feel something at all in a week and I hope I wo n t have the same problem as you had lol ! cdiblasi Member Aug 29 , 2009 344 55 I notice it pretty quickly ( day or two of use 2 - 3 X per day ) . Works decently well . * Antaeus Lab Rep * C criticalbench Legend Apr 7 , 2010 10,541 851 At least a week , but before 2 weeks is over . Hi - Tech Pharmaceuticals Representative A alwaysfirst Banned Jul 7 , 2011 1,617 82 How much are you taking ? It have to been dosen hight 3g + 2.7 g daily ( 6 : 1 extract ) WPChickDiesel Member May 24 , 2012 336 56 Nov 21 , 2012 When supplementing with raw ayverdic medicine or raw herbs and such , you wont necessarily feel or see results for at least a decent lapse of time . This of course all depends on other variables such as supplement quality , dosage , frequency of dose , rate of absorption when taken on empty stomach versus with a meal , your body weight , and your rate of metabolizing the supplement and your tolerance . Maca helps with many ailments reproductive and adrenal , some functions are improved with a few weeks , and some take regular usage over an Sent from my iPhone using Forum Runner National Level NPC Competitor Sponsored Athlete for Muscle Gauge Nutrition www . facebook . com / VanessaValdez . National . Competitor Nov 22 , 2012 Just to say this : I am terribly fatigued and nauseated from this maca at this dose . But . . . .I have been doing bloodwork this morning and my test levels came back at 469 ng / dl / . I have had low test all my life , constantly from 280 - 300 , whenever I did blood work for the past 5 years . So I do n t know what the * * * * is going on here . . . . Maybe the test is bunk . I ll do another one total T in a few more days but I have split the maca dose in half , as of today , I ca n t stand how * * * * ty it makes me feel . A alwaysfirst Banned Jul 7 , 2011 1,617 82 Nov 22 , 2012 That ' s too bad , Maca actually makes me feel pretty good and I take it before workouts sometimes . Sean1332 Legend Jul 1 , 2012 16,808 3,518 are you takin straight maca or a product that has maca in it Straight maca root 6 : 1 extract 2.7 grams . But I cut it in half today . Sean1332 Jul 1 , 2012 16,808 3,518 check out AI Perform on sale at nutraplanet for $ 15 . I felt that immediately C criticalbench Apr 7 , 2010 10,541 851 Nov 23 , 2012 The maca i use is 4 : 1 . . i take 10g for 2 weeks , then 5g . . works like a freaking charm . . almost to good . Mike Hi - Tech Pharmaceuticals Representative Nov 23 , 2012 It definitely works , as I ve said , it boosted my test from 300 to 470 . It s just that I felt like * * * * , fatigued and depressed , and with no libido ( when using maximum dose ) Do n t know , maybe some other hormone was elevated that made me feel like that . WPChickDiesel May 24 , 2012 336 56 Killler said : Just to say this : I am terribly fatigued and nauseated from this maca at this dose . But . . . .I have been doing bloodwork this morning and my test levels came back at 469 ng / dl / . I have had low test all my life , constantly from 280 - 300 , whenever I did blood work for the past 5 years . So I do n t know what the * * * * is going on here . . . . Maybe the test is bunk . I ll do another one total T in a few more days but I have split the maca dose in half , as of today , I ca n t stand how * * * * ty it makes me feel . Click to expand . . . Seeing as how your test is moderate but you are still supplementing , you could have just shut down your own production and your estrogen levels could be neck and neck . You might wanna try taking a good estrogen blocker like letrozole and picking up on t3 / t4 to get your energy back . Sent from my iPhone using Forum Runner National Level NPC Competitor Sponsored Athlete for Muscle Gauge Nutrition www . facebook . com / VanessaValdez . National . Competitor alwaysfirst said : That ' s too bad , Maca actually makes me feel pretty good and I take it before workouts sometimes . Yes , its very good for circulation and natural energy so there is definitely an underlying issue for his lack of energy and such not related to the maca . Fobra Feb 14 , 2011 133 11 Fatigued and depressed is a weird side to report . When I do a maca run , you gotta go raw , the caps wo n ' t do it . 2TBS for maintenance and three for fun Space evenly 1 morning , 1 lunch , 1 night if 3 TBS / day . I noticed a difference after one day as I started to have more night time emissions , energy was more consistent , and my balls felt like they were being massaged all day - - > best feeling in the world Nov 25 , 2012 Killler said : It definitely works , as I ve said , it boosted my test from 300 to 470 . It s just that I felt like * * * * , fatigued and depressed , and with no libido ( when using maximum dose ) Do n t know , maybe some other hormone was elevated that made me feel like that . Thats weird , maca only makes me feel amazing . bioman Well - known member Sep 24 , 2003 7,729 176 Nov 26 , 2012 I havent felt depressed on maca . . .angry / agitated sometimes , but mostly horny as all get out . Even bulk non - extracted herb works for me . Nov 26 , 2012 bioman said : I havent felt depressed on maca . . .angry / agitated sometimes , but mostly horny as all get out . Even bulk non - extracted herb works for me . maca makes me hump my bed and floor lmao You must log in or register to reply here . Home Supplement Forum Supplements | [
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http://anaerobicinfections.blogspot.com/p/treatment-prevention.html | Anaerobic Infections Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are common , and may be serious and life - threatening . Anaerobes predominant in the bacterial flora of normal human skin and mucous membranes , and are a common cause of bacterial infections of endogenous origin . Infections due to anaerobes can evolve all body systems and sites . The predominate ones include : abdominal , pelvic , respiratory , and skin and soft tissues infections . Because of their fastidious nature , they are difficult to isolate and are often overlooked . Failure to direct therapy against these organisms often leads to clinical failures . Their isolation requires appropriate methods of collection , transportation and cultivation of specimens . Treatment of anaerobic bacterial infection is complicated by the slow growth of these organisms , The site is made of a home page that presents new developments and pages dedicated to infectious site entities . Treatment and Prevention of Anaerobic Infections The recovery from an anaerobic infection depends on prompt and proper management . The principles of managing anaerobic infections include neutralizing bacterial toxins , preventing bacterial proliferation by changing the environment and hampering bacterial spread into healthy tissues . Toxin neutralization by specific antitoxins may be employed , especially in infections caused by Clostridium spp . ( tetanus and botulism ) . Controlling the environment is achieved by debriding of necrotic tissue , draining the pus , improving circulation , alleviating the obstruction and increasing the tissue oxygenation . The primary role of antimicrobials is in limiting the local and systemic spread of the organism . Hyperbaric oxygen ( HBO ) There is controversy regarding whether HBO should be used in infection of spore - forming Gram - positive anaerobic rods . Several uncontrolled reports demonstrated efficacy in individual cases . 1 However , the efficacy of HBO is unproved in well - controlled studies . Using HBO in conjunction with other therapies is not contraindicated , except when it delays other essential procedures . Topical application of oxygen - releasing compounds may be useful . Hyperbaric oxygen chamber Surgical therapy In many cases surgical therapy is the most important and sometimes the only form of treatment required , whereas in others it is an adjunct to a pharmacologic approach . It includes draining abscesses , debriding necrotic tissues , decompressing closed space infections and relieving obstructions . Without drainage the infection may persist and serious complications can develop . Antimicrobial therapy Appropriate management of mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections requires the administration of antimicrobials effective against both components . ( Table 3 ) A number of factors should be considered when choosing appropriate antimicrobial agents . They should have efficacy against all target organisms , induce little or no resistance , achieve sufficient levels in the infected site , and have minimal toxicity and maximum stability . Antimicrobials often fail to cure the infection . Among the reasons for this are the development of bacterial resistance , achievement of insufficient tissue levels , incompatible drug interaction and the development of an abscess . The abscess environment is detrimental to many antibiotics . The abscess capsule interferes with the penetration of drugs , and the low pH and the presence of binding proteins or inactivating enzymes ( i.e. beta - lactamase ) may impair their activity . The low pH and the anaerobic environment within the abscess are especially unfavorable for the aminoglycosides and quinolones . However , an acidic pH , high osmolarity and an anaerobic environment can also develop in the absence of an abscess . When choosing antimicrobials for the therapy of mixed infections , their aerobic and anaerobic antibacterial spectrum ( Table 1 ) and their availability in oral or parenteral form should be considered . Some antimicrobials have a limited range of activity . For example , metronidazole is active only against anaerobes and therefore can not be administered as a single agent for the therapy of mixed infections . Others ( i.e. carbapenems ) have wide spectra of activity against aerobes and anaerobes . The selection of antimicrobials is simplified when reliable culture results are available . However , this may be difficult to achieve in anaerobic infections because of problems in obtaining appropriate specimens . Many patients are treated empirically on the basis of suspected , rather than established , pathogens . Fortunately , the types of organisms involved in many anaerobic infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns tend to be predictable . However , the pattern of resistance to antimicrobials may vary in a particular hospital and resistance to antimicrobial agents may emerge while a patient is receiving therapy . The susceptibility of the B . fragilis group to the frequently used antimicrobial drugs has been studied systemically over the past 2 decades . 2 These surveys have failed to reveal strains resistant to chloramphenicol or metronidazole and minimal resistance ( < 1 % ) to carbapenems or the combinations of a penicillin and beta - lactamase inhibitors , but resistance to other agents varies . The rate differs among various medical centers and generally increases with extensive use of some antimicrobial agents ( penicillins , cephalosporins and clindamycin ) . Recent reports of multiple drug resistant B . fragilis 7 , 8 underscores the need for improved antibiotic stewardship . Although has long been considered reliably susceptible to a number of broad - spectrum anti - anaerobic drugs ( 3 ) , these cases suggest clinicians should no longer rely on cumulative susceptibility data from surveys alone to direct treatment and should consider requesting susceptibility testing when treating serious infections caused by B . fraglis Aside from susceptibility patterns , other factors influencing the choice of antimicrobial therapy include the pharmacologic characteristics of the various drugs , their toxicity , their effect on the normal flora and bactericidal activity . Although identification of the infecting organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility may be needed for selection of optimal therapy , the clinical setting and Gram - stain preparation of the specimen may indicate the types of anaerobes present in the infection as well as the nature of the infectious process . Antimicrobial agents ( Tables 3 - 5 ) Some classes of agents have poor activity against anaerobic bacteria . These include the aminoglycosides , the monobactams and the older quinolones . Antimicrobials suitable for use in anaerobic infections are discussed in more detail below . Penicillins Penicillin G is still the drug of choice against most non - beta lactamase producing bacteria ( BLPB ) . These include anaerobic streptococci , Clostridium spp . , nonsporolating anaerobic bacilli , and non - beta - lactamase - producing Gram - negative anaerobic rods . 3 However , in addition to the group , which is known to resist the drug , many other anaerobic Gram - negative rods are showing increased resistance . These include Fusobacterium spp . , pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp . ( prevalent in orofacial infections ) , Prevotella bivia and Prevotella disiens ( common in obstetric and gynecologic infections ) , and Bilophila wadsworthia and Bacteroides splanchinus . Resistance to penicillin of some spp . ( C . ramosum C . clostridioforme butyricum ) through production of beta - lactamase was also noted . The increase in the number of penicillin - resistant bacterial strains has important implications for antimicrobial therapy . Many penicillin - resistant bacteria can produce enzymes that degrade penicillins or cephalosporins by releasing the enzyme in the area of the infection . Therefore , these organisms may protect not only themselves but also penicillin - sensitive pathogens . Penicillin therapy directed against a susceptible pathogen might therefore be rendered ineffective by the presence of BLPB . 4 The utilization of combinations of beta - lactamase inhibitors ( e.g. clavulanic acid , sulbactam , tazobactam ) plus a beta - lactam antibiotic ( ampicillin , amoxicillin , ticarcillin , or piperacillin ) can overcome this phenomenon . However , if other mechanisms of resistance emerge , blockage of the enzyme beta - lactamase will not prevent resistance . Other mechanisms of resistance include alteration in the porin canal and changes in the penicillin - binding protein . The semisynthetic penicillins , carbenicillin , ticarcillin , piperacillin and mezlocillin are generally administered in large quantities to achieve high serum concentrations . These drugs have good activity against Enterobacteriaceae and most anaerobes in these concentrations . However , they are not absolutely resistant to beta - lactamase produced by Gram - negative anaerobic bacilli . Cephalosporins The efficacy of cephalosporins varies against Bacteroides spp . 3 The activity of the first - generation cephalosporins against anaerobes is similar to that of penicillin G , although on a weight basis they are less active . Most strains of the group and many Prevotella Porphyromonas spp . are resistant by virtue of cephalosporinase production . The second generation cephalosporin cefoxitin is relatively resistant to this enzyme and is the most effective cephalosporin against the group and is often used for the therapy and prophylaxis of mixed infections However , 5 – 15 % of group may be resistant , reflecting hospital use pattern . Cefoxitin is relatively inactive against most species of ( including C . difficile ) ; C . perfringens is an exception . The second - generation cephalosporins , cefotetan and cefmetazole , have a longer half - life than cefoxitin , are as effective as cefoxitin against , but have poor efficacy against other members of the group ( i.e . B . thetaiotaomicron ) . Third - generation cephalosporins have inferior activity against Bacteroides spp . Carbapenems ( imipenem , meropenem , doripenem , ertapenem Carbapenems have excellent activity against a broad spectrum of aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria , including beta - lactamase - producing Bacteroides spp . , Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp . Resistance of B . fragilis group is very rare ( < 1 % ) . Ertapenem has similar efficacy , but is not active against Pseudomonas spp . and Acinetobacter spp . 5 Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol has excellent in - vitro activity against most anaerobic bacteria , resistance is rare and it penetrates well into the cerebro - spinal fluid ( CSF ) . It is also effective against many Enterobacteriaceae and aerobic Gram - positive cocci . The toxicity of chloramphenicol , the rare but fatal aplastic anemia and the dose - dependent leukopenia limit its use . Clindamycin and lincomycin Clindamycin and lincomycin are effective against anaerobes and have good activity against aerobic Gram - positive cocci . 3 Clindamycin has the broader coverage against anaerobes , including beta - lactamase - producing Bacteroides spp . Resistance of the B fragilis group in some centers in the United States recently reached about 40 % . Up to 10 % resistance was noted for Prevotella spp . , Fusobacterium spp . , spp . , and Peptostreptococcus spp . , with higher rates for some Clostridium spp . Because of the increasing worldwide and geographical variation in clindamycin resistance it is no longer recommended as empiric therapy for abdominal infections . A recent study found resistance to clindamycin in up to 10 % of Prevotella , Porphyromonas , Fusobscterium , and Peptodtreptococcus spp . Among the other resistant anaerobes are various species of clostridia especially C . difficile . Approximately 20 % of Clostridium ramosum are resistant to clindamycin , as are a smaller number of C . perfringens Antibiotic associated colitis caused by difficile was first described after clindamycin therapy . However , colitis has been associated with many other antimicrobial agents , including penicillins and cephalosporins . Metronidazole Metronidazole has excellent activity limited to anaerobes . Microaerophilic streptococci , Propionibacterium acnes Actinomyces spp . are often resistant . It penetrates well into the CSF Concern was raised about the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of this drug ; however , these effects were shown only in one species of mice and were never substantiated in other animals or humans . 1 Macrolides ( erythromycin , azithromycin , clarithromycin ) The macrolides have moderate to good in vitro activity against anaerobic bacteria other than group strains and fusobacteria . Macrolides are active against pigmented Prevotella and spp . and microaerophilic streptococci , Gram - positive non - sporeforming anaerobic bacilli , and certain clostridia . They are less effective against Fusobacterium andPeptostreptococcus spp . They show relatively good activity against and poor or inconsistent activity against AGNB . Emergence of erythromycin - resistant organisms during therapy has been documented Glycopeptides ( vancomycin , teicoplanin ) The glycopeptides are effective against all Gram - positive anaerobes ( including C . difficile ) , but are inactive against Gram - negative bacilli . Tetracyclines ( Tetracycline , doxycycline , minocycline ) Resistance to tetracycline has increased . The newer tetracycline analogs ( doxycycline and minocycline ) are more active than tetracycline . Because of significant resistance to these drugs , they can be used if the organisms are susceptible or in less severe infections in which a therapeutic trial is feasible . Quinolones Quinolones with low activity against anaerobes include ciprofloxacin , ofloxacin , levofloxacin , fleroxacin , pefloxacin , enoxacin and lomefloxacin . Compounds with intermediate antianaerobic activity include sparfloxacin and grepafloxacin . Trovafloxacin , gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin yield low MICs against most groups of anaerobes . Quinolones with the greatest in vitro activity against anaerobes include clinafloxacin and sitafloxacin . 6 Moxifloxacin was approved by the FDA for the treatment of complicated skin and skin - structure infections and complicated intra - abdominal infections . However , up to 40 % of Bacteroides are resistant to moxifloxacin The use of the quoinolones is restricted in growing children and pregnancy because of their possible adverse effects on the cartilage . Other agents Bacitracin is active against pigmented and Porphyromonas sp . but is inactive against B . fragilis Fusobacterium nucleatum 1 Quinupristin / dalfopristin is active against Clostridium perfringens , Lactobacillus spp and Peptostreptococcus . Linezolid is active against , and Peptostreptococci spp . Little clinical experience has been , however , gained in the treatment of anaerobic bacteria using these agents . Choice of antimicrobial agents The available parenteral antimicrobials in most infections ( Tables 3 - 5 ) are clindamycin , metronidazole , chloramphenicol , cefoxitin , a penicillin ( i.e. ticarcillin , ampicillin , piperacillin ) and a beta - lactamase inhibitor ( i.e. clavulanic acid , sulbactam , tazobactam ) , and a carbapenem ( i.e. imipenem , meropenem , ertapenem ) . An agent effective against Gram - negative enteric bacilli ( i.e. aminoglycoside ) or an antipseudomonal cephalosporin ( i.e. cefepime ) are generally added to clindamycin , metronidazole and , occasionally , cefoxitin when treating intra - abdominal infections to Actinomyces . A macrolide ( i.e. erythromycin ) is added to metronidazole in upper respiratory infections to treat S . aureus and aerobic streptococci . Penicillin is added to clindamycin to supplement its coverage against spp . and other Gram - positive anaerobic organisms . Doxycycline is added to most regimens in the treatment of pelvic infections for chlamydia and mycoplasma . Penicillin is still the drug of choice for bacteremia caused by non - BLPB . However , other agents should be used for the therapy of bacteremia caused by BLPB . Because the duration of therapy for anaerobic infections , which are often chronic , is generally longer than for infections caused by aerobic and facultative anaerobes , oral therapy is often substituted for parenteral therapy . The agents available for oral therapy are limited and include clindamycin , amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid , chloramphenicol and metronidazole . Clinical judgment , personal experience , safety and patient compliance should direct the physician in the choice of the appropriate antimicrobial agents . The length of therapy generally ranges between 2 and 4 weeks , but should be individualized depending on the response . In some cases , such as lung abscesses , treatment may be required for as long as 6 – 8 weeks , but can often be shortened with proper surgical drainage . PREVENTION Proper therapy of acute infections can prevent the occurrence of chronic infections where anaerobes predominate . In settings where anaerobic infections are expected to occur , such as intra - abdominal and wound infections after surgery , proper antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces the chance of such infections . Prevention and early therapy of conditions that may lead to anaerobic infection can reduce their rate . Preventing oral flora aspiration by improving the neurologic status of the patient , repeated suctioning of oral secretion , improving oral hygiene and maintaining lower stomach pH can reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia and its complications . Skin and soft - tissue infections can be prevented by irrigation and debridement of wounds and necrotic tissue , drainage of pus and improvement of blood supply . Prophylactic therapy before surgery is generally administered when the operative field is expected to be contaminated by the normal flora of the mucous membrane at the operated site . Cefazolin is effective in surgical prophylaxis in sites distant from the oral or rectal areas , when anaerobic cover is not required . Cefoxitin or cefotetan are used in procedures that involve the oral , rectal or vulvovaginal surfaces because their spectrum includes the anaerobic flora likely to be encountered . REFERENCES 1 . Finegold SM . Anaerobic bacteria in human disease . Orlando FL : Academic Press Inc ; 1977 . 2 . Snydman DR , Jacobus NV , McDermott LA , et al Lessons learned from the anaerobe survey : historical perspective and review of the most recent data ( 2005 - 2007 ) . Clin Infect Dis 2010 ; 50 Suppl 1 : S26 - 33 3 . Hecht DW . Anaerobes : antibiotic resistance , clinical significance , and the role of susceptibility testing . Anaerobe . 12 : 115 - 21 , 2006 . 76 . 4 . Brook I . The role of beta - lactamase - producing bacteria in the persistence of streptococcal tonsillar infection . Rev Infect Dis ; 6 : 601 – 7 , 1984 . 5 . Hoellman DB , Kelly LM , Credito K , Anthony L , Ednie LM , Jacobs MR , Appelbaum PC . In vitro antianaerobic activity of ertapenem ( MK - 0826 ) compared to seven other compounds . Antimicrob Agents Chemother . ; 46 : 220 - 4 , 2002 . 6 . Stein , GE , Goldstein , EJ . : Fluroquinolones and anaerobes . Clin Infect Dis 42 : 1598 - 607 , 2006 . 7 . Sherwood JE , Fraser S , Citron DM , et al . Multidrug resistant Bacteroides fragilis recovered from blood and severe leg wounds caused by an improvised explosive device ( IED ) in Afghanistan . Anaerobe 2011 ; 17 : 152 – 5 ; 8 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Multidrug - resistant Bacteroides fragilis - - Seattle , Washington , 2013 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2013 Aug 30 ; 62 ( 34 ) : 694 - 6 . Table 1 : Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobial agents Bacteria Penicillin A penicillin and a beta - lactamase inhibitor Ureido - and carobxy - penicillin Cefoxitin Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Macrolides Metronidazole Carbapenem sp . 4 2 - 3 2 sp . 3 - 4 3 - 4 2 - 3 B . fragilis group 1 - 2 Prevotella sp . 1 - 3 Clostridium perfringens sp . 2 Actinomyces Degrees of activity : 1 = minimal 2 = moderate 3 = good 4 = excellent Table 2 : Antimicrobial drugs of choice for anaerobic bacteria First Alternate Penicillin Clindamycin , chloramphenicol , cephalosporins Penicillin Metronidazole , chloramphenicol , cefoxitin , clindamycin Vancomycin Metronidazole , bacitracin Gram - negative rods * ( BL - ) Metronidazole , clindamycin , chloramphenicol Gram - negative rods * ( BL+ ) Metronidazole , a carbapenem , a penicillin and beta - lactamase inhibitor , clindamycin Cefoxitin , chloramphenicol , piperacillin BL = beta lactamase = B . fragilis group ; spp . spp . , spp . Table 3 : Antimicrobial recommended for the therapy of site - specific anaerobic infections Surgical prophylaxis Parenteral Oral Intracranial 1 . Penicillin 1 . Metronidazole 1 . Metronidazole 2 . Vancomycin 2 . Chloramphenicol 2 . Chloramphenicol Dental 1 . Penicillin 1 . Clindamycin 1 . Clindamycin , amoxicillin + CA 2 . Erythromycin 2 . Metronidazole , chloramphenicol 2 . Metronidazole , chloramphenicol Upper respiratory tract 1 . Cefoxitin 1 . Clindamycin 1 . Clindamycin , amoxicillin + CA 2 . Clindamycin 2 . Chloramphenicol , metronidazole 2 . Chloramphenicol , metronidazole 5 Pulmonary NA 8 2 . Chloramphenicol , ticarcillin + CA , ampicillin + SU 6 a carbapenem amoxicillin + CA Abdominal 1 . Cefoxitin , cefoxitin , metronidazole 8 metronidazole 2 . Clindamycin 2 . A carbapenem , ticarcillin + CA 2 . Chloramphenicol , amoxacillin + CA Pelvic clindamycin 2 . Doxycycline 2 . Ticarcillin + CA , ampicillin + SU , metronidazole 2 . Amoxicillin + CA Skin 1 . Cefazolin 7 1 . Clindamycin , cefoxitin 2 . Vancomycin + vancomycin Bone and joint 1 . Cefazolin 7 1 . Clindamycin , A carbapenem , ticarcillin + CA Bacteremia with BLPB NA 1 . A carbapenem , metronidazole 1 . Clindamycin , metronidazole 2 . Cefoxitin , ticarcillin + CA 2 . Chloramphenicol , amoxacillin + CA Bacteremia with non - BLPB 2 . Clindamycin , metronidazole , cefoxitin 2 . Metronidazole , chloramphenicol , clindamycin 1 = drug ( s ) of choice 7 = in location proximal to the rectal and oral areas use cefoxitin 2 = alternative drugs 8 = plus a quinolone ( only in adults ) 3 = plus aminoglycoside NA = not applicable 4 = plus penicillin CA = clavulanic acid 5 = plus a macrolide ( erythromycin or spiramycin ) SU = sulbactam 6 = plus doxycycline BLPB = Beta - lactamase - producing bacteria Table 4 : Antimicrobial agents effective for the therapy of anaerobic infections Antimicrobials Route of administration Dose ( interval ) newborn mg / kg / d Dose ( interval ) Children < 40 kg mg / kg / d Dose ( interval ) adults and children > 40 kg Penicillin G IV , IM 50,000 - 100,000 units ( q . 8 - 12h . ) 100,000 - 250,000 units ( q . 4h . ) 10 - 20 million units / d Piperacillin IV , IM N / A 200 - 300 ( q . 4 - 6h . ) 3 - 4 g ( q . 4 - 6h . ) Ticarcillin 150 225 ( q . 8 - 12h . ) 200 - 300 ( q . 4 - 6h . ) 3 - 4 g ( q . 4 - 6h . ) Ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid IV 150 - 225 ( q . 8 - 12h . ) 3.1 g ( q . 4 - 8h . ) - 6.2 g ( q . 6h . ) Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid Oral N / A 20 - 40 ( q . 8h . ) 250 - 500 mg ( q . 8h . ) Ampicillin plus sulbactam IV 50 - 100 ( q . 6h ) 1.5 - 3.0 g ( q . 6h . ) Cefoxitin 80 - 160 ( q . 4 - 6h . ) 1 - 2 g ( q . 4 - 6h . ) Chloramphenicol IV or Oral 25 mg once a day 50 - 75 ( q . 6h . ) 1 g ( q . 6h . ) Clindamycin IM , IV 10 - 15 ( q . 8 - 12h . ) 25 - 40 ( q . 6 - 8h . ) 600 mg ( q . 6h . ) , 900 mg ( q . 8h . ) 10 - 15 ( q . 8 - 12h . ) 10 - 30 ( q . 6h . ) 150 - 450 mg ( q . 6h . ) Metronidazole 15 ( q . 12h . ) 30 ( q . 6h . ) 500 - 1000 mg 15 ( q . 12h . ) 15 - 35 ( q . 8h . ) 500 mg ( q . 6h . ) Imipenem 40 - 60 ( q . 6h . ) 250 - 500 mg ( q . 4 - 6h . ) Meropenem 60 - 120 ( q . 8h ) 500 - 1000 mg ( q . 8h ) N / A = not available g = gram IV = intravenous IM = intramuscular Table 5 Antimicrobial agents effective against mixed infection a Anaerobic bacteria Aerobic bacteria Antimicrobial agent Beta - lactamase - Producing Bacteroides Other Anaerobes Gram - positive cocci Enterobacteriaceae b 0 + + + + 0 b + + + + Cephalothin + + + / – Cefoxitin + + Imipenem Clindamycin + + + Ticarcillin Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid Moxifloxacin + + + + + + + a = Degrees of activity : 0 to + + + b = Available also in oral form Home Subscribe to : Posts ( Atom ) To contact Dr . Brook send an email to : ib6 @ georgetown . edu Search This Blog Total Pageviews Google Website Translator Gadget Dr . Brook ' s other web sites : Sinsitis Understood Tonsillitis understood My Voice : Laryngectomee and head & neck cancer information Physician ' s experience in the Yom Kippur War Infection in Radiation Sickness Video List of Lectures Anaerobic Infections . Grand Rounds Rambam Medical Center , Israel . ( in Hebrew ) Order Dr . Brook ’ s book : ” Anaerobic infections : Diagnosis and Management " . Click on picture to order Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " Anaerobic infections " Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " Pediatric anaerobic infections " Order Drs ' Brook & Douma book : " Antimicrobial therapy guide for the dentist " Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " Sinusitis from microbiology to management " Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " Diagnosis and management of pediatric sinusitis " Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " Atlas of upper respiratory and head and neck infections " Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " My voice , a physician ' s personal experience with throat cancer " Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " The laryngectomee guide ' Click on the picture above to order the paperback of the Guide Order Dr . Brook ' s book : " In the sands of Sinai , a physician account of the Yom Kippur War " links to order book : " in the sands of sinai " from amazon . com Click to order paperback Click to order a Kindle version About Itzhak Brook MD Dr . Itzhak Brook Washington , DC , United States Dr . Itzhak Brook is a physician who specializes in pediatrics and infectious diseases . He is a Professor of Pediatrics at Georgetown University Washington D.C. and his areas of expertise are anaerobic and head and neck infections including sinusitis . He has done extensive research on respiratory tract infections and infections following exposure to ionizing radiation . Dr . Brook served in the US Navy for 27 years . He is the author of six medical textbooks , 155 medical book chapters and many scientific publications . He is an editor of four and associate editor of four medical View my complete profile Disclaimer This blog is not a substitute for medical care by medical professionals . Patients should consult with their personal physicians before making any decisions about their medical and surgical care . Physicians and other providers reading this blog should make independent , informed decisions about the care of their patients based on the individual facts and circumstances of each case . Blog Archive ▼ 2017 ( 1 ) ▼ December ( 1 ) Establishing the bacterial etiology of necrotizing . . . ► 2016 ( 2 ) ► 2015 ( 6 ) 2014 ( 2 ) 2013 ( 3 ) 2012 ( 5 ) 2011 ( 5 ) 2010 Followers | [
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http://anagramscramble.com/anagrams-of/cheat | Anagram Scramble Anagrams and words using the letters in cheat 5 Letter Words You can Make With CHEAT cheat tache teach theca 4 Letter Words You can Make With CHEAT ache cate chat each eath echt etch haet hate heat tace tach tech thae 3 Letter Words You can Make With CHEAT ACH CAE ace ach act ate cat eat eta etc eth hae hat het tae tea the 2 Letter Words You can Make With CHEAT AC CE TA ae ah at ca eh et ha he ta Direct Anagrams and Compound Word Anagrams of cheat theca cheat tache teach AC eth AC het AC the ACH et CE hat a echt a etch a tech ach et act eh act he ah etc ca eth ca het ca the cat eh cat he echt a eh act eh cat et ACH et ach etc ah etc ha etch a eth AC eth ca ha etc hat CE he act he cat het AC het ca tech a the AC the ca | [
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http://analysistabs.com/excel-vba/change-row-height-column-width/ | Change Row Height and Column Width using Excel VBA Previous Next Description : Some times we may enter the data into cells more than it ’ s width . In this case we can not able to see entire text . So we can change row height and Column width using excel using VBA . So that we can see entire data in that cell . When you have more lengthy data in cells , you can Auto Adjust Column Width or Row Height in Excel VBA to show the entire data . So that users can see the entire data in the cells . We will see with Examples . PREMIUM TEMPLATES LIMITED TIME OFFER ON SALE 80 % OFF BROWSE ALL TEMPLATES 50 + Project Management Templates Pack Excel PowerPoint Word VIEW DETAILS Advanced Project Plan & Portfolio Template Excel Template VIEW DETAILS Ultimate Project Management Template Excel Template 20 + Excel Project Management Pack Excel Templates 20 + PowerPoint Project Management Pack PowerPoint Templates 10 + MS Word Project Management Pack Word Templates Changing Row Height in Excel VBA We can change row height in Excel using RowHeight Property of a Row in VBA . See the following example to do it . Examples The following example will change the height of the 3rd Row to 25 . Sub sbChangeRowHeight ( ) ' Changing the 3rd row Height Rows ( 3 ) .RowHeight = 25 End Sub We can also set the height for multiple rows , the following example will change the height of the 3rd to 20th row height to 25 . Sub sbChangeRowHeightMulti ( ) ' Changing the 3rd - 25the row Height Rows ( " 3 : 25 " ) .RowHeight = 25 End Sub Instructions : Open an excel workbook Press Alt + F11 to open VBA Editor Insert a Module for Insert Menu Copy the above code and Paste in the code window Save the file as macro enabled workbook Press F5 to execute itit Changing Column Width in Excel VBA We can change column width in Excel using ColumnWidth Property of a Column in VBA . See the following example to do it . In this Example I am changing the Column B width to 25 . Sub sbChangeColumnWidth ( ) Columns ( " B " ) .ColumnWidth = 25 End Sub Examples We can also set the column width for multiple columns at a time , see this Example I am changing the Column B to E width to 25 . Sub sbChangeColumnWidthMulti ( ) Columns ( " B : E " ) .ColumnWidth = 25 End Sub Instructions : Open an excel workbook Press Alt + F11 to open VBA Editor Insert a Module for Insert Menu Copy the above code and Paste in the code window Save the file as macro enabled workbook Press F5 to execute it Auto Adjust Column Width and Row Height using Excel VBA We can use AutoFit method of Columns and Rows in Excel using VBA to Auto Adjust the rows and Columns . Code to Auto Adjust Column Width Following are the example to show you how to do this . Sub sbAutoAdjustColumnWidth ( ) Columns ( 2 ) .AutoFit End Sub Code to Auto fit Row Height Following are the example to show you how to do this . Sub sbAutoAdjustRowHight ( ) Rows ( 2 ) .AutoFit End Sub Follow the instructions below to test the codes above . Press F5 to execute it LIMITED TIME OFFER - Get it Now ! Advanced Project Plan Excel Template Related Resource Excel VBA Reference Project Management Reference VBA Reference : VBA Code Explorer VBA Excel Application VBA Excel Workbook VBA Excel Worksheet VBA Excel Range VBA ActiveX Controls VBA Userforms VBA Projects Excel Reference : Excel Tutorial Microsoft Excel 2003 Microsoft Excel 2007 Microsoft Excel 2010 Microsoft Excel 2013 Microsoft Excel 2016 What is a Project ? Project Appraisal Project Management Project Plan Project Resource What is Gantt Chart ? Excel Templates Excel Project Management Templates PowerPoint Project Management Templates MS Word Project Management Templates Excel Basics Tutorials Excel VBA Tutorials Excel Functions and Formulas External VBA Reference Excel VBA Reference Project Management Reference VBA Reference : Getting Started with VBA in Office VBA for MS Office Application : Complete References VBA Tutorials VBA Macros VBA Functions Excel Reference : Microsoft Excel Reference Excel Formulas Excel 2016 Excel Functions Excel Quick Tutorials Project Management Methodologies MS Project Templates Excel , Word , PowerPoint Timeline Templates Excel , Word , PowerPoint Planners and Trackers Microsoft Excel Templates MS PowerPoint Excel Templates MS Word Templates MS Office Schedules Templates Excel , Word , PowerPoint Agenda Templates Excel , Word , PowerPoint Invoices Templates Excel , Word , PowerPoint Business Plans Templates Excel , Word , PowerPoint Financial Management Templates Excel , Word , PowerPoint Minutes Templates By Valli | May 18th , 2013 | Excel VBA 4 Comments Share This Story , Choose Your Platform ! About the Author : Valli Excel VBA Developer having around 8 years of experience in using Excel and VBA for automating the daily tasks , reports generation and dashboards preparation . Valli is sharing useful VBA examples ad Tips to helps us automating daily tasks . This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed | [
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http://analystcave.com/excel-vba-dictionary-arrays-and-other-data-structures/ | Excel MS Office Outlook PowerPoint Word VBA Dictionary – Using the VBA Dictionary . Key Value pairs 14 votes , average : 4.57 out of 5 ) June 19 , 2015 Tom ( AnalystCave ) 4 Comments Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA ) facilitates many useful data structures – its not just VBA Arrays you can use . COM libraries provide additional data structures such as the VBA Dictionary ArrayList Queue Stack or SortedList But before we jump into explaining how these more complex data structures work and how to use them , let ’ s start with the basics – VBA array . Often you need n ’ t reach out for more complex structures , so it ’ s important to understand first the limits of VBA Arrays . Other VBA Data Structures VBA Array VBA Collection VBA Dictionary VBA ArrayList VBA Queue VBA Stack VBA Dictionary example The is probably the second most often used data structure in VBA . Dictionaries are great at storing key - value pairs of data similarly as the VBA Collection object does . The VBA Dictionary , however , offers some functionality that is not available with the object e.g. the option to specify a comparison method for Keys , which I will demonstrate below . This allows for a case - sensitive Key . Ok , so let ’ s start with a simple example of how the VBA Dictionary can be used . VBA Dictionary Late Binding Dim dict as Object ' Declare a generic Object reference Set dict = CreateObject ( " Scripting . Dictionary " ) ' Late Binding of the Dictionary Dim key , val key = " SomeKey " : val = " SomeValue " ' Add item to VBA Dictionary If Not dict . Exists ( key ) Then dict . Add key , val End If Debug . Print dict . Count ' Result : 1 ' Dispose of VBA Dictionary Set dict = Nothing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Dim dict as Object ' Declare a generic Object reference Set dict = CreateObject " Scripting . Dictionary " ' Late Binding of the Dictionary Dim key val key = " SomeKey " val " SomeValue " ' Add item to VBA Dictionary If Not dict Exists Then Add End If Debug Print Count ' Result : 1 ' Dispose of VBA Dictionary Set Nothing VBA Dictionary Early Binding In case you prefer to want to declare variables as the Dictionary object you need to reference the Microsoft Scripting Runtime library . To do this go to the Tools menu and select References . From the pop - up window scroll down and select the library mentioned above . This will allow you to use the VBA Dictionary like this : Dim dict as Dictionary ' Early binding of VBA Dictionary Set dict = New Dictionary ' . . . 1 2 3 dict as Dictionary ' Early binding of VBA Dictionary New Dictionary ' . . . Both methods are ok with the difference that with Early Binding if you share your Excel file with another user he / she may have to first reference the Microsoft Scripting Runtime otherwise will be getting errors . Hence I personally prefer Late Binding limiting any necessary actions from anyone I would be sharing my files with .For learning purposes , however , it may be easier to reference the library and use Early Binding allowing you to see the properties of the Dictionary using the suggestions ( CTRL + Space ) . Traversing items and keys Below methods for traversing either all keys or items in a VBA Dictionary Dim dict as Object , key , val Set dict = CreateObject ( " Scripting . Dictionary " ) key = " Key1 " : val = " Val1 " dict . Add key , val key = " Key2 " : val = " Val2 " dict . Add key , val ' Print all keys For Each key In dict . Keys Debug . Print key Next key ' Print all items For Each item In dict . Items Debug . Print item Next item ' Dispose of VBA Dictionary Set dict = Nothing 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 Object CreateObject " Scripting . Dictionary " " Key1 " " Val1 " Add " Key2 " " Val2 " ' Print all keys For Each key In Keys Debug Print Next ' Print all items For Each item In Items item Next item ' Dispose of VBA Dictionary Nothing Removing items You can remove either a single specific item by key using the Remove property or RemoveAll to remove all items in the Dictionary : Dim dict as Object , key , val Set dict = CreateObject ( " Scripting . Dictionary " ) key = " Key1 " : val = " Val1 " dict . Add key , val key = " Key2 " : val = " Val2 " dict . Add key , val ' Remove Key2 from VBA Dictionary dict . Remove " Key2 " ' Remove all remaining items / empty the dictionary dict . RemoveAll ' Dispose of VBA Dictionary Set dict = Nothing 15 " Key1 " " Val1 " " Key2 " " Val2 " ' Remove Key2 from VBA Dictionary Remove ' Remove all remaining items / empty the dictionary RemoveAll Similar data structures Hashtable — similar to the Dictionary class . Represents a collection of key / value pairs that are organized based on the hash code of the key . If you want to learn when it ’ s efficient to use Hashtables read here . More here SortedList — Similar to the Hashtable . Represents a collection of key / value pairs that are sorted by the keys and are accessible by key and by index . More Creating your own structures ( VBA Class ) If none of the above data structures are suitable for your needs you can always create your own VBA Class . A Class is a VBA Module that can be instantiated as an object ( similarly as the objects above ) , have its own properties etc . Classes are a good way of encapsulating abstraction and complexity . Alternatively , consider also a stack of any of the mentioned data structures . For example let ’ s say we want to manage a structure which would store words in different languages . Later we will want to quickly check if there is a word in a certain language in our multi - dictionary . How to do this ? A Dictionary of Dictionaries should do the trick . The first Dictionary will have keywords mapping to different languages . The keyword will be e.g. “ English ” while the value will be an object of type Dictionary in which you can store the word in the “ English ” language . Cool array arraylist class data structure dictionary hashtable list macro object queue sortedlist stack VBA | [
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http://analytics-magazine.org/preparing-for-the-coming-flood-of-statistical-malfeasance/ | Best Statistical Practice Preparing for the coming flood of statistical malfeasance MayJune 2015 Identifying and understanding statistics problems By Randy Bartlett CAP The nonstatistician can not always recognize a statistical problem when he sees one W Edwards Deming The key element for a successful big data analytics and data science future is statistical rigor and statistical thinking of humans Diego Kuonen For business the recent growth in factbased decisionmaking has provided a path to innovative new products and an escape for companies in disrupted industries Over the coming years we should expect a corresponding growth in statistical malfeasance How large you may well ask We can not be sure even measuring todays statistical malfeasance is difficult In addition to market forces an important ingredient in this flood of data and analyses is a number of misunderstandings about the purview of statistics statistical thinking and the underlying statistical assumptions In my experience the best protection from statistical malfeasance is to leverage what I call the three pillars for best statistical practice statistical qualifications diagnostics and review QDR see A Practitioners Guide To Business Analytics 1 The better we understand statistics problems the better we can identify the best statistical qualifications interpret the right statistical diagnostics and apply an appropriate statistical review Figure 1 Mathematics problem navigating a port We need to use statistical diagnostics to measure the accuracy and reliability of results Diagnostics are far more important for statistics problems which do not have unique solutions in the way that we can mathematically deduce one answer We need statistical review to continuously improve decisionmaking data analysis and data management Again these three pillars are best facilitated using a savvy understanding of statistics problems This article provides a practical and conceptual problembased definition of statistics rather than the usual mathematical probabilistic and algorithmic quicksand which typically dominate the first three introductory college statistics classes There are few essay questions in stat classes This mechanical thinking has led to associating the underlying statistics assumptions with the tools rather than the problems thus enabling the tragic delusion that we can find some unstatistics tool that will allow us to fudge rather than embrace both the assumptions and the proper thinking Mathematics is the logic of numbers We leverage its robust tools to deduce unique solutions from known inputs as in E MC Statistics extends mathematics to address uncertainty with the numbers including the surrogate numbers from an approximate model One telling innovation is to represent the uncertainty with an error term E MC To better grasp statistics and its corresponding assumptions we turn to jigsaw puzzles to illustrate four common ways in which uncertainty is introduced First imagine a mathematics problem using a jigsaw puzzle Figures 16 With all of the correct pieces we have complete information and we can deduce one unique solution For this problem the solution might be an optimal navigation route into a port Figure 2 Inferential uncertainty Statistics problems have some source of uncertainty eg inferential uncertainty missing data measurement error or surrogate variables In this sense the information is not complete and the solution depends on how you infer from partial information Also we use intervals confidence prediction and tolerance to account for the uncertainty This is the clean split between math and stat mathematics addresses complete information and statistics adds innovations to address the uncertainty from missing information misinformation disinformation and surrogate information By inferential uncertainty we mean that we are inferring from one set of observations to another For example we might infer a solution from data articulating a past layout of the port to a future layout or we might infer from a known port to a similar yet unknown one A second source of uncertainty comes from missing data Missing data often have an underlying pattern even if they look random Figure 3 Randomlooking nonrandom missing data uncertainty Figure 4 Another pattern of missing data uncertainty A third source of uncertainty is from measurement error Here the numbers are poorly measured rendering partial information This situation is common it is occasionally created by poor data management in the form of rounding or miscollecting numbers Figure 5 Measurement error uncertainty Figure 6 Surrogate variable uncertainty A fourth source of uncertainty is from surrogate variables which are selected to be the best alternatives for unavailable variables This type of uncertainty is ever present The universe is essentially stochastic Deterministic models which are either found through deduction or decreed by definition are uncommon exceptions Even if a true model exists we are still exposed to uncertainty from statistics problems like surrogate variables These four problems require statistical assumptions and statistical thinking We define applied statistics as all the tools that we need to address uncertainty with the numbers The choice of tool can not nullify the need to understand statistics Application Example Now let us transition from the visuals of jigsaw puzzles to a set of business applications Suppose we have last months sales for 100 customers complete information and we want to find the maximum number of widgets purchased by a customer last month This is mathematics with a modest algorithm We go through all the numbers and deduce a unique answer The following are solved by statistics mathematics with statistics assumptions and thinking on top Instead of finding the maximum for last month we must infer to next month inferential uncertainty The records for 15 customers are missing missing data Twenty percent of sales numbers are rounded or are attributed to the wrong customer measurement error We know how many widgets were shipped rather than sold surrogate variables All four problems at once usual data analysis These four statistics problems illustrate that uncertainty with the numbers is part of the problem The proper approach is to infer based upon statistical assumptions and statistical thinking about the uncertainty Also the solution is best estimated using an interval and we measure the accuracy and reliability of the solution using statistical diagnostics To discern the professional applications of statistics from the amateur and to amplify the excitement that comes with statistics and the false novelty around it lets call this Deep Stat Conclusion There is a coming flood of statistical malfeasance Those who want to avoid debacles like those at AIG Moodys Fitch Ratings Standard Poors Arbitron Fannie Mae et al should leverage QDR Furthermore we recommend a problembased definition of statistics to avoid the common pitfalls in applying best statistical practice This definition is helpful in identifying and understanding statistics problems The value proposition of statistics is to provide a way to think about and approach problems with uncertain numbers An understanding of statistics is necessary to properly lead and organize data analysis resources and any topic involving data analysis involves statistical thinking and statistical assumptions We sure could use Deming right now Randy Bartlett PhD statistics CAP PSTAT is the author of A Practitioners Guide To Business Analytics and a statistical data scientist with Blue Sigma Analytics He has more than 20 years of experience providing and performing advanced business analytics Bartlett can be reached at RandyBartlettBlueSigmaAnalyticscom He also hangs out at the LinkedIn group About Data Analysis He is a member of INFORMS REFERENCES Bartlett Randy 2013 A Practitioners Guide To Business Analytics Using Data Analysis Tools to Improve Your Organizations Decision Making and Strategy McGrawHill ISBN 9780071807593 | [
"Statistical Practice"
] |
http://anandshankarappstech.blogspot.com/2014/09/inventory-interface-script-to-perform.html | Monday September 22 2014 Inventory Interface Script to perform an Account Alias Issue Dear Reader Many of us have come across requirements where we need to perform an account alias issuereceipt or miscellaneous issuereceipt The below sample script provides an idea of the necessary columns you need to populate for perform an Acct Alias Issue The same can be used as a baseline for doing the receipt as well Insert into mtl_transactions_interface transaction_uom transaction_date source_code source_line_id source_header_id process_flag transaction_mode lock_flag locator_id last_update_date last_updated_by creation_date created_by inventory_item_id subinventory_code organization_id transaction_source_name transaction_source_id transaction_quantity primary_quantity transaction_type_id VALUES EA transaction uom SYSDATE transaction date Alias Issue source code 99 source line id 99 source header id 1 process flag 3 transaction mode 2 lock flag NULL locator id SYSDATE last update date 0 last updated by SYSDATE creation date 0 created by 81434 inventory item id STAGING From subinventory code 341 organization id TEST transaction source 2 transaction source id 2 transaction quantity 2 Primary quantity 31 transaction type id Hope this helps you all Cheers A Posted by Anand Shankar at 1047 AM Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Labels Interfaces Older Post Subscribe to Post Comments Atom Search This Blog Labels APIs Conversions Functional Interfaces Manufacturing Functional UNIX Utilities UTL_SMTP About Me Anand Shankar View my complete profile Blog Archive 2015 11 2014 23 November 1 October 3 September 19 API to update Collector Name on AR Customer BOM Routings Data Conversion Sample Script Easy method to parse data in CSV format into indiv Changing Inventory Item Status via Item Interface Inventory Interface Script to perform an Account A Bill of Material Data Conversion Sample script Upload XML Publisher files from File System Sending text attachment using UTL_SMTP FNDLOAD Demystified BLOB File operations Sample Code Using Oracle SRS Delivery Options to SFTP output Sending HTML formatted emails using UTL_SMTP Using seeded Generic File Manager Upload and Downl Useful script to assign all Super User responsibil API to Assign Inventory Item to Child Organization Update Schedule Ship Date on OM Order Lines OE_O Preserve Leading zeros in Excel output XML Publi API to ReOpen Closed Purchase Orders Introduction | [
"Inventory Interface Script",
"Account Alias"
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http://anaphypa.blogspot.com/2012/07/homeostatic-control-mechanisms.html | Homeostatic Control Mechanisms are devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis . They involve virtually all of the body ’ s organs and systems . If circumstances occur that require changes or more active regulation in some aspect of the internal environment , the body must have appropriate control mechanisms available that will respond to these changing needs and then restore and maintain a healthy internal environment . Feedback Control Loop is a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network . Information is transmitted in these loops by nervous impulses or by specific chemical messenger called hormones which are secreted in the blood . Basic Components of Control Mechanisms There are three basic components in every feedback loop : Sensor Mechanism The process of regulation first requires the body to be able to sense or identify the variable being controlled . If deviations from the normal set point range occur the sensor generates a signal from nerve impulse or hormone to transmit that information to the second component of the feedback loop . Integrating or Control Center When control center receives input from a homeostatic sensor , that information is analyzed and integrated with input from other sensors , and then some specific action is initiated to maintain homeostasis . If significant deviation from the “ set point ” exists then control center sends its own specialized signal to the third component of the control loop . Effector Mechanism Effectors are organs such as muscles or glands that directly influence controlled physiological variables . The activities of effectors are ultimately regulated by feedback of information regarding their own effects on a controlled variable . Negative Feedback Control Systems Negative Feedback Control Systems are inhibitory . They oppose a change by creating a response that is opposite in direction to the initial disturbance . They produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system . Negative feedback systems are responsible for maintaining a constant internal environment . They keep variables from straying too far outside of their normal ranges . Positive Feedback Control Systems Positive Feedback Control Systems are stimulatory . It does not operate to help the body maintain a stable or homeostatic condition . It is often harmful or even disastrous , to survival . Instead of opposing a change in the internal environment and causing a “ return to normal ” , positive feedback tends to amplify or reinforce the change that is reoccurring . All About Anatomy & Physiology | [
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http://anatomy-medicine.com/cardiovascular-system/132-the-cardiovascular-system-of-the-leg-and-foot.html | Human anatomy Cardiovascular system » The cardiovascular system of the leg and foot The cardiovascular system of the leg and foot Category : Cardiovascular system Views : 80411 The cardiovascular system of the leg and foot includes all of the blood vessels that provide blood flow to and from the tissues of the lower limb . These blood vessels supply vital oxygen and nutrients to support cellular metabolism in the lower limb while transporting carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes back to the trunk to be removed from the body . Large volumes of deoxygenated blood are stored in the veins of the lower limbs as a reservoir for the rest of the body . Blood flow also helps to maintain the homeostasis of body temperature by delivering hot blood from the trunk to the tissues of Oxygenated blood from the heart passes through the aorta as it descends through the thorax and abdomen and into the pelvis . In the pelvis , the aorta splits into the left and right common iliac arteries that descend toward the legs . The common iliac arteries further divide into the internal and external iliac arteries , with the external iliac artery being significantly larger than the internal iliac . Several branches of the external iliac artery extend into the abdominal , groin , and pelvic regions , but the bulk of its blood continues onward into the leg , In the thigh , the femoral artery carries blood to the skin and muscles through several smaller branches that spread throughout the femoral region . As the femoral artery descends through the thigh , it enters the popliteal region in the posterior of the knee and becomes known as the popliteal artery . Several branches of the popliteal artery spread through the tissues of the knee to provide blood to this region , but most of the blood flow continues into the lower leg . In the lower leg , the popliteal artery divides into three major branches : the anterior tibial artery , posterior tibial artery and fibular ( peroneal ) artery . Each of these arteries delivers blood to the leg and continues into the foot , with the posterior tibial and fibular arteries forming the plantar arteries and plantar arch that supply blood to the bottom of the foot and toes . The anterior tibial artery forms the arcuate artery and its many branches to supply blood to the top of the foot . A vast network of anastomoses forms between the Deoxygenated blood returning from the tissues of the feet is collected by many veins that join to form the dorsal venous arch on the top of the foot and the deep plantar venous arch of the sole of the foot . Blood from the dorsal venous arch passes into three major veins in the leg : the small saphenous , great saphenous , and anterior tibial veins . The great saphenous vein ascends through the leg and thigh on the medial side , collecting blood from tissues in these regions . On the lateral side , the small saphenous vein ascends through the leg collecting deoxygenated blood before passing posterior to the knee . The anterior tibial vein forms a small network anterior to the tibia and collects blood from the tissues of the shin . The plantar venous arch sends its blood into the leg through the medial and lateral plantar veins into the posterior tibial vein , which ascends along the leg posterior to the tibia . The posterior tibial vein collects blood from the posterior leg and merges with the fibular vein that drains blood from the lateral side of the leg . In the popliteal region posterior to the knee , the small saphenous , anterior tibial , and posterior tibial veins join with several smaller veins of the knee to form the popliteal vein . In the femoral region , the popliteal vein continues to receive blood from the tissues of the thigh and becomes the femoral vein . The femoral vein ascends parallel and lateral to the great saphenous vein ; these merge along with many smaller veins at the groin to form the external iliac vein . Blood passing through the external iliac vein continues onward into the common iliac vein and inferior vena cava , which returns it to the heart . Blood flowing through the veins of the lower limbs is under very little pressure and must fight the pull of gravity to return to the heart . To combat this blood flow problem , veins contain many one - way valves , which permit blood to flow only toward the heart . Muscular contractions within the feet and legs exert pressure on the veins to push blood through the valves and toward the heart . When the muscles relax , the valves prevent the blood from moving away from the heart . Sometimes the valves in the legs become worn If you liked this article about The cardiovascular system of the leg and foot , please share it : Recommended articles : The cardiovascular system of the upper limbs The cardiovascular system of the lower torso The inferior vena cava The cardiovascular system of the upper torso The nerves of the leg and foot | [
"cardiovascular system",
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http://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/human-body-organ-systems-an-orientation/ | Human Body Organ Systems : An Orientation | May 17 , 2013 | 4 Comments Human Body Organ Systems The human body is made up of 11 organ systems that work with one another ( interdependantly ) . These systems include the integumentary system , skeletal system , muscular system , lymphatic system , respiratory system , digestive system , nervous system , endocrine system , cardiovascular system , urinary system , and reproductive systems . We will briefly discuss the major functions of each organ system below . Integumentary system – ( skin , hair , nails ) Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury . Houses cutaneous receptors , sweat glands , oil glands , and synthesizes vitamin D . Skeletal system – ( bones , joints ) Supports and protects the body ’ s organs . Provides a framework muscles use ( movement ) . Bones also store minerals and create blood cells . Muscular system skeletal muscles ) Maintains posture and produces movement ( locomotion ) . Produces heat . Lymphatic system red bone marrow , thymus , lymphatic vessels , thoracic duct , spleen , lymph nodes ) Houses white blood cells ( lymphocytes ) involved in immunity . Returns leaked fluid from blood vessels to the blood and disposes debris within the lymphatic stream . Respiratory system nasal cavity , pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchus , lung ) Removes carbon dioxide and continually supplies blood with oxygen . Gaseous exchanges occur in the respiratory system ( lungs ) . Digestive system oral cavity , esophagus , liver , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , rectum , anus ) Breaks down food to be absorbed and eliminates indigestible waste . Nervous system brain , spinal cord , nerves ) Control system of the body , responds to internal and external changes , activates muscles and glands . Endocrine system pineal gland , pituitary gland , thyroid gland , thymus , adrenal gland , pancreas , ovary , testis ) Glands from the endocrine system secrete hormones that regulate many processes like growth , metabolism , and reproduction . Cardiovascular system heart , blood vessels ) The heart pumps blood and blood vessels transport it . Blood carries oxygen , carbon dioxide , nutrients , waste and more throughout the body . Urinary system kidney , ureter , urinary bladder , urethra ) Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body . Regulates acid - base , electrolyte and WATER balance of blood . Reproductive systems MALE prostate gland , penis , testis , scrotum , ductus deferens FEMALE Mammary glands , ovary , uterus , vagina , uterine tube The main function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring . Sex hormone and sperm are produced by the male testes . Male ducts and glands help deliver the sperm . Ovaries produce female sex hormones and eggs . Other female reproductive structures serve as sites of fertilization and development . For instance , the mammary glands produce milk for the newborn . Category The Basics | [
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http://anatomyzone.com/tutorials/musculoskeletal/muscles-of-the-leg/ | Muscles of the Leg Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Transcription Posterior Compartment Okay so this tutorial is on the muscles of the leg . The leg is the region of the lower limb , which lies between the knee joint and the ankle joint . Read more I ' m going to break this tutorial into two parts , so I ' m going to do the first part on the posterior compartment , and then the second part will be on the muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments . Just like my tutorials on the thigh and the upper limb , the muscles of the leg can be broken down into compartments . And these compartments are separated by intermuscular septa , and the interosseus membrane between the tibia and the fibula . The muscles of the posterior compartment here , mainly act to plantar flex the foot , flex the digits , and invert the foot . Plantar flexion is when you , get up on your tip toes basically , so if you , so if you can see this angle between the foot and the shin , it . . .you extend this angle . You open this angle further , so you , so it ' s getting up on your tip toes essentially , and dorsiflexion is bringing your toes towards your head . If you imagine lying down on your back and bringing your toes up towards your head - that ' s dorsiflexion and plantarflexion is the opposite . The muscles of the posterior compartment plantar flex at the ankle joint , they flex the digits , and they invert the foot . The muscles of the anterior compartment , here , do the opposite really , so they dorsiflex the foot , so bring the toes upwards . They extend the digits , and they invert the foot also . As well as plantarflexion , flexion of the digits and inversion , there are two muscles in the posterior compartment which actually can flex at the knee because of their attachment on the femur , and these are the gastrocnemius and the plantaris muscle , which I ' ll come on to talk about . The lateral compartment are the muscles here , which lie laterally , and these evert the foot . This tutorial will be concerned with the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg . Briefly just a quick word about innervation . If I just bring in the nerves , you can see , so just looking here at the popliteal fossa , you can see the sciatic nerve , and it splits into two main branches , so you ' ve got the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve , and you ' ve got the common peroneal branch , the common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve . The tibial branch of the sciatic nerve supplies muscles of the posterior compartment , and the common peroneal nerve which winds round laterally here , innervates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg . Just a quick point about the common fibular nerve , just while I ' ve mentioned it . If I just remove the muscle layer , you can see the relationship of this nerve with the head of the fibula , so this nerve winds round the . . .well the neck of the fibula , and this , at this point , it ' s very vulnerable so any impact or fractures can easily damage this nerve , and because this nerve supplies the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg , it results in foot drop . It ’ s worth making a note of that point , so that ' s the common fibula nerve , which winds round laterally around the neck of the fibula and it ' s quite exposed in this region . Okay so now I ' ll just run you through the muscles of the posterior compartment , and I ' ll talk about the origin and the insertion and the actions . I ' ll just get rid of the nerves and we can focus on the muscles now . Okay so the muscles of the posterior compartment can be separated into superficial and deep muscles , and in total you ' ve got seven muscles . You ’ ve got three muscles in the superficial layer , and four muscles in the deep layer . I ' ll just work from superficial to deep and talk you through these structures . Obviously we ' re looking at the most superficial muscle here , and this is called the gastrocnemius muscle . This muscle has two heads , it ' s got a medial head here , and a lateral head . And this muscle inserts onto the femur on the medial and lateral condyles . The medial head inserts on the medial condyle and the lateral head inserts on the lateral condyle . I ' ll just show you that in a bit more detail . I ' ve just isolated this muscle , so you can see it a bit more clearly , and you can see the origin of this muscle on the upper surfaces of the femoral condyles . The medial , medial head originates on the upper surface of the medial femoral condyle , and the lateral head originates on the upper surface of the lateral femoral condyle , on a distinct facet . You can see on this side there ' s a facet here which the lateral , lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscles originates on . And then if we follow the muscle down , it ' s not quite shown clearly here , but it inserts onto the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon . I ' ve just brought the muscle back in and you can see the tendon now . This is also known as the Achilles tendon . This muscle has two functions , it plantarflexes the foot , so plantarflexion is when you get up on your tip toes , so you can see how this would act if you look at the insertion , so you can see if the muscle contracts it pulls the calcaneus upwards and it would get you up on your tip toes - so that ' s plantarflexion . And also because of its origin That ’ s the gastrocnemius muscle and that ' s the most superficial muscle . Next we ' ve got this tiny little muscle here , which is called the plantaris muscle , so it ’ s got a very short muscle belly and then it ’ s got a very long tendon , which winds round down the medial side of the leg and joins the calcaneal tendon to insert onto the calcaneus . This muscle actually lies under the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle . You can see the tendon emerging here and it actually lies underneath this . We ’ ll just take a closer look at this muscle ' s origin . This muscle originates on the lower part of the supracondylar ridge . You ca n ' t see very clearly here , but it originates on the lower part of the supracondylar ridge , which comes down off the femur here , and it also originates on , it joins with the oblique popliteal ligament and then like I mentioned before , it winds down medially , this long thin tendon and then it joins onto the calcaneal tendon with the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle . Again looking at its origin and its insertion , you could work out that this muscle acts to plantar flex at the ankle joint , and also because it originates on the femur , like the gastrocnemius muscle does , it can also flex at the knee joint . The third muscle of the superficial group of the posterior muscles is this large muscle here , which lies underneath the plantaris muscles and the gastrocnemius , so this muscle originates , as you can see , on the proximal ends of the tibia and fibula , and it again joins the calcaneal tendon , to insert onto the calcaneus . This muscle does n ' t originate on the femur , so it ca n ' t flex the knee , so this muscles primary function is to plantar flex at the ankle joint . These three muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve - so that ' s the branch of the sciatic nerve which innervates the posterior compartment . Next we have the muscles of the deep layer , so I ' ll just remove the soleus and the plantaris , and we can now see the four muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment . The most superior muscle is this little muscle here called the popliteus , and this muscle originates on the posterior surface of the proximal tibia , and it winds round laterally to insert onto the lateral femoral condyle , and it actually penetrates the joint capsule of the knee , passing between the lateral meniscus and the fibrous membrane , to insert laterally on the lateral femoral condyle . I ' ll just fade away the muscle layer , and you can see how the , see more clearly the origin of the popliteus , so you can see it lies on the posterior surface on the proximal tibia , originating here , and it inserts infero - laterally on the lateral femoral condyle . This muscle actually serves to unlock the knee when it ’ s locked in extension . It does this by laterally rotating the femur , so when it contracts , so its origin here , insertion up here - so when it contracts , it brings the femur round , laterally rotating it and unlocking the knee . In the standing position , the knee is fully extended and it ' s locked like this . The popliteus functions to laterally rotate the femur on the tibia and unlock the knee joint . Again this muscle is innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve . Next we ' ve got these three large muscles . Laterally here , we ' ve got the flexor hallucis longus , medially we ' ve got the flexor digitorum longus , and lying between these two muscles we ' ve got the tibialis posterior muscle . Starting with the most lateral muscle - the flexor hallucis longus , you can see this originates on the posterior surface of the lower fibula , and also it originates on the adjacent interosseus membrane , which you ca n ' t quite visualise here , and it inserts on the base of the proximal phalanx , so the base of the big toe , sorry the distal phalanx , base of the . . .the distal phalanx of the great toe . We ' ll just follow this muscle down , and you can see the tendon passing through a groove on the talus , which is this bone here , and then it passes under this shelf of bone - so this is the . . .this little shelf of bone is on the calcaneus and it ' s called the sustentaculum talus . You can see the flexor hallucis longus tendon passes underneath this shelf and it runs down to the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe . Next we ' ve got this muscle here which is called the flexor digitorum longus , and this muscle as you can see sits on the posterior surface of the medial tibia , so the tibia bone here . And this muscle as you can tell by the name flexes the digits , so it inserts onto the bases of the lateral four distal phalanges , and on the plantar surface . I ' ll try and show you that . I ' ve just rotated the model so we can look at the plantar surface of the foot , and I ' m just going to remove the other muscles and tendons . You can see the . . .this muscle here is the flexor hallucis longus , and you can see the tendon winding round , and it inserts onto the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe , and you ' ve got the flexor digitorum longus muscle which I just showed you , so it winds round behind a shallow groove in the medial malleolus and then it passes inferiorly to the flexor hallucis longus tendon , and it inserts onto the bases of the lateral four distal phalanges . What this muscle does is it obviously flexes the digits . Just taking another look at these tendons as they pass behind the distal tibia and the tarsal bones , so you ' ve got the flexor hallucis longus passing behind a groove in the talus bone and then underneath this shelf of bone - the sustentaculum talus on the calcaneus , and you ' ve got the flexor digitorum longus , which passes behind a shallow groove in the medial malleolus . The medial malleolus is this part of the tibia , distal part of the tibia and then it runs down onto the plantar surface of the foot , passing inferiorly to the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus . The last muscle is this muscle which sits between them . This is the tibialis posterior muscle . This muscle as you can see here , originates between the tibia and fibula on the interosseus membrane , and also on the adjacent surfaces of the tibia and fibula , and this muscle runs down passing underneath the tendon of the flexor hallucis , sorry flexor digitorum longus , and you can see its insertion point . . . just trying to get a good look - so it inserts on the tuberosity of the navicular and also on the medial cuneiform bone . If I just show you the navicular , this is this tarsal bone , so the tibialis posterior inserts onto the tuberosity of the navicular and also the cuneiform bone . What this muscle does is that it plantar flexes the ankle joint and it also inverts the foot and it also supports the medial arch of the foot , so a few functions there . And again , all these muscles are innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve . Those are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg , I hope that ' s cleared things up a little bit . Anterior and Lateral Compartments Okay so this is the second tutorial on the muscles of the leg , so in this tutorial I ' m going to cover the muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments . These compartments are supplied by the common peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve . The sciatic nerve splits into two branches at the popliteal fossa . The tibial branch supplies the posterior compartment , and then you ' ve got the common fibular , or common peroneal branch , which winds round laterally , over the head of the . . .the lateral head of the gastrocnemius , over the neck of the fibula , where it ' s vulnerable to impact injuries and fractures , and then it splits into two branches which supply the anterior and the lateral compartments . I ' ll just fade away the muscles and then you can see how this nerve splits . You ' ve got the common fibular branch coming around laterally , and then it splits into these two branches : you ' ve got the superficial branch , which supplies the muscles of the lateral compartment , and you ' ve got the deep branch , which supplies the anterior compartment . The muscles of the anterior compartment mainly act to dorsiflex , extend to the toes , and to invert the foot , and there are four muscles in this compartment , and this compartment is supplied by the deep branch of the common fibular nerve . The lateral compartment only has two muscles , and these muscles mainly act to evert the foot . And this compartment is supplied by the superficial branch of the common fibular nerve . Okay so you have two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg , you ' ve got the peroneus longus I ' ll just show you the fibularis longus muscle . The fibularis longus muscle , as you can see its origin , attaches on the upper lateral surface of the fibula , and also on the lateral side of the head of the fibula , and it has an interesting tendon , because it actually crosses over underneath the foot to insert medially at the distal end of the medial cuneiform bone , and at the base of the proximal , sorry , the base of the first metatarsal here . If we just follow this tendon round , you can see it runs down behind the lateral malleolus and then it descends and curves forwards on the lateral side of the calcaneus and then passes under the foot . And it then passes under the cuboid bone , and in this bone there ' s a groove for the . . .for the tendon . I ' ll just show you that . If we just look , I ' ve just rotated the model and we ' re looking at the underside of the foot - the plantar surface of the foot , so this is the cuboid bone , which is one of the tarsal bones that sits laterally . The tendon of the peroneus longus actually runs in a groove in this cuboid bone . I think it ' s a little bit out of place here , but you can see this groove here , so the tendon runs underneath the foot , through the groove on the cuboid bone and attaches to the base . . .base of the first metatarsal and also distally on the medial cuneiform bone . You can just see that tendon coming across , and it inserts distally on the medial cuneiform , and at the base of this first metatarsal . What this muscle does is that it actually everts the foot and it can also assist in plantarflexion . You can just imagine so seeing the insertion point here , you could just visualise if this muscle were to contract it would pull this , pull the foot round into eversion . Eversion is when the soles of the feet face away from each other , and inversion is when you bring the soles of the feet to face each other . Another point about the peroneus longus is that it actually provides support for the arches of the foot . It mainly supports the lateral and transverse arches , and if you remember in my last tutorial , the tibialis posterior also provided support to the arch , due to its insertion on the medial aspect of the foot , and there ' s another muscle which I ' ll come on to talk about later in this tutorial , called the tibialis anterior , which also inserts medially on the foot , and contributes to arch support . I ' ve just brought back in all the muscles , and this muscle here is the tibialis anterior , which I ' ll talk about later , and you can see its tendon which winds round and inserts also on the base of the first metatarsal . And if I just remove this muscle here , you can see the tibialis posterior tendon . You ’ ve got these three tendons coming in to attach to the underside on the medial aspect of the foot , and this sort of act to support the arches . You ’ ve got the tibialis anterior tendon here , you ' ve got the tibialis posterior tendon , and you ' ve got the peroneus longus tendon , or the fibularis longus tendon coming in from this side . These all function to support the arches of the foot . Next we ' ve got the peroneus brevis muscle , the fibularis brevis , so if we just remove the . . .this muscle . This lies deep to the fibularis longus , and this lies on the lower two thirds , on the lateral surface of the shaft of the fibula , and you can see this tendon here , it winds round behind the lateral malleolus , just like the fibularis longus , and it curves round and inserts onto the base of the fifth metatarsal . What this muscle does is it everts the foot . The peroneus brevis and peroneus longus , or fibularis brevis / fibularis longus if you want , are innervated by the superficial branch of the common peroneal or common fibular nerve . Next we ' ve got the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg , and there are four muscles in this compartment , you ' ve got the tibialis anterior , the extensor hallucis longus , the extensor digitorum longus , and the fibularis tertius . These muscles mainly act to dorsiflex , extend the toes , and to invert the foot . I ' ll start with this muscle here , the tibialis anterior , which is the most superficial muscle . I ' ve just isolated this muscle and you can see its attachment on the tibia , on the lateral side of the tibia , and on the adjacent interosseus membrane . This muscle forms a tendon which runs down the front of the leg and inserts medially on the foot . This , this muscle actually provides support for the arch of the foot , as well as the tibialis posterior and the fibularis longus . You can see its attachment on the foot here , so it inserts on the medial , the sort of lower surface of the medial cuneiform bone and on the adjacent base of the first metatarsal . You can see by this medial attachment on the foot , that if this muscle contracts , it would pull the foot up , so that it will invert the foot , so again inversion is when you bring the foot up so both the Soles face each other . And it will also dorsiflex the foot , so it will pull the . . .pull the toes up in this direction towards the head . That ' s the tibialis anterior , and it ' s innervated by the deep branch of the common peroneal nerve , so the deep , or the fibular nerve , the deep fibular nerve - so all the muscles in the anterior compartment are innervated by the deep fibular nerve . Next we ' ve got the two extensor muscles of the digits and of the great toe . You ’ ve got the extensor digitorum longus , and the extensor hallucis longus . Just like in the posterior compartment , where you ' ve got the flexor of the toes and the flexor of the big toe , in the extensor compartment , the anterior compartment , you ' ve got the extensor of the big toe - extensor hallucis longus and the extensor of the digits - so extensor digitorum longus . I ' ve just removed the tibialis anterior , and we ' ll just have a look at this muscle here , the extensor hallucis longus . If I just isolate that , so you can see it now here , it sits , it ' s not quite shown here , but it actually sits medially on the fibula , on the middle half of the fibula and it also attaches to the bit of the interosseus membrane that ' s adjacent to the fibula , so it attaches here - its origin , and it descends along , anteriorly on the leg and crosses over medially to insert here , at the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe . Because of this muscle attachment , when this muscle contracts it extends the big toe and because of its . . .because it ' s anchored here at the ankle , it can also dorsiflex the ankle , so when it contracts it brings the toes up . If I just bring the other muscles back into view , you can see , well you can see these two retinaculum , these are the extensor retinaculum , so you ' ve got a superior and inferior retinaculum . These extensor retinaculum , they hold the extensor tendons in place , so I ' ll just remove them for now , and you can look at the . . .well we ' ll look at the other side , we ' ll look at the left side because I have n ' t removed the tibialis anterior . You can look at the relationship of these tendons , so the tibialis anterior tendon is most medial , then you ' ve got the extensor hallucis longus tendon in between the tendon of the extensor digitorum longus , which I ' ll just talk about now , so it sits between the extensor digitorum longus tendon and the tibialis anterior tendon on the anterior aspect of the distal leg , so just worth noting that relationship . Next we ' ve got the extensor digitorum longus muscle , so the name gives away its function - it extends , it ' s the long extensor of the digits . It attaches superiorly to the extensor longus muscle , so it ' s this muscle here , I ' ll just isolate it . If we just take a look at the attachment , so we can see the extensor hallucis longus muscle a bit inferiorly with its origin , and the extensor digitorum longus attaches higher up on the proximal , medial surface of the proximal tibia , and it ' s also got this attachment on the lateral condyle of the tibia - so that ' s its origin , and if we follow the muscle down we can see that it splits to form four tendons which then attach to the digits . The insertion point of these , of the extensor digitorum longus is on the bases of the intermediate and the distal phalanges . I ' m not sure if it ' s actually shown on this model . . .no it ' s not , but the , this tendon attaches to the bases of the middle and the distal phalanges . What this muscle does is it extends the lateral four digits , and it can also dorsiflex at the ankle . Okay , so the final muscle that I ' m going to talk about is the , a small little muscle called the fibularis tertius , or the peroneus tertius . I ' ll just remove away the other muscles , so we can take a look at this . I ' ve just zoomed in a little bit and you can see this muscle here , this is the fibularis tertius , or the peroneus tertius , and this muscle originates as you can see distally on the medial surface of the fibula , so it ' s not that clear on this model here , but the peroneus tertius , or fibularis tertius is often considered a part of the extensor digitorum longus , and it ' s sometimes actually joined together with this muscle , so it runs down into the foot and this tendon inserts medially What this muscle does is that it everts the foot and assists in dorsiflexing the foot . Those are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the foot , sorry the leg . You ’ ve got the tibialis anterior , which you can see here . You ' ve got the extensor of the four toes , called the extensor digitorum longus , the extensor of the big toe , the extensor hallucis longus and you ' ve got the little peroneus tertius , which is often thought of as part of the extensor digitorum longus . The way I remember the muscle of the anterior and posterior compartments is that the deep layer of the muscles in the posterior compartment is quite similar to the muscles of the anterior compartment . You ’ ve got the tibialis muscles . In the anterior compartment you ' ve got the tibialis anterior , and in the posterior compartment you ' ve got the tibialis posterior . And then you ' ve got the muscles which act on the toes , the four toes , the four digits , so you ' ve got the extensor digitorum longus in the anterior compartment and in the posterior compartment you ' ve got the flexor digitorum longus . And then you ' ve got the muscle which acts on the big toe , so you ' That ’ s just one way of thinking of these things , to help you remember different muscles and how they act . | [
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http://anatomyzone.com/tutorials/musculoskeletal/muscles-of-the-thoracic-wall/ | Muscles of the Thoracic Wall Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 0 : 00 12 : 33 Transcription Now we ' re going to take a look at some of the muscles of the thoracic wall . First of all , we ' ll take a look at some of the muscles which attach to the thoracic cage . And then we ' ll look at some of the smaller muscles which lie between the ribs and the intercostal spaces . Outside the ribcage , we ' ve got three muscles really . We ' ve got this serratus anterior , which you can see laterally and anteriorly here . And then at the back , we ' ve got this serratus posterior and we ' ve got superior and inferior muscle . Read more We ’ ll start with the superior muscle . As you can see here , the serratus posterior superior originates on the spinous processes of the vertebra . It originates from C7 to T3 on these spinous processes and it inserts on the upper borders of the 2 nd to 5 th ribs . If I just remove the scapula there and just temporarily remove the serratus anterior , you can see the insertion point of this muscle on the ribs . This muscle is innervated by the corresponding intercostal nerves . It attaches to the 2 nd to 5 th ribs and it ' s innervated by the 2 intercostal nerves . Its function is to elevate the ribs . You can imagine if it contracts , the angle of the muscles indicates that it ' s going to pull the ribcage upwards and elevate the ribs . This assists in inspiration . Just taking a look a bit lower down at the serratus posterior inferior , this muscle originates from the spinous processes of T11 to L2 . It inserts on the lower ribs , so ribs 9 - 12 . And again , it ' s innervated by corresponding intercostal nerves – so intercostal nerves which comes from T9 to T12 . And its function is opposite to the superior serratus posterior . It depresses the lower ribs . This helps enforce expiration . Coming back round to the front , you can see the serratus anterior muscle here on either side . This muscle originates on the upper ribs . It originates from the first 8 - 9 ribs . It inserts on the medial border of the scapula , on the costal surface medially on the scapula . I ' ve just isolated this muscle on the skeleton here and you can see the medial border of the scapula here . The costal surface of the scapula is the anterior surface of the scapula which lies close to the rib cage . The serratus anterior originates on the medial side of the scapula on its costal surface . This muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve . Its function is to protract and to stabilize the scapula . It works to pull the scapula forward around the thorax and it also keeps the scapula pressed against the thorax . Now we ' re going to take a look at some of the muscles that lie in the intercostal spaces . You ’ ve got three layers of muscles that lie in this intercostal space . The intercostal spaces are the spaces between the ribs . The three muscles that you have is the external intercostal , the internal intercostal and then you ' ve got the innermost intercostal muscle . That ’ s from superficial to deep . It ' s useful to know the orientation of the muscle fibers of these three layers . The external intercostal muscle has fibers which are oriented inferiorly and medially . The external oblique fibers run like this – towards the midline and inferiorly . And what ' s particular interesting about this muscle is that anteriorly where it ' s about to meet the sternum , it does n ' t continue as muscles , but it forms this aponeurosis called the external intercostal membrane . This aponeurosis connects it to the sternum . It ’ s got a little seat of aponeurosis called the external intercostal membrane . Underneath the external intercostal muscle , you ' ve got the internal intercostal muscle . These fibers are oriented in the opposite direction . They ' re oriented in superior direction and medial direction . They ’ re like this . This does n ' t have the aponeurosis which connects it to the sternum . And deep to the internal intercostal muscle , when you remove the internal intercostal muscle layer , you see the innermost intercostal muscle layer . These fibers are oriented in the same direction as the internal intercostal muscles – so superiorly and medially . The way to remember the orientation of these fibers is with a simple mnemonic , which is the same as the mnemonic I used in the anterior abdominal wall muscles tutorial . ' Hands in pockets ' and ' hands on tits ' . If I just draw some hands which are in pockets – it ' s a pretty crappy drawing , but it ' s the best I can do unfortunately – this is the forearm and this is the hand . This is the angle your forearms would be if they were in your pockets . Pockets And if your hands are on your tits – so another pair of badly - drawn hands – your forearms would be angled upwards and inwards in the same direction as the internal intercostals . Tits has the letter ' I ' in it , so the ' internal ' intercostal muscles are oriented in the superior medial direction the same as the angle of your forearms . Those are the three layers of intercostal muscles . Underneath the innermost intercostal muscles , you ' ve got the endothoracic fascia , which separates the intercostal muscles from the underlying pleural cavity containing the lungs . Underneath the endothoracic fascia , you ' ve got the parietal pleura , then the visceral pleura and then finally , you ' ve got the lung . In terms of the actions of these muscles , the external intercostal muscle is important in inspiration whereas the internal intercostal muscle is important in expiration . And the innermost intercostal acts with the internal intercostal muscle . Remember they have the fibers oriented in the same direction so the muscle actions are similar . They ’ re active during expiration . And these three muscles are innervated by the associated intercostal nerves , so the intercostal nerves from T1 to T11 . I ' ve removed from the muscles from this model . I want to point out something that ' s quite important . Between the internal intercostal muscle and the innermost intercostal muscles , you ' ve got a neurovascular bundle . You ’ ve got the intercostal vein artery and nerve which lie in the subcostal groove underneath the rib . If we just show you this skeleton model again , we ' re just going to rotate round to the back and if I just zoom in a little bit on this ribcage , I can show you the subcostal groove . At the inferior margin of the rib , you ' ve got these little grooves at this level and you ' ve got these neurovascular bundles which run in this the costal groove . In this groove , you ' ve got nerves , arteries and veins . From superior to inferior , you ' ve got the vein at the top , the intercostal vein , then you ' ve got the intercostal artery and the intercostal nerve . The easy way to remember that is that it spells ' van ' , V - A - N from Just returning to this model , you can see those structures here . You ’ ve got the vein , artery and nerve , but these are shown a little bit out - of - place . They are mostly covered by the rib and lie in the costal groove . But sometimes , the lowest structure , the nerve can lie out of the costal groove and be unprotected . These neurovascular structures lie between the innermost and the internal intercostal muscle . Just to give you a better idea of how the structures are organized from superficial to deep , I ' m just going to draw a little diagram on the side . The first muscle you ' ve got is the external intercostal . Then underneath that , you ' ve got the internal intercostal . And then the next muscle down is the innermost intercostal . And between these two muscles , you ' ve got the neurovascular structures . At the top , you ' ve got the vein . And then you ' ve got the artery . And then you ' ve got the nerve . And then underneath the innermost intercostal , you ' ve got the endothoracic fascia . And then just underneath this , you ' ve got the pleura . You ’ ve got the parietal pleura . And then you ' ve got the visceral pleura . And then you ' ve got the lung tissue under that . Just coming back to this model again , we ' ve got three more muscles that we need to talk about . These are quite minor muscles , but I ' ll just talk about them very quickly . Rotating down to the back , I ' ve dissected away the serratus posterior and the intercostal muscles from the right - hand side . You can see these 12 small muscles here . These muscles are called the levatores costarum muscles and they attach from the transverse processes onto the rib below . For instance , the 4 thoracic vertebra attaches to the 5 rib . The transverse process of T4 attaches to the rib 5 . You ' ve got this on other side . I ' ve just isolated the levatores costarum muscles on this skeleton . You can see the 12 small muscles . These 12 muscles function to assist in elevation of the thoracic ribcage . The next muscle is this muscle called the subcostales muscle . As you can see , it attaches from one rib to the next below or the one two below . This muscle lies on the internal surface of the ribs . And the final muscle which I ' m going to talk about is this one which also lies internally to the rib cage . This is called the transversus thoracis muscle . This muscle originates inferiorly on the body of the sternum and also on the xiphoid process and it originates on some parts of these costal cartilages . It inserts internally on ribs 2 - 6 , on the costal cartilages of ribs 2 - 6 . Its function is to pull the ribs down . Those are the muscles which make up the thoracic wall . | [
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http://ancestorgateway.com/ | Gravestones Research Free information and email images of actual gravestones in England . Join our list of researchers & increase the chance of finding your ancestor Check if we have details of your family gravestones Advice on research Stamford Memories Gateway Scouting Research Project [ 28 / 09 / 2018 ] RE : scotgate plastics [ 27 / 09 / 2018 ] RE : Stamford School Staff 1974 . . . [ 27 / 09 / 2018 ] RE : Stamford School Staff 1974 . . . [ 17 / 09 / 2018 ] LEGACY of FIRST WORLD WAR [ 14 / 09 / 2018 ] [ 12 / 09 / 2018 ] RE : Plane crashes around Stamf . . . [ 12 / 09 / 2018 ] RE : The Stamford Ironwater Spa . . . Broad Street Shopping In The S . . . [ 09 / 09 / 2018 ] RE : Lambethwalk [ 02 / 09 / 2018 ] Browse the recollections and if you wish , add your own Find your Ancestor Ancestor Gateway - Ancestor Research BROOKS Headington Hill [ 1850 / 1900 ] MIDWINTER All ( especially [ all from 1 ] ISAAC Box , Kingsdown [ 1800s ] CROFT Ann wife of Ro Binbrook [ 1800s ] BOLTON Fanny ( see BE Derby etc [ see BENNET ] | [
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http://ancient-symbols.com/pagan_symbols.html | Pagan Symbols Symbols are an important part of Pagan practices . People not only use them as jewelry and magic but also to connect with our individual lives on a deep level . On this page are listed some of the most popular pagan and Wiccan symbols that you will find in modern Paganism . We have also provided the meanings and translations of these pagan and Wiccan symbols . In modern Paganism and Wicca , many traditions use symbols as part of a ritual , or in magic . Some symbols are used to represent elements , others to represent ideas . Here are some of the most popular pagan and Wiccan symbols . Air Symbol Air is one of the five elements that appear in most Wiccan and Pagan traditions . Air is one of the four classical elements and is often invoked in Wiccan ritual . Air is the element of the East , connected to the soul and the breath of life . Air is associated with the colors yellow and white . In pagan and Wicca symbolism the other elements , fire , earth , and water are also used . Seax Wicca Seax - Wicca is a tradition , or denomination , of the neopagan religion of Wicca which is mostly inspired by the iconography of the historical Anglo - Saxon paganism , though , unlike Theodism , it is not a reconstruction of the early medieval religion itselfSeax Wicca is a tradition founded in the 1970s by author Raymond Buckland . It is inspired by the Saxon religion of old but is specifically not a reconstructionist tradition . The symbol of the tradition represents the moon , the sun , and the eight Wiccan Sabbats . Pentacle The pentacle is a five - pointed star , or pentagram , contained within a circle . The five points of the star represent the four classical elements , along with a fifth element , which is typically either Spirit or Self , depending on your tradition . The pentacle is probably the best - known symbol of Wicca today and is often used in jewelry and other designs . Typically , a pentacle is traced in the air during Wiccan rituals , and in some traditions , it is used as a designation of degree . It is also Horned God Symbol The Horned God is one of the two primary deities found in the pagan religion of Wicca . He is often given various names and epithets and represents the male part of the religion ’ s duotheistic theological system , the other part being the female Triple Goddess . In common Wiccan belief , he is associated with nature , wilderness , sexuality , hunting , and the life cycle . Hecate s Wheel This labyrinth - like symbol has origins in Greek legend , where Hecate was known as a guardian of the crossroads before she evolved into a goddess of magic and sorcery . Hecate ’ s Wheel is a symbol used by some traditions of Wicca . It seems to be most popular among feminist traditions and represents the three aspects of the Goddess Maiden , Mother and Crone . Elven Star The Elven Star , or seven - pointed star , is found in some branches of the Faerie tradition of Wicca . However , it has different names and can be associated with many other magical traditions . It is also a reminder that seven is a sacred number in many magical traditions , it is connected with the seven days of the week , the seven pillars of wisdom , and many other magical theories . In Kabbalah , seven is connected to the sphere of victory . Sun Wheel Although sometimes referred to as a Sun Wheel , this symbol represents the Wheel of the Year and the eight Wiccan Sabbats . The term - sun wheel - comes from the solar cross , which was a calendar used to mark the solstices and equinoxes in some pre - Christian European cultures . Besom The besom has an important symbolic role to play in the Wiccan rituals and practices . It is a rounded broom made of a large pole having twigs or straw tied at one end . It is symbolic of purification and cleansing as its ritualistic use was for cleaning sacred places and sweeping out the negative energies . The traditional besom was made of a shaft made of Ash , bristles made of Birch twigs and a binding cord made from Willow strands . Ash represents masculinity , amorous love , and protection , while Birch is symbolic of femininity Triple Moon Symbol This symbol is found in many NeoPagan and Wiccan traditions as a symbol of the Goddess . The first crescent represents the waxing phase of the moon meaning new beginnings , new life , and rejuvenation . The center circle is symbolic of the full moon , the time when magic is at its most potent and powerful . Finally , the last crescent represents the waning moon meaning a time to do banishing magic and to send things away . Triskele In the Celtic world , the triskele is found carved in Neolithic stones all over Ireland and western Europe . For modern Pagans and Wiccans , it is sometimes adopted to represent the three Celtic realms of earth , sea , and sky . Triquetra In some modern traditions , it represents the connection of mind , body , and soul , and in Celtic - based Pagan groups , it is symbolic of the three realms of earth , sea , and sky . Chalice or Cup The Chalice or Cup is a pagan ritual tool . It represents water , which is considered a feminine element , symbolizing subconscious , psychic ability , intuition , emotions , and gestation . It is also associated with fertility and is representative of the Goddess ’ womb or the feminine generative organs . As a symbol of the female energy in the universe , the Chalice is the opposite of Athame that symbolizes the male energy . The Chalice has been adopted as a ritual tool in Christianity too , but here it symbolizes the cup used by Jesus Christ at the last supper and the libation it holds represents the blood of Jesus . Pagan Widdershins Symbol Pagan Yonic Symbol Winter Pagan Symbol Pagan Witch Symbol Pagan Rebirth Symbol Pagan Blessing Symbol Cause Sleep Symbol Pagan Crone Symbol Deadly Symbol Pagan Deosil Symbol Summer Symbol Pagan Friendship Symbol Travel Symbol Pagan Fertility Symbol Fall Symbol Earth Symbol Pagan Protection Symbol Pagan Health Symbol Lose Weight Symbol Pagan Love Symbol Magick Circle Magick Energy Symbol Magick Strength Symbol Maiden Symbol Pagan Marriage Symbol Pagan Money Symbol Mother Symbol Pagan Peace Symbol Pagan Spirituality Symbol Spring Symbol Pagan Water Symbol Pentagram Symbol Protect Child Symbol Psychic Awareness Symbol Pagan Purification Symbol | [
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"Air Symbol"
] |
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/attilathehun/a/attilathehun.htm | Humanities History & Culture Timeline : Attila the Hun Kean Collection / Staff / Getty Images by Kallie Szczepanski Updated January 27 , 2019 This timeline shows the significant events in the history of the Huns , with emphasis on the reign of Attila the Hun , in a simple one - page format . For a more - detailed recounting , please see the in - depth timeline of Attila and the Huns . The Huns Before Attila • 220 - 200 B.C. - Hunnic tribes raid China , inspire the building of the Great Wall of China • 209 B.C. - Modun Shanyu unites the Huns ( called " Xiongnu " by Chinese - speakers ) in Central Asia • 176 B.C. - Xiongnu attack the Tocharians in western China • 140 B.C. - Han Dynasty Emperor Wu - ti attacks the Xiongnu • 121 B.C. - Xiongnu defeated by Chinese ; split into Eastern and Western groups • 50 B.C. - Western Huns move west to the Volga River • 350 A.D. - Huns appear in Eastern Europe The Huns under Attila ' s Uncle Rua • c . 406 A.D. - Attila born to father Mundzuk and unknown mother • 425 - Roman general Aetius hires Huns as mercenaries • late 420s - Rua , Attila ' s uncle , seizes power and eliminates other kings • 430 - Rua signs the peace treaty with Eastern Roman Empire , gets a tribute of 350 pounds of gold • 433 - Western Roman Empire gives Pannonia ( western Hungary ) to the Huns as payment for military aid • 433 - Aetius takes de facto power over Western Roman Empire • 434 - Rua dies ; Attila and older brother Bleda take Hunnic throne The Huns under Bleda and Attila • 435 - Aetius hires the Huns to fight against the Vandals and Franks • 435 - Treaty of Margus ; Eastern Roman tribute increased from 350 to 700 pounds of gold • c . 435 - 438 - Huns attack Sassanid Persia , but are defeated in Armenia • 436 - Aetius and the Huns destroy the Burgundians • 438 - First Eastern Roman embassy to Attila and Bleda • 439 - Huns join the Western Roman army in a siege of the Goths at Toulouse • Winter 440 / 441 - Huns sack a fortified Eastern Roman market town • 441 - Constantinople sends its military forces to Sicily , en route to Carthage • 441 - Huns besiege and capture the Eastern Roman cities of Viminacium and Naissus • 442 - Eastern Roman tribute increased from 700 to 1400 pounds of gold • September 12 , 443 - Constantinople orders military readiness and vigilance against Huns • 444 - Eastern Roman Empire stops paying tribute to Huns • 445 - Death of Bleda ; Attila becomes sole king Attila , King of the Huns • 446 - Huns ' demand for tribute and fugitives denied by Constantinople • 446 - Huns capture Roman forts at Ratiaria and Marcianople • January 27 , 447 - Major earthquake hits Constantinople ; frantic repairs as Huns approach • Spring 447 - Eastern Roman army defeated at Chersonesus , Greece • 447 - Attila controls all of the Balkans , from the Black Sea to the Dardanelles • 447 - Eastern Romans give 6,000 pounds of gold in back - tribute , yearly cost increased to 2,100 pounds of gold , and fugitive Huns handed over for impaling • 449 - Maximinus ' and Priscus ' embassy to the Huns ; attempted assassination of Attila • 450 - Marcian becomes Emperor of Eastern Romans , ends payments to Huns • 450 - Roman princess Honoria sends ring to Attila • 451 - Huns overrun Germany and France ; defeated at Battle of Catalaunian Fields • 451 - 452 - Famine in Italy • 452 - Attila leads an army of 100,000 into Italy , sacks Padua , Milan , etc . • 453 - Attila suddenly dies on wedding night The Huns After Attila • 453 - Three of Attila ' s sons divide the empire • 454 - The Huns are driven from Pannonia by the Goths • 469 - Hunnic king Dengizik ( Attila ' s second son ) dies ; Huns disappear from history Continue Reading | [
"Attila the Hun",
"Scourge of God"
] |
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/grecoromanmyth1/a/whatismyth_2.htm | Humanities History & Culture Myth and Explanations for Creation Myth can explain the world around us and the creation of the universe Prometheus Brings Fire to Mankind , by Heinrich Friedrich Fuger , c . 1817 . PD Courtesy of Wikipedia by N.S. Gill Updated January 15 , 2018 When you think of myth , you may think of stories about heroes who are sons of gods ( making them demigods ) with either incredible strength or a god on hand to help the demigods in amazing adventures against the evils of the world . There is much more to myth than the heroic legends . Myth serves as explanation accepted by the people who share the myth . Very basic aspects of the world around us that myth explains are Day and night Seasons , Mysteries of life Death , and Creation ( of everything ) . Here we ' re looking at creation . Creation Myth , Chaos , Big Bang : What ' s the Difference ? Whether we call it myth , science , fiction , or the Bible , explanations for the origin of man and the universe have always been sought after and popular . Creation Myths Take an introspective look at what you know about the creation of the world and mankind . Do you know how the world was created ? Were you there to see it ? What proof do you have that what you believe happened actually did happen ? Today there are two main theories : ( 1 . ) The Big Bang . ( 2 . ) A world that was god - generated . Perhaps surprisingly , the ancient Greek versions did not require a god . Nor were the people who wrote about Creation familiar with a big bang . If we look at one of popular the ancient Greek creation myths , the world was originally CHAOS . Like its namesake in daily life , this Chaos was an un - ordered , un - anything , not quite imaginable ( like the universe ) , shapeless state . From Chaos , ORDER suddenly appeared [ Boom ! sound effects might be appropriate here ] , and from the inevitable conflict between Chaos and Order , everything else came into existence . When we look at the capitalized words CHAOS and ORDER that represent personifications ( ~ lesser gods ) we may see " primitive superstitions . " That is , actually , fair , but so is turnabout . Today , we have plenty of personifications - - like The Law , Liberty , Government or Big Business , and many of us offer worship at their proverbial altars . We should reserve judgment on how " backwards " someone must be to explain reality in terms of invisible powers . Questions to Consider About Chaos and Order What do you think the Greeks meant by Chaos Have you heard of Chaos Theory ? Do you think it would be easier to conceive of Chaos by means of a picture ? If so , try drawing it . What would this primeval Order be like ? Did the Greeks Believe in Their Gods / Myths ? Although there was variety among the Greeks , as there is among modern people , belief in the gods and goddesses , if not the individual stories about them was important for the community : Important enough that Socrates ' brand of atheism led to his execution . Did the Greeks Believe Their Myths ? What Were the Charges Against Socrates ? The Big Bang vs . The Creation Myth How different is this allegory of the emergence of the world from Chaos from the modern Big Bang Theory with its inexplicable components ? To me , the answer is , " not much , if anything . " Chaos and Order may be just other words describing the same phenomenon as the " Big Bang . " Instead of an explosive force originating out of nowhere , but coming from within the cosmic soup , the Greeks had a kind of primeval , disorganized and chaotic soup , with the principle of Order suddenly asserting itself . Out of nowhere . In addition , I suspect that people in the ancient world were as varied as they are today . Some believed the literal , some the allegorical , some something else entirely , and others never even considered what happened in the beginning . What Is the Difference Between Myth and Science ? How Do We Know Anything ? Questions closely related to the nature of myth are the existential " what is truth ? " and " how do we know anything ? " Philosophers and other thinkers have come up with such statements as Cogito , ergo sum ' I think , therefore I am ' , which may reassure us , but do n ' t stipulate a reality that is the same for all of us . ( For example , I think , therefore I am , but maybe you do n ' t think or maybe your thinking does n ' t count because you ' re a computer , for all I know . ) If this is n ' t immediately obvious , consider these questions about truth : Is truth absolute or relative ? If absolute , how would you define it ? Would everyone agree with you ? If relative , would n ' t some say your truth is a falsehood ? It seems fair to say that is not the same as scientific fact , but what exactly does even that mean ? Shades of Gray Explanations of What Seems Magical or Supernatural Maybe we should say that is like scientific theory . That would work for the creation of the world out of Chaos . Will it work when we examine supernatural stories from mythology that appear to defy scientific knowledge ? A Scientific Hercules ? The story of Hercules ( Heracles ) grappling with the Antaeus , a chthonic giant , is a case in point . Every time Hercules hurled Antaeus to the ground , he became stronger . Clearly this is what we might politely call a tall story . But maybe there is scientific logic behind it . What if Antaeus had some sort of magnet ( if you do n ' t like the idea of a magnet , you can invent your own scenario ) that made him stronger each time he hit the earth and weaker when held away from his power source ? Hercules defeated another giant , Alcyoneus Could Mythical Creatures Have Been Real ? Or how about Cerberus , the 3 - headed hell hound ? There are two - headed people . We call them Siamese or Conjoined Twins . Why not three - headed beasts ? Was the Underworld Real ? And , as far as the Underworld goes , some of the stories of the Underworld mention a cave at the western edge of the world that was thought to lead downwards . While there could be some scientific basis for this , even if there is n ' t , is this story any more a " lie " to be scoffed at than the novel / movie Journey to the Center of the Earth Yet people dismiss such myths as lies created by primitive people who lack scientific knowledge - - or as lies created by people who have n ' t found the true religion . NEXT PAGE > Myth vs . Religion Biblical Creation For some people , it is the absolute , incontrovertible truth that the world was created in 6 days by an omniscient , eternal creator god . Some say the 6 days is figurative , but agree that an omniscient , eternal creator God created the world . It is a basic tenet of their religion . Others call this story of creation a myth . We Often Condemn Myth as a Pack of Lies While myths are stories shared by a group that are a part of their cultural identity , there is no completely satisfactory definition of the term . People compare myth with science and religion . Usually , this comparison is unfavorable and myth is relegated to the area of lies . Sometimes religious beliefs are held in contempt , but as one small step up from myth . What Is Myth FAQ Myth comes from the Greek word mythos . The Greek Lexicon Liddell and Scott defines mythos as : word and speech A synonym to from the lexicon is logos . " Logos " appears in the Greek for the Biblical passage " in the beginning was the word . " So there appears to be a connection between the world - changing , powerful word " word " ( logos ) and the often maligned word " myth " ( ) . The same lexicon search provides other predictable meanings for , including : Tale or story Rumor or saying and Thing thought . Like Bible stories , myths are often entertaining , morally instructive , and inspirational . On this site , when I use the word as distinct from religion , it is to separate out descriptions of and stories about gods or legendary mortals from explicit tenets of belief , laws , or human actions . This is a very grey area : If the Son of God , Jesus , turned water into wine , should he be counted a supernatural being and therefore listed in According to this treatment , yes . If the adopted son of Pharaoh ' s daughter , Moses , understood the speech of a burning bush , is this not also a supernatural power ? If Hercules , son of a mortal woman and the god Zeus , strangled snakes with his bare hands when he was newborn , does n ' t that put him in the same category ? It is also called a myth if it appears magical to non - believers . On this site , the effects of Moses on the belief system of Ancient Semites are considered non - myth . He did it . Assuming he really lived , this did not involve magic or supernatural powers , but his physical presence and charisma , the oratory skills of his spokesman , or whatever . Burning bush - - non - fact . Killing the overseer - - fact , as far as we know . So also the attempt to draw up a ( os ) , but this does n ' t mean it ' s either true or untrue , believable or incredible . Introduction to Myth Who ' s Who In Greek Legend What Is Myth FAQ | Myths vs . Legends | Gods in the Heroic Age - Bible vs Biblos Creation Stories Olympian Gods Olympian Goddesses Five Ages of Man Philemon and Baucis Prometheus Trojan War | Myths & Religion | Collected Myths Retold Bulfinch - Retold Tales From Mythology Kingsley - Retold Tales From Mythology | Golden Fleece and the Tanglewood Tales , by Nathaniel Hawthorne Elsewhere on the Web - What is Myth ? What is Myth ? Myth in Art What is Myth ? Classical Studies Supplement . [ URL = < www . facstaff . bucknell . edu / gretaham / Teaching / mythclass / mythreader / godsajaxdemeter . htm > ] " Study Guide Two : Approaches to Mythology " lists 8 approaches to myth : Ritualist Approach Rationalist Approach Allegory Approach Etiology Psychoanalytic Approach Jungian Structuralism Historical / Functionalist Approach | [
"Myth",
"Explanations",
"CHAOS"
] |
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/hippocrates/a/hippocraticmeds.htm | Humanities History & Culture Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors DEA / G . DAGLI ORTI / Getty Images by N.S. Gill Updated June 29 , 2018 When today ' s doctors prescribe an antibiotic to fight infection , they are trying to put the patient ' s body back in balance . While the drugs and medical explanation may be new , this art of balancing bodily fluids has been practiced since Hippocrates ' day . I do anatomize and cut up these poor beasts , he said to Hippocrates , to see the cause of these distempers , vanities , and follies , which are the burden of all creatures . - Democritus - The History of Melancholy Humors Corresponding With the Seasons and Elements In the Hippocratic corpus ( believed not to be the work of a single man of that name ) disease was thought to be caused by isonomia , the preponderance of one of the 4 bodily humors : Yellow Bile Black Bile Phlegm Blood Four humors matched the four seasons : Autumn : black bile Spring : blood Winter : phlegm Summer : yellow bile Each of the humors was associated with one of the four equal and universal elements Earth Air Fire Water Posited by Empedocles Aristotle , who used the image of wine to expose the nature of black bile . Black bile , just like the juice of grapes , contains pneuma , which provokes hypochondriac diseases like melancholia . Black bile like wine is prone to ferment and produce an alternation of depression and anger . . . . - From Linet ' s The History of Melancholy Earth corresponds with black bile . Too much earth made one melancholic . Air corresponds with blood . Too much air , sanguine . Fire corresponds with yellow bile . Too much fire , choleric . Water corresponds with phlegm . Too much water , phlegmatic Finally , each element / humor / season was associated with certain qualities . Thus yellow bile was thought of as hot and dry . Its opposite , phlegm ( the mucus of colds ) , was cold and moist . Black Bile was cold and dry , while its opposite , blood was hot and moist . Black Bile : Cold and Dry Blood : Hot and Moist Phlegm : Cold and Moist Yellow Bile : Hot and Dry As a first step , the prudent Hippocratic physician would prescribe a regimen of diet , activity , and exercise , designed to void the body of the imbalanced humor . According to Gary Lindquester ' s History of Human Disease , if it was a fever - - a hot , dry disease - - the culprit was yellow bile . So , the doctor would try to increase its opposite , phlegm , by prescribing cold baths . If the opposite situation prevailed ( as in a cold ) , where there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production , the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and drink wine . Resorting to Drugs If the regimen did n ' t work the next course would be with drugs , often hellebore , a potent poison that would cause vomiting and diarrhea , " signs " the imbalanced humor was eliminated . Observation of Anatomy We might assume such Hippocratic ideas sprang from speculation rather than experimentation , but observation played a key role . Furthermore , it would be simplistic to say ancient Greco - Roman doctors never practiced human dissection . If nothing else , doctors had anatomical experience dealing with war wounds . But especially during the Hellenistic period , there was extensive contact with the Egyptians whose embalming techniques involved removing bodily organs . In the third century , B.C. vivisection was permitted in Alexandria where living criminals may have been put to the knife . Still , we believe Hippocrates So man ' s internal structure was known primarily through analogy with animals , inferences from the externally visible structures , from natural philosophy , and from function . Evaluating the Humoral Theory Such ideas might seem far - fetched today , but Hippocratic medicine was a great advance over the supernatural model that had preceded it . Even if individuals had understood enough about contagion to realize rodents were involved somehow , it was still the Homeric Apollo , the mouse god , who caused it . The Hippocratic etiology based on nature permitted diagnosis and treatment of symptoms with something other than prayer and sacrifice . Besides , we rely on similar analogies today , in Jungian personality types and ayurvedic medicine , to name two . These men demonstrated that when the nutriment becomes altered in the veins by the innate heat , blood is produced when it is in moderation , and the other humours when it is not in proper proportion . - Galen On the Natural Faculties Bk II Black Bile Cold and Dry Too much earth Melancholic Autumn Blood Hot and Moist Too much air Sanguine Sping Phlegm Cold and Moist Too much water Phlegmatic Winter Yellow Bile Hot and Dry Too much fire Choleric Summer S ources www . umich . edu / ~ iinet / journal / vol2no2 / v2n2_The_History_of_Melancholy . html www . astro . virginia . edu / ~ eww6n / bios / HippocratesofCos . html ] www . med . virginia . edu / hs - library / historical / antiqua / textn . htm accessed viator . ucs . indiana . edu / ~ ancmed / foundations . htm ] www . med . virginia . edu / hs - library / historical / antiqua / stexta . htm www . med . virginia . edu / hs - library / historical / antiqua / stexta . htm Continue Reading | [
"Hippocratic Method",
"Four Humors",
"Yellow Bile"
] |
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/troyilium/a/trojanwar.htm | Humanities History & Culture The Major Events in the Trojan War Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons by N.S. Gill Updated July 03 , 2018 The ancient Greeks traced their history to mythological events and their genealogy to the gods and goddesses . Perhaps the most pivotal event in the early history of ancient Greece was the Trojan War . This is that most famous of ancient wars that the Greeks ended with an insidious gift . We call it the Trojan Horse We know about the Trojan War primarily from the works of the poet Homer ( the Iliad and the Odyssey ) , as well as stories told in other ancient literature , known as the Epic Cycle . Goddesses Set the Trojan War in Motion According to ancient , non - eye - witness reports , a conflict among the goddesses started the Trojan War . This conflict led to the famous story of Paris known as " The Judgment of Paris " ) awarding a golden apple to the goddess , Aphrodite In return for Paris ' judgment , Aphrodite promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world , Helen . This world - class Greek beauty is known as " Helen of Troy " and called " the face that launched a thousand ships . " Perhaps it did n ' t matter to the gods - - especially the goddess of love - - whether Helen was already taken , but for mere mortals it did . Unfortunately , Helen was already married . She was the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta . Paris Abducts Helen Discussed in more detail in connection with Odysseus - - who was one of the leaders of the Greek ( Achaean ) side of the Trojan War - - is the importance of hospitality in the ancient world . While Odysseus was away , suitors abused the hospitality of Odysseus ' wife and household . Odysseus , however , relied on the hospitality of strangers to survive his 10 - year odyssey home . Without certain standards of expected behavior on the part of host and visitor , anything could happen , as , indeed , it did when the Trojan prince Paris , a guest of Menelaus Now , Menelaus had been aware of the possibility that his wife , Helen , would be snatched from him . Helen had been snatched before their marriage , by Theseus , and she had been courted by almost all the Achaean leaders . When Menelaus finally won the hand of Helen , he ( and Helen ' s father ) extracted a promise from all the other suitors that they would come to his aid should Helen be taken away again . It was on the basis of this promise that Agamemnon - - acting on brother Menelaus ' Trojan War Draft Dodgers Agamemnon had trouble rounding up the men . Odysseus feigned madness . Achilles tried to pretend he was a woman . But Agamemnon saw through Odysseus ' ruse and Odysseus tricked Achilles into revealing himself , and so , all the leaders who had promised to join did so . Each leader brought his own troops , weapons , and ships and stood , poised to sail , at Aulis . Agamemnon and His Family Agamemnon was from the House of Atreus , that cursed family that stemmed from Tantalus , a son of Zeus . Tantalus had spitefully served the gods a feast with an awful main course , the cooked body of his own son Pelops . Demeter was upset at the time because her daughter , Persephone , had disappeared . This left her distracted , so unlike all the other gods and goddesses , she failed to recognize the meat dish as human flesh . As a result , Demeter ate some of the stew . Afterwards , the gods put Pelops back together again , but there Tantalus ' family ' s behavior remained unimproved through the generations . Agamemnon and his brother Menelaus ( Helen ' s husband ) were among his descendants . Raising the ire of the gods seems to have come very naturally to all the descendants of Tantalus . The Greek troops heading for Troy , under the lead of Agamemnon , waited at Aulis for a wind that just would n ' t come . Eventually , a seer named Calchas deduced the problem : The virgin huntress and goddess , Artemis , had been offended by a boast Agamemnon had made about his own hunting skills . To appease Artemis , Agamemnon had to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia . Only then would the winds come to fill To put his daughter Iphigenia to the sacrificial knife was hard for Agamemnon the father , but not for Agamemnon the military leader . He sent word to his wife that Iphigenia was to marry Achilles at Aulis ( Achilles was left out of the loop ) . Clytemnestra and their daughter Iphigenia went happily to Aulis for a wedding to the great Greek warrior . But there , instead of a marriage , Agamemnon performed the deadly ritual . Clytemnestra would never forgive her husband . The goddess Artemis appeased , favorable winds filled the sails of Achaean ships so they could sail to Troy . The Action of the Iliad Begins in the Tenth Year Well - matched forces dragged the Trojan War on and on . It was in its tenth year when the climactic and most dramatic events finally took place . First , a sacrilegious Agamemnon , leader of all the Achaeans ( Greeks ) , captured a priestess of Apollo . When the Greek leader refused to return the priestess to her father , a plague struck the Achaeans . This plague may have been bubonic since it was connected with the mouse - aspect of Apollo . Calchas , the seer , summoned once again , augured that health would When Agamemnon took Briseis from Achilles , the hero was outraged and refused to fight . Thetis , Achilles ' immortal mother , prevailed upon Zeus to punish Agamemnon by making the Trojans stymy the Achaeans - - at least for a while . Patroclus Fights As Achilles Achilles had a dear friend and companion at Troy named Patroclus . In the movie Troy , he is Achilles ' cousin . While that ' s a possibility , many consider the two not so much cousins , in the sense of " son of one ' s uncle , " as lovers . Patroclus tried to persuade Achilles to fight because Achilles was so capable a warrior that he could turn the tide of battle . Nothing had changed for Achilles , so he refused . Patroclus presented an alternative . He asked Achilles to let him lead Achilles ' troops , the Myrmidons . Achilles agreed and even lent Patroclus his armor . Dressed like Achilles and accompanied by the Myrmidons , Patroclus went into battle . He acquitted himself well , killing a number of Trojans . But then the greatest of the Trojan heroes , Hector , mistaking Patroclus for Achilles , killed him . Now the situation was different for Achilles . Agamemnon was an annoyance , but the Trojans were , once again , the enemy . Achilles was so grieved by the death of his dear Patroclus that he reconciled with Agamemnon ( who returned Briseis ) , and entered the battle . A Madman Kills and Disgraces Hector Achilles met Hector in single combat and killed him . Then , in his madness and grief over Patroclus , Achilles dishonored the Trojan hero ' s body by dragging it around the ground tied to his chariot by a belt . This belt had been given Hector by the Achaean hero Ajax in exchange for a sword . Days later , Priam , Hector ' s aged father and the king of Troy , persuaded Achilles to stop abusing the body and return it for proper burial . The Achilles Heel Soon after , Achilles was killed , wounded in the one spot where , legend tells us , he was not immortal - - his heel . When Achilles was born , his mother , the nymph Thetis , had dipped him into the river Styx to confer immortality , but the spot where she held him , his heel , remained dry . Paris is said to have hit that one spot with his arrow , but Paris was n ' t that good a marksman . He could only have hit it with divine guidance - - in this case , with the help of Apollo . The Next Greatest Hero The Achaeans and Trojans valued the armor of fallen soldiers . They triumphed in capturing the helmets , weapons , and armor of the enemy , but also prized that of their own dead . The Achaeans wanted to award the armor of Achilles to the Achaean hero they thought came next in stature to Achilles . Odysseus won . Ajax , who thought the armor should have been his , went mad with rage , tried to kill his fellow countrymen , and killed himself with the sword which he had received from his belt - exchange with Hector Aphrodite Continues to Help Paris What had Paris been up to all this time ? Besides his dalliance with Helen of Troy and slaying of Achilles , Paris had shot and killed a number of Achaeans . He had even fought one - on - one with Menelaus . When Paris was in danger of being killed , his divine protector , Aphrodite , broke the strap of the helmet , which Menelaus was clutching . Aphrodite then shrouded Paris in a mist so that he could escape back to Helen of Troy The Arrows of Hercules After the death of Achilles , Calchas uttered yet another prophecy . He told the Achaeans they needed the bow and arrows of Hercules ( Herakles ) to defeat the Trojans and end the war . Philoctetes , who had been left wounded on the island of Lemnos , had said bow and poisoned arrows . So an embassy was sent to bring Philoctetes to the battlefront . Before he joined the Greek battle line , one of the sons of Asclepius healed him . Philoctetes then shot one of Hercules ' arrows at Paris . There was barely a scratch . But ironically , like the wound Paris had inflicted on Achilles ' one weak spot , that scratch was enough to kill the Trojan prince . The Return of Odysseus Odysseus soon devised a way to end the Trojan War - - the erection of a giant wooden horse filled with Achaean ( Greek ) men to be left at the gates of Troy . The Trojans had noticed Achaean ships sailing away earlier that day and thought the giant horse was a peace ( or sacrificial ) offering from the Achaeans . Rejoicing , they opened the gates and led the horse into their city . Then , after 10 years of privations for the sake of the war , the Trojans brought out their equivalent of champagne . So ended the Trojan War and so began the Achaean leaders ' torturous and mostly deadly trips home , some of which are told in the sequel to The Iliad , The Odyssey , which is also attributed to Homer . Agamemnon got his comeuppance at the hand of his wife Clytemnestra and her lover , Agamemnon ' s cousin Aegisthus . Patroclus , Hector , Achilles , Ajax , Paris , and countless others were dead , but the Trojan War dragged on . Continue Reading | [
"Trojan War",
"Helen of Troy",
"The Judgment of Paris"
] |
http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/defeats/tp/Romandefeats.htm | Humanities History & Culture Top Roman Military Defeats Rome ' s Greatest Humiliations by N.S. Gill Updated September 18 , 2017 From our 21st century perspective , Ancient Rome ' s worst military defeats must include those that changed the path and progress of the mighty Roman Empire . From an ancient history standpoint , they also include those that the Romans themselves held up to later generations as cautionary tales , as well as the ones that made them stronger . In this category , the Roman historians included stories of losses made most painful by massive numbers of deaths and capture , but also by humiliating military failures . Here is a list of some of the worst defeats in battle suffered by the ancient Romans , listed chronologically from the more legendary past to the better - documented defeats during the Roman Empire 01 of 08 Battle of the Allia ( ca . 390 – 385 BCE ) Clipart . com The Battle of the Allia ( also known as the Gallic Disaster ) was reported in Livy . While at Clusium , Roman envoys took up arms , breaking an established law of nations . In what Livy considered a just war , the Gauls took revenge and sacked the deserted city of Rome , overpowering the small garrison on the Capitoline and demanding a large ransom in gold . While the Romans and Gauls were negotiating the ransom , Marcus Furius Camillus turned up with an army and ousted the Gauls , but the ( temporary ) loss of Rome cast a shadow over Romano - Gallic relations for the next 400 years . 02 of 08 Caudine Forks ( 321 BCE ) Public Domain . Courtesy of Wikipedia . Also reported in Livy , the Battle of Caudine Forks was a most humiliating defeat . The Roman consuls Veturius Calvinus and Postumius Albinus decided to invade Samnium in 321 BCE , but they planned poorly , choosing the wrong route . The road led through a narrow pass between Caudium and Calatia , where the Samnite general Gavius Pontius trapped the Romans , forcing them to surrender . In order of rank , each man in the Roman army was systematically subjected to a humiliating ritual , forced to " pass under the yoke " ( passum sub iugum in Latin ) , during which they were stripped naked and had to pass under a yoke formed from spears . Although few were killed , it was a notable and conspicuous disaster , resulting in a humiliating surrender and peace treaty . 03 Battle of Cannae ( during the Punic War II , 216 BCE ) Public Domain . Courtesy of Wikipedia . Throughout his many years of campaigns in the Italian peninsula , the leader of the military forces at Carthage Hannibal inflicted crushing defeat after crushing defeat on the Roman forces . While he never marched on Rome ( seen as a tactical error on his part ) , Hannibal did win the Battle of Cannae , in which he fought and defeated Rome ' s largest field army . According to writers such as Polybius , Livy , and Plutarch , Hannibal ' s smaller forces killed between 50,000 – 70,000 men and captured 10,000 . The loss forced Rome to rethink every aspect of its military tactics completely . Without Cannae , there would never have been the Roman Legions . 04 Arausio ( during the Cimbric Wars , 105 BCE ) Public Domain . Courtesy of Wikipedia The Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic tribes who moved their bases between several valleys in Gaul . They sent emissaries to the Senate in Rome requesting land along the Rhine , a request which was denied . In 105 BCE , an army of the Cimbri moved down the eastern bank of the Rhone to Aruasio , the furthest Roman outpost in Gaul . At Arausio , the counsul Cn . Mallius Maximus and proconsul Q . Servilius Caepio had an army of about 80,000 and on October 6 , 105 BCE , two separate engagements occurred . Caepio was forced back to the Rhone , and some of his soldiers had to swim in full armor to escape . Livy cites the claim by the annalist Valerius Antias that 80,000 soldiers and 40,000 servants and camp followers were killed , though this is probably an exaggeration . 05 Battle of Carrhae ( 53 BCE ) Bust of Liber ; R TVRPILIANVS III VIR Parthian kneeling right , presenting standard with X . © http : / / www . cngcoins . com CNG Coins In 54 – 54 BCE , the Triumvir M . Licinius Crassus let a reckless and unprovoked invasion of Parthia ( modern Turkey ) . The Parthian kings had gone to considerable lengths to avoid a conflict , but political issues in the Roman state forced the issue . Rome was led by three competing dynasts , Crassus , Pompey , and Caesar , and all of them were bent on foreign conquest and military glory . At Carrhae , the Roman forces were crushed , and Crassus was killed . With the death of Crassus , a final confrontation between Caesar and Pompey became inevitable . It was n ' t the crossing of the Rubicon that was the death knell of the Republic , but the death of Crassus at Carrhae . 06 The Teutoburg Forest ( 9 CE ) Irene Hahn In the Teutoburg Forest , three legions under the governor of Germania Publius Quinctilius Varus and their civilian hangers - on were ambushed and virtually wiped out by the supposedly friendly Cherusci led by Arminius . Varus was reportedly arrogant and cruel and pursued heavy taxation on the Germanic tribes . The total Roman losses were reported to be between 10,000 and 20,000 , but the disaster meant that the frontier coalesced on the Rhine rather than the Elbe as planned . This defeat marked the end of any hope of Roman expansion across the Rhine . 07 Battle of Adrianople ( 378 CE ) Public Domain . Courtesy of Wikipedia In 376 CE , the Goths beseeched Rome to allow them to cross the Danube to escape from the deprivations of Atilla the Hun . Valens , based at Antioch , saw an opportunity to gain some new revenue and hardy troops . He agreed to the move , and 200,000 people moved across the river into the Empire . The massive migration , however , resulted in a series of conflicts between the starving Germanic people and a Roman administration which would not feed or disperse these men . On August 9 , 378 CE , an army of Goths led by Fritigern rose and attacked the Romans . Valens was killed , and his army lost to the settlers . Two - thirds of the Eastern army were killed . Ammianus Marcellinus called it " the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter . " 08 Alaric ' s Sack of Rome ( 410 CE ) Clipart . com By the 5th century CE , the Roman Empire was in full decay . The Visigoth king and barbarian Alaric was a kingmaker , and he negotiated to install one of his own , Priscus Attalus , as emperor . The Romans refused to accommodate him , and he attacked Rome on August 24 , 410 CE . An attack on Rome was symbolically serious , which was why Alaric sacked the city , but Rome was no longer politically central , and the sacking was n ' t much of a Roman military defeat . | [
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http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/etruscans/f/Etruscans.htm | Humanities History & Culture Who Were the Etruscans ? by N.S. Gill Updated April 04 , 2018 The Etruscans , who lived in Etruria , were known as Tyrrhenians by the Greeks . They were at their height in Italy from the 8th to the 5th century B.C . Herodotus ( c . 450 B.C. ) reports , as a theory of their origin , that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor . Recent work on DNA in cattle suggests Herodotus may have been right , although some still consider them indigenous to the Italic peninsula . The Etruscans lived in what is modern Tuscany , in the area bounded by the Tiber and Arno rivers , the Apennines and the Tyrrhenian Sea . The Etruscan economy was based on agriculture , trade ( especially with the Greeks and Carthage ) , and mineral resources . Evolution of the Etruscans Herodotus says the Etruscans came from Lydia , in Asia Minor , as the result of a famine around 1200 B.C. , like the Irish coming to the U.S. as a result of a potato famine in the 19th century . The name of the Etruscans , which was Tyrrhenian or Tyrsenian , according to the Greeks * , came from the leader of the Lydian émigrés , King Tyrsenos . The Hellenistic scholar Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( c . 30 B.C. ) quotes an earlier historian , Hellanicus ( contemporary of Herodotus ) , who objected to the Lydian origin theory on the basis of differences between Lydian and Etruscan languages and institutions . For Hellanicus , the Etruscans were Pelasgians from the Aegean . A stele from Lemnos , an island in the Aegean , shows writing that appears similar to Etruscan , a language that remains a puzzle for historical linguists . Dionysius ' own opinion on the Etruscans ' origins is that they were autochthonous residents of Italy . He also says the Etruscans called themselves Rasenna Successors of the early Iron Age Villanovans ( 900 - 700 B.C. ) , Etruscans built such cities as Tarquinii , Vulci , Caere , and Veii . Each autonomous city , originally ruled by a powerful , wealthy king , had a sacred boundary or pomerium . Etruscan homes were mud - brick , with timber on stone foundations , some with upper stories . In southern Etruria , the bodies of the dead were buried , but in the north , the Etruscans cremated their dead . Much evidence about the early inhabitants of Italy comes from Etruscan funereal remains . The Etruscans exerted a heavy influence on early Rome , contributing to the line of Roman kings with the Tarquins . The possible , but debated dominance of the Etruscans ended with the Roman sack of Veii , in 396 B.C. The final stage in the Roman conquest of the Etruscans was when the Volsinii were destroyed in 264 B.C. , although the Etruscans maintained their own language until about the first century B.C. By the first century A.D. the language was already a concern for scholars , like Emperor Claudius . Most consider the Etruscans a great mystery but see Common Errors ( 21 ) : Etruscan Origins * In The Beginnings of Rome , Tim Cornell says Dionysius Halicarnassus ( 1.29.2 ) reports that until the 3rd century , the Greeks referred to the inhabitants of the Italian peninsula as Tyrrhenians . Sources : Torelli , Mario . " History : Land and People , " Etruscan Life and Afterlife , ed . by Larissa Bonfante . Cary , M and Scullard , H.H. A History of Rome . Cornell , T.J. The Beginnings of Rome . A 19th Century Article on the Origin of the Etruscans Might Interest Those Seeking a Survey of Historical Opinions on the Origins of the Etruscans : " Prof . G . Nicolucci ' s Anthropology of Etruria , " by E . Villin . Journal of Anthropology , Vol . 1 , No . 1 . ( Jul . , 1870 ) , pp . 79 - 89 . Continue Reading | [
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http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/leadersns/p/aa121002aRomulus.htm | Humanities History & Culture Romulus - Roman Mythology About the Founding and First King of Rome Roman Mythology About the Founding and First King of Rome Romulus > Kings of Rome . Clipart . com by N.S. Gill Updated March 08 , 2017 The Myth About Rome ' s 1st King Romulus was the eponymous first king of Rome . How he got there is a story like many others , involving a rags - to - riches rise in fortune , a miraculous birth ( like Jesus ) , and the exposure of an unwanted infant ( see Paris of Troy and Oedipus ) in a river ( see Moses and Sargon . Barry Cunliffe , in Britain Begins ( Oxford : 2013 ) , succinctly describes the story as one of love , rape , treachery , and murder . The story of Romulus , his twin brother Remus , and the founding of the city of Rome is one of the most familiar legends about the Eternal City . The basic legend of how Romulus came to be the first king of Rome begins with the god Mars impregnating a Vestal Virgin named Rhea Silvia , daughter of a rightful , but deposed king . Outline of the Birth and Rise of Romulus After the birth of Mars ' sons Romulus and Remus , the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River When the basket in which the twins were placed washes up on shore , a wolf suckles them and a woodpecker named Picus feeds them until . . . . The shepherd Faustulus finds the twins and brings them into his home . When they grow up , Romulus and Remus restore the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler , their maternal grandfather . Then they set out to found their own city . Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother . Romulus then becomes the first king and founder of the city of Rome . Rome is named after him . A Fine Story , But It ' s False Such is the condensed , skeletal version of the story of the twins , but the details are believed to be false . I know . I know . It ' s a legend but bear with me . Was the Suckling Lupa a She - Wolf or a Prostitute ? It is thought that a prostitute may have cared for the infants . If true , then the story about the wolf suckling the babies is only an interpretation of a Latin word for brothel ( lupanar ) cave . The Latin for both ' prostitute ' and ' she - wolf ' is lupa Archaeologists Uncover the Lupercale ? A cave was uncovered on the Palatine Hill in Rome that some think is the Lupercale in which Romulus and Remus were suckled by a lupa ( whether wolf or prostitute ) . If this were said cave , it might prove the existence of the twins . Read more in USA Today ' s " Does a cave prove Romulus and Remus are no myth ? " Romulus May Not Have Been the Eponymous Founder Although Romulus or Rhomos or Rhomylos is considered the eponymous ruler , Rome may well have a different origin . His Mother - The Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia : The mother of the twins Romulus and Remus was said to have been a Vestal Virgin named Rhea Silvia , the daughter of ( the rightful king ) Numitor and niece of the usurper and ruling king , Amulius of Alba Longa , in Latium . Alba Longa was an area near the eventual location of Rome , about 12 miles southeaast , but the city on the seven hills had yet to be built . A Vestal Virgin was a special priestly post of the hearth goddess Vesta , reserved for women that conferred great honor and privilege , but also , as the name implies , virginal status . The usurper feared a future challenge from Numitor ' s descendants . To prevent their being born , Amulius forced his niece to become a Vestal and therefore forced to remain a virgin . The penalty for violating the vow of chastity was a cruel death . The legendary Rhea Silvia survived violation of her vow long enough to give birth to twins , Romulus and Remus . Unfortunately , like later Vestal Virgins who violated their vows and therefore endangered the luck of Rome ( or were used as scapegoats when Rome ' s luck appeared to be running out ) , Rhea may have suffered the usual punishment - - burial alive ( shortly after delivery ) . The Founding of Alba Longa : At the end of the Trojan War , the city of Troy was destroyed , the men were killed and the women taken as captives , but a few Trojans escaped . A cousin of the royals , Prince Aeneas , son of the goddess Venus and the mortal Anchises , left the burning city of Troy , at the end of the Trojan War , with his son Ascanius , the pricelessly important household gods , his elderly father , and their followers . After many adventures , which the Roman poet Vergil ( Virgil ) describes in the Aeneid , Aeneas and his son arrived at the city of Laurentum on the west coast of Italy . Aeneas married Lavinia , the daughter of the king of the area , Latinus , and founded the town of Lavinium in honor of his wife . Ascanius , son of Aeneas , decided to build a new city , which he named Alba Longa , under the Alban mountain and near where Rome would be built . Ancient Rome Timeline Events Before the Founding of Rome : c . 1183 - Fall of Troy c . 1176 - Aeneas founds Lavinium c . 1152 - Ascanius founds Alba Longa c . 1152 - 753 - Kings of Alba Longa Alba Longa Kings List 1 ) Silvius 29 years 2 ) Aeneas II 31 3 ) Latinus II 51 4 ) Alba 39 5 ) Capetus 26 6 ) Capys 28 7 ) Calpetus 13 8 ) Tiberinus 8 9 ) Agrippa 41 10 ) Allodius 19 II ) Aventinus 37 12 ) Proca 23 13 ) Amulius 42 14 ) Numitor 1 ~ " The Alban King - List in Dionysius I , 70 - 71 : A Numerical Analysis , " by Roland A . Laroche . Who Founded Rome - Romulus or Aeneas ? : There were two traditions on the founding of Rome . According to one , Aeneas was the founder of Rome and according to the other , it was Romulus . Cato , in the early second century B.C. , followed Eratosthenes ' recognition that there were hundreds of years - - what amounts to 16 generations - - between Rome ' s founding ( in the first year of the 7th Olympiad ) and the fall of Troy in 1183 B.C. He combined the two stories to come up with what is the generally accepted version . Such a new account was necessary because 400 + years were too many to allow truth seekers to call Romulus Aeneas ' grandson : The Hybrid Story of the Founding of the 7 - Hilled City of Rome Aeneas came to Italy , but Romulus founded the actual 7 - hilled ( Palatine Aventine , Capitoline or Capitolium , Quirinal , Viminal , Esquiline and Caelian ) city of Rome , according to Jane Gardner . Founding Rome on the Back of Fratricide : How and why Romulus or his companions killed Remus is also unclear : Was Remus killed by accident or out of sibling rivalry for the throne ? Appraising the Signs From the Gods One story about Romulus killing Remus begins with the brothers using augury to determine which brother should be king . Romulus looked for his signs on the Palatine Hill and Remus on the Aventine . The sign came to Remus first - - six vultures . When Romulus later saw 12 , the brothers ' men ranged themselves against each other , the one claiming precedence because the favorable signs had come to their leader first , and the other claiming the throne because the signs were greater . In the ensuing altercation , Remus was killed - - by Romulus or another . Taunting Twins Another story of the killing of Remus has each brother building the walls for his city on his respective hill . Remus , mocking the low walls of his brother ' s city , leaped over the Palatine walls , where an angry Romulus killed him . The city grew up around the Palatine and was named Rome for Romulus , its new king . Romulus Disappears The end of the reign of Romulus is suitably mysterious . Rome ' s first king was last seen when a thunder storm wrapped itself around him . Modern Fiction on Romulus by Steven Saylor It may be fiction , but Steven Saylor ' s Roma includes an engrossing story of the legendary Romulus . References : academic . reed . edu / humanities / 110Tech / Livy . html - Reed College Livy Page depthome . brooklyn . cuny . edu / classics / dunkle / courses / romehist . htm - Duckworth ' s History of Early Rome pantheon . org / articles / r / romulus . html - Romulus - Encyclopedia Mythica yale . edu / lawweb / avalon / medieval / laws_of_thekings . htm - Laws of the Kings maicar . com / GML / Romulus . html - Carlos Parada Page on Romulus dur . ac . uk / Classics / histos / 1997 / hodgkinson . html - Civil War Between Romulus and Remus " The Alban King - List in Dionysius I , 70 - 71 : A Numerical Analysis , " by Roland A . Laroche ; Historia : Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte , Bd . 31 , H . 1 ( 1st Qtr . , 1982 ) , pp . 112 - 120 | [
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http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/poets/qt/081309DactylicHexameter.htm | Humanities History & Culture Dactylic Hexameter Homer Statue From Freiburg , Germany . Martin Haase / Flickr by N.S. Gill Updated April 11 , 2019 Dactylic Hexameter is a very important meter in Greek and Latin poetry . It is especially associated with epic poetry , and so is referred to as " heroic " . The very words " dactylic hexameter " often stand for epic poetry . Why Dactyl ? Dactyl is the Greek for " finger " . [ Note : The Homeric epithet for the goddess Eos ( Dawn ) is rhodo dactylos or rosy - fingered . ] There are 3 phalanges in a finger and , likewise , there are 3 parts of a dactyl . Presumably , the first phalanx is the longest in the ideal finger , while the others are shorter and about the same length , since long , short , short is the form of the dactyl foot . The phalanges here refer to the syllables ; thus , there is a long syllable , followed by two short ones , at least in the basic form . Technically , a short syllable is one mora and a long is two morae in length of time . Since the meter in question is dactylic hexameter , there are 6 sets of the dactyls . The dactylic foot is formed with one long followed by two short syllables . This may be represented with a long mark ( for example , the underscore symbol _ ) followed by two short marks ( e.g. , U ) . Put together a dactylic foot can be written as _UU . Since we ' re discussing dactylic hexameter , a line of poetry written in dactylic hexameter could be written like this : _UU_UU_UU_UU_UU_UU . If you count , you ' ll see 6 underscores and 12 Us , making up six feet . However , dactylic hexameter lines can also be composed using substitutions for the dactyls . ( Remember : The dactyl , as stated above , is one long and two short or , converted to morae , 4 . ) A long is two , so a dactyl , which is the equivalent of two longs , is four long . Thus , the meter known as spondee ( represented as two underscores : _ _ ) , which is also the equivalent of 4 morae , can substitute for a dactyl . In this case , there would be two syllables and both would be long , rather than three syllables . In contrast with the other five feet , the last foot of the line of dactylic hexameter is usually not a dactyl . It may be a spondee ( _ _ ) or a shortened spondee , with only 3 morae . In a shortened spondee In addition to the actual form of the line of the dactylic hexameter , there are various conventions about where substitutions are likely and where word and syllable breaks should occur [ see caesura and diaresis ] . Dactylic hexameter describes Homeric epic meter ( Iliad and Odyssey ) and that of Vergil ' s ( Aeneid ) . It is also used in shorter poetry . In ( Yale U Press , 1988 ) , Sara Mack discusses Ovid ' s 2 meters , dactylic hexameter and elegiac couplets . Ovid uses the dactylic hexameter for his Metamorphoses Mack describes a metrical foot as like a whole note , the long syllable as like a half note and the short syllables as like quarter notes . This ( half note , quarter note , quarter note ) seems a very useful description for understanding a dactylic foot . Continue Reading | [
"Dactylic Hexameter",
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http://ancientmayalife.blogspot.com/2012/12/food-of-ancient-maya.html | Ancient Maya Life Friday , December 21 , 2012 Food of the Ancient Maya Author ' s note : This post was partially updated 12 / 20 / 17 . Figuring out what the ancient Maya ate is till an ongoing process . Currently , it is understood that the Maya obtained food from both animal sources as well as plant sources ( some of which it is thought were developed during the Archaic Period ) . Also understood is that different regions that the Maya civilization lived in had different resources generally available , which affected the everyday diet of the local communities . Produce Examples of the produce that the ancient Maya grew and then ate include - - but is not limited to - - cacao fruit ( Theobroma cacao , ) sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas , ) chilies ( Capsicum annuum , ) corn or maize ( Zea mays , ) squash ( Cucurbita pepo , ) guava ( Psidium guajava , ) manioc ( Manihot esculenta , sapodilla fruit , chaya ( Jatropha aconitifolia , ) manioc / cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) the common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris , ) avocado Persea americana , ) and vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia . ) Processing Produce The ancient Maya processed their corn by boiling it with snail shells or with white lime . The process , known today as nixtamalization , made the corn ' s niacin available . Kinds of foods made with corn include tamales , corn beer , atole ( a breakfast drink , according to bishop Landa ) and the ancient Maya style of tortillas ( thicker than the Aztec version ) - - to which chili peppers , honey , achiote or squash seeds that had been toasted and ground were added . Tamales were a often eaten lunch item . They could be filled with meat fillings , iguana eggs , flowers ( for example , squash flowers ) , green vegetables and toasted squash seeds . Wrapped in leaves , they were cooked various ways such as under coals , steamed inside a certain kind of jar . Where it was used , the Maya would use a comal to cook tamales . And how did people drink their atole ? Those who are understood to have been commoners put honey , chili peppers , squash seed powder or herbs in their atole . On the other end of the spectrum , people understood to have been elites would mix the fermented , roasted and ground up seeds of the cacao tree into their atole . Meat Examples of animals that the ancient Maya hunted that you may of heard of included manatees ( where there were communities on the coast , ) iguanas , foxes , rabbits , white - tailed deer , possums , anteaters , and fish . Some animals that you may not of heard of included brocket deer , agoutis , coatis , kinkajous , tapirs , pacas , and peccaries . But they might not have just hunted some of these animals . The ancient Maya may have kept some of them , such as peccaries and ocellated turkeys . The ancient Maya also had several domesticated species . One of these was the turkey . The other was a certain kind of dog . Processing Meat Grilling - - via skewering the meat and putting it on a wood frame over a fire - - was common for dog meat , deer meat , bird meat and peccary meat , and may have been common for iguana and turtle meat . Roasting food in a pit like the Hawaiians was also common : the meat was placed in a fire pit in the ground on top of hot stones , and the pit was covered . This process was common for festivals . Though grilling was common , the most often used method to cook both fish and bird meat was to boil it . It is possible that boiled fish and poultry were used in stews - like tamales , a common lunch food . Consideration : Dietary Theories In terms of reconstructing which foods were most important , one interpretation was that corn was the most important to the ancient Maya . According to The Ancient Maya : New Perspectives corn may not have been as important as has been thought . There is also the theory that corn , squash , and beans ( the " three sisters " in certain North American cultures ) as well as chilies were commonly eaten in both the highlands and lowlands of the ancient Maya world , with tropical fruit like the cacao tree ' s fruit were more common in the Yucatán Peninsula and in the Petén region . As to how common meat was , that depended on the person ' s rank in society . Meat was not as common for people understood to be commoners to eat . Festivals were the time during which they would be more likely to eat it . References : Google Books : " Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya " ; Walter R.T. Witschey ; 2016 Google Books : " Daily Life in Maya Civilization " ; Robert J . Sharer ; 2009 Google Books : " Handbook To Life In The Ancient Maya World " ; Lynn V . Foster ; 2005 Google Books : " The Ancient Maya : New Perspectives " ; Heather Irene McKillop ; 2004 Google Books : " Animals & Plants of the Ancient Maya : A Guide " ; Victoria Schlesinger ; 2001 Google Books : " Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America : An Encyclopedia " ; Susan Toby Evans , David L . Webster ; 2001 The Free Dictionary : Cassava at December 21 , 2012 Reactions : funny 0 interesting 0 cool Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : ancient Maya atole bean cacao cassava chillies corn dog fish guava iguana maize manioc Maya Maya civilization meat ocellated turkey squash sweet potato tamales Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers Report Abuse | [
"Ancient Maya",
"Food",
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http://andersonfarmerscoop.com/ | Supplies Feed Dealer Contact 8654579641 jhorneandersonfarmerscom We have what you need Located in Clinton TN Feed and supplies In order to meet the needs of Tennessee customers a number of coops were established in 1945 beginning with 33 original markets throughout Tennessee 57 coops now offer supplies throughout Tennessee including Anderson Farmers CoOp We have been in business for over 50 years right in the heart of downtown Clinton We supply a full line of supplies for your farm feed and animal needs You can find the necessary supplies for pets livestock horses wild birds hunting and wildlife Pet supplies Stop by for the best in gardening supplies Your garden benefits from quality fertilizer soil seeds and tools found at our store Gardening Tack and boots Experienced staff Unique items Look to Anderson Farmers CoOp for tack supplies Ariat boots and Carhartt apparel We work to find the products our customers need Our experienced staff goes out of their way to help you Find a unique selection of items at our coop Were open weekends so you can browse at a convenient time Apparel Farm equipment Click here to visit our other website Privacy Policy Conditions of Use Notice and Take Down Policy hibu 2014 The content on this website is owned by us and our licensors Do not copy any content including images without our consent | [
"gardening supplies",
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http://andimack.wikia.com/wiki/Cyrus_Goodman | in : Characters Main Characters Season 1 Characters and 4 more Cyrus Goodman Edit Comments ( 181 ) Share What about me makes you think that I am most people ? — Cyrus to Buffy in Shhh ! Cyrus Goodman Season 3 Season 2 Season 1 General Nickname ( s ) Cy Guy ( by Jonah Beck Good - man ( by Jonah Beck Underdog TJ Kippen Chocolate - Chocolate Chip Muffin TJ Kippen Bar Mitzvah Boy Walker Brodsky Gender Male Age 13 ( as of Cyrus ' Bash - Mitzvah ! Resides in Shadyside Occupation Student School Jefferson Middle School Relationships Family Norman Goodman ( father ) Leslie Goodman ( mother ) Todd ( step - father ) Sharon Frank ( step - mother ) Rose ( deceased ) ( grandmother ) Ruthie ( aunt ) Romances ( crush ) ( ex - crush ) Iris ( ex - girlfriend ) Friends Andi Mack Buffy Driscoll Iris Amber Bex Mack Walker Brodsky Libby Affiliations The Good Hair Crew Appearance Eye color Brown Hair color Brown Production First Episode 13 Portrayed by Joshua Rush is the deuteragonist in Andi Mack . He is one of Andi ' s best friends . Cyrus is the first Disney main character to come out as gay . He is portrayed by Joshua Rush Contents show Personality Cyrus is incredibly kind and has an open mind , wanting to see the best in everyone and give them a chance , like with TJ . Cyrus is endlessly supportive and selfless , sometimes to a fault . He might not be the strongest or coolest boy in Jefferson Middle School , but people naturally like him when they get to know him ; Buffy even says you ' d have to be a monster to not be nice to Cyrus . He is funny , adorable , and has a tendency to be dramatic . Cyrus suffers from bouts of anxiety and has a lot of fears . He is also quite clumsy and is prone to illness and injury . While Cyrus is unapologetic about who he is and does n ' t try to be like anyone else , he can be very self - deprecating . He clearly has self - esteem issues and does n ' t believe himself to be very important . However , he goes from being awkward , shy , and afraid of so many things to rather confident , assertive , and daring over the course Despite his good intentions , Cyrus is n ' t always very trustworthy , telling his mother about Andi ' s secret and telling TJ how to get Buffy to do what he wants her to . Cyrus is also friendly and a pacifist to a fault ; he dislikes conflict and just wants everyone to get along , leading him to overlook people ' s reasons for not getting along . However , Cyrus has a knack for communication and encourages it amongst his friends , often helping them work through their problems . He clearly takes after his therapist parents as he gives good , rational advice and has a way of making people feel comfortable enough to open up him . He Physical Appearance In Season 1 , Cyrus is the shortest of the The Good Hair Crew but by Season 3 , he has grown really tall and lean . He has brown hair , large brown eyes , and a mole on his cheek . He usually wears sweaters , polos , and button - up shirts . Biography Cyrus Goodman grew up in a religious Jewish family . At some point , his parents , Leslie and Norman , divorced and both remarried . All four of Cyrus ' parents are mental health professionals . Cyrus is a student at where he attends with his best friends , and Buffy Driscoll . Cyrus was the first person to see Bex ' s secret baby picture when he was going through Andi ' s stuff in the Andi Shack . In Shhh ! , Cyrus started helping ' s Space Otters Frisbee Team by providing them with sunblock , cool drinks and snacks to keep them refreshed . Season 1 Since Andi told him and Buffy that she is the secret baby , Cyrus has been supportive and there to listen to Andi about the tension at home . In Dancing in the Dark , Cyrus tries to help Andi with the situation by telling his mom the secret . Since Cyrus ' s mom is a big gossip , she tells everyone in town about Andi ' s and Bex ' s secret . He says he did it to make it easier to Andi since telling each person would be very difficult for Andi . At Andi ' s party , Cyrus tries to introduce himself to Amber but realizes that Amber already knows him and Amber introduces Cyrus to her friend , , who thinks Cyrus is cute . Cyrus is the one who won Andi and Bex when their parents return home during the party . In It ' s Not About You , Cyrus is proud that he can now confidently talk with Jonah Beck . Jonah asks Cyrus to double date with him and Amber , and Iris . Cyrus reveals to Jonah that his parents are both shrinks who got divorced and married to two other shrinks . He also reveals that he is Jewish . He seems mostly excited to hang out with Jonah . He asks Andi for date advice and how to dress . Unfortunately , he embarrasses himself during the double date when he gets nauseous at the merry go round rides . He pukes in Cyrus gets concerned about being too girly when he receives a text from Jonah saying " Ur girly ! " in Terms of Embarrassment . He asks Buffy about it and Buffy tells him to calm down since there ' s nothing wrong with being girly . Cyrus enlists Buffy to help him look and act more manly in order to impress Jonah . Buffy teaches Cyrus sports talk , how to shake hands like a boy and even how to nod to Jonah . When ready , Buffy takes Cyrus to meet Jonah but he ' s still too nervous . Jonah notices Cyrus ' new look and reveals that he likes his usual look . Then Cyrus asks Jonah why He thinks In " Home Away From Home " , Cyrus and Jonah are meant to go on their second date with Amber and Iris but then Iris is n ' t responding to Cyrus ' texts . Cyrus assumes that Iris has dumped him so he asks Buffy to go with him instead since he ' d already bought the tickets and she agrees half - heartedly . On the day of the double - date , Jonah comes alone and tells Cyrus that Amber and Iris are doing their own thing together because they overhead that Cyrus has moved on to another girl . Cyrus explains Cyrus and Jonah have a great date during which the two take a lot of photos and buy matching jackets . Afterwards , Cyrus shows the photos to Buffy who is still disappointed that Cyrus blew her off . Buffy tries to force Cyrus to give her the jacket because he owes her for that but Cyrus refuses because he and Jonah have plans to wear the matching jackets together . Unfortunately , Jonah shows up to school without the jacket . Cyrus asks him why he did n ' t wear it and Jonah simply tells him he did Cyrus makes a mark with in " Were We Ever ? " when they protest together against the unreasonable dress code . Despite being concerned of not getting to use his James Bond collection shirts and the picture day pose he ' d planned , Cyrus helps Buffy and Andi run a successful protest . Following the protest and the fallout between Andi and Jonah , Cyrus feels bad that they now he ca n ' t interact with Jonahas he used to . In " Best Surprise Ever " , Cyrus still wants to be close to Jonah but Andi wants a Jonah - free lifestyle . Cyrus even waves at Jonah against Andi ' s wishes . He says that he liked it better when they liked Jonah . After leaving the diner , Amber tells Jonah that if Andi turns and looks back , she likes him , and not just as friend . Cyrus turns and looks back at Jonah , implying that he likes him . And not just as a friend . Season 2 Coming Out to Buffy Hey , Who Wants Pizza ? , Cyrus introduces his girlfriend Iris to Buffy and Andi but he seems uncomfortable around her and they seem skeptical of their relationship . His first kiss with Iris is awkward , but he tells his friends about it anyway to impress them . Cyrus comes out to Buffy Later , Cyrus and his friends are invited by Jonah to the Space Otters Frisbee Team party during which , Jonah awards Cyrus the MVP of the team . After the party , Cyrus is excited to talk to Jonah but Jonah only wants to talk to Andi . Cyrus is disappointed . When alone with Buffy , Cyrus admits that he was jealous when he saw Jonah and Andi talking . Buffy asks him if he likes Andi but Cyrus denies it in a way that makes Buffy realize that Cyrus likes Jonah . Cyrus then comes out to Buffy , revealing that he has a crush on Jonah . Cyrus , you ' ve always been weird . But you ' re no different . — Buffy to Cyrus , " Hey , Who Wants Pizza ? He tells Buffy that he feels weird and different but Buffy tells him that he is not different . Buffy makes sure that Cyrus knows that she supports him and will always be there for him . They are both glad that Cyrus told Buffy about it . Next , Cyrus is now faced with some challenges . How is Cyrus going to break it to his new girlfriend , Iris , that he likes boys ? Upon seeing Andi and Jonah together , Buffy tries to make Cyrus feel better by mocking them . However , despite his admitted jealousy , Cyrus insists that seeing them together is not painful and that he would like to tell Andi that he likes Jonah too at some point . All he asks of Buffy is to be patient and give him time to collect his thoughts and feelings and wait for him to be ready to talk about them . Friends Like These , Iris asks Cyrus out on a date at her house while she ' s home alone . When Iris leans in for a kiss , Cyrus feels pressured to kiss . So , he gives her a quick awkward kiss on the lips . He apologizes to Iris for the horrible kiss . Iris tells him it will get better but Cyrus says it wo n ' t . He is not ready to tell her why he ' s not attracted to her . So , he walks out , leaving Iris confused . Later on , Cyrus Iris runs into Cyrus at the annual Renaissance Faire in A Good Hair Day . They both have an equal passion for the Ren Faire but first , they must address the elephant in the room . Cyrus apologizes to her about the awkward kiss . And without the need to say much , Iris figures out that Cyrus only likes her as a friend . Iris understands . They agree to continue being friends , after which they have a lot of adventures together at the faire . Cyrus is chosen to make videos for the school in Miniature Gulf . He chooses Jonah to be his camera man for the videos . Although he is at first excited to be the face of these videos he quickly becomes nervous . The videos do not go well as he is sweaty and jittery . To make himself feel better Cyrus goes to the park to swing . TJ joins him on the swings before being interrupted by Buffy . who wants to speak with TJ alone , so asks Cyrus to leave . Cyrus does leave , but not before telling Buffy , " . . .you know where to In the episode We Were Never Cyrus is stressing over his bar mitzvah . Firstly he has trouble finding room to fit all of his family in important ceremonies . Cyrus finished his invitation list by inviting TJ to his party . In the episode he reveals to TJ that Buffy ' s magic words are " You ' re right . " Later on he goes suit shopping with Jonah where he tries on multiple different suits . He decides on a blue suit . Coming Out to Andi Cyrus celebrates his bar mitzvah in Cyrus ' Bash - Mitzvah ! with his friends and family including his four shrink / doctor parents . After noticing how stressed Andi is about Jonah , Cyrus finally comes out to Andi . He tells Andi that he knows how she feels because he likes Jonah too . At a fortune teller booth , the fortune teller tells Cyrus that he will go to Ivy League but wo n ' t graduate . Later on , Cyrus continues to celebrate his big day while also helping Andi and Buffy with their issues . In " A Walker to Remember " , when TJ is benched from playing , Cyrus goes to cheer him up . He helps TJ come to terms with his learning disability . He also convinces TJ to tell his math teacher about his dyscalculia . This helps TJ get back in the team . However , this also compromises Cyrus ' friendship with Buffy . Buffy confronts Cyrus for choosing to spend the time with her enemy instead of cheering for her during the game . Cyrus apologizes . But when Buffy gets suspended from the team for helping TJ cheat in homework , she Cyrus ' fight with Buffy escalates in " Crime Scene : AndiShack ! " when Buffy stops talking to him . Even though Cyrus says that he chooses Buffy , he does n ' t deny that he will continue to be TJ ' s friend once Buffy is gone . They ' re forced to work together when Jonah asks them to help him in making pancakes for Space Otters fundraiser . Cyrus tries everything to get Buffy to talk to him but it ' s no use . When he ca n ' t take it anymore , he starts shouting asking Buffy to please say something , anything . He says that he ca n ' t handle the silence anymore . When Jonah finds them fighting , he gets a panic attack scare , forcing him to reveal to them about his panic attacks . They both sit down to help . Cyrus then reveals that he had a panic attack too the time that he met For the Last Time , Cyrus wants to make a time capsule for Buffy . Andi agrees but Buffy does n ' t like the idea to avoid emotions . In the time capsule , they put various momentos including # goodhaircrew t - shirts that Cyrus made for the trio . Following Buffy ' s departure , Cyrus is left with no one to push or encourage him . In Buffy in a Bottle , he struggles with doing somersault . If Buffy was there , she would have pushed him not to give up . Luckily , TJ swoops in and takes Cyrus to the gym and trains him how to do somersault . He gets it at last . Keep a Lid on It , Cyrus is glad to have Buffy back . However , he spends most of the time helping Jonah during his tryouts for the regional ultimate frisbee league . He provides Jonah both emotional support and also supplies him with snacks and drinks to keep him hydrated . After the game , he stays by Jonah ' s side as they wait to hear whether Jonah made it . Unfortunately , Jonah does n ' t make the team . Cyrus gives him a hug in support . This makes Cyrus realize his crush on Jonah has changed , explaining Bought , Lost or Stolen , Cyrus runs into Amber as she gets out of a therapy session with Cyrus ' step mother , Sharon Frank . He freaks out but apologizes to Amber later . He tells Amber she can trust him . So , Amber tests him by lying to him that her deepest secret is that she spits on hamburgers . Cyrus passes the test by knocking down Buffy ' s burger without spilling Amber ' s secret . This makes Amber know that she can trust Cyrus . So , Amber agrees to open up to Cyrus . Cyrus and Amber We ' re on Cloud Ten because she ca n ' t stand Amber . She asks Cyrus why he feels the need to hangout with unfriendly people like TJ and Amber . But Cyrus defends Amber saying that according to her Buffy is the unfriendly one . He asks them to become friends but they both refuse . So , Cyrus tricks them into coming to his dad ' s office where they run into each other . He makes them sit down and work out their differences . He makes Buffy admit that Amber has never done anything wrong to her ; and she The Cake That Takes the Cake , Cyrus tries to get Buffy to rejoin the Jefferson Middle School Basketball Team and make up with TJ but Buffy refuses . He goes to great lengths to convince Buffy that she still likes basketball . Eventually , Buffy reveals that she is n ' t joining the team because she is starting a girls ' basketball team instead . Afterwards , Cyrus asks Buffy and TJ to make up but Buffy asks for TJ ' s heartfelt apology . TJ surprises both of them with an amazing cheer - rap praising Buffy ' s skills . As TJ walks away and looks back , Buffy says she ' s confused , and Season 3 After spending the summer in the UK , Cyrus returns home only to get involved a drama between Andi Buffy . Andi feels betrayed because Buffy is now dating her ex - crush , Walker . Back at school , Cyrus has another problem waiting for him - P.E class . Unable to handle the P.E. class , he seeks out an alternative in dance . But it turns out , dance is much harder than he imagined . Cookie Monster Cyrus is exuberant when invites him to hangout with him and his friends the following Sunday . He is even happier to learn that TJ talks to his friends about him . On that Saturday , Cyrus meets up with TJ ' s friends , Reed and Lester . Reed likes Cyrus and thinks he ' s funny . He challenges Cyrus to step outside his comfort zone and try riding the dirt bikes with them , so TJ teaches Cyrus how to ride the bike . Cyrus is shocked to when Reed reveals that he brought his dad ' s gun so that they can shoot watermelons for fun . Cyrus immediately backs out of the situation and suggests to TJ that he leave as well , but he does n ' t . Cyrus goes to report the incident Principal Metcalf despite his worry Buffy and Andi are understandably concerned for Cyrus ' safety . In The New Girls they prevent him from talking to TJ because they think he ' s dangerous . TJ keeps calling and texting Cyrus to explain himself , but Andi and Buffy force Cyrus to block TJ ' s number . Cyrus notices TJ sitting alone at lunch and wants to check on him , but Buffy and Andi hold him back . Cyrus goes to the swing set and TJ comes there looking for him so that he can apologize . TJ explains that he did n ' t know Reed would bring a gun , and that he never would ' Cyrus and Jonah are playing a game of ping - pong , which Cyrus is surprisingly good at and wins , at his mother and step - father ' s house in I Got Your Number . TJ arrives and congratulates him , yet as he is about to take over from Jonah , it is revealed that Jonah does n ' t like TJ . Cyrus gets to the bottom of why - that TJ took Jonah ' s baseball jersey when they were in little league together , which broke out into a fight and caused Jonah to quit the sport - and insists that the two talk through it . Cyrus pulls up a photo of them from the Internet and it ' s true , TJ did take it but he did in The Quacks , Cyrus is concerned for his dance exam as he still is n ' t a good dancer and enlists the help of Coming Out to Jonah One in a Minyan Cyrus loses his grandma , Bubbe Rose . After the funeral , the family enters the third stage of grief according to the Jewish tradition - sitting Shiva where friends and family come to mourn together together and share memories . Andi , Buffy and Jonah come to support Cyrus during this difficult time . Cyrus ' Aunt Ruthie asks Andi if she ' s Cyrus ' girlfriend and when Andi says no , Ruthie wonders out loud why Cyrus does n ' t have a girlfriend yet . Cyrus later tells Andi and Buffy that he wishes he had told his Bubbe Rose everything about him . Buffy and Andi tell him that his family and friends would still love him even after coming out . Andi With support from Buffy and Andi , Cyrus becomes determined to come out to Jonah . He starts looking for Jonah without much success . After looking almost everywhere , he finds him breathing heavily - having another panic attack . He talks to him to relieve the anxiety and assures him that it will go away . With Cyrus ' help , Jonah ' s panic attack fades . Jonah thanks Cyrus for helping him through the episode and says he ' s so grateful to have a friend like him . Following this , Cyrus finds it difficult Later at the buffet , Andi and Buffy ask Cyrus how it went coming out to Jonah but he says it was n ' t the right time . Cyrus then starts helping Jonah choose foods at the buffet . While listing various foods , Cyrus casually concludes the list with " and I ' m gay ! " Jonah then looks at Cyrus as if it ' s not a big deal . He just says , " Oh yeah ? . . . Cool . " He makes it clear that he is proud of Cyrus and supports him and does n ' t see him as any different . Andi and Buffy are very proud of Cyrus for having the courage to come out to his friend . Cyrus is surprised that it was so easy . Cyrus tells Buffy and Andi that he wo n ' t tell Jonah how he used to feel about him and that he never expected Jonah to even know who he was , never mind be one his close friend . Right then , TJ walks in with challah bread . Cyrus is delighted that he came , to which TJ responds , " Of course , I came . " Mount Rushmore or Less , Andi recruits the Good Hair Crew and Jonah to do a Mount Rushmore costume for Costume Day while they ' re at the Spoon and Cyrus is doing a Rorschach test . Later in the day , Cyrus meets TJ at the end of his basketball practice to hang out , and TJ introduces him to Kira , who he ' s also just met . Cyrus says he knows who Kira is , and Kira remarks that Cyrus is friends with Buffy , who kicked her off the basketball team . She eyes him suspiciously . Kira seems Buffy in a Bottle , and he agrees . Cyrus asks Buffy if she thinks Andi will be okay with him bailing on Mount Rushmore to do the costume with TJ , talking about how somersaults are " our thing . " Buffy says she understands and will ask someone else - Marty - to take his place . However , when Cyrus shows up on Costume Day dressed as a salt shaker , Kira has manipulated TJ into bailing on him , and although TJ is apologetic , Cyrus does n ' t understand why he bailed and is heartbroken . Almost in tears , he re - joins Mount Rushmore as Thomas Jefferson ( whose initials are TJ ) . Relationships Main Articles : Andi and Cyrus Buffy and Cyrus Andi are Cyrus ' s best friends , and he spends most of his time with them . He accepted to take the blame so does n ' t get in trouble for riding a motorbike . When he thought ' s big change was having her first period , he acted supportive and did n ' t want to pressure into talking about it if she was n ' t ready or comfortable . When messed up during the relay race , Cyrus tried to advise her that winning is n ' t everything . He also thinks the trio should call themselves the Good Hair Crew Main Article : Cyrus and Jonah Cyrus likes and thinks he ' s pretty cool and they are best friends . He has been fascinated by Jonah and trying to impress him for a long time . In " " , he confirms to Buffy that he has a crush on Jonah . In Keep a Lid on It Cyrus tells Buffy he ’ s over Jonah . Cyrus later comes out to Jonah in " One in a Minyan " , sharing with that , while he does n ' t think he will ever tell Jonah how he felt in the past , he has been wrong about a lot about in the past . Main Article : Cyrus and Iris likes Cyrus . She is introduced to Cyrus by her friend , . Cyrus and realize that they have so much in common and are passionate about the same things . They date for a while and even share their first kiss . But deep down Cyrus knows that he is not attracted to girls . Cyrus and decide to stop dating and agree to just be good friends . Cyrus and TJ Cyrus meets through , and even though ca n ' t stand each other , the two boys are able to create a friendly relationship . They both can relate and find comfort in each other as they both have " stuff " that they are having difficulties with without explicitly stating what their " stuff " entails . Trivia Cyrus is Disney Channel ' s first gay main and first gay male character . He realizes this when he realizes that he has a crush on Jonah ( which he claims to no longer have by ) and that he only likes Iris as a friend . So far , he has come out to Buffy ( in ) , Andi ( in ) , and Jonah ( in ) . He has also expressed that he intends to come out to his parents at some point . When he comes out to Jonah , he says " I ' m gay . " This is the first time the word " gay " has ever been used in an episode of a Disney Channel Original Series . His parents are both psychiatrists who got divorced and married another set of psychiatrists , which clearly influences the role he plays in his friend ' s lives as he ' ll jump at the opportunity to help them through their problems and usually gives sound advice . He lives with his father and stepmother at 256 Citrus Avenue . His mother is a gossip and ca n ' t keep a secret . Cyrus is Jewish and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah in the special episode " " ( actor Joshua Rush is also Jewish in real life ) . He is the one who dubbed his clique with Andi and Buffy the " Good Hair Crew " . In Crime Scene : AndiShack ! , it was revealed that Cyrus and Buffy met in second grade . According to The Perfect Day 2.0 , he has also known Andi since second grade . ( It ' s been 5 years since they visited the alpine slide . ) He gets motion sickness on the carousel ride , but motion sickness patches help . He uses an inhaler as revealed in Dad Influence Cyrus reveals in the game " Andi ' s Texts " that he sees something going on in TJ . He has a song to sing on the swings and slide . Cyrus is afraid to swing high . The episode Perfect Day 2.0 revealed that he ' s scared of bees . In , Cyrus revealed that there is a list of simple physical actions that he can not master . TJ teaches him to do a somersault . Cyrus is the only one TJ can talk to in the way that he does . He is surprisingly good at ping pong , beating Jonah in I Got Your Number Quotes Yeah , totally . Yeah , full - throttle outlaw , kissing asphalt on my hog . . . those are all the biker words I know . — Cyrus to Who am I today ? Who will I turn out to be ? I do n ' t know yet . All I really know is that I have people in my life who love me as I am . . . whatever that is . ' Keeps changing . But today , I am a man . Tomorrow , I ' ll be a 7th grader . — Cyrus at his bar mitzvah Well , that , of course , is Aunt Ruthie ' s kugel . That ' s your classic bagel and lox . That ' s gefilte fish , skip that , and I ' m gay . — Cyrus to Jonah in Gallery To view the gallery , click here External links Wikipedia : Cyrus Goodman Categories Characters Main Characters Season 1 Characters Season 2 Characters Season 3 Characters Male Characters Teens | [
"Cyrus Goodman",
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http://andreapenrose.com/the-lady-arianna-series/ | Bestselling Author of Regency Historical Mysteries The Lady Arianna Series Danger deception devilryspiced with a dash of chocolate click here for excerpt click here for excerpt click here for excerpt Sweet Revenge The Cocoa Conspiracy Recipe For Treason Amazon Barnes Noble iBooks Kobo Amazon Barnes Noble iBooks Kobo Amazon Barnes Noble iBooks Kobo click here for excerpt click here for excerpt The Stolen Letters Smoke Lies Amazon Barnes Noble iBooks Kobo Amazon Barnes Noble iBooks Kobo | [
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http://andreasglaser.com/blog/sharepoint-2016-requirements | SharePoint 2016 Requirements October 30 2018 Andreas Glaser See how to plan your SharePoint 2016 installation I highly recommend this guide It will save you so much time and headache whether youre building a development or production environment Johnny Brunson InfoReliance Table of contents Overview Hardware requirements SQL Server Windows Server Software requirements SQL Server Edition requirements Windows Server Domain requirements Administrative Service Accounts Installation Accounts Application Pool Accounts for Web Applications Application Pool Accounts for Service Applications Summary Next steps Resources Install SharePoint 2016 The Complete EBook Complete SharePoint 2016 Installation for Administrators Planning Preparation Installation Configuration Stepbystep or automated Least Privileges NTier Offline installation MinRole Hybrid planning and configuration Plan assign accounts and permission Configure User Profiles Search Apps stepbystep or automated 5 PDFs 200 pages 58 PowerShell scripts 1 Checklist Get the complete EBook Overview SharePoint has specific hardware software domain and account requirements before you can successfully install it You need to meet them before you can start your installation to minimize waiting time and mistakes SharePoint 2016 includes the usual slightly different hardware and software requirements compared to the previous version which must be met Note about hardware requirements If you contact Microsoft Customer Support Services about a production system that does not meet the minimum hardware specifications described in this document support will be limited until the system is upgraded to the minimum requirements 1 Dont contact Microsoft Support about a SharePoint production system not meeting minimum hardware specifications 1 SharePoint 2016 Hardware Requirements The following numbers are based on TechNet 2 While this documentation cant apply to the different needs each company has they are based on Microsofts experience with SharePoint 11 SQL Server The numbers below are based on SharePoint 2013 3 because theres no documentation for SharePoint 2016 Anyway the following numbers can be seen as a starting point for SharePoint 2016 SharePoint 2016 SQL Server Hardware requirements Scenario CPU RAM Hard Disk Fewer than 1000 users Small deployments 64bit 4 cores 8 GB 80 GB for system drive additional storage 3 Between 1000 to 10000 users Medium deployments 64bit 8 cores 16 GB 80 GB for system drive additional storage Please read Storage and SQL Server capacity planning and configuration SharePoint Server 2016 4 to estimate your own requirements Eg SQL Server memory is directly related to the size of the content databases 12 Windows Server used to install SharePoint The following numbers are minimum values and depending on your scenario you need to exceed them Note Windows Server 2016 must be installed using Server with Desktop Experience Server Core or Nano Server are not supported SharePoint 2016 Hardware requirements 3tier farm Scenario CPU RAM Hard Disk 3tier farm Development or Evaluation Minimum Services enabled 64bit 4 cores 12 GB 80 GB for system drive 80 GB for second drive 3tier farm Pilot User Acceptance or Production All Services enabled 64bit 4 cores 16 GB 80 GB for system drive 80 GB for second drive SharePoint 2016 Hardware requirements Single Server Scenario CPU RAM Hard Disk Single server Development or Evaluation Minimum Services enabled 64bit 4 cores 16 GB 80 GB for system drive 100 GB for second drive Single server Pilot User Acceptance or Development All Services enabled 64bit 4 cores 24 GB 80 GB for system drive 100 GB for second drive 2 SharePoint 2016 Software Requirements Software requirements are depending on the type of server you are going to setup 5 Note SharePoint 2013 offered a single server with builtin database installation type which automatically installed SQL Server 2008 R2 with SP1 Express Edition This option isnt available with SharePoint 2016 Theres no single server with builtin database installation type in SharePoint 2016 21 SQL Server SharePoint 2016 needs one of the following version of SQL Server SQL Server 2014 SP1 64 bit SQL Server 2016 RTM Note SQL Server Express is not supported SQL Azure is also not supported SQL Server Edition requirements The decision which version and edition of SQL Server to use depends on different requirements like PowerPivot High availability 6 and other features 7 SharePoint 2016 Required SQL Server Editions Requirement SQL Server version Standard Enterprise Power Pivot 8 2016 yes Power View 9 2016 yes Database mirroring 2014 2016 yes yes AlwaysOn Failover Cluster 2014 2016 yes yes Always On Availability Groups 2014 2016 yes Backup compression 2014 2016 yes yes Transparent data encryption 2014 2016 yes Remote BLOB storage 2014 2016 yes This feature will be removed in a future version of Microsoft SQL Server 10 Supports only 2 nodes SQL Server 2014 2016 Standard or Enterprise Heres a quick overview for SharePoint 2016 22 Windows Server SharePoint 2016 prerequisites SharePoint 2016 needs to be installed on one of the following versions of Windows Server Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard or Datacenter 64 bit Windows Server 2016 R2 Standard or Datacenter 64 bit Each Windows Server where you want to install SharePoint also needs the SharePoint 2016 prerequisites Microsoft NET Framework version 46 Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Native Client Microsoft WCF Data Services 56 Microsoft Information Protection and Control Client Microsoft Sync Framework Runtime v10 SP1 x64 Microsoft Identity Extensions Windows Server AppFabric 11 Microsoft ODBC Driver 11 for SQL Server Visual C Redistributable Package for Visual Studio 2012 Visual C Redistributable Package for Visual Studio 2015 The following updates are also needed Cumulative Update Package 7 for Microsoft AppFabric 11 for Windows Server Single server with builtin database SharePoint 2013 offered a single server with builtin database installation type which automatically installed SQL Server 2008 R2 with SP1 Express Edition This option isnt available with SharePoint 2016 3 Domain Requirements SharePoint 2016 doesnt support singlelabel domain names like domain Please use instead domaincom 11 4 Administrative Service Accounts In order to install SharePoint 2016 you need to have at least 3 accounts You also need additional accounts for content you store and SharePoint services you use In SharePoint content can be accessed using Web Applications and your personal content can be accessed using a Web Application called My Sites A Service Application describes a concept providing additional functionality you can use within your Web Applications like Search 41 Installation Accounts For the initial deployment you must have the following domain accounts 12 SharePoint 2016 Installation accounts Account type Account name example SQL Server Service domainsqlSvcAcc SharePoint Setup Administrator domainspAdmin SharePoint Farm Account domainspFarmAcc SQL Server Service Account The SQL Server service account is used to run SQL Server and should be a domain account SQL Server is required to store data from SharePoint and companies usually have a dedicated team of database administrators If you are a small startup or want to create an isolated environment you need to take care of this account SharePoint Setup Administrator The setup administrator is used to install and configure SharePoint 2016 SharePoint Farm Account The farm account is used for configuration and management of the server farm by SharePoint itself as an application pool account for Central Administration and to run the Microsoft SharePoint Foundation Workflow Timer Service 42 Application Pool Accounts for Web Applications Any kind of site you create in SharePoint like Team Sites are part of a Web Application and a Web Application requires an Application Pool plus Application Pool Account 13 to run SharePoint 2016 Application Pool Accounts for Web Applications Account type Account name example Application Pool Account for Content Sites eg Team Sites domainspAppPool Application Pool Account for My Sites domainspAppPool It is recommended that you use one account for both Web Applications if you dont have special isolation requirements for the content you store 14 Both accounts Must be a domain user account created in Active Directory Must not be a member of the SharePoint Farm Administrators group 43 Application Pool Accounts for Service Applications Service Applications 15 provide additional functionality for your sites and require a lot of different accounts Sometimes one Service Application requires more than one account so you may want to group accounts by Service Application A better way is to group Service Applications by account Note A Service Application is a concept based on a service You can create one or more instances of the service In order to communicate with the instance there is an endpoint which is an IIS Virtual Application using an Application Pool Therefore you need to provide an Application Pool account if you create a Service Application in SharePoint Application Pool Account for Service Applications SharePoint 2016 Application Pool Account for Service Applications Service Application Account name example Requirement Access Services Access Services 2013 App Management Service Business Data Connectivity service Machine Translation service Managed Metadata Service PerformancePoint Service PowerPoint Conversion Service Search Service Secure Store Service Usage and Health Data Collection Service User Profile Service Visio Graphics Service Word Automation services domainspService Must be a domain user account Only available using PowerShell arent displayed in Central Administration Note A single account should be used for all Service Applications This allows the administrator to use a single IIS Application Pool for all Service Applications In addition this account should run the following Windows Services SharePoint Search Host Controller SharePoint Server Search and Distributed Cache AppFabric Caching Service 16 Unattended Service Accounts Accounts for accessing External Data If you want to access external data sources or refresh data with Excel Services PerformancePoint Services or Visio Graphics Service you may need an unattended service account in certain cases 17 This kind of account is stored inside the Secure Store Service Application SharePoint 2016 Accounts for Accessing External Data Service Application Account name example Requirement PerformancePoint Service Visio Graphics Service domainspUnattended Must be a domain user account Search Accounts SharePoint 2016 Accounts for Search Service Application Account name example Requirement Search Service The default content access account is used by the indexer to access content domainspSearchDCA Must have Read Access to the content being crawled Search Service Optional separate content access account used with a custom crawl rule domainspSearchCA Must have Read Access to the content being crawled Synchronization Connection Account SharePoint 2016 Accounts for User Profiles Service Application Account name example Requirement User Profile Service Inside the User Profile Service Application you can create connections to directories where your companys user profile information is stored Each connection needs an account to access the directory domainspUPSync Must be a domain user account Replicating Directory Changes permissions on the domains being synchronized 44 Summary So if you plan to configure SharePoint you usually need additional domain accounts depending on your needs SharePoint 2016 Required Accounts Summary Account type Account name example Application Pool Account for Content Sites eg Team Sites domainspAppPool Application Pool Account for My Sites domainspAppPool And SharePoint 2016 Required Accounts Summary Account type Account name example Application Pool Account for Service Applications domainspService Unattended Service Account domainspUnattended Default Content Access domainspSearchDCA Optional Content Access domainspSearchCA Synchronization Connection domainspUPSync SharePoint 2016 required administrative and service accounts Click to tweet At this point you need to decide which isolation requirements the business owner needs I suggest requesting all accounts from your Domain Administrator at once This scenario applies to most companies SharePoint farms and isolation requirements Anyway your business owner might have more isolation requirements if youre working eg for a bank You can use the list above as a starting point and enhance it with new accounts based on your requirements Install SharePoint 2016 The Complete EBook Complete SharePoint 2016 Installation for Administrators Planning Preparation Installation Configuration Stepbystep or automated Least Privileges NTier Offline installation MinRole Hybrid planning and configuration Plan assign accounts and permission Configure User Profiles Search Apps stepbystep or automated 5 PDFs 200 pages 58 PowerShell scripts 1 Checklist Get the complete EBook Resources 1 Hardware and software requirements for SharePoint Server 2016 2 Hardware and software requirements for SharePoint Server 2016 3 Hardware requirements database servers 4 Storage and SQL Server capacity planning and configuration SharePoint Server 2016 5 Hardware and software requirements for SharePoint Server 2016 6 Create a high availability architecture and strategy for SharePoint Server 2016 7 Choose SQL Server version and edition 8 Analysis Services Features Supported by the Editions of SQL Server 2016 9 Reporting Services Features Supported by the Editions of SQL Server 2016 10 High Availability Solutions SQL Server 11 Software requirements 12 Initial deployment administrative and service accounts in SharePoint Sever 2016 13 Account permissions and security settings in SharePoint Server 2016 14 Service account recommendations 15 About administrative and service accounts 16 Service account recommendations 17 About administrative and service accounts I understand and agree to the contents delivery statistics service provider stored data and optout Send Me the EBook We use cookies to personalize content and ads to provide social media features and to analyze our traffic We also share information about your use of our site with our social media advertising and analytics partners | [
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http://andrewminalto.com/click-and-collect/ | November 25 , 2014 by Andrew Minalto - 70 Comments Click and Collect for eBay Sellers – Useless Gimmick or Terrific New Selling Channel ? With all the big and highly important changes eBay has introduced this year , such as eBay ’ s new seller standard , the Defect Rate , and Managed Returns ( both of which I have already written about – Defect Rate Managed Returns ) it is not surprising that a smaller introduction has passed many people by … What am I talking about ? eBay ’ s new delivery service , Click and Collect at Argos But what is click and collect and how does it work ? Well , as the name suggests , it ’ s a simple process where your buyer purchases an item from you but instead of it being shipped to their home address , they instead collect it from their nearest Argos store . Now initially this sounds terrific ! I mean , the more choice we can give to customers the more sales we ’ ll make and a collection service is very useful for people who ca n ’ t be home to receive a delivery and do n ’ t want the hassle of chasing the courier and then having to drive to their delivery depot to collect the item … This way , the buyer chooses to collect their item and is notified when it ’ s ready , then all they have to do is pick it up like a normal order from Argos , on their own time . Incredibly simple and that ’ s why these click and collect services have always been so popular with consumers ( just take a look at John Lewis , Currys / PC World , Tesco or even Argos itself ) . BUT there is one big difference between what say , John Lewis , offer and the click and collect service with eBay and that is SHIPPING ! As you are obviously unable to store your actual products at Argos , you still need to ship them out as normal ( except delivering to Argos rather than your customer directly ) and once they ’ ve been received and processed , your buyer will then be notified that their item is available for collection . So what that means is ; using this click and collect service will take as long ( if not longer including processing ) than delivering directly to your customer . Let ’ s take a quick look at a few of the retailers that I mentioned above who offer something similar , starting with Argos themselves : On Argos ’ ‘ Check and Reserve ’ page they state : Here at Argos , we understand the need to instantly purchase a much - needed or sought - after product . Luckily our handy Check & Reserve service allows you to do just that . Simply click online , go on your app , phone or text to check the availability of a product , reserve it and then collect in store that same day . So Argos are stressing the immediate and instant purchase as the main reason for using their click and collect service . And how about John Lewis , who offer next day collection for orders placed before 8pm : John Lewis – How to click & collect Place and pay for your order online by 8pm today ( 2pm for Collect+ locations ) , and we ’ ll deliver it to your chosen shop for you to collect after 2pm tomorrow . And then for one more example , Currys / PC World and their Reserve and Collect service If your local store has the item in stock , you can reserve it online to be paid for and collected in store . Your item will be available for collection one hour after your reservation . So to quickly sum up : Argos – immediate collection . John Lewis – collection tomorrow if ordered by 8pm . Currys / PC World – collection within one hour . And then there is another consideration that make these services far better than what you ’ re able to offer via eBay – they allow you to reserve the item and then pay at the time of collection . There are some people out there who prefer to pay in person when they get their order , but that ’ s not something you can offer via eBay ’ s new click and collect service . All of this is merely to illustrate , that while initially this seems like it would be a huge boost to sales , unfortunately not as there are just too many flaws in the process that take away many of the benefits to customers . Now I know what you may be thinking – “ okay Andrew , I see that we ca n ’ t match the service of these other big retailers , but should n ’ t I still offer click and collect ? ” And my simple answer to that question is – yes , you ’ re absolutely right ! As long as there are no obvious downsides to doing so , and if the items you sell are eligible for it , then even if it only benefits some of your customers – you SHOULD offer click and collect . After all , some is still better than none , right ? And , surprisingly enough considering it ’ s a new initiative from eBay , from what I ’ ve gathered from the feedback and experience of not only my own blog readers but of other eBay sellers online , using the new Click and Collect service is actually fairly easy and straightforward . And there are actually a few other worthwhile benefits to offering click and collect , other than added choice for your customers and I ’ ll cover these a bit later on . But first thing first , you need to see whether the items you sell and your listings are even eligible for the service . To use click and collect , you have to offer FREE postage and delivery within 5 days AND delivery has to be using one of the approved services from select carriers , which currently includes : Royal Mail Parcelforce UPS DPD Yodel / Collect+ . Here is a full list of the delivery services that are eligible : * Sellers may select “ Other 24 Hour / Other 48 Hour Courier ” , however delivery still needs to be via one of the approved carriers . And then other than this , there are some size and category exclusions . You can not use Click and Collect for items that are : More than 20kg More than 120cm on the longest side ( including packaging ) More than 76cm on the second longest side ( including packaging ) And there are also a large number of item categories that Argos wo n ’ t accept . The list is too long for me to copy here so I suggest you check out eBay ’ s help page to make sure your listings are n ’ t included in the list of excluded categories : eBay Seller Centre – Click and Collect If your listings do meet the shipping , size and category requirements then really there is very little for you to do … You simply ship items out as normal , except that instead of the delivery address being your buyer ’ s home , it will be their chosen Argos store . You just have to make sure you include the 6 - digit unique identifier code in the delivery address so that your item can be processed and your buyer notified when it ’ s received . And that ’ s it ! It really is as simple as that . I do want to quickly go over the main couple of fears that my readers have when emailing me asking about this , and then finally give you a couple of extra reasons as to why I think you should offer Click and Collect to your buyers . Returns ? With eBay ’ s Click and Collect , the return process is exactly the same as when you deliver the item directly to your buyer … Returns are processed via My eBay as per normal , and Managed Returns also works in exactly the same way with the item being sent back to you , NOT ARGOS . There really is no difference here in how this works , which is a shame actually as processing returns back through Argos would be ideal ( in terms of customer service ) as buyers generally prefer a consistent set - up and dropping the item off in - store is easier than arranging a courier or posting via Royal Mail . But then again , that would add another layer of complication so maybe best that eBay have left it like this for now . And then secondly … Refunds for Lost Items ? One worry of many sellers is the procedure if Argos lose one of your items and rightfully so , as you do n ’ t want to be left out of pocket due to the error of a 3rd party . Thankfully , eBay have a pretty clear policy with this – if your item is lost at Argos , then your buyer will be refunded in full ( at no cost to you ) and you will be protected from neutral or negative feedback as well as any low detailed seller ratings in regards to delivery . And this actually brings me onto the extra benefits that I mentioned earlier if you offer Click and Collect and the first is : Added Tracking If you deliver your item via a normal , non - tracked , service it will still be recorded upon receipt at Argos and tracked from there . So that means you ’ ll get the added protection of proof of collection , even when not paying for recorded delivery yourself . And then last but not least , although I have to point out that this is just conjecture ( as with all best match and Cassini theories ) – there is some indication that offering Click and Collect will help your listings in eBay ’ s search results . In fact , this is even stated on eBay ’ s very own help page in the seller centre : Overall my conclusion and recommendation is that , unless you have a very strong reason not to , then you SHOULD offer Click and Collect on any eligible listings . Even if only a small portion of your customers use it , that is still better than none considering there are n ’ t any real downsides , and more choice and delivery options for your customers can only be a good thing . As always , I would love to hear your thoughts and experiences in the comments section below . Are you offering Click and Collect on your listings ? Do you plan to ? Or are you a little weary and want to wait and see how it works out for other sellers and based on their results , possibly offer it after Christmas ? Whatever your thoughts or if you have any questions , share them below and I ’ ll answer you personally . Otherwise , until next time ! All the best , Andrew | [
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http://android.stackexchange.com/questions/26647/why-does-my-phone-keep-telling-me-it-has-low-storage | Why does my phone keep telling me it has low storage ? Ask Question 1 1 My LG Android phone keeps telling me that it has low storage available . I have looked through the apps and have 5 text msgs on the phone . It seems like I keep deleting and deleting and it keeps coming back ! Why do my actions not work and what can I do ? insufficient - memory share improve this question edited Mar 2 ' 13 at 19 : 03 Izzy ♦ 77.1k 50 254 768 asked Jul 29 ' 12 at 23 : 59 Lisa 6 2 add a comment 2 Answers active oldest votes Many times it is not the apps themselves taking up all the internal storage , but rather data they keep cached ( i.e. not your mentioned 5 text messages , but rather things like browser cache , temporary files ( though the latter should be gone on reboot ) , and the like ) . Now while you can go to the place mentioned by Narayanan to check all apps separately ( Settings - > Applications - > Storage use ) for cache used ( and tap the delete - cache button where appliable ) , and you probably have to start that way as your limited internal storage most likely does n ' t allow for additional apps being installed , there are apps around to ease these steps : eClean is a high - rated app claiming to automatically care for a lot of cache storage like app cache , search - and browser history and more , and even claims it can do so automatically ( starting an on - boot service ) 1Tap Cleaner is a similar , also high rated app 1 - Tap Clean Cache has a high rating as well , and cares for your apps cache Cache Cleaner is another high - rated app caring for caches and history Many more apps are available on the play store , but the mentioned four give you a good starting point . Of course , if you are low on internal storage , and run at least Android 2.2 or higher , you could also consider moving some of your rarely used app to SD using App2SD . Moreover , uninstalling apps no longer used is always a good idea . share improve this answer answered Jul 30 ' 12 at 6 : 36 Izzy ♦ 77.1k 50 254 768 add a comment 0 In a normal usage , low storage warning comes up when the internal memory is getting nearly full . The most likely reason for this is the applications count is on the rise over a period of time . To know what are the applications that occupies more space , you can goto Settings - > Applications - > Storage use . You can see entire applications that are installed on your phone ( both pre installed and that you had installed ) . Together with the name of the application , you can see its size . How to get rid of this warning : The only way to get rid of this warning is to free up the internal memory . This can be done in several ways . The best would be to investigate the above said list to spot the applications that you do not need and uninstalling them . The next best option would be to move the application to your SD card . Few applications , they themselves does this during installation and few does not and requires little force . Among the later there are few which are stubborn to work There are apps like Link2SD Apps2SD etc . that will enable you to move apps from internal memory to SD card . I use Link2SD and I would recommend it . It is best to try the application after moving to SD card for its proper working . The system applications are best to be left on internal storage . SMS / Text messages and contacts do occupy some memory but in par with the applications , their foot print is quite small . Could you post about the contents of those text messages ? Sometimes service provider do send few text messages for APN settings . improve this answer edited Jul 30 ' 12 at 5 : 25 answered Jul 30 ' 12 at 5 : 03 Narayanan 6,041 19 43 75 protected by Community May 8 ' 13 at 19 : 46 Thank you for your interest in this question . Because it has attracted low - quality or spam answers that had to be removed , posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site ( the association bonus does not count ) . Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead ? Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged insufficient - memory or ask your own question | [
"low storage",
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http://android.stackexchange.com/questions/27808/how-can-i-install-the-google-apps-package-play-store-on-my-android-device | How can I install the Google Apps Package ( Play Store , … ) on my Android device ? Ask Question 46 22 I have recently installed a custom ROM and can not find the Play Store . It seems like all apps that belong to Google are missing . How can I install the Google Apps Package ( Play Store , . . . ) on my Android device ? google - play - store gmail installation google - maps google - apps share improve this question edited Jun 28 ' 13 at 6 : 25 community wiki 5 revs , 3 users 83 % Flow 1 The official site to download the Google apps is goo . im / gapps t0mm13b Aug 18 ' 12 at 16 : 11 8 @ tomm13b : Cyanogenmod are not " official " , the only official distribution of Gapps is from manufacturers that shipped a device that passes the CTS and Google Play for updates . Lie Ryan Aug 20 ' 12 at 1 : 44 add a comment 3 Answers active oldest votes 44 Background Only Android devices that are licensed by the Open Handset Alliance contain the so called Google Apps . Usually people associate apps like Google Maps , Google Play Store , etc . with Android , but because of the open - source nature of Android , manufactures can sell Android devices without Google Apps and therefore avoid to pay the license fee . Custom ROMs At first cyanogenmod shipped its ROM with pre - installed Google Apps . In September 2009 the founder of Cyanogen received a cease and desist letter from Google , demanding that the Google Apps not be included in the team ' s ROMs , since the ROM could be ported to devices which are not licensed to have the Google Apps . In turn , that would bypass the requirement for the devices to be licensed . For a few days , development on the ROM ceased , there were outcries from Android users all over the Internet , and Eventually , an alternate method was found , whereby Google Apps are not included in the ROM proper but the Google Apps which came with a device would be backed up by the device ' s custom recovery or another app , and then re - installed onto the device once the new ROM was flashed . This would therefore " Google - ify " one ' s ROM . Source How to install Google Apps ? Generally speaking : First download the package corresponding to your version of android . Currently ( november 2015 ) , there are several " distributors " of Gapps available . Each typically offers a set of packages per android version , each package with more content . The apps in the packages range from a lite package with the basic apps ( ~ 100MB ) to all of googles apps ( 200 + MB ) . The applications themselves are untouched . If you do n ' t want to or can not root your device : Flash the Gapps ( Google Apps Package ) zip package with a custom recovery . You may first need to flash a custom recovery ( like CWM or TWRP ) using a PC tool such as Fastboot or Odin / Heimdall . This flashing in turn may require an unlocked bootloader on the phone . If root is not a problem : ( See if you can root the device Some stock recoveries will let you " update with adb " . Just install adb , then adb command to install is : adb sideload gapps . zip - - assuming the package is in the adb folder and is called gapps . zip You may also install a custom recovery like in the unrooted case . Root typically allows android apps to flash a new recovery ( i.e. without a pc ) . OR Install a ROM with the Google Framework , if it exists for your device . Though many ROM developers have followed CyanogenMod ' s example of separating distribution . If you flash a Gapps ROM , it may be possible to re - flash with another non - Gapps ROM afterwards while retaining the Gapps . This assumes the android versions are compatible . Most users capable of flashing a ROM will be capable of flashing Gapps separately . Further References How to install Google Apps ( GApps ) on your Android Device / Phone share improve this answer edited Apr 13 ' 17 at 12 : 18 community wiki 10 revs , 5 users 70 % Flow The download links do not seem to work . Hong Aug 28 ' 15 at 19 : 11 add a comment 6 As detailed in the FAQ , download the appropriate gapp from this site http : / / opengapps . org / Then install it using recovery . improve this answer Apr 14 ' 17 at 7 : 26 Suncatcher 401 4 15 answered Jun 28 ' 13 at 2 : 30 Evan Carroll 2,010 11 32 65 The link is dead c0der Jul 29 ' 16 at 10 : 37 0 I wanted to add to this as there is no link to where to get the GApps . The newest group is Open Gapps . These do not work with EVERY custom ROM , but the vast majority ( and those based on AOSP should work ) . Open Gapps : http : / / opengapps . org / This site is awesome because when loaded you get a basic UI with a couple selections that allows you to specify what you want ( some packages have more google apps , others have less ) , they even have an option to include the Aroma Installer version which when flashed in TWRP or clockwork will actually bring up a menu system which you can tap to make selections of which apps and which settings you would like at the time of the install ! Of course it is large as it includes everything , but it can be nice Open Gapps has help ? s all over and documentation on their site to help you with many questions . Cyanogen MOD has their own version of Gapps ( page lists gapps packs for every version of CM ROM from CM4 + on this page . Note that as of CM11 CM Roms can now flash Open Gapps . ) : https : / / wiki . cyanogenmod . org / w / Google_Apps ( looks like as of CM13 they have stopped their custom Gapps zips and now fully use Open Gapps ) . With these 2 links you should be good to flash GApps with just about any version of Android ( I can not account for a severely custom job done by someone that may not work with Open and / or CM GApps , as we know what happens when we assume in the tech world ! ) . answered Sep 13 ' 16 at 15 : 06 Mike protected by Community ♦ Jan 7 ' 15 at 20 : 26 Thank you for your interest in this question . Because it has attracted low - quality or spam answers that had to be removed , posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site ( the association bonus does not count ) . Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead ? Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged google - play - store gmail installation google - maps google - apps or ask your own question | [
"Google Apps Package",
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http://android.stackexchange.com/questions/39748/how-do-i-find-out-my-sim-number | How do I find out my SIM number ? Ask Question 13 I have a Samsung Galaxy GT - I9000 and need to find out my 20 digit SIM number somehow . I have been told that I should go to Settings > General > About to find it . However , it is n ' t ! Does anybody know where this information is stored ? sim - card share improve this question edited Feb 16 ' 13 at 11 : 41 geffchang 15.6k 18 49 72 asked Feb 16 ' 13 at 11 : 16 user28546 66 1 1 3 add a comment 8 Answers active oldest votes 17 How about taking the SIM out and see the number printed on its back side ( the other side of the contact surface ) or next to it ? Just thought to say this just in case if you are not aware of ! share improve this answer answered Feb 16 ' 13 at 14 : 25 Narayanan 6,036 19 43 75 add a comment 4 In many versions of Android for Verizon networks ( e.g. Nexus devices , Moto X , Moto G ) , you can find this by going to Settings - > About Phone - > Status - > and this is listed as ICCID . improve this answer answered Nov 12 ' 14 at 19 : 29 LucasMcGraw 41 2 Because of the huge number of different models of Android phone and the wide range of different software versions , you may find that your handset does n ’ t have the SIM number in the same place . In this case , you can use a 3rd party app to find your SIM information . Such as the sim card info app . Hope it helps . edited Dec 26 ' 15 at 16 : 10 Dec 26 ' 15 at 4 : 58 maks112v 170 9 Link for the app and a brief description ? Also see how to answer Manubhargav Dec 26 ' 15 at 7 : 19 0 try the Sim card Details App , this is the best . easy to copy the numbers you get . Sep 19 ' 13 at 18 : 01 RyanDH 436 4 0 How about the old fashioned way ? Either calling another phone with it and checking it via Caller ID or if that does n ' t work , call the Provider and ask for it via the SIM Serial ? On another note : Many Providers forget to configure the SIM Cards phone number onto the SIM Card . That is why you probably can not see it in your menu . If you find out what the number is and want to correct the problem for the future , check out this thread Oct 1 ' 15 at 11 : 16 Firelord ♦ 17.7k 13 77 194 Sep 30 ' 15 at 5 : 40 user115805 How does phoning another phone give you the sim card number ? user5506 Oct 21 ' 16 at 17 : 54 - 2 or you can dial * 1 # from your mobile number Nov 21 ' 13 at 9 : 56 t0mm13b 12.9k 39 58 Nov 21 ' 13 at 7 : 06 user46620 Dialing * 1 # on my Samsung Galaxy S4 does n ' t work . geffchang Nov 21 ' 13 at 7 : 32 Dialing in my LG P500 resulted in a message MSISDN : YYXXXXXXXXXX , where YY is my country code and XXXXXXXXXX is my 10 digit mobile number . Narayanan Nov 21 ' 13 at 8 : 11 Does n ' t work on Nexus 4 , Android 4.4.4 , and one of Singapore ' s mobile provider . Andrew T . ♦ Nov 13 ' 14 at 1 : 45 - 3 I think the best solution is SIM Card Manager Apr 13 ' 14 at 0 : 31 15.6k 18 49 72 Apr 11 ' 14 at 16 : 16 user58332 - 4 the best way actually is to dial * # 06 # on your Android phone and it will pop up . Oct 29 ' 13 at 0 : 43 Peanut 2,774 5 24 42 Oct 28 ' 13 at 23 : 44 erin 2 Dialling * # 06 # shows the phone ' s IMEI number ( does n ' t work on tablets which do not have GSM radio ) and not SIM ' s number . Oct 29 ' 13 at 8 : 21 protected by Community Dec 26 ' 15 at 16 : 15 Thank you for your interest in this question . Because it has attracted low - quality or spam answers that had to be removed , posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site ( the association bonus does not count ) . Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead ? Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged sim - card or ask your own question | [
"SIM number",
"Android phone",
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http://android.stackexchange.com/questions/75210/support-help-warning-a-custom-os-can-cause-critical-problems | Support Help ! Warning ! ! A custom OS can cause critical problems Ask Question 0 MY phone ( Samsung S3 ) just went off today and started flashing the Samsung logo . I have taken out the battery multiple times and tried to restart the phone . Only once did it restart but then after ten minutes went back to the logo . I tried to press HOME VOLUME UP and PWOER and nothing happened . Then i tried HOME VOLUME DOWN and POWER and i got the screen for Support Help ! Warning ! ! A custom OS can cause critical problems . . . .after a while it goes back to the logo Please help . rom - flashing share improve this question asked Jun 30 ' 14 at 13 : 06 Rahul 1 1 Volume up and power should boot to Recovery , Volume Down and Power is ' Download Mode ' if you were using ODIN or such to root your device ? Do you have Kies installed ? Can you use it to do a firmware recovery ? Have you don anything recently like update firmware , or root the phone ? That message is always there before you go into download mode by the way , that ' s totally normal . RossC Jun 30 ' 14 at 13 : 08 The only thing i did today was upload Zynga Poker . The app froze at some stage and then i never opened it again . I did have Kies i think . Losing data isnt an issue for me . I just need my phone to work again ! ! ! Thanks again for your help . Rahul Jun 30 ' 14 at 13 : 24 Assuming it was a legitimate copy of the game , that should n ' t matter . Install Kies on your PC and see if you can do an emergency firmware recovery . That ' s your first bet . Failing that you can get a copy of your firmware from Sammobile . com and flash it onto your phone again and see if that works . RossC Jun 30 ' 14 at 13 : 25 Volume up with home and power does n ' t do anything . . .it keeps flashing the logo . Jun 30 ' 14 at 13 : 41 add a comment 1 Answer active oldest votes 2 I had the same problem with my S4 . Whenever the phone goes off and I try to turn it back on the annoying ' Warning ' Custom os comes on and I could n ' t turn my phone on . I read a few articles and discovered that it has to do with your volume button . I dropped my phone a few days ago and read that if the volume button is stuck that this happens . So I went to the kitchen and go a sharp knife , put the blade to the side of the volume button and pulled it up on both ends , to my amazement , the phone turned on ! ! ! ( make sure its plugged in because whilst that warning is on the phone does n ' t charge ) Now I have to go and get my volume button looked at because it is a stuck volume key that causes this . It must be a secret sequence that the phone companies use to change an os . I also read that Knox program can cause it , nevertheless , the volume button release worked . Hope that helps . share improve this answer answered Jul 17 ' 14 at 0 : 55 TeaToxTime . com 21 Amazing ! The knife solution did indeed work for me , too , with a visibly dented volume button on an S4 . O . R . Mapper Aug 30 ' 17 at 22 : 26 add a comment protected by Community ♦ Dec 3 ' 14 at 20 : 44 Thank you for your interest in this question . Because it has attracted low - quality or spam answers that had to be removed , posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site ( the association bonus does not count ) . Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead ? Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged rom - flashing or ask your own question | [
"custom OS",
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http://androidadvices.com/backup-android-phone-contacts-sms-computer/ | Android Apps How to Backup Android phone Contacts and SMS to Computer By Amit Bhawani Posted on July 19 , 2011 We have lots of options to backup our phone contacts , normally what happens is that people avoid taking backup for their contacts because they know that their account is in sync with the Google server , but this habit is not advisable . Well normally we use the backup and restore applications on our phones directly ; this is because there are many backup and restore applications available on the Android Market which allow us to take backup of the contacts , SMSs , calendar , etc and the same can be very easily restored . Saving all the Well , for this it is advisable that one must save that particular backup file on their personal computers . Again if someone wants to manage the phone data on the personal computer itself then it might just get tougher , here managing of data refers to viewing of SMSs , call logs , contacts , installing applications , etc on the personal computer itself . So if we get this luxury of managing our data on our personal computer itself then it surely is something everyone must try . This application for personal computers will help you with not only managing data but it can also be used to backup data like contacts , SMSs , organizer , etc . The backup is stored onto one single file with extension * .mpb and can also be easily restored . This application is My Phone Explorer by FJ Software Development . Using this application is very simple and backup procedure is also very easy . It is not necessary that only USB cable is required for connecting an Android phone to the computer but we can also use Wi – Fi connection or we can also use Bluetooth connectivity options . There are two parts of the software ; they are Android client application and a server application that will be installed on a personal computer . Once the applications are installed simply follow the instructions : After installation of applications on computer and Android phone we need to make important change in the settings of the application on the computer . Settings can be found in File / Settings , here in the connection section we need to select the phone type as ‘ Phone with Google Android - OS ’ , in connect via … select ‘ Autodetect ’ option and finally click OK . On Android phone client , simply get the application running . Following screen shots will help guide you in connection . After establishing connection if the application on the computer asks for synchronization then simply select YES . When the synchronization is complete , you can see all your messages , contacts , call logs and other important stuff like file manager to manage SD card files and phone memory files . To create backup simply go to Extras / Create backup and then select appropriate backup options . Backup is then created in one single file and can be saved on the computer . The application will not only help you in taking backup but it can also help you in showing some very important details of your Android phone ; these detail include your imei number , battery information , phone version information , etc . Actually this application was designed for Sony Ericsson phones but now it supports most of the Android phones . DOWNLOAD : Desktop Client : To download desktop client simply click HERE After downloading the file , extract it using password as androidadvices . com Android Client : Using QR code : Use the QR code below . To scan the QR code use Neo Reader or any other bar code scanning program . Neo Reader can be downloaded from the market or follow the link http : / / get . neoreader . com / Simply scan the QR code by directing your Android phone camera to the code through the barcode / QR code scanning program . Using Market : https : / / market . android . com / details ? id = com . fjsoft . myphoneexplorer . client Android Advices App Ratings : 4.8 / 5 15 Comments | [
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http://androidtipstricks.com/godaddy-email-android | June 30 , 2018 Huawei has everything from 5G products to gaming - centric and foldable phones in the works The age of 5G is upon us , and although we still do not know precisely what that will require in the … June 30 , 2018 Futuristic OPPO Find X gets domestic commercial release date and pricing structure It ’ s definitely uncommon to see OPPO hold an attractive item launch occasion in Europe prior t … RED Hydrogen One still has Snapdragon 835 , benchmark says Simply a fast upgrade for those of you enjoying AT&T and Verizon to see precisely when theyR … June 29 , 2018 Excessive Galaxy S10 vs . excessive LG V40 | # PNWeekly 311 ( LIVE at 12p ET ) 5 video cameras on the LG V40 ? 3 phones with as much as 3 video cameras on the Galaxy S10 ? 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http://andygoode.blogspot.com/2010/04/mission-northwest-arkansas.html | Sunday , April 11 , 2010 Mission Northwest Arkansas God blessed my family with a new adventure . For the first time my kids live outside the city limits of Albany , Georgia . We live in a beautiful place , God created some major artwork in Northwest Arkansas . So what are we doing in NWA ? I am so glad you asked . We are running Mission Northwest Arkansas for First BAptist Springdale and the Church at Pinnacle Hills . How can you pray for us ? Thanks for asking . First , think of us as missionaries to NWA and if you want to get technical think of me as a missional strategist . I am asking God for the wisdom , the human resources and the annoiting of God to reach the 66 people groups that live here . We want to start a baptist church for the Marshalleese people who live here . Please pray for favor with the Marshaleese people and for the effort to be a success to the glory of God . We want to start more Spanish churches and more Cowboy churches . These models are reaching people here but we need more . Pray for the human resources to make this happen and for favor with the people and the power of God . Pray that God will give me favor with the pastors and people of struggling churches as we come alongside smaller churches to help them thrive and be Great Commission churches . Pray that my language skills in Spanish will continue to increase , as I am fluent in conversation but have along way to go to be able to teach or preach completely in Spanish . Iam asking that you not see me merely as an associate min . of missions for FBC Springdale and CPH but see our whole family as lead missionaries in Northwest Arkansas . Pray for our churches and our church staff . Pray for Pastor Ronnie Floyd and the GCR taskforce . Pray for Central Baptist Albany , GA . Pray for Greenbriar Church , Albany , GA . Pray for Covenant Life Church , Tampa FL . Thanks for praying ! Posted by Andy Goode at 7 : 51 PM Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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http://andyinmatrix.blogspot.com/2015/10/default-webcam-username-passwords.html | Fly In Matrix Sunday , October 4 , 2015 Default Webcam Username & Passwords ACTi admin / 123456 or Admin / 123456 Axis ( traditional ) root / pass Axis ( new ) : requires password creation during first login Cisco : No default password , requires creation during first login Grandstream admin / admin IQinVision root / system Mobotix admin / meinsm Panasonic admin / 12345 Samsung Electronics root / root or admin / 4321 Samsung Techwin ( old ) admin / 1111111 Samsung Techwin ( new ) admin / 4321 Sony admin / admin TRENDnet Toshiba root / ikwd Vivotek root / < blank > WebcamXP admin / < blank > Search for Webcams on https : / / www . shodan . io / webcamxp country : US WebcamXP city : " Chicago " webcam port : 81 webcam net : 123 . 123 . 123 . 0 / 24 - - - Filter by IP Posted by Living in Matrix at 2 : 37 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : For fun security shodan Webcam Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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http://andysmobileauto.com/ | Complete mobile auto repair Andy is there for us when we need his services He is trustworthy informative and most importantly a great mechanic Andy works around our schedule to help us keep our fleet of company and personal vehicles on the road without having down time Renee Johnson Owner Park Landscape Maintenance Santa Rosa CA Finding a good mobile mechanic is like striking gold but finding Andy was like finding a whole diamond mine He was able to fix my car and my truck quickly and efficiently without having to tow it Dan S Sebastopol CA Services We offer a full range of services including Diagnostics electrical problems check engine light strange noises or squeaks Maintenance Repairs tuneups brakes clutches Engine repairs including oil or coolant leaks headgaskets and other major repairs Types of Vehicles all makes and models foreign and domestic commercial fleets GVW 1 ton and under no motor homes or boats About Andy Andy has been working on cars and trucks from before he could even drive His career as a mechanic started in high school working at a local shop He opened his mobile service business because he realized how much of an inconvenience it was for people to have to drive to a shop and drop off their car With over 10 years of experience Andy brings a fully equipped auto shop to your door | [
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http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1924171 | View Full Size Issue Mechanism of Micturition Diagnosis of POUR Perioperative Risk Factors for POUR Complications / Adverse Effects Associated . . . Clinical Management of POUR References Free Review Article | May 2009 Postoperative Urinary Retention : Anesthetic and Perioperative Considerations Gabriele Baldini , M.D . Hema Bagry , M.D. , F.R.C.A. , F.R.C.P.C . Armen Aprikian , M.D. , F.R.C.S.C . Franco Carli , M.D. , M . Phil . , F.R.C.A. , F.R.C.P.C . Author Affiliations & Notes Anesthesiology 5 2009 , Vol . 110 , 1139 - 1157 . doi : 10.1097 / ALN . 0b013e31819f7aea View Figures Tables PDF Tools Alerts BLADDER catheterization is a common procedure during inpatient major surgery that allows monitoring of urine output , guides volume resuscitation , and serves as a surrogate marker of hemodynamic stability . With an increase in outpatient and fast - track surgical procedures , perurethral catheterization is restricted to fewer procedures and for a limited time . Awareness and identification of patients at risk of developing postoperative urinary retention ( POUR ) thus assumes greater significance . POUR has been defined as the inability to void in the presence of a full bladder . The widely varying reported incidence of POUR Mechanism of Micturition The bladder is composed of a body formed by the detrusor muscle and a funnel - shaped neck . The neck has an internal layer of smooth muscle that surrounds the internal meatus of the bladder — the internal urethral sphincter ( IUS ) . The external urethral sphincter is formed collectively by the overlying striated muscle fibers of the pelvic floor . The adult urinary bladder has a capacity of 400 to 600 ml . The bladder is innervated by efferent somatic , sympathetic , and parasympathetic fibers , whereas the visceral afferent fibers ( Aδ and C ) The high compliant bladder allows for storage of a large volume of urine without an increase in the intravesical pressure . The first urge to void is felt at a bladder volume of 150 ml . The tension receptors in the bladder wall are activated at a volume of approximately 300 ml , creating the sense of fullness . The activation of the tension receptors propagates signals through Aδ and C fibers that travel through the pelvic sensory nerves , arriving at the spinal cord , where they activate parasympathetic neurons . Activation of the parasympathetic neuron stimulates efferent pelvic 2 O to a few hundred mm H 2 O . When the intravesical pressure reaches the voiding threshold , the detrusor contractions increase in intensity , frequency , and duration . This creates a complete and synchronous contraction of the detrusor muscle , allowing the bladder to empty quickly and efficiently . If micturition is not desired or is inconvenient , afferent stimuli from the stretch receptors of the bladder along with the proprioceptive afferents of the urethra , penis , vagina , rectum perineum , and anal sphincters activate the sympathetic system and external urethral sphincter motor neurons and simultaneously inhibit the parasympathetic system . The final figure 1 and table 1 1 , 2 Fig . 1 . Emptying phase anatomical pathways and reflexes . + = stimulation ; – = inhibition ; EUS = external urethral sphincter ; FC = frontal cortex ; IUS = internal urethral sphincter ; M3 = muscarinic receptor type 3 ; NO = nitric oxide ; PPGN = parasympathetic preganglionic neurons ; PPRG = parasympathetic preganglionic neurons ; SC = spinal cord ; SDR = sacral dorsal roots ; SN = sympathetic neurons ( T - L segments ) Full Size | Slide ( .ppt ) Table 1 . Storage Phase : Anatomical Pathways and Reflexes Full Size | Slide ( .ppt ) Diagnosis of POUR Three methods have been used to diagnose POUR : history and physical examination , the need for bladder catheterization , and , more recently , ultrasonographic assessment ( table 2 ) . Table 2 . Criteria Used to Define POUR Clinical Examination Pain and discomfort in the lower part of the abdomen have been used as conventional indicators of POUR . However , these symptoms may be masked by regional anesthesia , comorbidities including patients with spinal cord injury or stroke or sedated patients who are unable to effectively communicate their symptoms . 3 Clinical assessment by palpation and percussion in the suprapubic area is another commonly used method for diagnosis of POUR . This method however lacks the sensitivity to provide an accurate measure of the residual urinary volume . Dullness of the bladder to the level of the umbilicus provides a rough estimate of at least 500 ml of urine , but it can vary as much as 1,000 ml with dullness extending above the umbilicus . 3 Deep palpation of the bladder is not recommended because it can produce significant discomfort and can elicit vagal reflexes evoked by pain . In addition , clinical evaluation has been shown to overestimate the bladder volume compared to ultrasound . 4 Pavlin et al . showed that 61 % of day - case surgical patients admitted to the postanesthesia care unit after general anesthesia did not report any symptoms of bladder distension , despite a bladder volume greater than 600 ml as measured by ultrasonography . 5 Similar findings were reported by Stallard et al . 6 Lamonerie found that almost a quarter of inpatients evaluated for POUR with ultrasound had overdistended bladder , even in absence of clinical symptoms , and were unable to void at the time of discharge from the recovery room . 7 Bladder Catheterization Bladder catheterization is used both as a diagnostic tool and as treatment for POUR . The inability to void in the postoperative period could be multifactorial , including inadequate perioperative fluids . It is imperative to evaluate and treat the underlying cause before making the diagnosis of POUR and proceeding with catheterization . Catheterization is an invasive procedure with the potential to cause complications , including catheter - related infections , urethral trauma , prostatitis , and patient discomfort . 8 Ultrasound Assessment Although ultrasound has been used as an imaging modality to evaluate bladder function , its use in the perioperative period as a diagnostic tool for POUR has gained popularity only in the past decade . 9 – 15 Several studies have shown good correlation between the volumes measured by bladder catheterization and by ultrasound 4 , 16 ; in women , however , ultrasound can slightly underestimate bladder volume . 9 , 16 When ultrasound is performed by the same individual , the difference between urinary volume measured by the ultrasound and by catheterization varies minimally , indicating the need for operator consistency . 15 During laparoscopic cholecystectomy , Greig showed that ultrasound monitoring of the bladder before the procedure was more accurate than clinical examination , especially in obese patients and in those with previous lower abdominal surgery . 17 Both the times to void and to discharge from hospital were reduced by using ultrasound in patients considered to be at a high risk of developing POUR . 17 However , this has not been demonstrated in patients considered to be at a low risk of developing POUR . 4 Ultrasound is also useful to monitor bladder volume before it becomes excessively large . Pavlin showed that patients at high - risk of POUR can have a postresidual volume greater than 600 ml , even though they were able to void . By identifying these patients at risk of having an overdistended bladder , intravenous fluids can be monitored , and inappropriate early discharge can be avoided . 5 Perioperative Risk Factors for POUR Age and Gender POUR has been shown to increase with age , with the risk increasing by 2.4 times in patients over 50 yr of age . 8 , 18 – 22 A higher incidence of POUR has been reported in men ( 4.7 % ) compared to women ( 2.9 % ) . 8 , 23 Possible reasons for such age and gender influences include age - related progressive neuronal degeneration leading to bladder dysfunction 19 and gender - specific pathologies such as benign prostatic hypertrophy among others . 8 , 18 , 20 , 21 Type of Surgery The incidence of POUR varies according to the type of surgery . Although the incidence of POUR in general surgical population is around 3.8 % , 8 , 23 the incidence in joint arthroplasty varies widely ( 10.7 – 84 % ) . 24 – 27 The incidence of POUR after anorectal surgery ranges between 1 and 52 % . 22 , 28 – 31 Injury to the pelvic nerves and pain evoked reflex increase in the tone of the internal sphincter explains the high incidence of POUR in patients undergoing anorectal surgery . 32 – 37 After hernia repair , the incidence of POUR ranges between 5.9 % and 38 % . 18 , 22 , 38 POUR has also been reported after gynecological surgery , but with conflicting results . Pavlin found that none of the patients undergoing routine outpatient gynecologic surgery developed POUR , probably because over 90 % of these patients had been catheterized during the operation and arrived in postanesthesia care unit with an empty bladder . Previous pelvic surgery can increase the risk of POUR , probably as a result of direct damage to the nerves innervating the lower urinary tract . 8 Comorbidities Concurrent neurologic diseases such as stroke , poliomyelitis , cerebral palsy , multiple sclerosis , spinal lesions , and diabetic and alcoholic neuropathy are predisposing factors to the development of urinary retention . 8 , 31 Drugs Medications commonly used in the perioperative period , such as anticholinergic agents , ß - blockers , and sympathomimetics , can interfere with the bladder function . Administration of muscarinic agonists such as carbachol and bethanecol in animals and humans causes an increase in intravescical pressure , leading to hyperactive detrusor contractions . 39 , 40 Anticholinergic drugs such as atropine and glycopyrrolate block detrusor contractions and cause bladder hypotonia , also resulting in urinary retention . 8 , 18 α agonists and antagonists alter bladder function by acting on the α - receptors of the smooth muscle cells in the upper and lower urinary tracts . 39 , 41 – 45 In a randomized double - blind study , Gentili studied the effect of intrathecal clonidine , an α agonist , on bladder function and found clonidine caused less POUR when compared to morphine . 44 Although systemic administration of clonidine causes an increase in urethral resistance , 39 its intrathecal injection is devoid of any peripheral effect . Possible mechanisms of clonidine have been proposed including : a decrease in spinal cord sympathetic outflow lowering the tone of IUS , 44 and a supraspinal inhibitory effect on IUS tone and a diuretic effect . 45 Prazosin , an α 1 antagonist , decreases the peristaltic movements in the ureter , the amplitude of detrusor contractions , the urethral opening pressure , and the frequency of micturition . 42 Stimulation of α 1 receptors by sympathomimetic agents increases the tone of IUS , thus increasing the risk of developing POUR . 8 , 18 When ephinephrine is injected intraperitoneally in rats , the intravescical pressure increases without raising urine output , suggesting that ephinephrine increases IUS tone by acting on α receptors in the bladder neck . 39 ß - adrenergic receptors are located in the smooth muscle cells of the detrusor and in minor concentration in the bladder outlet . 46 In animals , stimulation of ß - adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of the detrusor and reduces sphincter tone . 39 , 46 , 47 In contrast , ß - adrenergic antagonists may cause urinary retention . Intravenous Fluids The amount of intravenous fluids may influence the development of POUR . In patients undergoing hernia repair and anorectal surgery , intravenous administration of more than 750 ml of fluids during the perioperative period increased the risk of POUR by 2.3 times compared to other surgeries . 8 , 18 , 19 , 28 , 31 , 48 – 50 POUR has not been reported in low - risk surgery and in patients without history of urinary retention . 20 , 21 , 51 Excessive infusion of intravenous fluids can lead to overdistension of the bladder , 37 especially in patients under spinal anesthesia whose bladder filling perception is abolished . 52 Overdistension inhibits detrusor function , and the normal micturition reflex can not be restored even after emptying the urinary bladder with a catheter . 28 , 50 Therefore , bladder volume greater than 270 ml represents a risk factor for POUR . 19 Duration of Surgery Prolonged duration of surgery can cause POUR . 4 , 53 In patients undergoing ambulatory surgery under central neuraxial technique , the time to void was shown to be directly proportional to the total duration of anesthesia . 53 These findings could be explained by the variation in the volume of intravenous fluids administered during surgery of varying lengths . In fact , Pavlin found a significant correlation between bladder volume and the duration of surgery but failed to show a relationship between the bladder volume and the total amount of fluids administered . In contrast , Peterson did not find any causal relationship between the duration of surgery and the risk of POUR . 54 Effects of Anesthesia and Analgesia Impact of the Anesthetic and Analgesic Techniques on the Incidence of POUR . In this section , we have examined the evidence from published data with regard to the effects of anesthetic and analgesic techniques on the development of POUR . A MEDLINE search of clinical trials , published in English , relating to the incidence and the management of POUR was conducted . The computerized search identified key words such as urinary retention , POUR , void dysfunction , micturition dysfunction , opioids and POUR , local anesthetic and POUR , anesthesia and POUR , analgesia and POUR , and surgery and POUR in the title , abstract , and Medical Subject Headings . POUR was defined on the basis of the three methods used in clinical practice , such as clinical examination , the need for bladder catheterization , table 2 ) . Most of the studies did not specify the criteria to define POUR , reporting only whether it was present or not . The search was amplified to include relevant articles identified by cross - referencing ( fig . 2 ) . We included , as selection criteria , clinical trials relating to POUR after cardiothoracic , abdominal , obstetric , gynecologic , and orthopedic surgeries . We excluded articles related to pediatric and urology surgeries , reviews , editorial letters , and case reports . Studies that reported incidence of POUR and those from which it was possible to calculate incidence of POUR were grouped by method of anesthesia and by method of analgesia . The mean percentage reporting the overall incidence of POUR was determined by the method of weighted mean with weighting by the number of subjects 55 When the 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) fell within the same distribution , the mean incidences of POUR were compared using a chi - square test . Fig . 2 . Search strategy . POUR = postoperative urinary retention ; RCT = randomized controlled trials A total of 190 studies were identified as suitable for analysis . There were 86 randomized controlled trials , 21 prospective studies , 23 retrospective studies , 57 clinical and experimental trials , 2 meta - analyses , and 1 review . POUR was the primary outcome in 50 studies and secondary outcome in 58 . When patients were grouped by method of anesthesia or analgesia , some studies contributed subjects to more than one group . In 26 studies , 5,268 patients received general anesthesia ( table 3 ) , whereas 5,105 patients received intraoperative conduction blockade ( spinal , epidural and combined spinal - epidural anesthesia ) in 34 studies ( table 4 ) . There were 26 studies with a total of 4,870 patients receiving epidural analgesia either as continuous infusion or as single / intermittent bolus or patient - controlled epidural analgesia ( table 5 ) , and there were 27 studies with a total of 4,360 patients who received either patient - controlled anesthesia ( PCA ) or parenteral morphine with or without nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs ( table 6 ) . In 9 studies , 292 patients received peripheral nerve blocks , ( table 7 ) and 2,141 patients received infiltrations of local anesthetics in 10 studies ( table 8 ) . The overall incidence of POUR after general anesthesia was found to be significantly lower in comparison with conduction blockade , whereas the overall incidence of POUR after epidural analgesia was found to be not significantly different in comparison with systemic analgesia ( table 9 ) . Similar incidence was found when the criteria to diagnose POUR were unspecified or based on the need for catheterization ( table 10 ) . In contrast , when clinical criteria were used to define POUR , the incidence after general anesthesia and systemic analgesia were significantly higher then with regional anesthesia and epidural analgesia , respectively ( P < 0.001 [ OR = 1.20 ] and P < 0.001 [ OR = 1.76 ] , respectively ) ( table 10 ) . Such discrepancy can be explained by the fact that most of the studies analyzed were retrospective in nature , with the data obtained from the clinical charts . Furthermore , the clinical criteria used to define POUR differed widely and were often subjective ( ) . Due to the relative paucity of studies using ultrasound assessment , it was not possible to make meaningful comparisons . Table 3 . List of the Studies with the Incidence of POUR after General Anesthesia Table 4 . List of the Studies with the Incidence of POUR after Conduction Blockade Table 5 . List of the Studies with the Incidence of POUR after Epidural Analgesia Table 6 . List of the Studies with the Incidence of POUR after Systemic Analgesia Table 7 . List of the Studies with the Incidence of POUR after Peripheral Nerve Blocks Used as Anesthesia or Analgesia Technique Table 8 . List of the Studies with the Incidence of POUR after Local Anesthesia or Local Infiltration Table 9 . Overall Incidence of POUR after General Anesthesia , Conduction Blockade ( Regional Anesthesia and Epidural Analgesia ) , Systemic Analgesia , Peripheral Nerve Blocks , and Local Anesthesia Table 10 . Incidence of POUR after General Anesthesia , Conduction Blockade ( Regional Anesthesia and Epidural Analgesia ) , Systemic Analgesia , Peripheral Nerve Blocks , and Local Anesthesia , Sub - grouped by the Method Used to Define It Effect of the Anesthetic and Analgesic Techniques on Bladder Function . General Anesthetic Agents . General anesthetic agents cause bladder atony by interfering with the autonomic nervous system . Studies in rats and dogs have shown that sedative - hypnotic agents and volatile anesthetics suppress micturition reflex . 56 , 57 Diazepam , pentobarbital , and propofol all decrease detrusor contractions , and isoflurane , methoxyflurane , and halothane suppress detrusor contractions . Halothane also increases bladder capacity . 56 The urodynamic effects caused by volatile anesthetics and sedative - hypnotic agents appear to be caused by inhibition of pontine micturition center and the voluntary control of the cortex on the bladder . 56 , 57 In a retrospective study by Petros , 20 duration of surgery was found to be significantly associated with POUR , suggesting that urinary retention was more the result of high cumulative doses of halothane administered and not necessarily the length of exposure . Conduction Blockade . Spinal Local Anesthetics . Intrathecal local anesthetics act on the neurons of the sacral spinal cord segments ( S2 – S4 ) by blocking the transmission of the afferent and efferent action potentials on the nervous fibers from and to the bladder . 52 , 58 The sensation of urgency to void disappears 30 – 60 s after intrathecal injection of local anesthetics , but a dull feeling of tension on maximal filling of the bladder persists . Bladder analgesia is due to the block of the transmission of the afferent nerve fibers from the bladder to the micturition center in the brain . The detrusor contraction ( detrusor block ) is completely abolished 2 – 5 min after the injection of spinal anesthesia , and its recovery depends on the duration of sensory block above the S2 and S3 sacral segments . Time for sensory block to regress to S3 is 7 – 8 h after spinal injection of isobaric bupivacaine ( 20 mg ) , hyperbaric bupivacaine ( 21.5 mg ) , and hyperbaric tetracaine ( 7.5 mg ) without significant difference between the three local anesthetics . Fifteen minutes after the level of analgesia regressed to L5 or lower ( S2 – S3 ) , the strength of detrusor starts to return to normal values , allowing the patient to void . 58 Complete normalization of detrusor strength occurs 1 – 3.5 h after ambulation . 58 The use of long - acting local anesthetics is related to a higher incidence of POUR . 52 , 53 , 59 , 60 In contrast , time to void after ambulatory surgery with short - acting and low - dose local anesthetics is shorter as a result of faster regression of sensory and motor block leading to a rapid recovery of bladder function . 61 – 64 Also , unilateral spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine for knee arthroscopy is associated with lower incidence of POUR and shorter time to void . 65 , 66 To our knowledge , no studies comparing the effect of the baricity of local anesthetics on bladder function have been conducted . According to the distribution of local anesthetics in the cerebrospinal fluid , the concentration of the hyperbaric local anesthetics in the sacral segments ( S2 – S3 ) is greater than that caused by an isobaric solution , suggesting that isobaric solutions a similar dose of a hyperbaric drug . In patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery , the incidence of POUR is lower when intrathecal local anesthetics are administered without opioids . 67 , 68 Spinal opioids . Several studies on animals and on humans have consistently shown that spinal opioids influence bladder functions and cause urinary retention . 54 , 64 , 67 – 75 In rats , intrathecal and intracerebro ventricular morphine inhibits spontaneous bladder contractions and increases bladder capacity . 39 , 76 The block of micturition contraction occurs approximately 16 min after intrathecal morphine and lasts between 250 and 350 min . Reappearance of the micturition reflex corresponds with the return of the nociceptive response . In dogs , intrathecal fentanyl decreases bladder compliance and causes relaxation of internal urethral sphincter . 70 In humans , intrathecal opioids decrease the urge sensation and detrusor contraction , increasing the bladder capacity and the residual volume , altering sphincter function , and resulting in impaired coordination between the detrusor contraction and internal urethral sphincter relaxation . 71 , 72 , 76 The onset time and the duration of the these effects on bladder function depend on the type and the dose of opioid used , with a large variability in the recovery time . 71 In healthy volunteers , inhibition of the bladder occurred within 1 h after intrathecal morphine and sufentanil and lasted approximately 24 h . Morphine decreased the urge to void to a lesser degree than sufentanil . These effects were dose - dependent , and the recovery time of the functions of the bladder was shorter with sufentanil than with morphine . In a study conducted in subjects with spinal lesions up to the sacral region , intrathecal morphine reversed the urodynamic effects that the spinal lesion caused on bladder function . 72 These subjects had detrusor hypereflexia ( uninhibited detrusor contractions ) , vesicosphincter dysfunction , and vesicosomatic reflexes . Intrathecal morphine has been shown to enhance bladder capacity by increasing detrusor contractions and decrease vesicosomatic reactions . 72 The urodynamic effects of intrathecal opioids are mainly caused by the action on the opioid receptors in the spinal cord 71 and in the cerebral structures . 73 The rostral spread of opioids through the cerebrospinal fluid to the pontine micturition center has also been hypothesized as a possible mechanism of action of intrathecal opioids , but the rapid onset of the urodynamic effects with the concomitant onset of analgesia after intrathecal opioid injection and the reversal of the effects by intrathecal naloxone suggest a spinal site of action . In support of this hypothesis , intrathecal naloxone in rats has been shown to reverse the urodynamic effects of systemic morphine at doses that were ineffective systemically . 76 The opioids receptors involved in the urodynamic effects are μ and δ . 70 , 74 – 76 Buprenorphine , a partial agonist with poor affinity for μ and δ , has poor effect on the detrusor contraction and on the urethral sphincter . 70 Intrathecal opioids acting on opioid receptors in the spinal cord decrease the parasympathetic firing in the sacral region and decrease the afferent inputs from the bladder to the spinal cord . De Groat demonstrated that the axons of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons contain enkephalins that are transported in the parasympathetic ganglia . 77 These enkephalins seem to have an inhibitory modulating effect on the release of acetylcholine that causes detrusor contractions . 77 Intrathecal fentanyl prolongs the duration of sensory block of spinal anesthesia with short - acting and long - acting local anesthetic without affecting the ability to void . 78 , 79 In outpatients , low - dose ( 20 mg ) spinal lidocaine with small doses ( 25 μg ) of fentanyl decreases the duration of sensory block and the time to void when compared with high - dose ( 50 mg ) spinal lidocaine without fentanyl ( 130 vs . 162 min , respectively ) . 80 These results suggest that a low dose of local anesthetic alone 66 , 78 , 79 or in combination with a low dose of an opiate such as fentanyl 78 – 79 may be a better way to minimize POUR and facilitate discharge of ambulatory patients without voiding . 80 , 82 Intrathecal morphine has a poor effect on the urethral sphincter , whereas intrathecal fentanyl causes its relaxation . This effect might be explained by the potent inhibitory property of fentanyl on the sympathetic fibers ( T10 - L2 ) that would otherwise increase the tone of the urethral sphincter . Epidural Local Anesthetics . Similar to intrathecal local anesthetic , epidural local anesthetics act on the sacral and lumbar nerve fibers , blocking the transmission of afferent and efferent nervous impulses from and to the bladder . The onset and the duration of the block would depend on the pharmacokinetic properties of the local anesthetic used . The incidence of POUR with epidural local anesthetics for inguinal herniorrhaphy has been shown to be lower than with spinal anesthesia . 83 Postoperative epidural ropivacaine 0.2 % at different infusion rates was studied in a group of patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament repair , and it was found that high infusion rate was associated with greater incidence of POUR and motor block . 84 Similarly , by using different concentrations ( 0.06 % and 0.12 % ) of bupivacaine with sufentanil in patients receiving patient - controlled epidural analgesia after orthopedic surgery , there was a direct positive relationship between incidence of POUR and concentration of epidural bupivacaine . 85 POUR has also been reported after thoracic surgery patients receiving thoracic epidural analgesia with local anesthetic . 86 Epidural Opioids . The urodynamic effects of epidural opioids have been studied extensively . 56 , 57 , 84 – 109 In a nationwide follow - up survey in Sweden , anesthesiologists reported a greater incidence of POUR with epidural morphine ( 38 % ) compared with intrathecal morphine ( 13 % ) . 95 However , at close analysis , the patients that developed POUR had bladder catheterization as a result of the type and the duration of surgery , making assessment of POUR more difficult . The incidence of POUR after epidural opioids may also be related to the level at which opioids are injected . Administration of opioids in the lumbar epidural space is associated with higher rate of urinary retention compared to thoracic . 97 Detrusor strength starts to decrease within 5 – 15 min after 4 mg of epidural morphine , its maximum effect reached between 30 and 120 min and lasting 10 – 15 h . 69 , 98 A supraspinal effect due to the rostral spread of opioids in the cerebrospinal fluid toward the pontine micturition center , where opioids receptors are placed , could poorly contribute to the development of POUR , as the onset of analgesia corresponds to the beginning of bladder relaxation and to the loss of detrusor strength . 69 , 71 Naloxone per se has no effect on normal bladder function ; however , it has been shown to reverse the urodynamic effects associated with epidural opioids . 69 , 90 By increasing the dose of IV naloxone , it is possible to prevent the decrease of detrusor contractions and the increase in bladder capacity . 69 Because of the short half - life of naloxone ( t 1 / 2 = 1 – 1.5 h ) , the reversal effect on POUR could resolve before the effects of long - lasting opioids on the bladder . The urodynamic effects are not dose - dependent as shown for intrathecal opioids . 69 , 71 , 99,100 The reason for this difference could be explained by the different route of administration , as spinal opioids suppress polysynaptic reflexes in a dose - dependent manner . Different epidural opioids have different urodynamic effects depending on their pharmacokinetic properties and receptor selectivity . 97 In a study by Kim , patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery receiving postoperative thoracic epidural with either ropivacaine and sufentanil or ropivacaine and morphine in equipotent doses , the incidence of POUR was greater with the latter mixture . 101 In another study on postpartum urinary retention , the incidence of POUR after epidural bupivacaine and epinephrine was less than epidural bupivacaine and sufentanil . 89 Sufentanil and fentanyl are more lipophilic than morphine and undergo greater systemic uptake ; as a result , there is less rostral spread in the central nervous system and less influence on the urodynamics . 110 In contract , the hydrophilic nature of morphine delays its systemic uptake ; more morphine is therefore available at the lumbar region , directly inhibiting the neurons controlling the bladder . For similar reasons , the incidence of POUR was also found to be less with epidural buprenorphine as compared with epidural morphine . 102 In addition , buprenorphine , a partial agonist with poor affinity for μ and δ receptors , has minimal effect on the detrusor contraction and on the urethral sphincter . Also epidural methadone and meperidine were shown to be associated with less incidence of POUR . 108,111 Although it has been suggested that the dose of epidural opioid may influence the incidence of POUR , this has yet been not confirmed or corroborated in the literature . Rucci studied the side effects of epidural bupivacaine alone and with varying doses of fentanyl ( 50 to 200 μg ) to bupivacaine in the lumbar epidural space in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery . Micturition abnormalities were observed in all the groups , without significant differences , but the patients that received fentanyl needed catheterization . 103 Opioids and Epinephrine as Adjuvants . The addition of opioids to epidural local anesthetics increases the risk of POUR and urinary tract complications , such as renal failure and cystitis by 8 % . 96 The incidence of POUR is 5 to 20 % higher in patients with continuous epidural infusion or patient - controlled epidural analgesia compared with PCA , 112 – 118 13.1 % with continuous epidural infusion and 5.2 % with patient - controlled epidural analgesia . 119 Ephinephrine is used as adjuvant to prolong the effect of neuraxial anesthesia , 88,104,105 resulting in longer recovery of sensory and motor block with possible consequences on bladder function . 120 – 122 Postpartum Urinary Retention and Epidural Anesthesia - Analgesia . Postpartum urinary retention is a frequent complication and this appears to be the result of the pressure from the uterus on the body of the bladder . 89 Urodynamic studies have shown that 85 % of parturients investigated had bladder hypotonia after delivery with a consequent increase in bladder volume . Epidural anesthesia - analgesia , which is often used during labor and delivery , has been shown to cause postpartum urinary retention . 123 Olofsson observed a significantly higher incidence of postpartum urinary retention in parturients that received epidural with two different epidural mixtures ( bupivacaine 0.25 % with adrenaline 1 : 200,000 or bupivacaine 0.125 % with 10 μg of sufentanil ) than women who did not receive epidural . At a close analysis , those women receiving epidural anesthesia had higher incidence of instrumental deliveries and difficult labor . Therefore , it is not clear whether the effect on postpartum urinary retention was a direct effect of epidural blockade or resulted from the instrumentation and difficult labor . No difference in urinary retention In contrast , Evron observed less incidence of urinary retention when epidural methadone was used after Cesarean section . 111 Systemic Analgesia . Systemic opioids both by the IV and intramuscular routes have a direct effect on bladder function 40 , 57 , 69 , 92 – 94,111,124,125 via their action on spinal cord receptors . This effect is reversed by intrathecal naloxone . 76 , 77 Systemic opioids cause POUR by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic sacral neurons that control detrusor contractility . 20 , 21 In patients undergoing cholecystectomy and appendectomy the incidence of POUR has been shown to be directly related to the amount of systemic opioids used in the postoperative period . Furthermore , the incidence of POUR was greater if patients received intravenous PCA technique instead of intramuscular morphine or meperidine , suggesting that the steadier / steady plasma opioid concentration obtained with PCA was indirectly responsible for prolonging the effect on bladder function . Ketamine , nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs , and proparacetamol used together with morphine ( delivered by PCA ) have a morphine - sparing effect and have shown to 52,126 – 131 Peripheral Nerve Block . POUR has not been reported with interscalene block . 132 Paravertebral block and intercostal block in patients undergoing thoracotomy and cholecystectomy , respectively , were associated with less incidence of POUR compared to epidural or PCA . 106,133,134 Capdevilla and Singelyn , comparing the efficacy and the side effects of three analgesic techniques for major knee surgery , found the incidence of POUR significantly lower in those patients receiving peripheral nerve block compared with epidural and PCA . 117,118 In patients undergoing anorectal surgery , bilateral pudendal block decreases also the incidence of POUR . 135 Infiltration of Local Anesthetics . Field block or infiltration technique is commonly used for herniorraphy and anorectal surgery . Pain is an important factor found in the development of POUR after herniorrhaphy , and local anesthetic infiltration has been shown to decrease analgesic requirements and the risk of POUR . 136 – 139 Similarly , perineal pain and tension in the anal canal after anorectal surgery cause sphincter spasm and detrusor relaxation . 140 In a randomized study of patients undergoing anorectal surgery , Li found no difference in the incidence of POUR among the patients who received either general anesthesia or regional anesthesia or local infiltration . However , at a close analysis , the two former groups had the anorectal area infiltrated with local anesthetic , making it difficult to identify whether general and regional anesthesia influenced POUR . 141 In contrast with these findings , a prospective study by Fleischer showed that patients undergoing anorectal surgical procedures under local anesthesia had less urinary retention then patients who received spinal anesthesia . 142 Cataldo and Ryan reported a higher incidence of POUR after local infiltration in patients undergoing anorectal surgery ( 49 % ) and herniorraphy ( 17.9 % ) . 32 , 59 However , all patients received spinal or epidural anesthesia for surgery , rendering it difficult to assess the potential benefits of local anesthetic infiltration on POUR . Long - acting local anesthetics are advocated for herniorraphy . The reduction in acute postoperative pain afforded by the long - acting local anesthetics may potentially attenuate the inhibition of bladder reflexes that increase the risk of POUR . 59 , 60,143,144 Furthermore , long - acting local anesthetics could facilitate , in the absence of motor block , early postoperative mobilization ; allowing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles and to stand up to facilitate the emptying of the bladder . 143 Paravertebral nerve block for herniorrhaphy has also been found to be associated with lower incidence of POUR . 145 Complications / Adverse Effects Associated With POUR Autonomic Response Painful stimulation resulting from an overdistended bladder can cause vomiting , bradycardia , hypotension , hypertension , cardiac dysrhythmias , or even asystole . 52 POUR has been shown to prolong hospital stay in patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy 20 and increase the discharge time in 19 % of outpatients . 146,147 Infection Urinary infection can be a direct complication of persistent POUR ( consequence of bladder hypotonia and the inability to completely empty the bladder ) or an indirect complication of bladder catheterization . 148 Higher mortality rate has been reported in hospitalized patients who developed nosocomial urinary tract infection after indwelling bladder catheterization . 149 The incidence of bactremia after single catheterization has been reported to be as high as 8 % . 150 Akthar found that 21 % of women undergoing laparoscopic surgery that had been catheterized before the procedure had bacteriuria 6 days later . 151 The use of an indwelling catheter after total joint replacement surgery for 24 h or less decreased the incidence of POUR without increasing the incidence of urinary tract infections . 152 Complications have also been reported with in - out and intermittent catheterization techniques . 153 Bladder Overdistension and Adverse Effects on Urodynamics Bladder overdistension is a potentially serious adverse effect associated with POUR , and it has a reported incidence of 44 % . 7 In a study by Pavlin , 20.5 % of outpatients had a bladder volume greater than 500 ml . Mulroy set up a target volume of 400 ml in a study of outpatients undergoing ambulatory surgery under spinal and epidural anesthesia . Eighteen percent of the patients assessed with ultrasound had a bladder volume greater than 400 ml , and only 13 % of these patients required catheterization due to inability to void . 53 On the basis of animal studies , bladder ischemia may be responsible for the persistent dysfunction after bladder over distension . 154 Furthermore , Katida observed that , if the rabbit bladder was overdistended for a period of time between 4 and 24 h , the concentration of muscarinic receptors decreased , resulting in reduced detrusor contractility . 154 Transient filling volume between 500 and 1,000 ml is not harmful if it is diagnosed and treated early within 1 to 2 h . Tammela showed in patients undergoing inpatient surgery that an initial volume over 500 ml detected by in - out bladder catheterization , increased the incidence of persistent POUR when compared with an initial volume below 500 ml . However 51 % of these patient were catheterized after 12 h , and 38 % had a bladder volume greater than 1,000 ml , suggesting that an early catheterization could have decreased the incidence of prolonged micturition difficulties . 23 It is thus logical to investigate further and establish safe bladder volume ranges to avoid bladder overdistention and persistent bladder dysfunction . Clinical Management of POUR Prevention of POUR requires the identification of patients with perioperative risk factors ( fig . 3 ) . Pharmacological strategies have been used as an attempt to prevent or to treat persistent POUR ( fig . 4 ) . Systemic phentolamine has been shown to decrease the resistance of IUS in rats , 155 whereas phenoxybenzamine reduces the time to first void and the incidence of bladder catheterization . 41 , 43 In a prospective randomized study Goldman showed that phenoxybenzamine was effective in preventing and treating POUR in patients undergoing inguinal hernioplasty . 156 Similar effect was shown in different types of surgery 157 and in patients with prostate enlargement undergoing anorectal surgery . 158 In contrast , phenoxybenzamine failed to prevent POUR after anorectal surgery . 32 In conclusion , the use of phenoxybenzamine remains controversial . Fig . 3 . Risk factors for POUR . BPH = benign prostatic hypertrophy ; CEI = continuous epidural infusion ; IV = intravenous ; PACU = postanesthesia care unit ; PCEA = patient - controlled epidural analgesia ; POUR = postoperative urinary retention Fig . 4 . POUR : prevention , diagnosis and treatment . BPH = benign prostatic hypertrophy ; POUR = post operative urinary retention Postoperative pain , rectal distension , and anal dilatation increase sympathetic tone . The resultant stimulation of the α - receptors in the IUS leads to increased pressure on the bladder neck and potentially to POUR . It has been hypothesized that this physiologic mechanism could explain urinary retention after anorectal surgery . Therefore , the use of α - antagonists in patients with postoperative pain after anorectal surgery could decrease the incidence of POUR . 32 Further studies are needed to establish the role of these agents in the prevention of POUR among patients undergoing anorectal surgery . In the following section , practical guidelines addressing clinical questions are proposed on the basis of a literature review and documented findings . Role of Bladder Catheterization Bladder catheterization is the standard treatment of POUR . Although in - out and indwelling urinary catheterization remain the standard therapy to treat POUR , it is not known which patients require catheterization , and the duration of catheterization and bladder volume thresholds are also unknown . Some of these issues are addressed on the basis of currently available evidence . When and in Whom Should the Bladder Be Catheterized ? By selecting patients who need a bladder catheter , the likelihood of urinary complications may be potentially minimized . Bladder catheterization , while preventing persistent voiding dysfunction secondary to bladder overdistension , may be associated with urinary tract infections , urethral trauma , and patient discomfort . Ultrasound assessment of bladder volume remains an accurate method . 9 – 15 The bladder volume at which one may decide to catheterize depends on the preoperative bladder functional capacity and the ability to void . Normal bladder capacity ranges between 400 to 600 ml . 7 , 52 To easily measure functional bladder capacity to avoid invasive methods , Brouwer suggest holding the urine until the desire to void is uncomfortable and then measuring the urinary volume that the patient voids . 9 If POUR is diagnosed early ( within 1 – 2 h ) , transient bladder distention with 500 to 1,000 ml volume may not have adverse effects on voiding function . At a volume 600 ml , catheterization is recommended . This volume is slightly higher than the maximum bladder volume of 400 – 500 ml recommended in the adult population . 15 In summary , low - risk outpatients may be discharged without void , and bladder catheterization is advised in high - risk subjects when the bladder volume is greater than 600 ml over a minimum period of 2 h ( fig . 5 ) . Fig . 5 . Postoperative urinary retention ( POUR ) : Management for outpatient surgery . * If high - risk patients void spontaneously , they can be discharged after the residual volume is checked How Long Must Surgical Patients Need Keep the Bladder Catheter ? Catheterization of the bladder is required for monitoring urinary output after major surgery , guiding volume resuscitation and preventing POUR . However , both intermittent and indwelling bladder catheterization have been associated with urinary tract infections . 148,149,159,160 Aseptic techniques during the placement of bladder catheter and antibiotic prophylaxis have been reported to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections . 161,162 POUR in ambulatory surgery is commonly treated with in - out catheterization . For in - hospital patients , the optimal duration of bladder catheterization remains controversial . In a heterogenous surgical population , in - out catheterization was compared to indwelling catheterization for 24 h . No differences in terms of recatheterization and urinary tract infections were found between the two strategies , but indwelling catheterization increased hospital stay by 1 day . 22 For anorectal surgery , most authors suggest 5 days with a range between 3 and 10 days . 35,163 – 165 The incidence of urinary tract infections after anorectal surgery and 5 days of catheterization ranges between 42 % and 60 % . 33 , 36,165 The incidence of POUR after anorectal surgery was similar whether patients had an indwelling catheter for either 1 day or 5 days , but a lower incidence of urinary tract infections was reported in the 1 - day group . Preoperative dysuria and metastatic lymph node disease in patients with rectal cancer were identified as risk factors of POUR . The recommendations are that patients undergoing anorectal surgery with no other risk factors for POUR should keep the catheter for 1 day to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections , whereas patients at high risk ( rectal cancer , 36 Basse studied the incidence of POUR , urinary tract infections , and permanent voiding dysfunction after colonic resection in 102 patients , catheterized for only 24 h , and continuous epidural bupivacaine - morphine infusion . These authors reported a low incidence of POUR ( 9 % ) and urinary tract infections ( 4 % ) . None of the patients had long - term voiding dysfunction . 166 However , because of the absence of a control group and the absence in literature of large prospective randomized studies , further investigations are needed to establish the optimal duration and the necessity of bladder catheterization during continuous epidural analgesia . Removal of the bladder catheter after abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy and vaginal prolapse surgery either immediately 167,168 or within the first 24 h has been shown to decrease the incidence of postoperative urinary infections and duration of hospitalization without increasing the risk of bladder dysfunction . 167,169 – 171 In summary , the results of a few randomized studies suggest that intermittent catheterization is adequate for outpatient surgery . For major uncomplicated surgery with or without epidural anesthesia / analgesia , bladder catheterization may be limited to a period of 24 h . Ultrasound may be used to guide catheterization if urine volume exceeds 600 ml and in - out catheterization technique may be preferable . For major complicated surgery and with extensive perineal and rectal dissection , bladder catheterization is required for a longer period of time according to clinical indications . Is Bladder Catheterization Necessary for Surgical Patients Undergoing Lower Limb Joint Surgery ? Urinary tract infection related to bladder catheterization is a well known postoperative complication in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery . 150,172 – 175 Hematogenous spread from the urinary tract could potentially infect the prosthetic joint or disseminate systemically , causing severe complications , including sepsis . 173,175 – 179 Postoperative bacteriuria has been shown to increase 3 to 6 times the risk of prosthetic infection , 178,180,181 with male patients at higher risk of developing POUR . 174,175,182,183 Epidural morphine is associated with an incidence of 62 % of POUR compared with 24 % when systemic opioids are used . 183 Some data seem to indicate that indwelling bladder catheter in patients at risk of POUR might be advantageous over intermittent catheterization with less POUR and no change in incidence of urinary tract infection . 25,152,184 – 186 No difference in urinary tract infections has been found when either an indwelling bladder catheterization for 24 h or intermittent catheterization techniques were used . 187 With regard to the latter , an increased risk of undiagnosed bladder overdistension resulting in risk of permanent bladder dysfunction and secondary urinary tract infections has to be considered . Short - term antibiotic prophylaxis , limited to one dose of cefazolin before the surgery , is associated with less bacteriuria with intermittent bladder catheterization than with indwelling catheterization . 188 Currently , bacterial resistance and increased costs are the main reasons for the choice of short - term antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing total joint replacement . 181,189 This approach does not cover the period of indwelling bladder catheterization ; therefore , it may increase the risk of urinary tract infections . 188 Although POUR after total joint arthroplasty has been shown to occur frequently ( 67 % ) in patients who receive intermittent catheterization as necessary , routine preoperative catheterization may not be warranted , except when high risk factors for POUR are present . 187,190 If POUR occurs and catheterization is required , intermittent catheterization is the preferable choice , and it has been shown to be more cost - effective than indwelling catheterization . 187,190 In summary , bladder catheterization is not required in low - risk patients receiving neuraxial lipohilic opioids , whereas bladder catheterization is recommended in high - risk patients for 24 h under adequate anthibiotic prophylaxis . Subsequent in - out catheterization should be guided by ultrasound . Must Outpatients Void before Being Discharged ? Ability to void has always been considered as one of the criteria to discharge outpatients . By stratifying preoperative risk for POUR , selected patients could be discharged without voiding . 4 , 5 , 53 In two prospective studies by Pavlin , outpatients were classified as low - risk for POUR if they had general anesthesia or nonpelvic surgery and high - risk if they had hernia / anal surgery or spinal / epidural anesthesia . 4 , 5 In low - risk outpatients , the incidence of POUR ( defined as the inability to void with a bladder volume greater than 600 ml detected by ultrasound ) was less than 1 % compared to 15 % in the high - risk group . Of 227 low - risk patients , 1 patient had POUR . The others voided approximately 75 min after surgery and were discharged without voiding . In the high - risk patients , the incidence of POUR was 5 % ; when they were catheterized ( in - out catheterization at a bladder volume greater Ultrasound remains a useful instrument in high - risk patients not only because it measures bladder volume ; it also guides timing of the catheterization and thus avoids unnecessary bladder and catheter - related complications and delayed disharges ( fig . 5 In summary , outpatients in the low - risk category group can be sent home without voiding , but those in the high - risk group can be catheterized under ultrasound guidance and then sent home with medical assistance . In conclusion , several anesthetic and nonanesthetic factors contribute to the development of POUR in the surgical patient . The diagnosis of POUR is often arbitrary , and its true incidence is unknown due to lack of defining criteria . 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"Postoperative Urinary Retention",
"Anesthetic and Perioperative Considerations",
"Mechanism of Micturition"
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http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2542535 | View Full Size Issue Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments Research Support Competing Interests References Appendix Free Perioperative Medicine | October 2016 Success of Intubation Rescue Techniques after Failed Direct Laryngoscopy in Adults : A Retrospective Comparative Analysis from the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group Michael F . Aziz , M.D . Ansgar M . Brambrink , M.D. , Ph . D . David W . Healy , M.D. , M.R.C.P. , F.R.C.A . Amy Wen Willett , M.D . Amy Shanks , Ph . D . et al Tyler Tremper , B.S . Leslie Jameson , M.D . Jacqueline Ragheb , M . B . B . Ch . , F.F.A.R.C.S.I. , F.J.F.I.C.M.I . Daniel A . Biggs , M.D . William C . Paganelli , M.D. , Ph . D . Janavi Rao , M.D . Jerry L . Epps , M.D . Douglas A . Colquhoun , M . B . Ch . B . , M . Sc . , M.P.H . Patrick Bakke , M.D . Sachin Kheterpal , M.D. , M.B.A . Author Notes Anesthesiology 10 2016 , Vol . 125 , 656 - 666 . doi : 10.1097 / ALN . 0000000000001267 View Figures Tables PDF Tools Get Permissions Get Citation Alerts Abstract Background Multiple attempts at tracheal intubation are associated with mortality , and successful rescue requires a structured plan . However , there remains a paucity of data to guide the choice of intubation rescue technique after failed initial direct laryngoscopy . The authors studied a large perioperative database to determine success rates for commonly used intubation rescue techniques . Methods Using a retrospective , observational , comparative design , the authors analyzed records from seven academic centers within the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group between 2004 and 2013 . The primary outcome was the comparative success rate for five commonly used techniques to achieve successful tracheal intubation after failed direct laryngoscopy : ( 1 ) video laryngoscopy , ( 2 ) flexible fiberoptic intubation , ( 3 ) supraglottic airway as part of an exchange technique , ( 4 ) optical stylet , and ( 5 ) lighted stylet . Results A total of 346,861 cases were identified that involved attempted tracheal intubation . A total of 1,009 anesthesia providers managed 1,427 cases of failed direct laryngoscopy followed by subsequent intubation attempts ( n = 1,619 ) that employed one of the five studied intubation rescue techniques . The use of video laryngoscopy resulted in a significantly higher success rate ( 92 % ; 95 % CI , 90 to 93 ) than other techniques : supraglottic airway conduit ( 78 % ; 95 % CI , 68 to 86 ) , flexible bronchoscopic intubation ( 78 % ; 95 % ® [ Verathon , USA ] ) to rescue failed direct laryngoscopy ( 1,122 / 1,619 ; 69 % ) , and its use has increased during the study period . Conclusions Video laryngoscopy is associated with a high rescue intubation success rate and is more commonly used than other rescue techniques . What We Already Know about This Topic Airway management guidelines suggest various options after failed direct laryngoscopy We lack knowledge of the effectiveness of each alternative technique for achieving successful tracheal intubation What This Article Tells Us That Is New In this large , multicentered , retrospective observational study , 1,619 rescue attempts after a failed tracheal intubation were performed in 1,427 out of 346,861 cases Video laryngoscopy was the most frequently chosen rescue technique ( 69 % ) and resulted in the highest success rate ( 92 % ) among the alternative techniques FAILED tracheal intubation is a concerning event that may lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality . Our current prediction techniques are imperfect , leading to its occurrence despite careful preprocedural airway risk assessment . A true medical emergency exists when difficult intubation occurs in combination with difficult bag - mask ventilation that impairs oxygenation . This emergency can occur when failed laryngoscopy attempts are persistent . 1 2 Safe management requires timely decision - making and may require the use of alternative techniques to ensure successful tracheal intubation . Current intubation rescue techniques include video laryngoscopy , flexible bronchoscopic intubation , the use of a lighted stylet , or insertion of a supraglottic airway ( SGA ) as a conduit to tracheal intubation . Widely used algorithms do not provide clear guidance on which techniques to use after direct laryngoscopy fails . 3 If ventilation is adequately restored , the guidelines do suggest the use of alternate devices to maintain ventilation or secure the airway with a tracheal tube . Several techniques have been advocated to facilitate successful tracheal intubation after failed direct laryngoscopy . One retrospective effectiveness study across two centers demonstrated that rescue using the GlideScope ® video laryngoscope ( Verathon , USA ) was successful in 94 % ( 224 of 239 ) of cases after failed direct laryngoscopy . 4 According to a large observational study , the Pentax AWS ( Pentax , Japan ) was found to achieve successful intubation in 99 % ( 268 of 270 ) of cases where direct laryngoscopy failed to achieve an adequate laryngeal view for intubation . 5 In a large observational study of a new algorithm involving a small group of providers and select group of patients , failed direct laryngoscopy was rescued utilizing the Airtraq ( Prodol , Spain ) system in 27 of 28 cases . 6 Others reported that when mask ventilation and intubation are both difficult , SGAs restore ventilation in 94 % of cases ( 16 of 17 ) . 7 Other devices have been advocated as useful rescue intubation tools in smaller case series . 8 – 11 However , collectively , the aforementioned studies do not provide the evidence necessary for a direct comparison between individual rescue techniques as they either focus on only one technique , the practice in one single center , or represent small case series . Therefore , we designed a study to help determine the comparative effectiveness of intubation rescue techniques suggested by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Difficult Airway Algorithm 3 by analyzing a large database of perioperative medical records from seven large tertiary care centers across the United States . We tested the hypothesis that video laryngoscopy is associated with a higher success rate compared to other recommended techniques ( flexible fiberoptic intubation , lighted stylet , optical stylet , and SGA as a conduit to tracheal intubation ) . The experimental design was a multicentered , retrospective observational study utilizing the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group ( MPOG ) database . MPOG is a consortium of institutions formed in 2008 with a shared data set facilitating the investigation of perioperative outcomes . The structure of this database has been described previously in great detail . 12 13 In brief , each institution uses an intraoperative electronic medical record and routinely extracts data into a common research database structure and common clinical lexicon to enable comparison of medications , procedures , techniques , and outcomes across centers . Rigorous data visualization techniques and case validation are used to maximize data quality and consistency in the centralized database . Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from each MPOG ( Ann Arbor , Michigan ) center to contribute and analyze deidentified data in a central data repository . A requirement for written informed consent was waived for these purposes . The clinical investigation protocol , including planned primary and secondary outcomes and statistical analysis plan , was presented to the MPOG Perioperative Clinical Research Committee in 2012 , reviewed and critiqued by the members , and then approved for data extraction . A detailed proposed query plan , data collection sheet , and data definitions are included in the MPOG The analysis was based on the systematic evaluation of electronic medical records collected from seven large tertiary care academic institutions in the MPOG consortium between January 2004 and January 2013 : University of Michigan , Oregon Health & Science University , Oregon , Michigan ; University of Colorado , Aurora , Colorado ; University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia ; University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont ; and University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah . These centers were selected among many MPOG contributing centers based upon Included in the final analysis were electronic medical records from all adult patients ( greater than 18 years of age ) who had tracheal intubation attempted initially with direct laryngoscopy and then rescue attempted with the technique of interest ( video laryngoscopy , flexible fiberoptic intubation , lighted stylet , optical stylet , and SGA as a conduit to tracheal intubation ) . The following events were excluded from further analysis : the use of direct laryngoscopy alone , primary technique that was not a direct laryngoscopy , or pediatric patients ( less than 18 years of age ) . The primary outcome was the successful tracheal intubation rate of ( 1 ) video laryngoscopy , ( 2 ) flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy , ( 3 ) SGA as a conduit to intubation , ( 4 ) optical stylet , or ( 5 ) lighted stylet performed after failed initial direct laryngoscopy . Although the documentation templates of the institutions did not include a standard definition of an “ intubation attempt , ” for purposes of this analysis , we defined a “ failed attempt ” as the documented use of a device with or without attempted tube passage that did table 1 ) . Cases that did not clearly discriminate an “ intubation attempt ” or “ intubation rescue technique ” as defined here were excluded from further analysis ( fig . 1 ) . Table 1 . Airway Rescue Techniques and Comparative Success Rates of the Common Rescue Strategies Full Size | Slide ( .ppt ) Fig . 1 . Flow diagram of case inclusion and airway outcome . Among a large cohort of patients requiring tracheal intubation in the Multicentered Perioperative Outcome Group data set , the “ primary query ” was identified by electronic search that included airway management details of interest . After manual review of these records , the final sample of cases was grouped into common airway management rescue techniques after failed direct laryngoscopy . Each case resulted in one or more attempted rescue techniques . Success rates for these techniques are included . SGA = supraglottic airway . Full Size | Slide ( .ppt ) A secondary outcome was the tracheal intubation success rate of the five intubation rescue techniques of interest in the subgroup of patients with “ difficult or impossible mask ventilation . ” Patients were included into this subgroup analysis if a mask ventilation scaled score of 3 or 4 14 was documented or if the mask ventilation narrative indicated “ two - hand mask ventilation , ” or documented that the patient could not be ventilated by mask at all . An additional secondary outcome was any documentation of airway - related trauma assessed as ( 1 ) no injury , ( 2 ) dental trauma , ( 3 ) pharyngeal injury , ( 4 ) tracheal injury , and ( 5 ) death . The primary automated query ( fig . 1 ) identified all cases that involved multiple attempts at laryngoscopy and the use of alternative intubation techniques , or cases with four or more laryngoscopy attempts . In all identified electronic records , the intubation narrative was queried as to whether one or more of the five devices of interest were mentioned by searching for the following terms : “ video , ” “ could not intubate , ” “ could not ventilate , ” “ lightwand , ” “ fiberoptic , ” “ video , ” “ CMAC , ” “ C - MAC , ” “ stylet , In an attempt to further characterize the affected patient population , severable variables were also recorded . Elements of the airway exam from those institutions that had provided these elements as a part of the electronic medical record to MPOG were included . For the purposes of this analysis , cases were determined to be “ at higher risk of difficult direct laryngoscopy ” when the presence of the following objective criteria were identified : “ Mallampati classification score of 3 or 4 , ” “ limited cervical motion , ” “ limited mouth opening ” ( i.e . , less than 3 cm ) , “ limited jaw protrusion ” ( i.e . , unable to protrude the lower teeth in front of the upper teeth ) , “ short thyromental distance ” ( , less than 6 cm ) , or “ radiation changes to the neck . ” Furthermore , counts of the number of previous direct laryngoscopy attempts before rescue were recorded . Also , hypoxemia associated with airway management was recorded and defined as Sp o 2 less than 90 % for at least 1 min . Finally , a summative count of “ higher risk ” attempts was recorded and defined by attempts involving either Sp o less than 90 % for 1 min or longer , concomitant difficult / impossible bag - mask ventilation or after at least two previous failed attempts at direct laryngoscopy . Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21 ( USA ) . To determine if there was a statistically significant difference among the proportions of successful tracheal intubations and the five identified groups , a chi - square test was used . To compare the successful tracheal intubation rates with the five devices in the setting of failed direct laryngoscopy and difficult or impossible mask ventilation ( secondary outcome ) , the data were recategorized based upon the stated outcome and chi - square test was used . P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant . Proportions are represented with exact 95 % CIs . A mixed - effects logistic regression model was performed to determine if there was any variation among the individual institutions . The binary outcome was success or failure using video laryngoscopy . Due to low sample - size issues , video laryngoscopy was the only model we were able to perform . The fixed effect was having two or more of the preoperative airway predictors as a binary concept . The random effect was the institution . The variance estimate across the institutions was used to calculate the median odds ratio ( MOR ) . The MOR calculates the variation 15 Stata SE version 13 ( Chicago , Illinois ) was used for this portion of the analysis . A convenience sample size of the seven MPOG institutions ’ clinical volume was chosen due to the absence of existing data regarding direct laryngoscopy rescue rates and usage patterns of rescue devices at these seven centers . On post hoc analysis ( using nQuery ) , when the sample size in each of the five groups is 64 , a 0.050 - level chi - square test will have 80 % power to detect a difference in proportions characterized by a variance of proportions of 0.006344 and an average proportion of 0.784 . A total of 346,861 cases across seven institutions in the United States were identified that involved attempted or successful tracheal intubation using direct laryngoscopy and had adequate reporting of the necessary airway documentation fields ( ) . Out of these , 7,259 cases ( 2 % ) were identified by automated primary query to involve multiple attempts at laryngoscopy and notation of rescue techniques of interest . Manual review of each of these records identified 1,427 cases ( 20 % ) that met inclusion criteria of an initial attempt ( s ) of unsuccessful direct laryngoscopy followed by rescue intervention ( s ) using some other means . These airways were managed by 1,009 distinct anesthesia providers ( 353 attending anesthesiologists , 449 resident anesthesiologists , and 207 certified registered nurse anesthetists ) . Among Table 1 summarizes the primary outcome data . Providers most frequently choose video laryngoscopy to rescue the airway ( n = 1,122 out of 1,619 attempts ; 69 % ) . In far fewer cases , flexible fiberoptic ( n = 170 ; 11 % ) , lighted stylet ( n = 128 ; 8 % ) , SGA conduit ( n = 82 ; 5 % ) , or optical stylet ( n = 9 ; 0.6 % ) were chosen as the rescue technique . The SGA conduits were used for tracheal intubation performed either blindly ( n = 43 P < 0.001 ) , flexible fiberoptic intubation ( 78 % ; 95 % CI , 71 to 83 ; < 0.001 ) , lighted stylet ( 77 % ; 95 % CI , 69 to 83 ; < 0.001 ) , or optical stylet ( 67 % ; 95 % CI , 47 to 99 ; < 0.001 ) . We demonstrated that there was very small variance ( 0.2 % ) of successful video laryngoscopy across the institutions when controlling for preoperative airway risk factors . However , the MOR was 1.00 , which indicates no significant variation across institutions . Table 2 lists the different video laryngoscopy systems used to rescue failed direct laryngoscopy ( n = 1,122 ) and their respective success rates . Most rescues using a video laryngoscopy system ( n = 1,003 ) involved the GlideScope ( 89 % ) ; in 6 % , the Storz DCI or C - MAC video laryngoscopes ( Karl Storz , Germany ) ; in 4 % , the Bullard scope ( Circon ACMI , USA ) , and in less than 1 % the Pentax , McGrath ( Aircraft Medical , United Kingdom ) , and Airtraq systems . The success rates of the three most frequently used video laryngoscopy techniques were similar ( 90 to 92 % ) . The frequency of the use of other devices was very low in this sample , which precluded a meaningful comparative analysis . Table 2 . Video Laryngoscopy Devices Used and Comparative Success Rates Figure 2 illustrates the proportional increase in the use of video laryngoscopy for the rescue of failed direct laryngoscopy during the period that is reflected in these data . In contrast , the use of flexible fiberoptic intubation or optical stylets in this event has proportionally waned . Fig . 2 . Rescue techniques attempted over time . This diagram illustrates the proportional use of each studied rescue technique of interest over time . During this period , the use of video laryngoscopy has substantially grown , while the use of all other rescue techniques has proportionally decreased . SGA = supraglottic airway . Table 3 summarizes the results from a subgroup analysis of those cases of failed direct laryngoscopy that also involved difficult or impossible mask ventilation ( n = 145 / 1,427 ; 10 % ) . Similar to the results for the whole sample , video laryngoscopy was chosen most frequently for the attempt to rescue failed direct laryngoscopy ( 69 % ) . Video laryngoscopy resulted in a higher success rate ( 88 % ; 81 to 93 ) than flexible fiberoptic intubation ( 54 % ; 35 to 71 ; = 0.0003 ) . Table 3 . Airway Rescue Techniques and Comparative Success Rates in Patients with Difficult or Impossible Mask Ventilation When video laryngoscopy failed as rescue means ( n = 90 ; 8 % ) , the airway was most often successfully secured when using flexible fiberoptic intubation ( n = 30 ) or by return to direct laryngoscopy ( n = 29 ) , often with the use of a bougie ( n = 15 ) . Table 4 summarizes the number of failed direct laryngoscopy attempts before conversion to any of the five rescue techniques of interest . The majority of rescue intubations occurred after one failed direct laryngoscopy attempt in 1,023 of 1,511 cases ( 68 % ) . For 78 % ( 1,116 of 1,427 ) of these studied failed direct laryngoscopy cases , information was available for the type of direct laryngoscopy blade used . In 606 of 1,116 ( 54 % ) cases , only a Macintosh blade was used , whereas in 180 of 1,116 ( 16 % ) cases , only a Table 4 . Previous Number of Attempts at Direct Laryngoscopy Before Rescue Techniques of Interest Table 5 describes the details of the preoperative airway examination recorded and episodes of hypoxemia associated with airway management . Depending on the variable and contributing institution , 79 % ( n = 1,122 ) of the 1,427 cases of failed direct laryngoscopy had preoperative airway examinations available for review . The final tally for data completion demonstrated that 54 to 63 % of the 1,427 cases had valid preoperative airway examination details , depending on the variable . Based on the available data , 28 % ( n = 313 of 1,122 ) of the cases where direct laryngoscopy failed had of less than 90 % for at least 1 min around the time of intubation was observed in 372 of 1,511 ( 25 % ) rescue attempts . A total of 782 of 1,511 ( 52 % ) cases were considered “ higher risk ” as defined by an episode of hypoxemia , or after difficult / impossible mask ventilation , or after two failed previous attempts at direct laryngoscopy . Table 5 . Airway Management Conditions During Rescue Attempts Acute complications were rare : pharyngeal injury was reported in 12 cases , and all occurrences were associated with the use of video laryngoscopy as rescue ( n = 12 / 1,122 ; 1.1 % ) . Pharyngeal injuries noted frank blood coming from the mouth ( n = 8 GlideScope , n = 1 Airtraq , n = 1 C - MAC ) or a laceration to the tonsillar pillar ( n = 1 GlideScope ) or a laceration to the epiglottis ( n = 1 GlideScope ) . Dental injury was reported in four cases ( 0.3 % Discussion This multicentered , retrospective observational study has revealed important new information . First , the use of video laryngoscopy in the setting of failed direct laryngoscopy is associated with a statistically significant higher success rate than the other commonly performed alternative techniques , such as flexible fiberoptic intubation , intubation through SGA devices , or optical stylets . Second , the use of video laryngoscopy , predominantly with the GlideScope during the period studied , has become the preferred method to achieve successful tracheal intubation after this event . Third , video laryngoscopy retains a high success rate after failed Our findings are the result of systematic analysis of a large number of perioperative tracheal intubations from several large anesthesia practices . The resulting data are highly relevant because they not only allow the inclusion of a uniquely large number of failed initial direct laryngoscopies ( n = 1,427 ) and the analysis of their subsequent management , but they also reflect the current practice of perioperative airway management practice in tertiary medical centers across the United States . To our knowledge , this is the largest and most diverse study of its kind , and we consider the results In essence , our new findings quantify the success of video laryngoscopy in routine clinical practice : video laryngoscopy is used in the vast majority of airway rescue events where initial direct laryngoscopy has failed and its use is associated with a high likelihood of success . This success rate was maintained during times of increased urgency such as during threatened or actual failed ventilation , after multiple failed direct laryngoscopy attempts , and in the setting of hypoxemia . Additionally , we found that the use of video laryngoscopy for the rescue of failed initial direct laryngoscopy has increased fig . 2 ) . It appears that clinical practice may be gravitating toward a reduction in the number of laryngoscopy attempts , as these rescues mostly occurred after only one failed direct laryngoscopy attempt . Although persistence with direct laryngoscopy may have resulted in ultimate success , our data suggest that in recent years , providers are avoiding this practice . However , the data do not allow us to determine why practitioners now more frequently prefer video laryngoscopy over other rescue strategies . We speculate that this preference reflects today ’ s widespread availability of video laryngoscopy , an anticipated high 4 5 11 16 Similarly , SGAs have been previously proposed as effective rescue means when used as a conduit for intubation with reported success rates of 87 to 94 % in 23 or 15 cases , respectively . 17 18 A previous prominent single - center study evaluating that 12,225 patients proposed a novel difficult airway algorithm incorporating video laryngoscopy was limited to only 29 failed direct laryngoscopy events performed by 15 anesthesiologists . 6 For the first time , we have a multicenter perspective on the performance of the new - generation video laryngoscope and alternate intubation techniques . Furthermore , after a center - effects analysis , we observed little variance across institutions regarding the success rate of video laryngoscopy in rescuing failed direct laryngoscopy . We believe that this data set demonstrates that modern day video laryngoscopy is used with a high success of tracheal intubation when initial direct laryngoscopy fails . However , despite the very large number of cases analyzed in this study , interpretation of comparative success rates is Our observation of a high use of video laryngoscopy ( with a maintained high rate of successful intubation rescue ) in the presence of difficult or impossible mask ventilation describes a practice in variance to existing guidance . The current failed ventilation pathway of the American Society of Anesthesiologists airway algorithm suggests consideration of an SGA . This suggestion is based upon expert opinion and supplemented by a single small study predating modern video laryngoscopy in which the use of the SGA restored ventilation in 16 of 17 cases of difficult mask ventilation and difficult intubation . 7 Our study similarly reports 10 cases of SGA airway rescue with two reported failures to successfully intubate in this setting . In eight of these cases , a tracheal tube was effectively placed , and in one case , the SGA was used for definitive airway management . However , it is surprising that in contrast to established guidelines , providers more frequently ( n = 107 of 155 ; 69 % ) chose to use video laryngoscopy in the setting of difficult or impossible ventilation rather than other efforts to restore ventilation , and this practice retained a high 19 Although our data are informative regarding the effectiveness of intubation rescue devices , they must be cautiously applied to individual patient care . Provider experience , device availability , and patient - specific airway and cardiopulmonary features must drive the choice of rescue device . These data are impactful because they significantly advance our knowledge of success for the techniques analyzed in a practice setting that is diverse and allow provider choice among different rescue strategies . Nevertheless , our results do not preclude other practice settings from achieving high rescue success rates with alternate strategies that are well established We recorded 12 cases of pharyngeal injury in this data set and all occurred when video laryngoscopy was attempted after the failure of initial direct laryngoscopy . Pharyngeal injury during primary airway management with video laryngoscopy has been described previously . 20 – 26 While previous reports indicate a low incidence , our analysis indicates an increased risk of pharyngeal injury of 1 % ( 12 of 1,122 cases ) when video laryngoscopy is used after failed direct laryngoscopy . Moreover , based on the study design , it can not be ruled out that true incidence is higher since the data did not include postoperative observations or longer term outcome data . While the true incidence remains unclear , video laryngoscopy may require specific precautions to reduce the risk of pharyngeal injury . In particular , providers should focus attention on the oral Our analysis has several limitations . First , we could not determine provider experience with the given devices since the record remains unclear as to which of the providers failed with direct laryngoscopy and which one of them was involved in any of the subsequent intubation attempts . Procedural experience of the laryngoscopist can not be used to further interpret the data . Second , the data provided regarding hypoxemia can not be precisely coincided with the intubation event , but rather was gathered in association with the time of intubation , as documented by the anesthesia provider . Consequently post hoc sample size estimates confirm that the study may not have been sufficiently powered to detect outcome differences between all groups . Finally , the retrospective observational nature of this study limits the interpretation of the frequency of airway rescue and the rescue success rates observed in this study population . In summary , we found that video laryngoscopy was associated with a higher rate of successful tracheal intubation compared to the other commonly performed techniques in the perioperative practice of large tertiary care academic medical centers . Furthermore , video laryngoscopy ( especially use of the GlideScope ) was the most frequent technique chosen to rescue failed direct laryngoscopy . In contrast to current recommendations , we found video laryngoscopy to be used frequently for airway rescue when difficult mask ventilation occurred after failed direct laryngoscopy . Nevertheless , its use was associated with a high success rate for rescue Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the members of Perioperative Clinical Research Committee from the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group ( Ann Arbor , Michigan ; members are listed in the Appendix ) . Research Support Supported by a Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship ( Schaumburg , Illinois ; to Dr . Willett ) . Competing Interests Dr . Aziz and Dr . Brambrink have received research funding from Karl Storz Endoscopy ( El Segundo , California ) . Dr . Aziz has also received honoraria for speaking from this vendor . Dr . Healy is a paid scientific advisor to Brio Device LLC ( airway device development ) ( Ann Arbor , Michigan ) . The other authors declare no competing interests . References Peterson , GN , Domino , KB , Caplan , RA , Posner , KL , Lee , LA , Cheney , FW Management of the difficult airway : A closed claims analysis . . A nesthesiology . ( 2005 ) . 103 33 – 9 [ Article ] [ PubMed ] Mort , TC Emergency tracheal intubation : Complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts . . Anesth Analg . ( 2004 ) . 99 607 – 13 , table of contents [ Article ] [ PubMed ] Apfelbaum , JL , Hagberg , CA , Caplan , RA , Blitt , CD , Connis , RT , Nickinovich , DG , Hagberg , CA , Caplan , RA , Benumof , JL , Berry , FA , Blitt , CD , Bode , RH , Cheney , FW , Connis , RT , Guidry , OF , Nickinovich , DG , Ovassapian , A American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway , Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway : An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force A nesthesiology . ( 2013 ) . 118 251 – 70 Aziz , MF , Healy , D , Kheterpal , S , Fu , RF , Dillman , D , Brambrink , AM Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the Glidescope in difficult airway management : An analysis of 2,004 Glidescope intubations , complications , and failures from two institutions . . . ( 2011 ) . 114 34 – 41 Asai , T , Liu , EH , Matsumoto , S , Hirabayashi , Y , Seo , N , Suzuki , A , Toi , T , Yasumoto , K , Okuda , Y Use of the Pentax - AWS in 293 patients with difficult airways . . . ( 2009 ) . 110 898 – 904 Amathieu , R , Combes , X , Abdi , W , Housseini , LE , Rezzoug , A , Dinca , A , Slavov , V , Bloc , S , Dhonneur , G An algorithm for difficult airway management , modified for modern optical devices ( Airtraq laryngoscope ; LMA CTrach ™ ) : A 2 - year prospective validation in patients for elective abdominal , gynecologic , and thyroid surgery . . . ( 2011 ) . 114 25 – 33 Parmet , JL , Colonna - Romano , P , Horrow , JC , Miller , F , Gonzales , J , Rosenberg , H The laryngeal mask airway reliably provides rescue ventilation in cases of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation along with difficult mask ventilation . . Anesth Analg . ( 1998 ) . 87 661 – 5 Bein , B , Yan , M , Tonner , PH , Scholz , J , Steinfath , M , Dörges , V Tracheal intubation using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope after failed direct laryngoscopy . . Anaesthesia . ( 2004 ) . 59 1207 – 9 Maharaj , CH , Costello , JF , McDonnell , JG , Harte , BH , Laffey , JG The Airtraq as a rescue airway device following failed direct laryngoscopy : A case series . . Anaesthesia . ( 2007 ) . 62 598 – 601 Shippey , B , Ray , D , McKeown , D Use of the McGrath videolaryngoscope in the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation . . Br J Anaesth . ( 2008 ) . 100 116 – 9 Noppens , RR , Möbus , S , Heid , F , Schmidtmann , I , Werner , C , Piepho , T Evaluation of the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope after failed direct laryngoscopy . . . ( 2010 ) . 65 716 – 20 Freundlich , RE , Kheterpal , S Perioperative effectiveness research using large databases . . Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 25 489 – 98 Kheterpal , S Clinical research using an information system : The Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group . . Anesthesiol Clin 29 377 – 88 Han , R , Tremper , KK , Kheterpal , S , O ’ Reilly , M Grading scale for mask ventilation . . 101 267 Larsen , K , Merlo , J Appropriate assessment of neighborhood effects on individual health : Integrating random and fixed effects in multilevel logistic regression . . Am J Epidemiol . ( 2005 ) . 161 81 – 8 Malin , E , Montblanc , Jd , Ynineb , Y , Marret , E , Bonnet , F Performance of the Airtraq laryngoscope after failed conventional tracheal intubation : A case series . . Acta Anaesthesiol Scand . ( 2009 ) . 53 858 – 63 Ferson , DZ , Rosenblatt , WH , Johansen , MJ , Osborn , I , Ovassapian , A Use of the intubating LMA - Fastrach in 254 patients with difficult - to - manage airways . . . ( 2001 ) . 95 1175 – 81 Combes , X , Le Roux , B , Suen , P , Dumerat , M , Motamed , C , Sauvat , S , Duvaldestin , P , Dhonneur , G Unanticipated difficult airway in anesthetized patients : Prospective validation of a management algorithm . . 100 1146 – 50 Kheterpal , S , Healy , D , Aziz , MF , Shanks , AM , Freundlich , RE , Linton , F , Martin , LD , Linton , J , Epps , JL , Fernandez - Bustamante , A , Jameson , LC , Tremper , T , Tremper , KK Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group ( MPOG ) Perioperative Clinical Research Committee , Incidence , predictors , and outcome of difficult mask ventilation combined with difficult laryngoscopy : A report from the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group . . . ( 2013 ) . 119 1360 – 9 Aziz , MF , Abrons , RO , Cattano , D , Bayman , EO , Swanson , DE , Hagberg , CA , Todd , MM , Brambrink , AM First - attempt intubation success of video laryngoscopy in patients with anticipated difficult direct laryngoscopy : A multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing the C - MAC D - Blade versus the GlideScope in a mixed provider and diverse patient population . . . ( 2016 ) . 122 740 – 50 Cooper , RM Complications associated with the use of the GlideScope videolaryngoscope . . Can J Anaesth . ( 2007 ) . 54 54 – 7 Cross , P , Cytryn , J , Cheng , KK Perforation of the soft palate using the GlideScope videolaryngoscope . . Can J Anaesth 54 588 – 9 Hirabayashi , Y Pharyngeal injury related to GlideScope videolaryngoscope . . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137 175 – 6 Hsu , WT , Hsu , SC , Lee , YL , Huang , JS , Chen , CLPenetrating injury of the soft palate during GlideScope intubation . . 104 1609 – 10discussion 1611 Nestler , C , Reske , AP , Reske , AW , Pethke , H , Koch , T Pharyngeal wall injury during videolaryngoscopy - assisted intubation . . 118 709 Vincent , RDJr , Wimberly , MP , Brockwell , RC , Magnuson , JS Soft palate perforation during orotracheal intubation facilitated by the GlideScope videolaryngoscope . . J Clin Anesth 19 619 – 21 Appendix Study group members of Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group are as follows : Ana Fernandez - Bustamante , M.D. , Ph . D . , Associate Professor , Department of Anesthesiology , University of Colorado , Aurora , Colorado ; Leslie C . Jameson , M.D. , Associate Professor , Department of Anesthesiology , University of Colorado , Aurora , Colorado ; Daniel A . Biggs , M.D. , Associate Professor , Department of Anesthesiology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Jonathan Wanderer , M.D. , Ph . D . , Assistant Professor , | [
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http://anetworth.net/sydney-penny-net-worth/ | Sydney Penny net worth Net Worth : $ 2 Million About Sydney Penny It has been calculated that the overall sum of Sydney Penny net worth is as high as 2 million dollars , as of right now . She has accumulated her net worth because of her career as an actress . She is mostly known for her appearances in the TV soap opera called “ All My Children ” , where she was playing the role of Julia Santos Keefer . Moreover , Sydney Penny was chosen for the part of Samantha Kelly in another show called “ The Bold and the Beautiful ” , which aired on CBS . Both The actress was born in 1971 in Nashville , Tennessee . However , she grew up in Chatsworth , California . Her father was a bandleader and actor . When she was 12 years old , Sydney Penny appeared as an actress for the first time , which was in the TV production called “ The Thorn Birds ” . In it , she was chosen to play the role of young Meggie . Then , Sydney Penny played the role of Dani in another TV production called “ The New Gidget ” . Also , she had a small For her role in it , Sydney Penny got a Young Artist Award at the 7th Youth in Film Awards . These first appearances began to make her name popular and also increased the current estimate of Sydney Penny net worth . In 1981 , Sydney Penny appeared as a voice actress when she played the role of Lucy Van Pelt in the TV production called “ It ’ s Magic , Charlie Brown ” . In 1993 , Sydney Penny got her breakthrough when she was chosen for the part of Julia Santos Keefer in the TV soap opera called “ All My Children ” , in which she was appearing for three years . In 1997 and 2002 , she came back to the show as a guest . In 2005 , she again got a regular part on it In the period of 1992 - 1993 , Sydney Penny was appearing as BJ Walker in the popular soap opera called “ Santa Barbara ” . In 1999 , she had the role of Meg Cummings to portray in the series called “ Sunset Beach ” . Also , Sydney Penny appeared in “ Hyperion Bay ” and “ Beverly Hills , 90210 ” . In 2003 , the actress got another well known role , that being as Samantha Kelly in the soap opera called “ The Bold and the Beautiful ” . Her role was intended to be a regular one but became a recurring one in 2004 . In 2005 , she left this show and came back to “ All My Children ” , where she was appearing for three more years . Thus , all of these appearances have made her well known and increased the total size of Sydney Penny net worth . Now you have an idea why Sydney Penny net worth is this huge | [
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http://angelbeats.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Males | in Characters SSS Members Males Category page Males Trending pages Yuzuru Otonashi Hideki Hinata Ayato Naoi TK Noda Takamatsu Ooyama Chaa All items 15 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Other A Ayato Naoi C Chaa F Fujimaki H Hideki Hinata I Igarashi M Matsushita N Noda O Ooyama S Saitou T Takamatsu Takeyama The AI The Successor TK Y Yuzuru Otonashi Categories Characters SSS Members | [
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http://angeljohnsy.blogspot.com/2011/10/add-salt-and-pepper-noise-to-image.html | IMAGE PROCESSING Lets Learn together . . . Happy Reading " Two roads diverged in a wood , and I , I took the one less traveled by , And that has made all the difference " - Robert Frost Add salt and pepper noise to image How to add salt and pepper noise to an image To obtain an image with ‘ speckle ’ or ‘ salt and pepper ’ noise we need to add white and black pixels randomly in the image matrix . First convert the RGB image into grayscale image . Then generate random values for the size of the matrix . Here I used MATLAB function ‘ randint ’ . This function will generate random values for the given matrix size within the specified range . For instance , consider an image matrix of size 4X3 Imgmatrix = 237 107 166 234 95 162 239 116 169 56 126 89 Generate random values for a 4X3 matrix with range 0 to 10 . randint ( 4 , 3 , [ 0 , 10 ] ) ans = 4 10 4 7 8 4 10 0 5 3 10 9 Now we can replace with pixel value zero ( black ) in the image matrix if there is ‘ 0 ’ value in the random matrix . Now the image matrix will have black pixels . Imgmatrix = 237 107 166 234 95 162 239 0 169 56 126 89 Similarly , replace the image matrix pixel value with ‘ 255 ’ if there is value ‘ 10 ’ in the random matrix . The white pixels are now added . 237 255 166 255 169 Black = 0 white = 255 MATLAB CODE : A = imread ( ' taj . jpg ' ) ; B = rgb2gray ( A ) ; black = 3 ; white = 253 ; % Adjust the values in ' black ' and ' white ' to increase the noise . NoiseImg = B ; Rmatrix = randint ( size ( B , 1 ) , size ( B , 2 ) , [ 0 , 255 ] ) ; NoiseImg ( Rmatrix < = black ) = 0 ; NoiseImg ( Rmatrix > = white ) = 255 ; RImg = medfilt2 ( NoiseImg ) ; figure , subplot ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) , imshow ( NoiseImg ) , title ( ' Add ' ' Salt and Pepper ' ' Noise ' ) ; subplot ( 1 , 2 , 2 ) , imshow ( RImg ) , title ( ' After Noise Removal ' I used the MATLAB function ' medfilt2 ' to remove noise . Learn how to remove the noise without using the ' medfilt2 ' function Like " IMAGE PROCESSING " page Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Removing Image noise Your Reactions : Useful Interesting Not bad : - ( | [
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http://angelsclinic.in/ | Hair Care Services Bald Head Hair Restoration India ’ s first clinic to introduce Angels Silicon Hair Replacement System Read More Skin Care Services Providing Unique Skin Care Scientific methods of Treatment To make your skin look beautiful , Young and Flawless Read More 1 2 3 4 5 Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Welcome to Angels Advanced Clinic The most preferred clinic for Hair , Skin and Body Care . Since 1991 , Angels Advanced Clinic is the most trusted brand in cosmetology services having multiple branches across south India in providing services for Hair Care , Skin Care and Body Care . Angels Advanced Clinic is founded by Dr . Radhika Reddy , a Ph . D . in Cosmetology from USA , She has been The Awardee with “ Indira Priyadharshini Award ” for her excellent service in the field of cosmetology industry . Angels is known for having an expertise team of professionals to identify the root cause of the problem and provide the best suitable treatment Read more 28 Years of Trust 4 States 15 Branches 389200 Smiles Our Services Hair Care Angels is an expert clinic offering hair care services of at international standards . It is one stop solution provider for hair loss assessment , consultation & suggests the best solution for hair care . Read more Skin care Our Skin Care Services are unique and help to look beautiful , Young with a flawless skin forever . We have world class facilities to provide the most advanced procedures for skin care . Body Care Our Non - surgical weight loss and slimming programs are most effective and result oriented to achieve goal towards their weight management and to stay always healthy . Treatment Angels Advanced Clinic is committed to provide best suitable treatments available to its clients by scientific analyzing the problems at root level and to provide permanent and safe results . What Clients Say Hi . I am Bhupathi . 32 years old from Hyderabad working as a senior software consultant . I often visit on site Middle East and European Countries . Bhupathi Rayudu STEM CELL THERAPY - REGROWTH My name is Narendranath . I am 17 yrs old . I came to Angels for treatment of hair fall and dandruff . I was having a lot of hair fall for the past three years . I tried a lot of hair care products like oils and shampoos . Mr . Narendranath HAIR FALL & DANDRUFF View All Our Products Angels GSH Supplements Kit Add to Cart 12,000 Angels Tricho Kit Add to Cart 3,600 Angels Tricho Hair Serum 1,200 Angels Tricho Shampoo 400 Angels Skin Lightening Kit 2,300 Angels Whitening Night Cream 500 Angels Lightening Day Cream 500 Angels Insta Glow Face Mask 800 Angels Herbal Hair Wash 1,000 Angels Hair Supplements 1,000 Angels Hair Regeneration Therapy 6,400 Angels Hair Conditioner 130 Angels GSH Supplements 3,000 Angels Fairness Gel 2,500 Angels Face Cleansing Gel Angels Plant Stem Cell 6,400 Angels Hair Oil 520 Angels Memoree Oil 400 Angels Rita Paste 390 Angels Dandruff Gel 520 Angels Hair Pack 910 Pure Henna 500G 455 Angels Pimple GEL 390 Angels Fairness Pack | [
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http://angelsoncall.com/ | CALL US NOW REQUEST A CALLBACK A Different type of home care CALL US NOW REQUEST A CALLBACK Choose Your Angel CALL US NOW REQUEST A CALLBACK Direct Your Care Hire a Loved One Today Find your nearest office NOW HIRING CLICK TO APPLY Services Home Care Home Health We help families just like yours with a tailored approach to care addressing the needs of your loved ones specifically for your loved one We pay attention to what makes your loved one special and we develop a custom care plan including activities of daily life and transportation We help meet intellectual goals developmental goals and more empowering them to live independently at home Our services include but are not limited to Activities of Daily Living Companionship Walking and transferring Bathing and showering Personal grooming Menu planning meal preparation Dressing assistance Skin care Helping with dietary constraints Light Housekeeping Vacuuming Dusting and sweeping Helping maintain an overall tidy home Light Laundry Dishes and kitchen clean up Changing bed linens Transportation Errands Doctors appointments Grocery shopping Personal care appointments Errands Leisure activities entertainment Additional Transportation Travel Companion Services Click Here The Angels Halo Network delivers an integrated network to our partners patients and their loved ones Through this program patients are seamlessly supported from the moment they are referred to us Every patient and their plan of care begins with the Angels Halo Network The network is designed managed to provide care within our Halo network with oversight that tracks patient metrics and data independently of each operating unit Our patients are friends loved ones and neighbors who deserve the best and most dignified care we can give ANGELS HALO NETWORK Our clinical team provide services to homebound patients to ensure they have the option to age or heal where they wish Our social workers are able to help you with additional services that you may be eligible for Roll Over Each Icon Why choose Angels On Call We are committed to being your shoulder to lean on and providing honest advice for your loved ones situation during this delicate time Read Testimonials Better Scheduling Our scheduling is centralized to fill shifts more efficiently This setup gives managers the opportunity to be more engaged with you visiting your home checking in with families and being there for you Better Training Caregivers receive both in class and hands on training and must graduate from our Angels Academy program before they enter the field Better Match We have increased our screening process to make sure we match each client with the BEST caregiver for their needs Caregivers must pass rigorous background checks and training to provide direct care Better Selection For Waiver and Options clients we also offer the Client Caregiver Selection program We will train a friend neighbor or most family members of the clients choice to be their inhome care caregiver The Angels On Call Difference What is an Angels On Call Caregiver Benefits of Home Care A Caregiver is someone who is compassionate reliable knowledgeable and most importantly trustworthy Angels On Call leads the industry in finding the absolute best Caregivers to provide clients with assistance at home giving their families peace of mind Our Clients Become Our Family Read below what our clients have to say and learn more about what makes us the premier provider of inhome senior care Chrissy W Caregiving daughter One of the caregivers just stopped by to let me know what a great job her trainee has done Her trainee for this home has not only done a great job at their care but has helped make their home a home Sue W caregiver It worked out great having Karen and Ashley in when we were away I relaxed and knew my Dad was being cared for Thanks so much L S caregiver Angels on Call and their Angels have gone above beyond my expectationsin caring for my mother Thank you so much for bringing my mom home Kirk M caregiver We want to inform you of the great service we receive from Chrissy Williamson She goes above and beyond to keep us staffed and also to help with questions or concerns on a daily basis D K caregiver Since you started caring for my dad he doesnt seem as lonely and sad He eats better and talks more with me Marge Shelly Joe caregiver Thanks to Angels on Call I was finally able to get out of the house and see a football game It was the best time I had in several years Thanks Kim G caregiver I just wanted to let you know that I thoroughly enjoyed my three nights training with Becky She is a wonderful teacher and I really learned a lot from her | [
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http://anglersfishinginfo.com/fishingreports/ks/region%205/index.html | KANSAS FISHING REPORTS : Region 5 KANSAS LAKES We are looking for more Fishing Reports for Kansas Lakes . If you know of a bait shop or guide , let us know . Ladyfish @ anglersfishinginfo . com Report Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 These pages are updated on Friday Click on Map for Region or Click on Lake Name Below Click Here for KS Lake locator map When you ' re at the lake , stop in and check out the latest fishing information from the bait shops that provide us with our reports . REGION 5 BIG HILL BONE CREEK COFFEY COUNTY ELK CITY FALL RIVER JOHN REDMOND LACYGNE MELVERN POMONA TORONTO MONTGOMERY ( SFL ) WILSON ( SFL ) WOODSON ( SFL ) BIG HILL RESERVOIR Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 Lake Map Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 858.0 Inflow : 0 cfs Outflow : 0 cfs Level : 1.23 feet high Temperature : Crappie fair 7 - 9 inches 3 - 6 foot of water jig and minnow around structure . Largemouth Bass good 12 - 16 inches Tournament reports have been indicating good catches of largemouth . The bass spawn is 90 % complete with most fish showing a post spawn pattern . Channel catfish fair 14 - 22 inches Cut shad are producing some action in the 6 - 8 foot of water . Bluegill / Sunfish good 7 - 8 inches Sunfish are spawning and are in 2 - 4 foot of water . Note : Several anglers have reported catching Largemouth Bass > 18 " with sores on there sides . If any bass are found floating and unable to right themselves , please contact your area Fish and Wildlife Office . Back to Top BONE CREEK Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 Lake Map Temp : Level : 68 Clarity : Bluegill / Redear Good 6 - 10 " Try worms , jigs , or small spinners fished slowly on the bottom around weedlines and structure . Some bluegill and Redear are still in shallower water to spawn . Channel catfish Good 15 - 24 " Try liver , prepared baits , live bait , shad sides , or worms fished on or near the bottom . The four fish feeders are now operating . Crappie Fair 8 - 14 inches Try minnows or small jigs fished near trees and structure in 10 - 25 feet of water . Crappie have completed spawning and most have moved to deeper water . Bone Creek supports a good crappie population , with some quality - size fish available . Largemouth bass Fair / good Mostly 8 - 16 inch fish . Try jigs , plastic baits , stick baits or spinners around deep water structure and weed lines . Bass have completed spawning and many have moved to deeper water . Back to Top COFFEY COUNTY LAKE ( formerly Wolf Creek Lake ) Coffey County usually closes if the security level goes up . Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 Lake Map Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 1087.0 Temperature : Largemouth bass Slow 8 in to 18 inches Walleye 18 - 24 inch are now protected Good 14 - 25 inches Along the rip rap Walleye length limit now protected 18 - 24 , inches channel catfish excellent 1 / 2 - 5 lbs . scattered smallmouth bass Good 10 - 20 inches rip rap areas white bass good 8 - 15 inches Windy rocky points , along baffle dikes wipers fair 2 - 5 lbs . fair 11 - 15 inches around cover , deep ELK CITY RESERVOIR Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 794.0 Inflow : 20 cfs Outflow : 11 cfs Level : 15.00 feet high Temperature : Largemouth Bass No Report Bluegill No Report Channel Catfish No Report Flathead Walleye White Bass no Report Wipers No Report fair 8 - 12 inches A few fish have been caught in the early mornings but action is spotty . FALL RIVER RESERVOIR Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 948.50 Inflow : 20 cfs Outflow : 12 cfs 1.85 feet high Temperature : Channel Catfish Good Worms , stink bait , or shad sides in river , rocky shorelines , and spillway . Good Jig or minnow around brush in river , brush piles in Casner Creek Cove , and rocky shorelines Fair The main body of the reservoir does n ' t have the necessary largemouth bass habitat to support a high density bass population . However , the flooded timber and clearer water in the backwater section of the river produces a fair density bass population . There were 46 bass per hour of electrofishing around the Ladd Bridge section of the river . The ideal catch rate would be 100 bass per hour . White bass Good Twister tail jig and spinner or minnows , on rocky shorelines and mud flats . JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 1039.0 Inflow : 200 cfs Outflow : 6700 cfs 12.00 feet high Temperature : Channel catfish excellent 1 - 10 lbs shad , trot lines live bait , drifting with fresh shad Flathead catfish good 5 - 50 lbs trot lines , live bait , gold fish , green fish , carp White Bass fair 1 / 2 to 3 lbs in the spillway , jigs and road runners , Paddlefish Closed slow 1 / 2 to 2 lbs in clear water areas of eagle and lebo creeks , old river channel and Hickory Creek LACYGNE RESERVOIR Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 Water Temp Level : Fishing was good on moving baits … .spinner baits , rattle traps around the spillway and power plant . Pattern seemed to be points with grass . We threw rattletraps most of the time and caught 2 dozen Fish … biggest about 4 - 5 pounds in 2 - 4 feet of water . No luck below the discharge around the bluff or up the river . Anglers when fishing at the hot water inflow at the outlet gate at the dam , DO NOT GO OVER THE CABLES . DUE TO RECENT EVENTS FISHING IN A RESTRICTED AREA COULD GET YOU ARRESTED MELVERN RESERVOIR Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 1036.0 Inflow : 550 cfs Outflow : 896 cfs 2.00 feet high Report by : Richard Sanders Fisheries Biologist Kansas Dept . of Wildlife , Parks and Tourism fair mainly on jigs , few on minnows over brush piles . Most fish are 0.3 - 0.75 lb . POMONA RESERVOIR Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 974.0 Inflow : 5 cfs Outflow : 12 cfs 1.66 feet high Temperature : Good varies Use worms or baits like cuts had , stink / prepared baits , Lake wide or stilling basin . Walleye Slow varies try off windy points , crank baits or jigs tipped with nightcrawlers White bass / Wipers Slow varies lakewide , minnows or shad colored lures Good varies lakewide , some crappie are still in shallow , or try vertical jigging along the drop offs , over brushpiles , use red , chartreuse jigs or minnows . TORONTO RESERVOIR Lake Elevation at Normal Pool : 901.5 Inflow : 20 cfs Outflow : 1900 cfs 17.00 feet high Channel catfish Good Worms , stink bait , or shad sides in river , walnut creek , rocky shorelines , and outlet . Largemouth bass Fair The main body of the reservoir does n ' t have the necessary largemouth bass habitat to support a high density bass population . However , the flooded timber and clearer water in the backwater section of Walnut Creek produces a fair density bass population . There were 62 bass per hour of electrofishing sampled in Walnut Creek . The ideal catch rate would be 100 bass per hour . White Bass Good Twister tail jig and spinners around stumps in Walnut Creek , Verdigris River , rocky shorelines , and mud flats . White Crappie Good Jig or minnow around stumps in Walnut Creek , Mann ' s Cove , Toronto Cove , north side of Duck Island , Woodson Cove , and rocky shorelines . MONTGOMERY ( SFL ) Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 Temp : No Alcoholic beverages are allowed on the property . Channel Catfish fair 15 - 22 inches Shad sides and livers typically do well this time of year . Largemouth Bass good 10 - 17 inches Fish are associated with structure in 4 - 8 foot of water Bluegill & Redear Sunfish good 6 - 9 inches Fish are in 2 - 4 foot of water , with males getting in the shallows . WILSON ( SFL ) Updated 11 / 17 / 2017 Temp : Channel Catfish GOOD 17 - 28 inches Prepared baits have been doing well this past week . Largemouth Bass GOOD 12 - 17 Inches WOODSON ( SFL ) Temperature : fair 1 / 2 - 1 , minnows , jigs around deeper brush piles , spawn finished Excellent 1 - 20lbs Fair Mostly small Bass numbers have improved since last year Redear / , bluegill poor fair 15 - 24 inches points and flats drifting a jig and night crawler , lake has some large walleye This page was last updated : 11 / 18 / 17 If you would like to Advertise on Anglers Fishing Info , Click Here Anglers Fishing Info Home page Classified Corner Lake Maps Contact Anglers Fishing Info Arkansas Fishing Reports Kansas Fishing Reports Missouri Fishing Reports Oklahoma Fishing Reports Nebraska Fishing Reports | [
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http://angrydmonkey.com/interesting-facts-spider.html | Interesting Facts About Spider Monkeys Dwelling in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America , as well as in North Mexico , the spider monkeys prefer to stay in wet forests rather than dry regions . Having slender bodies with less complex brain , read on to know some interesting facts about Spider monkeys . Interesting Spider Monkey Facts 1 . Their Name Spider monkeys are seen hanging onto separate branches of the trees using all of their four limbs and the tail as well , thus giving them a spider like appearance . This is why these monkeys are called spider monkeys . 2 . Have a Tail as a Fifth Hand Spider monkeys have a prehensile tail which helps them to move from branch to branch . Muscular and tactile , this tail is used by the monkey as a fifth hand to hang from the branches , which leaves their hands free for food collection . 3 . Physical Appearance Another of the interesting facts about Spider monkeys is that although they are found mostly in black , they are also seen in colors like brown , red , golden , buff , etc . Some of the spider monkeys have white chin whiskers and flesh colored rings around their eyes . 4 . Spider Monkey ' s Diet As the diet and food of spider monkeys mainly consist of 90 % fruit , nuts , seeds , insects and birds eggs , these monkeys are believed to play an important role in spreading seeds of different plants throughout the rainforests of South America . 5 . Fore and Hind Limbs The fore and hind limbs of spider monkeys are quite long and have hooked - shaped hands due to the absence of thumbs , which give them a powerful hold on the branches . 6 . Female - Male Spider monkeys Both the male and female spider monkeys look more or less the same . However , the females are slightly larger in size than the males and usually outnumber the males in the troops . 7 . Communication Spider monkeys are quite noisy . They send forth a variety of loud calls which are easy to hear for about 1000m on the ground and 2000m above the canopy . These loud calls and screeches are used to alert members of the troop . As some more facts about Spider monkeys , it is important to mention the different species in them which are - woolly spider monkey , Columbian black spider monkey , white - cheeked spider monkey , brown - headed spider monkey , Peruvian spider monkey , ornate spider monkey , Mexican spider monkey , hooded spider monkey , black - headed spider monkey , red - faced spider monkey , white - whiskered spider monkey , white - bellied spider monkey , etc . The woolly spider monkeys are the largest primate in the United States . | [
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http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/characins/serpae.php | Animal - World > Aquarium Tropical Fish > Characins > Serpae Tetra Serpae Tetra Care Parameters Reader Comments Distribution Map More Pictures Enter a Freshwater Aquarium Enter a Freshwater Aquarium Characins Index Serpae Tetra Red Minor Tetra , Jewel Tetra , Callistus Tetra Family : Characidae Hyphessobrycon eques Photo © Animal - World : Courtesy David Brough Latest Reader Comment - See More Hi , my name is andrea , I have 13 fish in all in my 35 gallon tank . I got 3 guppies , 2 mickeymouse , 1 color tetra , 1 black moor , 1cat fish , 1 algae , 2 . . . ( more ) Andrea The Serpae Tetra has a contrasting red - to - black coloring and looks like it has been sprinkled with jewels ! Contents : Serpae Tetra Facts Habitat : Distribution / Background Description Keeping Serpae Tetra Fish Keeping Difficulty Foods and Feeding Aquarium Care Aquarium Setup Social Behaviors Sex : Sexual differences Breeding / Reproduction Fish Diseases Availability References The Serpae Tetra Hyphessobrycon eques is a beautiful fish and really sparkles in the aquarium . A school of these tetras is an eye - catcher . Their beautiful reddish color picks up flashy , jewel - type highlights , and they have a large , almost diamond - shaped black spot just behind the gills . A number of common names are used to describe this decorative tetra . These include Red Minor Tetra , Jewel Tetra , Callistus Tetra , Red Serpa , Blood Characin , Blood Tetra , and even Red Phantom Tetra . This fish is quickly recognized as a Red Minor Tetra while these other names have more of a story . This tetra used to be described scientifically as Hyphessobrycon callistus . Today , that is a junior synonym but from it comes the term ' callistus ' meaning ' very beautiful . ' So this characin became known as Callistus Tetra . Also from this term , along with its flashy appearance , came the name Jewel Tetra . Another junior synonym , H . serpae , led to the not - so - flashy names Serpae Tetra and Red Serpa . A variety with long fins is usually referred to as Long Fin Red Minor Tetra or Long Finned Serpae Tetra . The names Blood Tetra and Blood Characin are more curious . These names refer to this tetra ' s belonging to a complex of blood ' tetras . This loosely defined complex refers to a wide range of tetras with a red base body color that are often hybridized for the aquarium trade . Finally , some authors refer to this fish as the Red Phantom Tetra . Be careful not to confuse it with Hyphessobrycon sweglesi , which is more commonly accepted as the Red Phantom . A school of Serpae Tetra is a real eye - catcher in the aquarium . These fish are also easy to care for . Serpae Tetra are usually fine in a community aquarium , but they are not always easy to get along with . Smaller fish , especially , may become the targets of relentless harassment and fin nipping . Serpae Tetra will do best with the company of their own kind in a school of at least 6 . They can also get along fine with other similar - sized and active fish . Once established , they For Information on keeping freshwater fish , see : Freshwater Aquarium Guide : Aquarium Setup and Care Geographic Distribution Hyphessobrycon eques Data provided by FishBase . org Scientific Classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Actinopterygii Order : Characiformes Family : Characidae Genus : Hyphessobrycon Species : eques Serpae Tetra - Quick Aquarium Care Aquarist Experience Level : Beginner Size of fish - inches : 1.6 inches ( 3.99 cm ) Minimum Tank Size : 20 gal ( 76 L ) Temperament : Peaceful Aquarium Hardiness : Very Hardy Temperature : 72.0 to 82.0 ° F ( 22.2 to 27.8 ° C ) My Aquarium - Enter your aquarium to see if this fish is compatible ! Popular Searches Beginner Fish - Freshwater fish for beginners Community Fish - Peaceful Freshwater fish Hardy Fish - Hardy Freshwater fish Similar size fish - Fish that are 1 inch bigger or smaller Coldwater Fish - Looking for cold water fish ? ( 65 ° ) Habitat : Distribution / Background The Serpae Tetra ( previously Hyphessobrycon callistus ) was described by Steindachner in 1882 . They are found in South America , particularly in upper Paraguay and the Madeira and Guapore regions . This species is not listed on the IUCN Red List . Other common names they are known by include Red Minor Tetra , Jewel Tetra , Callistus Tetra , Blood Characin , Blood Tetra , Red Serpa , Callistus , and sometimes Red Phantom Tetra . A long - finned Serpae Tetra variety developed in captivity is also called Long Fin Red Minor Tetra . They frequently inhabit the densely - vegetated and stagnant waters of tributaries , ponds , and small lakes . They stay close to the surface among the plants and feed on worms , crustaceans , insects , and plant matter . They are a gregarious species and live in groups but will frequently bite each other ' s fins during feeding . Scientific Name : Social Grouping : Groups IUCN Red List : NE - Not Evaluated or not listed Description The Serpae Tetra is a deep - bodied fish with the typical tetra shape . Its body is an elongated , laterally compressed oval when viewed from the side . This fish will generally reach about 1 1 / 2 inches ( 4 cm ) in length and has a lifespan of about 3 to 7 years . The Serpae Tetra has a beautiful , reddish body color that picks up flashy , jewel - type highlights . It has a large , almost diamond - shaped , black spot behind the gills . Their fins are mostly black with Size of fish - inches : 1.6 inches ( 3.99 cm ) Lifespan : 7 years - These fish generally have a lifespan of 3 to 7 years , though some have reportedly lived up to 10 years . Fish Keeping Difficulty The Serpae Tetra is a very durable fish that is a great choice for the beginning fish keeper . Although these fish are easy to care for , they do have some traits that are less then ideal and can make them a poor choice for tanks with passive inhabitants . These fish can be very boisterous and are known to harass other fish . This , in turn , can stress shy or gentle tankmates . Aquarium Hardiness : Very Hardy Aquarist Experience Level : Beginner - This is an excellent beginner fish as it is both robust and tolerant of a wide range of water conditions . Foods and Feeding Since they are omnivorous , Serpae Tetra , or Red Minor Tetra , will generally eat all kinds of live , fresh , and flake foods . To keep a good balance , give them a high quality flake food every day . Feed brine shrimp ( either live or frozen ) or blood worms as a treat . These tetras like several feedings a day , but offer only what they can consume in 3 minutes or less at each feeding . Diet Type : Omnivore Flake Food : Yes Tablet / Pellet : Yes Live foods ( fishes , shrimps , worms ) : Some of Diet Vegetable Food : Some of Diet Meaty Food : Feeding Frequency : Several feedings per day Aquarium Care Serpae Tetras are not exceptionally difficult to care for provided the water is kept clean . Aquariums are closed systems , and regardless of size , all need some maintenance . Over time , decomposing organic matter , nitrates , and phosphate build up , and water hardness increases due to evaporation . To combat these ever - changing conditions , water should be replaced on a regular basis , especially if the tank is densely stocked . At least 25 to 50 % of the tank water should be replaced every other week . Water Changes : Bi - weekly Aquarium Setup These fish are fairly hardy , and a school of 6 will do best in about a 20 - gallon aquarium . Adding aquarium - safe peat to the tank will simulate the black water that these fish inhabit in nature . They need a high quality filter but make sure it does not create too much current as these fish prefer more sluggish waters . Lighting in the tank should be dim as they come from areas that have dense forest cover . The aquarium should be heavily planted around the sides and back and have plenty of open water for swimming in the front . A few hiding places would be appreciated . Woodwork and floating plants will make them feel comfortable . A biotope tank is preferred by the Serpae Tetra . Use a substrate of river sand , and add scattered driftwood , twisted roots , and a handful of dried leaves to give the tank a natural feel . Make sure to remove and replace the dried leaves every few weeks . Minimum Tank Size : 20 gal ( 76 L ) Suitable for Nano Tank : Substrate Type : Any Lighting Needs : Low - subdued lighting - A tank with a dark , shadowy setup and low lighting will bring out their best coloration . Temperature : 72.0 to 82.0 ° F ( 22.2 to 27.8 ° C ) - deally , they should not be kept below 75.0 ° F ( 24 ° C ) . Breeding Temperature : 75.0 ° F - These fish will spawn at 75 to 82 ° F ( 24 to 27 ° C ) Range ph : 5.5 - 7.5 Hardness Range : 5 - 20 dGH Brackish : No Water Movement : Moderate Water Region : All - These fish will swim in all areas of the aquarium but will tend to spend a lot of time close to the top if the aquarium has floating plants . Social Behaviors The Serpae Tetra can be a good community fish but only if kept with fish that are the same size or bigger . They do best when kept in pairs or in schools of at least 5 to 6 individuals . Groups will make them feel comfortable and help diffuse some of their pugnacious tendencies . If 2 males are kept together , they will act as if they are fighting but will not actually hurt each other . Smaller fish may become targets for harassment and fin nipping . It is not advisable to keep this fish with slow - swimming , long - finned tankmates . Good choices are similar - sized tetras , rainbowfish , larger rasboras , barbs , and danios . Tetras can be easily spooked into hiding , so situate the tank appropriately . Venomous : No Temperament : Peaceful Compatible with : Same species - conspecifics : Yes - They do best in a school of 6 or more of their own kind . Peaceful fish ( ) : Safe - This fish may bully smaller and slower - moving fish . Keeping it in a school will make it more comfortable and other fish are less likely to be attacked . Semi - Aggressive ( ) : Threat Aggressive ( ) : Threat Large Semi - Aggressive ( ) : Large Aggressive , Predatory ( ) : Slow Swimmers & Eaters ( ) : Monitor Shrimps , Crabs , Snails : Safe - not aggressive Plants : Monitor - May nibble on some aquarium plants . Sex : Sexual differences Males are more brightly colored than females , and their dorsal fin is almost solid black . Females lack color in the lower part of the fin . Also , females are fuller - bodied . Breeding / Reproduction The Serpae Tetra has been bred in captivity , and a long fin variety has even been developed . They are egg layers and easily bred , making them ideal candidates for the beginning aquarist interested in a breeding project . They reach breeding age at about 8 to 10 months . However , these egg scattering spawners exhibit no parental care . Set up a dedicated breeding tank and remove the parents immediately after spawning , or they will eat the eggs . Provide a small breeding tank of about 3 to 5 gallons with a dark substrate . Keep the tank dimly lit with bunches of fine - leaved plants , such as Myrophyllum , java moss , or artificial spawning grass , so the female has a place to deposit the eggs . A layer of mesh works , too , if it is wide enough for eggs to pass through but small enough to keep parents out . Floating plants are also helpful to shield the light . Recommended breeding conditions are a temperature of 75 to 82 ° F They can be spawned in pairs or groups containing about the same number of each sex . Condition them with small , live foods . Select a breeding pair or small group and transfer them into the breeding tank in the evening . A mature female ' s belly will become nicely rounded when she is full of eggs . Choose males that are the most colorful . They typically spawn in the early morning , and the females will release about 200 to 300 eggs among the fine - leaved plants . The eggs will hatch in approximately 24 to 28 hours , and the fry will be free - swimming a few days later . For the first few days , feed the fry infusoria - type foods until they can feed on microworm or brine shrimp nauplii . See Breeding Freshwater Fish : Characins for a general description of breeding processes , and see Fish Food for Fry for information about types of foods for raising the young . Ease of Breeding : Easy Fish Diseases The Serpae Tetra is very hardy , and disease is not usually a problem in a well - maintained aquarium . That being said , there is no guarantee that you wo n ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . Anything you add to your tank can introduce disease . Not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . Take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so as not to upset the balance . A good thing about Serpae Tetra is that due to their resilience , an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if dealt with at an early stage . When keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . The best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your Serpae Tetra the proper environment and a well - balanced diet . The more closely their environment resembles their natural habitat , the less stress the As with most fish , they are prone to skin flukes , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , ichthyobodo infection , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , and bacterial disease . Aquarists should read up on common tank diseases . Knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . For information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see Aquarium Fish Diseases and Treatments Availability The Serpae Tetra , or Red Minor Tetra , is readily available in pet stores and online and is reasonably priced . A long - finned variety that was developed in captivity is often available . This variety is usually referred to as Long Fin Red Minor Tetra or Long Finned Serpae Tetra . References Animal - World References : Freshwater Fish and Plants Hyphessobrycon eques ( Steindachner , 1882 ) Jewel tetra , Fishbase . org Dr . Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A . Baensch , Aquarium Atlas Vol . 1 , Publisher Hans A . Baensch , 1991 Glen S . Axelrod , Brian M . Scott , Neal Pronek , Encyclopedia Of Exotic Tropical Fishes For Freshwater Aquariums , TFH Publications , 2005 Joseph S . Nelson , Fishes of the World , Wiley , 2006 . Marc Ladonne , Aquarium Fish , Barnes Noble , 1999 Dr . Herbert R . Axelrod , Aquarium Fishes of the World , TFH Publications , 1998 Dr . Herbert R . Axelrod , Dr . Warren E Burgess , Dr . Cliff W . Emmens , Neal Pronek , Jerry G . Walls , Ray Hunziker , Dr . Axelrod ' s Mini - Atlas of Aquarium Fishes , Mini - Edition , T.F.H. Publications , Inc . , 1987 Author : Clarice Brough CFS , David Brough CFS , Jeremy Roche Lastest Animal Stories on Serpae Tetra View ( 41 ) Animal Stories on Serpae Tetra View ( 0 ) Buy / Sell requests on Serpae Tetra | [
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http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/miscellaneous/butterfly.php | Buying / Selling I am located in central Pennsylvania and have a 265 gallon fresh water aquarium . The primary residents are a large red shoulder severum , assorted cats , and a pair of large tin foil barbs . If you have fish that have outgrown your current tank , please feel free to contact me about rehoming them . Bill Gold fish Roland Banks I ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . Any idea where I can get one ? Julia R Walton Looking for a Aba Aba Knife . Please contact me if you have one . 760 442 5452 thanks - Alonzo Alonzo Gregory Foster We had two texas cichlids , two convict cichlids , and a green terror in the tank . the convict cichlids laid eggs but the texas male ate all of them . then once the texas cichlids laid eggs the male killed all of the other fish including his mate and now we only have the texas cichlid male and about 200 babies . if anyone is interested in buying them i live near janesville , you would have to come and pick them up but if ur interested u can e - mail me missymoo14 @ yahoo . com shelby Want to purchase 4 or 5 black banded sunfish . I currently have lots of Blue spotted and Banded sunfish in my tanks and outside pond . San Diego & temps have been in the high 30ts and low 40ts in the AM . EW Runge More Classifieds Animal - World > Aquarium Tropical Fish > Unusual Fish > African Butterflyfish African Butterflyfish Care Parameters Reader Comments Distribution Map African Butterflyfish Videos More Pictures Enter a Freshwater Aquarium Enter a Freshwater Aquarium Unusual Fish Index Butterflyfish Freshwater Butterflyfish , Butterfly Fish Family : Pantodontidae Pantodon buchholzi Photo © Animal - World : Courtesy David Brough Latest Reader Comment - See More Hello I have african butterfly to sell and anyother fish from west africa . . .long nose and others please contact me . .kery4all @ gmail . com famous kerry The Freshwater Butterflyfish has pectoral fins that are prettily patterned and look just like butterfly wings ! Contents : African Butterflyfish Facts Habitat : Distribution / Background Description Keeping African Butterflyfish Fish Keeping Difficulty Foods and Feeding Aquarium Care Aquarium Setup Social Behaviors Sex : Sexual differences Breeding / Reproduction Fish Diseases Availability References The African Butterflyfish Pantodon buchholzi is a unique and fascinating freshwater fish from Africa . It is also known as the Freshwater Butterflyfish . The Butterfly fish was Introduced to European aquarists in 1905 and is the only member of its species , and its family . They are predator type fish , found in weedy pools of slow moving waters . There they will lie at the surface , almost motionless , waiting for unsuspecting prey to pass by . The Freshwater Butterflyfish is called a " Butterfly fish " because when seen from above , its widespread pectoral fins look just like the decorative wings of a butterfly . These fins are a silvery brownish green and patterned with dark markings . They are very pretty , but are also a wonderful feature for this fish . They help this fish leap from the water to capture terrestrial insects from above the surface . When these large fins are spread out , they allow this fish to glide short distances across the surface of the water . This is The Butterfly Fish is an ancient and unchanged fish , and is referred to a true living fossil . These fish are said to have survived unchanged for 100 million years ! They have not been modified with any environmental changes yet still have survived . These fish are designed to almost fly as they jump out of the water to capture prey and glide to avoid predators . They use their swim bladders to breath surface air as well as maintain buoyancy . Their eyes are on the top of their head so they can view everything above them Freshwater Butterfly fish are suggested for a more experienced aquarist as they are somewhat fussy about their habitat and care . A shady , shallow aquarium is best , one that ' s only about 6 to 8 inches ( 15 - 20 cm ) deep and loosely planted . They are happiest with more length and width to the tank , rather than depth . This gives them the large surface area where they naturally like to reside . They also like some floating plant cover to lurk under . Be sure you have a good cover on the The African Butterfly Fish is generally a good community fish . However they can be a bit intolerant of other surface swimming fish and have been known to nip fins . So for compatibility , it is best to keep them with other fish that primarily inhabit the middle and bottom regions of the tank . They are a predator and will eat fish small enough to fit in their mouths . But on a positive note , they also become quite tame and will eat food from your fingers . For Information on keeping freshwater fish , see : Freshwater Aquarium Guide : Aquarium Setup and Care Geographic Distribution Pantodon buchholzi Data provided by FishBase . org Scientific Classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Actinopterygii Order : Osteoglossiformes Family : Pantodontidae Genus : Pantodon Species : buchholzi African Butterfly Fish Report Broken Video Nice high quality video of an African Butterfly Fish feeding . Such a great video ! This is a high quality video with a tranquil soundtrack demonstrating the graceful and eloquent African Butterfly Fish as it feeds on its favorite type of food . Dr . Jungle ' s YouTube Channel - Freshwater African Butterflyfish - Quick Aquarium Care Aquarist Experience Level : Advanced Size of fish - inches : 5.1 inches ( 12.95 cm ) Minimum Tank Size : 40 gal ( 151 L ) Temperament : Semi - aggressive Aquarium Hardiness : Moderately Difficult Temperature : 77.0 to 82.0 ° F ( 25.0 to 27.8 ° C ) My Aquarium - Enter your aquarium to see if this fish is compatible ! Popular Searches Beginner Fish - Freshwater fish for beginners Community Fish - Peaceful Freshwater fish Hardy Fish - Hardy Freshwater fish Similar size fish - Fish that are 1 inch bigger or smaller Coldwater Fish - Looking for cold water fish ? ( 65 ° ) Habitat : Distribution / Background The African Butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi was described by Peters in 1876 . They are found in West Africa , Nigeria , Cameroons , Zaire . The genus name , Pantodon , is derived from the Greek terms " pan " meaning " all " and " odon " meaning " teeth " , so together this literally means " all tooth " . The species name " buchholzi " is a patronym . This fish species was named after the man who discovered it , Professor R . W . Buchholz . Other common names it is known by Freshwater Butterflyfish live in the acidic waters of West Africa and are common in Lake Chad , Congo Basin , Lower Niger , Cameroon , Ogooue , and Upper Zambezi . They can be found in smaller numbers in the Niger Delta , Lower Ogun and Lower Cross Rivers . They inhabit areas with slow to no current , but with a dense amount of surface floating vegetation . In nature these fish are surface hunters . They primarily feed on terrestrial insects , aquatic larvae and nymphs of insects , but will also feed on crustaceans and fish . Scientific Name : Social Grouping : Pairs - They can be found singly or in pairs in the wild . IUCN Red List : NE - Not Evaluated or not listed Description The Butterflyfish got their name from their appearance when viewed from the surface . Their large pectoral fins give them a butterfly like appearance . They normally grow no larger then 5 inches in length , though usually smaller in the aquarium reaching about 4 inches ( 10 cm ) . Most of the Butterfly Fish that we have seen are full grown or close to it . A Butterfly fish has a flat head and back that is a light brown or greenish color with a silver sheen and has dark markings on the fins and underside . The large pectoral fins of the Freshwater Butterflyfish are widespread and it uses them to glide over short distances . The wide lizard - like mouth is upturned at the top of the body , and true to form it eats all manner of surface insects . This fish will normally be found at the surface hoover for prey . It has a unique ability to breath surface air and its swim bladder not only regulates buoyancy but also helps with gas exchange while breathing surface air . Size of fish - inches : 5.1 inches ( 12.95 cm ) - The African Butterflyfish generally only gets up to about 4 inches ( 10 cm ) in the aquarium . Lifespan : 5 years Fish Keeping Difficulty Freshwater Butterflyfish are not suggested for beginners as they have rather specialized needs . Butterfly fish are not very tolerant of water condition changes and close monitoring practices should be in place . You do want to make sure the filter is not producing too much surface current . If using a powerful filter try to have it come out low in the tank . African Butterfly Fish Photo © Animal - World : Courtesy Matthew O \ ' Sullivan These fish can be somewhat demanding eaters and will usually not eat flake or other processed foods . Stick to nature and feed live foods or insects . Care needs to be taken when feeding because they will swallow anything they think will fit in their mouth . When scared these fish can glide out of the tank so make every effort not to surprise this fish , and it is very important to have a secure top . Aquarium Hardiness : Moderately Difficult Aquarist Experience Level : Advanced - As they have very specialized needs , Freshwater Butterfly fish are best kept by a more advanced hobbyist . Foods and Feeding Since they are carnivores , the African Butterflyfish will eat all types of protein foods . They especially like live insects . Feed flies , mosquito larvae , small spiders , worms , small fish , brine shrimp , small prawns , and large flake food . We have had good success feeding them small crickets . They are surface eaters , so anything that falls to the bottom will not be consumed by the Butterflyfish . Diet Type : Carnivore - They are a surface hunter primarily feeding on insects , but will also feed on crustaceans and other fish . Flake Food : Occasionally - Can offer large flake occasionally , but not as their main diet . Tablet / Pellet : Occasionally Live foods ( fishes , shrimps , worms ) : Most of Diet - Insects are a huge part of their diet , but will eat small fish and worms too . Meaty Food : All of Diet Feeding Frequency : Several feedings per day Aquarium Care The Butterflyfish tank needs to suit their specialized needs . The aquarium needs a high quality filter but this fish does not like any current . It is important make sure the filter is not producing to much of a current at the surface or middle of the tank . Frequent small water changes will help to maintain the stabile water chemistry they need . A weekly water change of 15 - 20 % is the standard recommendation . Water Changes : Weekly - Water change should be 15 - 20 % weekly . Aquarium Setup The Freshwater Butteflyfish is rather particular about its habitat . They like a shady , shallow aquarium with a lot of surface area and loosely planted . They need an aquarium that is at least 40 gallons , and prefer one that ' s only about 6 to 8 inches ( 15 - 20 cm ) deep . They are happiest with more length and width to the tank , rather than depth . This provides the large surface area they require . Column tanks are not suitable for these fish . This fish only really uses the top of The Butterflyfish does best in slightly acidic , soft water . Water movement should be kept to a minimum and lighting should be dim . There should be a good amount of floating plants to help subdue the lighting and give natural cover so the Butterfly can exhibit its natural behavior . A tight lid it necessary to prevent the fish from " flying " out of the tank . Minimum Tank Size : 40 gal ( 151 L ) - The aquarium needs more length and width to the tank , rather than depth . No column tanks . Suitable for Nano Tank : No Substrate Type : Any Lighting Needs : Low - subdued lighting Temperature : 77.0 to 82.0 ° F ( 25.0 to 27.8 ° C ) Breeding Temperature : 80.0 ° F Range ph : 6.5 - 7.0 Hardness Range : 8 - 12 dGH Brackish : No Water Movement : Weak Water Region : Top - These fish will swim in the top of the aquarium . Social Behaviors They are generally a good community fish although they may eat small fish . These fish will swim in the top of the aquarium . It is best to keep it with other fish that swim in the middle or bottom of the aquarium . They can be intolerant of other fish that use the top of the tank and can become very aggressive . In a large enough tank they can do ok with other Butterflyfish . Take caution with tank mates that are fin nippers as these with will stress the Butterflyfish as they have long tentacle type fins that dangle below them . The Butterfly fish does well with Congo tetras , elephant nose fish , catfish , Knife fish , and medium sized West African Cichlids . Venomous : Temperament : Semi - aggressive - Aggressive toward other top dwellers and small fish that are perceived as food . Compatible with : Same species - conspecifics : Sometimes - In a big enough tank they can be grouped . Tank must be large enough for each to have their own space or they will become aggressive . Peaceful fish ( ) : Safe - They are peaceful with other fish that swim in the middle or bottom of the aquarium . Semi - Aggressive ( ) : Safe Aggressive ( ) : Monitor Slow Swimmers & Eaters ( ) : Monitor Shrimps , Crabs , Snails : May be aggressive - Generally safe as these fish inhabit the top area of the water , but in the wild these fish do occasionally eat crustaceans . Plants : Safe Sex : Sexual differences The male is slimmer than the female , though that is hard to distinguish unless the female is fat due to carrying eggs . The rear edge of the anal fin of the male describes a convex curve and the fin rays form a tube ( which is the genital organ ) . The rear edge of the female anal fin is straight . Breeding / Reproduction These fish are rather difficult to breed and peat filtration is recommended . The water conditions given above are the recommended breeding conditions . Feed a pair with a large variety of live foods to induce spawning . Once spawning begins , 3 to 7 eggs will be produced at each pass . The eggs will float to the surface where you can use a spoon to transfer them to another aquarium . The pairing will continue for some time with a total of 80 to 200 eggs dropped per day . The eggs will hatch in about 36 hours Live Fish Foods , Foods for fish fry Ease of Breeding : Difficult Fish Diseases As with most fish the Butterflyfish are prone to skin flukes , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , ichthyobodo infection , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , and bacterial disease . Anything you add to your tank has the possibility of bringing disease to your tank . Not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . Take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to Butterflyfish are hardy and disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . That being said there is no guarantee that you wo n ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . A good thing about Butterflyfish is that due to their resilience , an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage . When keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be It is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . Knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . For information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see Aquarium Fish Diseases and Treatments Availability The Freshwater Butterflyfish or African Butterflyfish is usually available , though slightly higher in price than many other common freshwater fish . References Animal - World References : Freshwater Fish and Plants Dr . Herbert R . Axelrod , Aquarium Fishes of the World , TFH Publications , 1998 Dr . Rüdiger Riehl and Hans A . Baensch , Aquarium Atlas Vol . 1 , Publisher Hans A . Baensch , 1991 Dr . Herbert R . Axelrod , Dr . Warren E Burgess , Dr . Cliff W . Emmens , Neal Pronek , Jerry G . Walls , Ray Hunziker , Dr . Axelrod ' s Mini - Atlas of Aquarium Fishes , Mini - Edition , T.F.H. Publications , Inc . , 1987 , IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Pantodon buchholzi ( Peters , 1876 ) Freshwater butterflyfish , Fishbase . org Author : David Brough CFS , Jeremy Roche Lastest Animal Stories on African Butterflyfish View ( 50 ) Animal Stories on African Butterflyfish View ( 3 ) Buy / Sell requests on African Butterflyfish | [
"Butterflyfish",
"freshwater fish",
"Africa"
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http://animalcrossing.wikia.com/wiki/Fern_Fossil | in : Fossils Needs CF Donation info Fern fossil Edit Share Fern fossil シダ化石 Shida kaseki Scientific name Alethopteris grandini Period Unknown Price 1,000 Bells Appearances Wild World City Folk New Leaf Regional names Fossile de fougère Farnfossil Fossile di felce The fern fossil is a stand - alone fossil that can be donated to the museum in Wild World City Folk , and New Leaf Contents show Donation to the museum In When the player presents the fern fossil to Blathers at the museum in , Blathers will reply with the following dialogue . " Hoo , a marvelous find ! This fossil is in absolutely tip - top condition ! This piece of fauna had just emerged from the sea when it became preserved . Rather than seeds , it relied on its spores to spread . It resembles moss with leaves ! Ah ! Terribly sorry , wot ? Ancient plants turn me into a veritable hootbox ! " In When the player shows Blathers the fern fossil in , Blathers will reply with the following dialogue . This section is a stub . You can help by expanding it , a plaque by the display offers information about the fossil instead of Blathers . " Originally , all plants on the planet were actually sea dwelling , but then they eventually spread to land . This fossilized fern is thought to be one of the very first plants to make this move to dry land . Reproducing via spores rather than seeds , it resembles modern ferns , though several yards taller . " As a Furniture Item Name HRA Points Feng Shui Genre Size ( sq ) Fern fossil 300 Gray / Brown Old School ( WW ) Retro ( CF ) 1 Fossils Categories Needs CF Donation info | [
"Fern fossil",
"Wild World",
"Animal Crossing"
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http://animalcrossing.wikia.com/wiki/January | in : Months January Edit Share ← Monday , April 15 th , 2019 ( UTC ) → Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec January is the first month of the year . There is still snow on the ground in January that fell in December . This snow can be used to make a Snowman Events In January New Year ' s Day in Animal Crossing Wild World City Folk , and New Leaf This event occurs on January 1st , but times vary depending on game . Check main article for more information . On New Year ' s Day , the player can also get a party popper from Tortimer La - Di - Day in Wild World This event occurs on the second Saturday of January , and runs all day . Check main article for more information . Fishing Tourney City Folk , and New Leaf In , this event occurs on the third Saturday of January . In and , this event occurs on the third Sunday of January . Yay Day This event occurs on the last Sunday of January . Flea Market This event occurs on the last Sunday of January . Sable will reveal a secret during the month . Birthdays Villagers born during this month fall under either the ♑ or ♒ signs . 1 st Bob the cat 2 nd Dr . Shrunk and Poncho the cub 3 rd Joey duck 4 th Diana deer 5 Roald penguin 6 Carmen rabbit Felyne cat 7 Harry hippo 8 Joan Pierce eagle 9 Tiffany rabbit 10 Papi horse 11 Maddie dog 12 Moe 13 Puddles frog 14 Velma goat 15 Gladys ostrich 16 Ursala bear 17 Rizzo mouse 18 Chelsea deer 19 Simon monkey 20 Opal elephant 21 st Genji 22 nd Francine 23 rd Gwen penguin 24 Rhonda rhino 25 Savannah horse 26 Vivian wolf Cyrus 27 Aurora Admiral bird 28 Margie elephant 29 Cube 30 Flurry hamster 31 Harriet Winnie Available collectables Fish Name Location Sale price Time Games AF AF+ AC AFe+ WW CF NL Barbel Steed River 200 All day ✓ ✓ Bass River 300 All day Bitterling 900 Black Bass 300 Blowfish Ocean 125 Bluegill 9am - 4pm Brook Trout Pool 150 Carp Coelacanth Ocean ( rain ) 15,000 Crucian Carp 120 Dab Ocean Dace 200 4pm - 9am Football Fish 2,500 4pm - 9am Freshwater Goby Giant Trevally Island 4,500 Goldfish 1,300 Herabuna Horse Mackerel 150 Koi 4,000 Large Bass 3,000 Lobster 2,500 Oarfish 9,000 Octopus 500 Olive Flounder 800 Pale Chub 160 9am - 4pm Popeyed Goldfish 1,300 Pond Smelt Red Snapper 3,000 Ribbon Eel Island 600 Sea Bass Sea Butterfly 1,000 Small Bass Squid 400 Stringfish 15,000 Tuna 7,000 Whale Shark 13,000 Yellow Perch 240 Bugs Name Location Sale price Time Games AF AF+ AC AFe+ WW CF NL Ant On rotten turnips 80 Bagworm Shake trees 7pm - 8am Bee Shake trees 2,000 Centipede Under rocks 4pm - 11pm Cockroach On trees 5 Crab On the beach Dung Beetle Rolling snowballs 800 5pm - 8am Fly Near garbage 60 Hermit Crab In seashells 1,000 7pm - 8am Mole Cricket Under the ground 280 Pill Bug Under rocks 250 Wharf Roach On the beach Deep - Sea Catches Abalone 400 Acorn Barnacle Chambered Nautilus 900 Clam Ear Shell Giant Isopod 9,000 Horsehair Crab 4,000 Lobster Mantis Shrimp 1,250 Octopus Oyster Pearl Oyster 1,600 Red King Crab 6,000 Scallop Sea Anemone 100 Sea Cucumber Sea Slug Sea Star 100 Seaweed Snow Crab Spotted Garden Eel 600 Sweet Shrimp 650 Turban Shell Notes : Location , price , and time , comes from the collectible ' s most recent appearance . For older information , please see that collectible ' s individual page . The Flat Stag Beetle is listed under Stag Beetle , the Ladybug from and later is listed under Spotted Ladybug and the Water Beetle is listed under Diving Beetle . A bold name indicates that collectible makes its first appearance that month . A red background indicates that collectible will not be available in the next month . Collectibles that are available on ' s Island are not listed if they do not appear in the town in this month , however , island - exclusive collectibles such as the Whale Shark are listed for every month . Please report any errors to Template talk : MonthCollectibles Categories Months | [
"January",
"first month of the year",
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http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buteo_galapagoensis/ | Home About Us About Animal Names Educational Resources Special Collections Glossary Browse Animalia Additional Information Encyclopedia of Life Buteo galapagoensis Galapagos hawk Facebook Twitter By Daniel Licon Geographic Range Habitat Physical Description Reproduction Behavior Communication and Perception Food Habits Economic Importance for Humans : Positive Economic Importance for Humans : Negative Conservation Status Other Comments Contributors References Ge o graphic Range Gala pa gos Hawks Buteo gala pa goen sis are in dige nous to a group of is lands called the Gala pa gos Is lands . The is lands are lo cated 600 miles west of Peru and Ecuador and just south of the equa tor , cov er ing a 200 square mile range . Cur rently , this species can be found on the is lands of Charles , Chatham , Dun can and In de fati ga ble . Pre vi ously , they were also found on Bal tra and Tower is lands ( Thorn ton 1971 ) . Biogeographic Regions neotropical native oceanic islands native Habi tat This bird can be found through out all the ge o graph i cal bio mes on the Gala pa gos Is lands . These re gions in clude the shore line , lava fields , de cid u ous for est and moun tain tops ( Thorn ton 1971 , del Hoyo , J . , et al . 1994 ) . Terrestrial Biomes savanna or grassland forest rainforest scrub forest mountains Phys i cal De scrip tion Gala pa gos Hawks are sim i lar in size and shape to the Red - Tailed Hawk Buteo ja maicen sis and the Swain son ' s Hawk Buteo swain soni of North Amer ica . The hawks are about 55 cm ( 21.5 in ) long and have a wingspan of 120 cm ( 47 in ) . The iris of the eye is brown , and the legs , cere and the soft skin at the base of the beak are yel low . The tail is buffy white with lightly barred tail feath ers . Fe males are no tice ably larger than the males ( sex u ally di mor phic ) . Un like the adults , ju ve nile hawks are spot ted with dark Other Physical Features endothermic bilateral symmetry Re pro duc tion The Gala pa gos Is lands are trop i cal and do not have sea sons ; there fore , the breed ing pat terns of the Gala pa gos Hawk tend to re volve around the is land ' s local weather con di tions as op posed to its sea sons . The nest is quite large rang ing from 80 - 100 cm ( 31 - 39 in ) wide and up to three me ters ( 10 ft ) tall . The fe male will lay one to three eggs and the in cu ba tion Buteo species . Ju ve niles will not enter ter ri to r ial breed ing areas until sex ual ma tu rity is reached at the age of three ( Thorn ton 1971 , del Hoyo , J . , et al . 1994 ) . Key Reproductive Features iteroparous gonochoric / gonochoristic / dioecious ( sexes separate ) sexual oviparous Be hav ior Gala pa gos Hawks show lit tle fear of man , prob a bly due to the fact that they have no nat ural preda tors on the is lands . There have been doc u mented in ci dents of field re searchers being al lowed to pet the wild hawks in their nat ural habi tat . How ever , when young are pre sent , adults demon strate a strong ter ri to r ial de fense at tempt ing to drive of per cieved threats to their young . The hawks live , roost and hunt in fam ily groups of two or three . When hunt ing , the groups keep in sight of each other while soar ing at a height of 50 - 200 me ters ( 150 - 650 ft ) . The mem bers of the group will sig nal to one an other when a car cass or prey has been found . Dur ing feed ing , one hawk will dom i nate the food source and pre vent the other fam ily mem bers from eat ing the car cass until Mat ing be gins in flight where the males make mock at tacks on the fe male from above and slightly be hind . Males fol low the fe male as she de scends to the trees below , where cop u la tion oc curs . Pe cu liar cluck ing noises are often heard dur ing cop u la tion . After cop u la tion the males ' flight pat terns are slow and low to the ground . The male hawks tend to be monog a mous , while the fe males will mate with up to seven dif fer ent males in a breed ing sea son . Through out the nest ing pe riod , the fe male and her males take turns in cu bat ing the eggs , feed ing the young and de fend ing the nest , while the oth ers are away ( Thorn ton 1971 , del Hoyo , J . , et al . 1994 ) . Key Behaviors flies motile Com mu ni ca tion and Per cep tion Perception Channels visual tactile acoustic chemical Food Habits Gala pa gos Hawks are car niv o rous and are skilled hunters . Their diet con sists of lizards , rats , doves , cen tipedes , Audubon ' s Shear wa ters Puffi nus iher minieri iher minieri , both land and ma rine igua nas , small goats , boo bies , and grasshop pers . They will also scav enge on al most any form of car rion with the ex cep tion of ma rine igua nas , seals and sea lions , the lat ter maybe due to the hide on the seals and sea lions being too thick to rip open . Gala pa gos Hawks will oc ca sion ally ob tain a free meal by fol low ing fish ing boats and goat hunters who toss out scraps ( De Vries Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Pos i tive Set tlers in tro duced rats to the Gala pa gos Is lands . Gala pa gos Hawks now in clude the rats in their diet , which helps con trol the rat pop u la tion . ( Thorn ton 1971 ) . Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Neg a tive Gala pa gos Hawks have posed a prob lem for the set tlers of the is lands by prey ing upon their poul try and live stock ( Thorn ton 1971 ) . Con ser va tion Sta tus Sta tus : Rare ( del Hoyo , J . , et al . 1994 ) IUCN Red List Vulnerable More information CITES Appendix II Other Com ments Hu mans have hunted the Gala pa gos Hawk al most to ex tinc tion for de stroy ing their poul try and other small live stock . As of 1971 , re port edly there were only 200 pairs of the Gala pa gos Hawks re main ing in the is lands . If lower lev els are reached , the IUCN may need to in ter vene to pre vent ex tinc tion ( Thorn ton 1971 , del Hoyo , J . , et al . 1994 ) . Con trib u tors Daniel Licon ( au thor ) , Fresno City Col lege , Carl Jo hans son ( ed i tor ) , Fresno City Col lege . Ref er ences 1996 . " Terra Quest " ( On - line ) . Ac cessed July 06 , 2000 at http : / / www . terraquest . com / galapagos / wildlife / island / hawk . html Arnold , D . 1997 . " Red - Tailed Hawk " ( On - line ) . Ac cessed July 06 , 2000 at http : / / www . animaldiversity . ummz . umich . edu / accounts / buteo / b._ jamaicensis $ narrative . html Howard , R . , A . Moore . 1994 . A Com plete Check list of Birds of the World . New York : Aca d e mic Press . Thorn ton , I . 1971 . Dar win ' s Is lands : A Nat ural His tory of the Gala pa gos . New York : The Nat ural His tory Press . Wheeler , B . , W . Clark . 1995 . A Pho to graphic Guide to North Amer i can Rap tors . New York : Aca d e mic Press . del Hoyo , J . , A . El liot , J . Sar gatal eds . . 1994 . Hand book of the Birds of the world Vol . 2 New World Vul tures . Guineafowl . . Barcelona : Lynx Edi cions . ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store ! The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides ! Read more . . . Connect with us Help us improve the site by taking our survey Explore Data @ Quaardvark Search Guide Information Pictures Classification To cite this page : Licon , D . 2000 . " Buteo galapagoensis " ( On - line ) , Animal Diversity Web . Accessed April 12 , 2019 at https : / / animaldiversity . org / accounts / Buteo_galapagoensis / Disclaimer : The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . ADW does n ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . Though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we can not guarantee all information in those accounts . While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we can not necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control . U - M Gateway | U - M Museum of Zoology U - M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology © 2014 Regents of the University of Michigan Report Error Comment This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grants DRL 0089283 , DRL 0628151 , DUE 0633095 , DRL 0918590 , and DUE 1122742 . Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation , UM College of Literature , Science , and the Arts , Museum of Zoology , and Information and Technology Services . The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support . | [
"Buteo galapagoensis",
"Galapagos hawk",
"island"
] |
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cnidaria/ | Home About Us About Animal Names Educational Resources Special Collections Glossary Browse Animalia Additional Information Encyclopedia of Life Cnidaria corals , sea anemones , jellyfish , and relatives Facebook Twitter By Phil Myers The Phy lum Cnidaria in cludes such di verse forms as jel ly fish , hydra , sea anemones , and corals . Cnidar i ans are ra di ally or bi ra di ally sym met ric , a gen eral type of sym me try be lieved prim i tive for eu meta zoans . They have achieved the tis sue level of or ga ni za tion , in which some sim i lar cells are as so ci ated into groups or ag gre ga tions called tis sues , but true or gans do not Cnidar i ans have two basic body forms , medusa and polyp . Medusae , such as adult jel ly fish , are free - swim ming or float ing . They usu ally have um brella - shaped bod ies and tetramer ous ( four - part ) sym me try . The mouth is usu ally on the con cave side , and the ten ta cles orig i nate on the rim of the um brella . Polyps , in con trast , are usu ally ses sile . They have tubu lar bod ies ; one end is at tached to the sub strate , and a mouth ( usu ally sur rounded by ten ta cles ) is found at the other end . Polyps may occur alone or in groups of in di vid u als ; in the lat ter case , dif fer ent in di vid u als some times spe cial ize for dif fer ent func tions , such as re pro duc tion , feed ing or de fense Re pro duc tion in polyps is by asex ual bud ding ( polyps ) or sex ual for ma tion of ga metes ( medusae , some polyps ) . Cnidar ian in di vid u als may be mo noe cious or dioe cious . The re sult of sex ual re pro duc tion is a plan ula larva , which is cil i ated and free - swim ming . If col lar cells and spicules are defin ing char ac ter is tics of the Phy lum Porifera , then ne ma to cysts de fine cnidar i ans . These tiny or ganelles , likened by Hick man to cocked guns , are both highly ef fi cient de vices for cap tur ing prey and ex tremely ef fec tive de ter rents to preda tors . Each con tains a coiled , tubu lar thread , which may bear barbs and which is often poi soned . A ne ma to cyst dis charges when a prey species or preda tor comes into con tact with it , dri ving its threads with barb and poi son into the flesh of Sources Hick man , C.P. and L . S . Roberts . 1994 . An i mal Di ver sity . Wm . C . Brown , Dubuque , IA . Br usca , R . C . , and G . J . Br usca . In ver te brates . 1990 . Sin auer As so ci ates , Sun der land , MA . Con trib u tors Phil Myers ( au thor ) , Mu seum of Zo ol ogy , Uni ver sity of Michi gan - Ann Arbor . | [
"Cnidaria",
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http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Oryctolagus_cuniculus/ | Home About Us About Animal Names Educational Resources Special Collections Glossary Browse Animalia Additional Information Encyclopedia of Life Oryctolagus cuniculus European rabbit Facebook Twitter By Ati Tislerics Geographic Range Habitat Physical Description Reproduction Lifespan / Longevity Behavior Communication and Perception Food Habits Predation Economic Importance for Humans : Positive Economic Importance for Humans : Negative Conservation Status Other Comments Contributors References Ge o graphic Range Oryc to la gus cu nicu lus , also called a Eu ro pean , an Old World , or a do mes tic rab bit , is the only species in its genus . The last Ice Age con fined the species to the Iber ian penin sula and small areas of France and north west Africa , but due to human ac tion and adapt abil ity of this species , Eu ro pean rab bits today exist in the wild on every con ti nent ex cept Asia and Antarc tica . Do mes ti cated O . cu nicu lus may be found world wide . Parker , 1990 Wil son and Reeder , 1993 Biogeographic Regions nearctic introduced palearctic native oriental introduced ethiopian neotropical australian oceanic islands Other Geographic Terms cosmopolitan Habi tat The pre ferred habi tats of this species in clude dry areas near sea level with soft , sandy soil ( for easy bur row ing ) . Brushy fields are pre ferred for the cover they pro vide , but forests are also in hab ited . Cul ti vated land was once well - suited , but this is no longer the case due to mod ern plow ing tech niques which de stroy rab bit bur rows . Par tic u larly in cen tral Eu rope , O . cu nicu lus has learned to co ex ist with hu mans in cities , mak ing its home in parks and ceme ter ies as well as gar dens and lawns . Human ac tiv i ties , par tic u larly the spread of agri cul ture , have often in ad ver tently helped this species to col o nize new areas . Parker , 1990 Habitat Regions temperate tropical terrestrial Terrestrial Biomes savanna or grassland forest Other Habitat Features urban suburban agricultural Phys i cal De scrip tion Wild weigh be tween 1.5 and 2.5 kg , and are from 38 to 50 cm long . Do mes tic in di vid u als may be larger . The coat is gen er ally gray ish , with black and brown ( and some times red ) sprin kled through out . The un der side of the body is paler gray , and the un der side of the tail is white . Melanis tic spec i mens are not un usual . ( Mac don ald , 1984 ) This species ( and rab bit species gen er ally ) have smaller ears and shorter , less pow er ful legs than their hares . Oryc to la gus cu nicu lus is the an ces tor of all do mes tic rab bits ( about 80 va ri eties ! ) . Do mes ti cated vary tremen dously in size , fur type , col oration , and gen eral ap pear ance . ( Nowak , 1999 ) Mac don ald , 1984 Nowak , 1999 Other Physical Features endothermic homoiothermic bilateral symmetry Range mass 1.5 to 2.5 kg 3.30 to 5.51 lb Range length 38 to 50 cm 14.96 to 19.69 in Average basal metabolic rate 7.395 W AnAge Re pro duc tion Mat ing in rab bits is gen er ally polyg y nan drous , though males will at tempt to mo nop o lize par tic u lar fe males . Mac don ald , 1984 Mating System polygynandrous ( promiscuous ) Rab bits are well - known for their re pro duc tive ca pac ity . is ca pa ble of re pro duc ing year - round , but most breed ing ac tiv ity takes place in the first half of the year . Ges ta tion is about 30 days , and the av er age lit ter con tains 5 to 6 young . Fe males ex pe ri ence post par tum es trus and thus may have sev eral lit ters per year , though spon ta neous abor tions and re sorp tion of em bryos are com mon ( pos si bly due to en vi ron men One rea son for the re pro duc tive suc cess of rab bits is in duced ovu la tion , where eggs are only re leased in re sponse to cop u la tion . ( Mac don ald , 1984 ) Rab bit pla cen tae allow an un usu ally high de gree of con tact be tween ma ter nal and fetal blood streams , a con di tion they share with hu mans . Thus , they are use ful mod els for the study of human preg nancy and fetal de vel op ment Neonates , called kit tens , are naked , blind and help less . The mother vis its the nest for only a few min utes each day to nurse them , but the milk is ex tremely rich . Young are weaned at four weeks of age , at tain sex ual ma tu rity at about eight months , and can live up to nine years old . How ever , mor tal ity rates in the first year of life fre quently ex ceed 90 % . ( Nowak , 1999 ; Mac don ald , 1984 Banks , 1989 Nowak , 1999 Vaughan , et al . , 2000 Key Reproductive Features iteroparous year - round breeding gonochoric / gonochoristic / dioecious ( sexes separate ) sexual induced ovulation fertilization viviparous post - partum estrous Breeding interval Breeding may occur approximately monthly . Breeding season These animals breed throughout the year , although most breeding takes place in the first half of the year . Range number of offspring 1 to 14 Average number of offspring 6 Average number of offspring 5 AnAge Range gestation period 30 to 37 days Average gestation period 30 days Range weaning age 22 to 31 days Average weaning age 28 days Average time to independence 4 weeks Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( female ) 8 months Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( female ) Sex : female 730 days Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( male ) 8 months Fe males pro vide ma ter nal care to their al tri cial young . Males are not in volved in car ing for young . Parental Investment altricial pre - fertilization provisioning protecting female pre - hatching / birth provisioning female protecting pre - weaning / fledging Lifes pan / Longevity Do mes tic rab bits can live to be up to nine years old . How ever , mor tal ity dur ing the first year of life in wild pop u la tions is gen er ally quite high , and can reach as much as 90 % . Average lifespan Status : wild 9 years Average lifespan Status : captivity 9 years Typical lifespan Status : wild 1 ( high ) years less than 1 years Be hav ior Eu ro pean rab bits are gre gar i ous , ter ri to r ial an i mals . If soil con di tions and for age sup ply per mit , they pre fer to live in groups in large , com plex bur row sys tems ( war rens ) . A typ i cal colony con sists of six to ten adults of both sexes . Colonies have dis tinct dom i nance hi er ar chies , which are par tic u larly im por tant for males , as dom i nance po si Key Behaviors terricolous saltatorial nocturnal crepuscular motile sedentary territorial social dominance hierarchies Home Range Home range size varies with pop u la tion den sity and food abun dance , but is usu ally under 50 acres and often as small as one or two acres . Males ' home ranges are on av er age twice as large as those of fe males , and over lap with those of sev eral fe males . ( Parker , 1990 ) Com mu ni ca tion and Per cep tion is gen er ally noc tur nal , spend ing its days un der ground and for ag ing from evening until morn ing . Though gen er ally silent , rab bits are ca pa ble of mak ing loud screams when fright ened or in jured . They com mu ni cate with each other through scent cues and touch , and thump their hindlimbs on the ground to warn of dan ger . ( Nowak , 1999 ; Parker , 1990 ) Communication Channels visual tactile acoustic chemical Other Communication Modes vibrations Perception Channels visual infrared / heat tactile acoustic vibrations chemical Food Habits is a gen er al ized her bi vore , eat ing a di verse diet of grasses , leaves , buds , tree bark , and roots . Gar den ers know them to eat let tuce , cab bage , root veg eta bles , and grains . Al though the diet is rel a tively low in nu tri tional value , and high in in di gestible ma te r ial , is one of sev eral rab bit species that are known to reingest feces ( co prophagy ) to ob tain extra nour ish ment from their food . The species has a very large cae cum , in which bac te r ial fer men ta tion of oth er wise in di gestible ma te r ial oc curs . Pe ri od i cally , the con tents of the cae cum are defe cated and reingested . These rab bits are thought to de pend upon this process for some es sen tial nu tri ents Vaughan , et al . , 2000 Primary Diet herbivore folivore Plant Foods leaves roots and tubers wood , bark , or stems seeds , grains , and nuts fruit flowers Other Foods dung Pre da tion Rab bits are preyed upon by a wide va ri ety of car ni vores , in clud ing ca nines , fe lines , mustelids , hawks and owls . Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Pos i tive Old World rab bits rep re sent one of the most eco nom i cally im por tant mam mal species . Wild is a pop u lar game an i mal , es pe cially in Eu rope . Va ri eties of this speces are raised com mer cially for meat , skins and wool , and are pop u lar as pets . These rab bits are used ex ten sively ( .5 mil lion / year ) in med ical re search and for test ing the safety of chem i cals and con sumer prod ucts . ( Nowak , 1999 ; Banks , 1989 ) Banks , 1989 Positive Impacts pet trade food body parts are source of valuable material research and education Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Neg a tive has been highly suc cess ful in most places where it has been in tro duced , and it is con sid ered an agri cul tural pest in many areas ( es pe cially where its nat ural preda tors have been elim i nated ) . These an i mals eat cul ti vated crops and com pete with do mes tic an i mals for for age . Mil lions of dol lars are spent an nu ally in coun tries such as Aus tralia , New Zealand , Britain , and the United States in ef Negative Impacts crop pest causes or carries domestic animal disease Con ser va tion Sta tus Few mam mal species are far ther from ex tinc tion than . Not only is it valu able to hu mans as a do mes tic and game an i mal , but wild pop u la tions have es tab lished them selves suc cess fully in many parts of the world . How ever , one va ri ety of found on is lands in the At lantic and Mediter ranean may be at risk . ( Wil son & Reeder , 1993 ) IUCN Red List Near Threatened More information IUCN Red List Near Threatened More information US Federal List No special status CITES No special status Other Com ments Due to its pop u lar ity as a game an i mal and a food source , has been in tro duced by hu mans widely around the world . These an i mals spread through much of the Mediter ranean world in Roman times , and through much of Eu rope dur ing the Mid dle Ages . Do mes ti ca tion and se lec tive breed ing have been prac ticed for over 1000 years . Dur ing the Age of Ex plo ration , rab bits were left on hun dreds of is lands as a food source for later voy ages , often with dev as tat ing con se quences for The in tro duc tion of into Aus tralia has cre ated an on go ing eco log i cal case study . The first rab bits were brought to Aus tralia in the late 1700s , but the " in va sion " re ally began around 1850 . By 1900 in Aus tralia num bered an es ti mated 20 mil lion . Its range , lim ited only by lack of water , spanned 1600 km . These an i mals be came a se ri ous threat to agri cul ture , pri mar ily by com pet ing for food with sheep and cat tle . There fore , ex ten sive ( and gen er ally un suc cess ful ) ef forts to con trol them were un der taken , in clud ing the large - scale use of poi son baits . ( The eco nomic costs to agri cul ture are dwarfed , how ever , by the eco log i cal cost to the in dige nous Aus tralian flora and fauna . Many na tive mam mal species are at a com pet i tive dis ad van tage to rab bits . A num ber of ex tinc tions have been re ported , with many other species in steep de cline , though in tro duced preda tors have un doubt edly also played a role . Plant com mu ni ties are also dev as tated by On the other hand , rab bits may pro vide ben e fits to some na tive species . Their bur row ing loosens soil , which can be ad van ta geous for cer tain plant and an i mal species , and aban doned bur rows pro vide ready - made shel ters . ( Parker , 1990 ) A new chap ter in the war against rab bits began with the in tro duc tion of the dis ease myx o mato sis into pop u la tions of in the 1950s . Myx o mato sis is caused by a virus en demic to South Amer i can rab bits , which have de vel oped such a re sis tance that the dis ease has lit tle ef fect on them . How ever , when Eu ro pean rab bits were first ex posed to the virus , the ef fect was dev as tat ing . In some areas the rab bit pop u la tion was vir tu ally wiped out . Those rab bits that sur vived grad u ally be came more re sis tant , but this im mu Myx o mato sis has failed to erad i cate rab bits , as many had hoped , but it has greatly di min ished their num bers . Hey ward and Nor bury , 1999 Con trib u tors Nancy Shef ferly ( ed i tor ) , An i mal Di ver sity Web . Ati Tis ler ics ( au thor ) , Uni ver sity of Michi gan - Ann Arbor , Phil Myers ( ed i tor ) , Mu seum of Zo ol ogy , Uni ver sity of Michi gan - Ann Arbor . Ref er ences Banks , R . 1989 . " Rab bits : Mod els and Re search Ap pli ca tions ( US AM RIID Sem i nar Se ries ) " ( On - line ) . Ac cessed No vem ber 29 , 1999 at http : / / netvet . wustl . edu / species / rabbits / rabtmodl . txt Hey ward , R . , G . Nor bury . 1999 . Sec ondary poi son ing of fer rets and cats after 1080 rab bit poi son ing . Wildlife Re search , 26 ( 1 ) : 75 - 80 . Mac don ald , D . 1984 . The En cy clo pe dia of Mam mals . New York , NY : Facts on File Pub li ca tions . Nowak , R . 1999 . Walker ' s Mam mals of the World , Sixth Edi tion . Bal ti more and Lon don : The John ' s Hop kins Uni ver sity Press . Parker , S . 1990 . Grz imek ' s En cy clo pe dia of Mam mals . New York , NY : Mc Graw - Hill , Inc . . Thomp son , H . , C . King . 1994 . The Eu ro pean Rab bit : The His tory and Bi ol ogy of a Suc cess ful Col o nizer . New York , NY : Ox ford Uni ver sity Press . Vaughan , T . , J . Ryan , N . Czaplewski . 2000 . Mam mol ogy . New York , NY : Har court , Inc . . Wil son , D . , D . Reeder . 1993 . Mam mal Species of the World : A Tax o nomic and Ge o graphic Ref er ence . Wash ing ton , D.C : The Smith son ian In sti tu tion . To cite this page : Tislerics , A . 2000 . " Oryctolagus cuniculus " ( On - line ) , Animal Diversity Web . Accessed February 21 , 2019 at https : / / animaldiversity . org / accounts / Oryctolagus_cuniculus / Disclaimer : The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . ADW does n ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . Though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we can not guarantee all information in those accounts . While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we can not necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control . U - M Gateway | U - M Museum of Zoology U - M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology © 2014 Regents of the University of Michigan Report Error Comment This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grants DRL 0089283 , DRL 0628151 , DUE 0633095 , DRL 0918590 , and DUE 1122742 . Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation , UM College of Literature , Science , and the Arts , Museum of Zoology , and Information and Technology Services . The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support . | [
"Oryctolagus cuniculus",
"Lifespan",
"European rabbit"
] |
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Otus_asio/ | Home About Us About Animal Names Educational Resources Special Collections Glossary Browse Animalia Additional Information BioKIDS Critter Catalog Encyclopedia of Life Otus asio eastern screech owl ( Also : eastern screech - owl ) Facebook Twitter By Tanya Dewey and Stephen McDonald Geographic Range Habitat Physical Description Reproduction Lifespan / Longevity Behavior Communication and Perception Food Habits Predation Ecosystem Roles Economic Importance for Humans : Positive Economic Importance for Humans : Negative Conservation Status Contributors References Ge o graphic Range East ern screech - owls are found through out much of east ern North Amer ica , from the Rocky Moun tains in the West to the At lantic coast and from Florida and south ern Texas in the south as far north as south ern Canada . Gehlbach , 1995 Biogeographic Regions nearctic native Habi tat East ern screech - owls have the broad est eco log i cal niche of any North Amer i can owl . They are found in vir tu ally all kinds of habi tats below about 1500 me ters el e va tion , from ur ban ized sur round ings to bo real forests . They are gen er ally found in wooded areas but do well in urban and sub ur ban areas and ac cli ma tize read ily to human pres ence , often using bird boxes for nest ing . These birds are cav ity Gehlbach , 1995 Habitat Regions temperate terrestrial Terrestrial Biomes desert or dune savanna or grassland chaparral forest scrub forest Other Habitat Features urban suburban Range elevation 1500 ( high ) m 4921.26 ( high ) ft Phys i cal De scrip tion East ern screech - owls are small owls , from 16 to 25 cm in length . Fe males are gen er ally larger than males , which is com mon in owls . East ern screech - owls are dichro matic , they come in two dis tinct color morphs . They are ei ther uni formly gray or uni formly ru fous , with darker streak ing on the body . Both color morphs make them very dif fi cult to dis tin guish from sur round ing tree bark . They have bold streak ing on their west ern screech - owls , by their yel low bill , de scend ing trill call , and by the ru fous col oration of some in di vid u als . Other Physical Features endothermic homoiothermic bilateral symmetry Sexual Dimorphism female larger Average mass 164.1 g 5.78 oz AnAge Range length 16 to 25 cm 6.30 to 9.84 in Average basal metabolic rate 0.586 W AnAge Re pro duc tion Most east ern screech - owls form pair bonds for life with in di vid u als of the same age . Some mate switch ing oc curs after un suc cess ful nest ing at tempts and some males have been ob served nest ing si mul ta ne ously and se quen tially with more than one fe male . Both males and fe males crouch and trill when their mate ap proaches . Mating System monogamous polygynous East ern screech - owl fe males lay eggs over a pe riod of days to more than a week and gen er ally do not begin full - time in cu ba tion until the last egg is laid . As a re sult , eggs laid first also de velop and hatch first . With larger broods , where newly hatched young may be de vel op men tally up to 8 days be hind their nest mates , younger nestlings tend to be killed ac ci den tally or by their sib lings . From 2 to Key Reproductive Features iteroparous seasonal breeding gonochoric / gonochoristic / dioecious ( sexes separate ) sexual fertilization internal oviparous Breeding interval Breeding occurs once a year , usually , but a second clutch may be attempted in areas with dense resources . Breeding season Breeding occurs from February through March and perhaps later . Range eggs per season 2 to 7 Average eggs per season 3.5 Average eggs per season 4 Range time to hatching 26 to 34 days Range time to independence 8 to 10 weeks Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( female ) 1 years Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( female ) Sex : female 365 days Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( male ) 1 years Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( male ) Sex : male 365 days East ern screech - owl fe males in cu bate the eggs and brood the young . Males feed fe males and guard nest cav i ties dur ing in cu ba tion and brood ing . The young leave the nest at about 28 days old and re main with the par ents until they are 8 to 10 weeks old . Both par ents feed the young dur ing this pe riod . Parental Investment altricial male parental care female parental care Lifes pan / Longevity An east ern screech - owl lived in the wild for 14 years and 2 months , though most prob a bly live for much less than this . It is es ti mated that only 30 to 50 % of young from one year sur vive into the next year . Range lifespan Status : wild 14 ( high ) years Average lifespan Status : wild 248 months Bird Banding Laboratory Be hav ior East ern screech - owls are not mi gra tory and often times a pair may keep the same nest , in win ter and sum mer . Fe males re - use suc cess ful nest sites . These owls are soli tary , ex cept dur ing the mat ing sea son and dur ing win ters when mates share a win ter nest . Males de fend ter ri to ries in which they main tain sev eral nest ing sites . These owls mainly fly but also hop and walk on the ground when chas ing Key Behaviors flies motile sedentary solitary Home Range Es ti mates of home range size vary with re gion and sea son , from 6 to 16 hectares in size . Com mu ni ca tion and Per cep tion East ern screech - owls have acute senses of hear ing and vi sion which help them to lo cate prey in dim light . They use a va ri ety of vo cal iza tions . Nestlings and fe males call softly from within the nest cav ity . Both males and fe males give the " trill " song , which may be used to ad ver tise nest sites , in court ing , when ar riv ing at the nest with food , and to call nestlings out of the nest for fledg ing . Other Communication Channels visual tactile acoustic Perception Channels visual tactile acoustic chemical Food Habits East ern screech - owls eat the most var ied diet of any North Amer i can owl . Their diet in cludes large evening ac tive in sects , like moths and katy dids , cray fish , earth worms , am phib ians , rep tiles , small mam mals , like mice and bats , and small birds . These owls have sym met ri cal ears , which sug gests that they hunt pri mar ily using their vi sion . They do , how ever , have ex cel lent hear ing as they often Primary Diet carnivore insectivore eats non - insect arthropods Animal Foods birds mammals amphibians reptiles insects terrestrial non - insect arthropods terrestrial worms Foraging Behavior stores or caches food Pre da tion East ern screech - owls are ex tremely vig i lant near their nest holes , per haps in order to as sess preda tor move ments . They are preyed on as adults and fledg lings by larger owls , hawks , and other east ern screech - owls . Eggs and nestlings may be taken by black rat snakes Vir ginia opos sums rac coons , and ring tails . East ern screech - owls use alarm calls and will phys i cally at tack po ten tial preda tors that ap proach their nestlings and fledg lings . Their col oration also makes them cryp tic . Anti - predator Adaptations cryptic Known Predators owls ( Strigiformes hawks ( Accipitridae black rat snakes ( Pantherophis obsoletus Virginia opossums ( Didelphis virginiana raccoons ( Procyon lotor ringtails ( Bassariscus astutus Ecosys tem Roles East ern screech - owls are some times the most abun dant and im por tant small preda tor in urban and sub ur ban forested areas . They also de lib er ately bring live an i mals , such as blind snakes into their nests . These an i mals feed on the ants , flies , and other in sects that in fest the nest cav ity . Ac ro bat ants may in habit the nest cav ity of these owls and will repel in trud ers by spray ing ir ri tat ing se cre tions and bit ing . Mu tu al ist Species ac ro bat ants blind snakes Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Pos i tive East ern screech - owls may help to con trol the pop u la tions of po ten tial pests such as mice and some in sects . Positive Impacts controls pest population Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Neg a tive There are no neg a tive ef fects of east ern screech - owls on hu mans . Con ser va tion Sta tus East ern screech - owls may suf fer as a re sult of de for esta tion and the loss of ap pro pri ate nest ing cav i ties and prey pop u la tions . They are rel a tively com mon through out their range , though , and are not cur rently threat ened . IUCN Red List Least Concern More information IUCN Red List Least Concern More information US Migratory Bird Act No special status US Federal List No special status CITES Appendix II State of Michigan List Con trib u tors Tanya Dewey ( au thor ) , An i mal Di ver sity Web , Kari Kirschbaum ( ed i tor ) , An i mal Di ver sity Web . Stephen Mc Don ald ( au thor ) , Uni ver sity of Michi gan - Ann Arbor . Ref er ences Pear son , T.G. 1940 . Birds of Amer ica . Third Edi tion . Gar den City Pub lish ing Com pany , New York . http : / / www . eecs . tufts . edu / ~ cabotsch / bul loughs / ver te brates / birds / eastern - screech - owl . html http : / / www . ai - design . com / stargig / raptor / global / content / report / Eastern Screech owl . html Gehlbach , F . 1995 . East ern Screech Owl ( Otus asio ) . The Birds of North Amer ica , 165 : 1 - 24 . ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store ! The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides ! Read more . . . Connect with us Help us improve the site by taking our survey Explore Data @ Quaardvark Search Guide Information Pictures Classification To cite this page : McDonald , S . 1999 . " Otus asio " ( On - line ) , Animal Diversity Web . Accessed January 28 , 2019 at https : / / animaldiversity . org / accounts / Otus_asio / Disclaimer : The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . ADW does n ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . Though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we can not guarantee all information in those accounts . While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we can not necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control . U - M Gateway | U - M Museum of Zoology U - M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology © 2014 Regents of the University of Michigan Report Error Comment This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grants DRL 0089283 , DRL 0628151 , DUE 0633095 , DRL 0918590 , and DUE 1122742 . Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation , UM College of Literature , Science , and the Arts , Museum of Zoology , and Information and Technology Services . The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support . | [
"Otus asio",
"eastern screech owl"
] |
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Photinus_pyralis/ | Home About Us About Animal Names Educational Resources Special Collections Glossary Browse Animalia Additional Information Encyclopedia of Life Photinus pyralis Facebook Twitter By Jenny McKenzie Geographic Range Habitat Physical Description Development Reproduction Lifespan / Longevity Behavior Communication and Perception Food Habits Predation Economic Importance for Humans : Positive Economic Importance for Humans : Negative Conservation Status Other Comments Contributors References Ge o graphic Range The com mon east ern fire fly , or North Amer i can fire fly , ranges through out the United States east of the Rocky Moun tains . " Fire fly " , 2001 Biogeographic Regions nearctic native Habi tat Lar vae of the com mon east ern fire fly most often in habit moist places such as on the ground , under bark , and near streams . Adult fire flies can be found from late spring to early fall in mead ows , wood land edges , and near streams . Milne and Milne , 1980 Habitat Regions temperate terrestrial Terrestrial Biomes savanna or grassland forest Other Habitat Features suburban agricultural riparian Phys i cal De scrip tion The com mon east ern fire fly is , in fact , not a fly , but a type of bee tle . The av er age adult is dark brown and 10 - 14 mm long . Like all in sects , it has a hard ex oskele ton , six jointed legs , two an ten nae , com pound eyes , and a body di vided into three parts head , tho rax , and ab domen ) . Its head has a rounded cover out lined in yel low and ac cented with two or ange Phot i nus pyralis also has two pairs of wings . The first pair , the ely tra , form a cover over the sec ond pair and is dark brown with nar row yel low side mar gins . Only males use the sec ond pair for fly ing ; fe males usu ally have short wings , and do not fly . The last seg ment of the ab domen is the sec tion that lights up , flash ing bright yel low - green . Com mon east ern fire fly lar vae are char ac ter ized by six legs , a pair of an ten nae , and a flat tened seg mented ab domen . Upon emerg ing from the egg they are gen er ally about 1.6 mm in length . By the end of its lar val stage it will have grown to about 10.3 mm . Fire fly lar vae are often re ferred to as " glow worms " be cause , like the adults , they emit a glow of light . " Fire fly or Light ning Bug : Phot i nus pyralis " , 1999 Ar nett , 1985 Grz imek , 1972 Milne and Milne , 1980 Tweit , 1999 Other Physical Features ectothermic heterothermic bilateral symmetry Sexual Dimorphism sexes shaped differently Range length 10 to 14 mm 0.39 to 0.55 in De vel op ment Fire fly eggs , which also emit a slight glow , hatch after four weeks into flight less lar vae , the longest stage of the fire fly life cycle . Lar vae live one to two years and can be seen glow ing on damp ground and near streams . After pass ing through the lar val stage , the de vel op ing fire fly moves into cham bers in the moist soil and pu pates . While pu pat ing , it un der goes meta mor pho sis , emerg ing from the pupa as an " Fire fly or Light ning Bug : Phot i nus pyralis " , 1999 " Fire fly " , 2001 Pes son , 1959 Development - Life Cycle metamorphosis Re pro duc tion Fire flies use spe cific flash ing sig nals to find a mate . Fe males wait on the ground for pass ing males to flash their sig nal , and then an swer with their own spe cific sig nal . It is this com mu ni ca tion that al lows the male to find a fe male with whom he mates . Pes son , 1959 Mating System polygynandrous ( promiscuous ) Fire flies use spe cific flash ing sig nals to find a mate . Fe males wait on the ground for pass ing males to flash their sig nal , and then an swer with their own spe cific sig nal . It is this com mu ni ca tion that al lows the male to find a fe male with whom he mates . This dat ing game oc curs in sum mer and early fall , and the fe male gen er ally lays about 500 eggs on damp soil dur ing this time of year . Key Reproductive Features semelparous seasonal breeding sexual fertilization internal oviparous Average eggs per season 500 Lifes pan / Longevity Adult Phot i nus pyralis live 5 to 30 days . Grz imek , 1972 Typical lifespan Status : wild 5 to 30 days Be hav ior Fire fly lar vae spend win ter and early spring bur rowed into the soil . In late spring , they emerge to feed . Adult fire flies use their glow to both ward off preda tors and at tract mates . It was orig i nally thought that the light sig nals of the fire fly would at tract preda tors ; how ever , the com mon east ern fire fly con tains a steroid that is poi so nous , and this de ters po ten tial preda tors such as birds and frogs . The light sig nal ben e fits P . pyralis most dur ing mat ing . At dusk males take flight while fe males wait perched on the ground or in bushes . While in flight , the male emits , on av er age , a 0.3 sec ond flash every 5.5 sec onds . This par tic u lar sig nalling se quence is spe cific to P . pyralis ; how ever , it is the fe males ' s re sponse that en ables the male com mon east ern fire fly to find a mate of the same species . The fe male flashes a re sponse ap prox i mately two sec onds later , a spe cific and cru cial in ter val for this fire fly species . Once the male rec og nizes the fe male , it flies down to the ground where mat ing takes place . Tweit , 1999 Key Behaviors flies nocturnal motile Com mu ni ca tion and Per cep tion Communication Channels visual Other Communication Modes photic / bioluminescent Perception Channels visual Food Habits Both adult and lar val Phor inua pyralis are car niv o rous . They feed on other in sects ( in clud ing other fire flies ) , earth worms , and snails . When feed ing , they in ject poi son to im mo bi lize and liq uefy their prey . This al lows the fire flies or lar vae to suck up their meal . Primary Diet carnivore insectivore molluscivore vermivore Animal Foods insects mollusks terrestrial worms Pre da tion An in ter est ing preda tor of is the fe male Pho turis pyralis . This fire fly mim ics the sig nal of the fe male and lures male that are ex pect ing to mate . How ever , when the male com mon east ern fire fly reaches this mim ic k ing species , he quickly be comes the fe male preda tor ' s meal . Known Predators Photuris pyralis Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Pos i tive The chem i cal uti lized by the com mon east ern fire fly for bi o lu mi nes cence is a com plex or ganic com pound , lu ciferase . Fire flies have re cently been har vested by the bio chem i cal in dus try for this im por tant com pound . Re searchers dis cov ered a tech nique to splice the gene con tain ing lu ciferase into the DNA of other plants and an i mals . They use this in trac ing the in her i tance of a par Positive Impacts source of medicine or drug Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Neg a tive There is no known neg a tive eco nomic im por tance for hu mans . Con ser va tion Sta tus This species does not re quire any spe cial sta tus . IUCN Red List No special status US Federal List No special status CITES Other Com ments is the most com mon of 1900 species of fire flies . The fire fly pro duces light in the pres ence of oxy gen , mag ne sium , and adeno sine triphos phate by using an en zyme , lu ciferase , to ox i dize a com plex or ganic com pound , lu ciferin . The light pro duced is often re ferred to as " cold light " be cause al most all the en ergy is re leased in the form of light and very lit tle is wasted as heat . The wave length range of this light spans from 520 - 620nm , and Ar nett , 1985 Con trib u tors Sara Di a mond ( ed i tor ) , An i mal Di ver sity Web . Jenny McKen zie ( au thor ) , South west ern Uni ver sity , Stephanie Fab ri tius ( ed i tor ) , South west ern Uni ver sity . Ref er ences 1999 . " Fire fly or Light ning Bug : Phot i nus pyralis " ( On - line ) . Ac cessed April 12 , 2001 at http : / / www . enchantedlearning . com / subjects / insects / beetles / Fireflyprintout . html 2001 . Fire fly . Pp . 134 in World Book . Chicago : World Book In cor po rated . Ar nett , R . 1985 . Amer i can In sects : A Hand book of the In sects of North Amer ica and Mex ico . New York : Van Nos trand Rein hold Com pany . Grz imek , D . 1972 . Grz imek ' s An i mal Life En cy clo pe dia . New York : Van Nos trand Rein hold Com pany . Milne , L . , M . Milne . 1980 . The Au dobon So ci ety Field Guide to North Amer i can In sects and Spi ders . New York : Chan ti cleir Press . Pes son , P . 1959 . The World of In sects . New York : Mc Graw - Hill Book Com pany . Tweit , S . 1999 . Dance of the Fire flies . Audubon , 101 , Issue 4 : 16 , 28 - 31 . To cite this page : McKenzie , J . 2001 . " Photinus pyralis " ( On - line ) , Animal Diversity Web . Accessed March 21 , 2019 at https : / / animaldiversity . org / accounts / Photinus_pyralis / Disclaimer : The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . ADW does n ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . Though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we can not guarantee all information in those accounts . While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we can not necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control . U - M Gateway | U - M Museum of Zoology U - M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology © 2014 Regents of the University of Michigan Report Error Comment This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grants DRL 0089283 , DRL 0628151 , DUE 0633095 , DRL 0918590 , and DUE 1122742 . Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation , UM College of Literature , Science , and the Arts , Museum of Zoology , and Information and Technology Services . The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support . | [
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http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Physalia_physalis/ | Home About Us About Animal Names Educational Resources Special Collections Glossary Browse Animalia Additional Information Encyclopedia of Life Physalia physalis Portuguese man - of - war Facebook Twitter By Mindy B . Kurlansky Geographic Range Habitat Physical Description Reproduction Behavior Food Habits Economic Importance for Humans : Positive Economic Importance for Humans : Negative Conservation Status Other Comments Contributors References Ge o graphic Range This species has been found in the At lantic Ocean , the Pa cific Ocean , the In dian Ocean , the Caribbean , and the Sar gasso Sea . It floats on or near the sur face of the water . Biogeographic Regions indian ocean native atlantic ocean native pacific ocean Habi tat The Por tuguese man - of - war floats on the sur face of trop i cal , ma rine wa ters . Gen er ally , these colonies live in warm trop i cal and sub trop i cal water such as along the Florida Keys and At lantic coast , the Gulf Stream , the Gulf of Mex ico , the In dian Ocean , the Caribbean Sea , and other warm areas of the At lantic and Pa cific oceans . They are es pe cially com mon in the warm wa ters of the Sar gasso Habitat Regions tropical saltwater or marine Aquatic Biomes pelagic coastal Phys i cal De scrip tion The Por tuguese man - of - war is a float ing hy dro zoan . It is ac tu ally a colony con sist ing of four types of polyps : a pneu matophore , or float ; dacty lo zooids , or ten ta cles ; gas tro zooids , or feed ing zooids ; and gono zooids which pro duce ga metes for re pro duc tion . Cnido cytes ( sting ing cells ) are lo cated in the ten ta cles . Their ac tion is based on their in di vid ual os motic and hy dro sta tic pres sure . Sen sory cells are nu mer ous The sting ing cells , or cnido cytes , are the char ac ter is tic food - get ting mech a nisms of jel ly fish and their close rel a tives . P . physalis has two sizes of cnido cytes , some small and oth ers are large . These cells re tain their po tency long after an in di vid ual has been washed up along the shore , as many hik ers along beaches have dis cov ered to their dis may and dis com fort . Other Physical Features ectothermic heterothermic radial symmetry venomous Re pro duc tion An " in di vid ual " is ac tu ally a colony of uni sex ual or gan isms . Every in di vid ual has spe cific gono zooids ( sex or gans or re pro duc tive parts of the an i mals , ei ther male or fe male ) . Each gono zooid is com prised of gonophores , which are lit tle more than sacs con tain ing ei ther ovaries or testes . Physalia are dioe cious . Their lar vae prob a bly de velop very rapidly to small float ing forms . Fer til iza tion of P . physalis is as sumed to occur in the open water , be cause ga metes from the gono zooids are shed into the water . This may hap pen as gono zooids them selves are bro ken off and re leased from the colony . The re lease of gono zooids may be a chem i cal re sponse oc cur ring when groups of in di vid u als are pre sent in one lo cal ity . Crit i cal den sity is prob a bly re quired for suc cess ful fer til iza tion . Fer til Germ Cell De vel op ment Each gonophore has a cen tral spadix of mult i n u cle ate en do der mal cells sep a rat ing the coe len teron from a layer of germ cells . Cov er ing each germ cell is a layer of ec to der mal tis sue . When gonophores first bud , the germ layer is a cap of cells on top of the en do der mal spadix . As gonophores ma ture , the germ cells de velop into a layer cov er ing the spadix . Sper mato go nia form a thick Key Reproductive Features iteroparous seasonal breeding gonochoric / gonochoristic / dioecious ( sexes separate ) sexual fertilization external oviparous Parental Investment no parental involvement Be hav ior Lo co mo tion is gen er ally pas sive , dri ven by wind and cur rent . The colony can not swim , but floats by the aid of its pneu matophore , or float . The float is a long , gas - filled blad der , formed as an over grown polyp in the shape of a closed bag . Some Men - of - War are " left - sided , " while oth ers are " right - sided . " The " left - sided " in di vid ual drifts at an Food Habits The Por tuguese Man - of - War traps its food in its ten ta cles . It feeds mainly on fish fry ( young fish ) and small adult fish , and it also con sumes shrimp , other crus taceans , and other small an i mals in the plank ton . Nearly 70 to 90 % of the prey are fish . The ten ta cles , or dacty lo zooids , are the Man - of - War ' s main mech a nisms for catch ing its prey and are also used for de fense . some times traps and con sumes larger fishes such as fly ing fish and mack erel , though fishes as large as these gen er ally man age to es cape from the ten ta cles . The food of the Man - of - War is di gested in its bag - like stom achs ( gas tro zooids ) , which are lo cated along the un der side of the float . The gas tro zooids di gest the prey by se cret ing en zymes that break down pro teins , car bo hy drates and Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Pos i tive The Por tuguese Man - of - War is eaten by some fish and crus taceans ( e.g. the sand crab ) that can be of com mer cial value . Eco nomic Im por tance for Hu mans : Neg a tive This species can hurt tourists and tourism in areas where it is com mon , due to stings ( of neu ro tox ins ) from its cnido cytes . Much money is spent each year to treat swim mers who have been stung by the ten ta cles of in di vid u als that have washed up on beaches . The in flam ma tory re sponse re sult ing from stings is due to the re lease of his t a mines from mast cells within the vic tim . Negative Impacts injures humans bites or stings venomous Con ser va tion Sta tus Physalia physalis is not es pe cially rare , and not con sid ered to need spe cial con ser va tion ef fort at this time . IUCN Red List Not Evaluated US Federal List No special status CITES No special status Other Com ments The Por tuguese Man - of - War is the sole mem ber of the Siphonophora with a uni sex ual colony ; it is dis tin guished by a con trac tile , hor i zon tal float . Al though Siphonophora are gen er ally con sid ered to be the most spe cial ized hy dro zoans , some re searchers claim that it is in fact the most prim i tive order , with the medusa and the polyp not fully dif fer en ti ated . Ad di tional sup port for this view comes from the ob ser va tion that the re gen er a tive pow ers of the man - of - war are poor , in con trast to most other jel ly fish . Con trib u tors Mindy B . Kurlan sky ( au thor ) , Uni ver sity of Michi gan - Ann Arbor . Ref er ences Bon net , David D . 1946 . The Por tuguese Man of War as a Food Source for the Sand Crab . Sci ence . 103 ( 2666 ) : 148 . Cormier , Susan M . 1981 . Physalia Venom Me di ates His t a mine Re lease From Mast Cells . The Jour nal of Ex per i men tal Zo ol ogy . 218 ( 2 ) : 117 . Hick man , C . P . 1961 . Integrated Prin ci ples of Zo ol ogy . The C.V. Mosby Co . , St . Louis . Hick man , C.P. & Larry S . Roberts . 1995 . Animal Diversity . Wm . C . Brown Pub lish ers , Dubuque . Jenk ins , Robert L . 1983 . Ob ser va tions on the com men sal re la tion ship of Nomeus gronovii with Physalia physalis . Copeia1983 ( 1 ) : 250 - 252 . Kennedy , Frank S . , Jr . 1972 . Dis tri b u tion and Abun dance of Physalia in Florida Wa ters . Pro fes sional Paper Se ries Florida De part ment of Nat ural Re sources Ma rine Re search Lab o ra tory . ( 18 ) : 30 - 31 , 36 - 37 . Lane , Charles E . 1960 . The Por tuguese Man of War . Sci en tific Amer i can . 202 ( 3 ) : 158 - 168 . Parker , Sybil P . 1982 . Syn op sis and Clas si fi ca tion of Liv ing Or gan isms . Mc Graw - Hill Book Co . , New York . Pen nak , Robert W . 1978 . Fresh - Wa ter In ver te brates of the United States . John Wiley & Sons , New York . Pur cell , Jen nifer E . 1984 . Pre da tion on Fish Lar vae by Physalia physalis , The Por tuguese Man of War . Ma rine Ecol ogy . 19 ( 1 , 2 ) : 189 . Shale , David & Jen nifer Coldrey . 1987 . The Man of War At Sea . Gareth Stevens Pub lish ing , Mil wau kee . ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store ! The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides ! Read more . . . Connect with us Help us improve the site by taking our survey Explore Data @ Quaardvark Search Guide Information Pictures Classification To cite this page : Kurlansky , M . 2002 . " Physalia physalis " ( On - line ) , Animal Diversity Web . Accessed April 01 , 2019 at https : / / animaldiversity . org / accounts / Physalia_physalis / Disclaimer : The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . ADW does n ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . Though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we can not guarantee all information in those accounts . While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we can not necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control . U - M Gateway | U - M Museum of Zoology U - M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology © 2014 Regents of the University of Michigan Report Error Comment This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grants DRL 0089283 , DRL 0628151 , DUE 0633095 , DRL 0918590 , and DUE 1122742 . Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation , UM College of Literature , Science , and the Arts , Museum of Zoology , and Information and Technology Services . The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support . | [
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http://animalia.bio/lion-tailed-macaque | LionTailed Macaque Wanderoo Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Family Cercopithecidae Genus Macaca SPECIES Macaca silenus Population size below 4000 Life Span 2038 yrs WEIGHT 310 kg LENGTH 4061 cm The magnificent Liontailed macaque is an Old World monkey named due to its lionlike long thin and tufted tail This adorable primate is unfortunately among most endangered of the macaques around the globe In the meantime this animal is one of the smallest macaque species in the world The Liontailed macaque is endemic and native exclusively to Western Ghats India Its a living proof of the amazing diversity of its mountain rainforest habitat As a result of its shy and solitary nature this animal doesnt tend to venture from its usual range travelling only within its rainforest habitat Di Diurnal Om Omnivore Ar Arboreal Al Altricial Se Sedentary Po Polygyny So Social Photos with LionTailed Macaque Distribution The natural range of this species is restricted to the Western Ghats Mountains located in southwestern part of India Preferred habitat of the Liontailed macaques is broad leaf trees growing in monsoon forests as well as evergreen and semievergreen rainforests Geography Continents Asia Subcontinents South Asia Countries India Biome Tropical moist forests Climate zones Tropical Habits and Lifestyle These highly social primates are known to form family units of up to 34 individuals with an average of 10 20 Each group consists of a single dominant male and sometimes 1 2 additional adult males The dominant male of the group controls breeding Members of these family units not only travel collectively but also sleep huddling together As arboreal and diurnal creatures they sleep at night in trees typically high in the canopy of rainforest These macaques are territorial and very communicative animals One of the distinguishing features of this species is that males define boundaries of their home Group name troop barrel cartload tribe wilderness Lifestyle Arboreal Altricial Sedentary Diet and Nutrition As omnivorous animals Liontailed macaques feed upon a wide variety of food although fruits form the major part of their diet Suitable foods include leaves stems flowers buds fungi as well as meat such as insects lizards tree frogs and various small mammals Diet Omnivore Mating Habits MATING BEHAVIOR Polygyny REPRODUCTION SEASON Yearround PREGNANCY DURATION 6 months BABY CARRYING 1 infant INDEPENDENT AGE 1 year FEMALE NAME female MALE NAME male BABY NAME infant Liontailed macaques are polygynous which means that one male gets an exclusive right to mating with multiple females Liontailed macaques breed yearround However birth rate usually increases during the wet season when there is sufficient amount of food Gestation period lasts for about 6 months yielding a single infant which is helpless and completely depends on its mother The newborn baby is carried on its mothers abdomen The infant is cared by its mother for a long period of time as it grows and learns various skills Nursing period lasts for about one year Soon the young macaques reach adolescence Population Trend Decreasing POPULATION STATUS Endangered EN ne dd lc nt vu en cr ew ex Population Population threats The biggest threat to the overall population of this species is the destruction of their rainforest habitat In fact these primates have lost as much as 99 of their original range as a result of largescale deforestation for timber agriculture and development Liontailed macaques live in isolated populations which are unable to interbreed Hence these fragmented populations currently face sharp decline Additionally the Liontailed macaques are frequently killed because of being mistaken for Nilgiri langurs which are commonly hunted for their meat that is falsely believed to have medicinal properties Other notable threats include persecution as pest species due to Population number According to the IUCN Red List the total population of Liontailed macaques is under 4000 individuals including less than 2500 mature individuals Specific populations have been estimated in the following areas The forests of Kerala up to 1216 adult macaques Tamil Nadu the Anaimalai Hills about 500 individuals Overall the population number of Liontailed macaques is decreasing today and the animals are classified as Endangered EN on the IUCN Red List Ecological niche Liontailed macaques play some role in the ecosystem they live as they disperse seeds of fruits and plants they consume They may also affect predator populations as items of prey Fun Facts for Kids On their cheeks near the lower teeth these animals have extensile pouches that extend down the side of the neck and act as food storages when feeding The Liontailed macaques are generally arboreal However they are known to spend some time on the ground typically playing and splashing in the water These primates get a part of the required moisture by licking dew from leaves Liontailed macaques can possess opposable first digits or thumbs on their limbs which help them in climbing feeding moving grooming and other activities This species is otherwise known as the beard ape as a reference to its mane The Liontailed macaque is currently one of the rarest macaque species Moreover this animal is the only endangered macaque out of 21 species of its genus When spotting a predator or a human this animal will freeze in the top of a tree where it lives References 1 LionTailed Macaque Wikipedia article httpsenwikipediaorgwikiLiontailed_macaque 2 LionTailed Macaque on The IUCN Red List site httpwwwiucnredlistorgdetails125590 | [
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http://animalquestions.org/mammals/cats/are-cats-gums-supposed-to-be-black/ | Are Cats Gums Supposed To Be Black ? A healthy cat will have firm pink gums , not an angry red , white , and / or black or brown color . Your cat ’ s gums should also not appear to be swollen . While some cats may have been born with a few black spots on the gums here and there , if a cat ’ s gums are mostly black or brown and are accompanied with bad breath , cracked or brown teeth , etc . there may be an underlying medical issue . Dental problems are among one of the main reasons for veterinarian visits in dogs and cats . Even at a young age , cats can begin to develop plaque and other harmful bacteria that lead to black or brown gums . This unsightly problem can result in gingivitis or periodontal disease . It is for this reason that pet owners should pay close attention and watch for early signs of black gums . Early detection is crucial to your cat ’ s dental health and management . Causes Blacking or browning of the gums in cats can begin as early as 2 years old . It sometimes occurs when small bits of food get stuck inside the cat ’ s gum lines . This causes inflammation and discoloration of the gums . Food slowly begins to build bacteria over time and as a result the surrounding teeth begin to develop plague . Plaque ’ s interaction with saliva eventually creates a substance known as tartar . The degree of browning or blacking of the gums depends on how long the tartar and plaque have progressed . Other Symptoms In addition to black gums , other symptoms may be present . These symptoms indicate a serious dental health issue in felines . Cats with early stage gum disease , or gingivitis might have difficulty eating . Pet owners may also notice their cat having trouble chewing , or you might even notice your cat has simply stopped eating altogether . A telltale sign of late - stage gum disease is very bad breath that is caused from the buildup of bacteria in the mouth . Gingivitis Minimal signs of browning usually indicates the early stages of gum disease , also known as gingivitis . A cat ’ s gums may appear swollen and / or bleed when brushed or when the cat eats . Slight browning around the teeth and gums is also common during this phase . Gums with later - stage gingivitis exhibit symptoms that include receding gum tissue and deep pockets between the cat ’ s teeth . Periodontal Disease Periodontal disease is a condition that results in serious , sometimes irreversible tooth damage . The gums appear brown in this stage and teeth may also be brown or may even fall out . Unfortunately when a cat has this disease , they might also suffer from bone loss in the jaw and / or severe tissue damage . Remaining teeth may be loose and / or have multiple cavities . Treatment Options Early treatment of slightly brown or black gums can really make a difference , and most cats will be able to make a full recovery . It is important to book an appointment with your local veterinarian if you notice these symptoms in your cat early on . He or she will most likely suggest a professional teeth cleaning for your kitty . In addition , he or she might also recommend a teeth cleaning schedule for you to follow until all signs of gingivitis and periodontal disease subside . Treatment of advanced gum disease focuses on eliminating symptoms , since veterinarians can not actually reverse the damage that has been done . A deep cleaning of the teeth and gums along with a regular application of antibacterial gel to the gums stops advancement of the disease . Other treatment options include tissue regeneration and bone replacement surgeries . Prevention Damage to a cat ’ s tongue , teeth , palate , and gums can lead to more serious health problems . The good news , however , is that there are plenty of steps pet owners can take to prevent dental and medical issues in cats . A regular home check up and the occasional tooth brushing can go a long way when it comes to preventing dental problems in felines . Breath Test It may sound silly , but getting up close and personal with your cat to take a whiff of his breath can be beneficial in the long run . While kitty ’ s breath is not meant to smell like a bed of roses , it should not be extremely offensive . If you smell your cat ’ s breath and it has an abnormally strong , foul , odor , it could be an indication of digestion problems or a gum condition , and should be examined by a vet immediately . Lip Test When you have a minute where you are able to grab kitty and hold him facing towards you , gently push back his lips and take a quick gander . Kitty ’ s gums , if they are healthy , should be firm and pink , not white or red . In addition , they should not show signs of swelling . A cat ’ s teeth should be clean and free of any brownish or blackish tartar . In addition your cat ’ s teeth should also not appear to be broken , loose , or cracked . Taking An Even Closer Look In addition to taking the steps listed above , you should watch for any of the following signs , which could indicate a dental problem : Dark red lines along the gums Ulcers on gums or tongue Loose or cracked teeth Red or swollen gums Pus Brown teeth Difficulty chewing food Not eating Excessive drooling Excessive pawing at the mouth area Signs Of Gum Inflammation At any sign of gum inflammation , your cat should be taken in for a veterinarian exam . If left untreated , gum disease can develop , possibly leading to tooth loss and / or inability to eat . Inflammation could also point to an internal issue like kidney disease or feline immunodeficiency virus . Brushing Kitty ’ s Teeth Bacteria and plaque forming foods can cause a buildup of bacteria on a cat ’ s teeth , which can harden into tartar and cause gingivitis , receding gums and tooth loss . Regular teeth cleanings can help prevent this problem before it starts . Here is what you will need to brush kitty ’ s teeth : Cotton swabs One small toothbrush Toothpaste that is formulated for felines Never use toothpaste that is meant for humans , as this is toxic to cats . While brushing kitty ’ s teeth you can also use salt and water . Ask your veterinarian for suggestions when it comes to purchasing brushing supplies for your cat ’ s teeth , he or she may know of the best products or tools to use . Cleaning Those Pearly Whites To brush your cat ’ s teeth at home , you can follow these few easy steps : Get your cat used to the idea of having his or her teeth brushed . This can be done by starting off gently massaging their gums with your fingers or touching a cotton swab to them . After a few sessions , put a tiny bit of feline formulated toothpaste on kitty ’ s lips to get them used to the taste . Introduce a toothbrush that is designed specifically for cats . These brushes are much smaller than a human ’ s toothbrush and are equipped with softer bristles meant for kitty ’ s sharp but sensitive teeth . Toothbrushes that you war over your finger are also available and are easy to use . They allow you to give your cat ’ s gums a nice massage that they might actually enjoy . Apply toothpaste to kitty ’ s teeth and gently brush . Veterinary exams can be done beforehand to find out if your cat ’ s gums are inflamed , as brushing too hard can irritate kitty ’ s gums even more and hurt them . Healthy Chewing Chew toys are wonderful and can help satisfy your cat ’ s natural desire to chomp on things , while also making her teeth strong . Gnawing on a chew toy can also help floss kitty ’ s teeth , massage her gums and scrape away any soft tartar that has developed . There are a lot of toys designed specifically for kitty ’ s dental health . There are even toys meant for kitty to chew on that massage her gums and clean food debris from her teeth . Ask your veterinarian or local pet store for more suggestions Dieting For Healthy Teeth If your cat suffers from dental issues , ask your veterinarian to recommend a kibble or wet food that will keep your feline companion ’ s teeth healthy , while also helping to remove plaque buildup . Know Your Dental Disorders The best way to prevent dental problems and underlying medical issues in your cat is to be aware of the many dental disorders that your kitty can develop . Be on the lookout for the following conditions and symptoms , and report to your vet immediately if you see your cat exhibiting any of the following : Gingivitis – The inflammation of kitty ’ s gums . This condition is most often seen in older cats . It may start out as a dark red line bordering on kitty ’ s teeth . If left untreated , gums may become sore and ulceration may occur . This could also be a sign of FIV or another type of infection . Periodontitis – If gingivitis invades kitty ’ s tooth socket , his or her tooth may become loose , causing an abscess to form . Somatitis – This inflammation of the mouth lining can result from a foreign body in the mouth , a viral disease or dental issue . Typically , your cat will have difficulty eating and the inside of his or her mouth will also appear an angry red . Rodent Ulcer – A slowly enlarging sore or swelling on the upper lip . Salivary Cyst – If salivary glands or ducts that carry saliva to the cat ’ s mouth become blocked , a cyst may form under kitty ’ s tongue . Mouth Ulcers - Ulcers on a cat ’ s tongue and / or gums are sometimes caused by feline respiratory or kidney disease . Home Mammals Cats › Are Cats Gums Supposed To Be Black ? | [
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http://animalquestions.org/reptiles/turtles/are-turtles-dangerous-to-humans/ | Are Turtles Dangerous To Humans ? Whether or not turtles are dangerous to humans really just depends on the turtle itself . Some turtles may be more aggressive than others . Some may carry diseases or infections that can be harmful to humans , while others may even bite and cause some real damage . One of the more dangerous types of turtles is the snapping turtle . The name “ snapping turtle was given to them for a good reason ! There are two types of species of snapping turtle the common snapping turtle which can be found throughout North America and the Alligator snapping turtle which is mostly restricted to the southern United States . Both species have the potential to be very dangerous animals . The Alligator snapping turtle can weight anywhere up to 300 pounds and some have even been documented to bite right through objects such as brooms and hockey sticks . It can easily do the same to a human ’ s body parts . There have been quite a few cases where snapping turtles have attacked humans that have tried touching them or made them feel threatened in some way . Some people have even lost a finger or another body part to these creatures . When provoked , these turtles will not hesitate to bite and they typically do not These turtles are equipped with great claws that can cause quite the damage . They are also incredibly strong creatures on their feet . One of the main reasons they are so aggressive compared to other turtle species is because unlike most turtles , they are unable to retract back into their shell with feeling threatened . Their plastron ( ventral shell ) is too small in order for them to complete this task . Another thing to keep in mind when considering turtles and their harm to humans is that in the United States since 1975 it has become illegal to sell or own a turtle that is less than 4 inches . They have been banned due to the fact that they pose a high risk of disease , especially concerning children because children are curious and like to stick things in their mouths and many turtles have been known to carry salmonella . Just because you can not see the bacteria on the turtle does not mean that it is not there . Salmonella are naturally occurring bacteria in turtles and those with salmonella do not usually show any signs of illness . If turtles transmit this to humans it can cause severe illness , hospitalization and even death . It is especially dangerous for children under the age of five , the elderly , and people who have natural resistance to disease due to pregnancy , cancer , chemotherapy , organ transplants , etc . The good news is that there are a few things one can do to protect themselves against the potential harm that turtles carry . The first is to never touch a turtle in the wild that you stumble upon or that seems aggressive . This is a good way to get attacked by one . Another way to help prevent danger from occurring is to never have a turtle in a household that includes children under 5 , elderly or people with weakened immune systems . For those households that do have turtles in them , it is crucial to handle all turtles and surfaces that the pet has come in contact with as if they are contaminated since there is the possibility that they could be . Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water immediately after handling turtles , their tanks , feces , or any surface that they have come in Home Reptiles Turtles › Are Turtles Dangerous To Humans ? | [
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http://animalquestions.org/reptiles/turtles/can-turtles-make-noise/ | Can Turtles Make Noise ? Although turtles like most other reptiles do not have vocal chords , they are still able to make several noises both voluntarily and involuntarily . For instance , turtles have been known to make involuntary noises such as hissing when they jerk their heads into their shells . This happens because it forces air in the lungs to escape in order to make more room for the turtle . As far as making noise voluntarily goes , it is quite common for a turtle to do so during battle , courtship , mating and egg - laying . Most turtle noises are hisses ; however turtles have also been known to make noises that include grunting , hooting and clucking . What is even more interesting as far as sound goes is that turtles do not have outer ears . They have inner ear structures but do not necessarily respond to noise . Rather , they respond quickly to vibrations that they pick up through their shells or limbs . It is common for turtles to hiss when they feel startled , threatened , or bothered . They may also hiss when being territorial towards other turtles , and at predators . Some pet owners have even said that their turtles sometimes make a moaning sound if they are hungry and want to be fed . This moaning noise has been described by some pet owners similar to that of a dog whimpering in kind of a high pitched way . Imagine something along these lines “ ummmm , ummmm . ” Other pet owners have described similar sounds as Turtles should never really make any noise when breathing . If this occurs it most likely means that your turtle is ill with some kind of airway or respiratory infection or illness . In this case a veterinarian that is knowledgeable of reptiles should be consulted immediately . Home Reptiles Turtles › Can Turtles Make Noise ? | [
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http://animalresearch.thehastingscenter.org/report/using-monkeys-to-understand-and-cure-parkinson-disease/ | special report » Utility and Morality : Contemporary Tradeoffs Using Monkeys to Understand and Cure Parkinson Disease By D . Eugene Redmond , Jr . Research with nonhuman primates is essential to medical progress and will still be necessary for the foreseeable future . Almost all research scientists agree that animal research is critical to understanding basic biology , discovering new treatments for human ( and animal ) diseases , and maximizing the safety of new medicines while minimizing their harm to humans . All but two of the Nobel prizes in medicine awarded over the last one hundred years have depended on animal research , [ 1 ] and the list of modern medicines , vaccines , and other treatments , as well as basic science discoveries , is so extensive that it could not be adequately covered in even a huge volume . [ 2 ] Increases in average life span in the last century are the result of improved public health measures , and many diseases may be related to lifestyle choices . But animal research has contributed to understanding these factors and to the development of vaccines and lifesaving treatments . The philosophical debate regarding the benefits and moral costs of animal research has also filled many volumes by ethicists and philosophers . The major arguments against the use of animals in medical research have been explicitly refuted by a few brave scientists , [ 3 ] as well as implicitly by the vast majority of the working biomedical science community . My contribution to this discussion is to provide a personal perspective on my decision if , when , and how to use monkeys in research experiments on Parkinson disease . I do not claim to speak for all scientists . Many of them prefer not to speak on this issue because people with strongly held opposing beliefs have been willing to engage in distortion of the facts , violence , and intimidation as a way of advancing their views . Universal and unequivocal support for animal research is reflected in collective statements by all of the major medical and scientific I have great empathy and respect for animals , but I also accept the fact that the careful selection and use of animals in experiments to understand biology or to improve medicine is justified , even though this often represents a significant harm to them . As a physician researcher , I have been working for many years to understand and cure Parkinson disease . I became a physician in order to cure , alleviate , and understand diseases and to “ do good ” if possible . As prescribed in the Hippocratic Oath , I also want to do “ no harm . ” In the real world of medicine , however , these categories are subject to probability — prescribing the right medicine to treat a disease sometimes leads to a harmful , even fatal , side effect , such as an allergic reaction What are the criteria for conducting research on monkeys ? There must be a potential scientific or medical benefit of the research , and useful knowledge from the monkey research should be likely and unobtainable from alternative approaches . Basic research to understand diseases is ultimately as important as research with specific treatment goals . Rodents and other mammals are excellent models of many physiological processes and diseases in humans , but the central nervous system and higher brain functions are sufficiently different that monkey experiments are often essential for progress with neuropsychiatric and brain - related problems . Parkinson disease represents a research problem for which monkey studies can A number of models are useful to understand the disease and test potential therapies . They include cells in a culture dish , genetically modified fruit flies , and rats with dopamine systems destroyed by a neurotoxin to induce some signs of Parkinson disease . But each of these models has limitations and may not predict results in humans . The brain systems responsible for dopamine function that underlie Parkinson disease differ between rats and humans . The rat model responds consistently to some drugs that have effects against Parkinson disease in patients , but it also responds to other [ 4 ] A different compound , MPTP ( 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 - tetrahydropyridine ) , was tested in rats and was not found to have any deleterious effects , although when tested in patients , it made them worse . It was later discovered that MPTP actually destroys dopamine neurons in humans and monkeys and reproduces nearly every reported effect of Parkinson disease in monkeys . [ 5 ] Accidental exposures of humans to MPTP simulate Parkinson disease almost completely , confirming that monkeys exposed to MPTP are a reasonable model for studying the condition in humans . Possibly better animal models are being developed as a result of new knowledge about several genes associated with Parkinson disease . At the present time , however , the monkey with MPTP - induced Parkinson disease is the best model we have and can predict benefits and side effects of new treatments . The species of monkey we use , Clorocebus sabaeus , is not endangered in the West Indies , and its closely related “ parent ” species , Chlorocebus aethiops , is widespread in Africa , with an estimated population in the millions . Finally , there are considerable data supporting the main hypothesis of my work — that the dopamine neurons destroyed by Parkinson disease ( or experimentally by a neurotoxin ) could be replaced by neurons derived from fetal brain tissue , stem cells , or gene manipulations that would lead to therapeutic dopamine release and symptom relief . [ 6 ] We do n ’ t know , however , whether the cells would survive , develop , and connect properly in an adult brain affected by Parkinson disease . It is necessary , therefore , to test potential therapies in an animal model that simulates the conditions of the disease as closely as possible . [ 7 ] When should the research be done ? The first steps in research with animals should begin with the simplest animals that are appropriate . There are economic — and , some would say , moral — reasons that experiments should progress with models up the phylogenetic scale where possible . Extensive neural tissue transplantation studies were first done in rodents , showing that cells survived . Monkeys should not be used without knowing the results from studies in simpler biological systems , although , as in the case of MPTP , rodent studies do not always predict what would happen in monkeys or humans . For cell replacement therapy , using dopamine precursor cells derived from fetal brain tissue , stem cells , or from other adult cell sources such as skin , it is important that the potential treatment be well characterized . We should know what types of cells they are and what they become in culture , what genes and proteins they express , how neurons are activated electrophysiologically , and what neurotransmitters and other chemicals they release . Then they should be tested in the best Parkinson disease model to see if they survive a new environment , what cells they The fact that monkeys are genetically closer to humans than are rats increases the probability that predictions from monkey experiments will be correct . But this closeness also makes their use of greater concern . At some point after enough research has been done in monkeys , humans also have to be studied to find out the potential benefits and harms of the treatment . The fact that this is so does not diminish the importance of what is learned from the animal experiments . Far more harm would be done to humans if the animal experiments were not done How should the research be conducted ? When animal use is necessary , it should be carried out humanely and with concern for the comfort , general health , and well - being of the animals by scientists and staff who are qualified and trained to do the work successfully . These concerns have been codified in the Animal Welfare Act and the Guide for the Care and Use of Animals in the United States and in similar documents in other countries . Scientists , physicians , and veterinarians drafted these regulations not only for the well - being of the animals , but because they are necessary to ensure that research with the animals is valid . Animals are provided with veterinary care , cages that are large enough for them to move about , adequate food and water , an environment free of pain and with minimal stress , and conditions that are as natural as possible for their species . Proper anesthetics are used for procedures that might The best experimental designs should be used , with random assignment of treatment groups , controls for as many variables as possible , and blinding of evaluations to eliminate investigator bias . The fewest animals should be used that are necessary to accept or reject the study hypothesis according to the method that modern science uses to make progress . [ 8 ] The reality is that most experiments conducted in accordance with the scientific method could be described as failures , but this does not mean that they are without value . They rule out important negatives that lead to incremental knowledge and then , often after many years , to a successful new treatment . When new discoveries are made , they have to be replicated . That is not a “ waste of animals ” or duplication of effort , but how modern science works . Independent replication is how we confirm what is true . I have summarized the Moral and ethical issues . The morality and necessity of medical research with animals are linked with the ethics of human research and medical practice . The ethical prescriptions and proscriptions as outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 ( and modified through 2008 ) [ 9 ] require a number of practices , many of which have been codified into the laws of many countries and are regulated in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration . These guidelines prescribe that humans should not be exposed to unknown risks or to risks without potential benefits . This usually requires that substances and potential treatments be tested in animals for efficacy and safety . It is certainly true that animal research does not predict human responses perfectly . This depends upon how accurate the animal model is and how similar or identical the particular animal system Could “ alternatives ” lead to the same or better results ? Groups opposed to animal research often argue that computer models and other alternatives to animals could make animal experiments unnecessary . Alternatives to animal use are clearly desirable and researchers eagerly adopt them when they become available . But at this time we do not have good alternatives to replace the animal models in use . A computer might be able to model a disease in some respects if we knew everything possible about it , and if the computer had all of the necessary capacities of an animal ( the ability to move and to simulate the abnormal movement Conditions for Using Monkeys for Biomedical Research The research should address a significant basic science or potential therapeutic question for humans or monkeys . Preliminary research should be done to support and justify the experimental approach proposed . Some research should have been done in nonprimate species to gather preliminary data and , if possible , to test the experimental design . There should be research findings to support differences between other potential animal models and monkeys or humans that would therefore support the study of monkeys and the inferiority of other animal models or alternatives to animals . The potential benefits of the research should be evaluated against the potential risks to the primate subjects . The species of monkeys used should be justified , and the use of endangered or threatened populations avoided without special justification . The number of monkeys used for the research should be justified and minimized . All animal welfare regulations should be followed , with special importance placed upon species - typical behaviors and environments unless exceptions are scientifically justified . The drug industry and academic and government scientists are highly motivated for economic and ethical reasons to replace animal research if possible . Animals are expensive , experiments often take a long time , and the necessary sample of animals that must be studied is often not clear . Finally , the experiments often fail to predict the results in humans . New strategies are being adopted that are an improvement over animal experiments , such as gene arrays for toxicology studies ( see “ No Animals Harmed : Toward a Paradigm Shift in Toxicity Testing , ” in this The suggestion by critics of animal research that scientists persist in animal experiments despite valid and viable alternatives is an ill - informed and intellectually and ethically insulting attack on the major scientific professional organizations , the National Institutes of Health , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the U.S. Department of Agriculture , and most research universities and institutes . I do not know a single scientist who takes pleasure in inflicting pain or injury on animals . I , for one , have known and cared about all kinds of animals starting with my childhood experiences Moral status of animals . I do not accept the idea that all living creatures have equal moral status , but rather that they have graded value according to their genomic similarities with us . In this view , highly intelligent , sentient creatures such as great apes , monkeys , dolphins , whales , and elephants have relatively high moral status . We have responsibilities because of our intelligence and power to interact with all animals with kindness and compassion . We also have the responsibility to understand and cure disease in our own species and others if possible , while inflicting the least [ 10 ] If the use of monkeys leads to the cure of Parkinson disease for the 500,000 people in the United States ( and millions more around the world ) , some of whom suffer , suffocate , and die each year , it is an acceptable moral price to pay . These are your parents , grandparents , brothers , sisters , and possibly yourself . And Parkinson disease is just one of many horrible and incurable diseases that remain to be conquered with the aid of research with animals , including monkeys . D . Eugene Redmond , Jr . , is professor of psychiatry and neurosurgery at the Yale University School of Medicine . He has published extensively on his team ’ s effort to cure Parkinson disease using cell replacements , beginning with fetal brain cells and more recently using stem cells in monkeys . His research interests are in restoring the damaged brain and spinal cord , using cellular replacements , and gene therapy . He has worked extensively with nonhuman primates on studies of anxiety , drug addiction , schizophrenia , cognition , Parkinson disease , spinal cord injury , and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Footnotes ( ↵ returns to text ) 1 . Foundation for Biomedical Research , http : / / www . fbresearch . org / TwoColumnWireframe . aspx ? pageid = 128 , accessed September 30 , 2012 . ↵ 2 . Ibid . ↵ 3 . J.H. Comrow and R . Dripps , Jr . , “ Scientific Basis for Support of Biomedical Science , ” Science 192 ( 1976 ) : 105 - 111 ; P.M. Conn and J.V. Parker , “ The Animal Research War , ” Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 22 , no . 5 ( 2008 ) : 1294 - 95 ; N.E. Miller , “ The Value of Behavioral Research on Animals , ” American Psychologist 40 , no . 4 ( 1985 ) : 423 - 40 ; N.E. Miller , “ The Morality and Humaneness of Animal Research on Stress and Pain , ” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 467 , ( 1986 ) : 402 - 4 ; D.L. Ringach , “ The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research , ” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 342 , no . 4 ( 2011 ) : 305 - 313 . 4 . M.E. Emborg , “ Nonhuman Primate Models of Parkinson ’ s Disease , ” Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal 48 , no . 4 ( 2007 ) : 339 - 55 ; J.R. Taylor et al . , “ Behavioral Effects of MPTP Administration in the Vervet Monkey : A Primate Model of Parkinson ’ s Disease , ” in Toxin - Induced Models of Neurological Disorders , A.J. Nonneman and M.L. Woodruff , eds . ( New York : Plenum Press , 1994 ) , 139 - 74 . 5 . Emborg , “ Nonhuman Primate Models of Parkinson ’ s Disease , ” 339 - 55 . 6 . A . Björklund and U . Stenevi , Neural Grafting in the Mammalian CNS ( Amsterdam , the Netherlands : Elsevier Science Publishers , 1985 ) ; L.M. Björklund et al . , “ Embryonic Stem Cells Develop into Functional Dopaminergic Neurons after Transplantation in a Parkinson Rat Model , ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A . 99 , no . 4 ( 2002 ) : 2344 - 49 ; D.L. Choi - Lundberg et al . , “ Dopaminergic Neurons Protected from Degeneration by GDNF Gene Therapy , ” Science 275 ( 1997 ) : 838 - 41 ; H . Lui et al . , “ Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Rhesus Monkey Fibroblasts , ” Cell Stem Cell 3 , no . 6 ( 2008 ) : 587 - 90 ; I . Mendez et al . , “ Dopamine Neurons Implanted into People with Parkinson ’ s Disease Survive without Pathology for 14 Years , ” Nature Medicine 14 , no . 5 ( 2008 ) : 507 - 9 ; M.J. Perlow et al . , “ Brain Grafts Reduce Motor Abnormalities Produced by Destruction of Nigrostriatal Dopamine System , ” 204 ( 1979 ) : 643 - 53 ; D.E. Redmond , “ Cellular Replacement Therapy for Parkinson ’ s Disease — Where Are We Today ? ” Neuroscientist 8 , no . 5 ( 2002 ) : 457 - 58 ; D.E. Redmond , Jr . , et al . , “ Cryopreservation , Culture and Transplantation of Human Mesencephalic Tissue into Monkeys , ” 242 ( 1988 ) : 768 - 71 ; D.E Redmond , Jr . , et al . , “ Behavioral Improvement in a Primate Parkinson ’ s Model Is Associated with Multiple Homeostatic Effects of Human Neural Stem Cells , ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A . 104 , no . 29 ( 2007 ) : 12175 - 80 ; E.Y. Snyder et al . , “ Multipotent Neural Precursors Can Differentiate toward Replacement of Neurons Undergoing Targeted Apoptotic Degeneration in Adult Mouse Neocortex , ” 94 , no . 21 ( 1997 ) : 11663 - 68 ; M . Wernig et al . , “ Neurons Derived from Reprogrammed Fibroblasts Functionally Integrate into the Fetal Brain and Improve Symptoms of Rats with Parkinson ’ s Disease , ” 105 , no . 15 ( 2008 ) : 5856 - 61 . 7 . Redmond , Jr . , et al . , “ Behavioral Improvement in a Primate Parkinson ’ s Model Is Associated with Multiple Homeostatic Effects of Human Neural Stem Cells . ” 8 . Ringach , “ The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research . ” 9 . World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki — Ethical Principals for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects , October 2008 , http : / / www . wma . net / en / 30publications / 10policies / b3 / . 10 . T . Wichmann et al . , “ Milestones in Research on the Pathophysiology of Parkinson ’ s Disease , ” Movement Disorders Journal 26 , no . 6 ( 2011 ) : 1032 - 41 ; “ Parkinson ’ s Patient Speaks Up , ” http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = uMaCiuapAW0 , uploaded April 29 , 2010 , and accessed September 30 , 2012 . The Moral Status of Invasive Animal Research The Utility of Basic Animal Research | [
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http://animals.howstuffworks.com/fish/sharks/shark4.htm | HowStuffWorks Animals Wild Animals Fish Sharks How Sharks Work by Tom Harris Shark Teeth Prev NEXT Great whites attack their prey with a mouthful of razor sharp , serrated triangular teeth . Stephen Frink / Getty Images A shark ' s only real weapon is its mouth . Like its fins and sense organs , the shark ' s mouth is a highly effective physiological adaptation , perfectly suited to its job . There are two elements that make the mouth so effective : the teeth and the jaws . Shark teeth are something like the teeth of land predators . They have very sharp points that will cut into meat . Sharks are exclusively carnivores , so for the most part they do n ' t need any grinders for chewing plant matter . Some bottom dwelling sharks do have special grinding teeth for cracking shells open , but more active sharks have teeth suited only for eating flesh . There are a wide variety of shark teeth , just as there are a wide variety of sharks . These teeth can be divided into two general categories . Many shark species , such as the goblin shark and sand tiger , have very long , thin teeth . This structure is well suited for catching small fish . The shark kills the fish immediately , by piercing it with a single bite . Then it swallows the fish whole . Sharks that go after larger prey need a different strategy and a different sort of tooth . They tear into their prey several times , biting off large pieces of flesh . Sharks in this group , which includes the infamous great white shark , have wide serrated teeth . These teeth act something like a hunting knife - - they cut easily through tough flesh and bone . Many sharks have combinations of long pointed teeth and wider serrated teeth , so they can hold their prey in place while they cut into it . Shark teeth have the same basic consistency as our teeth , but they do n ' t sit in the mouth in the same way . Our teeth rest in sockets , and are n ' t replaced after childhood . Shark teeth are attached to the jaw by soft tissue , and they fall out all the time . This is crucial to the shark ' s effectiveness - - worn or broken teeth are continually replaced by new , sharper teeth . In some sharks , such as the great white , these teeth are arranged in several Click the button to see how a shark bites its prey . Sharks have a very unique jaw structure , which makes their mouths especially effective weapons . In most animals , the lower jaw moves freely but the upper jaw is firmly attached to the skull . In sharks , the upper jaw rests below the skull , but can be detached when the shark attacks its prey . This lets the shark thrust its entire mouth forward to grab onto its prey . Jaw mobility varies among different species , but all modern sharks have this ability to some degree . In the next section , we ' ll find out what science knows about the life of a shark . Man Eaters ? Sharks terrify people because some of them can , and sometimes will , feed on human beings . Sharks do attack humans from time to time , but the risk of attack is actually very slight . Only a small proportion of shark species have been known to attack , and even these species exhibit this behavior very rarely . These sharks typically attack defensively , when a person has wandered into their environment , or accidentally , because they ' ve mistaken a person for their standard prey . In both cases , chances are the shark will flee after only one bite . They do n ' t have any real interest in humans as a food source . Between 75 and 100 shark attacks are reported every year , and fewer than 20 are fatal . Statistically , this is an extremely low number . 1 4 5 6 8 NEXT | [
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http://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/flea.htm | HowStuffWorks Animals Wild Animals Insects & Arachnids Insects How Fleas Work by Tracy V . Wilson NEXT An adult flea . Photo courtesy CDC / Vector Ecology & Control Laboratory , Fort Collins , Colo . Imagine returning to your home after a long vacation . You pick up your pets from the kennel , unload your luggage and head to bed to recover from the long drive . But your sleep is anything but restful . All night , you ' re plagued by tiny pinpricks and incessant itching . It does n ' t take you long to figure out that you ' re being attacked by a seemingly infinite mob of hungry fleas . What happened ? Did your pets pick up an infestation at the kennel ? Did the vampire - like insects hitch a ride on your luggage ? Or did a swarm of them decide to move in while you were gone ? It ' s a creepy idea , but the most likely answer is that the fleas were waiting for you . Fleas are parasites - - or life forms that feed on hosts - - often harming the host in some way . Fleas use their hosts ' blood as food . They generally prefer the blood of four - legged animals to human blood , so before you went on vacation , the fleas fed on your pets , not on you . Although newly emerged fleas need to find food within a few days , adults can go for a couple of months without a meal . Flea pupae can also stay in their cocoons for up to a year , waiting to sense the body heat and vibrations that signal the presence of nearby hosts . So when you go on vacation , the fleas do n ' t starve to death - - they simply wait for you and your pets to come back . When you walk into your home after being away , hungry adult fleas flock to you and to anything else that has a pulse , regardless of how many legs it has . Pupae break out of their cocoons and search for their first blood meal . Your home , which seemed clean and relatively flea - free when you left , is suddenly overrun . The ability to live without food is just one of a flea ' s many adaptations . These adaptations make it easier for fleas to move around on their hosts , feed on blood , reproduce and survive when food is scarce . In this article , we ' ll look at how these adaptations make it harder to kill fleas . We ' ll also explore how to keep fleas from invading your home and your pets , as well as how to get rid of an infestation . Parasites : Ecto vs . Endo Fleas are ectoparasites , or parasites that live outside the body . Endoparasites , on the other hand , live inside the body . In addition to fleas , other ectoparasites include lice and ticks . Tapeworms are an example of an endoparasite . Parasites also cause diseases like malaria Plants can be parasites as well . Mistletoe is a parasitic plant , but since it has leaves and can produce food through photosynthesis , it is not a true parasite . Unlike animals that live in symbiosis , parasites do not help their hosts in any way . 1 2 5 NEXT | [
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http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/hippo-sunscreen1.htm | HowStuffWorks Animals Wild Animals Mammals Other Mammals How does a hippo make its own sunscreen ? by Jennifer Horton The SPF of Hippo Sweat : Sterile , Pigmented Fluid Prev Up Next Hippo teeth can inflict some serious damage . It ' s a good thing the animal makes its own antiseptic . Richard Du Toit / Minden Pictures / Getty Images Though Barr ' s heroic adventure in the bulky hippo suit proved fruitless , some other scientists have had better luck . Instead of weighing themselves down in armor , a team of Japanese researchers led by Professor Yoko Saikawa collected sweat samples by wiping a hippopotamus ' s face and back with absorbent gauze and then extracting the chemical components with water What they found were two unstable and highly acidic compounds - - one red , which they named hipposudoric acid , and one orange , which they named norhipposudoric acid . Although the two chemical pigments are unstable on their own , when they dry on the animal ' s skin in the presence of mucus , they harden and stick around for hours . Thus , the thick , sticky mixture is tough enough to survive the hippos ' daylong soaks , all the while absorbing sunlight in both the ultraviolet and visible range [ source : Saikawa ] . When Saikawa and his team tested the pigments , they found that hipposudoric acid is also a powerful antibiotic . At concentrations even lower than those normally found on the animal ' s skin , the pigment ' s high acidity - - hundreds of times more powerful than vinegar - - inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria [ source : Saikawa Arthur ] . The antiseptic powers of hippo sweat help to explain how the beasts manage to remain largely infection - free despite the wounds the males often inflict upon one another with their tusks - - long ivory teeth that can grow up to 20 inches ( 51 centimeters ) long . These canine teeth are so imposing that when males want to threaten one another , sometimes all they have to do is stand face to face while opening their mouths an impressive 150 degrees in a process called gaping [ source : San Diego Zoo ] . If the sight of one another ' s jaws does n ' t scare the other off , they ' ll duke it out by slashing at each other with their teeth or swinging their giant heads back and forth like wrecking balls . Despite extensive ( and valiant ) attempts to research it , much remains a mystery about the hippo ' s gooey antibiotic sunscreen . Saikawa ' s team hypothesizes that the animal synthesizes it from amino acids ( the building blocks of protein ) in the presence of oxygen . Since all hippos seem to produce the pigments , scientists do n ' t believe their " sunscreen " is linked to diet . Some scientists think it may even act as a bug repellent since flies seem averse to landing on it [ source : Grossi One thing ' s for sure though . Despite its initial appeal , this is one sunscreen you may not want to slather on - - according to Saikawa , it really stinks [ source : Arthur Hungry , Hungry Hippos ? It made for a great game , but aside from the obvious stretches of truth ( hippos do n ' t eat marbles and they certainly do n ' t come in shades of blue , pink and purple ) , hippos are n ' t very big eaters . The average 88 pounds ( 40 kilograms ) of vegetation they consume each day is n ' t that much when you consider they weigh more than 30 times that [ source : San Diego Zoo ] . In fact , the largely sedentary hippos ( which are closely related to whales ) only eat around 1 to 1.5 percent of their body weight each day . Cows , on the other hand , may eat up to 2.5 percent [ source : UC Berkeley Related HowStuffWorks Articles Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Quiz How the Nile River Works How Sweat Works How Sunburn and Sun Tans Work How the Sun Works What is " sunburn " ? SPF : What ' s in a number ? How Light Works More Great Links AnimalPlanet . com National Geographic Blog : Acting Like Another Animal on the Savanna Sources Arthur , Charles . " Wallowing in sunscreen sweat is secret of hippos ' silky skin regime . " The Independent . May 27 , 2004 . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / www . independent . co . uk / news / science / wallowing - in - sunscreen - sweat - is - secret - of - hippos - silky - skin - regime - 564868 . html Grossi , Mark . " Hot property : Hippo sweat studied for human use . " Scripps Howard News Service . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Aug . 31 , 2005 . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / www . signonsandiego . com / uniontrib / 20050831 / news_1c31hippo . html Harlow , John . " Big sweat as human hippo Brady Barr gets stuck in mud . " The Sunday Times . Jan . 27 , 2008 . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / uk / science / article3257296 . ece " Hippopotamus . " African Wildlife Foundation . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / www . awf . org / content / wildlife / detail / hippopotamus " Hippopotamus . " National Geographic . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / animals . nationalgeographic . com / animals / mammals / hippopotamus . html " Mammals : Hippopotamus . " San Diego Zoo . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / www . sandiegozoo . org / animalbytes / t - hippopotamus . html Hughes , Catherine D . " Hippopotamuses . " National Geographic Kids . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / kids . nationalgeographic . com / Animals / CreatureFeature / Hippopotamus / Saikawa , Yoko , et al . " The red sweat of the hippopotamus . " Nature . Vol . 429 . May 27 , 2004 . " Scientists find missing link between the whale and its closest relative , the hippo . " UC Berkeley . Daily Science News . Jan . 25 , 2005 . ( Oct . 6 , 2008 ) http : / / www . sciencenewsdaily . org / story - 2806 . html 1 2 UP NEXT | [
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http://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/10-fruits-veggies-aid-dog-nutrition.htm | HowStuffWorks Animals Pets General Pet Care 10 Fruits and Veggies that Aid in Dogs ' Nutrition by Sarah Winkler NEXT Start the Countdown Those farmstand vegetables are good for dogs as well as people . See more dog pictures Frank Rapp / Photolibrary / Getty Images An apple a day keeps the doctor away . But what about the vet ? When most people think of food for dogs , images of kibble and meaty canned food might be the first things that come to mind . However , fruits and vegetables that humans eat to maintain wellness also help dogs to stay healthy . Even though some dog foods may purport to be all - natural and organic , many consist of highly processed grained - based substances and synthetic nutrients that lack the whole vitamins and minerals necessary to promote good health in a dog . In addition , the main ingredient in most dog foods is grain , a material that is sometimes not easily digested by dogs [ source : Brown ] . Just as fruits and vegetables are considered healthy foods for humans , they can also help prolong a dog ' s life . Orange , red and yellow fruits and vegetables are best for dogs because they are often nutrient - dense [ source : Donomor ] . Many fruits and vegetables also contain antioxidants that reduce the risk of cancer . But not all fruits and vegetables are healthy for your dog . Avoid serving your dog dyed , waxed , or genetically engineered foods ; just as with humans , organic foods are best . Although many nutrients are found in the skins of fruits and vegetables , dogs do n ' t have the enzymes to break down the cellulose walls - - the outer layers of some produce that is indigestible to canines . You have to break those walls down for them by preparing fruits and vegetables in a food processor or blender , cooking or steaming vegetables , or juicing them into a pulp [ source : Donomor ] . Read on to learn more about fruits and vegetables that aids in dogs ' nutrition starting with one that Bugs Bunny would love . NEXT | [
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http://animals.howstuffworks.com/snakes/legless-lizard-vs-snake.htm | HowStuffWorks Animals Wild Animals Reptiles Snakes What ' s the difference between a snake and a legless lizard ? by Julia Layton NEXT This legless lizard ( an Ophisaurus apodus ) is a different beast from its slithery look - alike , the snake . See more reptile pictures . Joel Sartore / National Geographic / Getty Images In early 2008 , in just one month of scouring the savanna of central Brazil , scientists discovered 14 new species . One of those new species was a type of legless lizard no one knew existed . A legless lizard ? Would n ' t that be called a snake Reptile Image Gallery Nope - - they ' re two entirely different animals from separate evolutionary lines . Legless lizards evolved from the legged lizards with which most of us are familiar ; legless snakes evolved from four - legged snakes that most of us have never seen . But the two do look an awful lot alike . Both have long , slender , cylindrical bodies ; forked tongues ; scaly exteriors and can often be found slithering through sand . And then , of course , there ' s the leglessness . It ' s tough for the casual observer to tell them apart . It ' s not impossible , though . In this article , we ' ll find out what makes a legless lizard a lizard instead of a snake , why it ' s often called a " glass lizard , " and how you might be able to distinguish this lizard from a snake the next time you find yourself looking at a long , slithery , legless reptile . It ' s not unlikely that you ' d come into contact with one since they live all over the world , on every continent except Antarctica , and can thrive in all sorts of climates - - cool , hot , wet and dry . They ' re pretty widespread throughout the United States , especially in the Southeast and parts of the Midwest , Texas and California . So let ' s say you ' re out hiking and you come across a snake - looking creature , anywhere from 10 inches ( 25 cm ) to 4 feet ( 122 cm ) long . It has the typical reptile coloring , tan or brown , green , bronze or yellowish , and maybe it sports a dark stripe along its back . Is it a snake or a legless lizard ? 1 2 NEXT | [
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"legless lizard"
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http://animals.mom.me/beavers-night-3748.html | Skip to main content . What Do Beavers Do at Night ? By Rob Harris Beavers are one of nature ' s architects , building elaborate dams that back up rivers and streams to create ponds and change the ecosystem around them . They are powerful swimmers but vulnerable to attack when on land searching for food . To help them hide from predators such as bears , wolves and coyotes , beavers tend to do most of their business at night . Although you might see one occasionally during the day , a beaver usually stays in his den until the sun begins to set . Build Homes Beavers sometimes come out during the day , but they tend to prefer the cover of night for their building escapades . The gather mud , sticks , branches and sections of tree trunks to create elaborate dams . These dams across rivers and streams cause the waterways to back up behind the dam . In the ponds created by the dams , the beavers build cone - shaped lodges that sit mostly underwater and include caverns and bolt holes - - both above and below the water line - - so they have a warm and dry place to Eat When twilight falls as the sun begins to sink below the horizon , beavers start their nightly feeding rituals . Beavers are herbivores that enjoy plants that grow in and near water , such as water lilies , grasses and clover . They like to gnaw on trees to remove the outer bark and eat the inner green bark , and they often strip the leaves off branches for a tasty meal . When they cut down trees , they are usually trying to access the leaves and other areas of inner bark . After stripping the tree , a Stockpile Beavers do n ' t hibernate during the winter , but they know they must prepare for slim food choices when the cold weather hits . During the night , a beaver collects inner bark , stems , twigs and other vegetation in an underwater cache near his den . When he ' s not actively eating , he uses the cover of darkness to stock his cache . He anchors the food on the bottom of the pond with rocks or mud so it will stay in place until he needs it . The location gives him access through Seasonal Activity Beavers can relax a bit in the spring , enjoying the abundance of fresh vegetation that appears . In the fall , however , beavers start living up to their busy reputation . As summer comes to a close , beavers start building their winter stockpiles at night , in addition to their normal eating activities . They also spend part of the night hours shoring up their existing dams or lodges in preparation for cold weather . They are more likely to come out briefly during the day in the fall , especially early evening , to give themselves Video of the Day Brought to you by Cuteness Brought to you by Cuteness References ( 5 ) Photo Credits Home Wildlife and Exotic Animals What Do Beavers Do at Night ? | [
"Beavers"
] |
http://animals.mom.me/benefits-feeding-alfalfa-horses-4927.html | Skip to main content . What Are the Benefits of Feeding Alfalfa to Horses ? By Karen S . Johnson Horses gravitate toward alfalfa like kids gravitate toward ice cream - - most equines attack this tasty legume with gusto . If your horse is new to alfalfa , treat it as you would any new food : Introduce it slowly to see how he reacts to it and to give his digestive system time to adapt . Digestibility If your horse has not experienced digestive upset since you ’ ve owned him , you ’ re not only lucky - - you ’ re an anomaly . Horses ’ digestive systems are notoriously sensitive . Frequent bouts of mild colic are not uncommon , and they ' re reminders that a severe one , possibly requiring surgery , may be lurking . Feeding your horse alfalfa may not eliminate this fear , but it is easier for horses to digest . In fact , veterinarians recommend feeding it to horses after colic surgery , when grain is forbidden Calories High - quality alfalfa has 20 percent to 25 percent more calories per pound than typical grass hay or pasture grass . If your horse is in a heavy work and competition program , his energy requirements are much higher ; alfalfa may be a good choice for him . This calorie - dense legume also helps pregnant and lactating mares , old horses and young horses gain and maintain weight . Try it for horses who are notoriously " hard keepers " - - those who have a hard time gaining weight . In fact , adding alfalfa to Nutrients Ask most horse people what they know about alfalfa ’ s nutritional content and many will respond , “ High protein . ” Alfalfa is higher in protein than grass hay , ranging from 13 percent protein to 21 percent depending on the alfalfa ' s stage of maturity when cut . This makes it ideally suited for performance horses and others who need more protein , such as lactating mares . But it is also a rich source of calcium and has a higher overall vitamin content than regular grass hay . Availability and Forms Always purchase alfalfa from a reputable farmer or feed store . You , and your feed store owner , need to be particular about its origin ; blister beetles , which produce a toxin that can be fatal to horses , are more prevalent in the southern and western United States and are attracted to alfalfa ' s flowers . If your feed store is out or you are overly concerned about blister beetles , you can purchase alfalfa in cubed and pelleted form . Creating a mash with alfalfa cubes or pellets is an effective way of getting more Video of the Day Brought to you by Cuteness Brought to you by Cuteness References ( 3 ) Resources ( 1 ) Photo Credits Author Based in Central Texas , Karen S . Johnson is a marketing professional with more than 30 years ' experience and specializes in business and equestrian topics . Her articles have appeared in several trade and business publications such as the Houston Chronicle . Johnson also co - authored a series of communications publications for the U.S. Agency for International Development . She holds a Bachelor of Science in speech from UT - Austin . Home Farm Animals What Are the Benefits of Feeding Alfalfa to Horses ? | [
"FEEDING ALFALFA",
"HORSES",
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http://animals.mom.me/birds-of-prey-in-north-carolina-7619849.html | Skip to main content . Birds of Prey in North Carolina By Nancy Hayden | Updated November 01 , 2017 North Carolina is home to 28 bird of prey species , ranging from large eagles to small , lightweight kites . The varied habitats and small wildlife attract many birds of prey to the state . Using sharp eyesight and flying abilities , most birds of prey are efficient and deadly hunters , often attacking from above or taking smaller birds in flight . The state has two vulture species : the turkey and the black , but both are mainly scavengers , not hunters . Owls North Carolina is home to nine species of owl . The largest is the great horned owl which grows to 26 inches in length with a 62 - inch wingspan . The state ' s smallest owl species is the northern saw - wheat owl . It grows to 8 inches in length with a wingspan of 21 inches . The eastern screech owl is almost as small , but has a slightly longer wingspan . The other owl species in the state are the snowy , barn , barred , burrowing , long eared , and short eared . Eagles The state is home to two species of eagle , the bald and the golden . The bald eagle is the larger of the two , growing to 35 inches in length with a wingspan of 90 inches . It is an endangered species that is steadily coming back in population numbers . The golden eagle grows to 33 inches in length and has a slightly shorter wingspan of 87 inches . Unlike the bald eagle , the species is generally common throughout much of its range . Hawks North Carolina is home to nine species commonly referred to as hawks . The largest native hawk species is the osprey , or fish hawk as it is sometimes known . It grows to 26 inches in length with a wingspan of 67 inches . The state ' s smallest species is the sharp - shinned hawk . It grows to just 13 inches in length with a wingspan of 26 inches . The other native species are the broad - winged , Cooper ' s , northern goshawk , red - shouldered , red - tailed , rough - Falcons and Kites The state is home to eight other birds of prey that tend to be among the smallest . Three species of kite can be seen in the state including the swallow - tail , white - tailed and Mississippi species . North Carolina is also home to four falcon species including the peregrine , gyrfalcon , merlin and the American kestrel . The northern harrier is also present in the state and is a small hawk known for flying in circles as it hunts and having an owl - like face . Video of the Day Brought to you by Cuteness Brought to you by Cuteness References ( 1 ) Photo Credits Home Birds Birds of Prey in North Carolina | [
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http://animals.mom.me/burro-vs-miniature-donkey-2996.html | Skip to main content . Burro vs . Miniature Donkey By Jennifer Mueller All donkeys belong to a single species , Equus asinus . Regardless of their size , coloration or what they ’ re called , all donkeys are donkeys - - there are no recognized subspecies . Within donkey registration societies and associations , the animals are grouped according to height and type . Donkey is the correct term for any domesticated ass . The name burro is borrowed from Spanish , and typically applied to feral donkey populations that roam Mexico and the southwestern United States . General Physical Features As a species of the Equus , or horse family , donkeys physically resemble horses . They tend to have shaggier coats than horses , and are distinguished by their large heads and ears . Their fur most often is gray , but also can be any shade of black , brown or white , or any combination of those colors . Donkeys also are characterized by a mane that stands up straight rather than flowing down over their neck . They have stockier builds than most horses and long have been valued as beasts of burden . American Classification The American Donkey and Mule Society ( ADMS ) classifies donkeys according to size for the purposes of registering the animal . Most donkeys are “ standard donkeys ” with a height of between 36 and 48 inches at the shoulder . Animals referred to as burros usually are standard - sized donkeys . In contrast , miniature donkeys stand less than 36 inches in height at the shoulder . The ADMS also has a registration class for mammoth donkeys , which are taller than 54 inches at the shoulder . Mammoth donkeys are rare compared to other size classifications Miniature Mediterranean Donkeys The Miniature Mediterranean Donkey is a recognized donkey breed governed in the United States by the National Miniature Donkey Association . These compact , well - proportioned donkeys originated in Northern Africa , and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily . Those disparate native populations merged into one breed of animal distinct from other donkeys . All miniature donkeys are less than 36 inches tall at the shoulder , and weigh less than 400 pounds . Feral Burros Since most burros are standard donkeys , they are larger than miniature donkeys . The name burro is used properly for feral donkeys , populations descended from animals that originally were domestic but grew wild over the course of generations . A domestic , farm - raised donkey is not referred to as a burro . Feral burros run wild across much of the western United States . Burros are legally protected from slaughter , and are governed by the Bureau of Land Management . References ( 4 ) Photo Credits Author Jennifer Mueller began writing and editing professionally in 1995 , when she became sports editor of her university ' s newspaper while also writing a bi - monthly general interest column for an independent tourist publication . Mueller holds a Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of North Carolina at Asheville and a Juris Doctor from Indiana University Maurer School of Law . Home Farm Animals Burro vs . Miniature Donkey | [
"DONKEY",
"Equus asinus"
] |
http://animals.mom.me/camels-hooves-it-6771.html | Skip to main content . How Do a Camel ' s Hooves Help It ? By Cindy Quarters Camels are famous for their humps , which allow them to go for long periods without eating or drinking under the hot desert sun . Their bodies have many adaptations that let them go without water for four days or more . For one , their humps ' contents are reservoirs of energy between feedings . A camel ’ s feet are also adapted to help it survive in rugged desert environments . Environment Camels come from some of the harshest environments in the world . They originated in the hot , dry Sahara Desert in North Africa and the rough , rugged Gobi desert located in parts of eastern and central Asia . Daytime temperatures in these areas routinely exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit , while the desert nights can drop below freezing in the winter , dropping down to 20 degrees below zero Fahrenheit in the Gobi . The terrain in these areas is mostly sand or hard , rocky soil . Foot Structure A camel ’ s feet are actually not hooves , but each toe does have a hard nail that gives the impression of a hoof . The large , wide feet are divided in half , and the halves are joined underneath by webbing . Each foot spreads and flattens as the camel puts his weight on it . The pads of a camel ’ s feet are covered with thick , protective soles . Inside each foot , toward the heel , is a thick ball of fat . Benefits The structure of the camel ’ s foot is well - adapted for the creature ' s environment . The wide , spreading toes keep the camel from sinking into loose and shifting sands , and the webbing between the toes unites them into a single surface to further resist sinking . The thick sole provides a barrier against the hot desert sands , protecting the camel from being burned as it walks . The inner ball of fat also helps , as it has an insulting and cushioning effect . Concerns While the soft , flexible foot of the camel is ideal for walking in a hot , sandy desert , the very softness that makes it good there renders it vulnerable to various hazards . Domesticated camels who carry loads over long distances can end up limping on swollen feet from walking on hard , unyielding roadways . The soft sole is also at risk for injury from sharp rocks , bits of wire , glass and other such hazards . Disinfecting wounds can help , as can wrapping the foot with a protective covering . Video of the Day Brought to you by Cuteness Brought to you by Cuteness References ( 5 ) Photo Credits Home Wildlife and Exotic Animals How Do a Camel ' s Hooves Help It ? | [
"CAMEL",
"HOOVES"
] |
http://animals.mom.me/can-polar-bears-smell-well-3231.html | Skip to main content . Can Polar Bears Smell Well ? By Pamela Miller Polar bears , in all their snow - white grandeur , possess a keen sense of smell that helps them navigate through their arctic habitats . These giants can weigh anywhere from 330 to 1,500 massive pounds . They require large amounts of food in their diet , and their sense of smell is key for helping them to fulfill their appetites . Detecting Food When Miss Polar Bear feels hungry , she relies on her sense of smell to guide the way and lead her to a feast - - after , of course , she catches it . Her sense of smell allows her to sense prey from up to 20 miles away . Remarkably , even thick snow and ice does n ' t stop the polar bear ' s " smell radar " from spanning the distance . As she navigates through her arctic home , she will sniff with every step , remaining on constant alert for prospective prey . Detecting Other Polar Bears Their amazing sense of smell is n ' t merely used for finding their way to prey . It ' s also used for locating other polar bears in the area . A mama bear ' s sense of smell helps her to keep close contact with her cubs . Mama bear probably wo n ' t be searching out Papa Bear , though , as male polar bears tend to be more introverted and do n ' t help out when it comes to rearing his offspring . However , a polar bear ' s sense of smell will Sensing and Stalking Once Miss Polar Bear locates her prey , capturing her feast does n ' t always come easily . Sometimes polar bears have to practice their patience and wait for many hours on end before actually spotting a seal . Nevertheless , the hungry polar bear will patiently wait until a seal comes up for air to its blow hole , also known as its " atluk . " The polar bear ' s coat blends in quite flawlessly with the white blanket of snow , leaving the seal at a disadvantage when coming up for air or climbing through Polar Bear and You If you ever find yourself camping or hiking in an area polar bears happen to call home , it ' s important to keep their acute sense of smell in mind . Avoid going near the carcasses of dead animals , as these smells strongly attract the ever - hungry polar bear . Avoid carrying food or bringing it with you when you camp or hike . A hungry bear of any kind can sense the smell and may want to get his paws on it . Video of the Day Brought to you by Cuteness Brought to you by Cuteness References ( 4 ) Photo Credits Author Pamela Miller has been writing for health , beauty and animal health / welfare publications for seven years . Miller holds a Bachelor of Science in Organizational Communication from MTSU . Home Wildlife and Exotic Animals Can Polar Bears Smell Well ? | [
"POLAR BEARS",
"snow-white grandeur",
"keen sense"
] |
http://animals.mom.me/catfish-eating-habits-9466.html | Skip to main content . Facts About Catfish Eating Habits By Ben Team Known for their long barbells that resemble the whiskers on cats , catfish use their senses of taste , smell and touch to find suitable food . Catfish are a very diverse group of fish , and they exhibit great diversity in their feeding behaviors . While many species are scavengers or herbivorous , a few species grow into gigantic behemoths , that are capable of swallowing fish and other large prey whole . Diversity in the Deep The nearly 2,900 living catfish species comprise one of the most species - rich vertebrate orders in the world - - the order Siluriformes . Worldwide , approximately one out of every four freshwater fish and one out of every 20 vertebrates is a catfish of some type . Catfish vary greatly in terms of size ; the giant European wels ( Silurus glanis ) may exceed 15 feet in length , while some small forms - - known as banjo catfishes ( Aspredinidae ) - - mature at less than an inch in length . Differential Diets Most catfish species have small eyes and primarily find food by using their barbells , sense of smell and sense of taste . Most species are omnivorous and consume a wide variety of foods - - typical catfish eat things like other fish , invertebrates , aquatic plants and fish eggs . However , some catfish , such as some species in the family Loricariidae , specialize on strange foods , such as wood and algae . Other catfish are parasitic and feed on the blood of other fish . Scientists have documented giant catfish , such as the European Tracking Prey A 2001 study by Kirsten Pohlmann and colleagues from the University of Konstanz and the Boston University Marine Program , researched the prey - trailing behavior of European wels . Publishing their results in the “ Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , ” the team found that - - in addition to using smell , taste and feel - - catfish trailed their prey by following the wake left by them . Because the prey fish did not exhibit any predator avoidance strategies before being eaten , the researchers concluded that the catfish Kiddie Menu The diet of catfish often changes as they age . Young channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) primarily feed on aquatic insects such as dragonfly larvae , water beetles and fly larvae . By the time they ' re adults , channel catfish consume small fish , seeds , aquatic plants , algae , crawfish and snails . In many bodies of water , once channel catfish exceed 18 inches in total length , fish serve as the most important component of their diet . Blue catfish ( Ictalurus furcatus ) exhibit a similar ontogenetic dietary shift ; around 10 Video of the Day Brought to you by Cuteness Brought to you by Cuteness References ( 6 ) Resources ( 1 ) Photo Credits Home Fish Facts About Catfish Eating Habits | [
"CATFISH",
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http://animals.mom.me/common-starfish-predators-3346.html | Skip to main content . Common Starfish Predators By Jeanne Grunert Starfish , more commonly referred to by scientists as sea stars , are covered with a hard , bony outer skeleton . Their ability to cling to rocks with suction - cup - like feet and their hard exoskeletons make them difficult to find and eat for most other creatures , but starfish do have several predators . Sharks , manta rays , Alaskan king crabs and even other starfish prey upon them . Sharks Only sharks that swim near the bottom of the sea eat starfish . Nurse sharks , horn sharks and Port Jackson sharks are all known to eat them . All of these sharks have strong enough jaws to crush the hard bony outer skeleton of the starfish and eat the flesh underneath . There ' s not much meat there , however , and most sharks prefer squid and other soft - bodied animals that are easier prey . Manta Rays Manta rays are large dark - brown or black sea creatures closely related to the shark . They do n ' t have teeth , and must eat by sieving their food through their mouths . Manta rays primarily consume plankton but will eat whatever they encounter , including starfish . They frequently feed near coral reefs where starfish are found , since coral reefs provide them with abundant food . Alaskan King Crabs Alaskan king crabs live in the cold ocean waters near Alaska . They eat many sea creatures , including starfish . They will also eat worms and even other crabs . The Alaskan king crab prefers to tear apart the starfish before consuming it . It will rip the starfish into manageable chunks to make it easier to eat . If the starfish can get away from the crab with its main body intact , it can regenerate its lost arms . Starfish Perhaps most surprising is that starfish will indeed eat other starfish . Larger ones may prey upon immature or smaller ones if no other food sources are available . Starfish follow their prey by using scent trails . They use their multiple arms to hold the prey against their underside , where the stomach emerges to engulf the prey . It then returns to the starfish ' s body cavity , clutching the engulfed prey to digest it . Video of the Day Brought to you by Cuteness Brought to you by Cuteness References ( 6 ) Resources ( 1 ) Photo Credits Author Jeanne Grunert has been a writer since 1990 . Covering business , marketing , gardening and health topics , her work has appeared in the " Chicken Soup for the Soul " books , " Horse Illustrated " and many national publications . Grunert earned her Master of Arts in writing from Queens College and a Master of Science in direct and interactive marketing from New York University . Home Fish Common Starfish Predators | [
"COMMON STARFISH PREDATORS"
] |
http://animals.mom.me/cows-permanent-teeth-erupt-4146.html | Skip to main content . When Do Cows ' Permanent Teeth Erupt ? By Jo Jackson Cattle have eight incisors , or biting teeth in their bottom jaw . They have no incisors in the upper jaw , just a hard pad . Well back in the mouth they also have pre - molars and molars in both the upper and lower jaw , but these are rarely seen . Cows have milk teeth when they are born and these are lost in a well - defined order when the permanent teeth erupt . This normally begins as young as 18 months and continues to around age five . Replacement of Milk Teeth Milk teeth are short and broad with a bright ivory color . There is normally a big gap between the middle two teeth . Permanent teeth can start erupting from about 18 months of age . A tooth is regarded as erupted once it has broken through the gum . The milk teeth become loose and the gums swell , and then the permanent teeth erupt while the milk teeth are still present . They will usually start off at an angle , and then straighten once the milk teeth have dropped out . Incisor Eruption The middle pair of teeth , called the central incisors , are always the first permanent incisors to erupt . This normally happens at age 18 to 24 months , but can be as late as 34 months . The teeth next to the central incisors are called the middle incisors and usually erupt from 24 to 30 months , but can be as late as 40 months . The teeth next to the middle incisors are called the lateral incisors and usually erupt from 32 to 36 months , but can be as late as 47 months . The Molars and Pre - molars Cows have a total of 12 pre - molars and 12 molars . The molars are the rearmost three teeth in both sides of the upper and lower jaws . These are the strong teeth used to grind up grass and any other feed . The first two permanent molars erupt from around 12 to 18 months while the furthest back molar erupts at 24 to 30 months . The second pre - molar usually erupts from 18 to 30 months , the first one ( closest to the front of the mouth ) from 24 to 30 months and Why Age Cattle ? Knowing a cow ' s age lets a potential buyer get a good idea of how many years of breeding he can expect to get from her . Young stock are usually penned at the sales according to whether they have no permanent teeth or two permanent incisors where they are known as a “ two - tooth . ” References ( 4 ) Resources ( 4 ) Photo Credits Home Farm Animals When Do Cows ' Permanent Teeth Erupt ? | [
"Cows ' Permanent Teeth",
"Incisor Eruption"
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