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http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/7938_Passenger_Train | in : Class 4 articles City Trains and 4 more 7938 Passenger Train English Edit Share Class 4 LEGO โ System โ City Trains 7937 < < 7938 > > 7939 Passenger Train Item โ : 7938 Pieces : 669 Minifigures : 3 Price : $ 129.99 โฌ 109.99 ยฃ 99.99 $ 229.99 Ages : 6 - 12 Released : June 4 2010 ( UK ) June 14 2010 ( US ) Theme : 7938 Passenger Train is a set released in June . It was sold in the US as a Special Edition set at the LEGO Store and Toys " R " Us . Contents show Description Motorization is based on latest Train Motor and Power Functions containing Power Functions Rechargeable Battery Box Power Functions IR Receiver and Power Functions IR Speed Remote Control Included track elements sixteen pieces of Curved Rails and sixteen pieces of the new Flexible Train Track . The train is primarily red in colour , with a white stripe on the bottom , some black sections and it consists of three seperate parts . There are two end carriages , one of which houses the motor , the other just carrying passengers . Those two carriages have sloped ends . The middle carriage is just for passengers . LEGO . com Description This is a description taken from LEGO . com . Do not modify it . visit this item ' s product page All aboard the new high - speed passenger train ! The new high - speed passenger train is faster than a speeding bullet and it ' s on - track to super - speed passengers to their destinations ! This train can handle up to eight cars at a time through the tight curves of the new flexible tracks using the new 8 - channel , 7 - speed infrared remote control . Train features an engine with opening cockpit and 2 passenger cars with removable roofs and space for 10 passengers . Includes 3 minifigures : train driver and 2 passengers ; plus 1 traffic light , train station Gallery Sources legotreinen . nl flickr . com External links Brickset Lugnet Peeron LEGO Shop See a price and investment guide on BrickPicker . com Review on Brickshow . com view talk edit sets of Regular sets : 2824 City Advent Calendar | 3177 Small Car | 3178 Seaplane 3179 Repair Truck 3180 Tank Truck 3181 Passenger Plane 3182 Airport 3221 LEGO Truck 3222 Helicopter and Limousine 7206 Fire Helicopter 7207 Fire Boat 7208 Fire Station 7213 Off - Road Fire Truck & Fireboat 7566 Farmer 7567 Traveller 7684 Pig Farm & Tractor 7688 Sports Plane 7848 Delivery Truck 7936 Level Crossing 7937 Train Station 7939 Cargo Train 8403 City House 8404 Public Transport 30010 Fire Chief 30011 Police Boat 30012 Microlight 30013 Police Quad Bike Other products : 12160 Backpack and Pencil Case Set , LEGO City Police 22085 2011 City Calendar 66342 City Super Pack 66345 City Super Pack 66358 City Super Pack 3 in 1 | 66360 City Super Pack 4 in 1 66362 City Super Pack 4 in 1 66363 City Super Pack 4 in 1 66374 City Super Pack 4 in 1 852514 City Police Handcuffs Calling All Cars ! [ full list ] [ minifigures ] Categories Class 4 articles Power Functions 7000 sets 2010 sets RC Trains Languages : Deutsch Franรงais | [
"7938 Passenger Train",
"City Trains set",
"LEGO Store"
] |
http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/Bionicle | in : Featured articles Themes Themes introduced in 2001 and 5 more BIONICLE English View source Share Featured BIONICLE Years 2001 2010 2015 2017 Subthemes BIONICLE Playsets BIONICLE Titans BIONICLE Vehicles BIONICLE Stars Subtheme of TECHNIC Related themes Hero Factory RoboRiders Slizer / Throwbot Ultrabuild Ben 10 : Alien Force Mixels The LEGO Movie is a constraction ( construction / action ) theme with a series of sets using modified TECHNIC pieces and ball - and - socket joints to create large , elaborate figures . There were also comic books released during the span of the original run , but after Bionicle was discontinued the comic books were gathered into volumes of graphic novels , with the comic books being discontinued . Novels were also released . The theme was introduced in 2001 and originally discontinued in 2010 , being succeeded by Hero Factory . It is well - known among the LEGO community for the extreme popularity it had when it was in stores , before its hiatus . In 2014 , the return of BIONICLE was announced and new sets were produced for 2015 . It was again discontinued in 2017 Contents show Story Main article : BIONICLE storyline About BIONICLE is normally attributed to the line , due to the inclusion of TECHNIC specific elements and building - styles , although it is a largely independent product series . The sets were tied together by an elaborate original storyline that centred around bio - mechanical characters , such as the Toa , which are generally large , powerful beings that usually serve for good . The primary antagonists are the evil Makuta warriors , who are servants of Makuta Teridax , Miserix , or any of the other head of the Brotherhood of Makuta , though the Makuta were not always evil . The story stresses the Three Virtues : Unity , Duty , and Destiny . BIONICLE is one of the most successful and longest lasting LEGO brand series , having โ saved โ the company in the 1999 through financial crisis . The name โ BIONICLE โ is short for BIO logical Chro NICLE . A common misconception is that it stands for Bio mechanical Chro nicle , or from Bionic with a - le suffix . Origins and initial concepts Another version of the BIONICLE Logo The LEGO Company ' s financial state was poor during the late 1990s , and decided that a LEGO theme with a storyline would appeal to children . Their first attempt to do so was the Star Wars line , which became an instant success , but the required royalty payments to Lucasfilm cost LEGO dearly . The company decided that they needed an original story , created by the group itself and made to appeal mainly to boys aged 8 โ 12 . Many ideas were postulated by design staff . Its final choice was to base a new story on the Throwbot ( or โ Slizers โ in Europe ) and RoboRiders themes . They were designed with pieces , but contained innovative ball - and socket joints , never before used by LEGO . More importantly , they hinted at storylines , the RoboRiders especially . The planned line would feature more original pieces , as well as some re - used parts from previous lines . Bone - Heads of Voodoo Island was shortened to Doo - Heads before becoming BIONICLE . Notice how the head is a similar shape to the island of Mata - Nui The BIONICLE line was originally to be titled โ Bone - Heads of Voodoo Island , โ and its first year was intended to end with the Great Spirit awakening . However , the storyline was changed to last seven years without the Great Spirit awakening , and two years following that . A major influence was Bob Thompson , the leader of the BIONICLE story team , who changed the names of the six main protagonists from Axe , Blade , Flame , Kick , Hook , and Claw to Lewa Kopaka Tahu Pohatu Gali , and Onua The name was also changed to โ BIONICLE . โ According to Greg Farshtey : " Boneheads of Voodoo Island was a โ working title โ for BIONICLE before a final name was decided upon . " The story eventually began to come together . The six canister would be the Toa , who protected the Matoran villagers and Turaga elders from the evil Makuta Teridax and his Rahi minions . To do so , they first had to overcome a series of challenges to retrieve the Kanohi masks , which when collected can release great power . The setting was the island of Mata Nui . The Toa Mata In , BIONICLE was first released and became a smash hit in both Europe and the United States . No other themes at the time came close to the amount of profits generated by BIONICLE . The sets were accompanied by a series of comics , truck tours , a contest to build a BIONICLE website as well as computer and video games A notable fact about the year 2002 is that the Maori people , angered at LEGO โ s lack of respect for some of their words , sued the LEGO Company and won . As a result , many characters โ names were changed ( i.e. , Maku was changed to Macku Huki to Hewkii , etc . ) . LEGO used this to bring about the idea of the Naming Day Ceremony , where brave Matoran recieve longer and better names , though they are still pronounced the same . Takua , who had saved all six of the villages , was not renamed , so he had his own private โ ceremony โ where he renamed his Ussal Crab from Puku to Pewku . The villagers , originally referred to as Tohunga - after the Maori word for expert or wise man - were also renamed as Matoran . Release history A 2001 BIONICLE promotional poster In early 2001 , the R a h i , creatures of the BIONICLE saga , were released . Each of them came in boxes and had one or more easily removable Kanohi masks . Each set included two Rahi . They were able to knock off the mask of the other Rahi by using one of its attacks , such as 8549 Tarakava boxing with its long arms or 8538 Muaka & Kane - Ra launching their heads forward . Also available were the Turaga , the village elders of the Island of Mata Nui and leaders of the Matoran . The Turaga were available in small boxes . Their right arm held a staff and could swing by pressing down a lever on their back . They were also available in Japan as Kabaya promotions , packed with sweets . The 1390 Maku McDonalds promotion The McDonald ' s fast - food restaurant released sets of the inhabitants of the island , called , originally called Tohunga . They were small and each had a total of eight pieces . They could launch a Bamboo Disk with their arms , similar to the Slizers or Throwbots . The Matoran came in Polybags The last release of the year was the , later called Toa Mata , which were larger , with gear - movement and big weapons . The main feature introduced in this year were the Masks , which granted special abilities to the Toa , such as water - breathing or extra strength . The masks were collectible , having various colours and shapes . Special masks packs included gold and silver Kanohi . The Kanohi masks were attached to the face by an irregular knob , making them easy to take off . In this way , the characters could aim to hit the mask off their opponent . The canister lids of the Toa Mata had axle holes to hold the Toa faces , holding a maximum of six Kanohi plus one in the 2002 Gahlok The first releases of 2002 were the Bohrok , insectoid creatures controlled by the rubber brain - like Krana . By pressing down a lever at the back of each Bohrok , its head could snap out . The headplate could be opened to reveal its Krana by pressing on its eyes . By leaving the headplate open and pressing the lever , the Bohrok could launch its Krana at an opponent . The Krana could be fitted on a figure โ s head in the same way as a Kanohi . The Bohrok were also capable of rolling into a ball , and with the help of a special peg , each Bohrok could be hung up inside Bohrok Va , similar in size to the Turaga , and packed in boxes . They carried dormant forms of the Krana At the end of the year , the Toa Nuva , transformed forms of the Toa Mata , were introduced . They wore silver armour and larger , more organic - looking masks , which did not come off the Toa โ s faces as easily . They wielded silver modifications of their former weapons ; for example , Toa Mata Gali โ s hooks transformed into water axes . Their canister lids had new designs and could be stacked . They also had axle holes in the lid , as they did in 2001 . 2003 In spring 2003 , the Bohrok - Kal were released . They wore Krana - Kal , which looked like shinier , metallic versions of . The Bohrok - Kal were the same size and shape of Bohrok , with slightly different weapons and some silver components , with their heads showing the symbol of their elemental Bohrok group . Their canisters were mainly the same design as that of the Bohrok as well , having a peg from which to hang the Bohrok - Kal . A Kraata container In the second half of 2003 the Rahkshi were introduced , a group of six warriors of Makuta controlled by collectible slug - like creatures called Kraata . Each of these Rahkshi came in one of the six standard colours and wielded a unique staff with the power of their Kraata . Their spine plate could be flipped open to reveal the Kraata inside . The Kraata were also available in packs . They had different powers and power levels , depending on their colour and their pattern . The Rahkshi containers were triangular and could be stacked . The lids featured niches and holes to fit all six types of one Kraata in it . There were up to forty - two Kraata variations . In 2003 , four non - canister , or โ titan , โ sets were released . 8593 Makuta included the primary antagonist , Makuta , in one of his various forms , carrying a shadow staff . He wears black , gunmetal , and red armour . 8594 Jaller and Gukko and 8595 Takua and Pewku each included a Matoran with a rebuilt design ( some of these rebuilt Matoran were released as standalone sets ) with a tame Rahi . 8596 Takanuva Included a special , Toa Nuva - shaped figure with copper armor and a copper Mask of Light , plus his vehicle , the Ussanui . 2004 A 2004 BIONICLE promotional commercial In 2004 , the form and shape of the Toa and Matoran changed entirely . The Toa Metru were larger , used almost entirely different pieces , and had new weapons and new masks . One of the most notable changes was a new head with a ball - joint , that could attach to any masks except those from before the Toa Nuva ( and the later Toa Inika ) . Adapting the Rahkshi ' s leg design with its poseable knees , the Toa Metru ' s whole leg was built upon ball - and - socket design , with a new double - sided upper - limb element . In addition to poseable knees , Matoran Sphere could be created , used in the storyline to transport Matoran . A Ga - Metru Freezing Level 5 Kanoka disk The Matoran came in small boxes . They wore remakes of the 2001 Turaga masks , but with new colors , and had larger bodies . They were the first BIONICLE set wave to have a uniform weapon , called the Kanoka Disk Launcher , which fired Kanoka Disks , similar to the Bamboo Disks of the 2001 Matoran and the Disks of the Slizers ( or Throwbots ) . The Kanoka Disks , which came in an ammunition pack called 8613 Kanoka Disk Launcher Pack , had a three - digit code printed on them which indicated the origin , the ability and the power level of each disk . In the summer of 2004 , the Vahki were released . These security robots could fire Kanoka Disks from their mouths and could transform from a bipedal walking mode to a 4 - legged hunt mode . Their secondary weapons were staffs with special powers they could inflict on their targets . The arms could rotate with a wheel on their backs similar to the Rahkshi . The Vahki sets also included Kanoka Club codes to enter on BIONICLE . com , printed on a cardboard piece . Their canisters were triangular , with a transparent lid in their respective colour . 2005 In 2005 the Toa Hordika were released , along with the Visorak . The Toa Hordika were the first Toa to have uniform weapons , which were called Rhotuka Spinners . They could be launched by pulling a ripcord from a launcher on which the spinners were mounted . The Rhotuka spinners had a code consisting of Matoran letters and numbers to enter on BIONICLE . com as a Kanoka Club code . The canisters of the Toa Hordika were nearly round , having the appearance rivets on the side . The lid was screwed onto the top of the canister , and had space to hold two Rhotuka . A red Rhotuka Spinner The spider - like Visorak also used the Rhotuka Spinners , mounted on their backs . Additionally , by pressing the backs of the Visorak down , their pincers would open and close . Their canisters were similar to those of the Toa Hordika . The lids had a transparent plastic dome which could be opened to remove a Rhotuka Spinner . These also had a code printed on them . 2005 was also the first year of playsets , models of large buildings and vehicles of the BIONICLE universe , with a combination of both System and TECHNIC elements . The figures included in these sets did n โ t have any articulation points and consisted of two parts : the figure and its weapon . 2006 A 2006 BIONICLE Heroes Poster , with Kongu and Vezok During spring 2006 the Piraka were introduced . They featured light - up eyes , glow - in - the - dark faces , rubber spines , and a new weapon called the Zamor sphere launcher , which fired plastic balls called Zamor Spheres . The secondary weapon of the Piraka was a double - sided weapon which could be flipped in the character ' s hand . 8903 Zaktan , for an example , featured a weapon with a three - bladed scissor on one side and pincers on the other . Each Piraka โ s canister was bullet - grey with a screwable lid . The lid contained the light - up eyepiece , which had to be removed before it could be put into the model There was also a plastic mold of the respective Piraka head , which in turn could also be removed from the lid , although it was n โ t compatible with any piece . Notably , these were the first large BIONICLE figures not to use gears to move their arms . A Zamor Sphere Launcher The Toa Inika , which were released in summer 2006 , carried a modified version of the Zamor Launcher : it had an additional piece that allowed it to hold four Zamor Spheres at once . The Zamor Spheres included with the Toa Inika came in the colours yellow - orange , blue and green . Each Toa Inika ' s primary weapon was a strobe - light tool which glowed either red , blue or green and could be activated by pressing a small black button on the side . Each set came with removable batteries for the tool . The head Five titans were also released in 2006 , all of whom guarded the Mask of Life . Two of them were Axonn and Brutaka , friends who had turned enemies . Axonn was dark red and silver and carried a double - bladed axe . Brutaka was dark blue and gold and carries a double - ended sword . Three of the titans guarded the cave to the Mask of Life . One was Umbra , based on the Latin word for shadow . Another extremely rare titan , named Irnakk , and had a golden spine with golden Zamor Toa Inika The Piraka Gang Also sold at this time were six Voya Nui Matoran , packaged in small boxes , and Zamor packs filled with bronze , silver and gold Zamor Spheres . Additionally , this year there were four Playsets , and many promotional sets . 2007 Up until this time , each series of canister sets had the same type of body ( legs , arms , feet , torso ) , and the only major differences were in the masks , colors , and weapons . In 2007 , although the series had some uniform characteristics , each wave had variation in each character โ s arms , legs , torso , and armor . In early 2007 , the Barraki were released . The Barraki carried squid launchers , which launch orange and blue Sea Squids , and a secondary weapon like claws or swords . Each Barraki had pincers on its mouth , giving it a water creature - like appearance . These canisters had the lid on the bottom resembling a rock , and a transparent canister part representing air bubbles . The canisters were also slanted to the right . Different views of a Cordak Blaster Toa Mahri were released in the third quarter of 2007 . They carried Cordak Blasters which fired red Cordak missiles . The Cordak Blaster was based upon a pump system ; by pushing the back of the blaster , the Cordak missile came flying out . The Toa also carried a secondary weapon , like a shield or a talon , except for 8910 Kongu , who wielded another Cordak Blaster . Their containers were not canisters in the traditional sense , but rather a large plastic frame around a transparent plastic window . Behind this , there was a cardboard piece with the image of the set and plastic bags containing the pieces . The canister / box was sealed with another cardboard piece on the back , showing the set from another view . The box sides decorated with a rusted appearance The Matoran and Hydruka of Mahri Nui came in small boxes . There were two Matoran and two Hydruka available . The titans were also packaged in boxes . The sides of the boxes were decorated with the image of a rusted , metal frame . These titans also featured the first appearance of a mask with a removable axle ; until then , all axles of the masks were part of the mask . This year also marked the end of the playsets , with 8925 Barraki Deepsea Patrol 8926 Toa Undersea Attack , and 8927 Toa Terrain Crawler being the last playsets released . 2008 In January 2008 , the Phantoka and Av - Matoran were introduced . The three Toa Nuva of this wave were armed with Midak Skyblasters , which could fire Midak Sky Spheres , silver - coloured Zamor spheres . The first half of the year concentrated on battle in the skies , so the Toa , Makuta and Matoran all had means of flight . The three Phantoka Makuta carried Tridax Pods , which were orange transparent spheres that could break open , releasing Shadow Leeches , creatures capable of draining the light from an individual . The Phantoka canister design featured a plastic box with a lid and a plastic frame , representing rock columns , fitted to the side . These canisters could not be stacked . The only box set of this first wave was 8697 Toa Ignika , the first set to include the Ignika , the Mask of Life , although it was silver rather than its usual gold . Toa Ignika Midak Skyblaster In summer 2008 , the Mistika were released . Like the Phantoka , this line featured three Toa and three Makuta . The Toa , as well as the Makuta , carried Nynrah Ghost Blasters , which shot rubber projectiles in either lime green or silver . The Makuta were released as a mutated form of their original selves , but they too wore Kanohi masks , although mutated into insectoid forms . The canisters of the six Mistika featured a lid with a Kanohi Ignika on the side . The Ignika had two sides : one smooth , representing the mask when it was created The Matoran were the largest Matoran to be released , but also the ones with the least pieces , all of them having 14 pieces , except for 8947 Radiak . They did not have uniform weapons or even uniform means of flight ; the Av - Matoran , or Matoran of Light , had jetpacks , while the Shadow Matoran had black bat - like wings . Their canisters were a mix of box and canister : the top and bottom part was a plastic piece , shaped like rocks . The middle part , however , was made out of cardboard with an image of the set printed on it . 2009 The Thornax Launcher In Spring 2009 the Glatorian were released , along with six Agori and two titan sets , 8990 Fero and Skirmix and 8991 Tuma . The Glatorian all wielded Thornax Launchers with rubber Thornax fruits as projectiles . They also all had secondary ( and sometimes tertiary ) weapons . Rather than having masks attached onto the face , these figures had helmets that were attached from the top . The lids of their canisters wore an unknown pattern , which could be stacked using the bottom of another canister . In summer 2009 , the Glatorian Legends were released , with 8989 Mata Nui wearing a yellow Ignika . These sets also had Thornax launchers and secondary weapons . Their canisters had a different lid pattern but could also be stacked . A Thornax Fruit The Agori sets bore a large resemblance to the 2008 Matoran sets , having nearly the same design , piece count and price . Their canisters were n ' t different from those Matoran canisters except for the color . The spring titan and summer vehicle sets were packed in boxes . The piece count and price increased with the number of the vehicle : V1 , V3 , V7 , V5 , V9 and XV1 . The vehicles also had all one Thornax Launcher , 8995 Thornatus V9 8996 Skopio XV - 1 having additional โ Force Blasters โ which were the same weapon as the 2008 Midak Skyblasters . In summer 2009 a titan Mata Nui set was also released , wearing a golden Ignika . This set was bigger , but in the storyline it represents Mata Nui in his original size , not as large as the set was . As a tie - in to the release of the fourth film , a BrickMaster promotion was released : 20012 Click , the Scarabax beetle that befriended Mata Nui . The BIONICLE Stars The 2010 saga only featured six set releases due to the end of BIONICLE : The BIONICLE Stars . The sets โ piece count varied from 15 to 21 pieces . The sets used the same system as the 2008 Matoran and the 2009 Agori , but with armor on the chest and shoulders . Each set included a piece of the Golden Armour , which in - storyline was worn by Tahu . This set line did n ' t have uniform ranged weapons , like the 2004 Kanoka Disk launchers or the 2006 Zamor launchers . Instead they had different weapons , similar to the 2001 - 2003 saga . Each set included a character from somewhere in the storyline previously . Stars brought the renewal of Tahu , Takanuva , Gresh , and Skrall and introduced the Skakdi Nektann and the yellow Rahkshi of Heat Vision . The canisters were smaller than previously released canisters . The lid featured a Skrall shield symbol , the map of the Valley of the Maze . The bottom of the canisters had a notch to stack them . The End of the original run The BIONICLE story ended in 2010 , with the final sets being that of the BIONICLE Stars , stated by Jan Faltum , Global BIONICLE Director in his letter . According to him , a newer , more flexible buildable figure property , created by the same people who were responsible for BIONICLE , would be created to replace BIONICLE , that system being . Although BIONICLE stopped making products , Greg Farshtey still continued the story on BIONICLEstory . com until 2013 when the site ( currently accessible here ) was taken down . This left many questions unanswered and some story serials unfinished . Hiatus 2011 2014 was generally considered BIONICLE โ s replacement and although at first Ben 10 : Alien Force was thought to be the replacement of BIONICLE . Hero Factory was released in August of and features factory - made robot heroes , which at first were made mainly of the same construction style as the BIONICLE Stars sub - theme characters ( the final toy - line and story for BIONICLE ) , so they were much simpler to build and the canisters are similar to the BIONICLE 2010 set canisters , too , with the exception of different lids . The Hero Factory characters included new leg , torso , foot , and armor molds . The villains had the bending leg design from the Toa Metru , but usually with only 2008 In 2011 , Hero Factory 2.0 was introduced , with a new system based on new limb elements , furthering Hero Factory โ s style from BIONICLE . Hero Factory continued until , with BIONICLE eventually coming back in 2015 partially due to overwhelming support from LEGO fans around the world . Return THE LEGEND Bionicle 2015 BIONICLE was re - released in 2015 . The story is a reboot rather than a continuation of the original story . The sets feature the Toa , the Protectors , the Mask Maker , and the evil Skull Spiders . The sets currently use the " CCBS " system , used from the previous theme . The story takes place on the island of Okoto where they will be searching for masks ; mainly the Mask of Creation , the Mask of Control , and the Mask of Ultimate Power . Makuta is now the evil brother of the noble Mask Maker Ekimu , who - though his body is comatose - seeks to dominate the island . In his efforts he is assisted by the Skull Spiders , the Skull Creatures and their leader Kulta After the defeat of the Skull enemies , the Toa were gifted new weapons and armor by Ekimu and set out to find and destroy Makuta ' s Mask of Control . To do this , they searched for the Elemental Creatures Release History of the Second Line On January 1st , the Protectors were released . They were the elders of each village , similar to the . They were sold in canister - like carton boxes that can be stacked above the Masters ' boxes . Each came with a Skull Spider , a unique melee weapon , a special mask with joints that are now where the figure ' s ' ears ' would be , and a rapid - fire stud shooter that was previously used in the Star Wars line . At the same time , the Toa or Masters were released in larger boxes . They also each came with a Skull Spider and a golden version of their elemental mask . They have the size of the XL Hero Factory figures and 2 - in - 1 weapons , like the Toa Nuva had . Also , Tahu , Pohatu , and Kopaka have alternative melee weapons , since their weapon ' s secondary function is a mode of transportation . One of the major antagonists , the Lord of Skull Spiders was released as well . It is n ' t humanoid like the rest , and includes an exclusive Golden Skull Spider mask . In August , the Skull Creatures were released . There were 4 of them and they were sold in boxes . They have unique armor , limbs , masks and weapons . They come with half gold , half transparent variations of the Toa masks , symbolic of the fact that they can drain the elemental powers from even the uniquely powerful Golden Masks . Also , a large boxed set was released , 70795 Mask Maker vs . Skull Grinder . It included the Mask of Creation , the mask the Toa searched for , Ekimu the Mask Maker and Kulta the Skull Grinder . 2016 In the second year , new versions of the Toa were released , similar to the original line , along with the Elemenetal Creatures . Five of each Uniter and Creature sets came in separate boxes , while Kopaka Melum were in a single pack . A play feature of this line involved the Elemental Creatures being able to attach to their respective Toa , each of whom also came with standard and gold versions of their new masks ; the Creatures also came with Shadow Traps enemies . This line also featured a set for the shadow hunter Umarak , who came with a Shadow Trap and a unique mask as well as the Mask of Control . Also , the pieces are completely redesigned and a new gear function found in the Toa and Umarak allows them to turn the waist , something that was impossible in previous BIONICLE sets . The summer line featured five boxed sets of varied sizes . The sets depict Ekimu and Umarak in new , larger forms ; Ekimu comes with a new version of the Mask of Creation as well as a differently colored version of Umarak ' s mask from the winter wave . The other three sets depict the Lava Beast Quake Beast Storm Beast , who each come with recolored versions of masks from three Toa : Tahu , Onua , and Kopaka , respectively . This would be the last wave released in the second generation of BIONICLE . Notes The first BIONICLE movie was one of the ten most popular direct - to - video movies of BIONICLE โ s traditional logo did not appear during the course of 2007 With the coming of the 2009 Bara Magna saga , My LEGO Network added BIONICLE characters to the networker list , creating the largest mini - rank in My LEGO Network . As the series progressed , the use of gears in sets became increasingly rare until being dropped entirely by . As of 2015 , they have been reintroduced . After BIONICLE was originally discontinued in , most pieces used in the line were also retired from being manufactured . A very small amount remain in production . The Toa Mata from this theme made a brief cameo in The LEGO Movie , implying the BIONICLE Universe ( or , most likely , a version of it ) is one of the worlds in The LEGO Movie . BIONICLE was the first LEGO theme to be reintroduced following discontinuation . List of BIONICLE sets and products See : List of BIONICLE sets List of BIONICLE comics See : BIONICLE Comics Online Games This section mentions only the major online games of BIONICLE . Mata Nui Online Game In the Mata Nui Online Game , players could explore and play themselves through takua ' s on the island Mata Nui with the Matoran character Takua . The game was released in 2001 . The Battle for Mata Nui In The Battle for Mata Nui the Bohrok swarms have overrun the island and the objective of the game is to collect all of their Krana . Mata Nui Online Game II : The Final Chronicle The Mata Nui Online Game II is the continuation of the . This time , the player was able to navigate through Mata Nui using the Matoran Hahli . The game was released in Stop the Morbuzakh : This game was played out of the view of Toa Vakama ' s mask . The objective was to decimate the steady growing ranks of the Morbuzakh plant . It was released in Piraka Attack Players had to choose a Piraka to play with . The objective was to hit Matoran to enslave them and levelling up . The game was released in The Matoran Escape button on BIONICLE . com Matoran Escape The Matoran of Voya Nui , being controlled by the player , had to navigate through Voya Nui and escape the Piraka . It was released in 2006 . Voya Nui Online Game The player controls one of six different Toa Inika and navigates through the whole island Voya Nui . The goal is to collect items and improve the stats to defeat all six and the seventh Piraka and retrieve the Mask of Life . The game was released in 2006 . Inika Island Assault Again , the player uses a Toa Inika to play his way through the Piraka districts of Voya Nui . The goal of the game is to complete all six levels with a Piraka as the boss at each end to defeat . It was released in 2006 . Creeps from the Deep The goal in this game is to cut away the blocking seaweed to move forward as far and fast as possible . If the player is too slow , he loses and " gets caught by " a Barraki . It was released in 2007 . Command the Mahri This game is divided into seven sub - games . Each one features one of the Toa Mahri . The player has to play six levels in each game , the games being specialised on the Toa ' s abilities . In the seventh game , the player has to play the last level of each of the six previous games in order to have the respective Toa participate in the final level . The game was released in 2007 . Battle for Power This game features the fight between the Phantoka Toa and the Phantoka Makuta . The player can decide on which side he wants to play . The levels of each side include playing with the Toa , Makuta , the Av - Matoran Toa Ignika . It was released in 2008 . BIONICLE : Mistika BIONICLE : Mistika is divided into two sections : The Story Levels and the User Levels . The goal of the Story Levels is to navigate through the Swamp of Karda Nui and reach the Codrex as fast as possible , either using characters or unlockable vehicles . By playing the User Levels the players can create their own level layout and play in their level or in levels other users have created , in four different games . The game was released in 2008 . BIONICLE Campaign : In early 2009 , The LEGO group released several new BIONICLE - themed Networkers , Items , Badges and Blueprints at My LEGO Network to promote the Spring BIONICLE 2009 sets . Glatorian Arena 1 , 2 , 3 : By playing the Glatorian Arena , players can participate in Arena Matches against other Glatorian , playing against a computer . The goal is to improve stats and defeat the other participants . Glatorian Arena 1 features the classic Glatorian of Spring 2009 . Glatorian Arena 2 uses new techniques and the Glatorian Legends of Summer 2009 . Glatorian Arena 3 is a combination of both , having even more techniques to use . All three games were released in 2009 . Agori Defender The goal of the game is to defend the Agori from the troops of following a special path ( similar to the tower defence games ) from reaching the Agori entrance . In this game the player does not play as a singe figure , but is able to place multiple defender figures along the path , which attack the enemies automatically . Being the last online game of BIONICLE , it was released in 2010 . Minifigures From 2005 to , several BIONICLE Playsets were released . These were built like normal models , and contained minifigure versions of various BIONICLE characters . The original figures were not posable , but in 2006 the minifigures were redesigned so they had 6 points of posability . BIONICLE minifigures did not last long likely due to popularity . 2005 : Vakama Hordika Nokama Hordika Nuju Hordika Whenua Hordika Matau Hordika Onewa Hordika Boggarak Keelerak Oohnorak Roporak Suukorak Vohtarak 2006 : Jaller Hahli Kongu Nuparu Hewkii Matoro Hakann Reidak Avak Thok Vezok Zaktan 2007 : Jaller Mahri Hahli Mahri Hewkii Mahri Hewkii Mahri Version Two Kongu Mahri Matoro Mahri Nuparu Mahri Pridak Kalmah Ehlek Takadox Takadox Version Two Mantax Gallery Okoto , the location of the 2015 reboot References โ [ 1 ] โ The History of LEGO BIONICLE at BZPower . com BIONICLE : The Early Years at Papercutz blog archive Bob Thompson at BIONICLE Sector 01 Wiki [ 2 ] Tohunga # Matoran at BIONICLE Sector 01 Wiki BIONICLE : Mask of Light ( movie ) on The Bionicle Wiki See Also BIONICLE storyline BIONICLE society List of BIONICLE sets List of BIONICLE cards External links BIONICLEsector01 Wiki The BioMedia Project The BIONICLE Wiki , the Wikia wiki about BIONICLE MaskofDestiny The BIONICLE A - Z The Official BIONICLE Website http : / / brickset . com / sets ? query = Bionicle Start a Discussion Discussions about BIONICLE BIONICLE RUNTS 6 messages PhillipPbor Jesse220 wrote : PhillipPbor wrote : Jesse220 wrote : Good Idea aww . . . can you think what this reboot needs ? new enemys . and monsters . . . 2016 - 08 - 26T15 : 02 : 16Z Jesse220 PhillipPbor wrote : Jesse220 wrote : PhillipPbor wrote : Jesse220 wrote : Good Idea aww . . . can you think what this reboot needs ? new enemys . . . . 2016 - 08 - 28T03 : 25 : 27Z Bionicle is getting discontinued again 23 messages Jesse220 Marty mcoy wrote : Jesse220 wrote : Marty mcoy wrote : Jesse220 wrote : Marty mcoy wrote : LEGOBennyBrick3 wrote : Marty mcoy wrote : I am v . . . 2016 - 08 - 06T03 : 14 : 45Z PhillipPbor Jesse220 wrote : Marty mcoy wrote : Jesse220 wrote : Marty mcoy wrote : Jesse220 wrote : Marty mcoy wrote : LEGOBennyBrick3 wrote : Marty m . . . 2016 - 08 - 26T01 : 00 : 25Z See more discussions > Categories Featured articles Themes Themes introduced in 2001 Themes that include subthemes Current Themes Discontinued Themes Languages : Deutsch Espaรฑol Franรงais Polski | [
"BIONICLE",
"elaborate figures",
"ball-and-socket joints"
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http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/LEGOLAND_California_Resort | in LEGOLAND LEGOLAND California 1990 LEGOLAND parks LEGOLAND California Resort Class 4 LEGOLAND California Location Carlsbad California USA Address 1 Legoland Dr Carlsbad CA 92008 Website httpcalifornialegolandcom Opened March 20 1999 Slogan Heroes Wanted LEGOLAND California is an amusement park in Carlsbad California focused on LEGO bricks It opened on March 20 1999 It is the third LEGOLAND park to be opened and is one of two North American parks the other is Florida which opened in 2011 Contents show History The park first opened on March 20 1999 The LEGOLAND parks were put up for sale in 2004 then a controlling interest sold in 2005 The new controlling company is Merlin Entertainments a brand of the Blackstone Group of New York an investment and advisory firm Areas The park is split into nine major sections which are The Beginning Dino Island Explore Village Fun Town Knights Kingdom Miniland USA Pirate Shores Imagination Zone and Land of Adventure The Beginning The Beginning is the main point of entry to the park It was the only way in for guests until about 2008 when the hotels in the rear of the park opened and created a new entry point in Castle Hill The Beginning is mainly a shopping and service area in the park with no rides Its main feature is the MarketMarketplace which consists of Guest Services WheelchairStroller Rental a small store and a restaurant The other store is the BIG Shop which features the largest selection of LEGOLAND souveniers and LEGO toysets As LEGOLAND is owned by Merlin Entertainments Group the LEGO VIP program is not avalible from any LEGOLAND stores Since Volvo is a sponsor of the LEGO company Volvo drivers recieve a discount on parking Dino Island In Dino Island a mini steel roller coaster called the Coastasaurus curves and dips around giant models of LEGO dinosaurs Visitors can dig for imitation dinosaur bones in the Dig Those Dinos attraction and earn the free Dig Those Dinos Minifigure A former attraction Raptor Splash was removed in late 2010 early 2011 to make way for carnival style games Raptor Splash consisted of two huts each with two slingshots to put water balloons in to fire at the other huts Explorer Village Explore Village includes the Water Works attraction which has dozens of interactive water activities and is directly beside Musical Fountain where visitors hop up and down to make music play and water blow A water ride called Fairy Tale Brook lets visitors ride a boat down a river lined with playful LEGO models based on fairy tales Playtown is a play area complete with LEGO buildings slides and activities There is a playground showplace Restorante Brickolini pizza parlor and a ride called Safari Trek which allows the rider to see many life sized LEGO models of animals Fun Town Fun Town features two Driving Schools Volvo Driving School for Children 613and Volvo Junior Driving School 35 years where children can learn to drive electric LEGO cars on a closed course Volvo Driving School with traffic lights and gas stations were closed down at the point of October 2008 is more advanced than the circle for younger children Fun Town also has a Skipper School where parents and kids can pilot LEGO boats Visitors can also take a tour of a LEGO factory to learn how LEGO bricks are made At the Funtown Police and Fire Academy families battle other families in a race down a street to douse a small fire or stop a robber and drive back in the fire or police truck all using hand pumps There are two attractions on the top of a hill First is the Kid Power Towers in which a pair of people pull themselves to the top of a rotating tower to enjoy the slow ride down Guests can go up and down Castle Hill Castle Hill is a medieval castlethemed area that was originally called Knights Kingdom Its main attraction is The Dragon a roller coaster that slowly tours a castle until a LEGO wizard casts a spell to open the doors to the outside at which point the coaster speeds up and the ride functions as a regular coaster Another ride is the Knights Tournament in which guests ride around on a very large robotic arm selecting levels from one to five one and two do not go upside down and five rarely has guests right sideup The Hideaways is designed for younger children and is a large multilevel wooden play structure with slides rope ladders and bridges Small horses at the Royal Joust take guests ages 412 through a mock medieval joust Miniland USA Miniland USA includes miniature dioramas of seven areas of the United States altogether built with over 40 million LEGO bricks in 120 scale and took 3 years to finish The major cities are viewable from various areas in the park From the Coast Cruise ride one can see some mini models otherwise hidden from view such as the Taj Mahal and Eiffel Tower Miniland is also home to the Model Shop the main design and build office for LEGOLAND Californias ten Master Model Builders A large viewing window at the front allows guests to watch the builders at work usually on new models for the park Cities replicated in Miniland New York City New York Empire State Building Washington DC San Francisco California New Orleans Louisiana Las Vegas Nevada Los Angeles California Other areas of the United States replicated in Miniland Southern California Star Wars MinilandFeaturing Naboo Episode I Geonosis Episode II Kashyyyk Mustafar Episode III Tatooine Episode IV Hoth Episode V Christophsis Star Wars The Clone Wars Endor Episode VI and the Death Star Episode IV Episode VI Pirate Shores Pirate Shores has 5 rides and attractions Splash Battle is a ride where guests enter their very own pirate ships to do battle with other guests on the ride and on land also while trying to avoid onride blasts of water Soak N Sail is an interactive twostory water playground Children and adults play with water pouring down all around them for example there are two buckets filled with 500 gallons of water that pour water on unsuspecting people Treasure Falls the minilog flume is a great training ride for little riders that arent quite ready for the bigger log Imagination Zone In the Imagination Zone visitors can ride a Wild Mousestyle roller coaster called the Technic CoasterTest Track choose from three different 4D movies called Bob the Builder Spellbreaker and LEGO Racers 4D Kids can also race LEGO cars that they build themselves in Build n Test play the Maniac Challenge in which guests play LEGO PC games and program robots in Mindstorms Guests can also ride on BIONICLE Blaster which is a version of the teacup ride or the Aquazone Wave Racers the primero ever duel water carousel In that you get to use a steering wheel to control a rudder that makes you either come in closer to the center or fly out through the waves all the while being squirted with water by the bystanders Land of Adventure This is the newest section of the theme park being opened on November 7 2007 which is designed to replicate the 1920s in Egypt Pharaohs Revenge involves guests firing foam balls at targets and at each other On Beetle Bounce guests bounce nearly 15 feet to nearly touch the enormous beetles above Cargo Ace lets guests board one of eight planes to fly six feet into the air Lost Kingdom Adventure is LEGOLAND Californias most recent attraction Guests board and ride a roadster to recover stolen treasure by blasting targets with laser guns along their journey Another recently opened attraction is Dune Raiders which is a slide Notes If you go to Google Maps and go to LEGOLAND California on street view the little peg guy turns in to a LEGO minifigure LEGOLAND California BumBag LEGOLAND California Basketball Key Chain LEGOLAND California Cap LEGOLAND California Opening Key Chain LEGOLAND California Souvenir DVD Offical Website Click here to enter the official website LEGOLAND California Also for a panoramic view try the interactive map here Interactive Map LEGOLAND parks Resorts Current Billund California Deutschland Florida Malaysia Windsor Dubai Japan Upcoming Korea 2015 Former Sierksdorf 1973 1976 Discovery centres Current Atlanta Berlin Chicago Dallas Duisburg Kansas City Manchester Tokyo Upcoming LEGOLAND Discovery Center New Jersey 2014 LEGOLAND Discovery Centre Toronto 2013 LEGOLAND Discovery Center Westchester 2013 Categories LEGOLAND LEGOLAND California 1990 LEGOLAND parks | [
"LEGOLAND California",
"Carlsbad"
] |
http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/LEGOLAND_Florida | in : Class 4 articles Articles with red bricks Articles that need to be updated and 2 more LEGOLAND Florida View source Share Class 4 Too many red bricks ! This article has an excess of red links in it . Attention is requested to create new articles from these links . Please remove this message when finished . This article is in need of an update . Once the information has been added from all of the sources listed below , this template may be removed . Content that needs to be updated : Attractions and Lands LEGOLAND Florida Location : Winter Haven , Florida Address : 1 Legoland Way , Cypress Gardens , FL 33884 Website : florida . legoland . com Owner : Merlin Entertainments Opened : October 15 2011 Area : 0.59 km 2 is a LEGOLAND amusement park built in 2011 . It replaced the Winter Haven Park in Florida , USA . It opened on October 15 , 2011 . It is one of two parks located in North America , the other park being LEGOLAND California . In addition , the former Splash Island water park reopened as LEGOLAND Florida Water Park on May 26 , 2012 . Contents show Areas The park is broke down into ten major parts ; The Beginning , Fun Town , Miniland USA , Duplo Village , LEGO Kingdoms , LEGO Technic , Imagination Zone , Pirates Cove , Land of Adventure , and LEGO City . Attractions The Beginning The Big Shop Island in the Sky The Market Restaurant Fun Town Factory Tour LEGO Studios Granny โ s Apple Fries Wells Fargo Fun Town 4D Theater Fun Town Pizza Pasta Buffet Miniland USA DUPLO Village Big Rig Rally Junior Fire Academy Granny ' s Jalopies DUPLO Farm DUPLO Playtown LEGO Kingdoms The Dragon Royal Joust Merlin ' s Challenge The Forestmen ' s Hideout Princess Makeover LEGO TECHNIC LEGO TECHNIC Test Track Aquazone Wave Racers Technicycle Imagination Zone Hero Factory Build & Test LEGO MINDSTORMS Kids Power Towers Pirates Cove Land of Adventure Coastersaurus Lost Kingdom Adventure Pharaoh ' s Revenge Beetle Bounce Safari Trek LEGO City LEGO City Rescue Academy Driving School Junior Driving School Boating School Flying School The Big Test Press Release Merlin Entertainments Group to open LEGOLAND ยฎ Florida Merlin Entertainments Purchases Cypress Gardens Winter Haven , FL ( January 21 , 2010 ) Merlin Entertainments ( โ Merlin โ ) , Europe โ s No 1 and the world โ s second largest visitor attraction operator , announced today a multi - million dollar investment in the biggest family tourist centre in the world with the planned opening of LEGOLAND ยฎ Florida . Merlin has purchased the historical Cypress Gardens in Winter Haven Florida from property investment company Land South Group and will open LEGOLAND Florida on the site at the end of 2011 . The deal to buy the 145 - acre site includes the freehold on the current theme park and water - park as well as an operating lease in perpetuity on the historic botanical gardens . Merlin plans a significant multi - million dollar investment over a number of years , up to and beyond opening , in what will be the biggest LEGOLAND to date . In line A Proven Concept The Florida development will be Merlin โ s second LEGOLAND Park in North America and will play an important role in the group โ s continued growth in the US . It will provide a full - day , year round theme park experience geared towards families with children between the ages of two and 12 . Its design will mirror the successful concept of the four existing LEGOLAND Parks in Denmark , Germany , UK and California . However , as with the other four , it will also have its own unique โ twist โ reflecting its stunning The decision to open a LEGOLAND Park in Florida follows considerable research in the area by Merlin over a number of years . This indicated a high recognition of the LEGOLAND Park brand and a 90 % + intention to visit by families in this target market . The issue therefore has been to find the ideal site . Cypress Gardens has long been a popular location for millions of visitors . Merlin believes its central Florida location , approx 30 minutes from Orlando and also close to Tampa , is the perfect site for a leisure brand as powerful The development follows the outstanding success of LEGOLAND ยฎ California which opened in 1999 . LEGOLAND California was recently voted the country โ s best children โ s theme park by Amusement Today for the sixth year running . It is also recognised as the fastest growing theme park in the US , enjoying an increase in visitor numbers year - on - year , including 6 % in 2009 . LEGOLAND Florida will be the biggest Park ever opened and will offer a unique mix of more than 50 rides , shows and attractions , including spectacular LEGO models and other interactive elements for the whole family to enjoy together . The Park is expected to create more than 1,000 new jobs by opening ; as well as boosting the Florida economy through the use of local contractors for development . Nick Varney , Chief Executive of Merlin Entertainments , said : LEGOLAND Florida will be one of the most exciting and important projects Merlin has ever developed . It is a unique opportunity for us ; Florida is the biggest family tourist centre in the world . We have been looking for the right site there for some time and in Winter Haven we plan to create one of the best and certainly most beautiful , theme parks in the world . LEGOLAND California has already proven how much US families love the unique LEGOLAND concept . Now we are bringing that fun and experience to a much wider audience - John Jakobsen , Managing Director of Merlin โ s LEGOLAND Parks Operating Group , said : LEGOLAND Parks are based on the universally popular LEGO Toy products and offer families the opportunity to let their imaginations run free and become completely involved in LEGO Experiences . A LEGOLAND Park is the ultimate platform to showcase the LEGO Values and the endless possibilities of the LEGO idea . LEGOLAND Florida will add a completely unique , exciting dimension and experience for families visiting the area . Charlie Crist , Florida Governor , said : We are delighted at this news . We are extremely happy that the future of Cypress Gardens is secure . LEGOLAND is one of the most exciting names in family attractions and a welcome new addition to Florida . Bob English , Chairman of Polk County Commissioners , said : We are looking forward to working closely with Merlin . Their record speaks for itself . All of us at both local and State level really welcome their exciting plans for the site , the jobs this project will create and their commitment to the County long term . Notes It is featured in a LEGO Club exclusive DVD video . Gallery The LEGOLAND Florida front gate An entrance sign located near the parking lot Darth Vader , as he appears near the LEGO Studios Store Batman and Robin R2 - D2 , near the entrance of the LEGO Studios Store LEGOLAND WALKTHROUGH Videos References โ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Legoland_Florida External links LEGOLAND Florida . com merlinentertainments . biz ( more information ) Legoland Photos Fansite view talk edit LEGOLAND parks Resorts Current : Billund | California | Deutschland Florida Malaysia Windsor Dubai Japan Korea Upcoming : New York ( 2020 ) Former : Sierksdorf ( 1973 - 1976 ) Discovery Centres Current : Atlanta Berlin Chicago Dallas Duisburg Kansas City Manchester | Tokyo New Jersey Upcoming : LEGOLAND Discovery Center Westchester ( 2013 ) Start a Discussion Discussions about LEGOLAND Florida LEGOLAND - time 4 messages Stormjay Rider We were thinking in the realm of two days . 2013 - 07 - 12T20 : 49 : 50Z ToaMeiko I ' d say to stay all day the first , and stay as long as necessary the second day so that you get a chance to do everything you want in the park . 2013 - 07 - 12T21 : 55 : 41Z See more discussions > Categories Class 4 articles Articles with red bricks Articles that need to be updated | [
"LEGOLAND Florida",
"amusement park",
"Attractions"
] |
http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/Nexo_Knights | in : Class 3 articles Pages that link to Legopedia ( Russian ) Castle and 4 more Nexo Knights English Edit Share Class 3 Nexo Knights Years 2016 2018 Related themes Castle ( 2013 ) Legends of Chima Ninjago is a fantasy - based Castle theme introduced in 2016 . The theme is set on the realm of Knighton , and follows the adventures of five young Knights who battle to defend their home from Jestro Monstrox , and his monster army . The sets officially launched on January , 2 , 2016 , although some of the sets came out as early in various stores as late December 2015 . Similar to the Ultra Agents , Nexo Knights features an App that can be interacted by using physical LEGO pieces . Like Ninjago and Legends of Chima , a TV series named Nexo Knights : The Animated Series was released on Cartoon Network on January 11 with a second season released on August 13 of the same year . Contents show Description Nexo Knights is a fantasy - based theme . Unlike its predecessors that contained typical medieval elements , usually with a fantasy theme , Nexo Knights gives those elements a futuristic look combining both technological and magical aspects . Like some previous castle themes , it features two factions , the heroes being the Knights , and the villains being magical evil creatures . The sets features Nexo powers that can be used on the Nexo Knights app . Vehicles and structures used by the Nexo Knights features silver and blue as the primary colors and using orange for windows and holograms . The designs of the vehicles are based on medieval weapons , in the case of the main heroes the vehicles are based on their signature weapons . In the case of the lava army , they feature brown as they primary color scheme with transparent orange bricks for the lava . The designs of the vehicles have monstrous aspects with white fangs and horns , and its weapons have lava designs . The Ultimate armor sets includes one character with an exclusive design , and a set of accessories matching with the character โ s faction , and includes three Nexo Powers . Unlike โ s Spinners or Chima โ s Speedorz , these powers are the first to feature in a video game linked to the show . Story Season 1 TBA Season 2 TBA Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Background The adventure takes place in the medieval yet futuristic Kingdom of Knighton . It focuses on the Nexo Knights as they journey to defeat Jestro the evil jester , the Book of Monsters , and their lava monster army . Clay leads the Nexo Knights , which include Macy Lance Aaron , and Axl . Together , under their mentor Merlok 2.0 , they band together to defeat Jestro ! who becomes humbled and good again . Later , the evil cloud Monstrox comes and turns Jestro evil again by zapping Jestro with a lightning bolt that can turn anyone evil ( or bring stone statues alive ) . Jestro and Monstrox then team up to fight the Nexo Knights again , this time with a stone army instead of lava . The Nexo Knights ultimately defeat Jestro , Monstrox and Ruina with Jestro becoming good once again . Characters Clay Moorington Clay ( Ultimate ) Lance Richmond Lance ( Ultimate ) Aaron Fox Aaron ( Ultimate ) Axl Axl ( Ultimate ) Macy Halbert Macy ( Ultimate ) Denizens of Knighton Merlok 2.0 Ava Prentis Robin Underwood King Halbert Queen Halbert Chef Eclair Claybot Lance Bot Macy ' s Squirebot Aaron ' s Squirebot Axl ' s Squirebot King ' s Bot Fancy Pants Royal Guard Royal Soldier Lava Monster Army Book of Monsters Book Keeper General Magmar Lavaria Beast Master Moltor Sparkks Whiparella Flama Burnzie Crust Smasher Ash Attacker Flame Thrower Globlin Scurrier Infernox Stone Monster Army Cloud of Monstrox General Garg Stone Colossus Ruina Stoneheart Rogul Reex Roog Rumble Grimroc Stone Stomper Gargoyles Harpy Brickster Bouldron Graveller Bedrock Monster Lord Krakenskull Tech Infection Army Monstrox Cezar Pola Fred Berserker MechaByter InfectoByter MegaByter VanByter No . 307 VanByter No . 407 CyberByter Infection Critter Sets Winter 2016 top bottom Image Item number Set Number of pieces Minifigures Price Release 70310 Knighton Battle Blaster 76 Royal Guard Ash Attacker $ 9.99 / โฌ 9.99 January 70311 Chaos Catapult 93 Crust Smasher $ 9.99 January 70312 Lance ' s Mecha Horse 237 Lance Richmond Lancebot Flame Thrower $ 19.99 70313 Moltor ' s Lava Smasher 187 Aaron Fox Moltor $ 19.99 / โฌ 19.99 70314 Beast Master ' s Chaos Chariot 314 Macy Halbert Beast Master Globlin ( 4 ) $ 29.99 / โฌ 32.99 70315 Clay ' s Rumble Blade 367 Clay Moorington Claybot ( 2 ) Scurrier $ 39.99 / โฌ 39.99 70316 Jestro ' s Evil Mobile 658 Sparkks Book of Monsters $ 59.99 / โฌ 49.99 70317 The Fortrex 1140 Chef Eclair ( 2 ) , Merlok 2.0 $ 99.99 / โฌ 99.99 January 1 70324 Merlok ' s Library 2.0 288 Ava Prentis $ 24.99 / โฌ 24.99 70325 Infernox Captures The Queen 253 Queen Halbert Infernox $ 24.99 / โฌ 24.99 70327 The King ' s Mech 375 King Halbert King ' s Bot $ 29.99 / โฌ 32.99 Summer 2016 top bottom Image Item number Set Number of pieces Minifigures Price Release 70318 The Glob Lobber 95 $ 9.99 Summer 70319 Macy ' s Thunder Mace 202 Macybot $ 19.99 Summer 70320 Aaron Fox ' s Aero - Striker V2 301 Aaronbot $ 29.99 70321 General Magmar ' s Siege Machine of Doom 512 General Magmar Flama $ 49.99 70322 Axl ' s Tower Carrier 670 Axlbot ( 2 ) Burnzie $ 69.99 70323 Jestro ' s Volcano Lair 1186 Lavaria Book Keeper ( 2 ; 1 red , 1 black ) $ 119.99 70326 The Black Knight Mech 530 Whiparella Robin Underwood $ 39.99 / โฌ 49.99 Winter 2017 70347 King ' s Guard Artillery 98 Royal Soldier Stone Stomper 2017 70348 Lance ' s Twin Jouster 216 Lancebot Rogul 2017 70349 Ruina ' s Lock & Roller 199 Ruina Stoneheart 70350 The Three Brothers 266 Reex Roog Graveller x3 70351 Clay ' s Falcon Fighter Blaster 523 Brickster Grimroc Bouldron $ 49.99 70352 Jestro ' s Headquarters 840 Cloud of Monstrox Gargoyle $ 89.99 70358 Aaron ' s Stone Destroyer 251 Robot Hoodlum Bedrock Monster $ 24.99 70359 Lance vs . Lightning 257 Gargoyle x2 $ 24.99 Summer 2017 70353 The Heligoyle 318 Harpy $ 29.99 70354 Axl ' s Rumble Maker 393 Axl ' s Squirebot $ 39.99 / โฌ 39.99 70355 Aaron ' s Rock Climber 592 Lord Krakenskull $ 59.99 70356 The Stone Colossus of Ultimate Destruction 772 General Garg ( stone ) , Stone Colossus $ 69.99 70357 Knighton Castle 1416 Fancy Pants $ 129.99 70361 Macy ' s Bot Drop Dragon 153 Macy ' s Squirebot $ 14.99 Winter 2018 72001 Lance ' s Hover Jouster 217 Cezar CyberByter Dennis 2018 72002 Twinfector 191 Fred Pola 72003 Berserker Bomber 369 Berserker MechaByter 72004 Tech Wizard Showdown 506 CyberByter InfectoByter $ 39.99 72005 Aaron ' s X - bow 569 VanByter No . 307 72006 Axl ' s Rolling Arsenal 604 VanByter No . 407 MegaByter $ 59.99 Ultimate Sets 70330 Ultimate Clay 72 70331 Ultimate Macy 101 $ 9.99 / โฌ 9 , 99 70332 Ultimate Aaron 82 $ 9.99 / โฌ 9 , 99 70333 Ultimate Robin 75 70334 Ultimate Beast Master 65 70335 Ultimate Lavaria 69 70336 Ultimate Axl 69 70337 Ultimate Lance 75 70338 Ultimate General Magmar 64 70339 Ultimate Flama 67 Battle Suit Sets 70362 Battle Suit Clay 79 ( Battle Suit ) 70363 Battle Suit Macy 66 ( Battle Suit ) 70364 Battle Suit Aaron 80 70365 Battle Suit Axl 88 70366 Battle Suit Lance 83 Polybags 30371 Knight ' s Cycle 42 30372 Robin ' s Mini Fortrex 45 30373 Knighton Hyper Cannon 43 No image 30374 TBA Nexo Knights Set NEXO Powers Main Article : List of NEXO Powers Notes The characters ' names play on words . Robin is a pun on " Robin Hood " , Macy on " mace " , on " axe " , Aaron on " arrow " , Lance on " lance " , Clay on " claymore " , on " molten " , on " lava " , on " jester " , on " magma " , and on " flame " . The emblems of most of the main knights are reminiscent of many Classic Castle themes . For example , Aaron reuses the Wolfpack sigil , Axl employs the Knights Kingdom I robbers ' bull symbol , and Clay reuses the Black Falcons ' emblem . Macy ' s dragon symbol may be an alternative take on the Dragon Knights symbol . Two books and a TV series were released with the theme . Unlike all of the other - related themes , this theme is a fusion of the medieval with the technologically futuristic , which has displeased many traditional Castle fans . A Knight cameos in the trailer introducing This is the fourth theme to get its own full TV show ( except Mixels , which only has shorts aired on TV ) . is referenced in the series when Lance ' s agent suggests that audition for " Knightjago 3 , " where " the hero spins around to defeat his enemies and stuff . " is referenced when the simulator room in the new Fortrex is revealed to the knights , and the Lion Temple is briefly simulated along with a few other locations . The TV series was renewed for a second season in the same year , it ' s introduced . However , although a fifth wave of sets was released , the 5th season of the show was canceled . Gallery Preview image Nexo Knights Teaser Image view talk edit minifigures Heroes : | | Denizens of Knighton : Aaron ' s Squirebot Hamletta | Lance Bot Robin Squirebots Villains : ) | Robot Hoodlum Lava Monster Army Stone Monster Army Rumble Stone Monster Tech Infection Army TV / Book Only Characters : List of non - physical Nexo Knights minifigures view talk edit sets 2016 : 30374 The Lava Slinger 70310 Knighton Battle Blaster 70311 Chaos Catapult 70312 Lance ' s Mecha Horse 70313 Moltor ' s Lava Smasher 70314 Beast Master ' s Chaos Chariot 70315 Clay ' s Rumble Blade 70316 Jestro ' s Evil Mobile 70317 The Fortrex 70318 The Glob Lobber 70319 Macy ' s Thunder Mace 70320 Aaron Fox ' s Aero - Striker V2 70321 General Magmar ' s Siege Machine of Doom 70322 Axl ' s Tower Carrier 70323 Jestro ' s Volcano Lair 70324 Merlok ' s Library 2.0 70325 Infernox Captures The Queen 70326 The Black Knight Mech 70327 The King ' s Mech 70330 Ultimate Clay 70331 Ultimate Macy 70332 Ultimate Aaron 70333 Ultimate Robin 70334 Ultimate Beast Master 70335 Ultimate Lavaria 70336 Ultimate Axl 70337 Ultimate Lance 70338 Ultimate General Magmar 70339 Ultimate Flama 853515 853516 2017 : 70347 King ' s Guard Artillery 70348 Lance ' s Twin Jouster 70349 Ruina ' s Lock And Roller 70350 The Three Brothers 70351 Clay ' s Falcon Fighter Blaster 70352 Jestro ' s Headquarters 70353 The Heligoyle 70354 Axl ' s Rumble Maker 70355 Aaron ' s Rock Climber 70356 The Stone Colossus of Ultimate Destruction 70357 Knighton Castle 70358 Aaron ' s Stone Destroyer 70359 Lance vs . Lightning 70361 Macy ' s Bot Drop Dragon 70362 Battle Suit Clay 70363 Battle Suit Macy 70364 Battle Suit Aaron 70365 Battle Suit Axl 70366 Battle Suit Lance 70372 Combo Nexo Powers Wave 1 70373 Combo Nexo Powers Wave 2 30376 Knighton Rider 30377 Motor Horse 30378 Shrunken Headquarters 853676 853677 Battle Pack 5004911 5004914 2018 : 72001 Lance ' s Hover Jouster 72002 Twinfector 72003 Berserker Bomber 72004 Tech Wizard Showdown 72005 Aaron ' s X - bow 72006 Axl ' s Rolling Arsenal Start a Discussion Discussions about Nexo Knights NEXO Knights Coming to an early end ? 3 messages JeagerEX12 There is no truth to this rumor . Well , remember Ninjago supposed to be discontinue in 2013 to replace with Chima but some fans are demanding . . . 2018 - 01 - 09T05 : 01 : 57Z Tlsonic I was liking Lego Nexo Knights . 2019 - 01 - 23T22 : 47 : 42Z Nexo knights clay 6 messages Tlsonic Lavertus wrote : Tlsonic wrote : Hmmmm . Hmm . Please only post sensible and useful comments to the forums . All right . 2018 - 08 - 31T21 : 53 : 55Z I did not know . 2019 - 01 - 23T22 : 46 : 12Z See more discussions > Categories Class 3 articles Pages that link to Legopedia ( Russian ) Themes Themes introduced in 2016 LEGO Languages : Franรงais Nederlands ะ ัััะบะธะน | [
"Nexo Knights",
"Castle theme",
"monster army"
] |
http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/The_Simpsons | in : Class 4 articles Themes introduced in 2014 The Simpsons and 2 more The Simpsons English Edit Share Class 4 Years 2014 2015 Subtheme of Minifigures Related themes LEGO Dimensions is a licensed theme introduced in 2014 , based on the popular TV sitcom " The Simpson " . The theme was made to celebrate the 25th anniversary of The Simpsons . A LEGO - themed Simpsons episode aired on May 2014 , called Brick like Me Contents show Background The Simpsons is an American adult animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical parody of a working - class American lifestyle epitomized by its family of the same name , which consists of Homer Marge Bart Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and many aspects of the human condition . Sets 71006 The Simpsons House - released from LEGO Direct and LEGO Brand Stores in 2014 . 71005 The Simpsons Series - released worldwide on May 2014 . 71009 The Simpsons Series 2 71016 Kwik - E - Mart 41632 Homer Simpson & Krusty the Clown Minifigures Homer Simpson ( Work Attire ) Bart Simpson Lisa Simpson Marge Simpson ( Apron ) Maggie Simpson Ned Flanders ( BBQ Apron ) Bart Simpson Homer Simpson Lisa Simpson Maggie Simpson Marge Simpson Apu Chief Wiggum Ned Flanders Itchy Scratchy Milhouse Van Houten Mr . Burns Grampa Nelson Muntz Krusty the Clown Ralph Wiggum Groundskeeper Willie Edna Krabappel Dr . Hibbert Comic Book Guy Fallout Boy Milhouse Professor Frink Waylon Smithers Patty Selma Hans Moleman Martin Prince Date Night Homer Date Night Marge Bartman Lisa and Snowball II Maggie and Santa ' s Little Helper Non - physical characters ( standard head piece ) ( standard head piece ) Nelson Muntz Principal Skinner Comic Book Guy Captain McCallister Chief Wiggum Eddie Lou ( DUPLO Figure ) Patty Bouvier Rod Flanders Selma Bouvier Professor Frink Dewey Largo Agnes Skinner Lewis Clark Ruth Powers Mr . Burns Waylon Smithers , Jr . Grampa Krusty the Clown Ralph Wiggum Moe Szyslak Chalmers Dolph Jasper Beardly Milhouse Doris Freedman Elizabeth Hoover Sherri Mackleberry Terri Mackleberry Wendell Borton Nina Skalka Richard Kent Brockman Danny Apu Carl Carlson Lenny Leonard Timothy Lovejoy Kirk Van Houten Luann Van Houten Jebediah Springfield Mayor Quimby Official Press Release BILLUND , Denmark ( January 8 , 2014 ) โ The LEGO Group today announced a new partnership with Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products to produce a construction set and licensed LEGO ยฎ minifigures inspired by the iconic television series , THE SIMPSONS . In addition , FOX is scheduled to air a special LEGO episode of THE SIMPSONS in May 2014 featuring Springfield and its cast of characters in LEGO form . Scheduled to launch this February in LEGO stores and via the LEGO Shop at Home catalog and website , the construction set will recreate the iconic Simpsons family house in LEGO form . Also included in the LEGO and THE SIMPSONS construction set is the entire family : Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa and Maggie along with neighbor Ned Flanders . A separate line of 16 LEGO THE SIMPSONS minifigures will launch in all mass toy retailers in May 2014 . โ We are thrilled to collaborate with Fox during the 25th anniversary year of the Simpsons , โ said Jill Wilfert , vice president licensing & entertainment at The LEGO Group . โ We know our fans will love the challenge of building the Simpsons โ family home in great detail and the ability to collect quintessential characters in LEGO minifigure form will let them showcase their love of the show in a whole new way . We are also excited that THE SIMPSONS will be created in LEGO form , truly bringing this partnership to life . โ โ We are kicking off the 25th anniversary of THE SIMPSONS in a big way , and we think LEGO - loving fans of the show will be impressed with this collaboration that represents the best of both iconic worlds through the LEGO and THE SIMPSONS construction set , minifigures and LEGO - themed episode , โ said Jeffrey Godsick , president of Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products . โ Our partnership with LEGO is the perfect addition to the range of product lines that will be introduced globally in celebration of this great milestone achievement in television history . The LEGO THE SIMPSONS house will be available February 1st in LEGO retail outlets for $ 199.99 ( USD ) . The line of LEGO THE SIMPSONS minfigures will launch in May 2014 in all major toy retailers for $ 3.99 ( USD ) each . Notes A parody of LEGO , Blocko , has appeared in several episodes of The Simpsons . This release of this theme coincides with the 25th anniversary of the show . The Simpsons Couch Gag in the episode " Midnight Towboy " featured LEGO - built versions of the Simpsons family . Milhouse Van Houten ' s best friend has made an appearance in The LEGO Movie before he was even announced . Milhouse were originally rumored to appear in 71006 The Simpsons House and other Simpsons sets before they were announced to be included in 71005 The Simpsons Series Characters who have not yet appeared in physical form , such as Timothy Lovejoy Principal Skinner Moe Szyslak , consequently only have an appearance with a standard headpiece rather than a specially molded Simpsons headpiece . Like other licensed themes that contain few sets , this theme has mostly non - physical minifigures . Fallout Boy Hans Moleman Mrs . Krabappel , and Snake Jailbird are the only Simpsons characters who never appeared in Brick Like Me , but will be released as physical minifigures . Mayor Quimby and Squeaky - Voiced Teen are the only characters who did n ' t appear in any physical sets or Brick Like Me that did appear in LEGO Dimensions This was the first and only adult themed license to be made by LEGO Gallery S @ H Simpsons tab Every Homer Lego Figure References โ ' The Simpsons ' To Get A LEGO Series - Associated Press โ 2.0 2.1 LEGO Simpsons coming in 2014 - Brickset News โ LEGO Simpsons confirmed for 2014 release - Click a Brick David Silverman โ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Nerdly - SCOOP : Confirmed LEGO Simpsons sets for 2014 External Links " on the English Wikipedia Wikisimpsons , an external wiki about Start a Discussion Discussions about The Simpsons I wish they could make more 5 messages NewEverThingsComics NewEverThingsComics wrote : Lord : Hello Its Me Do You Thinks its me 2018 - 02 - 07T20 : 16 : 33Z NewEverThingsComics Steeltron wrote : Yeah they should make more . I Argee 2018 - 02 - 07T20 : 16 : 58Z See more discussions > Categories Class 4 articles Themes introduced in 2014 Licensed themes LEGO Dimensions Languages : Deutsch Franรงais Nederlands | [
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http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/Video_game | in : Class 4 articles Articles that need to be Brickified Unfinished Video Games Video Game English Edit Share Class 4 This article should be brickified to fit within the style of Brickipedia Please follow the guidelines in the Manual of Style and Wikipedia : How to edit a page LEGO Video Games A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device . Video games have been an important type of media in the 20th and 21st centuries . Many video games have been created depicting LEGO over the years , released over a variety of video game consoles . LEGO video games now serve as a major part of The LEGO Group ' s financial plan , and have seen a rise in popularity in recent years . The most recent have been developed by TT Games , now regarded as the primary developers for such games . Contents show History of LEGO video games Before LEGO video games found a place on the PC , Sega worked with The LEGO Group to develop a game for the Sega Pico known as LEGO Fun to Build . Despite LEGO being a Danish toy company , this game was exclusively released in Japan in 1995 as a simple puzzle - solving game with some early building mechanics . LEGO Media Era From the start of this era , LEGO video games were slated for computer development and a wider release . The first PC LEGO game was LEGO Island , in 1997 , which was developed and published by Mindscape . After LEGO Island became a success , The LEGO Group founded LEGO Media International in 1997 to continue making LEGO games for computers . The first game published by this new company would be LEGO Loco , developed by the British developer Intelligent Games in 1998 . This game was followed on in the same year with LEGO Chess , which was developed by Krisalis Software and LEGO Creator , which was developed by Superscape For an unknown span of time , at earliest beginning in late 1997 and at latest ending in 1999 , a TECHNIC video game was in development by an unknown developer , but cancelled . In 1999 , 3 more games were released by LEGO Media . LEGO Friends was a music simulation game based on the Scala toy line developed by Ivanof LEGO Rock Raiders was a real time strategy game developed by Data Design Interactive based on the Rock Raiders theme . LEGO Racers , developed by High Voltage Software was significantly important to the LEGO Group for it was the first LEGO game that was released on consoles , most notionally the PlayStation and ended up being the only LEGO game released on the Nintendo 64 . 2000 was the last year where the company was known as LEGO Media , with this included two educational games called LEGO My Style Kindergarten / LEGO My World : First Steps and LEGO My Style Preschool / Lego My World : School Skills ; both of which were based on Duplo and were developed by Stormfront Studios , also being the only LEGO games compatible for the Macintosh . Other games were LEGOLAND , a theme park simulation game developed by Krisalis Software , LEGO Alpha Team , a puzzle game developed by Digital Domain LEGO Stunt Rally , a stunt racing game developed by Intelligent Games and the PlayStation version of LEGO Rock Raiders , also developed by Data Design Interactive . During late 2000 , LEGO Media released their first handheld games , these being Game Boy Color ports of LEGO Alpha Team LEGO Stunt Rally LEGO Racers , all of which were developed by different companies than their PC counterparts . A PlayStation version of LEGO Stunt Rally was also in development at Asylum Entertainment , but was cancelled . LEGO Software Era After this , LEGO Media changed their name to LEGO Software , with the first game released under their new name being LEGO Creator Knight ' s Kingdom , with Superscape returning to develop this game . In 2001 , LEGO Software started releasing sequels to some of their games but however having a different developers work on them . LEGO Island 2 : The Brickster ' s Revenge was released in March of that year , being developed by Silicon Dreams instead of Mindscape , and was released on the PC , PlayStation and a Game Boy Color version , which was developed by Crawfish Interactive . This was the last LEGO game released for the PlayStation and Game Boy Color . Silicon Dreams eventually developed a Game Boy Advance version of LEGO Island 2 that was released in October 2001 . LEGO Racers 2 , a sequel to LEGO Racers was released in October 2001 and much like with LEGO Island 2 this game did n ' t retain its original developer , with this game being developed by Attention to Detail instead of High Voltage Software ( though they had previously developed Rocket Racers , an arcade adaption of LEGO Racers for LEGOLAND Windsor ) . As well as being released on PC , this was the first LEGO game released on any sixth generation platform , those being the PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance , which that version was developed by Pocket Studios . Also in that year came the first game based on BIONICLE , simply titled LEGO BIONICLE , and was developed by Saffire Corporation . A PC version of the game was also developed by the same company , BIONICLE : The Legend of Mata Nui but was eventually cancelled . The last game released in 2001 would be LEGO Creator : Harry Potter , once again being developed by Superscape and was the first ever LEGO video game based on a licensed property . LEGO Interactive Era In late 2001 , LEGO signed a deal with Electronic Arts to co - publish their games from this point forward . Alongside this came another name change ; LEGO Software became LEGO Interactive . In the original press release , it was said that " EA will co - publish and provide marketing support for more than 30 LEGO software titles on a minimum of four platforms over a three - year period " , and " Current franchises include : LEGO Racers , Bionicle ยฎ , LEGO Island , Academy of Flight , LEGO Sports and Galidor : Defenders of the Outer Dimension " . It is unknown what " Academy of Flight " was referring to . The first game released under this new partnership would be the Silicon Dreams - developed Soccer Mania , released in June 2002 for the PlayStation 2 , PC and Game Boy Advance . Alongside Soccer Mania came Island Xtreme Stunts , a sequel to LEGO Island 2 developed by Silicon Dreams was released on the PlayStation 2 , PC and Game Boy Advance , and Drome Racers , developed by Attention to Detail was released on the PlayStation 2 and PC . 2 Game Boy Advance games , BIONICLE : Matoran Adventures developed by Argonaut Games Galidor : Defenders of the Outer Dimension developed by Tiertex Design Studios were released and on the PC came Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , but rather than having Superscape develop this title it was instead developed by Qube Software In late 2002 and early 2003 , another soccer / football game was in development , this time at Blitz Games , but was cancelled . In 2003 , LEGO signed a deal with THQ to publish all their future Game Boy Advance titles , with Electronic Arts continuing to publish on Consoles and PC . The first title being the Game Boy Advance version of Drome Racers . A Nintendo GameCube port of the game was also released and would be the last game developed by Attention to Detail before the company closed the same year , which also led to an Xbox version getting cancelled . Attention to Detail was also working on an open world successor to Drome Racers at this time , tentatively titled LEGO Racers 4 , but this project was cancelled for the same reason . In September 2003 , a console / PC version of Galidor : Defenders of the Outer Dimension was cancelled by its developer Asylum Entertainment , but the PC version eventually saw the light of day in various budget versions of LEGO games , published by companies like ValuSoft Focus Multimedia The first movie based LEGO game was also released in 2003 , titled BIONICLE : The Game developed by Argonaut Games . The game loosely tied together the story arcs of 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , and served to promote the BIONICLE movie that was released alongside it , and received middling to poor reviews . This was the last game published by LEGO Interactive before the company was closed down , with the founders going on to found Giant Interactive Entertainment Yet another cancelled game was LEGO Racers CC , which appeared in some 2004 catalogs under the LEGO Interactive banner and was set for release that Christmas , but never heard of again . This game is confirmed to have been a separate project from the LEGO Racers 4 cancelled the year prior , and its developers are unknown . Giant Interactive Entertainment Era 2004 LEGO Knights ' Kingdom was released by THQ and was developed by Razorback Developments BIONICLE : Maze of Shadows was also released in early 2005 . LEGO Star Wars 2005 is acually considered to be most important year for LEGO video games because of the revolutionary release of LEGO Star Wars : The Video Game Traveler ' s Tales and was co - published with Eidos Interactive , Giant Interactive and LucasArts . The game was extremely well received and was the first LEGO video game to gain this level of appreciation . Traveler ' s Tales was now given control of all LEGO video games because of its success , the success to this led to Traveller ' s Tales acquiring Giant Interactive Entertainment , who they renamed as TT Games Publishing . Modern Era 2006 BIONICLE Heroes ( Published by Eidos ) and LEGO Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy ( published by Lucasarts ) were both developed by Traveler ' s Tales . LEGO Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy gained much praise for its improvements upon its predecessor . 2007 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga was released by LucasArts . was released . It did not gain as much praise as its two predecessors , and was known simply as a " bridge " between the two games with some extra content thrown in . The hub for this game is once again Mos Eisley . In this year Warner Bros . Interactive Entertainment acquired Traveller ' s Tales , and so WB Games became the official publisher for LEGO games to come from this point forward . LEGO Indiana Jones 2008 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures ( Published by LucasArts ) and LEGO Batman : The Video Game ( Published by Warner Bros . Interactive Entertainment ) were released . 2009 LEGO Battles was released by TT Fusion , a division of TT games and LEGO Rock Band , were both released . LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues ( hub is warehouse ) was released also that year . LEGO Space : The Videogame was a planned video game for Nintendo DS , and was advertised on the first wave of Space Police 3 sets . However , LEGO has confirmed that the game was merged with LEGO Castle : The Video Game to become LEGO Battles LEGO Racers : The Video Game was advertised on 2009 Racers set boxes , but cancelled . It was being developed by Firebrand Games for Nintendo Wii and DS . LEGO Harry Potter 2010 LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 ( hub is Diagon Alley ) was released by TT games and LEGO Universe , the first LEGO Massively Multiplayer Online Game , was released by NetDevil , but was discontinued on January 31st 2012 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars ( hub is a Venator Star Destroyer named the Resolute for the Republic or a Munificent - class star frigate for the Seperatists , making the game the second game with two hubs ) was the fourth LEGO Star Wars game released by TT Games . It was released in March 2011 On November 18th 2010 , LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game ( hub is Port Royal dock ) was announced and was released in May 2011 LEGO Battles : Ninjago , a new LEGO Battles Video game , was releasied April 2011 . It was released only for the Nintendo DS System . LEGO Harry Potter : Years 5 - 7 was released on November 11 of that same year . LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes was released in Summer 2012 LEGO The Lord of the Rings : The Video Game was released in November 2012 . It was the first in the series to have full voice acting as opposed to grunts , groans , screams , cries , and random , unintelligable gibberish . LEGO City Undercover had been announced in 2011 in the instructions of the City Sets and the E3 announcement . It was released for Wii U in March 2013 . A prequel , LEGO City Undercover : The Chase Begins , was released for 3DS in April 2013 . 2013 a game called LEGO Legends of Chima : Laval โ s Journey was released , and in fall 2013 LEGO Marvel Super Heroes : The Videogame was released . LEGO Batman 2 was re - released on the Wii U to coincide with LEGO Batman : The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite 2014 , a video game based on The LEGO Movie called The LEGO Movie Video Game was released at about the same time as the film . LEGO The Hobbit : The Video Game was released in April 2014 . LEGO Ninjago : Nindroids was announced for the 3DS and PlayStation Vita and was released in August of 2014 . LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham was also released on all next generation consoles in November of 2014 . In 2014 , the second LEGO Massively Multiplayer Online Game was released , LEGO Minifigures Online 2015 LEGO Jurassic World was released after it was teased during the end credits to LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham and to coincide with the Jurassic World movie . Also , LEGO Worlds became available on Steam Early Access on June 1 , an open - world building game similar to Minecraft . Later in the year , LEGO Dimensions was released . Unlike any other LEGO video game , Dimensions includes an electronic base that reads NFC chips included in separately sold packs with physical minifigures and brick - built vehicles , causing the characters and vehicles to appear in - game , similar to the game series Skylanders , Disney Infinity and Nintendo ' s amiibo . Unlike past games , Dimensions features characters , vehicles , levels and worlds from a wide variety of different themes , including themes that were never physically produced prior to the game ' s existence such as Portal The Wizard of Oz . Following the discontinuation of Disney Infinity , LEGO Dimensions is the second largest but arguably most popular toys - to - life video game , with the Skylanders series being slightly larger . However , critics have praised LEGO Dimensions for having vastly larger amounts of content to the packs that you buy . However , additional content was later discontinued . 2016 LEGO Marvel ' s Avengers was released . Unlike the previous Marvel title , this game allows players to play through iconic moments in the two Avengers films , as well as Marvel ' s Captain America : The First Avenger Marvel ' s Iron Man 3 Marvel ' s Thor : The Dark World Marvel ' s Captain America : The Winter Soldier LEGO Star Wars : The Force Awakens was released on June 28 and follows the events of the film along with exclusive content taking place between Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Star Wars Episode VII : The Force Awakens 2017 LEGO Worlds was officially released on Steam , Xbox One and PlayStation 4 on March 7 with the Nintendo Switch version released on September 5 . On September 22 The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game was released to coincide with the film it is based on . On November 14 LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 was released for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Nintendo Switch . The Windows PC version was released the very next day , and the macOS version was released on August 2nd , 2018 . List of all LEGO video games This article or section is incomplete . Please improve the article , or discuss the issue on the talk page PC = Microsoft Windows Mac = Apple macOS Mob = Mobile phone PS = PlayStation N64 = Nintendo 64 GBC = Game Boy Color PS2 = PlayStation 2 GBA = Game Boy Advance GC = GameCube Xbox = Xbox DS = Nintendo DS PSP = PlayStation Portable 360 = Xbox 360 Wii = Nintendo Wii PS3 = PlayStation 3 iOS = Apple iOS Android = Google Android OS 3DS = Nintendo 3DS Vita = PlayStation Vita Wii U = Wii U PS4 = PlayStation 4 Xbox One = Xbox One Switch = Nintendo Switch resorting consoles by chronological release Title Release PC Mac Mob PS N64 GBC PS2 GBA GC Xbox DS PSP 360 Wii PS3 iOS Android 3DS Vita Wii U PS4 Xbox One Switch LEGO Island 1997 Yes LEGO Chess 1998 Yes LEGO Loco 1998 LEGO Creator LEGO Friends 1999 1999 1999 / 2000 2000 LEGO Creator : Knights ' Kingdom 2000 LEGO My Style Kindergarten LEGOLAND LEGO My Style Preschool BIONICLE : Tales of the Tohunga 2001 LEGO Creator : Harry Potter 2001 LEGO Island 2 : The Brickster ' s Revenge LEGO Racers 2 Island Xtreme Stunts 2002 BIONICLE : Matoran Adventures 2002 Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Soccer Mania / Football Mania Drome Racers BIONICLE : The Game 2003 LEGO Knights ' Kingdom 2004 BIONICLE : Maze of Shadows 2005 LEGO Star Wars : The Video Game 2005 LEGO Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy 2006 BIONICLE Heroes 2006 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga 2007 LEGO Batman : The Videogame 2008 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures 2008 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues 2009 2009 LEGO Rock Band LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 2010 LEGO Universe 2010 LEGO Harry Potter : Years 5 - 7 2011 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars 2011 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game LEGO Battles : Ninjago LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes 2012 LEGO City Undercover 2012 LEGO City Undercover : The Chase Begins LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2013 2013 The LEGO Movie Video Game 2014 LEGO The Hobbit : The Video Game 2014 LEGO Ninjago : Nindroids LEGO Jurassic World 2015 2015 LEGO Dimensions LEGO Marvel ' s Avengers 2016 LEGO Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2016 LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 2017 The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game 2017 LEGO The Incredibles 2018 LEGO DC Super - Villains 2018 The LEGO Movie 2 Videogame 2019 The PC is the platform with the most games , with a count of 41 LEGO video games published . The Xbox 360 is the second , with a count of 23 LEGO video games . See also Online game LEGO Games โ https : / / www . rockraidersunited . com / topic / 4102 - lego - interactive - producer - located / ? do = findComment&comment = 85183 โ https : / / worthplaying . com / article / 2001 / 12 / 11 / news / 1509 / http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20180802181812 / https : / / worthplaying . com / article / 2001 / 12 / 11 / news / 1509 / https : / / www . rockraidersunited . com / topic / 8265 - the - cancelled - lego - footballsoccer - games / Released in 2007 Released in 2009 Released in 2010 / 2011 Released as LEGO Batman : Gotham City Games Released in 2018 Released in 2018 Released in 2017 Released in 2017 Start a Discussion Discussions about Video Game LEGO DC Super - Villains - New Gorilla City Level Walkthrough ( Demo ) 2 messages Papaya1234 2018 - 08 - 29T16 : 56 : 35Z HODGESMC Anyone not ? 2018 - 09 - 03T05 : 06 : 43Z See more discussions > Categories Class 4 articles Articles that need to be Brickified Unfinished Video Games Languages : Espaรฑol Franรงais | [
"Video Game",
"user interface",
"LEGO"
] |
http://legoindianajones.wikia.com/wiki/Indiana_Jones | in : Characters Game characters Characters appearing in Raiders of the Lost Ark and 7 more Indiana Jones View source Comments ( 7 ) Share Indiana Jones I hate snakes , Jock ! I hate them . Real Name Henry Walton Jones , Jr . Weapon ( s ) Fists / Whip / Pistol ( Indiana Jones ( Pistol ) is the only Indy who has a Pistol Phobia ( s ) Snakes Professor Henry " Indiana " Walton Jones , Jr . , also known as " Indy " , was born on July 1 , 1899 as the son of Henry and Anna Jones . He is professor of archaeology , an adventurer , and the main protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise . Indy loves discovering the truth about ancient civilizations , finding long lost artifacts , and thrives on the thrill of adventure and discovery , often racing against others who just want the artifact for money or power . His greatest true fears are snakes , and his hat once belonged to Fedora Contents show Background Jones grew up in New Jersey , his birth town . From 1908 to 1910 he accompanied his parents on a world lecture tour . In 1910 , his mother Anna Jones became ill and died . Two years later , Indiana Jones encountered a man named Fedora , who was digging for the Cross of Coronado . Jones , believing that this artifact belonged into a museum , stole it from Fedora and escaped his thuggs . Ultimately , he had to return the artifact to Fedora and his boss , Panama Hat Man . In 1916 , Jones briefly paricipated in the Mexican Revolution after quitting high school . In World War I . Indiana Jones called himself Henri Defense and fought as a soldier for the Entente . He also worked as a spy during this time . Marion Ravenwood After the war , Indiana Jones attended the University of Chicago and studied under professor Abner Ravenwood . In 1925 , he began a romance with Ravenwood ' s daughter , Marion Ravenwood In the 1930 ' s Jones became teacher of archaeology at Marshall College in Bedford , Connecticut . In 1935 , Indiana Jones brought the stolen Shankara Stone back to the Indian village it belonged to , restoring the vertility of the land . 1936 , he searched and retrieved the legendary Ark of the Covenant . During this search , he reunited with Marion Ravenwood , but the couple split up again , as Jones left Marion one week before their weeding . In 1938 , Indy retrieved the Cross of Coronado from Panama Hat Man , and in the same year , he and his father discovered the Holy Grail Mutt Williams talks to Indiana Jones During the Cold War , Jones encountered the Soviet agent Irina Spalko . Afterwards , he embarked on a search for the Crystal Skull of Akator , reuniting with Marion in the process and getting to know their son , Mutt Williams . After they solved the mystery of the Crystal Skulls , Indy and Marion married in 1957 Portrayal On screen , the character is most famously played by Harrison Ford , though he has also been portrayed by other actors . In addition to his film and television appearances , the character has been featured in novels , comics , video games , and other media . In the prologue for the third film , he was played by River Phoenix In LEGO ยฎ Indiana Jones Minifigure Indiana Jones is the main character of the LEGO Indiana Jones sets ; there are many different Indiana Jones minifigures available in various LEGO ยฎ sets . The minifigures usually include Indiana Jones ' brown hat , his pistol , his whip and his satchel . There are six variations of the Indiana Jones minifigure . The standard minifigure depicts Jones wearing his trademark brown jacket and tan pants with a holster . The Indiana Jones ( Cairo ) version is similar to the original version , but the minifigure ' s torso does n ' t feature the brown jacket . The Indiana Jones ( Temple of Doom ) version is identical to the Cairo version , except for the Temple Version ' s smiling face . The Indiana Jones ( Bar ) version depicts Indy in a white tuxedo , during the meeting with Lao Che in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . An Indiana Jones version from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , shows Indy in a grey tuxedo . There ' s also a variation for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull which is identical to the basic version of the minifigure , except that this version has a smiling face . Indiana Jones ( Cairo ) Game character Indiana Jones first appeared as a video game character in the LEGO video game , Lego Star Wars : The Complete Saga . There , he was equipped with his pistol as his primary weapon and could be unlocked as a secret character . After watching the trailer for Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures in the game , he could be bought at Mos Eisley Cantina . He is also the main starting character in the video game Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures and its successor , Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues . His weapon is a whip and he has a phobia of snakes , meaning when he encounters a snake in the game , he will temporarily freeze or move away from it . Indiana Jones has many unlockable outfits in both games . Indiana Jones as he appears in the video games You unlock him in Chapter 1 : The Lost Temple ( Raiders of the Lost Ark ) , and he is also playable in Chapter 2 : Into the Mountains ( Raiders of the Lost Ark ) , Chapter 4 : The Well of Souls ( Raiders of the Lost Ark ) , Chapter 1 : Shangai Showdown ( Temple of Doom ) , Chapter 2 : Pankot Secrets ( Temple of Doom ) , Chapter 5 : Escape the Mines ( Temple of Doom ) , Chapter 6 : Battle on the Bridge ( Temple of Doom ) , Video game history Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Star Wars : The Complete Saga LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars ( Cameo appearance only ) Sets 7195 Ambush in Cairo 7196 Chauchilla Cemetery Battle 7197 Venice Canal Chase 7198 Fighter Plane Attack 7199 The Temple of Doom 7620 Motorcycle Chase The LEGO Indiana Jones Minifigure 7621 The Lost Tomb 7622 Race for the Stolen Treasure 7623 Temple Escape 7624 Jungle Duel 7625 River Chase 7626 Jungle Cutter 7627 Temple of the Crystal Skull 7628 Peril in Peru 20004 Jungle Cruiser 7682 Shanghai Chase 7683 Fight on the Flying Wing Book history Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Indiana Jones and the Lost Artifacts Outfits In - game and unlockable outfits Army Disguise Desert Dinner Suit Kali Officer Professor Young Indy Creatable outfits Akator Bed - Robe Crystal Skull Desert Pistol Jungle Pistol External links The Indiana Jones minifigure on brickset . com Categories Characters Game characters Characters appearing in Raiders of the Lost Ark Characters appearing in Temple of Doom Characters appearing in Last Crusade Characters appearing in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Minifigures Heroes Characters appearing in indiana jones and the circus time Characters appearing in indiana jones and the market stealer | [
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http://legomenon.com/russian-matryoshka-nesting-dolls-meaning.html | Matryoshka Nesting Dolls : Meaning of Russian Wooden Stacking Doll by K Shabi PUBLISHED 30 January 2015 What is the meaning of the Matryoshka stacking nesting doll from Russia ? Typically painted to look like a traditional Russian woman or " babushka , " these wooden stackable dolls are a very popular Russian souvenir and over time have even become a symbol of the Eastern European country itself . Learn facts about the Matryoshka stacking dolls ' meaning and history . What is a Russian Matryoshka doll ? A Matryoshka nesting doll is a set of typically seven wooden dolls of decreasing sizes that all fit inside of each other , one by one . Each stacking doll splits in half at the mid section and opens to reveal another smaller doll nested within . The traditional Matryoshka doll is usually round in shape and decoratively painted to resemble a pretty young faced peasant woman dressed or bundled up in an extravagant sarafan costume , a loose fitting traditional Russian garment . The head of the stacking doll is usually also covered , perhaps to protect her from Matryoshka Carved Wooden Stacking Dolls History & Origins In 1890 , the first Matryoshka doll was designed and painted by Sergey Malyutin and carved from wood by Vasily Zvyozdochkin . Malyutin and Zvyozdochkin were both Russian folk artists living under the patronage of the wealthy industrialist Savva Mamontov on the renowned Abramtsevo estate . Located north of Moscow , the Abramtsevo colony has continued to be a famous center for Slavic culture and folk art since the nineteenth century . Matryoshka dolls received global exposure in 1900 after Mamontovรข โฌ โข s wife presented them at the Exposition Universelle world ' s fair in Paris where they won Chinese Boxes & Japanese Nesting Dolls Though the Russian Matryoshka doll was designed and created at the Abramtsevo colony in 1890 , the nesting doll concept was popular in China and Japan long before Malyutin and Zvyozdochkin were inspired to put a new spin on it at the Abramtsevo estate . Chinese nesting dolls have been around since the eighteenth century , but nesting boxes were made in China as early as 1000AD . The nesting doll concept soon afterward spread into Japan in the form of the Fukuruma , a doll honoring Fukurokuju , the god of happiness in Japanese mythology . Nesting Doll Meaning & Theories So why does the nesting doll continue to intrigue and fascinate people from different cultures ? Academics and literary theorists have noticed that there is something classic about the idea of the nesting doll and the concept of an object emerging from within a similar , larger object , whether it be the layer peeled from an onion or a little baby being born from the body of his or her mother . For this reason , the nesting doll plays a part in advanced academic theories and principles including recursion , mise - en - abyme , design paradigms Russian Matryoshka Doll Meaning What is the meaning behind the Russian Matryoshka doll in particular ? In Russian , the word matryoshka literally means " little matron " and is also a familiar shortening of the common name Matryona or Matriosha , popular names among the female peasantry of old Russia . The Latin root word of Matryoshka is mater , which means " mother . " Motherhood , family and fertility all influence the meaning and significance of the Russian nested doll . Having a large and close knit family is common and even important in traditional Russian culture , with many generations and extended relatives playing an active role in the family dynamic , including grandparents , aunts , uncles and cousins . The Matryoshka doll is a symbol of the Russian babushka , a strong female matriarch and a central figure in the Russian family . Russian Stacking Doll : Symbol of Motherhood , Fertility & Family The shape of the Matryoshka doll is wide and full figured , much like the body of a woman who has given birth to many children . It can even be said that the Matryoshka doll ' s shape is round and elongated like an egg , a popular symbol of fertility and reproduction since ancient times . Like an egg , out of the Matryoshka stacking doll life emerges in symbolic form . The biggest nesting doll births the smaller ones , just as the grandmother or babushka gives life to the younger generations of her family , symbolized Painted Wooden Matryoshka Dolls Nesting dolls have different meanings in different cultures . In Russia , the wooden Matryoshka dolls traditionally represented family and motherhood , but over time the toy ' s meaning and significance has expanded to cover different themes and stories . Some Matryoshka stacking dolls pay homage to Soviet political history and emulate famous Soviet communist politicians such as Josef Stalin or Mikhail Gorbachev . Other Matryoshka doll sets tell stories and fairy tales . For instance , the stacking doll featured above illustrates the life of a morning glory flower blooming and then closing . Whether honoring female contributions | [
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http://leisure.food-recipe-cooking.com/yin-yang-meaning-and-relevance-fcr-01.htm | Yin Yang , Meaning and Significance The Meaning Of The Yin Yang Is Relevant Even Today Most of us have seen the yin yang symbol at some time or place , but not all of us know the true interpretation and meaning of the yin yang . So what exactly does the yin yang mean , is the yin yang a religious symbol . Is this historic symbol relevant to us in our modern day lifestyles , or is it popular just because it is old and has a Chinese origin . In this brief report on the significance and meaning of the yin yang , we will talk about some very interesting aspects of this The yin yang is one of the most meaningful symbols in history . The interpretation of the ying yang make it relevant to all of us , no matter what age or religion we belong too . The black and white contrasting colors are placed next to each other . The exist in harmony and seem to be flowing into each other . The above yin yang symbol is taken from the Kai Silver custom jewelry website . In this report we are not interested in yin yang jewelry but , will spend our time talking about the meaning of the yin yang and how it can help us better our life and lifestyle . Let us first describe some intricate details of the yin yang as shown above . You will notice that in most cases , the colors used for form the yin yang are black and white . The meaning of this ancient Chinese symbol implies the existence of two opposing forces , bodies or temperments next to each other . The important thing is that these two opposing forces seem to exist in perfect harmony , their shapes almost make it appear that they flow into each other or embrace each other . There is still more meaning to the yin yang , and this is referenced in the two small spots that you see in the black and white portions . Notice that each spot is in the opposite color as compared to the background color . So you have a white spot in the black portion and a black spot in the white portion . These two spots imply that , there is a part of the opposite force , mood or tempertment in each of the segments . Nothing is fully good or fully bad , there is nothing like pitch darkness - this seemingly small aspect of the yin yang has great meaning for our daily lives . Now let us look at how each of these features of the yin yang which actually give it meaning can be relevant to us today . We will not presume or assume any religious or nationality characteristics when doing this . Black And White : The yin is represented by the black portion , the yang by the white portion . Basically this feature implies that there can never be just one school of thought , one idea or one condition in our life . We will need to accept the fact that some or many people could differ in their opinion regarding the same thing . This could as simple as someone avoiding alcohol and smoking totally and another person , being almost addicted to the same . The meaning of yin is traditionally taken to mean , night , rest and relaxation Harmony : The significance of the yin yang , is aptly represented in black and white - the two opposing forces . What is important in interpreting the black and white portions of the yin yang symbols is that , the two opposing forces live in harmony , they reside in peace next to each other . A good example would be an office with many staff doing many different tasks . You might not like the attitude of a particular collegue , but the skills and expertise that she brings to the organization might make an important person . You Dynamic : Just as there is no stark or straight line dividing the two opposite forces in the yin yang symbol , life is always made of dynamic situations too . Just as night flows into the day , even the most depressing conditions in our life will pass away . Like the meaning of the yin yang , where no situation , condition or mood is static - we need to keep a positive attitude at all times . There is a dangerous element about being negative all the while , it could lead us to ignore or miss some Spots : We now get to the small spots with a big meaning in the yin yang symbol . Activity , power and energy are symbolized by the yang , the black portion of the yin yang . But you can not have 24 full hours of activity or energy , you need rest - that is represented in the white portion of the symbol . Inorder to rest and refresh yourself for another hectic day at work or business , you will need some rest . This is what the white spot in the black portion represents . Similarly , Practice : You now know the significance and meaning of yin yang . Without giving much thought to where it originated and which religion it originally belonged to , you will need to harness the benefits of the yin yang to help you in your life . We did menton above that yin yang is not a religion , so you do not have to go to a church or temple to practise it . Similarly , it is not something like yoga for which you need to keep time aside each day or week to perform or practise . First We do hope that you have enjoyed and benefitted from this report on the yin yang . The report was compiled by the Kaisilver team . While we are not directly related to feng shui or any specific religion , we do take time out from our regular highend custom jewelry making activity , to share some interesting information or concepts that we come across . It is our way of giving back something to society - our progress and establishment in the gems and jewelry industry , has been supported by a wide section of wonderful people from across The Above Information Is Provided By http : / / www . kaijewels . com Some Custom Jewelry From Kaisilver A classic example of yin yang jewelry . A mens yin yang ring with black onyx gem stone and white mother of pearl . This gold or 925 sterling silver yin yang ring also includes a white diamond and a black diamond . . . more A gemstone yin yang ring , the center iolite gems tone is flanked by two etchings . The right side has a yin yang symbol and the left side has a lightning symbol . Custom made in gold or 925 silver with your choice of etchings . . . more A subtle representation of the yin yang on this plain band ring . A row of yin yang symbols is lightly etched all over the band of the ring . Can do deeper etching as shown in the MAN31 ring . Custom made in all ring sizes , gold or silver . . . The Kaisilver and Kaijewels online custom jewelry source today provides high end custom jewelry to over 11,000 jewelry buyers across 17 nations . All jewelry is custom made in Thailand with gem stones of your choice . Kaisilver has always welcomed gold and silver custom jewelry orders . The same care and attention is given to produce silver and gold jewelry . The same team of craftsmen , gemstone experts , designers and quality control experts works on gold and silver jewelry orders . Designs for all custom jewelry can be provided by the buyer , the wide range of | [
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http://leisurevale.com/ | Healing Heroes People Who Make A Difference Welcome to Leisure Vale Serving the Glendale community since 1987 When youre making a decision about the right place for retirement residency Leisure Vale should be at the top of your list We have served Glendale and the surrounding communities for 35 years This site will answer your questions about what to do first how families play a role and what to look for in an assited living center Although we have 112 apartments we know each resident by name and we have the unique ability to customize and accommodate the individual needs of our residents from what you like to eat to what activities you like to do even the places you like to visit Whether recovering from a recent health episode or simply searching for an assisted living environment our goal is to make sure you feel safe impeccably cared for We have a strong foundation built upon our three pillars of carecommunication collaboration and compassion Youll know from the moment you enter our front doors that families are welcome here as Leisure Vale is clean and bright and staffed by credentialed professionals that are experts in rehabilitation and compassionate care We encourage you to visit the rest of our site Check out our reviews and testimonials watch our videos and read about the extensive rehabilitation we practice to get our residents feeling like themselves again Then and schedule a tour We look forward to your arrival | [
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http://lemonmadestyle.com/ | LATEST SPECIALS NEWS New Line of Products Posted on Oct 20 2013 Lemonmade is pleased to present our new line of Products Weve developed a citrus fragranced Shampoo Conditioner and Soap Freshenup Lemonmade Style Braiding 101 Posted on Oct 20 2013 Next Class TBA Braiding 101 is designed to teach parents how to braid their daughters hair We start with the basics Braids French braids Dutch braids etc and move on to more intricate platting styles YOU bring your styling tools products hair accessories and your daughter WE provide the education and a guaranteed good time Blowdry Bootcamp Posted on Oct 20 2013 Held on a to be determined date Blowdry Bootcamp for Moms is designed for you to learn to do a salon quality blowout at home YOU bring all of your tools and and products WE provide the wine cheese and informative instruction A guaranteed good time for all Cost is 2500 RSVP required This is a | [
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http://lencd.org/learning/how-assess-existing-capacity-define-capacity-needs | How to assess existing capacity and define capacity needs Summary key points and action steps The starting point of any capacity development planning process is assessing existing capacity For any given context that means starting with the initial definition of capacity in response to the question Capacity for What which is then considered at the different levels Individual organisational networksector levels are framed in terms of performance and results and at the institutional level in terms of conditions but there may be overlap between these categories Steps in the process 1 Identify key actors and stakeholders and how to engage them in the assessment and analysis 2 Frame the assessment in terms of The definition of capacity and any capacity development framework that is being applied in the particular context being assessed The purpose of the assessment The mandate of the entity to be assessed Change readiness and stakeholder agreement about the need for the assessment 3 Decide what to assess and how to analyse data For example think about the Levels of capacity whatever the starting point going on tozoom in and zoom out will lead to a holistic understanding of all the factors enabling or inhibiting performance and capacity change see below for an example Types of capacity remember to assess both hard and soft capacities including powerdistribution incentives and sanctions leadership and values and beliefs Themes for application the capacity development framework will help to prioritise the areas for the assessment PLUS understanding gender and other cross cutting issues can be essential to gaining a comprehensive assessment 4 Choose the overall approach and specific tools An incremental approach starting with identification of existing capacity as the foundation for identifying realistic steps forward or A gap analysis starting with definition of how things should be then looking at how they are and defining the difference between the two as what is missing ie the gap There are many tools available for different aspects of assessment They can and should be adapted to local context The specific data needed and questions to ask will be determined by all the above factors Points to remember Every entity has an ongoing development process a history that not only created the present but can also help to inform the future Be pragmatic too much information can be as problematic as too little It is not necessary to know and analyse everything what is needed is sufficient relevant information for a good enough analysis so that the design of interventions will be appropriate and realistic Avoid sweeping generalisations in the analysis conclusions should be sufficiently focused to guide action Processes that support selfassessment are preferable because they are very effective for creating ownership of the analysis and buyin for any change initiatives that follow Introduction Assessing existing capacity should be the starting point of any capacity development planning process To be relevant and useful all capacity development initiatives need to be grounded very clearly in the practical realities of delivery against mandate so a great deal will be framed by the answer to the question Capacity for What linked to a development goal For example related to Millennium Development Goal to Achieve universal primary education a national education sector would need capacity to achieve the first target to Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling Capacity should be defined in terms of function and performance at all levels individual organisational networksector and institutional So whichever level is under consideration the assessment process has to start with understanding what the capacity is needed for Appropriate assessment of existing capacity and capacity needs can only be made when these background factors are clear and understood Who should do the assessment Many people and agencies have different interests and roles in capacity assessments In multistakeholder settings it is necessary to be selective about who should be involved at which stage It might be best for the starting point to be with a core group which expands and involves others over time For example local leadership is one of the important prerequisites for a successful process so that might be the best place to start There are power tools that help with a quick and dirty initial assessment of stakeholders in terms of leadership for the development goal Who can really lead Just as it isnt necessary to have all the information so it isnt necessary to involve all the stakeholders all the time A further point about ownership is that key stakeholders will only accept the findings if they feel they have been appropriately involved For example the management and staff of an education department might reject a critical report done by an external expert whereas if they have been asked to assess their own strengths and weaknesses any negative findings in the analysis will be accepted as true and reasonable So while contributions from and facilitation by external parties such as national or international consultants can be useful for a variety of reasons the core assessment activities need to directly involve the Ideally the assessment should be owned and driven by a relevant local institute or entity The team doing the assessment may be made up of local managers and staff international and national consultants each taking on different tasks and contributions through the steps of design implementation analysis and reporting Participants are the stakeholders who actually contribute information and opinions to the assessment They may be involved in selfassessment activities or asked to contribute in other ways Another group are those involved in different aspects of supporting the capacity assessment process for example by giving financial support facilitating connections to key A final important point is to safeguard the interest of less powerful stakeholders especially beneficiaries and traditionally marginalised groups This can be done by special consultation exercises or by identifying those who are able to speak on behalf of these groups Framing the assessment Before starting on any capacity assessment process there are several important considerations that need to be in place Any assessment that hasnt addressed these prerequisites is likely to be inaccurate incomplete or a waste of time and resources because key stakeholders have not engaged to support the process The factors are A definition of capacity and any capacity development framework that is being applied in the particular context under consideration See Core Concept section for discussion of these issues Having clarity about the definition and framework will help to guide other decisions such as the areas to be assessed and the choice of assessment tools Clarity about the purpose of the assessment based on the development goal for which capacity is needed the overarching answer to Capacity for what This will help to determine appropriate entry points for the assessment in the education example the entry point might be at the level of individual schools or perhaps at provincial departments Clarity about the mandate of the entity to be assessed The specific answer to Capacity for what ie what product or service outputs does the entity need to achieve in order to contribute towards the development goal Assessment of change readiness and stakeholder especially leadership agreement about the need for the assessment In most contexts factors in the enabling environment The enabling environment is not necessarily at the national level it also exists at subnational levels It is made up of political and relationship factors policies rules and norms priorities modes of operation and culture all of which exist within and across sectors and other types of social or functional systems are more important than any technical consideration for facilitating or blocking any initiative What to assess The entry point and focus of the assessment will be decided by several factors the way that capacity is defined any capacity development framework in use the mandate of the entity being assessed and the purpose of the assessment Again in the education example capacity could be defined as the ability to deliver the full primary education Components of the capacity would be resources such as the existence of the curriculum and the materials to teach it sufficient teachers with the right set of skills and knowledge and so on Where the entitys mandate is clear perhaps defined by law The core concept of capacity can help you to organise how you map out what to assess Think about the Levels of capacity wherever you start dont forget tozoom in and zoom out to get a holistic understanding of all the factors enabling or inhibiting performance and capacity change Zooming out to understand the enabling environment is especially important For example if you are assessing the provincial education department you will need to zoom out to the legislative environment and zoom in on schools and teachers Types of capacity it is important to go beyond assessing hard capacities such as technical skills structures financial systems work processes and so on to look also at soft capacities This includespower distribution incentives and sanctions leadership andvalues and beliefs Themes for application the capacity development framework will help to prioritise the areas for assessment For example according to the framework you might need to focus on human capacity systems and procedures knowledge management and good governance Cross cutting issues especially gender can be essential to gaining a comprehensive assessment The data specific assessment questions needed to gather the right information will vary according to all of these factors Choosing assessment frameworks and tools The approach to assessing capacity can start with choosing one of two basic questions What capacity is already in place or How should it be and what is missing and the choice will determine how the assessment is conducted What capacity is already in place starts the incremental approach of identifying existing capacity and using that as the foundation for moving forward How should it be and what is missing starts the gap analysis approach which works from how things should be then looks at how they are now and define the difference between the two as what is missing the gap An incremental approach has a much more positive feel to it and because of its affirmative starting point it is very helpful for involving targeted stakeholders in participatory selfassessment The incremental approach defines needs as realistic steps that will move the organisation forward in the right direction rather than aiming for ambitious highlevel capacity targets It has the advantage of being more flexible allowing key stakeholders to define what they consider to be important for the context including soft capacities and their role and importance in the overall analysis The main weakness of this approach is that the stakeholders may not necessarily The gap analysis tends to be based on externally defined criteria for full and effective functioning of the organisation or sector according to its mandate the ideal situation This approach can be helpful for some types of needs but it has three weaknesses that need to be taken into account when deciding whether or not to use it The first is that gap analyses tend not to recognise or value existing capacity sufficiently well to make it the starting point of new initiatives The second is that the statement of the ideal situation is often far too ambitious to be helpful in setting The difference between an incremental analysis and a gap analysis can be shown in a very simple example of a rural school If at present the school has the capacity to teach only the first two years of the primary school curriculum an incremental analysis would look at the strengths and capacities that enable the school to teach at that level and ask what does the school need to build on those existing capacities and move forward to teach year three The teaching staff and other local stakeholders would be the primary informants for the data gathering The gap analysis At the end of this page there is a list of assessment tools for different types and aspects of assessment However it is important to remember that these tools should not be considered as fixed formats Any tool can and should be adapted to local context and needs either by amending a single tool or by taking bits and pieces from several and merge them together Either process will facilitate deeper thinking about what is needed to achieve a meaningful assessment according to who needs to be involved and the circumstances in which it will be done Again it is Other points to take into consideration All organisations networks sectors and the individuals in them have a history of capacity development prior to the assessment This should be recognised as a process of evolution that has a past a present and will have a future Within this process of evolution many factors will explain the current capacity and how it was developed Capacity assessment frameworks need to look not only at the present but also at the journey to get there Understanding the developmental history will result in a better design of future initiatives In some countries and within some core development themes people may already have been involved in many different assessments Depending on how the assessments were conducted and what happened as a result the people concerned might be very cynical about the purpose and value of doing another one and this might make them resistant to engage or engage fully This situation could be described as assessment fatigue Time factors need to be considered in two important ways Firstly that there is enough time for the collection of data information Apart from anyone allocated or hired specifically to work on the assessment everyone else involved will still need to work on their routine tasks and responsibilities It is important to be sensitive to this fact and not plan the activities in a way that place an unhelpful burden on any individual or group Participants and key informants might not all be available at the same time so activities should be scheduled to allow for flexibility Secondly it is Another point is that it is important to avoid sweeping generalizations that can not be translated into practical actions Conclusions should be sufficiently focused to give good guidance to the design of interventions Some helpful assessment questions to work with What is being doneproduced that contributes to the organisational mandate What is enabling those outputs What soft capacities exist at institutional organisational and individual competency levels What hard capacities exist at institutional organisational and individual competency levels How has this capacity emerged or been developed What enabling environment factors explain the current capacity assets How can gender and other cross cutting issues be incorporated appropriately in the assessment process Assessments are often gender neutral but it can be of critical importance to gaining a comprehensive understanding of where capacity exists and is needed Again using the education example it may be necessary to set up processes for consulting mothers to ensure that their opinions about education for boys and girls are heard and their ideas for what they can contribute to bringing about change Have all relevant stakeholders and ways to involve them in the assessment and analysis been identified What local capacity is available to manage a capacity development process Last point Too much information can be as problematic as too little It isnt necessary to know and analyse everything only to be pragmatic in ensuring sufficient relevant information to do good enough analysis for the design of interventions to be appropriate and realistic Some points to consider about the assessment process Is it clear and agreed why the capacity assessment will be done Is the capacity assessment involving all the key organisations andor units whose performance is central to the achievement of the wider sector objectives Are all stakeholders including beneficiaries appropriately involved in the assessment process Is sufficient attention given to the political and power dimensions of the organisations in addition to the rational functional dimensions Are previous parallel or planned capacity assessment processes sufficiently taken into consideration Is the assessment process placing a reasonable burden on the organisations considering other priorities and tasks Is the feedback and decision making process related to the assessment reasonably specified and made clear to all concerned Are the conclusions from the analysis sufficiently substantiated by facts figures and arguments Some helpful assessment tools EuropeAid 2010 Toolkit for Capacity Development Tools and Methods Series Reference Document No 6 European Commission EuropeAid 2005 Institutional Assessment and Capacity Development Why What and How Tools and methods Series Reference Document No 1 European Commission ChangeSource Pty Ltd Change Management Toolbook FAO 2010 FAO Capacity Assessment Approach and Tools ILO 2007 A Manual for Gender Audit Facilitators The ILO participatory gender audit methodology International Labour Organization Moser Caroline 2005 An Introduction to Gender Audit Methodology Its design and implementation in DFID Malawi Overseas Development Institute ODI UN Viet Nam 2009 UN Viet Nam Gender Audit Report John Gaventa 2005 Reflections on the Uses of the Power Cube Approach for Analyzing the Spaces Places and Dynamics of Civil Society Participation and Engagement CFP evaluation series 20032006 no 4 Mfp Breed Netwerk Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency 2000 Analysis of needs for capacity development Capacity Development Working Paper No 4 This page was drawn from the following documents EuropeAid 2005 Institutional Assessment and Capacity Development Why What and How Tools and methods Series Reference Document No 1 European Commission UNDP Capacity Assessment Practice Note and Users Guide Baser H and P Morgan with J Bolger D Brinkerhoff A Land S Taschereau D Watson and J Zinke 2008 Capacity Change and Performance Insights and Implications for Development Cooperation European Centre for Development Policy Management Maastricht Next section How to design the overall capacity development approach and an evolving mix of best fit methods and tools na | [
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http://lenski.com/you-say-youre-a-certified-mediator-says-who/ | You say you โ re a certified mediator . Says who ? Diane Levin blogged about five mediation career myths worth debunking . It โ s a terrific post and her list is on - target : 1 . Twenty - four ( or 30 or 40 ) hours of training is all you need to become a mediator . 2 . Lawyers are already qualified to mediate by virtue of their profession and need little if any mediation training . 3 . Lawyers always make the best mediators ( or , alternatively , only lawyers can be mediators ) . 4 . Online training in mediation is a great way to get certified as a mediator . 5 . I can make big money as a mediator โ right after I finish my 30 - hour training . Good , good list . So I think it deserves one more : 6 . I โ m a certified mediator . You are , are you ? Are you sure ? Says who ? Here โ s the speech I deliver at the end of the occasional Basic Mediation course I teach : โ Ok , so you โ re all about to complete this course . You โ re about to receive a certificate , a pretty little thing , that proves you put in your time . The certificate does not mean you โ re certified . It means you โ re certificated . Let me repeat : It does not mean you โ re certified . This is not a certifying agency or body . And if I find you โ re out there telling people you โ re a certified mediator after taking this workshop , I will track you down with bloodhounds . โ There โ s a huge difference between putting in the seat time and getting a certificate of completion and being a truly certified mediator , still a bit of a rare animal in the U.S. Though if you open your local yellow pages , you โ d be tempted to conclude otherwise . Certified or just โ certificated โ ? Certification in the U.S. is a slippery little sucker . There are some certifying programs , but not nearly as many as there are mediation trainers claiming to certify you . Or who conveniently look the other way when you misunderstand and start calling yourself a certified mediator without legitimate certification . Who certifies ? Depends on where you are and how fast and loose you are with the definition . Me , I โ m a stickler on this stuff because I do n โ t think it โ s ok to put one over on an ill - informed public . They see โ certified โ and they make some assumptions that are less accurate than they ever dream in far too many circumstances for my comfort . And as long as we โ re a fast and loose profession on this , we โ ll continue to have a Beware of false prophets So , who โ s a legitimate certifier ? In my mind these kinds of places belong on the list : Court programs , though I โ ll echo Diane here and say that 30 - 40 hours is pretty bare bones for anyone , even if you think you โ ve got natural talent or a prior degree you think tells you all you need to know . Programs created by statute and regulated by an oversight board , such as the Marital Mediation Certification Board in my state of NH . State , regional or national associations , such as ACR . They do n โ t do it , but I sure wish they โ d pick the issue back up . In the absence of leadership , others who should n โ t be are filling the vacuum . Programs like Mediate . com โ s and IMI โ s , because I think these groups are trying to be very thoughtful about how to fill the gap left by our professional associations . What about everyone else ? If they โ re not on the above list , do I think they โ re taking advantage of new professionals desperate to create a modicum of credibility ? No โฆ and yes . No , because I do n โ t pretend to have enough knowledge of all those out there who offer โ certification , โ nor of how thoughtful , thorough and right - minded they โ ve been about it . Yes , because I โ m always troubled by self - proclaimed prophets . And certifiers . There are so many training programs out there , some superb , some far less so , and a lot of these claim certification as part of their marketing . And it begs this question : Who says someone should be able to โ certify โ other mediators simply because they decide to do so ? Because there โ s a market willing to fork over the bucks for the title , not knowing any better ? Protect yourself by asking your mediation trainer these questions before you buy : The candid guide to getting great mediation training It remains as true as the first time it was ever uttered : Caveat emptor | [
"certified mediator"
] |
http://leon.ifas.ufl.edu/News_Columns/2001/123001.pdf | UF / IFAS Extension Leon County UF / IFAS Leon Extension is a federal , state , and county partnership throughout Florida , with the mission to improve our lives by developing knowledge in agriculture , natural resources , and the life sciences and to make that knowledge accessible to sustain and enhance the quality of human life . Contact marcusb @ ufl . edu ( 850 ) 606 - 5200 615 Paul Russell Rd . Tallahassee , FL 32301 Hours Monday - Friday 8am - 5pm Sort by Your Interest Trending Now Spring into Gardening Have you ever imagined planting a small garden and growing vegetables for your family ? It may seem like a difficult and daunting project , but I assure you the benefits of growing your own vegetables far outweigh the reservations and roadblocks that may have previously stood in your way . Among these benefits include increased physical activity , stress relief , better mental health , and better nutrition 04 / 30 / 2018 Spring Clean Your Finances Just like your home , finances need regular โ cleaning โ and maintenance . Plan time this spring to focus on financial tasks 04 / 10 / 2019 What ' s Going on Near You Leon County Sustainable Community Summit UF / IFAS Extension Agents and Master Gardeners of Leon County have partnered with the Leon County Office of Resource Stewardship to lead multiple educational activities at this year โ s Leon County Sustainable Community Summit . The conference is breaking out of the indoors this year and will be held at the beautiful J 03 / 18 / 2019 Stand Up for Your Health http : / / nwdistrict . ifas 08 / 09 / 2018 Peanut Butter Challenge Fights Hunger , One Jar at a Time We hear a lot about hunger . You โ ve no doubt seen public service announcements on television , asking you to give to charitable organizations to help feed people 10 / 04 / 2018 Get a Jump Start on Your Spring Cleaning I love spring cleaning . Well , I love spring 03 / 20 / 2019 Wells Water Safety after Hurricane Michael PSA FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Wells Water Safety after Hurricane Michael October 22 , 2018 To be read on the air or issued in print . After a hurricane , is your well water safe to use ? If your private well or septic system was damaged during the storm , your well water may be contaminated with harmful bacteria 10 / 23 / 2018 View All Upcoming Events More Articles ยป | [
"UF / IFAS",
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http://leonarddevelopment.com/aboutus/index.html | The Company At Leonard Development Company we use a fee development approach to create buildings to suit your specific needs . By utilizing our services , companies like yours are able to focus on conducting day - to - day business while we handle the management and development of your building project . We are results oriented , so we are constantly looking out for your bottom line while handling all aspects of the development process โ from land acquisition , preliminary design and engineering , entitlement , design review and construction through certificate of occupancy . We have strong , long - term relationships with contractors , architects and engineers as well as with municipalities within the region , ensuring your project is produced with quality and economics in mind . John Leonard President With nearly 25 years experience in commercial real estate , John Leonard founded Leonard Development Company after realizing a need for fee development services . Through John โ s careful oversight , Leonard Development Company has successfully completed , for a fee or as an equity owner , numerous high profile development projects . John is actively involved in each project , utilizing his seasoned development experience and relationships to ensure that each project is delivered on time and within budget . Prior to founding Leonard Development Company , John worked for Buzz Oates real estate brokerage firm specializing in retail , commercial , office , and industrial properties . John is currently active in Boy Scouts of America and serves on the Board of Directors of the West Sacramento Chamber of Commerce . As the past President he was honored with the Business Person of the Year Award . John is a member , and past board member for four years , with the Association of Commercial Real Estate where he was nominated for the Humanitarian of the Year Award . John holds a B.S. in Finance and Real Estate from California State University , San Diego . | [
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http://leopardgeckos.co.za/food-leopard-gecko-food.htm | Leopard Gecko Food Please note , we are in the process of upgrading LeopardGeckos . co . za to a new and faster site ! - Please click here to go there . If there are broken links on the ' old ' site , please ignore them . For the latest on our progress Like our Facebook site ! Leopard geckos are mainly insectivorous , meaning they accept various feeder insects and the occasional vertebrate . Pet Leopard geckos should be offered a variety of insects , including crickets , Dubia roaches and other feeder cockroaches , Phoenix worms , mealworms , waxworms , silkworms , fly ants and nestling mice . It is best to offer a combination of these feedstuffs not only to ensure a well balanced diet , but also to include a variety to prevent boredom . At least half of the daily Leopard gecko food should consist of commercial gut loaded insects like crickets Leopard Gecko Crickets Leopard gecko crickets contain most of the main nutritional ingredients , namely carbohydrates , protein , fats , minerals , vitamins and water . Their practicality , availability , efficiency and ease of culturing put them in the number one spot when it comes to Leopard gecko food . Leopard gecko crickets should be gut loaded from at least twenty four hours prior to feeding . Leopard Gecko Mealworms It is said that mealworms are very tasty to Leopard geckos and once they are spoiled they can refuse to eat anything else . Leopard gecko mealworms also contain high amounts of fat , but relatively low amounts of protein and calcium . Luckily Leopard geckos are known to do very well on " mealworm only " diets . Although this is the case , this Leopard gecko foodstuff should always be balanced out with other feeder insects . Leopard Gecko Dubia Roaches Leopard gecko Dubia roaches is a relative new addition to the reptile food market . They should be tasty and exciting for your Leopard gecko to eat . Dubia roaches are smaller than other popular commercial Leopard gecko cockroaches and should be easier to feed to baby geckos . Leopard Gecko Silkworms Leopard gecko silkworms is a very good food source for these lizards . It is high in protein and calcium and it seems like Leopard geckos of all ages enjoy them . Leopard Gecko Phoenix Worms Leopard gecko Phoenix worms ยฎ are a relatively new addition to the feeder insect market . This Leopard gecko food item has been developed as a delicious , balanced and nutritious foodstuff . Phoenix worms are soft bodied are said to be naturally high in calcium . Leopard Gecko Waxworms As with mealworms , Leopard gecko waxworms are also tasty and very high in fat , but low amounts of protein . Leopard Gecko Trevo Worms Also called Butter worms , Leopard gecko Trevo worms are large , fat worms with a high fat and calcium content . | [
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http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/faqs/legs.html | How many legs do Caterpillars have ? Most caterpillars also have up to five pairs of prolegs . The prolegs are not segmented , but are cylindrical . They are used for walking and clinging , as they have a set of microscopic hooks on the base ( crochets ) . The last pair of prolegs on the anal abdominal segment are usually called claspers . So in all , they have 16 legs : they are hexadecapodal . full set of six true legs and ten prolegs : - Caterpillar of Psalidostetha banksiae NOTODONTIDAE The larvae of other species of insects such as wasps and flies can have more than 16 legs . full set of six true legs and fourteen prolegs : - Larva of a Sawfly HYMENOPTERA ( not a true caterpillar ) Photo : courtesy of Jenni Horsnell , Wagga Wagga Caterpillars with all 16 legs walk with a ripple motion . only eight prolegs : - Caterpillar of Anomis flava NOCTUIDAE The Caterpillars of some species have atrophied prolegs , and appear to only have 8 , 6 , or 4 prolegs . only six prolegs : - Chrysodeixis eriosoma NOCTUIDAE These caterpillars move in a looper motion . only four prolegs : - Scopula perlata GEOMETRIDAE Some have no prolegs at all , and move in a slug - like motion . no prolegs at all : - upside down caterpillar of Doratifera vulnerans LIMACODIDAE The 6 true legs on the thorax are retained through pupation and are transformed into the legs of the adult . However , in the metamorphosis , the all prolegs disappear . Also , one pair of true legs may have atrophied over the millenia through evolution , so that many butterfly species have only four legs , for example : previous FAQ Australian butterflies Australian Lepidoptera moths next FAQ ( updated 11 April 2013 , 23 November 2018 ) | [
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http://lerablog.org/health/types-of-brain-lesions-and-symptoms/ | Health Types of Brain Lesions and Symptoms June 26 , 2013 3 : 36 pm Are you a victim of brain lesions but somehow not aware of what exactly does it mean and its symptoms and causes ? Well , you have landed on the right page to learn more about this unsettled and confusing health problem . What is brain lesion ? Brain lesion refers to the growth of abnormal tissue in or on the brain tissue . It is a disease or an area of injury within the brain . Lesions can be characterized according to whether or not they are cancerous or non - cancerous . For instance , malignant lesion is cancerous whereas benign lesion is non - cancerous . What causes brain lesions ? Brain lesions can be caused by injury , exposed to chemicals , plaques , dead brain cell , and issue with the immune system , infection , malignancy , genetic , vascular , benign and trauma . What are the different types of brain lesions ? Cerebral infarction : A cerebral infarction or stroke refers to the death of brain cells or tissues due to lack of blood . Infarction has two further categories . These include : Multiple sclerosis : Under this condition , the immune system attacks and damages the nerve lining of the brain and towards the spinal cord . This type of lesions makes it difficult to send and receive messages properly between the brain and the body . Cerebral palsy : This occurs normally during pregnancy . The lesion directly affects the child ' s ability to move and also damages communication and other related skills . Abscesses : These are area of infection , including inflamed and pus tissues . Although they are not common , however , they are highly life threatening . Brain abscesses usually occur in areas such as sinus , ear or occur after dental infection . They can also occur after a brain injury or surgery . Tumours : Tumours grow abnormally from normal tissues . They usually start in the brain and gradually spread elsewhere in the body . Tumours may either grow quickly or can remain stable . Arteriovenous malformations : This type occurs during the early development . Veins and arteries in the brain grow in a tangle and get connected with a structure called fistulae . These arteries are not as strong as normal arteries and the veins are enlarged because of the continuous blood flow straight from the arteries to the veins . These fragile vessels get damaged as blood leaks into the brain . The brain tissue on the contrary may not receive enough blood to function properly . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . What are the symptoms of brain lesion ? Abnormal cell reflex in the eye that is caused either by retinoblastoma or cataracts Bulging fontanelle where an area of the thin membrane and skin covering the brain expands and bulge outward due to outward abnormal pressure in the brain Changes in personality , mood , mental ability , behaviour and concentration Lack of appetite , feeling of nausea and vomiting Skull sutures not closing properly due to brain tissue expansion or pressure Headache , neck pain or stiffness . How to treat brain lesions ? There are different methods to treat brain lesions . These includeรข โฌ ยฆ Use of antibiotics and steroids Surgical treatment Anti - clotting agent as plasminogen activator Radiation and chemotherapy Medication to treat immune system response . As soon as you observe any such symptoms as mentioned above , immediately consult a doctor and get your problem diagnosed properly . | [
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http://lerablog.org/technology/electronics/mobile-devices/setting-up-a-dual-sim-phone/ | Mobile devices Setting Up A Dual SIM Phone May 7 , 2013 6 : 33 am If you โ ve been looking around for a new mobile phone recently , then you might have noticed some dual SIM devices . Dual SIM mobile phones are exactly what they say they are , a single phone that allows you to simultaneously use two SIM cards . There are many reasons that someone may want to do this . People who are required to use a business phone but forbidden to use that phone for personal calls may carry a dual SIM phone to allow them to use both their accounts on the same phone . Similarly for Your Initial Steps As with any new mobile phone , the first thing that you should do is plug your new dual SIM phone into the electric socket to charge . Leaving a new phone to charge for eight hours will ensure that you get the maximum battery life out of your device . While your phone is charging , make sure that you have both your SIM cards on hand , as well as any passwords or account codes that you may need to activate your SIM cards . Choosing Your Primary Number When your phone is fully charged , remove the charging cable from the phone so that it โ s no longer connected to the electrical current , and then take off the back cover of the phone . Remove the battery and note the two SIM card slots beneath it . Take a look at the manual that came with your phone to see if your model automatically designates one SIM slot to be your primary number . If it does then put your primary SIM card into that slot . Your primary SIM card is the one that you Turn Your Phone On What do you think about this ? Interesting Not Interesting Share Tweet Once your phone is on , if you did not choose a primary SIM card before , you will now be prompted to do so . Simply enter the number of the SIM you want to be your primary card . And you should be ready to go . The primary card will be your default one for making calls , though a menu option should allow you to switch between the two . And calls will automatically be received from both accounts . Phil Turner is a satisfied user of dual SIM mobile phones and highly recommends the use of this incredible and convenient device for business and or personal use . A post by Kidal D . ( 3674 Posts Kidal D . is author at LeraBlog . The author ' s views are entirely his / her own and may not reflect the views and opinions of LeraBlog staff . Chief editor and author at LERAblog , writing useful articles and HOW TOs on various topics . Particularly interested in topics such as Internet , advertising , SEO , web development , and business . One Comment Guy October 20 , 2013 at 5 : 40 pm Reply Is there a way to divide roles such that by default one SIM is for voice and the other one is for data ? Do you have any questions ? Please ask . | [
"Setting Up",
"Dual SIM Phone",
"Initial Steps"
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http://lessonplanspage.com/205sat-html/ | Saturn Subject : Science Grades : 5 , 6 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Classification Using the classification based on size , Saturn is one of the giant planets . These planets are also known as the the gas giants . The other three giants planets are Jupiter Uranus and Neptune . These gas giants all have diameters greater than 48000 kilometers . The other planets , Mercury , Venus Earth Mars and Pluto are called the small planets . The small planets all have diameters less than 13000 kilometers . Where is It ? Saturn is the sixth planet in the solar system , located between Jupiter Uranus . Saturn is much further away from the Sun than the Earth is . Its average distance from the Sun is 1427 million kilometers . , compared to Earth โ s which is 150 million kilometers . Saturn โ s orbit , the path it follows around the Sun , is nearly a circle . The closest the as planet comes to the Sun is around 1300 million kilometers . , while the furthest away it gets is around 1500 million kilometers . How Did It Get Its Name ? Saturn was named after the Roman god of agriculture . In Roman mythology Saturn was the father of Jupiter . Saturn is also the origin , of the word โ Saturday โ . How long are its years and days ? Since Saturn is so far away from the Sun , it takes a very long time for it to go around the Sun once . One year on Saturn , the amount of time it takes for this trip , is 29.5 years . A day on Saturn , though , is much shorter than one Earth day . The giant planet spins around , or rotates , once every ten and one - half hours . How Big Is It ? Saturn is the second - largest planet in the solar system . is the only planet that is bigger . The gas giant is 120000 kilometers . in diameter , almost ten times the size of Can It Be Seen From Earth ? Saturn can be seen without a telescope . Saturn is easy to pick out in the sky because it is one of the brightest lights in the sky . Also , the planet has a very faint greenish color that makes it stand out from the rest of the things in the sky . What Is It Made Of ? Saturn is a lot like , in that it is a gas planet , made of mostly of hydrogen and helium . Saturn is a lot lighter , or less dense , than Jupiter . The combination of its light weight and speedy rotation causes Saturn to spread out , or oblate , at its center . Jupiter spreads out at its center , too , like the rest of the gas planets , but not nearly as much as Saturn . What Is It Like on The Surface ? Since Saturn is a gas planet , it does not have a solid surface like does . Landing a spacecraft on Saturn would be like trying to land an airplane on a cloud . The clouds that are seen when Saturn is viewed through a telescope are just the top of a very deep layer that covers a center of liquid hydrogen . The clouds on Saturn are blown by constant winds that can blow at speeds up to 1600 kilometers . per hour at the equator , or center , of the planet . Saturn does have different colored spots , or features , in its clouds , but nothing that is as spectacular as the Great Red Spot on How Many Moons Does It Have ? Saturn has at least eighteen moons , more than any other planet in our solar system . The Voyager missions took pictures of what might be at least six more moons . The Cassini mission will verify this . The many moons of Saturn play an important part in keeping the shape of Saturn โ s spectacular rings . One of Saturn โ s most interesting moons is Titan , which has a very thick atmosphere , or blanket of air , surrounding it . The atmosphere on Titan contains a lot of nitrogen . Scientists believe that Titan may have liquid water on its surface . The Cassini space mission will land a probe , or special landing craft , on Titan to try to answer these and other questions . Does it have any special features ? The Rings The beautiful rings that are Saturn โ s most famous feature are absolutely huge . The rings are about 260000 kilometers . in diameter . That is two - thirds of the distance from to the Moon . The rings are very , very thin when compared to their width . They average less than 15 meters thick . This explains why the rings seem to disappear when Saturn is viewed from the edge . There are several gaps in the rings and even the parts that appear to be solid are not solid at all , but are made up of billions of snowballs , ranging from the size of a cricket ball to bigger than a house . The gaps in Saturn โ s rings are caused by the many moons that circle the giant planet . The moons keep the rings lined up . One of the bands in Saturn โ s rings is braided , much like a pigtail . Saturn โ s weight is another feature . In spite of its huge size Saturn is weighs very little . It is a very light gas planet . Saturn is so light that it could float in water . Resources Used Astronomy for Kids www . dustbunny . com / afk / Small Worlds David Drew : Nelson , 1989 The Gas Giants David Drew : Nelson , 1989 Solar System Unit | Classification | Glossary Images from : Astronomy Picture of the Day E - Mail Helen | [
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"giant planets",
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http://lessonplanspage.com/ladivisionofsyllablesinspanish612-htm/ | Division of Syllables in Spanish Subject : Language Arts Grades : 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 Title โ Division of Syllables in Spanish By โ Charles Alonso Primary Subject โ Language Arts Grade Level โ 6 - 12 Lesson Scope : Primary Topic : Spanish Syllables Secondary Topics : Rules for Stress NC Standard Course of Study โ Grades 6 - 8 ( Exploratory ) โ Competency Goal 5 : 5.01 โ Identify the sound patterns of the target language and compare them to his / her own language ( s ) . 5.02 โ Recognize similarities and differences in the ways languages are written ( e.g. , alphabet / characters , symbols ) in the target language and his / her own language ( s ) . Lesson : To reinforce the lessons involving learning about the correct pronunciation of Spanish words , the teacher will explain how words that the students already know very well follow the rules for stress and the correct way to divide words into syllables . Students are asked to bring their notebooks and a pencil every day . Depending on the time allotted for the class , a teacher may have to allow 2 - 3 class periods for this activity . The teacher will ask the students to write and keep in their notebooks a list of twenty words they already know in Spanish ( this list could be a homework assignment given the day before ) . The teacher should make sure that all the students have a list ( the teacher should have copies of a list of twenty simple words in Spanish for those students that are just starting or low achievers ) . As the teacher discusses the correct spelling and the correct pronunciation of some of their words , the students may add to their lists additional words from the class discussion . Once the lists are completed and corrected , the teacher may divide the class into groups of two or three students , allowing them time to compare their lists . ( This may be all that the teacher will be able to complete in the first lesson . ) The students are then presented with a copy of the โ Rules for Division of Syllables in Spanish . โ The teacher may have a transparency prepared for this lesson or even a really nice PowerPoint presentation with each of the five rules and many examples . Students are asked to give examples from their list for each of the five rules . The last lesson will be conducted as an open notebook evaluation . The teacher will present the students with a list of twenty new words , either as a handout or on a transparency . To the right of each new word the students will divide the words into syllables , write the rule number being used , and give the English translation . The teacher may assess each student โ s work by one - on - one discussion , group discussion , or a written test that the teacher will grade . DIVISION OF SYLLABLES IN SPANISH by Charles Alonso โ www . wildernessmission . net Spanish Rules of Stress A - B - C For words with a written accent mark : If a word has a written accent mark , then put more stress on the syllable with the written accent mark ( รก - รฉ - รญ - รณ - รบ โ only vowels have a written accent mark ) . Mรฉ - xi - co Pe - rรบ Pa - na - mรก For words without a written accent mark : If a word ends in a consonant , except N or S , then put more stress on the last syllable : pa - pel can - tar ha - blar If a word ends in a vowel , N or S , then put more stress on the next to the last syllable : ga - to ha - blo Division of Syllables 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 Make syllables one consonant first followed by one vowel ( as much as possible and wherever possible ) . Examples : ( Put more stress on the bold syllable ) CA - SA = house GA - TO = cat TE - Lร - FO - NO = telephone MA - Mร = mom GOR - DO = fat A - NO - CHE = last night Only one strong vowel per syllable . STRONG VOWELS : A E O ร ร WEAK VOWELS : I or U ( without a written accent mark ) . Examples : ( Put more stress on the bold syllable ) TO - A - LLA = towel A - E - RO - PUER - TO = airport O - SO = bear FE - O = ugly Tร - O = uncle NOTE : The letter I or U ( without a written accent mark ) can be alone only at the beginning of a word . U - RU - GUAY = Uruguay I - TA - LIA = Italy U - NI - DO = united I - GUAL same GUA - NA = iguana LOS ES - TA - DOS U - NI - DOS = The United States Never separate a diphthong โ What is a diphthong ? A DIPHTHONG is when you see โ I or U together with any other vowel . NOTE : I or U must be without a written accent mark . The other vowel may or may not have a written accent mark . JUAN John MA - RIO = Mario CA - MIรN truck BUE - NO = good PIA - NO = piano AC - CIรN action ES - TU - DIAN - TE = student PUER - TA = door NOTE : Do divide when it is not a diphthong . When the letter I or U has a written accent mark , it becomes strong . Dร - AS = days Tร uncle MA - Rร - A = Mary PA - RA - ร - AO = paradise Divide two consonants that are between two vowels . CUรN - DO ? = when DรN - DE ? = where PRIN - CI - PAL principal CAR - TE - RO = mailman EXCEPTION : When the letter L or R has a consonant before and a vowel after , keep them all together in the same syllable . PRI - MO = cousin INS - TRU - MEN instrument CLA - SE = class ES - TRE - CHO = narrow DIA - BLO = devil DO - BLA - DI - LLO = hem Never separate : CH , LL , RR โ They are considered one letter . CHI - NA = China MU - CHA - CHO = teen boy PE - RRO = dog ( m ) CA - RRI little car GA - LLO = rooster A - MA - RI yellow NOTE : Divide these two double consonants : CC & NN . AC - CIรN action IN - NU - ME - RA - BLE = innumerable RE - AC - Reaction IN - NE - CE - SA - RIO = unnecessary Quick Reference Notes : DIVISION OF SYLLABLES IN SPANISH Make syllables one consonant first , followed by one vowel ( as much as possible ) . Only one strong vowel per syllable . Strong vowels : A E O ร ร Weak vowels : I or U ( without a written accent mark ) . Never separate a diphthong . A diphthong is when you see I or U together with another vowel . Note : I or U must be without a written accent . Divide two consonants that are between two vowels . Exception : When the letter L or R has a consonant before and a vowel after , keep them all together in the same syllable . Never separate : CH LL RR . They are considered one letter . Divide these double consonants : CC & NN . If a word ends in a consonant , except N or S then put more stress on the last syllable If a word ends in a vowel , N or S then put more stress on the next to the last syllable E - Mail Charles Alonso | [
"Syllables",
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http://lessonplanspage.com/math/third-grade/ | Third Grade Lesson Plans for Math Subjects PREV 1 - 20 of 267 NEXT Multiplication Flipbooks Students will make a multiplication flipbook of strategies to use throughout the year to strengthen multiplication fluency and problem solving skills . STANDARDS CCSS . Math . Content . 3 . OA . A . 1 Interpret products of whole numbers . OBJECTIVES Students will define product as the result of multiplication . Students will โฆ Subjects : Common Core , Math Grades : 2 , 3 Reading Analog and Digital Clocks Common Core Standards CCSS . 2 . MD . C . 7 Tell and write times from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes , AM and PM . OBJECTIVES : Students will read and write times from analog and digital clocks to the nearest 5 minutes . MATERIALS : โฆ Subjects : Common Core , Math Grades : 2 , 3 Creating Floor Plans in Excel OBJECTIVES Students will identify geometric patterns , practice measuring and drawing to scale , find perimeters and areas , improve business application technology skills , incorporate algebra and geometry skills and learn to appreciate a variety of home types . MATERIALS Measuring tape Microsoft Excel โฆ Computers & Internet , Math 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Rainbows to Snowflakes : A Thematic Unit to Accompany Sometimes Snow Falls in the Summer by Deb Troehler Rainbows to Snowflakes : A Thematic Unit for Use in Grades K - 3 The following activities were created to accompany Sometimes Snow Falls in the Summer , by Deb Troehler . Please see the attachment for photos and worksheets mentioned below . Table of Contents 1 . Where โฆ Art , Language Arts , Math , Science K , 1 , 2 , 3 Are You Ready for the Test ? Compete , Review , and Build โฆ Brick by Brick ! Subject Area : Science and Math Prep Time : 15 minutes Class Time : 30 minutes a day for 5 days ( week before standardized testing ) Grade Levels : 3 โ 5 Grade wide Competition : 3 to โฆ Math , Science 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Permuting Paper ( and or ) Permuting People Both lessons are described below . Permuting Paper To begin , I typically ask kids how many different ways 10 students can line up . I let them guess and write guesses on the board . Commonly , their guesses are off by a couple of โฆ Math , Science 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 Math Manipulatives Lesson Plan Lesson Summary : Students use two - dimensional illustrations to create three - dimensional models . Using cubes , the students figure the number of cubes used to create the object in the two - dimensional illustration . Students learn that not all cubes are visible in the two - dimensional illustrations that are โฆ Subject : Math 2 , 3 , 4 Review of Multiplication Objectives of Lesson / Learner Objective : Students will practice their Multiplication facts by review Minnesota Academic Standards in Mathematics 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 โ Demonstrate mastery of multiplication and division basic facts ; multiply multi - digit numbers ; solve real - world and mathematical problems using arithmetic . Benchmark โ Demonstrate fluency with โฆ Subject : Math 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Addition of two and three digit whole numbers Title โ Addition of two and three digit whole numbers By โ Kristy Brooten Primary Subject โ Math Secondary Subjects โ Grade Level โ 3 Concept to be taught : Addition of two and three digit whole numbers with trading of tens for hundreds โฆ Grade : 3 8 days on Deafness and American Sign Language Title โ 8 days on Deafness and American Sign Language By โ Kindall Nelson Primary Subject โ Language Arts Secondary Subjects โ Math , Social Studies , Music , Art Grade Level โ 2 - 4 This is an integrated unit plan consisting of five classroom subjects โฆ Art , Language Arts , Math , Music , Social Studies 2 , 3 , 4 Time is Money Title โ Time is Money By โ Tonya Corum Primary Subject โ Math Grade Level โ 3rd OVERVIEW : Students will learn what total cost means in this lesson . The students will help set up the classroom like a store . Students will buy โฆ Grade : 3 Prime Numbers Title โ Prime Numbers by โ Yasmen Ali Subject โ Math Grade Level โ 3rd or 4th Objective : The objective of this lesson is to give students more practice in factors and multiples . Students will also be introduced to prime and composite โฆ 3 , 4 PowerPoint is used here to reinforce the use of operations and how they relate to one another Title โ Operations and PowerPoint By โ Theresa Robichaud Primary Subject โ Math Secondary Subjects โ Computers / Internet Grade Level โ 3 - 5 Content : This lesson uses PowerPoint and group work to reinforce the use of operations and how operations relate to โฆ Computers & Internet , Math 3 , 4 , 5 This is an โ Exploration of Fractions โ Cathy Krzewki Topic : Fractions Title : Exploring Fractions Grade : 3 Materials : Index cards Scissors Description of Activity : Have students work in small groups preparing sets of fraction cards . Have students write a fraction on the bottom of each card . Then draw a corresponding โฆ This is a Tic - Tac - Toe game idea that can be used with any math problems Title โ Math Tic Tac Toe By โ Jenni Schoenberger Primary Subject โ Math Secondary Subjects โ Math Grade Level โ 1 - 4 This game is for two groups of students . They are labeled X โ and โ O โ . The โ X โ group begins . One โฆ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 A lesson on Addition and Place Value involving creating a Mathematical Board Title โ Place Value By โ Jamie Rettke Subject โ Math Grade Level โ 2 - 4 Note from LessonPlansPage . com : This lesson plan uses an attachment that is not included . You may be able to create your own version of the attachment , do without โฆ After discussing infinity and Faberge , students decorate paper Easter eggs in this idea demonstrating the โ infinite โ possibilities of human imagination Title โ Easter Egg Infinity Activity By โ Antionette B . Kimball Primary Subject โ Math Secondary Subject โ Art Grade Level โ 3 - 6 Introduction : For math class at Easter time , encourage thinking about infinity in a concrete manner . Here are some concrete โฆ Art , Math 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Here a fraction circle manipulative is used Title โ Introducing Fractions By โ M . Burrell Primary Subject โ Math Grade Level โ 3 - 5 Purpose : The purpose of this lesson is for students to introduce students to fractions through the use of a manipulative . Materials : Fraction circles Introduction : Today , we โฆ 3 , 4 , 5 โ The Greedy Grab โ is a new idea for teaching greater and less than signs Title โ Greedy Grab By โ Crystal Davenport Primary Subject โ Math Grade Level โ 2 - 5 This is an idea for teaching kids greater than and less than signs . Many teachers use the Gator and Pacman to teach the sign and โฆ A Math lesson on attributes and logic Karen Engelkenjohn Kerrin Koederitz Todd Wolfe Name of Activity Village of the Tacky Dressers Topic Logic , attribute recognition Grade Level : 1 โ 3 Materials Needed : 3 Poster board โ villages โ Pictures of typical villages Color markers Story and sample questions Description of Activity โฆ 1 , 2 , 3 PREV 1 - 20 of 267 NEXT | [
"Multiplication Flipbooks",
"Math Subjects"
] |
http://lessonplanspage.com/peultimatefootballidea412-htm/ | This ultimate football game idea gets students used to throwing and catching a football with a defender Subject PE Health Grades 4 5 6 7 8 Title Ultimate Football By Brent Gaynor Primary Subject Health Physical Education Grade Level 48 Standards 1 and 2 Purpose of Activity To get students used to throwing and catching a football with a defender Materials Needed Football or any type ball you feel is appropriate Jerseys Description of Idea Begin by splitting the students into teams and give them jerseys They should stand in front of a partner with the opposite color jersey This is now the person they will be guardingthrowing and catching against They are not allowed to guard any other player on the field or court The activity should start in the opposing teams end zone and the students will try to go the length of the field by throwing and catching the football They are not to run when in possession of the ball Once they catch the ball the player should stop and look for another teammate to throw the football to Once they throw the ball they may run out for a pass The object is to go to the end zone without dropping a pass or having a pass broken up by your opponent If a ball is not caught the ball is given to the other team at that spot and they are now trying to score When the students are guarding their opponent it is important that they stand three feet in front of them They are not to have physical contact with their opponent They can only go for the ball The game is played just like Ultimate Frisbee EMail Brent Gaynor | [
"Ultimate Football",
"defender"
] |
http://lessonplanspage.com/science/first-grade/page/2/ | find a plan Science Lesson Plans by Grade PreKindergarten Kindergarten First Grade Second Grade Third Grade Fourth Grade Fifth Grade Sixth Grade Seventh Grade Eighth Grade Ninth Grade Tenth Grade Eleventh Grade Twelfth Grade Elementary School Junior High High School First Grade Lesson Plans for Science Subjects 2140 of 170 W is for Worm is the title of this cinquain poem lesson Title W is for Worm By Dawn Zimmermann Primary Subject Language Arts Secondary Subjects Science Grade Level PreK2 W is for Worm A Cinquain Poem Writing Lesson Objective 1 TLWBAT create an original class cinquain poem Subjects Language Arts Science Grades PreK K 1 2 This lesson is on the North and South Poles of a Magnet Title North and south poles on magnets By Scott Dan Subject Science Grade Level 1st 2nd Magnets North and South Poles Materials 1 36 doughnut shaped magnets 2 36 red and 36 blue dot stickers 3 12 Subject Science Grades 1 2 This Art lesson involves Painting or Drawing Sunsets and Landscapes and some Geology study too Title Sunsets By Kim Herrboldt and Rachel Stokes Primary Subject Art Secondary Subjects Science Grade Level 15 Materials needed 9 by 12 sheet of white drawing paper oil crayons watercolor paints paint brushes paper towels landscape and Subjects Art Science Grades 1 2 3 4 5 In this All About Butterflies Kidspiration lesson students make colorful models and create a life cycle chart Title All About Butterflies By Desiree Winters Primary Subject Science Secondary Subjects Language Arts Computers Internet Grade Level K2 TopicUnit Life Cycle Content This lesson is intended to teach the life cycle of a butterfly Students Subjects Computers Internet Language Arts Science Grades K 1 2 Teach about the Oceans of the World with this part Title Ocean Unit By Debbie Haren Subject Science Social Studies Grade Level PreK3 It is time now to discuss the types of Oceans in the world Discuss together and brainstorm about the names of all the oceans in Subjects Science Social Studies Grades PreK K 1 2 3 Here children explore the suns warmth and observe how heat causes change in bags of chocolate Title Exploring the Suns Warmth By Nikole Colson Primary Subject Science Grade Level 1 Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills Science Standards Science 7B Identify and test ways that heat may cause change such as when ice melts Learning Subject Science Grade 1 A good introductory lesson this one is on What Attracts and Why Title What do magnets attract and why By Scott Dan Subject Science Grade Level 1st 2nd Magnet Discovery What do magnets attract to and why Materials A 12 magnet wands enough for half the children B 12 Subject Science Grades 1 2 Chipos Gift is a thematic crosscurriculum book unit about an inquisitive mopane worm Title Thematic Unit for the book Chipos Gift By Deb Troehler Primary Subject Language Arts Secondary Subjects Math Science Art Physical Education Grade Level K2 Note from author The following ideas and suggestions are intended to be Subjects Art Language Arts Math PE Health Science Grades PreK K 1 2 Kid Pix software is used here to create an animal habitat and climate slide show Title Kid Pix Habitat Slide Show By Barbara Stephens Primary Subject Science Secondary Subjects Art Computers and Internet Grade Level 12 Objectives The child will create pictures that represent various climates and the animals that inhabit Subjects Art Computers Internet Science Grades 1 2 A lesson plan on Problem Solving with Magnets Title Magnets Problem Solving By Scott Dan Subject Science Math Grade Level 1st 2nd Magnets Problem Solving Activities Using Magnets Materials 1 2 containers with sand 2 Iron fillings 3 20 รร magnetic buttons 4 Two handmade Subjects Math Science Grades 1 2 The second lesson is on Measurement Graphing and Creating Art for their plane Title Aviation Lesson 2 By Audrey Pruitt Subject Math Science Social Studies Art Language Arts Grade Level 13 Objectives To work on measurement To work on graphing To create a work of art on their Subjects Art Language Arts Math Science Social Studies Grades 1 2 3 This is a program for writing and illustrating a hardbound class book Title Write and Illustrate a Book By Steve Primary Subject Language Arts Secondary Subjects Math Science Social Studies Art Grade Level K5 Note Although the program is free their hope is that parents will buy the Subjects Art Language Arts Math Science Social Studies Grades K 1 2 3 4 5 Here Sensitive Plants are grown Title Have Your Students Grow the Plant That Moves When They Tickle It By Mark Chipkin Primary Subject Science Grade Level K5 Activity Time 40 minutes Concepts Taught Plants living things botany tropisms Materials TickleMe PlantT Seeds Flower Subject Science Grades K 1 2 3 4 5 These PK12 lesson plan ideas on emotions expressions and reactions yield altruistic activity in various subject areas and grades Title Academic and Altruistic Lessons for all SubjectGrade Levels By Teacherplanner Primary Subject Language Arts Social Studies Science Computers Internet Secondary Subjects Grade Level PreK5 with modifications Notes Here is a list of PK12 lesson plan ideas Subjects Computers Internet Language Arts Math PE Health Science Social Studies Grades PreK K 1 2 3 4 5 This lesson deals with Plants That Never Bloom Title Plants That Never Bloom By Mollie Tucker Subject Science Grade Level K1 Unit Plants Purpose of Activity To become aware of the fact that some plants do not bloom and to differentiate between plants that bloom and Subject Science Grades K 1 Heres an idea for hosting your own science circus Title Various ideas for primary level Science Circus By Scott Dan Subject Science Grade Level 13 Ideas for the circus 1 Stacking a Rings small to large or other ways b Blocks with clown stickers on them c Subject Science Grades 1 2 3 This part is on Native Americans and their Rock Art Title Native American rock designs By Scott Dan Subject Science Social Studies Art Grade Level 1st 2nd Concept Integrating Social Studies and Science Topic Native American Rock Art Goal Students will be introduced to the concept of Subjects Art Science Social Studies Grades 1 2 In Poppin Corn students use descriptive language inventive spelling and their five senses Title Poppin Popcorn By Michele Lish Primary Subject Language Arts Secondary Subjects Science Grade Level K3 Overview For this lesson children will use descriptive language and Inventive Spelling techniques as they compare corn kernels to popped corn Subjects Language Arts Science Grades K 1 2 3 This part is on the Ocean Plants Title Ocean Unit By Debbie Haren Subject Science Social Studies Grade Level K3 I would start with a poster of pictures of plants in the ocean from National Geographics or a book of plants in the oceans Explain Subjects Science Social Studies Grades K 1 2 3 This first part is on Pilot Jobs and Vocabulary Title Aviation Lesson 1 By Audrey Pruitt Subject Math Science Social Studies Art Language Arts Grade Level 13 Objectives To develop an understanding about pilots and their jobs To teach word sorting and categorizing in order Subjects Art Language Arts Math Science Social Studies Grades 1 2 3 2140 of 170 | [
"Science Subjects"
] |
http://lessons4living.com/labyrinth.htm | The Labyrinth Home Attitude Awakenings Book Store The Cycle of Change Enneagram [ The Labyrinth ] Lessons for Living Midlife Metamorphosis Mind Storms The Sidewalk of Life Stereogram Stress Understanding Depression Coping with Cancer Wheel of Life 1 Wheel of Life 2 Teaching Lessons : The Book Striving and Thriving Links Take a Stress Test Media Page Contact Us Home A Path of Grace . Learn about my book ! " Your life is a sacred journey . And it is about change , growth , discovery , movement , transformation , continuously expanding your vision of what is possible , stretching your soul , learning to see clearly and deeply , listening to your intuition , taking courageous challenges at every step along the way . You are on the path . . . exactly where you are meant to be right now . . . And from here , you can only go forward , shaping your life story into a magnificent tale of triumph , of healing Caroline Adams We are all on the path . . . exactly where we need to be . The labyrinth is a model of that path . A labyrinth is an ancient symbol that relates to wholeness . It combines the imagery of the circle and the spiral into a meandering but purposeful path . The Labyrinth represents a journey to our own center and back again out into the world . Labyrinths have long been used as meditation and prayer tools . A labyrinth is an archetype with which we can have a direct experience . We can walk it . It is a metaphor for life ' s journey . It is a symbol that creates a sacred space and place and takes us out of our ego to " That Which Is Within . " Labyrinths and mazes have often been confused . When most people hear of a labyrinth they think of a maze . A labyrinth is not a maze . A maze is like a puzzle to be solved . It has twists , turns , and blind alleys . It is a left brain task that requires logical , sequential , analytical activity to find the correct path into the maze and out . A labyrinth has only one path . It is unicursal . The way in is the way out . There are no blind alleys . The path leads you on a circuitous path to the center and out again . A labyrinth is a right brain task . It involves intuition , creativity , and imagery . With a maze many choices must be made and an active mind is needed to solve the problem of finding the center . With a labyrinth there is only one choice to be made . The choice is to enter or not . A more passive , receptive mindset is needed . The choice is whether or not to walk a spiritual path . At its most basic level the labyrinth is a metaphor for the journey to the center of your deepest self and back out into the world with a broadened understanding of who you are . Free ! Download a Labyrinth Screen Saver for Windows Watch A 3 - minute Real Video about the Labyrinth Learn More about Labyrinths : The classical labyrinth The Chartres labyrinth Walking a labyrinth The threefold path Draw a labyrinth Build your own labyrinth Ways to use a labyrinth . Labyrinth Rituals . The labyrinth and the ocean Walk a labyrinth with your finger The Labyrinth Stereogram . Find the hidden image . Youth and the labyrinth How I learned about the labyrinth The labyrinth and the Millennial Celebration Local labyrinths Labyrinth poem Story of the " Labyrinth Map " Rose Park Labyrinth Labyrinth links and resources Locate a labyrinth near you . World - Wide Labyrinth Locator . Find a labyrinth walk or workshop near you . Visit the Labyrinth Society ' s Events Page Learn about the Heart of Georgia Labyrinth Project : Building a labyrinth for Central Georgia . Awakenings Home The Classical Labyrinth The Chartres Labyrinth Walking the Labyrinth Three Fold Path Draw a labyrinth Build Your Labyrinth Ways to use a labyrinth Labyrinth and the Ocean The Finger Labyrinth Youth and the Labyrinth Local Labyrinths The Labyrinth Stereogram How I learned about the labyrinth Labyrinth and the Millennium Labyrinth Poem The Labyrinth Map Rose Park Labyrinth Send a Labyrinth Card Last updated 04 / 04 / 13 | [
"The Labyrinth"
] |
http://lesssugarnaturally.blogspot.com/2013/01/Low-Sugar-Jam.html | Less Sugar Naturally Home RECIPES SUGAR STEVIA LABELS DIY VITAMIX SHOP About Low - Sugar Jams The Best Low - Sugar Jams Do you know who invented peanut butter and jam sandwiches ? I do n โ t . Google does n โ t know either , but I bet that it was invented by a grown man . . . .one whose mother did n โ t cook him dinner one night . What I do know is that 96 % of people put the peanut butter on first . Who studies this stuff ? While both peanut butter and jam are amazing on their own , it only makes sense that the peanut butter would go on first . It โ s like the anchor โฆ the meat of the sandwich . But it โ s the jam that makes the sandwich a superstar โฆ making it a meal and dessert all in one sitting . It โ s the next best thing to turkey dinner ! I โ m not kidding when I say โ dessert โ . One little tablespoon of jam has about 12 grams of sugar ! Sugar is 12 grams of sugar per tablespoon . Gulp . This is why I learned to make my own low sugar stevia jam . This way , I do n โ t have to think twice about having a big spoonful . Now , I realize that not everyone makes their own jam , and I ' ll probably run out of mine before next June , so are there any lower sugar jam options available ? First โฆ .Is it a Jam , Jelly โฆ or a Fruit Spread ? Have you ever wondered what differentiates between different types of fruit spreads ? ( FDA source Jelly is juice which is jelled . It must contain at least 65 percent sugar and must be made with fruit juices or concentrates . Jams and Preserves are crushed cooked fruit with added sugar . Preserves have more chunks . The terms are interchangeable and both must contain at least 55 percent sugar . Fruit Spread is mostly fruit with alternative sweeteners or fruit juice concentrates . Fruit Butter is made from fruit , slowly cooked down with sugar , until it โ s smooth . Marmalade is simply a โ jelly โ with citrus peel and fruit pulp . Let โ s see what โ s in your typical jam : Smuckers Pure Strawberry Jam 50 calories per tablespoon 11 grams of sugar per tablespoon Ingredients : STRAWBERRIES , SUGAR , GLUCOSE , GLUCOSE - FRUCTOSE , PECTIN , CITRIC ACID Smucker โ s No Sugar Added Strawberry Jam 20 calories per tablespoon 5 grams of sugar per tablespoon . Ingredients : STRAWBERRIES , CONCENTRATED WHITE GRAPE JUICE , WATER , PECTIN , GUAR GUM , CITRIC ACID , POTASSIUM SORBATE , SUCRALOSE , CALCIUM CHLORIDE , COLOUR I do n โ t know about you , but the โ pure โ jam . .is pure sugar ! Whereas , the second jam is just full of yuck ! Lower Sugar Jams & Fruit spreads Many no - sugar - added jams are โ fruit juice sweetened โ . Is it really better for you ? Juice is boiled down until it โ s a syrup containing about 70 percent sugar . In the end , fruit juice concentrate is really just sugar . At the grocery store you โ ll also find E.D. Smith โ More Fruit โ Jam and Smucker โ s Double Fruit . They have 6 โ 8 grams of sugar , and like most grocery stor they both have a lot of extra ingredients like thickeners . With so many great choices , why would anyone settle for that . Thankfully , in the past few months , I โ ve come across some lower - sugar fruit spreads with simple ingredients . Most are still to high for my liking , but they could be an option for you if you โ re simply looking to consume less sugar in general . There is one brand that I use . It has only 4 grams of sugar per tablespoon ! Let โ s count down . Bonne Maman 30 % Less Sugar ( 8 - 9 grams ) Ingredients : Strawberries , sugar , black currant juice , concentrated lemon juice , pectin Made in France . I fell in love with Bonne Maman jam when we were in Paris but it has 12 grams of sugar per tablespoon . They now make a 30 % Less Sugar Strawberry Spread . I โ m still staying away from this one but if it โ s anywhere near as good as their regular jam โฆ oh my ! Unfortunately , Bonne Maman lists everything but the sugar grams on its label . Based on comparisons with the other jams , I assume that it has about 8 - 9 grams of sugar . Crofter โ s ( 7 - 8 grams ) This company from Ontario , Canada makes organic , non - GMO fruit spreads that come in different fruit combinations . They โ re sweetened with grape juice or fair trade cane sugar . The superfruit spreads are the lowest in sugar and come in 4 fruit combinations inspired by 4 different continents . Natur Le Fruit ( 7 grams ) Ingredients : RED RASPBERRIES , CONCENTRATED GRAPE JUICE , FRUIT PECTIN , CONCENTRATED LEMON JUICE Harvest Song preserves ( 7 grams ) Ingredients : Wild Strawberry , Pure Cane Sugar , Citric Acid ( Lemon Juice ) From Armenia . Apparently , fruit is picked daily for optimum ripeness . Fruit is slowly simmered in small batches and allowed to thicken without the use of any pectin . Stonewall Strawberry Balsamic jam ( 7 grams per tablespoon ) Strawberries , Pure Cane Sugar , Water , Balsamic Vinegar ( contains sulfur dioxide ) , Pectin , Lemon Juice Concentrate , Citric Acid Stonewall makes one jam that โ s lower in sugar . It โ s more for vinaigrettes and sauces , but it uses strawberries enhanced with the complex flavors of balsamic vinegar . * Best Low Sugar Jam * Greaves 100 % Fruit Spread ( 4 grams ) Strawberries , Apple Juice Concentrate , Lemon Juice & Pectin . This jam from Niagara - on - the - lake , Ontario comes in 6 different fruit spreads and is the lowest sugar fruit spread I could find . For Sugar - Free Teen โ s graduation party , we added the Sour Cherry fruit spread to mini low - sugar cheesecakes . The cherry fruit spread was perfect without being overly sweet ! Low - Sugar Apple Butter Apple Butter is another option as a fruit spread or to sweeten recipes . It โ s made from apples and concentrated apple juice . The ratio of juice ( sugar ) to apples can differ between brands . My local Wellesley apple butter , sitting in my fridge , states โ no sugar added โ , yet it has 9 grams of sugar . Here ' s an apple butter with only 4 grams . Unsweetened applesauce with no sugar added has 3 grams of natural sugar . . .so that ' s pretty good . Eden Organic Apple butter ( 4 grams ) Organic apples , Organic apple juice concentrate Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Jam 3 comments : Anonymous 10 April 2014 at 04 : 55 " Jams and Preserves are crushed cooked fruit with added sugar . Preserves have more chunks . The terms are interchangeable and both must contain at least 65 percent sugar and 45 percent fruit . " Math adjustment ! ? : P Reply Replies Less Sugar Naturally 10 April 2014 at 15 : 07 Good Catch : ) Thanks . I fixed it . Reply Anonymous 26 January 2015 at 09 : 31 The reduced sugar Bonne Maman jam is great - I ca n ' t speak to the number of sugar grams , but the taste is fantastic . I love this brand , but find their regular strawberry jam too sweet , and this is one is so much better . It ' s hard to find though . So far I ' ve only ever found it at Whole Foods . I ' d love to hear your thoughts . Please comment below . Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"Low-Sugar Jams",
"recipes"
] |
http://lesswrong.com/lw/7s/why_support_the_underdog/ | Why Support the Underdog ? by Scott Alexander 5th Apr 2009 102 comments 35 One of the strangest human biases is the almost universal tendency to support the underdog . I say " human " because even though Americans like to identify themselves as particular friends of the underdog , you can find a little of it everywhere . Anyone who ' s watched anime knows the Japanese have it . Anyone who ' s read the Bible knows the Israelites had it ( no one was rooting for Goliath ! ) From mythology to literature to politics to sports , it keeps coming up . I say " universal " because it does n ' t just affect silly things like sports teams . Some psychologists did a study where they showed participants two maps of Israel : one showing it as a large country surrounding the small Palestinian enclaves , and the other showing it as a tiny island in the middle of the hostile Arab world . In the " Palestinians as underdogs " condition , 55 % said they supported Palestine . In the " Israelis as underdogs " condition , 75 % said they supported Israel . Yes , you can change opinion thirty points by altering perceived underdog status . By comparison , my informal experiments trying to teach people relevant facts about the ( Oh , and the Israelis and Palestinians know this . That ' s why the propaganda handbooks they give to their respective supporters - of course they give their supporters propaganda handbooks ! - specifically suggest the supporters portray their chosen cause as an underdog . It ' s also why every time BBC or someone shows a clip about the region , they get complaints from people who thought it did n ' t make their chosen side seem weak enough ! ) And there are n ' t many mitigating factors . Even when the underdog is obviously completely doomed , we still identify with them : witness Leonidas at Thermopylae . Even when the underdog is evil and the powerful faction is good , we can still feel a little sympathy for them ; I remember some of my friends and I talking about bin Laden , and admitting that although he was clearly an evil terrorist scumbag , there was still something sort of awesome about a guy who could take on the entire western world from a cave somewhere . I say " strangest " because I ca n ' t make heads or tails of why evolutionary psychology would allow it . Let ' s say Zug and Urk are battling it out for supremacy of your hunter - gatherer tribe . Urk comes to you and says " Hey , my faction is really weak . We do n ' t have a chance against Zug , who is much stronger than us . I think we will probably be defeated and humiliated , and our property divided up among Zug ' s supporters . " The purely rational response seems to be " Wow , thanks for warning me , I ' ll go join Zug ' s side right now . Riches and high status as part of the winning faction , here I come ! " Now , many of us probably would join Zug ' s side . But introspection would tell us we were opposing rational calculation on Zug ' s side to a native , preconscious support for Urk . Why ? The native preconscious part of our brain is usually the one that ' s really good at ending up on top in tribal power struggles . This sort of thing goes against everything it usually stands for . I can think of a few explanations , none of them satisfying . First , it could be a mechanism to prevent any one person from getting too powerful . Problem is , this sounds kind of like group selection . Maybe the group does best if there ' s no one dictator , but from an individual point of view , the best thing to do in a group with a powerful dictator is get on that dictator ' s good side . Any single individual who initiates the strategy of supporting the underdog gets crushed by all the Second , it could be a mechanism to go where the rewards are highest . If a hundred people support Zug , and only ten people support Urk , then you have a chance to become one of Urk ' s top lieutenants , with all the high status and reproductive opportunities that implies if Urk wins . But I do n ' t like this explanation either . When there ' s a big disparity in faction sizes , you have no chance of winning , and when there ' s a small disparity in faction sizes , you So I admit it . I ' m stumped . What does Less Wrong think ? | [
"Underdog",
"human"
] |
http://lethamshank.co.uk/sprayer.htm | How a Crop Sprayer Works . A Sprayer is basically a very simple machine consisting of a tank , a pump and nozzles . The tank holds around 1200 litres water and chemical , the pump sucks from the tank , discharges through filters and pressure controls to the booms where the pressure is converted to velocity in jets , causing atomisation . To increase accuracy and efficiency controls systems are fitted to assist the operator . As the working width has increased boom weights have increased requiring hydraulic movement and to maintain the correct working height , hydraulic levelling is used . Electronics are used The in - cab controls The ' computer ' which monitors forward speed , pump pressure and flow and regulates the output to maintain a fixed rate per hectare . Details are displayed on the LCD screen ( a ) and the menus are accessed by membrane keys ( b ) . Below that are the controls for the boom sections ; the main on / off is ( c ) whilst each section can be turned on or off by the switches ( d ) . The switch at top left is to increase / decrease the pressure should the sprayer ever be used A nozzle tip showing the oval outlet ( g ) to create a ' flat fan ' spray pattern , and the strainer gauze ( f ) which fits inside the tip . A closeup of a triple jet holder , which is rotated to select a different nozzle . The red pipe leads to a remote pressure gauge . Anti - drip diaphragm ( h ) ensures a positive shut of when pressure drops . ( i ) 150 lt ' Lo Drift ' Nozzle . The forms a coarse droplet to reduce spray drift . ( j ) Standard 120 lt Fan nozzle . Probably the most common nozle in use . ( k ) Air inclusion ' bubble jet ' . Forms bubbles by drawing air in holes at the base of the nozzle - reduces drift immensely . The left side of the sprayer showing : ( m ) Main on / off and pressure regulation valves ( Motorised ) ( n ) Manual control valves . Black = suction , Green = discharge , Blue = control . ( o ) Self Cleaning filter on pressure side . ( p ) Induction hopper for chemical filling . ( q ) Chemical rinse pipe . ( r ) Filling connector . Rear View of the sprayer with booms around half height . ( s ) 6 chamber diaphragm pump which is powered by the tractor PTO ( power take off ) ( t ) Clean locker for overalls etc . ( u ) Clean water tank for washout system . Used when completing a days work so that all chemicals are sprayed on crop and sprayer has very little residue remaining in tanks and pipweork . ( v ) Hydraulic ram for main boom swingout . All folding is carried out hydraulically ( see below ) ( v ) Cover over hydraulic solenoid valves . ( w ) Boom selection motorised valves . Two outer sections of 4m and two inner sections of 6m . ( x ) Flow meter supplying information to the computer . The 600lt front tank . The pump and valves are just visible where the pipes emerge . It is filled using the pump on the rear tank and chemical added by induction hopper . A hydraulically powered pump is used to circulate , or transfer the contents to the rear tank when required . 1 Boom Folding / unfolding . 1 ) The booms in the transport position . 2 ) Lifted from their cradles and starting to swing rearwards . 3 ) Fully back and starting to lower to the horizontal working position . At this point the booms may be used as a 12metre ( 40 foot ) sprayer . 4 ) The last 4m ( 13 foot ) section is unfolding . 5 ) Fully extended and locked at 21 metres ( 70 feet ) . 2 3 4 5 Print This Page | [
"Crop Sprayer",
"nozzles",
"pressure controls"
] |
http://letmeget.com/blog/sneezing-and-runny-nose-after-eating-why-it | Sneezing and Runny nose after Eating ? Why is it ? Many people suffer from sneezing and runny nose after eating , especially if they are eating out or eating at a party or a get together . This condition is annoying and embarrassing but by understanding the cause of sneezing after eating ; people can treat the cause to prevent this embarrassing condition . Sneezing and runny nose mostly occur due to allergens on exposure but some people have this after eating . This condition is an illness such as a cold or flu and by this way body removes irritants such as dust or pollen . Sometimes , this Rhinorrhea is the medical name for a runny nose . In runny nose condition , discharge of an unusually large amount of nasal fluid takes place , i.e. mucus or sinus and the discharge may be colored or thick . It is one of the major symptoms of common cold and also of allergies but a runny nose while eating is a little different from usual Rhinorrhea . A runny nose while eating is known as Gustatory Rhinorrhea . The autonomic nervous system acquires stimulated while eating which resulted in the discharge of the compound acetylcholine . Acetylcholine leads to the raised production of saliva , stomach acid and nasal mucus . Generally , your nose runs after spicy meals but in the case of runny nose while eating , even non spicy food makes a runny nose . As Causes of Runny Nose While Eating : Scar tissue is the one cause for runny nose . An excessive mucus secretion from the nose takes place in this condition . The continuous drip from nose while eating can be due to the production of extreme amount of mucus or sinus . Scar tissues may occur if you ever had a broken nose or surgery , like , rhinoplasty . In addition , a runny nose while eating may be provoked by the taste or smell of food but these may not be the only factors . When people exposed to odors such as perfumes , scented candles Causes of Sneezing After Eating : Many trigger factors could be responsible for sneezing but sneezing after eating is mostly caused due to eating of food that contains certain substances . Some of the causes and ways of occuring ' sneezing ' are as under : Gustatory Rhinitis : It is a nonallergic rhinitis which mostly linked with the eating of anything hot or spicy . Cold foodstuffs or drinks can also cause sneezing after eating . People get a runny nose in this condition and as the nose starts sneezing as the nose gets congested . To get rid of any irritation , the body starts sneezing . Food Allergies : If you are allergic to a specific type of foodstuff then it must be causing sneezing after eating . Try to memorize your last meal that you ate and it caused the sneezing after the meal . Also , note down the time and date of the occurrence of sneezing in a diary after eating to find out what triggers this reaction . It can be either a preparation , or the ingredient in the food preparation . You will be capable to understand better your food allergies after sometime and so you can prevent the foodstuffs that are allergic Distended Stomach : Distended stomach is a symptom of abdominal swelling and is another reason for sneezing . Other reasons are also possible for a distended stomach . Due to eating large meals which can cause abdominal pain and bloating , sneezing after eating may take place . Try to eat food in small and frequent meals to test your allergy to large meals . Air Borne Allergies : Sneezing after eating may take place due to some air borne allergy . Pollens , grains , dust , some smell may cause allergy . Check if you are allergic to your pet dog or someone ' s perfume or the air freshener . Observe if you get sneezing after eating meals when it is a specific weather or season . You will have to clean the dining room if sneezing takes place due to allergic reaction . Treatment of Sneezing and Runny Nose after Eating : If you have violently and continuously sneezing and runny nose then consult your doctor . Tests will be conducted by your doctor by taking a swab of your nose . These tests will help you to determine the causes behind these conditions . The causes may be allergenic or scar tissue . On a doctor ' s prescription , you can take an antihistamine or use a nasal spray before you start eating for allergy relief . This will help in stopping a runny nose and sneezing . However , antihistamines have some side effects like drowsiness and also it Take these medicines only when you are going out for special occasions such as when you have to eat encircled by people . Also , you can keep a packet of tissues handy when you are eating socially . Try to evade hot and spicy food , especially Mexican or Thai . When you are dining out , keep away from caffeinated beverages to prevent worse condition . If you are suffering from sneezing after eating then make sure that you carry some tissues along with you when you going out . Home remedies for Runny Nose & Sneezing : Use Nettle to Soothe : The herb nettle is proven to relieve nasal passage inflammation , congestion and itchy feelings within the nose . It generally works almost immediately . There are many ways to take nettle . By boiling nettle in water , you can make a nettle tea . It is easy to take nettle supplements which found at health food stores . Change Your Diet : You can add natural elements into your diet that will help reduce sneezing or a runny nose . These items help to reduce the release amount of histamine . Orange juice or another citrus juice like grapefruit juice helps for this as it contains a lot of vitamin C ( vitamin C helps reduce histamines ) . As vegetables are rich in bioflavonoids , eating large quantities of vegetables can also help to reduce the release amount of histamines . Use Salt Solution In Your Nose : For decades , saline solution has been used to ease runny nose symptoms that have to do with illness or allergies . Saline solution may be uncomfortable at first but will actually help you by removing allergens , drying out secretions and pretty much rinse out your nostrils . You can make this solution by dissolving 1 / 2 teaspoon of salt into an 8 - ounce glass of filtered warm water . For proper application , use eye or nose dropper . Try to understand and determine the causes of your sneezing and runny nose after eating that can any one of the above possible causes . To find the allergen , use any of the above mentioned ways and so evade the annoying symptoms of runny nose and sneezing after eating . You Might Also Like : Natural relief from sinus congestion Eating 68 hot dogs in 10 minutes for world record Affordable Healthier Eating Sweepstakes at Savealotsweepstakes . com Rotating Kitchen At Eating the Universe Exhibition How to Avoid Food Addiction ? Chocolate Causing Acne - Myth Or Truth ShareThis : FaceBook Twitter MySpace GBuzz Google Email More Read More About : Allergies Health remedies Treatment admin ' s blog Add new comment | [
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http://letsbuildwebsites.com/social-media-buttons/ | You are here : Home Wordpress Website Tips 4 Cool Ways to add Social Media Buttons to your Wordpress Website 4 Cool Ways to add Social Media Buttons to your WordPress Website July 25 , 2011 by mitz Adding Social Media Buttons to your WordPress Website is an extremely important part of website promotion . You have to add the social media buttons onto your website so people can appreciate your content and easily share it with their friends . If you have not installed social media buttons then you are missing out on a whole lot of free promotion and neglecting the chance to enhance your social media profiles There are a few ways to add social media buttons to your WordPress website . One is to do it manually and the other is to install a WordPress plug - in . I have ventured down both paths and ended back at installing a WordPress plug - in to add social media buttons to my website . I have previously published articles about how to add a Facebook share button and mentioned other plugins to use . However now I have new favorites . Why use a WordPress plug - in to add social media buttons ? It is easy and quick and you do not need to know any coding . They always look professional and line up nicely . The big one is less stress trying to doing it manually . 3 cool WP Plugins to add social media buttons to your website I have tested approximately 10 or more WordPress plug - ins that will add social media buttons to your WordPress website . Of course this does not make me an expert and I can only suggest these 4 ways to add social media buttons . I have previously added the code in manually for many different social media buttons which was a pain in the โ butt โ as each WordPress theme demanded different customizations . Now I have narrowed my choices down to the Plugins that look great , encourage shares , and do not slow my blog down I have also included one manual way for Thesis fans . Sharebar โ Social Media Buttons The Sharebar WordPress Plugin is by far the best sliding vertical bar I have seen to date . It is so easy to setup and use and can be customized in a matter of minutes . I also absolutely love the look of it and I am sure it does not slow down my website in any way . In fact you will be able to see it to the left of this post . Please feel free to press on the buttons and try it out ! http : / / wordpress . org / extend / plugins / sharebar / Socialize โ Social Media buttons I had a dilemma when I had to choose between this groovy WordPress plugin and the manual way I have mentioned below . Look how great this Socialize plugin looks . I just do not know why more webmasters are not using it ? ? Inside the content ( aligned left or right ) In a box below the content Take a look at the screen shot below . How cool does this Social Media sharing box look ? http : / / wordpress . org / extend / plugins / socialize / Sexy Bookmarks โ Social Media Buttons I have used Sexy Bookmarks and there is no doubt that it is cool , however as I do not believe it encourages sharing as much as the previous two WordPress plug - ins do . I am mentioning this WordPress plugin because I actually get a lot of questions asking what it is . The fact that it is hiding is totally cool , but I think that having the buttons fully visible encourages sharing more . The last and most obvious way to add social media buttons to your website is to do it manually . http : / / wordpress . org / extend / plugins / sexybookmarks / Adding Social Media Buttons to Thesis Manually I played around with code and wasted time , then stumbled across an amazing tutorial by Nicholas Reese on how to add social media buttons to thesis . I grabbed this code and changed it to suit my website , adding it to the hook below the post , and changing the CSS . I also added a Google plus one button in . Where it says $ twitter = in the code you need to add your Twitter name after that like this $ twitter = โ wordpresswb โ I also added the Google plus one button into this code Of course I need to adjust this further and possibly take the email button out and add other social media buttons that will work better for my website . Conclusion on Adding Social Media Buttons The WordPress plug - ins are fantastic when it comes to adding social media buttons to your website . Sometimes you have to give in and install a plug - in , as I know many people are trying to build their WordPress websites without adding heavy extras . At the moment my absolute favorite plug - in for adding social media buttons is definitely the sharebar . Another one that looks great but I have not tried is WP Socializer . Be sure to check this one out if you are still undecided . http : / / wordpress . org / extend / plugins / wp - socializer / Which WordPress plug - in or manual method do you use to add social media buttons to your WordPress website ? Filed Under : Wordpress Website Tips Tagged With : icons Social Media social media buttons website Wordpress WordPress plug - in About mitz My name is Milica Pantic but everyone calls me Mitz . I am addicted to internet marketing and making money online . Who would n ' t want to live that life ? I started out with one website as a hobby and now have over 20 . Building websites and making money online is not that hard . You have to actually take action to make money . . .that is the biggest hurdle ! : ) Letsbuildwebsites . com runs on the Genesis Framework When I changed to the Genesis Framework and the eleven40 Theme my page load score went from 58 to 79 instantly . This was without any optimization at all . The other thing about this framework and theme is that it was so simple to setup that I can highly recommend it to each and every person that visits this blog ! Genesis is the smart choice for your WordPress website or blog . | [
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http://letslassothemoon.com/2015/08/26/limit-screen-time/ | Why Our Family Does n โ t Limit Screen Time January Inspiration May Inspiration Modern Parenting Parenting Tips & Tricks Popular Posts Show & Tell 37.7K shares 21.2K 16.5K Our family does n โ t limit screen time ; however , we are on a mission to teach our children self - moderation and balance . I admit , when I hear parents talking about adding strict time limits to iPad use or forcing their kids to earn screen time with chores , I shake my head and think , โ No , no , no . You โ re looking at this situation backward . โ Here โ s my logic : The Three Stooges is a lame TV show . I was eight , but I remember it like it was like yesterday โฆ My two cousins peeked around the corner , cautiously watching their mom leave the house . They waited until the screen door banged shut , then they flipped the channel . โ What are you doing ? โ I asked . โ We โ re watching The Three Stooges . โ Why ? The cartoon was better , โ I argued . โ Because we โ re not supposed to . โ See , the thing is , restriction makes even the mundane appealing . Creating usage charts , making kids earn screen time , and setting strict or rigid limits for your kids โฆ in my opinion , most of these approaches just make screen time seem even more appealing than it already is . As I write this post , I can not stop humming this classic song We have to stop pretending we can โ unplug โ our children and instead think forward . Technology is an integrated part of our kids โ lives โฆ and it will continue to be throughout their lives . We need to change the conversations we โ re having with our children . Instead of restricting screen time , we need to teach our children balance in a world where technology is abundant . We must introduce them to the concept of mindful usage . How ? 5 Tips for Teaching Our Children Mindful Usage Here are five tips for teaching your kids to mindful screen usage . 1 . Set self - imposed usage guidelines . Chat with your children about what they think is a reasonable amount of screen time . The depth of the conversation will depend on the age of your child . Toddlers to teens will all have their own thoughts ; both will likely start with an absurdly high number . Rather than knocking their suggestion , use questions to bring usage time down to a range where you feel comfortable . Your kiddos need to know your family โ s general stance towards screen time . 2 . Realize that sometimes it rains . When we create strict limits with anything ( dieting , exercise routines , meal planning ) , life tends to get in the way . Instead of providing your child strict limits , teach your kids to asses situations and to be flexible accordingly . So if it โ s a rainy day , your kiddo might play an extra 30 minutes on PBS Kids . No biggie . 3 . Rise above , โ Do as I say , not as I do . โ Think about how you use YOUR phone or tablet . Are you sneaking a โ quick peek โ at your phone because your kiddo โ s story about a friend seems like it โ s going on forever ? Flip the scenario and think forward . Imagine you โ re trying to talk to your teen daughter and she starts fiddling with her phone mid - conversation . Can you imagine your response ? โ Are you even listening to me ? ! ? โ When you โ re using screens , think forward about all the ways you are setting examples for your kids : Do you check text messages at stoplights ? Do you look at Facebook while the grocer packs your items ( instead of interacting with him ) ? Do you leave the dinner table when you hear that ping to check a text message ? Do you play on your laptop or tablet while you talk to your spouse at night ? I know I โ m guilty of ALL of these things on occasion . When I think forward , though , it really helps me put my mindless actions into perspective , so I can set a better example . 4 . Recognize that not all screen time is equal . It โ s important for your kids to understand this and be mindful of their choices . Following along with a drawing tutorial on Art Hub for Kids , doing a lesson on Khan Academy , or playing Math vs . Zombie is different than playing Subway Surfers . Talk with your kids about enriching ways they can use their screen time . ( Of course , this is an ongoing lesson that will happen over the course of many discussions . ) 5 . Inspire your child to live offline . When you see your child on a screen , entice him or her with an offline adventure , project , or idea . So often parents ( including myself , at times ) default to a screen as a quick fix during the witching hour . Keep your eyes open for alternative solutions and BOOKMARK or pin them for later . Encourage your kids to spend time outdoors . Introduce them to your hobbies , try things like : baking , painting , photography , quilting , birding , etc . ( Hint : Never underestimate the power of traditional board games ! ) The point of all these things is simply to get them interacting with the real world around them . In the end , I โ d argue we need to teach our kids self - moderation and balance , with a bit of flexibility thrown in . . . . So , I โ ve been playing with a new app on my iPhone this week called OurPact . What first caught my attention was the company โ s mission statement : OurPact empowers parents to guide their children through the balanced use of technology . Here โ s how the Apple Store describes the app : OurPact is a breakthrough parental control app that harnesses the power of Internet and Application blocking in order to teach children proper device use and responsibility . By syncing your family โ s devices to OurPact , you now have the power to manage your entire family โ s device use under one platform . OurPact gives parents the power to : Block children โ s Internet and Apps across all synced desktops , as well as Apple and Android devices Schedule Internet and App use according to your child โ s daily weekday and weekend routines Set a limit to the number of hours your children spend on the Internet and within Apps Block Internet at - a - touch or allow additional access , whenever you feel your child โ needs more time โ Block all apps ( eg . Facebook , SnapChat , Instagram , Twitter , etc . ) , as you see fit . See Full OurPact Preview After the girls and I chatted about what THEY thought was a good amount of weekly screen time , we added a schedule in . Since they helped create the schedule , they felt in control and empowered by the situation . We currently have two blocked periods at our house : dinner and bedtime ( see another schedule example in the graphic above ) . What I like most about OurPact , though , is the flexibility to modify the schedule ( or access , in general ) based on any given situation . You can override the schedule with the touch of a button . All and all , pretty cool stuff . As we discuss this topic , I ca n โ t help but think of this quote โฆ I โ d love to chat with you in the comments below . How are you handling screen time at your house ? What has worked โ or failed โ with your kiddos ? How are you teaching them responsibility , moderation , and mindfulness when it comes to technology ? We โ re all in this together . Let โ s talk . P.S . Tired of the yelling ? Tired of the whining ? Tired of being tired ? You โ re not alone . From toddler temper - tantrums to tweens talking back โฆ how do we get our kids to cooperate ? One of my ongoing goals is to continue to work on having parenting tools in my pocket for these type of stressful parenting situations . Which is why I am excited to be partnering with affiliate Amy McCready , founder of Positive Parenting Solutions & TODAY Show contributor , who offers FREE LIVE training affiliate webinars . You โ re in luck . There is another webinar this month ! Get the next available date here : Upcoming Webinars WEBINAR DATES If you โ re tired of nagging , reminding and yelling to get kids to listen โ this session is for you . Discover proven tools for your most frustrating discipline dilemmas including the 5 R โ s of Fair & Effective Consequences . This hour - long investment will leave you with ideas you can start using the SAME day All you need is your computer . ( No webcam required . ) You โ ll see and hear Amy on your screen and you can even ask questions and she โ ll make them part of the presentation . Webinar seating will be limited so learn more and RSVP now You Might Also Like Thanks again to for sponsoring this important conversation . Get a full preview of the free iPhone app here : See App in iTunes Store Disclosure of Material Connection : This is a โ sponsored post . โ The company who sponsored it compensated me via a cash payment , gift , or something else of value to write it . Regardless , I only recommend products or services I use personally and believe will be good for my readers . I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission โ s 16 CFR , Part 255 : โ Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising . โ Share on Facebook : 37.7K shares 21.2K 16.5K ยซ A Small Collection of Simple Truths You Wo n โ t Want to Miss This โฆ ยป | [
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http://level1diagnostics.com/health-care-providers/ | Dear Healthcare Provider Level 1 Diagnostics is designed to help healthcare providers diagnose and treat cardiovascular disease in their patients Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the US and early detection and prevention is the key to cardiovascular health Over 50 of American men and women who experience a heart attack have no prior knowledge or symptoms of their heart disease and almost 50 of first time heart attack patients do not survive the event Currently providers offices may perform screening tests but the screenings are not as comprehensive or predictive as Level 1 Diagnostics testing The Level 1 Diagnostics program includes the worlds foremost medical devices in detecting early cardiovascular disease which has made Level 1 Diagnostics testing the gold standard The program consists of simple technologically advanced noninvasive tests Sometimes the tests uncover serious heart disease in which case those patients are immediately referred for further testing or treatment Guidelines for Testing The published cardiovascular testing appropriateness criteria from the American College of Cardiology American Academy of Family Practitioners American Heart Association and the Society for Heart Attack Prevention and Eradication suggest that all adults classified as Intermediate Risk should be tested for cardiovascular disease Although all patients would benefit from Level 1 Diagnostic testing answering yes to two or more questions on the Level 1Diagnostics Preevaluation Questionnaire qualifies a patient for intermediate risk for cardiovascular disease Testing is therefore recommended and covered by most insurance carriers Intermediate Risk can be defined as Males 45 years of age or older Females 55 years of age or older Younger adults having one or more of the following risk factors family history of heart disease diabetes elevated LDL cholesterol decreased HDL cholesterol elevated blood pressure obesity tobacco use or history of tobacco use sedentary lifestyle Level 1 Diagnostic Testing Program The following tests are available through the Level 1 Diagnostics program and include the most technologically advanced and clinically validated tools for the detection of cardiovascular disease even in its earliest stages Physicians receive easytoread test reports with a treatment summary An expanded explanation of each test is available on the video and on this site Heart Rate Variability HRV Test Assesses nervous system balance and function and the electrical system of the heart HRV is the number one risk factor for sudden cardiac death Pulse Wave Velocity PWV Analysis The pulse wave is a snapshot of the cardiovascular system that evaluates arterial elasticity arterial stiffness as it relates to atherosclerosis Sudomotor Function Test The Sudomotor Test assesses the early presence of sudomotor sweat gland dysfunction and its relation to glycemic control and peripheral nerve function The test provides information that determines a high risk of cardiovascular disease due to metabolic risk factors CIMT Ultrasound This technology detects the thickness of plaque buildup on the intimamedia surface of the carotid artery Home Sleep Test Tests patients for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in their home Sleep apnea is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease Summary The Level 1 Diagnostics testing protocol identifies various stages of cardiovascular disease in patients thereby allowing specific treatment to stop and possibly reverse the progression of the disease and prevent cardiac events The tests sometimes uncover serious disease in patients that require urgent medical attention Doctors who use Level 1 Diagnostics are pleased to be part of a program that is a good medical decision for their patients and a good business decision for their practice We would be happy to discuss how Level 1 Diagnostics can help your practice and also answer any questions Please call us at 4107300436 Best regards Dr Steven Helschien Founder Level 1 Diagnostics 4107300436 | [
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http://levelitbooks.com/ | Level It Books โข app for Apple and Android devices A great way to organize , level , and track your books ! Scan your book ' s ISBN to view the Lexile , Guided Reading , Grade Level Equivalent , and / or DRA levels for the book . Perfect for educators and parents . Book Of The Week We feature well liked books ranging from K - 8 on a weekly basis here . Interested in high school level books ? We have those in the app too ! Educators If you are an educator and want to see your favorite book here , make sure to create a teacher account to submit book recommendations . Parents Depending on the reading level of your child , the book of the day will always be a great book for your child to read ! Scan ISBN to Lookup Book Finding the reading levels / measures is as easy as scanning the ISBN on the back of your book . Within seconds , you will be viewing the Guided Reading ( GR ) , DRA , Grade Level Equivalent ( GLE ) , and / or Lexile levels / measures for your books . What to expect ? We have over 310,000 books leveled that include atleast one of the four reading classifications ( GR , GLE , DRA , Lexile ) . If we do n ' t currently have the book leveled that you scanned , we will take note of it and try to get the levels / measures as soon as we can . In the event that you scan a book that we do not have , we can look it up from over 7 million book possibilites so you can still add it to your library or wish list . What not to expect ? At this time , it is n ' t realistic to expect that every single book ever published will be found . We do our best of adding the best content available and we are constantly expanding our database . Manual Search You can also manually search our book database by typing in or speaking with Siri the ISBN , title , or author of your book . This is especially handy when your book does n ' t have an ISBN barcode on the back or if we do n ' t have the exact ISBN of the book you are scanning . Note : Many books have several formats ( e.g. paperback , hardback ) and releases ( e.g. original release 1998 , new release 2010 ) that cause the same book to have multiple ISBNs . If the app ca n ' t find the ISBN of that particular version of the book , there is a good chance we have it and would be found searching by book title or author . Libraries and Wishlists Maintain a digital library of all your books ! You can also use the app to check in and out books to your students so you can keep track of who you have loaned your books out to . At the book store and see a book you would like to have ? Add it to your wish list in the app so you remember to purchase it later . Rosters Create a digital roster of your class to track starting and current reading levels / measures along with loaning out books from your library . Teacher Account One of our goals with this app is to create a network of teachers that will provide input into our ever expanding database of book data . If you have already located levels / measures for a book that we do n ' t currently have , please submit the level ( s ) via the app and we will independently verify it and publish it for other users to see . We want our parents to have the means necessary to locate reading level appropriate books for their children that are recommended by our educators . Social Keep track of the number of book levels / measures and recommendations that you have contributed to the app . Theme and Font Pack Have a little fun with the Theme and Font Pack . Customize the theme color and font used throughout the app to fit your style . Choose from 15 different colors and 9 different fonts . | [
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http://lewisandclarktrail.com/section3/montanacities/sacagawealand/waters.htm | Missouri Headwaters State Park Missouri Headwaters State Park ( state park ) , Montana , United States Missouri Headwaters State Park is located 4 miles northeast of Three Forks , off of Hwy 205 , then onto Hwy 286 The Headwaters State Park is a hiking / bicycling park with interpretive trails and vistas that commemorate Lewis and Clark ' s Corps of Discovery Encampment in the area . GPS Coordinates : 45 ยฐ 55 . 25 N 111 ยฐ 30 . 07 W Call : 406 - 994 - 4042 WELCOME TO MISSOURI HEADWATERS STATE PARK Panoramic image " Confluence of the Madison and Jefferson Rivers , Missouri Headwaters State Park , Montana " by Brent Phelps Lewis and Clark named the three rivers which combine to form the Missouri ( Jefferson , Gallatin , and Madison rivers ) . July 28 , 1805 : " both Capt . Clark and myself corrisponded in opinion with rispect to the impropriety of calling either of these streams the Missouri and accordingly agreed to name them after the President of the United States and the Secretaries of the Treasury and state having previously named one river in honour of the Secretaries of War and Navy . In pursuance of this resolution we called the S.W. fork , that which meant to ascend , Jefferson ' s River in honor of Thomas Jefferson . the Middle fork we called Madison ' s River in honor of James Madison Featured Lewis & Clark Caverns State Park The area of Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park was passed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their way up the Jefferson River . Several Lewis and Clark campsites are nearby and accessible by canoers . The scenic river canyon cuts through the foothills of the Tobacco Root Mountains emerging into the Gallatin Valley , which is surrounded by four mountain ranges . Although named after " Lewis and Clark " the Caverns were an undiscovered jewel until 1892 . Bozeman is the nearest large city , while Three Forks is closest hub of services and recreation . More information call : 406 - 287 - 3541 Lewis And Clark Caverns State Park ( state park ) , Montana , United States | [
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http://lewishyde.com/publications/trickster/tour-the-ideas | Seven short essays on the ideas that organize Lewis Hyde ' s Trickster Makes This World MYTH | THEFT | LYING HUNGER OBSCENITY PROPHECY ART MYTH We often think of myths as serious stories meant to praise our heroes and our gods , but myths have their subversive side as well . A vein of mischief runs through both heaven and earth , and no set of mythic tales ignores it , not even our own . Americans remember the pilgrims and their " city on a hill , " but we ' re also intrigued by tales of confidence men , the ones who come to town and lift our spirits even as they lift the mayor ' s wallet or steal the heart of Almost every world mythology contains a trickster figure , a shameless fellow who lies , cheats , and steals with charming and divine aplomb . The Greek Hermes rustles the cattle of the gods ; the North American Coyote tries to sleep with his daughter ; the Norse Loki gives his fellow gods gray hair by stealing the Apples of Immortality . In West Africa , a trickster named Eshu got the creator drunk at the beginning of time , which is one reason this world is not such an ideal place ( and why Lewis Hyde ' s book Trickster Makes This World ; other gods tried to perfect things , but trickster messed them up , and this is the world we have ) . Since the beginning of time these cosmic mischief - makers have been a great bother to have around , but that is not the end of it : tricksters turn out to be indispensable culture heroes as well . Hermes the Thief invented the art of sacrifice , the trick of making fire , and even language itself . Coyote taught the race how to dress , sing , and shoot arrows . Eshu taught men and women a way to know what the gods are thinking . Lewis Hyde ' s Trickster Makes This World explores these intriguing tales , then holds them up against the life and work of more recent creators ( Pablo Picasso , Marcel Duchamp , John Cage , Allen Ginsberg , Maxine Hong Kingston , and others ) . Hyde is out to describe and then defend disruptive creativity . He makes it clear why , no matter how settled our world may become , we must never suppress the imagination ' s mischief . Back to Top THEFT Frederick Douglass , the American slave , stole two big things when he was young . He stole himself out of slavery , and he stole his literacy . Forbidden all access to books , the young Douglass acquired his A B C ' s from white boys on the streets of Baltimore and from the pages of a Bible he found in the trash . In the old myths , when a trickster steals something , his theft changes the shape of this world . In fact , most of the good things of this world - - fire , water , light , and the art of agriculture , for example - - originally came to us because some trickster stole them from the gods . We would n ' t have the world we now have were it not for these master - thieves who appeared at the beginning of time . As the Frederick Douglass example makes clear , such dramas have not come to an end . Where cultural patterns are fixed , and the well - behaved know clearly what they can and can not take at will , only those who are not well behaved will discover how to remake this world . Frederick Douglass was one of those . When he stole literacy it was as if he took all the books in the Western canon and moved them from the Big House into the slave quarters , where they immediately took on new meanings . Slave owners used the Bible to justify slavery , but Douglass used it to attack slavery , and his reading changed our culture forever . It took an impudent thief to get that change going . Tricksters always appear where cultures are tying to guard their eternal truths , their sacred cows . New cultures spring up whenever some trickster gets past the guard dogs and steals those cows . Back to Top LYING In India , when the god Krishna is a baby , he is known for stealing butter , then lying about what he ' s done . Whenever his mother leaves the house she tells her son to stay out of the larder where the butter urns are stored . Later she always finds him sitting on the larder floor , the white butter smeared over his dark and smiling face . " I did n ' t steal the butter , Ma , " he says when she scolds him , sometimes adding , " besides , does n In the Hindu stories , Krishna has come to earth to remind the human race that everything belongs to god . His mother does not know that yet , but her child ' s mundane lies point her toward the higher truth . All tricksters do this : they lie in a way that upsets our very sense of what is true and what is false , and therefore help us reimagine this world . A long tradition locates human creativity in the same shady area . " Art is a lie that makes us realize truth , " said Picasso . Aristotle describes the beginnings of Western literature in similar words : " Homer , " he says , " taught us the art of framing lies the right way . " Homer creates lies so real that Odysseus walks among us to this day , more substantial than the perishable women and men we know in fact . From Homer to Picasso , a long line of artists have set up shop in HUNGER Trickster figures are ridden by their appetites . It is hunger that drives their cunning and their endless wandering . These culture heroes have given the race a long line of useful gifts , but earliest among them were devices to feed the belly . In North America , Coyote invented the fish trap ; in Norse legend , Loki invented the fish net ; in Greece , the earliest recorded " trick " is the baited hook . But trickster ' s cunning often backfires on him . Loki does dream up the fish net , but no sooner has he done so than the other gods use it to catch him . Coyote ' s wily ways make a fool of him as often as they snare his dinner . By turns the trapper and the trapped , trickster must keep wising up , especially about how to know the difference between a baited trap and an edible meal . Hidden fishhooks mean that hungry beasts had better learn to read beneath the surface of things . Thus the trickster myth begins with the belly and ends with the imagination . It begins with a being whose main concern is getting fed , and it ends with the same being grown mentally swift , adept at creating and unmasking deceit , proficient at hiding his tracks and at seeing through the devices used by others to hide theirs . The Greeks imagined that Hermes invented language , but that is late in his story ; earlier we find him stealing cattle because he ' s hungry for meat . The myth , however , makes it clear OBSCENITY Dirty movies , dirty books , dirty photographs , and sacrilegious acts often become the focus of public debate in America , especially when someone claims for them the privilege of artistic space . In 1989 , Robert Mapplethorpe ' s photographs - - including graphic images of homosexual and sadomasochistic sex - - appeared in the gallery of Cincinnati ' s Contemporary Arts Center . The next day , sheriff ' s deputies raided the show and got a grand jury to indict the gallery on obscenity charges . If we want to understand such conflicts over dirty art , Lewis Hyde suggests we first decide what we mean by " dirt , " offering as a point of departure the old saying , " Dirt is matter out of place . " That is to say , we know something is dirty not so much by its nature as by its location . Egg on a child ' s face is dirty , but egg on her plate is food . More pointedly , a farmer in Iowa will wash the cow - manure from his hands before Seen in this way , " dirt " can be understood as a by - product of creating order . Where there is dirt there is always a system of some kind , and an argument about dirt is an argument about that system , and whether or not it should change . If a culture is to be flexible enough to change when change is needed , it must reserve a place for those who are willing to start those arguments . It must allow space for thinking dirty thoughts and imagining dirty deeds . In the old stories , trickster is the character who is happy to work this way . In modern times , the same function often falls to those artists who have a touch of the trickster about them . In this line , Hyde argues that modern obscenity trials have become the ritual dirt - work of America . When such trials end by releasing the work of art - - as happened with Mapplethorpe ' s photographs , or earlier with Allen Ginsberg โ s Howl . - - we witness the allowed return of what an earlier social order took to be " matter out of place . " PROPHECY Clever at deceit , tricksters are equally clever at seeing through deceit , and therefore at revealing things hidden beneath the surface . In Chinese legend , for example , only the trickster Monkey can see through the disguises of evil monsters who hope to eat him and his friends . With his " fiery eyes and diamond pupils , " Monkey is " the one who has perception . " In many traditions this kind of deep sight belongs to the prophet , for prophets are those who can perceive the spiritual world beneath the veil of the mundane . Tricksters have similar powers , Lewis Hyde argues , and thus they too have a prophetic role to play , though theirs is prophecy with a difference : no traditional prophet lies and steals to deliver his message . Traditional prophets disrupt the mundane to point toward eternal truths , but the prophetic trickster disrupts the " eternals " themselves , and in so doing points toward the plenitude of this world , the fullness it has when not obscured by all our ideas , structures , and rules for living . Traditional prophets point toward things that time can not touch , but the prophetic trickster points toward time itself , toward the changing noise of this world , not the constant harmony of distant spheres . The Hindu god Krishna makes a good example . As soon as Krishna has grown up , he stops stealing butter and starts stealing love . On moonlit nights he plays his flute , letting its charming melody drift over the garden walls until the faithful women of the town abandon their marriage beds and come dance with him in the forest . Krishna is a thief of hearts , but not because hearts are scarce . Dancing in the woods , he multiplies himself a thousand times so as to appear fully to each of the women , and But if there is no scarcity , why be a thief in the first place ? Because the abundance that Krishna wants ( and symbolizes ) is available only when ordinary moral structure has been removed . In the Hindu culture from which this story comes , marriage does not express private desire so much as the social setting of family alliances , property , land and inheritance . In some parts of India , in fact , they say that love should never be the basis of marriage , since to introduce desire into the realm of structure would But in the trickster myth , desire becomes prophetic precisely because it can reveal the fullness that lies beyond the walls of convention . Stolen love opens windows onto that larger world . Society needs its designs if it is to endure , but trickster ' s mischief regularly shows that no design can encompass creation ' s great abundance . Trickster is the prophet whose actions reveal the uncontainable plenitude of this world . ART Our word " art " comes from an ancient root that means " to join " and " to make . " Many other modern words come from the same root , all of them having to do with joints in one sense or another . " Arthritis " is a disease of the joints ; an " arthropod " is an insect with jointed legs . " Articulate " usually denotes clarity of speech , but one can also " articulate " a skeleton , which is to say , assemble it joint by joint . Even when used to describe speech , " articulate " can mean " jointed " : ancient script used to be written in one long line of letters ; when writers began to break it into words , sentences , paragraphs , and so forth , they were " articulating " it , marking the logical joints in the flow of letters . In the same way we can speak of society as being " well articulated " when its joints are clear to everyone , which is to say , when everyone knows his or her place , and Tricksters are usually thought of as boundary crossers , characters who find the limits and violate them , or keep them lively . Lewis Hyde reimagines this function , saying that tricksters are " joint - workers . " They seek out the joints of this world - - sometimes to disrupt them , sometimes to move them , and sometimes just to keep them limber . There is a trickster figure from the mountains of southern Russia , for example , who is known for having reversed the fortunes of the Sun God by attacking his knee joints . " If you want to wound an immortal , go for the joints , " is the lesson , and all tricksters know it . Frederick Douglass knew it ; his first book attacked the " joints " by which plantation culture articulated itself - - especially the " joint " between black and white - - and in so doing helped bring an end to the Most tricksters are less direct than that ; they like to toy with the joints of creation , and shift them around . A modern artist like Marcel Duchamp is a clear heir to this tradition . He liked best to settle , smiling , into the cracks of the art world ' s self - image . When that world was in love with oil paint , he made his art from sheets of glass and ideas ; when it sought to distinguish art work from manufactured goods , he pronounced the latter " readymade " art , and Tricksters sometimes attack the joints of creation , and sometimes simply oil the joints with humor , keeping them flexible . All those who do so are artists in the most ancient sense , and their creations , no matter how unsettling , are the works of art that make this world what it is . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License | [
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http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=digital-marketing | Definition of digital marketing The marketing of products or services using digital channels to reach consumers . The key objective is to promote brands through various forms of digital media . Digital marketing extends beyond internet marketing to include channels that do not require the use of the internet . It includes mobile phones ( both SMS and MMS ) , social media marketing , display advertising , search engine marketing , and any other form of digital media . Most experts believe that ' digital ' is not just yet another channel for marketing . It requires a new approach to marketing and a new understanding of customer behaviour . For example , it requires companies to analyse and quantify the value of downloads of apps on mobile devices , tweets on Twitter , likes on Facebook and so on . Example One successful digital media campaign was by Pizza Hut , which created an app that allowed customers to create their own pizza by dragging their chosen toppings onto a graphical pizza base . The iPhone would then determine which of the chain ' s thousands of locations the customer happened to be nearest . The company advertised the new app online , in print , and on television - even winning a placement in Apple ' s own iPhone commercial . Within two weeks , the Pizza Hut app was downloaded 100,000 times and within three months iPhone users ordered $ 1m worth of pizza . The app now has millions of users across the iPhone , iPad , and Android platforms . [ 1 ] Print Add Term to Watchlist Share | [
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http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=facsimile-signature | Overview Recent Changes Your Watchlist Search Widget Definition of facsimile signature An exact copy of the way that someone signs their name which is put on a special rubber stamp so that it can be used on a large number of letters , cheques etc . [ 1 ] Print Add Term to Watchlist Share FT Articles & Analysis No articles are associated with this term Search FT . com site for articles | [
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http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=smart-beta | Definition of smart beta Some investors are moving away from traditional market capitalisation - based indices to alternative strategies , known as smart beta , in search of better returns and lower costs amid volatile markets and an uncertain economic climate . [ 1 ] Smart beta is a rather elusive term in modern finance . It lacks a strict definition and is also sometimes known as advanced beta , alternative beta or strategy indices . It can be understood as an umbrella term for rules based investment strategies that do not use the conventional market capitalisation weights that have been criticised for delivering sub - optimal returns by overweighting overvalued stocks and , conversely , underweighting undervalued ones . Smart beta strategies attempt to deliver a better risk and return trade - off than conventional market cap weighted indices by using alternative weighting schemes based on measures such as volatility or dividends . [ 2 ] Smart beta refers to an investment style where the manager passively follows an index designed to take advantage of perceived systematic biases or inefficiencies in the market . It therefore costs less than active management , since there is less day - to - day decision - making for the manager , but since it will , at the very least , have higher trading costs than traditional passive management ( which minimises those costs ) , it is a pricier option . [ 3 ] Among the best known alternatives to market cap weighting are the fundamentally weighted indices developed by Research Affiliates in 2005 which rank their constituents by book value , dividends , sales , and cash flow . However , even a naive weighting scheme such as equally weighted indices can be described as smart beta . Interest in smart beta indices has been fuelled by the global financial crisis of 2007 - 08 which prompted many investors to become more focused on controlling risks than simply maximising their returns . One of the key attractions of smart beta is that it is less expensive for investors to evaluate the worth of these strategies than to analyse and monitor the performance of active managers . Smart beta can also be understood as the returns that can be generated from illiquid or private markets such as real estate and infrastructure which offer attractive risk return trade - offs and which can provide important diversification benefits when added to a conventional portfolio of equities and bonds . Example Some investors would also include thematic strategies under the smart beta umbrella by building portfolios that provide exposure to demographic trends or to particular sectors such as agriculture , timber and natural resources . [ 4 ] Smart beta options might include fundamental indexed investments or catastrophe bonds . Print Add Term to Watchlist Share | [
"smart beta",
"Definition"
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http://lexiwiththecurls.com/how-to-purchase-hair-from-aliexpress/ | So some people might know that you can get ( sometimes ) quality extensions from supersite AliExpress . com . This has been a huge trend for the past couple of years on hair forums that everyone wanted to keep secret lol . The secret is now out . You can get extensions from Asian vendors for a fraction of the price that you pay American vendors , but it does n โ t come without risks . You might get bad batches of hair , you might get the wrong hair , it may take forever to arrive , The long and short of hair extensions Bad hair day ? It โ s not all in your head . It could be what โ s on your head . By AliExpress and AliExpress user Malaine A Thorpe Rapunzel , Rapunzel , let down your hair . Wait , you do n โ t have enough hair to let down ? Not a problem . That โ s what hair extensions are for . That model - look - alike you spotted at dinner last week ? Hair extensions . The woman at the gym whose tresses still looked awesome after an hour of cardio ? Yup , hair extensions . Hair extensions are big business . During the first half of 2013 , hair extensions accounted for a whopping 68 % of all beauty product purchases from AliExpress , an international e - marketplace for consumers . Buyers in the U.S. accounted for 75 % of those purchases , followed by the UK ( 7 % ) , Canada ( 3 % ) , France ( 2 % ) and Russia ( 1 % ) . In the US , the top 3 cities for hair extension online purchases are Brooklyn , Atlanta , and Miami . If hair extensions are in your future โ here are 8 tips to help you buy them online : 1 . Answer one simple question first . There are a bazillion hair extension products and options to choose from . You can buy individual tracks , weave - in , closures , clips , wigs and more . You can glue , sew , clip , place , or even pin extensions in hair . You can create a long ponytail , add a few tracks in between your natural hair , do a full sew in , or create a wig . How do you find what you โ re looking for โ and avoid being overwhelmed ? Start by answering this simple question : โ How do you want your hair to look ? โ Knowing how you want to look will help you determine the exact product to get you there . Need inspiration ? Scroll through hairstyle websites or browse a few YouTube videos to give you ideas . 2 . Know the lingo . Like any subject , the world of hair extensions has its own lexicon . Here โ s a quick dictionary of terms you might come across : Virgin hair : Unprocessed hair that has not been dyed , bleached , permed , etc . In August 2013 , of all U.S. searches in the โ hair extensions and wigs โ category on AliExpress , 36 % were specific to virgin hair . Hair weft : Loose hairs that have been sewn together to create a track of hair for easy installation . Bundle : A hair weft of a certain length and width ( similar to a pack of hair ) . Beard : Short hairs usually found on one side of a hair weft . Closure : A small hair piece with four sides that is often placed on the hairline to create a natural look ; it โ s often sold with a lace or silk base . Synthetic hair : Hair made of fibers to give the illusion of real hair . Lot : Multiple bundles of hair sold together ( for example , a โ 3 - piece lot โ ) . Gram : The weight of a bundle . One bundle of hair is about 100 grams . Remy : Hair with flat and undamaged cuticles all facing in the same direction , which means the hair will be shiny and smooth . Curl patterns : The most commonly known are straight and body wave , but you can also purchase deep curly , deep wave , loose wave , Italian curl , kinky curl , and more . Search for photos and videos of different curl patterns to know what you want . In August 2013 , more than half the U.S. hair searches on AliExpress were for body wave curls . Curly and kinky curly are also popular shapes , accounting for 18 % and 14 % , respectively . Hair type : There are many including Indian ( very versatile and comes in many different textures ) , virgin Brazilian ( very popular , blends flawlessly with ethnic hair ) , virgin Malaysian ( similar to Brazilian hair , very durable and holds styles well ) , virgin Peruvian ( very soft and light ) , and virgin Chinese ( thick and sleek , can withstand extreme processing and styling ) . In August 2013 , more than half the U.S. hair searches on AliExpress were specific to Brazilian , followed by Malaysian and Peruvian in a distant second and third . 3 . Narrow your search results . All those definitions you just read will help you quickly zip past pages of products that you have no interest in and narrow your results . For example , you could search for โ Virgin Brazilian deep curly hair . โ If you โ re searching on a store page , the vendor will often have categories to make searching for the right hair extensions easier . You can also utilize pictures of hair products or deals that might be on the vendor home page . 4 . Look for detailed product description . Once you know what you โ re looking for , check out vendor descriptions for details on hair length , hair type , curl pattern / style , color , weight , quality , place of origin , and more in addition to pictures of the product . Verifying this information before you purchase any hair extension will keep you from ending up with a product that โ s completely different from what you had imagined . 5 . Check the ratings . As with any online purchase , make sure the vendor is reliable . The best way to do this ? Look for a feedback tab on their store page . When it comes to hair products , many buyers look for vendors with a 95 % rating or higher . The feedback page should also show you customer satisfaction ratings , which you can compare to find the best ratings . Similarly look for ratings , comments , and feedback that other customers have shared about the products themselves . 6 . Check YouTube videos on hair products . If a product has no rating , it is n โ t the end of the world . Sometimes customers will upload YouTube videos of the hair instead of leaving a rating on the website . It โ s a great way to see exactly what the hair looks like and how it moves when installed . YouTubers will often include detailed descriptions of their experience with the hair so far . Be sure to check the user โ s other YouTube videos because they will sometimes make updated videos of the hair . Scrolling through YouTube video comments is 7 . Compare prices . Be sure to include shipping in your total . Some vendors offer free shipping while others do n โ t ; some have frequent sales and discounts . That is n โ t important . What you should pay attention to is the total price . Try adding the items from one vendor into your shopping cart and then look at the total price . This may include tax , shipping , additional fees , and discounts . Compare the prices from different vendors to get the best deal . 8 . Check shipping details . How quickly will you get your product ? Vendors may say one thing but customer feedback will tell you more . Look at all your options . If you have a big event coming , you โ ll pay anything to get your extensions quickly . Consider all the options and make your decision . As with any purchase , being an informed consumer will help you find the hair extension product that โ s right for you . You โ ll have it for a long time so spend time doing your homework and you โ ll be thrilled with your purchase โ and you wo n โ t have a hair out of place . Bottom line : DO YOUR RESEARCH . Check out Youtube and the forums for stores that people recommend and look for their ratings . Ask questions if you have them prior to purchasing . Good luck ! ! - Lexi | [
"ALIEXPRESS"
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http://lexwah.com/lvoc/ | Follow @ LexWah for updates LVOC - LoL VO Changer Current version for Windows : v3 . 0 . 4 Current version for Mac OSX : v3 . 0 . 4 [ In the process of making updated tutorials ] This application allows you to change the language of the in - game and champ select audio for League of Legends to any of your choosing ( Japanese , Korean , Spanish , Turkish , etc . ) provided that the language is supported by Riot . By downloading and / or using this application , you acknowledge and agree to abide by the terms UPDATE 2018 : LVOC no longer works , Riot has changed their assets system in such a way that it ' s no longer legally possible to mod your VO . I ' m sorry and I sincerely wish this was not the case . : / Downloads For Windows For Mac OSX Recent changes : v3 . 0 . 4 ( 29th April , 2017 ) Fixed an issue which prevented VO changes for users of the EU English client . v3 . 0 . 3 ( 28th April , 2017 ) League Client Update support ! LVOC no longer relies on the League Client / Patcher to obtain the VO files , instead LVOC now has its own internal downloader specifically for VO files . Note : The files are still coming directly from Riot ' s servers / network , with the exception of the Chinese ones which are still hosted on Google Drive . LVOC no longer automatically closes your League processes before changing the VO , since I thought it ' d be strange behavior with this new update . I ' d still advise making sure League is closed though . Fixed an issue that caused the elements in the UI to become messed up if you set an incorrect LoL path then tried to change the voices . Fixed an issue with the " Change champions " setting . Previously , it may or may not actually save the setting when you restarted the program . Fixed an issue where the " update is available " notification would keep showing up even though there was n ' t actually an update available . v3 . 0 . 1 ( 14th March , 2016 ) Fixed a small issue with the " Set all to " button under " Select champions " v3 . 0 . 0 ( 13th March , 2016 ) Custom announcer installation now available . Please note that if you want to use a custom announcer pack ( like Sneaky & Meteos ) WITH a different language for champion VO , install the different language VO first , then install the custom announcer . Added button to change all champ language under " Settings " with one click , for convenience . LVOC now saves your Champion configurations when you click change , so you do n ' t have to set , for example , Yasuo to Korean and Ahri to Japanese every time you use the app . LVOC now has a built in self - updater on Windows . I changed how I packaged the application to see if it will help with the 0x0000018 error . You ' ll see more files than " LVOC . exe " when you unzip the .zip file , but you can ignore those extra files . v3_beta_patch6 ( 20th February , 2016 ) Quick fix for the missing announcer vo on garena . . . . . . . . . . . . v3_beta_patch5 ( 16th February , 2016 ) Quick fix for the stuck on " Extracting VO " problem for Garena v3_beta_patch4 ( 13th February , 2016 ) Fixed the " unable to transfer champ select from ja_JP to en_AU " error Fixed an issue for Oceania where it ' d get stuck on " looking for announcer files " Fixed the crashing issue that happened upon VO download completion for Oceania and Garena , for users working with around 4GB memory and 32 bit Windows . There is an issue where Mac users ca n ' t select their League app if it ' s not in the Applications directory , I have n ' t found a solution to this , so for now I recommend you guys move League of Legends to " Applications " if it ' s not there already . LVOC will now clean up temporary VO files that were extracted during the VO change procedure upon exiting Users can now generate a log file during the VO change procedure " Errors encountered " shows something other than 0 now if something actually goes wrong . v3_beta_patch3 ( 31st January , 2016 ) Fixed silent champs bug on Oceania and Latin America v3_beta_patch2 ( 30th January , 2016 ) Fixed the " unable to determine locale " bug when you do n ' t leave the locale selection on " Detect automatically " Fixed the Chinese downloader Fixed a an issue with Garena when installing japanese VO Users should see a red error message if a VO pack did n ' t download properly ( if this happens to you , I advise restarting the app then revert changes immediately after it finishes trying to install the VO ) In the " Help " - > " How do I contact you about a bug ? " menu , you can now generate a log file to e - mail to me ( make sure you generate this immediately after you encounter a problem ! Do n ' t restart the app if you encounter a problem , unless its frozen forever ) In the " Help " menu , a button was added to clear all of LVOC ' s data . I recommend you use this upon downloading the new version . ( REVERT FIRST THOUGH ! ) Fixed the Wukong bug Fixed the " Error validating LoL path " issue that happened right after the first time the user uses the application Put in a temporary fix for Oceania client v3 . 0 . 0_beta ( 29th January , 2016 ) Japanese VO supported ! ( Note for Garena users : make sure you select " Garena " as your locale ! It wo n ' t work if you leave it on " Detect automatically " ) You do n ' t need Java anymore . LVOC has been completely re - written , allowing it to be easier to maintain for me , and more reliable for you . Missing taunts / other VO problem is now fixed . Added " select / un - select " toggle for champions . For those who only wanted to change a few champions but did n ' t want to un - check a bunch of them one by one . Added ability to install third - party Announcer packs ( like the Rick & Morty one ) . This feature is disabled in version 3.0.0_beta , but will be available when the stable version ( 3.0.0 ) is released . I probably forgot to list other stuff here but ill remember later maybe v2 . 0 . 2 ( 26th July , 2015 ) Fixed a bug where LVOC was n ' t changing the Announcer audio again . This should n ' t happen again unless Riot makes a significant change to the format of the files . Added the ability to change each champion ' s language individually . For example , Ahri to Korean , Yasuo to Chinese , Fiora to French , etc . You can find this setting by going to the " Settings " tab and clicking " Select Champions " . ( Note : Announcer language will still be whatever you selected as the main language to change to ) . Temporarily disabled Advanced Mode , as it ' s no longer useful in its current state and seemed to cause more problems than it solved . It ' ll be re - implemented once it ' s improved . v2 . 0 . 1 ( 15th June , 2015 ) Fixed a bug where LVOC would n ' t change newer audio files ( mostly the announcer ) . For those who are familiar , this is the bug that started happening a couple days ago . Optimized the error report feature , so that it sends much faster . LVOC will no longer bother trying to change the announcer audio if you selected Chinese ( the Chinese announcer literally only has like 3 lines of VO for the start of the game , the rest of it is english ) . v2 . 0 . 0 ( 2nd May , 2015 ) Chinese VO now supported ! Just select Chinese from the list of languages to change to . ( See the " Help " tab in the app if you ' re wondering why kill callouts are n ' t in Chinese ) Support for Mac OS X ! ( Despite all my testing , I expect this to be somewhat buggy , so feedback is welcomed ) Added ability to select which champions ' VO should be changed and which champions should be excluded Updated interface , nothing big though ( functionality is now grouped by tabs at the top of the window ) Added Brazil to the list of regions LVOC will now automatically attempt to get the most up - to - date list of champions when you run it . This means that there will no longer be a need to update the app when a new champion releases . A couple bug fixes v1 . 9 . 8 ( 17th January , 2015 ) Fix for Patch 5.1 Fix for " invalid LoL folder " messages for GarenaPH ( Feedback on this change would be appreciated ) v1 . 9 . 7 ( 16th December , 2014 ) Application will now automatically undo any previous VO changes before changing . This is to help avoid inconsistent VO files and useless back - up files . This also helps to avoid future patch issues with Garena . ( Note : If you have used LVOC before , this change is most effective on a fresh install or a recently repaired client [ Garena ] If a user selects an incorrect League of Legends path , the error message now gives a clearer description of what path is expected . [ Garena ] For clients installed in the default directory under Program Files , the " GarenaLoL " , " GameData " and " Apps " folders are all now valid paths . v1 . 9 . 6 ( 11th December , 2014 ) Fix for Patch 4.21 ( yay ! ) Garena users will no longer have to re - download the VO files if the ones they have already downloaded are up - to - date New language available : Czech Support for Rek ' Sai ! v1 . 9 . 5 ( 19th November , 2014 ) Update for Kalista v1 . 9 . 4 ( 10th October , 2014 ) - tl ; dr : lots of fixes for Garena support Fixed a bug where Garena users were unable to change Announcer and Champion audio individually Fixed a bug for Garena users who were using 32 - bit operating systems Fixed a bug for Garena users where certain folders with spaces in their names caused " Extraction failed ! " messages Fixed automatic error detection for Garena Added undo feature for Garena client Champ select audio is now changed for the Garena client | [
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http://lezelfredhollows.weebly.com/fred-hollows.html | All about Fred Hollows Frederick " Fred " Cossom Hollows , was born on the 9th of April 1929 in Dunedin , New Zealand . He was an ophthalmologist who became known for his work in restoring eyesight for several thousands of people in Australia and many other countries . It has been proven that more than one million people in the world can see today because of resourcefulness instigated by Hollows , the most famous example being The Fred Hollows Foundation . Hollows died in Sydney in 1993 at the age of 63 . The cause of his death was metastatic renal cancer primarily affecting his lungs and brain Fred Hollows was one of four children they all were born in Dunedin , New Zealand , to Joseph and Clarice ( Marshall ) Hollows . The family lived in Dunedin for the first seven years of his life . He had one year of casual primary schooling at North East Valley Primary School and began attending Palmerston North Boys ' High School when he was 13 . Hollows got his BA degree from Victoria University of Wellington . He studied at a seminary for a short period of time , but decided to become a clergy ( churchman ) for the rest of his life . After seeing the doctors at a mental hospital during some charity work , he then did n โ t want to become a clergy no more and enrolled at Otago Medical School . While living in Dunedin he was an energetic member of the New Zealand Alpine Club and made several first climbs of mountains in the Mount Aspiring / Tititea Hollows was a member of the Communist Party of New Zealand during the 1950s and 1960s . In 1961 he went to Moorfields Eye Hospital in England to study ophthalmology . He then did student work in Wales before moving to Australia in 1965 where he became assistant professor of ophthalmology at the University of New South Wales in Sydney . From 1965 - 1992 he chaired the ophthalmology division running the teaching departments at the University of New South Wales , and the Prince of Wales and Prince Henry hospitals . Hollows was married twice : in 1958 to Mary Skiller , who died in 1975 , and in 1980 to Gabi O ' Sullivan . Fred Hollows was known for his work helping restore the eyesight of countless thousands of people in developing countries and his passionate plight to improve indigenous health here in Australia . Fred wanted to go and help the people in Africa someone told him if you were to be useful in Africa you had to know how to take out cataract because there was a lot of cataract blindness there . Fred was the most known person around the world known for helping and caring for many people of the world people today still know today as the most famous helper in the world | [
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"ophthalmologist"
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http://lg-bridge.software.informer.com/ | LG Bridge 1.2 Free Manages the content of LG mobile devices 3.9 16 votes 1.2.40 See all LG Electronics Review Comments Questions & Answers Update program info Old versions LG Bridge 1.1 See all Access and handle the data stored on 4G - capable LG tablets and smartphones by connecting them to a computer and launching the interfacing utility with features like backup creation , wirelessly managing content , editing settings or the address book , etc . Access via Facebook or Google accounts is allowed . LG Bridge brings all your LG devices ( phones and tablets ) together . You can manage , update , and back up your devices all in one place . Use LG AirDrive to manage content on your devices wirelessly and LG Backup to restore content on your mobile device via USB . trusted DOWNLOAD Free 72.8 MB 253 people Freeware 1 award Screenshot Info updated on : Jan 29 , 2019 | [
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http://lgbt.wikia.com/wiki/Teabagging | in : Oral eroticism Practical jokes Sexual fetishism and 2 more Teabagging Edit Share File : Wiktionary - logo - en . svg Look up teabagging in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Teabagging is a slang term for the act of a man placing his testicles , specifically the scrotum , in the mouth or face of another person , often in a repeated in - and - out motion as in irrumatio . The practice vaguely resembles dipping a tea bag into a cup of tea Teabagging is also an erotic activity used within the context of BDSM and male dominance , with a dominant man teabagging his submissive partner , either a woman or a man , as one variation of facesitting and / or as a means of inflicting Erotic humiliation Contents show The practice Edit An example of teabagging is shown in the movie Pecker by John Waters which showed a male stripper repeatedly striking a man ' s forehead , and purportedly introduced the practice of teabagging to a wider audience . It has also been reported as a practice in hazing among athletic teams . This is described in an article by Robert DeKoven from Gay and Lesbian Times One such story involved what school officials termed a hazing incident , which involved three varsity wrestlers and three coaches at Argo Community High School near Chicago . The school suspended the wrestlers and coaches for a hazing incident that involved the โ tea - bagging โ of several freshman wrestlers . Cyd Zeigler Jr . reports that the incident occurred on a bus trip home last year on Dec . 1 . . . . According to the Daily Southtown , the three varsity wrestlers pulled freshmen , one by one , to the back of the bus . There , two of the boys held each boy down as the third boy shoved his testicles in the freshman โ s face . Teabagging again gained national attention in 2006 in the national media for a similar incident that occurred in Avoca , IA where the local wrestling team performed a similar initiation as the Chicago incident . In the media In video games File : BilboTBaggins . jpg Simulations of teabagging are often used in video games , specifically first person shooters such as Counter - Strike the Battlefield series of games Call of Duty , and , probably most notably , Halo ( Halo players commonly refer to it as the " Halo Hump " or simply " corpse - humping " ) . " Teabagging " is performed by repeatedly crouching down - a common movement in FPSs - while on top of an enemy corpse . The act is a form of victory dance to show ownership and to humiliate an enemy player . Certain player groups ( often referred to as clans ) find the act offensive and therefore forbid its use on game servers they operate . Conversely , many clans relish the activity and encourage its use . Basketball The term is also used to describe a player slam dunking over the defending opponent . citation needed This is better known as " posterizing " as it is common to make a poster out of an image of this act . Miscellaneous One track on rapper Ludacris 2004 album Chicken & Beer is a skit labeled " T Baggin ' " . It is a parody of phone messages that require the dialer to press a number for a service . It says , " If you woke up with a hangover and a pair of hairy balls on your forehead , press " 7 " . You pressed " 7 " . You ' ve just been victimized and introduced to a moral crime known as " teabaggin ' " . We suggest you promptly hang up the phone , beat the ass of any white guys you hung out with last night , and find and destroy all photos before they appear on the Internet . Thank you for calling . Good luck . Goodbye . " On the television series Sex and the City Samantha Jones , played by Kim Cattrall , explained the practice of teabagging to her friends quite blatantly and loudly in a crowded restaurant in the episode " A Woman ' s Right to Shoes " . When Robert Knepper , whose character on Prison Break is nicknamed T - Bag , appeared on Live with Regis and Kelly on 30 January 2007 he began to recount how he learned what the name meant , but was cut off by host Kelly Ripa , who quickly cut to a commercial break . We Are Klang ' s song First Kiss contains the line " . . . and a lollipop man started teabagging me " followed by a mimed description . In the Comedy film Soul Plane Tom Arnold wants to know what Teabagging is after his daughter mentions it to him . In the television show Kenny vs . Spenny during a humiliation , both Kenny and Spenny were teabagged by the crew members after a draw on a competition . In the television show My Name Is Earl in the episode " Girl Earl , " a grocery store bagger ( Played by John Heder ) returns home to find his house vandalized , and robbed of all his furniture and belongings . He then sees spray painted on the wall across from him the line , " Teabagger , get it ? " In the television animation Family Guy Stewie Griffin asks if Dylan would like to ' Teabag ' him at his Naked Tea Party . Other uses In windsurfing and other watersports , an individual is " teabagged " when they fall beneath the water of a choppy wave . References โ 1.0 1.1 The Bedside Orgasm Book : 365 Days of Sexual Ecstasy , Cynthia W . Gentry , 2004 . Page 293 . ISBN 1 - 59233 - 101 - 7 โ SexDictionary . info : Tea bagging . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 20 โ Jack and his Bean Stalk : What is Teabagging ? . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 20 TeenWire : Ask the Experts - What is Teabagging ? โ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Rotten . com : Teabagging Filthy : The John Waters Phenomenon Robert L . Pela . Page 202 . ISBN 1 - 55583 - 625 - 9 Legal Reader : Definition of Teabagging " Is forcible โ tea - bagging โ just hazing ? " , 9 March 2006 CNN story on Halo Corpse Humping at Halopedia , a wiki Christian Gaming Network clan rules War Pigs clan rules We Are Klang Edinbugh and Beyond 2007 2007 - 2 : ' First Kiss ' 2007 - 12 - 14 v d e sex Sexual acts Sexual intercourse foreplay positions ) ยท Oral sex Anal sex Anal - oral sex Group sex Sexual sublimation Barebacking Dirty talk Facial Fingering Fisting Masturbation Handjob Non - penetrative sex Sumata Quickie Sex industry Artificial vagina Dildo Erotica Gel Paddle ยท pornography ยท Vibrator Sex doll Sex toys Sex shop Adult video game Health education Birth control Erectile dysfunction Gynaecology Hypersexuality Sexual dysfunction Sex education Sexually transmitted disease History History of human sexuality History of erotic depictions Sexual revolution Identity Sexual identity Sexual orientation Law Age of consent Obscenity Public indecency ยท rape ยท Sexual assault Sexual abuse Sexual harassment Physiological events Ejaculation Erection Insemination Orgasm Pregnancy Sexual arousal Relationships and society BDSM ยท incest ยท Marriage Paraphilia ยท prostitution ยท Religion and sexuality Romance Sexual abstinence Sexual attraction Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sex surrogate Sex tourism ยท Abortion See also Human sexual behavior ยท Human sexuality Sexology Sexual slang Animal sexual behavior cs : Teabagging pl : Teabagging Categories Oral eroticism Practical jokes Sexual fetishism Sexual slang Sexual acts Add category | [
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http://lhs.walkerschools.org/ | LaFayette High Important Links Parent School Climate Survey LaFayette Rambler Athletics LHS Clubs Organizations The LHS School Council LHS Guidance Department Counselor Appointment Form LHS SCHOLARSHIPS for Class of 2019 LHS Teacher Tech Corner Social Media Safety For Parents Odysseyware Link Walker Launch GNTC LaFayette High School is now on Social Media Click on the icon to be redirected Swipe For More High School Basketball Scores WENDYS HIGH SCHOOL HEISMAN SCHOLARSHIP LAFAYETTE HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS ALYSSA KISER AND ALEX KELEHEAR LEAVE IT ALL ON THE FIELD AND BECOME SCHOOL WINNERS IN THE WENDYS HIGH SCHOOL HEISMAN SCHOLARSHIP COMPETITION From a total applicant pool of nearly 42000 high school scholarathletes graduating with the class of 2019 Alyssa Kiser and Alex Kelehear have been named School Winners in Wendys annual scholarship competition Like the Heisman Memorial Trophy Wendys believes in the pursuit of athletic and academic excellence with integrity Since 1994 Wendys and the Heisman Trophy Trust have been running the same play to perfection honoring more than 600000 of the nations most esteemed students This partnership succeeds because they share a common set of values where going above and beyond is the norm Wendys Heisman Memorial Scholarship program honors students who share these values and profile their stories of perseverance to inspire the tomorrows senior class To apply students must be graduating with the class of 2019 have a cumulative high school grade point average of a B 30 or better participate in at least one of the 47 sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee andor the National Federation of State High School Association and be a leader in hisher school and community The Wendys High School Heisman is a joint program between Wendys and the Heisman Trophy Trust host and custodians of the Heisman Memorial Trophy LaFayette High School Graduation Ceremony Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Friday May 25 2018 700 pm at Jack King Stadium Walker County Schools is excited to announce Walker Launch GNTC Launch will provide our students at both Lafayette and Ridgeland with a unique opportunity to earn associates while receiving mentorship from an industry partner Students will be on the GNTC campus each day with a WCS teacher to provide support Contact your counselor for entry requirements More exciting announcements to come LHS School Safety PSA MySchoolBucks Online Meal Payments Parents and Guardians we are excited to offer MySchoolBucks This secure online payment service provides a quick and easy way to add money to your students meal account using a creditdebit card or electronic check This service allows you to deposit money directly into your childs school meal account and view balancepurchase information for the past 90 days For more information or to create an account click on the picture below LHS Guidance ACT Prep Tweets by RamblerGuidance About LaFayette High Contact Us Announcement There are no announcements to display stay connected | [
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http://lhsenglish9.blogspot.com/2015/02/loneliness-and-of-mice-and-men.html | Loyalton High ' s 9th Grade English Class Monday , February 2 , 2015 Loneliness and Of Mice and Men The topic of loneliness and the theme that loneliness is a sad reality for many people who live on the fringes of society is amplified in the allegorical characters present in the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck . After reading the book , who do you think is the strongest allegory for this theme around loneliness ? In other words , who is the most lonesome of all of the characters ? Explain your answer and defend it in an expository paragraph complete with a strong topic sentence ( TS ) , at least two concrete details ( CDs ) , and at least two sentences of commentary ( CMs ) for each concrete detail . Finish with a strong concluding statement . Posted by Ms . Meschery at 10 : 25 AM 22 comments : Julie said . . . I think Crooks is the loneliest person in the novel Of Mice and Men by : John Steinbeck . Crooks is lonely because he stays in a stable by himself . He works in the stables and also sleeps there . He sleeps on the ground that has some hay there and he also sleeps next to the horses . Crooks does n ' t really get to leave the stable . He never gets to go places with George , Candy , Slim , and Curly , neither does Lennie , Lennie and Crooks are usually left behind . February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 16 AM GiannaWinegar said . . . I think Curley ' s wife is the loneliest of them all because she craves all the attention from all the guys and she does n โ t really care about what Curley says , she still continues to be an unintentional flirt with most people she see โ s . Another reason i think she is the loneliest is because she is n ' t allowed to talk to anyone and when she wants to talk she always says โ I โ m so lonely โ just so it will convince them that she needs someone to talk to February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 22 AM caleb bradley Crooks By caleb Bradley After reading the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck , the loneliest character in this book is by far crooks crooks is a black crippled stableman . Crooks is ridiculed ignored and mentally abused by his white man peers โ The white kids come to play at our place sometimes i went and played with em โฆ .my old man did n โ t like that i never knew why , but i know know โ . Crooks has no one to hangout with and is told he ca n โ t come near them because he โ February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 23 AM Sarah The strongest allegory for the theme that loneliness is a sad reality for people who live on the fringes of society , I think is Curley โ s Wife . Curley โ s wife shows this loneliness by always wondering around and talking to the guys on the ranch . Curley โ s wife also has to listen to Curley talk about nothing but himself and what hes gonna do to the guys he do n โ t like . โ Spends all his time saying what he was gonna do to the guys he dont like , and he February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 24 AM veronica After reading the story of Mice and Men I think the strongest allegory for loneliness is Crooks . I think this because he was black . It must have been difficult because he was black and this book is taken place around the 50s . There was still segregation around that time so it must have been very lonely for Crooks . Especially since he was the only black man that was there . He also had to stay out in the stables by himself most of the day . People probably did n โ t understand that he might February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 30 AM bowdy Bowdy Griffin English 9 Of mice and men In the book Of mice and men by John Steinbeck Curley ' s Wife is the longest and fit the allegory the best . We as readers see that she is lonely and not happy toward the end of the book when she talked about not being able to travel with the circles and fulfil her dream of being an actress . I think a lot of parents deny their kids dreams because they do n ' t want them to grow up . For the kids that get their love denied or taken away disown their parents because it February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 32 AM Logan After reading the short story Of Mice and Men i believe that the loneliest character is Crooks . I believe this because Crooks is segregated from everyone else on the ranch . He is separated from everyone else because he is black and back then they were accepted into society . I know he was segregated because it says he sleeps on a bunk in the stable on pg . 66 . Another reason why i think he is the lonley is because he is not really allowed to spend time with anyone on the ranch . On pg . February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 33 AM Mandy By Mandy Truhett English 9 Of Mice and Men Candy is a strong allegory of sadness , loneliness is a very sad thing , people that live on the fringes of society do n โ t have very much going for them because they really have nothing in advance , they most likely do n โ t have a family anymore and no friends because they travel alone . A lot of people in our society are lonely now - a - days and the people in the book like Curly โ s wife , Candy , Lenny and Crooks are the loneliness characters , well at least in February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 49 AM Kayla123 Kayla Penn English 9 Of Mice and Men I believe that George is the strongest allegory for the theme of loneliness which is a sad reality for people who live on the fringes of society . George has always taken care of Lenny and been there for him instead of branching off and starting his own family โฆ โ I could get along so easy and nice if if i did n โ t have you on my tail . I could live so easy and maybe have a girl . โ George may not have been completely alone since he had Lenny but Lenny was was basically February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 50 AM Madeline Of Mice and Men In the book Of Mice and Men , there is a strong sense of loneliness in most of the characters . One particular character stands out especially in that place and time and that character is Crooks . In the story Crooks is a black slave , set apart from all the white men so naturally he โ s lonely . In the book Crooks states that โ A guy goes nuts if he ai n โ t got nobody . Do n โ t make no difference who the guy is , long โ s he โ s with February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 52 AM Ezra In the novel Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck I would have to say the most lonely character is crooks . " I ai n ' t wanted cause Im black . . .I ca n ' t play because Im black " crooks replied . He is so lonely because he lives in a barn and not many people will even talk to him . proof of this is when lennie comes in the barn to just hangout , and crooks tells him to leave on page 68 because he feels awkward . they call him " stable February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 56 AM CrazyCassi741 Curley ' s Wife , from the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck , is the strongest allegorical character for the theme , that loneliness is a sad reality for people who live on the fringe of society . Curley ' s Wife is the loneliest because , no one knows her name , she ' s labeled as " Curley ' s Wife . " I think it ' s because back in the Great Depression women did n ' t receive attention . In the novel , all they described her as was " purty . February 4 , 2015 at 9 : 32 AM Robert Schwary Curly ' s Wife , from the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is the strongest allegorical character for the theme that loneliness is a sad reality for people who live on the fringes of society because she shows how women were treated in the great depression . She also shows how selfish and mean men can be to their wives . February 4 , 2015 at 9 : 33 AM reeselovesreeses Crooks from the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is the strongest allegorical character for the theme that loneliness is a sad reality for people who live on the fringes of society . Crooks is the loneliest character in this book because of the segregation he is in , in this book Crooks is separated from everyone else such as being pushed into his own room by himself , people not talking to him and people not respecting him because he is black . Crooks is always by himself because of segregation . In conclusion Crooks is the February 4 , 2015 at 9 : 35 AM Ben 2 / 4 / 15 Of Mice of Men Crooks , from the novel , Of Mice Of Men by John Steinbeck is the strongest allegorical character for the theme that loneliness is a sad reality for people who live on the fringes of society . The reason crooks , is because he is black and in the olden days there was segregation . Witched sucked for Crooks he was all by himself and had to sleep by himself , when all the other people have it somewhat good and have each other to keep company amongst all of them . In the story that we read it said that when they played hor shoes that Crooks had his own . And he couldnt share with anyone because he was segregated . February 4 , 2015 at 9 : 53 AM chasebaro I think that Curleys wife is the most strongest allegory for this theme around loneliness . she ' s lonely because she is the only women on the ranch and Curley is n ' t much company . He also wo n ' t let her talk to anybody else . she had a chance to the road to hollywood . Now she ' s on a farm that ca n ' t talk to anybody . these are the reasons why i think Curleys wife is the strongest allegory for this theme around loneliness . February 9 , 2015 at 4 : 25 PM chasebaro I think that Curleys wife is the most strongest allegory for this theme around loneliness . she ' s lonely because she is the only women on the ranch and Curley is n ' t much company . He also wo n ' t let her talk to anybody else . she had a chance to the road to hollywood . Now she ' s on a farm that ca n ' t talk to anybody . these are the reasons why i think Curleys wife is the strongest allegory for this theme around loneliness . February 9 , 2015 at 4 : 26 PM Ms . Meschery @ Julie . I really like your point about how Crooks has to spend so much time alone in the stable . That ' s really true ! February 11 , 2015 at 1 : 20 PM CrazyCassi741 @ Gianna I agree with what you say . Curley ' s wife is the lonliest because she just wants a friend . February 11 , 2015 at 2 : 43 PM Zane @ chasebaro I agree with you , along with everyone else who did curly ' s wife , I think this because she has no name , she ' s always ignored and the only one who pays any attention to her is Lenny . . She also is only described as purty , meaning , she ' s without any identitiy and only seen as an object February 13 , 2015 at 8 : 56 AM Zane Crooks , from the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is the strongest allegorical character for the theme that loneliness is a sad reality for people who live on the fringes of society . Crooks is the most loneliness character in Of Mice and Men because on pg 67 it says . . .for Crooks was a proud aloof man . he kept his distance and demanded that other keep theirs . Alos Crooks is segregated , on pg 66 lennie asks Crooks " Why ai n ' t you wanted ? " Crooks says " Cause im black . they play cards in there , but i cant because Im black . " Crooks is the most loneliness in the novel Of Mice and Men , he feels unwanted , he does n ' t have any friends , and he ca n ' t play cards or play horseshoes with the other guys . This is way Crooks from the novel Of Mice and Men , by John Steinbeck is the strongest allegorical character for Crooks that loneliness is sad reality for people who live on the fringes of society . February 13 , 2015 at 11 : 26 AM Mason In the novel Of Mice and Men by John steinbeck the character Candy is the strongest allegorical character for the theme that loneliness is a sad reality for those who live on the fringes of society . This is true because his only friend was an ancient dog who was killed . It ' s hard to imagine what losing a friend that close would be like . He later states that he should have killed the dog himself , so he later feels regret for not giving a proper goodbye . Also , Candy was originally going to live Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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http://lib.colostate.edu/wildlife/atoz.php?sortby=Genus_Species&letter=ALL | Skip to content Animal List A to Z Type a search word to list animal names with that word ( for example , cat or tail ) , or click a letter from A to Z to list animal names starting with that letter , or click ALL to list all animals in the site . Also see the Zoolexicon Note : Only animals in the Garst Wildlife Photographic Collection ( about 600 species ) are listed . A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ALL To see an animal listed below , click on its Genus Species . Click Common Name to change the search and sort column . Common Name ( s ) Genus Species top Crown of thorns starfish Acanthaster planci Cheetah Acinynox jubatus Eastern boa constrictor ; Malagasy ground boa Acrantophis madagascariensis Common mynah ; Indian mynah Acridotheres tristis Feathertail glider ; Pygmy possum Acrobates pygmaeus African jacana ; Lily trotter Actophilornis africanus White - headed vulture Aegypius occipitalis Lappet - faced vulture ; Black vulture Aegypius tracheliotus Impala Aepyceros mylampus Agama lizard ( unidentified ) Agama sp . Red - winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Water moccasin ; Cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus Paca Agouti paca Red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus caama Kongoni ; Coke ' s hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii Moose Alces alces Australian brush turkey Alectura lathami Mississippi alligator ; American alligator Alligator mississippiensis Arctic fox ; Blue fox Alopex lagopus Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus Red howler monkey Alouatta seniculus Amazon parrot ( unidentified ) Amazona sp . Marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus Antelope ground squirrel ; Nelson ground squirrel Ammospermophilus nelsoni Western bearded dragon Amphibolurus barbatus White - cheeked pintail ; Bahama pintail Anas bahamensis Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Hottentot teal Anas punctata Asian openbill ; Openbill stork Anastomus oscitans Mandras tree shrew Anathana ellioti African darter Anhinga rufa Tawny eagle Anitibyx armatus Greylag goose Anser anser Snow goose Anser caerulescens Brown antechinus Antechinus flavipes Blue crane ; Stanley crane Anthropoides paradisea Springbuck ; Springbok Antidorcas marsupialis Pronghorn Antilocapra americana Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra African clawless otter ; Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis Small - clawed otter ; Oriental short - clawed otter Aonyx cinerea Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Blue and gold macaw ; Blue and yellow macaw Ara ararauna Red and blue macaw ; Green - winged macaw Ara chloroptera Scarlet macaw Ara macao Small - toothed palm civet Arctogalidia trivirgata Gray heron ; Grey heron Ardea cinerea Goliath heron ; Giant heron Ardea golieth Black spider monkey Ateles paniscus Chital ; Spotted deer Axis axis top B Black - crowned crane Balearica pavonina Ringtail ; Ringtail cat ; Civet cat ; Miner ' s cat Bassariscus astutus Woylie ; Brush - tailed bettong ; Brush - tailed rat kangaroo Bettongia penicillata American bison ; American buffalo Bison bison Emerald green tree boa Boa caninus Mexican boa Boa constrictor mexicana Gaur Bos frontalis Yak Bos mutus Scottish highland cow Bos taurus Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus Pale - throated three - toed sloth Bradypus tridactylus Canada goose Branta canadensis Red - billed buffalo weaver Bubalornis niger Wild water buffalo ; Asian water buffalo Bubalus arnee Eagle owl ( unidentified ) Bubo sp . Great horned owl Bubo virginianus Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Common goldeneye ; Barrows goldeneye Bucephala clangula Southern ground hornbill ; Leadbeateri ' s ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri Wattled crane Bugeranus caruncalatus Galapagos hawk Buteo galapagoensis Red - tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Ferruginous hawk Buteo regalis Green - backed heron ; Little heron ; Striated heron ; Green heron Butorides striatus Green - backed heron ; Little heron ; Striated heron ; Green heron Butorides striatus sundevalli C Eleven - banded armadillo ( unidentified ) Cabassous sp . Sulfur - crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita Long - billed corella ; Slender - billed cockatoo ; Long - billed cockatoo Cacatua tenuirostris Spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus Gambel ' s quail Callipepla gambelii Northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus Red - tailed cockatoo Calyptorhynchus magnificus Dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius Golden jackal ; Indian jackal ; Asiatic jackal Canis aureus Dingo Canis dingo Coyote Canis latrans Common wolf Canis lupus Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi Timber wolf Canis lupus lycaon Black - backed jackal ; Silver - backed jackal Canis mesomelas Ibex Capra ibex Roe deer Capreolus capreolus Pine siskin Carduelis pinus Yellow - rumped siskin Carduelis uropygialis Worm snake ( unidentified ) Carphophis sp . Great egret Casmerodius albus North American beaver ; American beaver Castor canadensis European beaver ; Eurasian beaver Castor fiber Great skua Catharacta skua Turkey vulture Cathartes aura White - fronted capuchin Cebus albifrons Brown capuchin ; Black - capped capuchin Cebus apella Weeper capuchin Cebus nigrivittatus Greater sage grouse ; Sage grouse ; Sage hen Centrocercus urophasianus Square - lipped rhinoceros ; White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum Western pygmy possum Cercatetus concinnus Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops Cape Barren goose ; Cereopsis goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae Kalahari scrub robin Certotrichas paena Elk , Wapiti Cervus canadensis Swamp deer ; Barasingha deer Cervus duvauceli Red deer Cervus elaphus Sambar Cervus unicolor Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis Chameleon ( unidentified ) Chamaelo sp . Three - banded plover Charadrius tricollaris Crested screamer ; Southern screamer Chauna torquata Long - necked turtle ; Snake - necked turtle Chelodina longicollis Snowy sheathbill Chionis alba Frilled dragon ; Frilled lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii White - winged black tern ; White - winged tern Chlidonias leucopterus Andean goose Chloephaga melanoptera Two - toed sloth ; Hoffman ' s sloth ; Two - toed tree sloth Choloepus hoffmani Common nighthawk Chordeiles minor Kori bustard Choriotis kori White stork ; European stork Ciconia ciconia White - necked stork ; Woolly - necked stork Ciconia episcopus White - necked stork ; Woolly - necked stork Ciconia episeopus Black - tailed tree creeper Climacteris melanura Boat - billed heron Cochlearius cochlearius Prehensile - tailed porcupine ; Tree porcupine Coendou prehensilis Field flicker ; Campo flicker Colaptes campestroides Black and white colobus ; White - mantled colobus ; Magistrate black colobus ; Guerza Colobus guerza Buttermilk snake ; American racer ; Racer snake Coluber constrictor Blue racer Coluber constrictor foxii Rock dove ; Feral rock pigeon Columba livia Ring dove ; Wood pigeon Columba palumbus Blue wildebeest ; Brindled gnu Connochaetus taurinus Land iguana Conolophus subcristatus Lilac - breasted roller Coracias caudata Black vulture Coragyps atratus Cook ' s tree boa Corallus hortulanus cooki Sun gazer ; Yellow - brown sungazer ; Giant girdled lizard Cordylus giganteus Cape raven ; White - necked raven ; Pied crow Corvus albicollis Pied crow Corvus albus House crow ; American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Malachite kingfisher Corythornis cristata Black - throated butcher bird ; Pied butcher bird Cracticus nigroagularis Currasow ( unidentified ) Crax sp . Swallow - tail gull Creagrus furcatus Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus Spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus Sidewinder ; Horned rattlesnake Crotalus cerastes Dusky rattlesnake Crotalus triseriatus Collared lizard Crotaphytus collaris Ornate rock dragon ; Netted rock dragon Ctenophorus ornatus Black swan Cygnus atratus Trumpeter swan Cygnus buccinator Yellow mongoose ; Red meerkat Cynictis penicillata Black - tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus Ring - tailed gecko ; Bent - toed gecko Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis D Laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae Blesbok ; Bontebok Damaliscus dorcas Topi ; Tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus Agouti Dasyprocta leporina Nine - banded armadillo ; Common long - nosed armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Seven - banded armadillo Dasypus septemcincus Tiger cat ; Spotted - tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus Native cat ; Eastern quoll Dasyurus viverrinus Common dolphin Delphinus delphis Indian tree pie ; Rufous tree pie Dendrocitta vagabunda White - faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata Hyrax ; Dassie Dendrohyrax brucel Hawk - headed parrot Deroptyus accipitrinus Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis Collared lemming ; Arctic lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Fork - tailed drongo Dicrurus adsimilis American Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana Waved albatross ; Galapagos albatross Diomedea irrorata Desert kangaroo rat Dipodomys deserti Mara Dolichitus patagonum Emu Dromaeus novaehollandiae Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corias couperi Savanna fox ; Crab - eating fox ; Common zorro Dusicyon thous E White - faced tree rat ; Arboral spiny rat Echimys chrysurus Snowy egret Egretta thula Tayra Eira barbata Asian elephant Elephas maximus bengalensis Galah ; Red - breasted cockatoo ; Roseate cockatoo Eolophus roseicapillus Black - necked stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Jabiru stork ; Black - necked stork Ephippiorhynchus mycteria Saddle - billed stork Ephipplorhynchus senegalensis Columbian rainbow boa Epicrates cenchria maurus Plains zebra ; Common zebra Equus burchelli Onager ; Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus Horned lark Eremophila alpestris North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis Black - cheeked waxbill Estrilda erythronotos Southern right whale ; Baleen whale Eubalaena australis Elegant crested tinamou Eudromia elegans Fairy penguin ; Little blue penguin Eudyptula minor Steller ' s sea lion ; Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus Anaconda ( unidentified ) Eunectes sp . Southern white - crowned shrike Eurocephalus anguitimens Least chipmunk Eutamias minimus F Prairie falcon Falco mexicanus Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Caracal ; African lynx Felis caracal Jungle cat Felis chaus Mountain lion ; Cougar ; Puma ; South American puma Felis concolor Cape wild cat ; African wild cat Felis libyca Ocelot Felis pardalis Bobcat Felis rufus Serval Felis serval Kaffir cat ; African wild cat ; European wild cat Felis silvestris lybica Kaffir cat ; African wild cat ; European wild cat Felis sylvestris lybica Margay ; Long - tailed spotted cat Felis wiedi or Leopardus weidi Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi Coqui francolin ; Coqui partridge Francolinus coqui Yellow - necked spurfowl Francolinus leucoscepus Swainson ' s francolin Francolinus swainsonii Horned puffin Fratercula corniculata Magnificent frigate bird Fregata magnificans Red - knobbed coot Fulica cristata Palm squirrel Funambulus pennati G Pacific gull Gabianus pacificus Large - eared bushbaby Galago crassicaudataus Grison ; Huron Galictis vittata Grant ' s gazelle Gazella granti Thomson ' s gazelle Gazella thompsonii Tokay gecko Gekko gecko Small - spotted genet ; Common genet Genetta genetta Indian star tortoise Geochelone elegans Galapagos tortoise Geochelone elephantopus Radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata Greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus Darwin ground finch ( unidentified ) Geospiza sp . Gerbil ( unidentified ) Gerbillus sp . Giraffe Giraffe camelopardalis Long - finned pilot whale Globicephala melas Desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii Western lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla Sally lightfoot crab ; Red lava crab Graspus graspus Sarus crane Grus antigone Sandhill crane Grus canadensis Brolga crane Grus rubicundus Black - backed magpie ; Australian magpie Gymnorhina tibicen Oriental white - backed vulture ; White - rumped vulture ; Bengal vulture Gyps bengalensis Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus H Blackish oystercatcher ; Black curlew Haematopus ater White - throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnesis Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Pallas ' s fish eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus White - bellied sea eagle Haliaetus leucogaster African fish eagle Haliaetus vocifer Mexican beaded lizard ; Gila monster Heloderma horridum Mexican beaded lizard ; Gila monster Heloderma horridum exasperatum Gila monster Heloderma suspectum Eastern dwarf mongoose Helogale undulata Small Indian mongoose ; Javan gold - spotted mongoose Herpestes javanicus Black - winged stilt Himantopus himantopus Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus Sable antelope Hippotragus niger Brown hyena Hyaena brunnea Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena Capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Mountain duck ; Blue duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus Crested porcupine ; African porcupine Hystrix cristata Indian porcupine Hystrix indica I Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus African polecat ; Zorilla Ictonyx striatus Common green iguana Iguana iguana White - throated robin Irania gutteralis Short - nosed bandicoot ; Southern brown bandicoot Isoodon obesulus J Tropical buckeye butterfly ; Genoveva Junonia genoveua K Defassa waterbuck ; Common waterbuck Kobus defassa Kafue flats lechwe Kobus leche robertsi Puku Kobus vardonii vardoni L Llama Lama glama Guanaco Lama guanicoe Alpaca Lama pacos Greater blue - eared starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus Red - shouldered glossy starling ; Cape starling Lamprotornis nitens Glossy starling ( unidentified ) Lamprotornis sp . Superb starling Lamprotornis superbus Southern boubou ; Common boubou shrike Laniarius ferrugineus Crimson - breasted shrike ; Burchell ' s gonolek Laniaurius atrococcineus Southern black - backed gull ; Kelp gull Larus dominicanus Lava gull ; Dusky gull Larus fuliginosus Silver gull Larus novaehollandiae Gulls ( unidentified ) Larus sp . Tarantula ; Salmon pink bird eater tarantula Lasiodora parahybana Southern hairy - nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Ring - tailed lemur Lemur catta Brown lemur Lemur fulvus Sportive lemur Lepilemur rufescens Stick insect Leprocaulinus vipera Marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus Greater adjutant stork Leptoptilus dubius Arctic hare Lepus arcticus White - tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii Russian dragonfly ; Four - spotted skimmer Libellula quadrimaculata African black crake Limnocorax flavirostra Hudsonian godwit Limosa haemastica Gerenuk Litrocranius walleri Long - crested hawk eagle Lophoaetus occipitalis Slender loris Loris tardigratus Grey lourie ; Bare - faced go away bird Lorythaixoides concolor African elephant Loxodonta africana North American river otter ; Canadian river otter Lutra canadensis Black - collared barbet Lybius torquatus African wild dog Lycaon pictus Wolf spider Lycosa godeffroyi M African skink Mabuya spilogaster Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata Rhesus macaque ; Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Pig - tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Agile wallaby ; River wallaby ; Jungle kangaroo Macropus agilis Dama wallaby ; Tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii Black - faced kangaroo ; Western grey kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus Eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus Whip - tailed wallaby Macropus parryi Euro wallaby ; Common wallaroo Macropus robustus Red - necked wallaby ; Bennett ' s wallaby Macropus rufogriseus Red kangaroo Macropus rufus Kirk ' s dik dik Madoqua kirkii Burmese brown mountain tortoise ; Burmese black mountain tortoise ; Asian foreset tortoise Manouria emys Hoary marmot Marmota caligata Yellow - bellied marmot Marmota flaviventris Woodchuck ; Groundhog Marmota monax American marten Martes americana Fisher Martes pennanti Red brocket Mazama americana Savannah deer ; Brown brocket Mazama gouazoubira Asian false vampire bat Megaderma spasma Red - headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus Wild turkey ; Common turkey Meleagris gallopavo Eurasian badger ; European badger Meles meles Honey badger Mellivora capensis Crested bunting Melophus lathami Sloth bear Melursus ursinus Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis White - fronted bee - eater Merops bullockoides Carmine bee - eater ; Nubian bee - eater Merops nubicus Bee - eater ( unidentified ) Merops sp . Cuis Microcavia australis Grey mouse lemur ; Lesser mouse lemur Microcebus murinus Yellow - headed caracara Milvago chimachima Black kite Milvus migrans Northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina Carpet python ; Carpet snake Morelia spilotes variegata African pied wagtail Motacilla aguimp Banded mongoose Mungos mungo Black - footed ferret Mustela nigripes Yellow - billed stork Mycteria ibis Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala Tyrant flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus Numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus Giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla N Egyptian viper ; Egyptian cobra Naja haje Cape cobra Naja nivea Cobra ( unidentified ) Naja sp . Flightless cormorant Nannopterum harrisi White - nosed coatimundi Nasua narica Ring - tailed coatimundi Nasua nasua Lesser double - collared sunbird Nectarinia chalybea Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus Stanley bustard ; Denham ' s bustard Neotis denhami Woodrat ( unidentified ) Neotoma sp . Galapagos mockingbird Nesomimus trifasciatus Madagascar hawk owl ; White - browed owl Ninox superciliaris Tiger snake Notechis semmiannulatus Clark ' s nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana Helmeted guinea fowl Numida meleagris Yellow - crowned night heron Nyctanassa violacea Snowy owl Nyctea scandiaca Raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides Black - crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax O White - tailed deer Odocoilenaus virginianus Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Orca ; Killer whale Orcinus orca Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Gemsbok ; Beisa oryx Oryx gazella Fringe - eared oryx Oryx gazella callotis Southern sea lion ; South American sea lion Otaria flavescens Bat - eared fox Otocyon megalotis Oribi Ourebia ourebi Musk ox Ovibos moschatus Red sheep ; Argalis Ovis ammon American bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis Stone sheep Ovis dalli stonei Mouflon Ovis musimon Urial Ovis orientalis Green vine snake Oxybelis fulgidus Vine snake ( unidentified ) Oxybelis sp . P Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes Osprey Pandon haliaetus African lion Panthera leo Asian lion Panthera leo persica Jaguar Panthera onca Leopard ; Indian leopard Panthera pardus Tiger Panthera tigris Canadian tiger swallowtail butterfly Papilio canadensis Yellow baboon ; Savanna baboon ; Olive baboon Papio cynocephalus Chacma baboon Papio ursinus Common palm civet ; Toddy cat ; Paradoxure Paradoxurus hermaphroditus African bush squirrel ; Smith ' s bush squirrel ; Grey - footed squirrel Paraxerus cepapi Red - capped cardinal ; Black - throated cardinal Paroaria gularis Black - capped chickadee Parus atricapillus House sparrow Passer domesticus Indian peacock ; Blue peacock Pavo cristatus Springhare Pedetes capensis Eastern white pelican ; Great white pelican Pelecans onocratalus Australian pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Long - nosed bandicoot Perameles nasuta Sugar glider Petaurus breviceps Squirrel glider Petaurus norfolcensis Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopus Red - billed tropic bird Phaethon aethereus King cormorant Phalacrocorax albiventer Neotropic cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Large cormorant ; Great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Little cormorant ; Javanese cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Pied cormorant Phalacrocorax varius Grey phalarope ; Red phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Red - necked phalarope ; Northern phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Red - tailed wambenger ; Red - tailed phascogale Phascogale calura Brush - tailed phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa Koala Phascolarctos cinereus Ring - necked pheasant ; Common pheasant Phasianus colchicus Sociable weaver Philetairus socius Harbor seal ; Common seal Phoca vitulina Lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor Chilean flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis Greater flamingo ; Roseat flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Barking gecko Phylurus milli Asian water dragon Physignathus cocincinus Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens Great kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus Pine snake ( unidentified ) Pituophis melanaleucus White spoonbill ; European spoonbill Platalea leucordia White spoonbill ; European spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Spur - winged goose Plectopterus gambensis Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus Puna ibis Plegadis ridgwayi White - browed sparrow weaver Plocepasser mahali Lesser masked weaver Ploceus intermedius Chestnut weaver Ploceus rubiginosus Tawny frogmouth Podargus strigoides Purple moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio Bushpig Potamochoerus porcus Potoroo Potorous tridactylus Kinkajou Potos flavus Giant armadillo Priodontes maximus Blue shark Prionace glauca Crab - eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus Common raccoon Procyon lotor Verreaux ' s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi Aardwolf Proteles cristatus Red - necked wallaby Protemnodon rufoerisea Pampa gray fox ; Azara ' s zorro Pseudalopex gymnocercus Ring - tailed possum ; Common ringtail Pseudocheirus peregrinus Brown and yellow marshbird Pseudoleistes virescens Rose - ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri Dark - winged trumpeter ; Green - winged trumpeter Psophia viridis Yellow - throated sandgrouse Pterocles gutturalis Giant otter ; Brazilian otter Pteronura brasiliensis Madagascar fruit bat Pteropus rufus Black - eyed bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus African red - eyed bulbul ; Black - fronted bulbul Pycnonotus nigricans Common melba finch Pytilia melba R Red - billed toucan ; White - throated toucan Ramphastos tucanus Frog ( unidentified ) Rana sp . Caribou ; Reindeer Rangifer tarandus Steenbok ; Steenbuck Raphicerus campestris Malabar squirrel ; Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica Pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca Four - striped grass mouse Rhabdomys pumilio Greater rhea ; Common rhea ; Gray rhea Rhea americana S Secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius Western patch - nosed snake Salvadora hexalepis Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii King vulture Sarcorhamphus papa Knob - nosed goose ; Comb duck Sarkidornis melanotos Chuckwalla Sauromalus obesus Desert spiny lizard Sceloporus magister Eastern fox squirrel Sciurus niger Eurasian red squirrel ; European red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris American woodcock Scolopax minor Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus Common langur ; Hanuman langur ; Gray langur Semnopithecus entellus Red - breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis Fat - tailed dunnart Smithopsis crassicaudata African buffalo Snycerus caffer Bush dog Speothos vanaticus Burrowing owl Speotyte cuniculata Uinta ground squirrel Spermophilus armatus Golden - mantled ground squirrel Spermophilus lateralis Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii Richardson ' s ground squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii Thirteen - lined squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus Galapagos penguin Spheniscus mendiculus Western spotted skunk Spilogale gracilis Crowned eagle ; Crowned hawk - eagle Spizaetus coronatus Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba Long - tailed jaeger ; Long - tailed skua Stercorarius longicausus Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea Mourning collared dove Streptopelia decipiens Laughing dove ; Little brown dove Streptopelia senegalensis Ostrich Struthio camelus Blue - faced booby ; Masked booby Sula dactylatra Blue - footed booby Sula nebouxii Meerkat ; Suricate Suricata suricatta Wild boar Sus scrofa Common duiker ; Gray duiker Sylvicapra grimma Eastern cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus T Little grebe ; Dabchick Tachybaptus ruficollis Short - beaked echidna ; Australian spiny anteater Tachyglossus aculeatus Common shelduck ; European shelduck Tadorna tadorna Southern tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla Red squirrel ; Pine squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Brazilian tapir Tapirus terrestris Violet - crested turaco Tauraco porphyrelophus Common eland Taurotagus oryx American badger Taxidea taxus White - lipped peccary Tayassu pecari Collared peccary Tayassu tajacu Tailless tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus Bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus Eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina Four - horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis Royal tern Thalasseus maximus Mocking cliffchat Thamnolaea cinnmomeiventris Gelada baboon ; Bleeding heart monkey Theropithecus gelada Sacred ibis Threskionis aethiopicus Red - legged pademelon Thylogale stigmatica Blue - tongued lizard ; Blue - tongued skink Tiliqua scincoides Red - billed hornbill Tockus erythrorhyncus Yellow - billed hornbill Tockus flavirostris Curve - billed thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre Crested barbet ; Levaillant ' s barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii Nyala Tragelaphus angasi Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros Manatee Trichechus inunguis Scaly - breasted lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Rainbow lory Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus Golden brush - tailed possum ; Common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula Golden brush - tailed possum ; Common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula , Sarcophilus harrisii Trichosurus vulpecula , Vombatus ursinus Spotted wood sandpiper Tringa glareola Bottle - nose dolphin Tursiops truncatus Emerald - spotted wood dove Turtur chalcospilos Australian masked owl Tyto novaehollandiae U Eurasian hoopoe Upupa epops Blue waxbill ; Blue - breasted cordon bleu Uraeginthus angolensis Red - cheeked cordon bleu Uraeginthus bengalus Common grenadier ; Purple grenadier ; Violet - eared waxbill Uraeginthus granatina American black bear ; Black bear Ursus americanus Grizzly bear Ursus arctos Grizzly bear Ursus arctos horribilis Polar bear Ursus maritimus V Blacksmith plover Vanellus armatus Southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis Lapwing ( unidentified ) Vanellus sp . Indian red admiral Vanessa indica White - throated monitor Varanus albigularis Komodo dragon Varanus komodensis Water legaan ; Water monitor ; Two - banded monitor Varanus salvator Goanna lizard ; Monitor lizard ( unidentified ) Varanus sp . Vicuna Vicugna vicugna Common wombat Vombatus ursinus Cape fox ; Silver - backed fox Vulpes chama Grey fox Vulpes cinereoargenteus Asian red fox Vulpes vulpes X African ground squirrel ( unidentified ) Xerus sp . Galapagos sea lion ; California sea lion Zalophus californicus White - winged dove Zenaida asiatica Galapagos dove Zenaida galapagoensis Rufous - collared sparrow Zonotrichia capensis Cape white - eye ; Pale white - eye Zosterops pallidus u unavailable 596 rows displayed . | [
"Animal List"
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http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/landscapearchitecture_etd/ | Home Iowa State University Digital Repository Design Landscape Architecture Theses and Dissertations Landscape Architecture Theses and Dissertations ThesesDissertations from 2013 PDF Green roof biodiversity in design Influence of local and contextual attributes on bird usage Henry Narigon ThesesDissertations from 2012 PDF HWS Clevelands landscape for Oak Hill Cemetery A design analysis Deborah Lynn Cooper PDF Local food access in inner cities Integrated research through comparison study literature review case studies and design implementation Courtney Allison Long PDF GIS descriptive modeling of General Land Office surveyor tree data and spatial relationships with river valleys and their potential fire shadow effects in Polk and Dallas Counties Iowa Jonathan David Nelsen ThesesDissertations from 2010 PDF Investigating community impacts of a university outreach program through the lens of servicelearning and community engagement Mary Susan Erickson ThesesDissertations from 2008 PDF A unique approach to allow lowincome families the opportunity to gain home ownership access through alternative financing Wilbert Abbott Jr PDF Urban groundwater stream conditions and homeowner perceptions Ryan William Chapman ThesesDissertations from 2002 PDF GroundWork extracting a design process from landscape form Ruth Laurine Fox ThesesDissertations from 2001 PDF Analyzing the green roof a critical dialogue Sandra Lynn Peterson ThesesDissertations from 2000 PDF A case study of Somerset in Ames Iowa an analysis of the process planning approaches and implementation methods of the development Karen Leigh Fisk Ormsbee ThesesDissertations from 1999 PDF Descriptive modeling of historic vegetation patterns in Hamilton County Iowa Mohd Said Musli ThesesDissertations from 1997 PDF Application of current environmental research to golf course design construction and management practices Mark Gregory Kuiper ThesesDissertations from 1996 PDF The motivations of land owners to donate conservation easements and their property to land trusts Stephen Wesley Goltry ThesesDissertations from 1995 PDF Margherita Tarr her work as an extension landscape architect 19391969 Martha Ann Hunt PDF Development of an Iowa planning model for the State Wetland and Riparian Area Plan Jeffrey R Logsdon PDF Analysis of historic vegetation patterns in Iowa using Government Land Office surveys and a Geographic Information System Michael Charles Miller ThesesDissertations from 1994 PDF Theory and practice of sustainable landscape design a case study of the firm of Steve Martino Associates Kristin Elizabeth Schwab ThesesDissertations from 1990 PDF Design considerations in the reconstruction of Palustrine Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa Kevin Carl Thomas ThesesDissertations from 1984 PDF Wildlife habitat analysis for site planning Mary Clarke Newhouse ThesesDissertations from 1966 A historical review and analysis of the Iowa State University landscape from 1858 to 1966 Robert William Werle PDF A historical review and analysis of the Iowa State University landscape from 1858 to 1966 Robert William Werle ThesesDissertations from 1963 PDF The influence of planting in golf course design Richard Morgan Phelps ThesesDissertations from 1957 PDF Landscape architectural design of the cemetery Harold Roy Kreiser ThesesDissertations from 1932 PDF A park and recreation plan for the city of Ames Iowa Jerome C Miller Total Papers Total Downloads Downloads in the past year | [
"Landscape Architecture",
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] |
http://libanswers.uvic.ca/a.php?qid=84200 | Q . How do I save an unfinished iMovie project for completion later ? Answer The easiest way to edit an iMovie project on different computers is to save your project to an iMovie library on a removable drive ( like a flash drive ) . Part 1 of this tutorial will show you how to create an iMovie library on a flash drive , and then move your project to the new library . Part 2 will show you how to access that library on other computers . Part 1 - Moving an iMovie Project to your removable drive 1 . Plug in your removable drive ( usually a flash drive ) and open iMovie if you do not already have it open . 2 . Go to โ File โ - > โ Open Library โ - > โ New โ 3 . Give your Library the name of your choice ( e.g. iMovie Library 1 ) , then click on the drop down button so you can easily find your removable drive . 4 . Select your removable drive , then press โ Save โ . You โ ll now have a second Library in your left navigation bar . 5 . Select the original library . 6 . Next , within the left navigation panel drag and drop your video project on to the new iMovie library you just created ( also in the left panel ) . This will take a few minutes โ a small clock face will appear in the top right corner of iMovie to indicate progress . 7 . Your project is now stored on your removable drive . Follow the instructions below when you need to open it on another computer in iMovie . Part 2 - Accessing an iMovie Project on your removable drive 1 . Plug your removable drive ( or flash drive ) into the iMac , and then Launch iMovie . 2 . Select โ File โ - > โ Open Library โ - > โ Other โ . 3 . Click on the โ Locate โฆ โ button so that you can find your iMovie library on your removable drive or usb drive . 4 . First select your removable drive , then select your iMovie library and click โ Open โ . 5 . Allow time for the project to be added to the computer โ s iMovie Library , then right click the USB iMovie Library and select Close Library . This will prevent you from editing your iMovie project directly on your removable drive , which makes iMovie very slow . Topics Equipment Library computing Multimedia Music & media Last Updated Nov 02 , 2017 Views 167826 Answered By Bill Blair Was this helpful ? 53 107 Comments ( 0 ) Add a public comment to this FAQ Entry Contact Us Submit a Question | [
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http://libanswers.walsh.edu/a.php?qid=315965 | Q . How do I print the speaker ' s notes at the bottom of the PowerPoint presentation ? Answered By : Katie Hutchison Oct 14 , 2016 96559 Click here for detailed instructions on this procedure using PowerPoint 2013 and 2016 For version 2013 , first open the PowerPoint presentation you wish to print . Add any additional speaker notes by scrolling through the slides and typing into the bottom text box . Click the " View " tab at the top of the screen . Click the " Notes Page " button on the left of the ribbon / toolbar below the tab . The view changes to a full - page view where you can see both the slide and the speaker notes associated with it . Click the " File " tab and select " Print " to open the " Print " dialog . Pull down the menu under the " Slides " header , which defaults to " Full Page Slides . " Click the " Notes Pages " button . An image of one of the speaker notes pages fills the right third portion of the screen . Click the " Print " button to print one copy of the speaker notes or nudge the " Copies " box up to the number of sets to print . Comments ( 18 ) Thanks a lot ! : - ) by sanjana on Jan 20 , 2015 . Thank you for posting . I really needed this . by Kitty on Apr 07 , 2015 . You are brilliant ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! by Penelope on Jun 26 , 2015 . Thank you so much ! by Lorraine on Sep 29 , 2015 . Thank you so very much ! by Erica on Apr 21 , 2016 . Thanks a lot , it helped by Abdul on Jun 07 , 2016 . Perfect thanks by H on Aug 30 , 2016 . I had no idea it was so easy ! Thanks heaps . QB by Queen Bee on Jul 05 , 2017 . How about submitting powerpoint online to professor with speaker notes ? How can he see my notes ? by Pguy on Oct 25 , 2017 . @ Pguy - If you send the PowerPoint file ( a .ppt or .pptx ) the speaker notes should also be there . by Katie Hutchison on Oct 29 , 2017 . thanks ! its now so easy ! ! ! by kamal on Jan 15 , 2018 . Ok , I can print the note pages and I have some graphics I need to have on every page ( i.e. company logo and other stuff ) . If the notes go longer than a page , they print over the graphics on the second page . Is there a way I can set up my notes master so that they will still print properly without covering the graphics ? by TravelDiva on Feb 27 , 2018 . @ TravelDiva - can you delete the graphic before printing ? I do n ' t think there is any other way . If you are Walsh University student , faculty , or staff , you ' re welcome to stop by the reference desk and we can see if we can work something out in person . by Katie Hutchison on Feb 27 , 2018 . @ Katie Thank you . I ' m not affiliated with the university . I came across the thread doing a search for answers . In regards to deleting the graphic , we need to have the graphics there ; however , I was hoping there was a way to have the additional points rollover to the next page into a specified area , like we can on the notes page set up . It ' s okay if it ca n ' t be done . We ' ll work around it . Appreciate your prompt response ! by TravelDiva on Feb 27 , 2018 . Thank you Katie for having posted this . This was the first answer that popped up in my Google search , and was just what I needed ! by Tom Birkland on Jun 19 , 2018 . Thank you , thank you , thank you - the night before the presentation - a real sanity saver ! by Jennifer Sullivan on Aug 21 , 2018 . When printing the slides in notes page view , several of the pages have the notes to the right instead of the bottom . Is there a workaround for this ? by Sandra on Sep 14 , 2018 . @ Sandra - what PowerPoint program are you using ? Stop by the Walsh U Library and we ' ll try to figure it out with you . by Katie Hutchison on Sep 17 , 2018 . Add a public comment to this FAQ Entry | [
"speaker 's notes",
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http://libcom.org/history/agrarian-class-structure-economic-development-pre-industrial-europe-robert-brenner | Agrarian class structure and economic development in pre - industrial Europe - Robert Brenner Robert Brenner ' s influential essay on the origins of capitalism , arguing that the balance of class forces in the countryside was crucial to the rise and dominance of capitalist wage labour relations . General interpretations of the processes of long - term economic change in late medieval and early modern Europe have continued to be constructed almost exclusively in terms of what might loosely be called " objective " economic forces , in particular demographic fluctuations and the growth of trade and markets . A variety of models have been constructed centring on these forces . But whatever the exact character of the model , and whether the pressure for change is seen to arise from urbanization and the growth of trade or an autonomous demographic development , a market supply - demand Typically , there is the statement that one is abstracting ( for the moment ) from the social or class structure for certain analytical purposes . 1 The fact remains that in the actual process of explanation , that is in the " application " of the model to specific economic historical developments , class structure tends , almost inevitably , to creep back in . Sometimes , it is inserted , in an ad hoc way , to comprehend a historical trend which the model can not cover . More often , however , consciously or unconsciously , class structure is simply integrated within the model itself , and seen as essentially shaped by , or changeable in terms of , the objective economic forces around 2 It is the purpose of this paper to argue that such attempts at economic model - building are necessarily doomed from the start precisely because , most crudely stated , it is the structure of class relations , of class power , which will determine the manner and degree to which particular demographic and commercial changes will affect long - run trends in the distribution of income and economic growth - and not vice versa . Class structure , as I wish here to use the term , has two analytically distinct , but historically unified aspects 3 First , the relations of the direct producers to one another , to their tools and to the land in the immediate process of production - what has been called the " labour process " or the " social forces of production " . Secondly , the inherently conflictive relations of property - always guaranteed directly or indirectly , in the last analysis , by force - by which an unpaid - for part of the product is extracted from the direct producers by a class of non - producers - which might be called the " property relationship " 4 It would be my argument then that different class structures , specifically " property relations " or " surplus extraction relations " , once established , tend to impose rather strict limits and possibilities , indeed rather specific long - term patterns , on a society ' s economic development . At the same time , I would contend , class structures tend to be highly resilient in relation to the impact of economic forces ; as a rule , they are not shaped by , or alterable in terms of , changes in demographic or commercial trends . It Put in such general terms , the foregoing propositions and definitions likely appear vague . What I should like to do is to try to give them substance by relating them to a critique of certain major explanatory motifs in the economic historiography of late medieval and early modern Europe , where they have hardly been taken for granted , and where it seems to me that economic - determinist model - building holds an overwhelmingly dominant position . Thus , I will focus on two different over - arching interpretations of long - term economic change in medieval and I The demographic model The emerging dominance of the so - called demographic factor in the economic historiography of Europe even through the age of industrialization was recognized as early as 1958 by H . J . Habakkuk in his well - known article " The Economic History of Modern Britain " . As Habakkuk wrote : For those who care for the overmastering pattern , the elements are evidently there for a heroically simplified version of English history before the nineteenth century in which the long - term movements in prices , in income distribution , in investment , in real wages , and in migration are dominated by changes in the growth of population . Rising population : rising prices , rising agricultural profits , low real incomes for the mass of the population , unfavourable terms of trade for industry - with variations depending upon changes in social institutions , this might stand for 5 Well before Habakkuk ' s article , M . M . Postan had presented the basic contours of what has become the standard interpretation of long - term socio - economic change in the medieval period ; and his demographic approach has now been filled out and codified in his chapter on " Medieval Agrarian Society in Its Prime : England " in the Cambridge Economic History of Europe . 6 Roughly the same line of argument has , moreover , now been carried through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by P . J . Bowden in the Agrarian History of England and Wales . 7 Nor has this approach been confined to English economic history , where it is now more or less standard . It has been rigorously applied in what is perhaps the most influential work on French socio - economic history of the pre - industrial period , E . Le Roy Ladurie ' s classic monograph Les paysans de Languedoc . 8 With such eminent exponents , it is hardly surprising that what might be termed secular malthusianism has attained something of the level of orthodoxy . Its cyclical dynamic has replaced the unilineal " rise of the market " as the key to long - term economic and social change in pre - industrial society . Nor can there be any question but that the malthusian model , in its own terms , has a certain compelling logic . If one takes as assumptions first an economy ' s inability to make improvements in agricultural productivity , and secondly a natural tendency for population to increase on a limited supply of land , a theory of income distribution seems naturally to follow . With diminishing returns in agriculture due to declining fertility of the soil and the occupation of increasingly marginal land , we can logically expect demand to outrun supply : thus terms of trade 9 ( a ) Demography , income distribution and economic growth In terms of its special premises and the small number of variables it entails , secular malthusianism seems almost foolproof . Yet , what must be questioned is its relevance to the explanation of actual historical change . Do the model ' s assumptions and constants , indeed its very dynamic , illuminate or actually obscure the crucial conditions and processes underlying the varying patterns of long - term economic change in late medieval and early modern Europe ? In his classic article of 1950 which set out his demographic model for medieval European economic development , Postan made sure population and land settlement , technique of production and the general trends of economic activity : in short , all those economic facts which can be discussed without concentrating upon the working of legal and social institutions and upon the relations of class to class . 10 Postan argued that what made it " possible and necessary to deal with this group of subjects together " , and in abstraction from class relations , was that " they have all recently been drawn into the discussion of general trends of economic activity , or to use the more fashionable term , the ' long term movements of social income ' " . 11 But the question which must immediately be posed precisely when one is attempting to interpret " long term movements of social income " - that is , long - term trends of income distribution and economic growth - is whether it is at all admissible to abstract them from " the workings of social and legal institutions " . Can the problems of the development of Postan ' s so - called " economic base " be very meaningfully considered apart from the " relations of class to class " ? With respect to long - term trends in income If so , the possibility would emerge of imposing " extra - economic " or arbitrary payments upon the peasantry - payments beyond custom or beyond what the relative scarcity of factors might dictate . Any explanation of the progress of income distribution in the late medieval and early modern period must therefore be able to interpret not merely the changing distribution of the immediate product of the land , but the prior questions of the distribution of property between lord and peasant and of the direct applicability of force in the rent relationship . Some economic historians have attempted 12 Others have attempted to meet the problem by assimilating it to their basic economic models : by insisting , directly or indirectly , that in the long run , the distribution of property and the successful applicability of force in the rent relationship will be subject to essentially the same sorts of supply - demand pressures as the distribution of the product itself , and will move in roughly the same direction . I shall try to show empirically that this is not the case and argue instead that these are fundamentally questions of class relations and class power , The demographic interpreters of late medieval and early modern economies run into even more serious problems in attempting to explain general trends of total production , economic growth or stagnation , than they do with regard to the distribution of income . Certainly , their assumption of declining productivity in agriculture is a reasonable one for most , though not all , pre - industrial European economies . Indeed , these economic historians have been able to specify clearly some of the technical and economic roots of long - term falling yields through their researches into the problems of maintaining 13 Nevertheless , specifying in this manner the conditions conducive to long - term stagnation is not really explaining this phenomenon , for no real account is provided of why such conditions persisted . Thus , to explain economic " rigidity " as does Le Roy Ladurie as the " ' fruit ' of technical stagnation , of lack of capital , of absence of the spirit of enterprise and of innovation " is , in fact , to beg the question . 14 It is analogous to attempting to explain economic growth merely as a result of the introduction of new organizations of production , new techniques , and new levels of investment . These factors do not , of course , explain economic development , they merely describe what economic development is . The continuing stagnation of most of the traditional European economies in the late medieval and early modern period can not be fully explained without accounting for the real economic growth experienced by the few of these economies which actually developed . More generally , economic backwardness can not be 15 and besides , it still needs an interpretation . I shall argue that the malthusian cycle of long - term stagnation , as well as other forms of economic backwardness , can only be fully understood as the product of established structures of class relations ( particularly " surplus extraction relations " ) , just as economic development can only be fully understood as the outcome of the emergence of new class relations more favourable to new organizations of production , technical innovations , and increasing levels of productive investment . These new class relations were themselves the result of ( b ) The demographic model in comparative perspective I hope the force of these objections will appear more compelling as they are specified in particular historical cases . My concrete method of critique is exceedingly simple and obvious : it is to observe the prevalence of similar demographic trends throughout Europe over the six - or seven - hundred - year period between the twelfth and the eighteenth centuries and to show the very different outcomes in terms of agrarian structure , in particular the patterns of distribution of income and economic development , with which they were associated . In this way I may begin to expose Demographic growth , according to Postan , characterizes the twelfth and thirteenth centuries . It leads to the occupation of marginal lands and the increasing infertility of the soil : in short , a rising demand for a relatively inflexible supply of food and land ; thus , rising food prices and rising rents . Kowever , as Postan is of course aware , we are dealing in this period with a very peculiar form of rent . There is very little in the way of direct lease and contract . We have instead a theoretically fixed , but actually Thus the central point for Postan is that due to developing pressure of population , the thirteenth century is a period in which the landlords ' position improves vis - ร - vis the peasants not only in those few areas where what might be termed modern leaseholding has emerged , but also in the so - called customary sector . Thus competition for land induces the peasantry to accept a serious degradation of their personal / tenurial status in order to hold on to their land and this , in turn , exacerbates the generally deteriorating economic situation to 16 The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries witnessed a decline in population as a result of falling productivity , famine and plague . Ultimately , demographic catastrophe led to a drastic reversal of the manlland ratio . Postan thus argues , consistently enough , that this demographic change brought about precisely the opposite situation to that which had obtained in the thirteenth century . Scarcity of peasants meant a decline not only in the level of rent , but equally in the lord ' s ability to restrict peasant mcbility , and peasant freedom in general . With competition among lords to 17 Le Roy Ladurie takes up the cycle from the point where Postan leaves it , that is at the end of the fifteenth century . Serfdom is now no longer extant in either England or most of France . We have instead a society of free peasants in both England and France , some holding their land on a roughly contractual basis from the landlords , others having achieved a status of something like freeholders . ( I shall return to this a little later . ) At any rate , as has been noted , we get a repetition 18 The obvious difficulty with this whole massive structure is that it simply breaks down in the face of comparative analysis . Different outcomes proceeded from similar demographic trends at different times and in different areas of Europe . Thus we may ask if demographic change can be legitimately treated as a " cause " , let alone the key variable . So it is true that in the thirteenth century increase in population was accompanied by increasing rents and , more generally , increasing seigneurial controls over the peasantry , not only in England but in parts of France ( 19 Yet , it is also the case that in other parts of France ( Normandy , Picardy ) no counter - tendency developed in this era to the long - term trend which had resulted in the previous disappearance of serfdom . ? 20 Moreover , in still other French regions ( especially the area around Paris ) a process of deterioration in peasant status was at just this time abruptly terminated and an opposite movement set in motion which had decisively established peasant freedom ( as well as nearly full peasant property ) by the end of the thirteenth century . 21 These contrasting developments obviously had a powerful effect on trends of income distribution . As Postan himself voints out . landlords were able to extract far greater rents from serfs ( villeins ) than from free tenants - and were able to increase these significantly in the course of the thirteenth century . 22 Postan contends , however , that : The reason why landlords were now not only desirous to increase the weight of labour dues but also " got away with it " are not difficult to guess . With the growing scarcity of land and with the lengthening queues of men waiting for it , the economic powers of the landowner over his tenants were more difficult to resist . 23 Clearly , a growth of population leading to rising demand for land would tend to increase a lord ' s power to extract rent , in whatever form , from the peasantry - but only if the lord had successfully established his right to charge more than a fixed rent . However , the point is that by and large in the medieval period the only tenants subject to the exercise of this sort of " economic " power on the part of the lord - that is to the imposition of additional labour services , as well as additional 24 So , the determination of the impact of the pressure of population on the land - who was to gain and who to lose from a growing demand for land and rising land prices and rent - was subject to the prior determination of the qualitative character of landlord - peasant class relations . Thus during the thirteenth century in the Paris region the trend toward increasing tallaging of the peasantry by landlords was directly aborted by a counter - trend toward peasant enfranchisement . The point , here as in England , was that , once free , peasants 25 The demographic decline experienced throughout Europe which began at various points during the fourteenth century poses analogous problems . In the long run the parallel trends of declining rents and the rise of peasant freedom did dominate this period in England , certainly by the fifteenth century . But in contrast , the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries also witnessed a sharpening of landlord controls over the peasantry in Catalonia ; and this was also the case , apparently , in parts of France ( Bordelais , the Centre ) . 26 It is true that in these areas and in most of Western Europe serfdom was dead by the early sixteenth century . On the other hand , in Eastern Europe , in particular Pomerania , Brandenburg , East Prussia and Poland , decline in population from , the late fourteenth century was accompanied by an ultimately successful movement toward imposing extra - economic controls , that is serfdom , over what had been , until then , one of Europe ' s freest peasantries . 27 By 1500 the same Europe - wide trends had gone a long way toward establishing one of the great divides in European history , the emergence of an almost totally free peasant population in Western Europe , the debasement of the peasantry to unfreedom in Eastern Europe . But the period from 1500 to 1750 marked another great divide which puts in question once more the explanatory value of the malthusian model . This time what is left unexplained is not merely the question of income distribution but the whole problem of dramatically contrasting trends of economic development : continuing long - run stagnation accompanying increase of population in some areas , the spectacular emergence of an entirely new pattern of relatively self - sustaining growth accompanying increase of population in other areas . Thus , as Le Roy Ladurie would lead us to expect , in much 28 Nevertheless , ironically , parallel growth of population in England in this same period has been used to explain precisely opposite developments . Thus , according to Bowden : Under the stimulus of growing population , rising agricultural prices , and mounting land values , the demand for land became more intense and its use more efficient . The area under cultivation was extended . Large estates were built up at the expense of small holdings . 29 So , in France , as population increased , there was extreme fragmentation of holdings and declining productivity . But in England , by contrast , the dominant tendency was to build up larger aid larger units ; to consolidate holdings and to farm them out to a large tenant farmer who in turn cultivated them with the aid of wage labour . Accompanying this change in the organization of production were major increases in agricultural productivity , with truly epoch - making results . By the end of the seventeenth century English population had returned to its high , 30 II The commercialization model Before I present the alternative which I think follows from the foregoing comparative analysis , it should be noted that both of the two most prominent exponents of the population - centred approaches to economic change in pre - industrial society , Postan and Le Roy Ladurie , originally constructed their models in opposition to a prevailing historiographical orthodoxy which assigned to the growth of trade and the market a role somewhat analogous to that which they were ultimately to assign to population . Thus Postan and Le Roy Ladurie made powerful attacks on the simple unilineal conceptions which had ( a ) Trade and serfdom Postan was , in particular , concerned to show that in the medieval period the force of the market , far from automatically bringing about the dissolution of serfdom , might actually coincide with its intensification . He demonstrated , for example , that in some areas most accessible to the London market the trend toward increased labour - service and the seigneurial reaction of the thirteenth century was most intense . Perhaps an even clearer illustration of Postan ' s point is provided in the areas under the influence of the Paris market during the same period . Thus 31 Still , Postan never really specified the fatal flaw of the trade - centred approach to European development ; this , in my view , is its tendency to ignore the fact that serfdom denoted not merely , nor even primarily , labour - as opposed to money - dues , but , fundamentally , powerful landlord rights to arbitrary exactions and a greater or lesser degree of peasant unfreedom . Thus serfdom involved the landlord ' s ability to control his tenant ' s person , in particular his movements , so as to be able to determine the 32 What would remain after commutation was still the lord ' s power over the peasant . Indeed , it is notable that commutation could be unilaterally dictated - and reversed - at the lord ' s will . Thus , as Postan points out , commutation was an extremely widespread development in twelfth - century England ; but this trend did not signify the emancipation of the peasants , for in the thirteenth century , they were once again made subject to the landlords ' demands for services . Indeed , even where the lord did not decide to take 33 What therefore had to be eliminated to bring about the end of serfdom was the type of " unequal exchange " which was manifested in the direct , forceful , extra - economic controls exerted by the lord over the peasant . Since the essence of serfdom was the lord ' s ability to bring extra - market pressure to bear upon the peasants in determining the level of rent , in particular by preventing peasant mobility and thus a " free market in tenants " , it is hardly surprising that fluctuations in trade , indeed of market factors Obviously there might be periods when the enormous demand for land , and thus for tenancies , deriving in particular from the rising pressure of population , mould allow the lords to take a very relaxed attitude toward peasant mobility ( voluntarily easing restrictions on their villein tenants ' movements ) since they could always get replacements , quite often indeed on better terms . The latter part of the thirteenth century , as noted , was probably just this sort of period . But evidence from such a period can not be legitimately used to argue for the end 34 Serfdom can be said to end only when the lords ' right and ability to control the peasantry , should they desire to do so , has been terminated . It is significant that even throughout the thirteenth century peasants wishing to leave the manor were required to obtain licences to depart and had to return each year for the one or two views of frankpledge . In this period , as Raftis says , " the manorial court was usually only concerned to keep the villein under the lord ' s jurisdiction , not to have him back on 35 Certainly , from the lord ' s point of view , serfdom was still the order of the day , and they had every intention of enforcing it . Whether or not they would be able to was a question that was answered only in the conflicts of the following period . ( b ) Commercialization and agricultural capitalism In a manner analogous to Postan ' s , Le Roy Ladurie carried forward the critique of the trade - centred approach to European economic development by showing that even following the downfall of serfdom a tendency toward capitalism ( large , consolidated holdings farmed on the basis of capital improvement with wage labour ) could not necessarily be assumed , even under the impact of the market . Thus Le Roy Ladurie ' s study of rural Languedoc was designed in part to qualify the earlier conceptions of historians like Raveau , Bloch and others that the early modern 36 But Le Roy Ladurie never really poses the question ( not only for rural Languedoc but for all of Western Europe ) of why the victory of one trend rather than another occurred . 37 Nor does he search for an answer , as I am inclined to do , in the emergence of a structure of ownership of land which provided the peasantry in most of France ( in contrast to England and elsewhere ) with relatively powerful property rights over comparatively large areas of the land . This presented a powerful barrier to those who wished to concentrate land . For whatever the market situation or the price of land , the peasantry would not in general easily relinquish their holdings , the bases of their existence and that of their heirs . 38 This was not only because of the technical barriers to improvement built into the structure of small holdings , especially within the common fields . It was , as I shall try to demonstrate , because peasant proprietorship in France came to be historically bound up with the development of an overall property or surplus - extraction structure which tended to discourage agricultural investment and development ; in particular , the heavy taxation by the monarchical state ; the " squeezing " of peasant tenants ( leaseholders ) by the landlords ; and , finally , the subdivision of holdings 39 III Class conflict and economic development In sum , despite the destructive force of their attacks upon the unilineal trade - centred theories of economic change , it may be doubted that either Postan or Le Roy Ladurie has carried his critique quite far enough . For , rather than searching for underlying differences which might account for contrasting lines of development in different places under similar constellations of economic forces , both Postan and Le Roy Ladurie have chosen to construct new models largely by substituting a different objective variable , population , for the old , discredited one , commerce . Because , in 40 ( a ) The Decline of Serfdom One can begin by agreeing with Postan that there was a long - term tendency to demographic crisis inherent in the medieval economy . But this tendency to crisis was not a natural fact , explicable solely by reference to available human and natural resources in relation to an ostensibly given level of technique . It was , rather , built into the interrelated structure of peasant organization of production on the one hand , and , on the other hand , the institutionalized relationships of serfdom by which the lord was able to extract a feudal rent . Thus Thus the lord ' s surplus extraction ( rent ) tended to confiscate not merely the peasant ' s income above subsistence ( and potentially even beyond ) but at the same time to threaten the funds necessary to refurbish the peasant ' s holding and to prevent the long - term decline of its productivity . Postan has estimated that on average something like 50 per cent of the unfree peasant ' s total product was extracted by the lord . 41 This was entirely unproductive " profit " , for hardly any of it was " ploughed back " into production ; most was squandered in military expenditure and conspicuous consumption . 42 At the same time , given his unfree peasants , the lord ' s most obvious mode of increasing output from his lands was not through capital investment and the introduction of new techniques , but through " squeezing " the peasants , through raising either money - rents or labour - services . In particular the availability of unfree rent - paying tenants militated against the tendency to expel or buy out peasants in order to construct a consolidated demesne and introduce improvements on this basis . Revenues could be raised through increasing rents via tallages , entry fines 43 There were , ill fact , known and available agricultural improvements - including the ultimately revolutionary " convertible husbandry " - which could have brought significant improvements in demesne output . 44 Indeed , as Professor Searle has recently demonstrated , fully - fledged convertible husbandry was systematically adopted on Battle Abbey ' s manor of Marley from the early fourteenth century . It is most significant that this manor consisted entirely of a single consolidated demesne ( with no customary tenancies ) and was farmed entirely with wage labour , marking a total break from feudal organization of production and class relations . It is notable , moreover , that the manor of Marley had been constructed by buying out free tenants . Because these tenants were freeholders , Battle Abbey 45 Of course , the methods used on the manor of Marley by Battle Abbey were almost totally ignored by English landlords . They generally did not have to improve - to raise labour - productivity , efficiency and output - in order to increase income . This was because they had an alternative , " exploitative " mode available to them : the use of their position of power over the peasants to increase their share of the product . At the same time , because of lack of funds - due to landlords ' extraction of rent and the extreme maldistribution of both land and capital , especially livestock - the peasantry was by and large unable to use the land they held in a free and rational manner . They could not , so to speak , put back what they took out of it . Thus the surplus - extraction relations of serfdom tended to lead to the exhaustion of peasant production per se ; in particular the inability to invest in animals for ploughing and as 46 On the other hand , the lord ' s property relationships to that small group of peasants who had enough land to produce a marketable surplus and thus the potential to accumulate - that is to concentrate land , assemble a labour force and introduce improvement - was also a barrier to the development of productivity . 47 First , of course , feudal rent itself limited the funds available for accumulation . Secondly , restrictions on peasant mobility not only prevented peasant movement to areas of greater potential opportunity , but tended to limit the development of a free market in labour . 48 Finally , feudal restrictions on the mobility of land tended to prevent its concentration . Unfree peasants were not allowed to convey their land to other peasants without the lord ' s permission . Yet it was often in the lord ' s interest to prevent large accumulating tenants from receiving more land , because they might find it harder to collect the rent from such tenants , especially if they had free status . 49 Given these property or surplus - extraction relationships , productivity crisis leading to demographic crisis was more or less to be expected , sooner or later . 50 The question , however , which must be asked concerns the economic and social results of the demographic catastrophe , in particular that of the later fourteenth and fifteenth centuries . Postan showed one logic : that the peasants apparently used their economic position , their scarcity , to win their freedom . As B . H . Slicher Van Bath argues for Western Europe in general , " the lord of the manor was forced to offer good conditions or see all his villeins vanish " . 51 Yet , curiously , quite another logic has sometimes been invoked to explain the intensification of serfdom in Eastern Europe : the crisis in seigneurial revenues which followed upon the decline in population and the disappearance of tenants led the lords to assert their control over the peasants and bind them to their lands in order to protect their incomes and their very existence . 52 Obviously , both " logics " are unassailable from different class viewpoints . It was the logic of the peasant to try to use his apparently improved bargaining position to get this freedom . It was the logic of the landlord to protect his position by reducing the peasants ' freedom . The result simply can not be explained in terms of demographic - economic supply and demand . It obviously came down to a question of power , indeed of force , and in fact there was intense Europe - wide lord - peasant conflict throughout the later fourteenth In England after 1349 and the Black Death there was a seigneurial reaction : attempts to control peasant mobility by forcing peasants to pay impossible fees for permission to move ; legislation to control wages ; an actual increase in rents in some places . But by I400 it was clear that the landlords ' offensive had failed ; revolt and flight , which continued throughout the fifteenth century , led to the end of serfdom . 53 In Catalonia , a particularly revealing case , one also finds increased legislation by the Corts - the representative body of the landlords , the clergy and the urban patriciate - to limit peasant movement and decrease personal freedom . By the early fifteenth century this legislation had proceeded a good distance , with apparently significant success . But , correlatively , it provoked in response a high level of peasant organization and , in particular , the assembling of mass peasant armies . Well past the mid - fifteenth century it appeared quite possible that the seigneurial reaction would 54 Finally , in Europe east of the Elbe we have the familiar story of the lords entirely overwhelming the peasantry , gradually decreasing through legislation peasant personal freedom , and ultimately confiscating an important part of peasant land and attaching it to their demesnes . In short , the question of serfdom in Europe could not be reduced to a question of economics : its long - term rise in the East corresponded first to a fall in population and stagnation in trade and then to a rise in population and rise in trade ( 1400 - 1600 ) . In sum , the contradictions between the development of peasant production and the relations of surplus - extraction which defined the class relations of serfdom tended to lead to a crisis of peasant accumulation , of peasant productivity and ultimately of peasant subsistence . This crisis was accompanied by an intensification of the class conflict inherent in the existing structure , but with different outcomes in different places - the breakdown of the old structure or its re - strengthening - depending on the balance of forces between the contending classes . Thus in the end the serf - based Obviously it is not possible in this compass adequately to account for the differential strengths of lords vis - ร - vis peasants and the different patterns of class conflict between them across Europe in the late medieval period . It is necessary , however , at least to pose this problem in order to confront the fundamental question of the success or failure of the " seigneurial reaction " which was nearly universal throughout medieval Europe , and thus , especially , the question of the differential outcomes of the later medieval agrarian crises and class confrontations in Eastern Nor will the pressure of trade provide a more convincing answer although , ironically , the rise of large - scale export commerce has sometimes been invoked to explain the rise of serfdom in the East 55 ( as it has , analogously , the rise of capitalism in the West ) . It is not , of course , my point to deny the relevance of economic conditions , especially the growth of trade , to the development of class relations and the strength of contending classes . No doubt , in this instance , the income from grain produced by serf - based agriculture and sold by export from the Baltic to the West enhanced the class power of the Eastern lords , helping them to sustain their seigneurial offensive . But the control of 56 Indeed , on a more general plane , the precocious growth of commerce in the medieval West has often been taken to explain in large measure the relative strength of the peasantry in Western Europe and thus the decline of serfdom . The growth of the market , it is argued , made possible the emergence of a significant layer of large peasants who , through the sales of agricultural surpluses , were able to accumulate large holdings and , on this basis , to amass power and to play a pivotal role in organizing peasant resistance . 57 So the argument for the disintegrating impact of trade on landlord power appears prima facie to be as convincing as the counter - case for its enhancing effects . We are therefore brought back to our point of departure : the need to interpret the significance of changing economic and demographic forces in terms of historically evolved structures of class relations and , especially , differing balances of class power . Perhaps the most widely accepted explanation of the divergence between East and West European development , in particular the rise of serfdom in Eastern Europe , has been found in the weaker development of the towns in this region which made the entire area more vulnerable to seigneurial reaction . 58 Because the towns were smaller and less developed they could be more easily overwhelmed by the nobility , thus shutting off a key outlet for peasant flight and depriving the peasants of significant allies . However , this classical line of reasoning remains difficult to accept fully because the actual mechanisms through which the towns had their reputedly dissolving effects on landlord control over the peasantry in Western Europe have still to be precisely specified . The viability of the towns as a potential alternative for the mass of unfree peasantry must be called into question simply in terms of their gross demographic weight . Could the relatively tiny urban centres - which could have surpassed 10 per cent of the total population in only a few European regions - have exerted sufficient attractive power on the rural masses to account for the collapse of serfdom almost everywhere in Western Europe by 1500 ? 59 The real economic opportunities offered by the towns to rural migrants are also questionable . Few runaway serfs could have had the capital or skill to enter the ranks of urban craftsmen or shopkeepers , let alone merchants . At the same time the essence of urban economy , based on luxury production for a limited market , was economic restriction , in particular control of the labour market . Certainly , few of the established citizens of the medieval towns , typically organized in closed corporations , could have welcomed rural - immigrants . Admittedly , the urban " 60 It is in fact a historical commonplace that the strength of the guilds was a significant factor in forcing potential industrial capital into the countryside to find " free labour " . It is indeed far from obvious that the medieval towns housed the " natural " allies of the unfree peasantry . For many reasons the urban patriciate would tend to align themselves with the nobility against the peasantry . Both of these classes had a common interest in maintaining social order and the defence of property and in protecting their mutually beneficial relationships of commercial exchange ( raw 61 It is true that , in contrast , the urban artisans tended to be anti - aristocratic . But this would not necessarily lead them to support the struggles of the peasants ; for , again , freeing the peasantry posed a threat to urban controls over the labour market and invited increased competition . In truth , the historical record of urban support for the aspirations to freedom of the medieval European peasantry is not impressive . The large towns of Brandenburg , Pomerania and Prussia , which were the scene of chronic social conflict throughout the later middle ages , offered no apparent objection to the nobility ' s demands that they legislate against fleeing serfs . 62 Nor did the townsmen of Koenigsburg come to the aid of the peasant revolt of East Prussia in 1525 - the one really large - scale rural rising of this period in north - eastern Europe . The town ' s patriciate positively opposed the revolt . Meanwhile the remainder of the citizenry - despite their own engagement at this time in fierce struggles against the patriciate - failed to come forth with the material aid which was requested by the rebellious peasants threatened by encroaching enserfment . 63 Correlatively , in the large - scale revolt of the later medieval period in which urban - rural ties were perhaps most pronounced - that of maritime Flanders between 1323 and 1328 - the peasant element was already fully free ( or had never been enserfed ) , so there was never a question here of urban opposition to a rural social order of unfreedom . 64 Finally , in perhaps the most significant of the late medieval revolts against serfdom - that of the Catalan remensas from the later fourteenth century - there were no significant link - ups with the urban classes - this was despite the fact that in Catalonia extended rural rebellion was paralleled by serious outbreaks of urban class conflict . The Catalan peasant revolt was probably the best organized and despite the lack of support from the urban classes the most successful in all of Europe : it brought about the downfall of serfdom in Catalonia . 65 In sum , the towns rarely aided peasant resistance to serfdom , nor was the success of such resistance apparently dependent upon such aid . If the significance of differing levels of urban development has been overstated in some explanations of the divergent socio - economic paths taken by Eastern and Western Europe from the later middle ages , the importance of the previous evolutions of rural society itself in these contrasting regions has been perhaps correspondingly neglected . The development of peasant solidarity and strength in Western Europe - especially as this was manifested in the peasants ' organization at the level of the village - appears to have been far greater in Western than in Eastern Europe ; and this superior institutionalization of Thus , through much of western Germany by the later middle ages the peasantry had succeeded , through protracted struggle on a piecemeal village - by - village basis , in constituting for itself an impressive network of village institutions for economic regulation and political self - government . These provided a powerful line of defence against the incursions of landlords . In the first instance , peasant organization and peasant resistance to the lords appear to have been closely bound up with the very development of the quasi - communal character of peasant economy . Most fundamental was the 66 The contrasting evolution in eastern Germany is most striking . Here peasant economic co - operation and , in particular , the self - government of peasant villages appear to have developed only to a relatively small extent . As a result the east German peasants appear to have been much less prepared to resist seigneurial attacks and the onset of seigneurial controls leading to serfdom than were their counterparts in the west . Probably most telling in this respect was the relative failure to develop independent political institutions in the village , and this is perhaps most clearly indicated 67 The relative absence of village solidarity in the east , despite the formally similar character of village settlement ( the so - called " Germanic " type ) , appears to have been bound up with the entire evolution of the region as a colonial society - its relatively " late " formation , the " rational " and " artificial " character of its settlement , and especially the leadership of the landlords in the colonizing process . Thus , in the first place , the communal aspects of the village economy appear to have been comparatively underdeveloped . 68 At the same time , the planned , landlord - led organization of settlement in the east tended to place major barriers in the way of the emergence of peasant power and peasant self - government . 69 East German villages were generally smaller and less dense than their western counterparts ; they tended , moreover , to have but a single lord . As a result thev were less difficult for the lords to control than were the villages of the west , where the thick population and , in particular , the tendency of the villages to be divided between two or more lordships , gave the peasants more room to manoeuvre , making gemeinbildung that much easier . 70 As one historian of the German peasantry has stated , " without the strong development of communal life in ( west ) Germany , the peasant wars ( of 1525 ) are unthinkable " . From this point of view , it is notable that the one east German region which experienced peasant revolt in 1525 - that is East Prussia - was marked by unusually strong peasant communities , as well as an ( apparently ) weak ruling nobility . Thus , on the one hand , the East Prussian peasant revolt originated and remained centred in Samland , 71 On the other hand , the East Prussian nobility was perhaps the least well - established of any in the entire region . The colonization of the area had been , of course , largely carried out under the " bureaucratic " administration of the Teutonic Order . At the time of the peasant revolt of 1525 , the new " junker " ruling aristocracy was only just completing its takeover from the disintegrating state of the Teutonic Order . 72 Of course , the peasant wars in both west and east Germany were largely a failure , as were most of the really large - scale peasant revolts of the later medieval period in Europe . What was successful , however , not only in western Germany , but throughout most of Western Europe , was the less spectacular but ultimately more significant process of stubborn resistance , village by village , through which the peasantry developed its solidarity and village institutions . It was on this basis that the peasants of Western Europe were able to limit considerably the 73 Lacking the strength the Western peasantry had developed in constructing the instruments of village co - operation and resistance , the peasantry of colonized Eastern Europe was less prepared to hold out ; and in consequence they succumbed to seigneurial reaction and the imposition of serfdom . The outcomes of the breakdowns and conflicts of the late medieval period had momentous consequences for subsequent European social change . For the pattern of economic development imposed by the now - intensified class structure of serfdom in the East , under the impact of the world market , was very different from that which prevailed in the free conditions of the West . Specifically , the newly emergent structure of class relations in the East had as its outcome the " development of underdevelopment " , the preclusion of increased productivity in general , and of industrialization in particular 74 Thus , the possibility of balanced economic growth was destroyed and East Europe consigned to backwardness for centuries . In sum , economic backwardness in Eastern Europe can not be regarded as economically determined , arising from " dependence " upon trade in primary products to the West , as is sometimes asserted . Indeed , it would be more correct to state that dependence upon grain exports was a result of backwardness ; of the failure of the home market - the terribly reduced purchasing power of the mass of the population - which was the result of the dismal productivity and the vastly unequal distribution of income in agriculture , rooted in the last analysis in the ( b ) The emergence and check of agrarian capitalism Finally , however , it needs to be remembered that even in the West the collapse of serfdom did not lead in any automatic way to capitalism or successful economic development . From the late fifteenth century there was Europe - wide pressure of population , development of the market and rise in grain prices . In England we find the landlords consolidating holdings and leasing them out to large capitalist tenants who would in turn farm them on the basis of wage labour and agricultural improvement . But in France we find comparatively little consolidation . Even the land In England , as throughout most of Western Europe , the peasantry was able by the mid - fifteenth century , through flight and resistance , to break definitively feudal controls over its mobility and to win full freedom . Indeed , peasant tenants at this time were striving hard for full and essentially freehold control over their customary tenements , and were not far from achieving it . The elimination of unfreedom meant the end of labour - services and of arbitrary tallages . Moreover , rent per se ( redditus ) was fixed by custom , and subject In the first place , the demographic collapse of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries left vacant many former customary peasant holdings . It appears often to have been possible for the landlord simply to appropriate these and add them to his demesne . 75 In this way a great deal of land was simply removed from the " customary sector " and added to the " leasehold sector " , thus thwarting in advance a possible evolution toward freehold , and substantially reducing the potential area of land for essentially peasant proprietorship . Significantly , as we shall see , this does not appear to have been an alternative easily available to the landlords in France under similar conditions in the same period . In the second place , there often remained one crucial loophole open to the landlord with regard to the freehold - tending claims of the customary tenants who still remained on his lands and clung to their holdings . He could insist on the right to charge fines at will whenever peasant land was conveyed , that is in sales or on inheritance . Indeed , in the end entry fines often appear to have provided the landlords with the lever they needed to dispose of customary peasant tenants , for in the long run fines could be substituted for 76 The landlords ' claim to the right to raise fines was not , at the start however , an open and shut question , nor did it go uncontested . Throughout the fifteenth century there were widespread and apparently quite successful refusals by peasants to pay fines . And this sort of resistance continued into the sixteenth century when an increasing labour : land ratio should , ostensibly , have induced the peasant to accept a deteriorating condition and to pay a higher rent . 77 Ultimately , in fact , the peasants took to open revolt to enforce their claims . As is well known , the first half of the sixteenth century was in England a period of major agrarian risings which threatened the entire social order . And a major theme of the most serious of these - especially the revolt in the north in the mid - 1530s and Ket ' s Rebellion in 1549 - was the security of peasant tenure , in particular the question of arbitrary fines . 78 If successful , the peasant revolts of the sixteenth century , as one historian has put it , might have " clipped the wings of rural capitalism . 79 But they did not succeed . Indeed , by the end of the seventeenth century English landlords controlled an overwhelming proportion of the cultivable land - perhaps 70 - 5per cents 80 - and capitalist class relations were developing as nowhere else , with momentous consequences for economic development . Thus , in my view , it was the emergence of the classical landlord - capitalist tenant - wage labour structure which made possible the transformation of agricultural production in England , 81 and this , in turn , was the key to England ' s uniquely successful overall economic development . With the peasants ' failure to establish essentially freehold control over the land , the landlords were able to engross , consolidate and enclose , to create large farms and to lease them to capitalist tenants who could afford to make capitalist investments . This was the indispensable precondition for significant agrarian advance , since agricultural development was predicated upon significant inputs of capital , involving the introduction of new technologies and a larger scale of operation . Such higher levels 82 They were therefore set free to bring in those key technological innovations , most especially convertible husbandry systems and the " floating of the water meadows " , as well as to make sizable investments in farm facilities , which were generally far less practicable on small unenclosed farms operated by peasants . 83 This is not to say , of course , that peasant production was incapable of improvement . The point is that it could not provide the agrarian basis for economic development . Thus small scale farming could be especially effective with certain industrial crops ( for example flax ) as well as in viticulture , dairying and horticulture . But this sort of agriculture generally brought about increased yields through the intensification of labour rather than through the greater efficiency of a given unit of labour input . It did not , therefore , produce " development " , except 84 Even the emergence of large - scale units of farming does not , in itself , guarantee agricultural improvement . As we shall see , in those ( relatively restricted ) areas where big farms emerged in France , they did not generally bring major increases in agricultural productivity . What proved , therefore , most significant for English agricultural development was the particularly productive use of the agricultural surplus promoted by the special character of its rural class relations ; in particular , the displacement of the traditionally antagonistic relationship in which landlord " squeezing " undermined tenant initiative 85 That agricultural improvement was already having a significant effect on English economic development by the end of the seventeenth century can be seen in a number of ways ; most immediately in the striking pattern of relatively stable prices and ( at least ) maintenance of population of the latter part of the century ; and in the long run in the interrelated phenomena of continuing industrial development and growth in the home market . Thus although English population in this period reached the very high levels of the early fourteenth century ( which at that time had meant demographic 86 Nor was there the marked demographic decline which came to dominate most of Europe at this time , the famous malthusian phase B . 87 In short , England remained largely exempt from the " general economic crisis of the seventeenth century " which sooner or later struck most of the continent . 88 This crisis , much like the previous " general economic crisis of the fourteenth century " , was in the last analysis a crisis of agrarian productivity , resulting as had its predecessor from the maintenance of relationships of property or surplus - extraction which prevented any advance in productivity . By contrast , it was the transformation of the agrarian class structure which had taken place over the period since the later fourteenth century that allowed England to increase substantially its agricultural productivity and thus to avoid a repetition of the previous crisis . It seems , moreover , that agricultural improvement was at the root of those developmental processes which , according to E . L . Jones , had allowed some 40 per cent of the English population to move out of agricultural employment by the end of the seventeenth century , much of this into industrial pursuits . 89 Obviously , English industrial growth , predominantly in cloth , was in the first instance based on exports , spurred by overseas demand . Yet such export - based spurts were common in Europe throughout the middle ages and the early modern period ; but previously none had ever been able to sustain itself . The inelasticity of agricultural output , it seems , had always set strict limits on the development of industrial production . Rising food prices , if not a total failure of food supply , resulting from declining agricultural productivity might directly stymie industry by limiting 90 But a similar case could seemingly be made for the decline of Italian industry in the early seventeenth century . Here drastically rising food prices seem , as much as any other factor , to have been responsible for the enhanced ( subsistence ) wage costs which ostensibly priced Italian goods out of their European and especially their eastern Mediterranean markets . Correlatively , the backward , largely peasant agriculture appears to have largely cut off the possibility of developing a significant home market in Italy itself . 91 Finally , although Dutch industry appears to have escaped the " seventeenth - century crisis " with relatively minor damage , its failure to sustain continued development through the eighteenth century appears to have been bound up to an important extent with an overwhelming dependence on overseas grain imports , which rose precipitately in price after 1750 . 92 Thus what distinguished the English industrial development of the early modern period was its continuous character , its ability to sustain itself and to provide its own self - perpetuating dynamic . Here , once again , the key was to be found in the capitalist structure of agriculture . Agricultural improvement not only made it possible for an ever greater proportion of the population to leave the land to enter industry ; equally important , it provided , directly and indirectly , the growing home market which was an essential ingredient in England ' s continued industrial growth through 93 Thus , during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries , the prosperous class of tenant and yeoman farmers , as well as landlords , appears to have offered significant outlets for English industrial goods . 94 At the same time , and in the long run , especially from the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries , continuing improvements in agricultural productivity combined with low food prices to give an extra margin of spending power to significant elements throughout the middle and perhaps even the lower class so as to expand the home market and fuel the steady growth of industry into the period of the industrial revolution . 95 English economic development thus depended upon a nearly unique symbiotic relationship between agriculture and industry . It was indeed , in the last analysis , an agricultural revolution , based on the emergence of capitalist class relations in the countryside which made it possible for England to become the first nation to experience industrialization . The contrasting failure in France of agrarian transformation seems to have followed directly from the continuing strength of peasant landholding into the early modern period , while it was disintegrating in England . Reference has already been made to the relative success with which peasant communities throughout Western Europe were able to resist landlord power in the medieval period . In particular , the long - term process by which village after village in various French regions was able to win certain important economic and political rights - to use the commons , to fix rents and secure hereditability , 96 What still requires explanation , however , is the ability of the French peasants not only to establish certain freedoms and property rights vis - ร - vis the landlords in the first place , but to retain them over an extraordinarily long historical epoch - in particular , through the period in which their English counterparts ceased to be able to do so . Any answer must be very tentative . But in the light of English developments , what appears to lie behind the striking persistence of peasant proprietorship in France is its close interconnection with the particular Thus in France , unlike England , the centralized state appears to have developed ( at least in large part ) as a " class - like " phenomenon , that is as an independent extractor of the surplus , in particular on the basis of its arbitrary power to tax the land . To the extent that the peasants were able to unite against the landlords , to win their freedom from serfdom and to gain the essentials of freehold property - and they did so , as noted , to a significant degree - they tended to open Probably the archetypal case of the state actually developing in this manner as an indevendent class - like surplus - extractor in relation to the emergence of an entrenched landholding peasantry can be found in the rise of the " mini - absolutisms " of the west German princes in the early modern period . In these states the princes pursued a conscious policy of protecting a peasant proprietorship which , emerging from the medieval period , was already relatively well ensconced . In particular , the princes sought to defend the security and extent of peasant landholding , with 97 But , correlatively , by the seventeenth century the west German peasantry appears to have been able to gain control of up to go per cent of the land . 98 The stages in the corresponding process by which the French peasantry was able to consolidate its own powerful ( if far less extensive ) grip on the land in relationship to monarchical development are far from clear . One turning point does seem to have occurred , at least in the Paris region , during the middle part of the thirteenth century in what emerged as decisive conflicts between peasants and landlords over the landlords ' attempts to extend the seigneurial taille ( tallage ) . It was around the question of the taille , as we have noted , 99 Perhaps even more decisive in the long run were certain actions taken by the state during the fifteenth century . In this era the monarchy seems to have generally confirmed the integrity of the cens ( peasant hereditary tenure ) . It thus remained legally difficult for the landlords to appropriate to their own demesnes the large number of holdings subject to this tenure abandoned as a consequence of war and demographic decline . The result was the preservation of the area of land under peasant proprietorship . It is notable that it was at just this time that the 100 Certainly , by the early modern period the consolidation of peasant property in relationship to the development of the French state had created a very different sort of class structure in the French countryside from that which had emerged in England . And there is no better index of these contrasting structures than the dramatically different sorts of peasant revolts which marked the early modern era in both countries . In England , of course , peasant revolt was directed against the landlords , in a vain last - ditch struggle to defend disintegrating peasant proprietorship against advancing capitalist encroachment 101 Thus in France strong peasant property and the absolutist state developed in mutual dependence upon one another . The state increased its own power by virtue of its ability to get between the landlords and the peasants , to ensure peasant freedom , hereditability and fixed rents , and thus to use peasant production , via non - parliamentary taxation , as the direct source of revenue for royal strength and autonomy . As Marc Bloch pointed out , in the seventeenth century - the highpoint of absolutist development in France - a key function of the intendants , the 102 Correlatively , the landlords waged a fierce defensive struggle throughout the period to protect " their " peasants from the encroachments of a royal fiscal machine which sought systematically to extend its scone within the countryside . 103 In England , by contrast , monarchical centralization developed , especially from the later fifteenth century , in relationship to and with ultimate dependence upon the landlord classes , as was most dramatically evidenced in the contemporaneous growth of parliamentary institutions ( while they decayed in France ) . The English peasantry , as we have seen , through flight and resistance were able to win their freedom from serfdom by the fifteenth century . Their relative failure , however , to estab ! ish freehold rights over much of the land ( as had their French counterparts at a 104 It can not be said that the French landlords did not wish to consolidate holdings . But the point is that in order to do so they could not , as in England , merely raise rents or fines to impossible levels and thus evict the small tenant at the expiration of his lease or copyhold . Through most of France , state - supported law assured hereditability and fixed fines ( lods et ventes ) for customary tenures . Thus the landlord might have to buy up countless small peasant holdings in order to amass a consolidated unit . Of course , merely maintaining subsistence was rarely easy for the peasantry , especially the large numbers with relatively small holdings . Demographic growth and the subdivision of holdings diminished the size of the peasant ' s productive base , either relatively or absolutely . Meanwhile , the growth of taxation , especially consequent upon wars , meant that greater production was necessary merely to survive ( thus , ironically , the state which in the first instance provided the primary support for peasant proprietorship was indirectly perhaps also the major source of its disintegration ) . Finally , rising 105 It was no accident , moreover , that the greatest number of casualties appear to have occurred in times of war ( especially the Wars of Religion and the Frotzde ) and of dearth ( particularly the " subsistence crises " of the later seventeenth century ) and to have been concentrated in the zones immediately affected by military action ( for example the Paris region and Burgundy ) . 106 Yet even such long - term pressures and short - term catastrophes seen to have worked their undermining effects on peasant proprietorship relatively sporadically and slowly over the whole of France . The continuing strength of the French peasant community and French peasant proprietorship even at the end of the seventeenth century was evident in the fact that some 45 - 50 per cent of the cultivated land was still in peasant possession , often scattered throughout the open fields . 107 In England , by contrast , the owner - occupiers at this time held no more than 25 - 30 per cent of the land . 108 Given the French property structure , it is hardly surprising that the rising population , markets and grain prices of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries did not lead in France to agricultural improvement , but merely to a renewal of the old malthusian cycle of underdevelopment . Given the strength of peasant property , supported by the exploitative state , the landlord could not usually take advantage of increasing prices for land and agricultural products by improving and by increasing output , because this usually entailed the very difficult task of consolidation . The landlords therefore took the only course 109 log The difference from the situation in England - where landlords would obtain increases in rent by co - operating with their tenants in capital improvements on large farms and thereby increasing total output , rather than by simply taking a larger share of a constant or declining output at the expense of the tenants 110 - could not have been more stark . 111 At the same time , in the sector of free peasant proprietors , to repeat , the holdings were divided and subdivided . This too naturally reduced the general level of peasant income , the surplus available for potential investment in agriculture , and the slim hope of agricultural innovation . Meanwhile , of course , the state , which had helped to maintain the peasants on the land , now helped to reduce their enjoyment of it by confiscating much of what was left of the peasants ' product through ever higher taxes . In sum , it is not difficult to comprehend the dismal pattern of economic development imposed by this class structure in France . Not only was there a long - term failure of agricultural productivity , but a corresponding inability to develop the home market . Thus , ironically , the most complete freedom and property rights for the rural population meant poverty and a self - perpetuating cycle of backwardness . In England , it was precisely the absence of such rights that facilitated the onset of real economic development . This paper was originally presented at the Annual Convention of the American Historical Association , December 1974 . An earlier version was given at the Social Science Seminar of the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton , New Jersey , April 1974 . I wish to thank Professor Franklin Mendels , Professor T . K . Rabb , Professor Eleanor Searle and Professor Lawrence Stone , for the substantial time and effort they gave in commenting on and criticizing this paper . I owe a special debt to Mr . Joel Singer for the great amount of help he gave 1 . See for example below , p . 34 . M . M . Postan , " Moyen Age " , IX Congrรจs International des Sciences Historiques , Rapports , i ( Paris , 1950 ) , pp . 225 ff . 2 . For a recent attempt to apply this sort of approach to the interpretation of socio - economic change in the medieval and early modern period , see Douglass C . North and Robert Paul Thomas , The Rise of the Western World ( Cambridge , 1973 ) . 3 . The following definitions derive , of course , from the work of Karl Marx , especially : " Preface " to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy ( New York , 1970 edn . ) ; " The Genesis of Capitalist Ground Rent " and " Distribution Relations and Production Relations " , in Capital , 3 vols . ( New York , 1967 edn . ) , iii , chaps . xlvii and li ; and " Introduction " to Grundrisse ( London , 1973 edn . ) . 4 . This is not necessarily to imply that classes exist or have existed in all societies . Classes , in my view , may be said to exist only where there is a " surplus extraction " or property relationship in the specific sense implied here , that is in the last analysis non - consensual and guaranteed either directly or indirectly by force . 5 . H . J . Habakkuk , " The Economic History of Modern Britain " , Jl . Econ . Hist . , xviii ( 1958 ) , p . 487 . 6 . M . M . Postan , " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : England " , The Cambridge Economic History of Europe , i , 2nd edn . , ed . M . M . Postan ( Cambridge , 1966 ) . 7 . P . J . Bowden , " Agricultural Prices , Farm Profits , and Rents " , in H . P . R . Finberg ( ed . ) , The Agrarian History of England and Wales , iv , Joan Thirsk ( ed . ) , 1500 - 1640 ( Cambridge , 1967 ) . 8 . E . Le Roy Ladurie , Les paysans de Languedoc , 2 vols . ( Paris , 1966 ) . 9 . ibid . , " Introduction " , esp . p . 8 ; also " Conclusion " , esp . pp . 652 - 4 . 10 . Postan , " Moyen Age " , p . 225 . 11 . Ibid . 12 . See for example , D . C . North and R . P . Thomas , who argue that " serfdom in Western Europe was essentially a contractual arrangement where labor services were exchanged for the public good of protection and justice " : ' " The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System : A Theoretical Model " , Jl . Econ . Hist . , xxxi ( I ~ I ) p , . 778 . North and Thomas can make this argument because they assume : ( a ) that the serf was essentially " protected from 13 . Postan , " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : England " , pp . 548 - 70 ; M . M . Postan , " Village Livestock in the Thirteenth Century " , Econ . Hist . Rev . , and ser . , xv ( 1962 ) ; J . Z . Titow , English Rural Society rzoo - 1350 ( London , 1969 ) . 14 . Le Roy Ladurie , op . cit . , p . 634 . Le Roy Ladurie seems at times to want to view economic development as essentially the direct result of apparently autonomous processes of technical innovation . Thus , he says , " it was the technological weakness of the society . . . it was its lack of ability to raise productivity , its incapacity lastingly and definitively to raise production , which created the barrier which , at the end of the period , stopped its quasi - two - phase ( quasi - bisรฉculaire ) growth 15 . Cf . Clifford Geertz , Agricultural Involution ( Berkeley , Calif . , 1963 ) . 16 . M . M . Postan , " The Chronology of Labour Services " , Trans . Roy . Hist . Soc . , 4th ser . , xx ( 1g37 ) , p . .171 . For the previous paragraph , Postan , " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Pnme : England " , pp . 552 - 3 , 607 - 9 . 17 . Ibid . , pp . 608 - 10 . " In the end economic forces asserted themselves , and the lords and the employers found that the most effective way of retaining labour was to pay higher wages , just as the most effective way of retaining tenants was to lower rents and release servile obligations " ( ibid . , p . 609 ) . 18 . Le Roy Ladurie , Paysans de Languedoc , passim . 19 . M . Petot , " L ' evolution du servage dans la France coutumiรจre du XI au XIV siecle " , Recueils de la Sociรฉtรฉ Jean Bodin , ii ( 1937 ) , p p 155 - 64 ; Ch . - E . Perrin , " Le servage en France et en Allemagne " , X Congrรจs International des Sciences Historiques , Rafiports , iii ( Rome , 1955 ) , pp . 227 - 8 ; Guy Fourquin , Les campagnes de la rรฉgion parisienne ร la fin du moyen ge ( Paris , 1970 ) ~ p 20 . Robert Fossier , La terre et les hommes en Picardie jusqu ' d la fin du XIII siecle , 2 vols . ( Paris , 1968 ) , ii ; pp . 555 - 60 . See also the references cited in note 19 above . 21 . Fourquin , op . cit . , pp . 160 - 72 , 189 - 90 . 22 . Postan , " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : England " , pp . 552 - 3 , 603 , 607 - 8 , 611 . In particular p . 603 : " . . . the money charges incumbent upon customary , i.e. , villein , holdings were heavy by all comparison . . . even with those of substantial peasant freeholders " . 23 . Ibid . , p . 608 ( my italics ) . 24 . See above , notes 16 , 22 , 23 . R . H . Hilton , The Decline of Serfdom in Medieval England ( London , 1969 ) , . pp . 18 - 19 , 24 , 29 - 31 . For graphic illustrations of the ability of established free peasants to resist the most determined ( and desperate ) efforts of rent - gouging landlords even during the thirteenth - century increase in population , see Eleanor Searle , Lordship and Community : Battle Abbey and its Banlieu , 1066 - 1538 ( Toronto , 1974 ) , 25 . Fourquin , op . cit . , esp . pp . 170 ff . 26 . Pierre Vilar , La Catalogne duns l ' Espagne moderne , 3 vols . ( Paris , 1962 ) , i , PP . 466 ff . ; Taime Vicens Vives , Historia de las Renzensas en el Sieio XV ( Barcelona , 1945 ) , pp . 23 - 4 ff . ; Robert Boutruche , La crise d ' une - sociรฉtรฉ . Seigneurs et paysans du Bordelais pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans ( Paris , 1947 ; Paris , 1963 edn : ) , pp . 32.1 ff . ; Isabelle Guerin , La vie rurale 27 . F . L . Carstens , The Orgins of Prussia ( London , 1954 ) , p p 80 - 4 , 101 - 16 ; M . Malowist , " Le commerce de la Baltique et le problรจme des luttes sociales en Pologne aux XV et XVI siecles " , La Pologne au Xe Congrรจs International des Sciences Historiques a Rome ( Warsaw , 1955 ) ~ p p 131 - 6 , 145 - 6 ; J . Blum , " The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe " , Amer . Hist . Rev . , lxii 28 . See for example , Pierre Goubert , " Le milieu demographique " , in L ' ancien rรฉgime , i ( Paris , 1969 ) ; also , Pierre Goubert , Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 iE I730 ( Paris , 1960 ) ; Jean Meuvret , Etudes d ' histoire รฉconomique ( Paris , 1971 ) ; Ernest Labrousse , et al . , Histoire รฉconomique et sociale de la France , ii , 1660 - 1789 ( Paris , 1970 ) . 29 . Agrarian History of England and Wales , iv , 1500 - 1640 , p . 593 ( my italics ) . 30 . On English agrarian change , its causes and consequences , see for example R . H . Tawney , The Agrarian Problems in the Sixteenth Century ( London , 1912 ; New York , 1967 edn . ) ; Eric Kerridge , The Agricultural Revolution ( London , 1967 ) ; Eric Kerridge , Agrarian Problems of the Sixteenth Century and After ( London , 1969 ) . esv . ch . 6 : W . G . Hoskins , " The Leicestershire Farmer in the seventeenth century , Agricultural History xxv ( 1951 ) ; Agrarian History of England 31 . Postan , " The Chronology of Labour Services " , esp . pp . 192 - 3 ; Fourquin , Carnpagnes de la rรฉgion parisienne , pp . 169 - 70 and 170 , n . 71 ; See also M . M . Postan , " The Rise of the Money Economy " , Econ . Hist . Rev . , xiv ( 1944 ) . 32 . For a recent re - statement of this view , see North and Thomas , Rise of the Western World , pp . 39 - 40 . It is of course a corollary of their view of serfdom as an essentially contractual , rather than coercive and exploitative relationship . ( See above , note 12 . ) 33 . Postan , " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : England " , pp . 604 - 8 , 611 . For an analysis of the reasons why commutation is misunderstood if it is assumed to mean a relaxation of serfdom , see esp . R . H . Hilton ' s Decline of Serfdom , pp . 29 - 31 , as well as his " Freedom and Villeinage in England " , Past and Present , no . 31 ( July 1965 ) , p . 11 . 34 . As does , for example , Titow , English Rural Society 1200 - 1350 , pp . 59 - 60 . 35 . J . Ambrose Raftis , Tenure and Mobility : Studies in the Social History of the Medieval English Village ( Toronto , 1964 ) , pp . 139 - 44 . 36 . Le Roy Ladurie , Paysans de Languedoc , passim ; the quotations are at p . 8 . 37 . Le Roy Ladurie , Paysans de Languedoc , pp . 8 ff . T o explain the failure of agrarian capitalism in France , Le Roy Ladurie falls back , in the last analysis , upon the prevalence of backward mentalities . Thus ( ibid . , pp . 640 - 1 ) : " technological stagnation ( immobilisme ) was enveloped in , supported by , a whole series o f . . . cultural blockages " . For Le Roy Ladurie , it was the " invisible spiritual frontiers " which were " the most constraining of all 38 . For the difficulties ( not of course the impossibility , especially under certain conditions and over a relatively long term ) of consolidating large holdings in the face of widespread and entrenched peasant proprietorship , see Louis Merle , La mbtairie et l ' e ' volution agraire de la Gdtine poitevine de la fin du moyen cige d la rbwolution ( Paris , 1958 ) , pp . 70 - 2 ; Andre Plaisse , La Baronnie du Neubourge ( Paris , 1961 ) , pp . 583 - 5 ; also Le Roy Ladurie , Paysans de Languedoc 39 . For the full arguments , see below , pp . 72 ff . 40 . This view obviously derives from Marx ' s arguments on the barriers to and the class structural bases for the development of capitalism , especially as presented in " The So - called Primitive Accumulation of Capital " , Capital , i , pt . VIII , and Pre - Capitalist Economic Formations , ed . E . J . Hobsbawm ( New York , 1965 ) , pp . 97 - 120 . 41 . Postan , " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : England " , pp . 603 - 4 . 42 . M . M . Postan , " Investment in Medieval Agriculture " , Jl . Econ . Hut . , xxvii ( 1967 ) . R . H . Hilton , " Rent and Capital Formation in Feudal Society " , Second International Conference of Economic History 1962 ( Paris , 1965 ) , esp . pp . 41 - 53 . Hilton estimates that no more than 5 per cent of total income was ploughed back into productive investment by the landlords of the thirteenth century ( p . 53 ) . This paper is reprinted in R . 43 . Titow , English Rural Society , pp . 49 - 50 . If I properly understand his argument , Dr . Titow is asserting that the failure to improve was by and large the result of the lack of technical knowledge , the unavailability of new techniques . Thus , he says , " the technical limitations of medieval husbandry seem to have imposed their own ceiling on what could be spent on an estate " . 44 . See for example , the use of convertible husbandry in Flanders in the early fourteenth century : B . H . Slicher Van Bath , The Agrarian History of Western Europe , A.D. 500 - 1850 ( London , 1963 ; repr . London , 1966 ) , pp . 178 - 9 . 45 . Searle , Lordship and Community , pp . 147 , 174 - 5 , 183 - 94 , 267 - 329 . 46 . Hilton , " Rent and Capital Formation " , pp . 53 - 5 ; Postan , " , Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : England " , pp . , 548 - 70 . The net product of at least one third of all the land , including a disproportionate share of the best land , was directly in the hands of the tiny landlord class ( that is in demesne ) : E . A . Kosminsky , " Services and Money Rents in the Thirteenth Century " , Econ . Hist . Rev . , v 47 . See Hilton , Decline of Serfdom , pp . 30 - 1 and passim . 48 . Admittedly , in the thirteenth century , given the extreme " overpopulation " , the availability of wage labour was not a problem . On the supply of wage labour in the thirteenth century , see E . A . Kosminsky , Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century ( Oxford , 1956 ) , ch . vi . 49 . See especially Raftis , Tenure and Mobility , pp . 66 - 8 , for evidence concerning lords ' actions to prevent customary tenants from concentrating too much land or to prevent customary tenants from conveying land to freemen . Professor Searle suggests that a key motivation for Battle Abbey ' s continuing attempts from the mid - thirteenth century to depress its tenants from free to unfree status was to be better able to control the peasant land market in order to assure rents . Lordship and Commzmity , pp . 185 ff . See also M . M 50 . Especially relevant here is Postan ' s remark that the peasants ' feudal rents " had to be treated as prior charges . They could not be reduced to suit the harvests or the tenant ' s personal circumstances . . .in fact , the tenant ' s need of food and fodder had to be covered by what was left after the obligatory charges had been met " : " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : England " , p . 604 . 51 . Slicher Van Bath , Agrarian History of Western Europe , p . 145 . 52 . Carstens , Origins of Prussia , pp . 103 ff . ; Malowist , " La commerce de la Baltique et la probleme des luttes sociales en Pologne aux XV et XVI siecles " , pp . 131 - 46 ; Guy Fourquin , Seigneurie et fรฉodalitรฉ au moyen age ( Paris , 1970 ) , pp . 215 - 16 . 53 . For the seigneurial reaction and its failure , see Hilton , Decline of Serfdom , pp . 36 - 59 . For a close case study , see Raftis , Tenure and Mobility , esp . pp . 143 - 4 and ff . 54 . Vicens Vives , Historia de las Remensas , pp . 23 ff . ; Vilar , La Catalogne , i , pp . 466 - 71 , 506 - 9 . 55 . For a recent version of this position , see Immanuel Wallerstein , The Modern World System : Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century ( New York , 1974 ) , pp . 90 - 6 . 56 . Friedrich Lutge , Deutsche sozial - und Wirtschaftsgeschzchte ( Berlin , 1966 ) , pp . 232 - 5 . See the interesting material on the emergence in the regions of Dithmarschen and Fehmarn of a highly - commercialized free peasantry with large holdings deeply involved in the Baltic export trade in the late medievalearly modern period presented in Christian Reuter , Ostseehandel und Landzcirtschafr im sechzehnten trnd siebzehnten Jahrhundert ( Berlin , 1912 ) , pp . 18 - 29 . 57 . See for example , R . H . Hilton , " Peasant Movements in England Before 1381 " ~ in Essays in Economic History , ed . E . M . Carus - Wilson , ii ( London , 1962 ) , pp . 85 - 90 ; E . A . Kosminsky , " The Evolution of Feudal Rent in England from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Century " , Past and Present , no . 7 ( April 1959 , PP . 24 - 7 . 58 . See Carsten , Origins of Prussia , esp . pp . 115 - 16 , 135 ; Blum , " The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe " , pp . 833 - 5 . 59 . For an indication of the very small relative size of the urban population in later medieval England , see R . H . Hilton , A Medieval Society : The West Midlands at the End of the Thirteenth Century ( London and New York , 1966 ) , pp . 167 - 8 . 60 . For a survey of urban organization in the medieval period , see The Cambridge Economic History of Europe , iii , ed . M . M . Postan , E . E . Rich and Edward Miller ( Cambridge , 1963 ) , esp . chaps . iv , v . 61 . See for example , Vilar , La Catalogne , i , pp . 490 - 3 . 62 . Carsten , op . cit . , p . 111 ( see also pp . 83 - 8 ) . 63 . F . L . Carsten , " Der Bauernkrieg in Ostpreussen 1525 " ~ Znt . Rev . Social Hist . , iii ( 1938 ) , pp . 400 - 1,305 - 7 ; G . Franz , Der Deutsche Bauernkrieg ( Munich , 1943 ) , p . 287 ; A . Seraphim , " Soziale Bewegungen in Altpreussen im Jahre 1525 " in Altpreussische Monatssclzrift , lviii ( 1921 ) , esp . pp . 74 , 82 - 3 , 87 , 92 . 64 . R . H . Hilton , Bond Men Made Free ( London , 1973 ) , pp . 114 - 15 , 125 - 7 ; H . Pirenne , Le soulevement de la Flandre maritime de 1323 - 1328 ( Brussels , goo ) , pp . i - v and passim . 65 . Vilar , La Catalogne , i , esp . pp . 449 , 492 - 3 , 497 - 9 , 508 - 9 ( in general , pp . 448 - 5211 . 66 . Gunther Franz , Geschichte des deutschen Bauernstaudes won friihen Mittelatter bis zum 19 . Jahrhundert ( Stuttgart , 1970 ) , pp . 48 - 66 . 67 . Ibid . , pp . 50 , 53 , .58 , 62 . See the correlative failure of the peasantry of eastern Germany to win the right to appoint village priests ( pp . 62 - 3 ) . 68 . Hermann Aubin , " Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime : The Lands East of the Elbe and German Colonization Eastwards " , in Cainbridge Economic History of Europe , i ( 1966 ) , pp . 464 - 5 , 468 - 9 . 69 . Note the comment of a recent student of the late medieval east German village community ( Gemeinde ) in accounting for its weakness : " The village lord was there first , then came the village members . In the area of older settlement , the Gemeinde , whose beginnings are mostly lost in the dark , distant past , was primary " . H . Patze , " Die deutsche Bauerliche Gemeinde im Ordenstaat Preussen " , in Die Anfiinge der Landgemeinde und ihr Wesen , ed . T . Mayer , 2 VOIS . ( Stuttgart , 1964 70 . Aubin , op . cir . , p . 469 ; Franz , Geschichte des deutschen Bauernstarzdes , PP 49 , 53 , 56 - 7 . 71 . The quotation is to be found ibid . , p . 63 . On the development of the Samland region , the special social , political , and demographic characteristics of its Prussian peasant communities , see R . Weinskaus , " Kleinverbande und Kleinraume bei den Preussen des Samlandes " in Die Anfange der Landgewieinde und ihr Wesen , i , pp . 202 - 32 and ff . See Weinskaus ' s comment ( p . 232 ) : " In north - west Samland , the centre of resistance against the Order , the native dominant classes 72 . On the decline of the Teutonic Order and the rise of the Prussian nobility , especially in relationship to the revolt of 1525 , see Carsten , " Der Bauernkrieg in Ostpreussen 1525 " , p p 398 - 9 ; Seraphim , " Soziale Bewegungen in Altpreussen im Jahre 1525 " , pp . 2 - 3 . Note also Seraphim ' s interesting suggestion that the Order frequently attempted to defend the peasantry , and its customary position , against the growing incursions of an emergent nobility which was of cours : simultaneously undermining the Order itself ( 73 . For a meticulous reconstruction of those processes in one French region , see Fossier ' s chapter on " Les conquCtes paysannes " , in La terre et les hommes en Picardie , ii , pp . 708 - 30 . See Fossier ' s comment ( ibid , p . 708 ) : " The progressive elevation of the living standard of the peasants and the progress achieved in the sphere of their social condition are rightly considered as fundamental phenomena of medieval history . . . . In the face of an aristocratic world on the defensive , 74 . Some of the most important recent analyses of the rise of serfdom in Eastern Europe , its causes and consequences , may be found in the works of Marian Malowist . A number of these writings are collected in his Croissance et rรฉgression en Europe XIVe - XVII ' siQcles ( Paris , 1972 ) . See also , Malowist , " La commerce de la Baltique et le probleme des luttes sociales en Pologne aux XVC et XVIE si6cles " . See , in addition , Carsten , Origins of Przissia ; A . Maczak , " Export of 75 . Raftis , Tenure and Mobility , pp . 197 - 8 ; Hilton , Decline of Serfdom , pp . 44 ff . ; R . H . Hilton , " A Study in the Pre - History of English Enclosure in the Fifteenth Century " , in Studi in onore di Armando Sapori , 2 vols . ( Milan , 1957 ) , i , repr . in Hilton , The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages ; M . W . Beresford , " A Review of Historical Research ( to 1968 ) " , Maurice W 76 . Tawney , Agrarian Problem , pp . 287 - 310 . Lawrence Stone , The Crisis of the Aristocracy 1558 - 1641 ( Oxford , 1965 ) , pp . 306 - 10 . The significance of the use of fines " at will " as a mechanism by whlch the lord could gain economic control of the land remains controversial . It appears to hinge on two questions in particular : ( I ) the amount of " copyhold " land subject to variable fines ; ( 2 ) the right of the lord to charge truly arbitrary fines 77 . Christopher Dyer , " A Redistribution of Incomes in Fifteenth - Century England ? " , Past and Present , no . 39 ( April 1968 ) ; Raftis , Tenure and ~ Mobility , pp . 198 - 9 . On the early sixteenth century , see B J . Harris , " Landlords and Tenants In England in the Later Middle Ages : The Buckingham Estates " , Past and Present , no : 43 ( May 1969 ) , pp . 146 - 50 . 78 . Tawney , Agrarzan Problem , p . 307 ; S . T . Bindoff , Ket ' s Rebellion ( Hist . Assoc . pamphlet , London , 1949 ; repr . London , 1968 ) , pp . 7 - 9 . 79 . Ibid , p . 9 . 80 . G . E . Mingay , English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century ( London , 1963 ) , p . 25 , gives a figure of 80 - 5 per cent for the proportion of land held by the landlord classes ( that is " the great landlords " and the " gentry " ) in 1790 ( an additional , uncertain proportion was held by " freeholders of a better sort " , a category which presumably included a significant number of capitalist owner - cultivators ) . He goes on to say that " the figures for 81 . This is not to say that precisely these arrangements were necessary for real agricultural breakthrough leading to economic development in this period ; it is to say that some form of larger - scale capitalist farming was required . Thus the only real alternative to the " classical English " landlord - large tenant - wage labour form of capitalist agriculture seems to have been an equally capitalist system based on large - scale owner - cultivators also generally using wage labour . The latter was the structure which in fact emerged in Catalonia at the end of the fifteenth 82 . Kerridge , Agrarian Problems , p . 46 ; E . L . Jones , " Agriculture and Economic Growth in England , 1660 - 1750 : Agricultural Change " , Jl . Econ . Hist . , xxv ( 1965 ) . 83 . On the strong advantages of large " capital " farms with respect to agricultural improvement , investment and general efficiency , see Kerridge , Agrarian Problems , pp . 121 - 6 , and G . E . Mingay , " The Size of Farms in the Eighteenth Century " , Econ . Hist . Rev . , 2nd ser . , xiv ( 1962 ) . It should be noted that some of the most important recent works dwell on the advantages of English agrarian class relations for agricultural development , but in the end tend to play down 84 . B . H . Slicher Van Bath , " The Rise of Intensive Husbandry in the Low Countries " , esp , pp . 135 - 7 , 148 - 9 , 153 . As Slicher Van Bath concludes of the Flemish region of intensive husbandry ( p . 153 ) , " it is not a picture of wealth , but of scarcely controlled poverty " . 85 . See Jones , " Agriculture and Economic Growth in England , 1660 - 1750 " . On large - scale farming in early modern France , see below , note 111 . 86 . For the avoidance of crises of subsistence in late seventeenth - century England , see A . B . Appleby , " Disease or Famine : A Study of Mortality in Cumberland and Westmorland , 1580 - 1640 " , Econ . Hist . Rev . , 2nd ser . , xxxi ( 1973 ) , esp . pp . 403,430 - 1 . For a comparison of fluctuations in prices between France and England in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century , stressing England ' s avoidance of the " violent fluctuations " which characterized much of France 87 . G . S . L . Tucker , " English Pre - Industrial Population Trends " , Econ . Hist . Rev . , 2nd ser . , xvi ( 1963 ) ~ p p . 205 - 18 . This is not to deny the possibility that there was some slowing down in the rate of growth of population , even perhaps a temporary halt , in the late seventeenth and / or early eighteenth century . 88 . It is notable that Catalonia , one of the few areas to achieve agrarian transformation with a concomitant increase in agricultural productivity in this era , was also one of the few areas to escape the " general economic crisis of the seventeenth century " , and , like England , to avoid demographic catastrophe while achieving continued economic development . Vilar , Catalogne , i , part 111 , esp . pp . 586 , 588 . See also above , note 81 . 89 . Jones , " Editor ' s Introduction " , Agriculture and Economic Growth , p . 2 . 90 . Goubert , Beauvais et Ies Beauvaisis , pp . 585 - 7 . 91 . On high wages as a basic cause of the decline of export - centred Italian industry from the early seventeenth century , see C . Cipolla , " ' The Economic Decline of Italy , " in Brian Pullan ( ed . ) , Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy ( London , 1968 ) , pp . 139 - 42 . On problems of food supply and high food prices leading to higher wages ( subsistence ) , see B . Pullan , " Introduction " , and " \ Y7age Earners and the Venetian Economy " , 92 . This is suggested by E . L . Jones , " Editor ' s Introduction " , Agriculture and Economic Growth , p . 21 . 93 . On continued English industrial growth into the later seventeenth century , and the important role of the home market in this process , see L . A . Clarkson , The Pre - Industrial Economy in England 1500 - 1750 ( London , 1971 ) , ch . 4 , esp . pp . 114 - 15 . See also , " The Origins of the Industrial Revolution " ( Conference Report ) , Past and 13resent , no . 17 ( April 1960 ) , pp . 71 ff . Charles Wilson , England ' s Apprenticeship 1603 - 94 . W . G . Hoskins , " The Leicestershire Farmer in the Sixteenth Century " , in his Essays in Leicestershire History ( Leicester , 1950 ) . F . J . Fisher , " London as an Engine of Economic Growth " , in J . Bromley and E . H . Kossman ( eds . ) , Britain and the Netherlands ( London , 1960 ) ; Fisher , " The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries " . 95 . For this argument , see Jones , " Editor ' s Introduction " , Agriculture and Economic Growth ; Jones , " Agriculture and Economic Growth in England , 1660 - 1750 ; Agricultural Change " ; E . L . Jones , " The Agricultural Origins of Industry " , Past and Present , no . 40 ( July 1968 ) ; A . H . John , " Agricultural Productivity and Economic Growth in England , 1700 - 1750 " , Jl . Econ . Hist . , xxv ( 1965 ) ; A . H . John 96 . See esp . Fossier , La terre et les hotnwzes en Picardie , ii , pp . , 708 - 30 . Also above , note 73 . See , in addition , Fourquin , Campagnes de la rรฉgion parisienne , part I , ch . iii , esp . p . 190 . 97 . F . Lutge , Geschichte der deutschelz Agraraerfassung ( Stuttgart , 1963 ) , pp . 100 - 2 , 134 - 54 . For the foregoing discussion of west German developments I am deeply indebted to Mr . Joel Singer . 98 . Eberhard Weis , " Ergebnisse eines Vergleichs de grundherrschaftlichen Strukturen Deutschlands und Frankreiches vom 13 . bis zum Ausgang des 18 . Jahrhunderts " , Vierteljahrschrift , fur Sozial - und Wirtschaftsgeschichte , lvii ( 1970 ) , pp . I - J4 , esp . p . 13 . As a result , the German nobility appears to have been forced Into an extraordinary degree of dependence upon the princes , becoming the administrative aristocracy par excellence . 99 . Marc Bloch , " Blanche de Castille et les serfs du Chapitre de Paris " , Melanges Historiques , 2 vols . ( Paris , 1963 ) , i , p p 462 - 90 ; Fourquin , op . cit . , part I , ch . iii . 100 . Ibid . , pp . 180 , 377 , 382 , 430 - 2 and ff . , 514 - 15 ; J . F . Lemarignier , La France mรฉdiรฉvale : institutions et sociรฉtรฉ ( Paris , 1970 ) ~ p . 318 ; Marc Bloch , French Rural History ( London , 1966 ) , pp . 128 - 9 . 101 . For the English revolts , see above , p . 62 . On peasant revolts in France , see the summary article by J . H . M . Salmon , " Venality of Office and Popular Sedition in Seventeenth - Century France " , Past and Present , no . 37 ( July 1967 ) . Although there is sharp debate on many aspects of these revolts , virtually all parties to the argument , including the leading protagonists Boris Porchnev and Roland Mousnier , agree that the opposition to state taxation was central . See Boris I ' 102 . Bloch , French Rural History , p . 134 . 103 . For a revealing account of the struggle between the French monarchy and the French nobility to protect the peasantry in order to exploit it for themselves , focusing especially on the attempts to extend royal land - taxation and noble resistance to these attempts in the name of their peasants , see P . Deyon , " A propos des rapports entre la noblesse francaisee t la monarchie absolue pendant la premiere moitie du XVIIe siecle " , Recue Historique , ccxxxi ( 1964 ) , p p 341 - 56 . 104 . For the process of centralization under the Tudors , especially the interrelationship between the crown and those sections of the landed class ( noble and non - noble ) who supported centralization against the magnate - warlords , see L . Stone , " Power " , in Crisis of the Aristocracy , ch . v . ; as well as the series of works by M . E . James : A Tudor Magnate and the Tudor State ( Borthwick Papers , no . 30 , York , 1966 ) ; Change and Continuity in the Tudor North ( 105 . See P . Goubert , " The French Peasantry of the Seventeenth Century : A Regional Example " , Past and Present , no . 10 ( November 1956 ) , p . 75 . 106 . For c ase studies of the destruction of peasant proprietorship , see esp . Jean Jacquart , L a crise rurale en Zle - de - France 1550 - 1670 ( Paris , 1974 ) ~ p assitn ; Marc Venard , Bourgeois et paysans nu XVIZe siecle : Recherche sur le role des bourgeois parisiens dans la vie agricole au sud de Paris au XVZZ ' siecle ( Paris , 1957 ) ; P , de Saint Jacob , " Mutations รฉconomiques et sociales dans les campagnes bourguignonnes a la fin du XVIe siecle " , Etudes Rurales , 107 . P . Goubert , " Le paysan et la terre : seigneurie , tenure , exploitation " , in E . Labrousse et al . ( eds . ) , Histoire รฉconomique et sociale de la France , ii ( Paris , 1970 ) , pp . 135 - 9 . " It is commonly admitted that the peasants of France were able to possess . . . a mere half of the French soil . . . " ( p . 135 ) . 108 . See above , note 80 . 109 . For a good account of this procedure of " squeezing " the leaseholding tenants and its economic effects , see Merle , La mรฉtairie et I โ รฉvolution agraire de la Gitine poitevine . 110 . See Adam Smith ' s analogous observations : " Rent anciently formed a larger proportion of the produce of agriculture than now . . . . In the progress of improvement , rent , though it increases in proportion to the extent , diminishes in proportion to the produce of the land " . The Wealth of Nations , ed . Edwin Cannan ( New York , 1937 ) , p . 318 . 111 . It is striking in this respect that in those relatively restricted areas where large consolidated holdings were created in France , the landlords generally applied the same " squeezing " policy to their large tenants , with the result that even on the relatively small number of large farms few improvements were adopted . See Jacquart , op . cit . , pp . 289 - 91 , 326 - 30 , and , in particular , pp . 747 - 8 , 756 - 7 . Also , Venard , Bourgeois et paysans , esp . pp . 117 Attachment Size Attachment Size brenner . pdf 974.92 KB Posted By Joseph Kay May 9 2012 07 : 14 Tags agriculture Robert Brenner UK Scotland Wales France Germany Spain 1500s 1600s capitalism class struggle feudalism PDFs Share Tweet Ironically , the most complete freedom and property rights for the rural population in France meant poverty and a self - perpetuating cycle of backwardness . In England , it was precisely the absence of such rights that facilitated the onset of real economic development . Robert Brenner Attached files brenner . pdf ( 974.92 KB ) Login or register to post comments Comments Steven . May 9 2012 18 : 32 Hey , nice one for posting , looks really interesting and must have been a lot of work to format so thanks ! Login or register to post comments JonattonYeah May 10 2012 08 : 06 I ca n ' t wait to read this , cheers ! I have produced a PDF version for people who want it - either PM me or maybe could one of the mods contact me if you want it uploaded as a link from the article ? precommunist Jul 31 2012 21 : 25 I wish more articles were available in .PDF Ross Arctor Apr 6 2014 11 : 46 A PDF of this really important article is now available . If anyone is interested more in this subject , I recommend both the book The Brenner Debate , edited by T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin , and The Origin of Capitalism : A Longer View , by Ellen Meiksins Wood . | [
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"Scholarly Journals"
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http://libguides.du.edu/c.php?g=90345&p=581409 | Images : Citing Images Citing Images Whether you found an image for a paper or project through Google Images , a library database , or in a book , be sure to cite it properly . By citing your sources you avoid plagiarism and you give credit to the creator of the image , video , or text you are using . Be sure to include at a minimum : The title The creator , artist , or photographer The source ( book , journal , database , poster , or website ) Tip Royalty free clip art , like the images available from Microsoft Office , do not need to be cited . Citation Styles : Online Guides There are different styles used to cite images . These include APA MLA , and Chicago ( Turabian is a condensed version of Chicago ) . Ask your professor which style to use and then check out these links to learn how to cite using the appropriate style . Chicago Manual of Style Online The online edition of the Chicago Manual of Style ( CMOS ) provides the full text in HTML or PDF formats as appropriate . The index makes it easier to navigate appropriate sections . University of California - Irvine Guide to Citing Images Visit this guide to find instructions on APA and MLA citation rules . Purdue OWL ( Online Writing Lab ) The Purdue OWL provides instructions for citing print or electronic images in APA , MLA , and Chicago styles . | [
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http://libguides.law.ucla.edu/citations | Legal Citations How to Read a Legal Citation Reference Sources for Translating Legal Abbreviations When you locate citations for cases you want to use you may need help figuring out what these citations mean The following list contains sources for translating legal abbreviations Also be sure to visit the guide How to Read a Legal Citation for additional assistance The front of each Digest volume If you have located the correct digest for your jurisdiction you will find a list of abbreviations used in that digest in the front of each volume The Bluebook A Uniform System of Citation Call Number KF245 B58 Location Reference Reserve The format followed by Law Reviews Princes Dictionary of Legal Citations A Reference Guide for Attorneys Legal Secretaries Paralegals and Law Students by by Prince Mary Miles Call Number KF246 P73 2011 Reference Desk ISBN 0837739101 Princes Bieber Dictionary of Legal Abbreviations A Reference Guide for Attorneys Legal Secretaries Paralegals and Law Students by by Mary Miles Prince Call Number KF246 B46 2009 Location Reference ISBN 083771625X The best guide for deciphering cryptic abbreviations California Style Manual A Handbook of Legal Style for California Courts and Lawyers by by Edward W Jessen Call Number KFC75 C35 2000 Location Reference Reserve ISBN 0314233709 THE source for court citation in California The ALWD Citation Manual A Professional System of Citation Call Number KF245 A45 2006 Location Reference Reserve ISBN 0735589305 An alternative to the Bluebook that hasnt quite caught on Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations Online Resource Webbased service allows you to search for the meaning of abbreviations for English language legal publications from the British Isles the Commonwealth and the United States including those covering international and comparative law A wide selection of major foreign language law publications is also included Guide to Foreign and International Legal Citations Call Number K89 G85 2006 Location Stacks Also available online Folow link and look for Online Access icon Definition of a Legal Citation A citation or cite in legal terminology is a reference to a specific legal source such as a constitution a statute a reported case a treatise or a law review article A standard citation includes first the volume number then the title of the source usually abbreviated and lastly a page or section number IMPORTANT NOTE This guide is not meant to provide guidance for correct legal citation format rather it is a basic guide to understanding the parts of a legal citation and a list of sources for looking up legal abbreviations Be sure to follow the rules of your particular court for proper citation format Case Citations Case citations designate the volume number of the reporter in which the case appears the name of the reporter the page on which the case begins and the year the decision was rendered Thus each citation is unique Cases or judicial opinions can be published by more than one publisher If this occurs the case name may be followed by one or more parallel citations The official reporter is the one with whose publisher the court has contracted to publish the reports any other citation is called unofficial Sometimes a case will have only an unofficial citation such as in In California the State Supreme Court cases are published officially in the California Reports series 14 the Court of Appeals cases are officially published in the California Appellate Reports series 14 Unofficial reports are published by West Supreme Court and Appellate Court decisions are published together in the Wests California Reporter series 1 2 3 The Supreme Court decisions are also published in the Pacific Reporter series 1 2 3 Here are examples of citations for California Federal cases are cited in the same format as California cases For United States Supreme Court cases the official reports United States Reports abbreviated US are published by the US Government There are two parallel citations for Supreme Court cases those published by West in the Supreme Court Reporter are abbreviated SCt those published by LexisNexis the United States Supreme Court Reports Lawyers Edition are abbreviated LEd or LEd 2d Court of Appeals cases published only in Wests Federal Reporter are abbreviated F F 2d or F 3d Federal District Court cases are published only in Wests Federal Supplement abbreviated Code Citations Citations to California Codes do not begin with numbers instead the title of the code name is followed by the section number the publisher and the date of the volume not the date the individual code section was enacted Parallel cites are not used for the code since there is no official code for California The version of the unofficial code used Deerings or West is indicated in the date portion of the citation Citations to the United States Code follow the same general format as cases however the first number refers to the title of the United States Code rather than a volume number and the second number refers to the section number of the code rather than the page number Parallel cites are not used for the code since the numbering is uniform for both official and unofficial codes The unofficial codes are designated by their own abbreviations USCA West and USCS Lexis Online Citation Help Introduction to Basic Legal Citation CALIeLangdell by Peter W Martin Now also available for Kindle iPad and other devices CiteGenie A plugin for Firefox that adds proper Bluebook citations to text copied from Westlaw and LexisNexis Cite Checking Resources LibGuide | [
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http://libguides.library.tmc.edu/ebp | Evidence Based Practice : What is EBP ? Why Practice EBP ? Medical research is continually discovering improved treatment methods and therapies Research findings are often delayed in being implemented into clinical practice Clinicians must stay current with changing therapies EBP has been shown to keep clinicians up to date K . Jeffrey , L . Maggio , & M . Blanchard . Introduction to EBM . Alumni Medical Library Website EBP Tutorials An Introduction to Evidence Based Practice : self - paced tutorial developed by the Medical Center Library at Duke University and the Health Science Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill EBM Tutorials : interactive tutorials developed by the Lamar Soutter Library at UMass Medical School What is Evidence Based Practice ( EBP ) ? EBP is the conscientious and judicious use of : The best research evidence ( found in health sciences literature ) Clinical expertise ( what the health - care provider knows ) Patient values and expectations ( what the patient believes and wants ) Evidence Based Practice is an umbrella term that includes medicine ( โ Evidence Based Medicine , โ or EBM ) , nursing , dentistry , public - health , psychology , etc . Evidence Based Practice ' s Steps EBP is primarily based on the following steps 1 ) Assess Identify the clinical problem . What is it you want to know ? 2 ) Ask Convert the clinical problem into an answerable question using PICO 3 ) Acquire Gather the best evidence to answer the question 4 ) Appraise Critically evaluate the evidence for validity , impact , and applicability 5 ) Apply Integrate your critical appraisal with your clinical expertise and the patient ' s unique biology , values , and circumstances 6 ) Evaluate Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of your performance , and seek ways to improve for next time | [
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http://libguides.scu.edu/c.php?g=175682&p=1157719 | COMM 110 : Quantitative Research Methods : Literature Review Quick Links Library Home Page Databases , catalog , interlibrary loan , LINK+ . . . OSCAR - Library Catalog Find books , videos , journals / magazines , etc . A - Z Database List You can also browse the list by subject , type , or vendor . Ask a Librarian Get help from a librarian by texting , IM , email , or make an appointment . Camino Link back to your course syllabus , readings , etc . Citation Guides How to cite your sources in APA , MLA , Chicago styles , etc . Google Scholar Link to article ' s available through the SCU library and other sources . Literature Review What is a literature review ? A literature review IS : An integrated synthesis drawing upon a select list of academic sources ( mainly journal articles ) with a strong relation to the topic in question . It is a paper that includes a description AND a critical evaluation of past research The literature review is not merely a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic , no matter how tenuous . It focuses on those resources and materials that are directly relevant to the addressing of your topic , and as such , is highly selective . Focused on a particular question or area of research . The literature review is not a widespread , comprehensive list of all materials pertaining to a particular discipline or field of inquiry . Rather , it ' s narrowly focused to concentrate only on truly relevant materials . A literature review IS NOT : A summary of available materials without any critical description or component ; or An annotated bibliography . The differences between an annotated bibliography and a literature review : Differences in PURPOSE : A literature review makes a case for further investigation and research , highlighting gaps in knowledge and asking questions that need to be answered for the betterment of the discipline ; as such , its contents are selected to make the case . An annotated bibliography is a list of what ' s available in a given field , accompanied by a short description . While it may feature a critical component , the criticism is generally directed at the quality of the work , rather than at its value in answering a particular question or buttressing an argument IN SHORT : a literature review usually has a thesis or statement of purpose , stated or implied , at its core . Differences in FORMAT : A literature review is a prose document similar to a journal article or essay , not a list of citations and descriptions . It often has subsections that highlight themes within the literature review . An annotated bibliography is simply that : a bibliography ( a list of works or resources ) , accompanied by annotations . The annotations are usually short descriptions and a brief critical assessment of each work . Format of the Literature Review : Title Page Give your thesis a descriptive , scholarly title . People should know what the study is about from reading the title . Introduction Your introduction should include some sort of attention - getter , transition to topic , statement of significance of topic , relevant sources , a brief description of what your study is all about , and a preview of what will follow in the body of the literature review ( past research ) . You can pull information for the intro from your sources you will use in the body of the literature review , but credible information from popular sources can also be used . The Literature Review You will present relevant findings and issues from your research articles in your literature review Decide on what organization pattern makes sense for organizing the studies into a coherent presentation : chronological , categorical / topic , general - to - specific , known to unknown , etc . Try to follow the models of the research articles you โ re reading and the textbook โ s description of previous research as closely as possible . You will not include ALL the information from each study ; rather you will use each study to help you advance the necessary definitions , context , explanation and rationalization for variables , gaps , and the argument your Your study rationale is the last part of the body section of your literature review . This is where you explain the thinking that leads to your research questions or hypotheses ( you โ ll draw upon the past literature to do this โ your hypotheses may be extending a previous study , filling a gap you โ ve identified , etc . ) . What research questions or hypotheses can you derive from your examination of the previous literature ? While you may have some research questions that relate to HOW youth use media that you wo n โ t be able Material adapted from the University of Arizona Library website http : / / www . library . arizona . edu / help / tutorials / litreviews / whatis . html | [
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http://libguides.southernct.edu/c.php?g=7101&p=34392 | Sociology : Writing a Literature Review What is a literature review ? A literature review is used to show that you have read , evaluated , and comprehended the published research on a particular topic . A literature review is structured to show to your professors that you understand the work that has been done in the past on a topic , and will serve as a jumping off point for whatever research you are conducting . It can either be a stand - alone document , or a section at the beginning of a research paper , master โ s thesis , special project , or report . Writing a literature review will require you to locate published research on a topic , read those materials , and write a description and evaluation of the works . How do I write one ? STEP ONE : What is your topic ? What is your research project ? You really ca n โ t begin to write a literature review until you have determined what your own research is about . Determine the problem and the population you are studying . STEP TWO : Time to visit the library ! Search the library catalog and relevant online databases , such as SocIndex and JSTOR , to locate previously published research on your subject . This will involve finding books , journal articles , dissertations and theses , and possibly reports from governmental agencies or independent organizations . STEP THREE : Read and think ! Read and critically evaluate each item that you have located . What are the researcher โ s credentials ? What kind of methodology was used ? Do you find the research to be objective ? Do you find the conclusions persuasive ? How does the research contribute to your understanding of the issue that you are researching ? Are the researchers saying the same things , or are they coming to different conclusions ? What are the relationships between the articles ? What has been said , and what has not been said ? What are some areas for future research ? STEP FOUR : Start writing ! You may want to sort the materials you have read based on their different themes , theoretical foundations , or varying conclusions . Then , for each article , describe the research that was done and the conclusions of the authors . Discuss how that particular work contributes to the understanding of the subject that you are working on . For more information Conducting Research Literature Reviews : From the Internet to Paper REF Q 180.55 .M4 F56 2005 Doing a Literature Review : Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination STACKS H 62 .H2566 1998 Preparing Literature Reviews : Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches STACKS Q 180.55 .E9 P36 2008 | [
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] |
http://libguides.tees.ac.uk/referencing | Referencing Home Succeed Tees Workshops Referencing We run two SucceedTees workshops on referencing 1 Introduction to Harvard Referencing Do you get confused with referencing Discover the basics of Harvard referencing used by Teesside University We will show you why you need to reference and how to reference books journal articles and websites Harvard Referencing forthcoming workshops Monday 11th February 1300 1400 T103 The Curve Thursday 7th March 1200 1300 TG04 The Curve 2 How to use references This session follows on from the Introduction to Harvard referencing workshop and will improve your skills in using references in your writing The workshop will show you how to incorporate references into your writing identify the different styles of intext citation and when to use them develop techniques in paraphrasing How to use references forthcoming workshops Monday 18th February 1300 1400 T203 The Curve Thursday 14th March 1200 1300 TG04 The Curve Everyone welcome no need to book If you need any adjustments to fully access either session please contact libraryhelpteesacuk in advance Online tutorial for referencing Basics Paraphrasing Reference list If you can not view the online tutorial below go to the following web page When youve viewed the basics section there click back to this page and select the Intext tab above Materials from the workshops Introduction to Harvard referencing Introduction to Harvard Referencing presentation Harvard Task 1 Harvard Task 2 Harvard Referencing helpsheet Example Reference List How to use references How to use references presentation How to use reference worksheet How to paraphrase Guidance on referencing Basics Paraphrasing Secondary referencing Reference list Which referencing style Tools You need to learn how to reference accurately in order to acknowledge your sources and to demonstrate that your writing is based on evidence There are two parts to referencing intext citations this is what you include within your writing The intext citation gives very limited information eg Cottrell 2015 reference list this appears at the end of your assignment Your reference list gives the full details of your sources in a specific order and format Different styles of referencing use different formats for both intext citations and reference lists You need to learn which referencing style is used by your subject area this will be the style included in the How to reference tab of your subject libguide The most frequently used referencing style is Harvard At Teesside the Harvard style is taken from Cite them Right If you follow the guidance in Cite them Right your referencing will be correct Referencing Guidelines The book Cite Them Right by Pears and Shields details the Harvard referencing standard used by Teesside University Click here for the online version of Click on the book image below for location details in the Library Cite Them Right by Richard Pears Graham Shields ISBN 1137585048 Publication Date 20160520 Help for referencing You can improve your referencing in a number of ways through the Learning Hub Read our guidance or view our online tutorial on this page They both go through the basics of referencing and explain how to create intext citations and a reference list using the Harvard style Go to the How to reference tab of your subject libguide it will give you examples in the appropriate referencing style for your subject Use Cite them Right online Drop in to the Learning Hub with your questions Come along to one of our SucceedTees workshops either Harvard referencing or How to use references Use software such as Refworks to help you Book a onetoone tutorial with a learning advisor or with a librarian Referencing examples Book referencing examples Journal referencing examples Website referencing examples How to reference a book Books with up to 3 authors Intext citation Pears and Shields 2016 p 20 or Pears and Shields 2016 p 20 Reference list Pears R and Shields G 2016 Cite them right 10th edn Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan Books with 4 or more authors Intext citation Young et al 2015 p 46 or Young et al 2015 p 46 Reference list Young HD et al 2015 Sears and Semanskys university physics 10th edn San Francisco AddisonWesley Secondary Referencing Intext citation Macmillan and Crelman1991 cited in Wickens 2002 p 37 Reference list Wickens TD 2002 Elementary signal detection theory Oxford Oxford University Press Ebooks An ebook that includes all the same elements as the print version eg page numbers edition publication details should be referenced as though it was a print book Ebooks available on an edevice eg Kindle If the ebook is available on an edevice Kindle smartphones and tablets the elements might not be the same as the print version If this is the case you need to use the information you do have eg loc or Intext citation Adams 1979 loc 876 or Adams 1979 loc 876 Reference list Adams D 1979 The hitchhikers guide to the galaxy Available at httpwwwamazoncoukkindleebooks Downloaded 28 August 2013 SucceedTees Workshop and Seminar feedback We are very interested to hear your views about the workshop you attended and would welcome your feedback Please complete the form below Workshop and Seminar feedback form | [
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http://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=235208&p=1560699 | Organizing Research for Arts and Humanities Papers and Theses : What are Scholarly and Non - Scholarly Sources What is a Scholarly Source Both scholarly and non - scholarly materials have a place in arts and humanities research . Their use , and even their definition , depends on the context of the research project . Books , conference publications , and academic journal articles , regardless of whether they are print - based or electronic , are common types of scholarly materials , which share the following characteristics : The authors are scholars or researchers with known affiliations and educational / research credentials The authors cite other sources , be they primary or secondary . Many scholarly publications include citations to other sources and bibliographies The language used is either academic or complex , and may include disciplinary or theoretical lingo The publisher is a scholarly press that practices editorial review to ensure that content and context adhere to the expected research parameters The intended audience is composed of researchers , scholars , academics , and other informed or specialized readership . Scholarly and academic journals , which are periodic publications that contain articles , have additional characteristics , such as : An editorial process that is peer reviewed or refereed They publish long articles ( essays that are ordinarily at least 10 pages ) , which may also inlcude an abstract . Scholarly journals often publish essay - length scholarly book reviews , which include citations to other sources Scholarly journals are published relatively infrequently , usually quarterly ( once every 3 months ) , semi - annually ( twice a year ) , or annually ( once a year ) . Use the points above to evaluate the scholarly nature of internet sites . It helps if the site ' s URL ends in .edu . So far , so good . But things are not always clear cut , and here are some complexities to keep in mind : Scholarly materials in art , architecture , theater , cinema , and related fields often include images Images may constitute a large portion of such publications , with text used to illustrate , contextualize , critique , or explicate the visual component There may be fewer citations to other sources , and the bibliographies may be shorter The author may be a creative practitioner , such as , for example , an architect or a playwright The author may be a multi - disciplinary intellectual of a transnational stature , who does not rely on the commonly acceptable scholarly apparatus . For example , works by Roland Barthes , which lack footnotes or bibliographies , are considered scholarly . An essay by Jean Baudrillard about Disneyworld , which appeared in the French daily newspaper Liberation , may also be considered scholarly , given the stature of the author and his importance in the development of a particular theoretical analysis of popular culture . | [
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http://libguides.uta.edu/apa/pageheader | APA Guide ( Based on the 6th Edition ) : Formatting : Running Head & Page Numbers Page Header Page Header Contents Runnin g Head - content at the top left of each page , written in all capital letters . Page Numbers - content at the top right of each page . Running Head The running head is a shortened version of your paper ' s title and can not exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation . To add a running head in Microsoft Word : 1 . Double click in the header area at the top of the document . 2 . In the Header & Footer tools " Design " tab , check the box Different First Page . 3 . In the header , type Running head : followed by a shortened version of your title written in all capital letters . 4 . Scroll to the ( or create a ) second page to your document . 5 . If not already selected , double click in the header to select it and type the same running head that was on the title page , but leave out preceding Running head : part . Page Numbers To insert page numbers in Microsoft Word : 1 . Place your cursor to the right of the running head and press the Tab button on your keyboard twice . 2 . Click the " Insert " tab in the top menu . 3 . Select Page Number then " Current Position , " and choose Plain Number from the options . 4 . On the second page , Select Page Number , then " Current Position , " choose Plain Number from the options . The page number will show up with a consecutive number in every page in the header . 5 . Remember to change the font size and style of headers to 12pt . Times New Roman font . Reference American Psychological Association . ( 2009 ) . The publication process . In Publication manual of the American Psychological Association ( pp . 225 - 243 ) . Washington , DC : Author . | [
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http://libguides.wustl.edu/c.php?g=46890&p=301076 | Brown School Reference Librarian Lori Siegel Schedule Appointment Contact : Lori Siegel Reference Librarian Brown Hall , Room 301A lsiegel @ wustl . edu ( 314 ) 935 - 4064 Brown School Library Brown Hall , Room 300 brownlibrary @ wustl . edu ( 314 ) 935 - 6633 Subjects : Social Work Brown School Library Director Susan Fowler Email Me Schedule Appointment Contact : fowler @ wustl . edu One Brookings Drive # 1196 Brown Hall 301C St . Louis , MO 63130 314 - 935 - 8644 Subjects : Public Health Boxes on This Social Policy - Citing Government Items Subpage Here are links to the boxes on this Social Policy - Citing Government Items subpage . The links will quickly jump the screen to the boxes of information . Citing Government Items Examples of APA Examples of APA Continued State Statutes Social Policy - Citing Government Items Certain government resources are cited differently . Consult these style guides if you use government resources . Chapter in the AMA Manual of Style in Electronic Format 10th edition , 2007 . Choose Section 1 , then choose Chapter 3 . Consult section 3.16 . Off - campus access is restricted to current WUSTL students / faculty / staff . http : / / catalog . wustl . edu : 80 / record = b3985108 ~ S2 Chapter in the AMA Manual of Style in Paper Format 10th edition , 2007 . In the WUSTL libraries . Consult pages 72 - 79 . http : / / catalog . wustl . edu : 80 / record = b3535932 ~ S2 Chapter in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA Manual ) in Paper Format 6th edition , 2010 . Consult pages 216 - 224 . In the WUSTL libraries . http : / / catalog . wustl . edu : 80 / record = b3988203 ~ S2 Social Policy - Citing Government Items Examples of APA EXAMPLES FOR CITING GOVERNMENT ITEMS IN APA STYLE References to legal materials appear in Appendix 7.1 on pages 216 - 224 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . The library has several copies of the APA manual at call number PN 147 A5 2010 . Congress . gov Website ( regular reference , website format ) In - text citation ( see section 6.05 on page 171 of the APA manual ) : Examples : 1 ) The bill was assigned to the Committee on Education and the Workforce ( Congress . gov , n.d. , Major Actions ) . Explanation : Congress . gov is the corporate author n.d. because the web page has no date information Major Actions is the section ' s title 2 ) The bill establishes a grant system for math and science partnership programs ( Congress . gov , n.d. , " Title II : Preparing , Training , " para . 2 ) . Explanation : Congress . gov is the corporate author n.d. because the web page has no date information " Title II : Preparing , Training " because the section ' s title is too long to type out completely para . 2 because the information is in the second paragraph in the Title II section Reference page entry : Congress . gov . ( n.d. ) . H . R . 1 - No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 : 107th Congress ( 2001 - 2002 ) Retrieved from https : / / www . congress . gov / bill / 107th - congress / house - bill / 1 ? q = { % 22search % 22 % 3A [ % 22 \ % 22 \ \ \ % 22no + child + left + behind \ \ \ % 22 \ % 22 % 22 ] } &resultIndex = 1 Explanation of the reference page entry : H.R. 1 - No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 : 107th Congress ( 2001 - 2002 ) because that is the title of the webpage Retrieved from https : / / www . congress . gov / bill / 107th - congress / house - bill / 1 ? q = { % 22search % 22 % 3A [ % 22 \ % 22 \ \ \ % 22no + child + left + behind \ \ \ % 22 \ % 22 % 22 ] } &resultIndex = 1 because that is the web page ' s URL . Enacted Bill / Public Law / Statute ( legal reference ) In - text citation : According to example 9 on page 220 , you should include the name of the act and the year . Examples : 1 ) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 changed the language instruction format to include English as a Second Language . 2 ) Section 301 of the No Child Left Behind Act ( 2001 ) changed the language instruction format . Reference page entry ( example 11 on page 220 ) : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , Pub . L . No . 107 - 110 , ยง 301 , 115 Stat . 1689 ( 2002 ) . Explanation of the reference page entry : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is the title of the act for the bill that was enacted . Pub . L . No . 107 - 110 is the abbreviated form for public law number 107 - 110 . ยง 301 is the section number for language instruction that was cited in the paper . 115 Stat . is the abbreviated form for volume 115 of the United States Statutes at Large . 1689 is the beginning page number for section 301 about language instruction in the U.S. Statutes at Large . 2002 is the publication date for volume 115 of the U.S. Statutes at Large . Unenacted House Bill ( legal reference , this version of the bill did not become law ) In - text citation : According to example 14 on page 222 of the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the APA , you should include the bill number and the year . 1 ) The bill ( H.R. 1 , 2001 ) was introduced . The committee revised section 201 on teacher quality . 2 ) House of Representatives bill H.R. 1 ( 2001 ) was revised in the Committee on Education and the Workforce . The committee changed section 201 which related to teacher quality . Reference page entry : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , H.R. 1 , 107th Cong . ยง 201 ( 2001 ) . Explanation of the reference page entry : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is the name of the act for the introduced bill . H.R. 1 is the abbreviated form for House of Representatives bill number 1 . 107th Cong . is the 107th Congressional session when the bill was introduced . According to the example , you do not need to worry about whether it was the 1st or 2nd session of that Congress . ยง 201 is the section number for teacher quality that you cited in your paper . 2001 is the year of the bill . Reference page entry for an entire bill , not just a section ( example 15 on page 222 ) : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , H.R. 1 , 107th Cong . ( 2001 ) . Unenacted Senate Bill ( legal reference , this version of the bill did not become law ) According to example 14 on page 222 , you should include the bill number and the year . 1 ) The bill ( S . 1 , 2001 ) was introduced . The committee revised section 201 on teacher quality . 2 ) Senate bill S . 1 ( 2001 ) was revised in the Committee on Health , Education , Labor , and Pensions . The committee changed section 201 which related to teacher quality . Reference page entry : Better Education for Students and Teachers Act , S . 1 , 107th Cong . ยง 201 ( 2001 ) . Better Education for Students and Teachers Act is the name of the act for the introduced bill . S . 1 is the abbreviated form for Senate bill number 1 . 107th Cong . is the 107th Congressional session when the bill was introduced . According to the example , you do not need to worry about whether it was the 1st or 2nd session of that Congress . ยง 201 is the section number for teacher quality that you cited in your paper . 2001 is the year of the bill . Reference page entry for an entire bill , not just a section ( example 15 on page 222 ) : Better Education for Students and Teachers Act , S . 1 , 107th Cong . ( 2001 ) . Committee or Subcommittee Hearing ( legal reference ) According to example 12 on page 221 , you should include the title of hearing and the year . It is okay to shorten the title of the hearing . 1 ) Ms . Foster ' s testimony at the hearing , Transforming the Federal Role ( 2001 ) , mentioned three funding problems . 2 ) Ms . Foster ' s testimony discussed three funding problems ( Transforming the Federal Role , 2001 ) . Reference page entry : Transforming the federal role in education for the 21st century : Hearing on H.R. 1 , H.R. 340 , and H.R. 345 : Hearing before the Committee on Education and the Workforce , 107th Cong . 9 ( 2001 ) ( testimony of Gail E . Foster ) . Transforming the federal role in education for the 21st century : Hearing on H.R. 1 , H.R. 340 , and H.R. 345 : Hearing before the Committee on Education and the Workforce is the complete title of hearing . 107th Cong . is the Congressional number when the hearing took place . According to the example , you do not need to worry about whether it was the 1st or 2nd session of that Congress . 9 is the beginning page number for Ms . Foster ' s testimony . 2001 is the year of the hearing . testimony of Gail E . Foster is the testimony that you are citing in your paper . House Committee Report ( legal reference ) According to example 17 on page 223 , you should include the report number and the year . 1 ) The House committee report ( H.R. Rep . No . 107 - 63 Part 1 , 2001 ) mentioned several dissenting views . 2 ) House Report 107 - 63 Part 1 ( 2001 ) includes several opposing views . H.R. Rep . No . 107 - 63 Part 1 , at 1240 ( 2001 ) . H.R. Rep . No . 107 - 63 Part 1 is the abbreviated form for House of Representatives report number 107 - 63 part 1 . at page 1240 is the beginning page number for the dissenting opinions . 2001 is the year of the committee report . Senate Committee Report ( legal reference ) According to example 17 on page 223 , you should include the report number and the year . 1 ) Senate Report 107 - 7 ( 2001 ) provides three dissenting opinions . 2 ) The Senate committee issued a report ( S . Rep . No . 107 - 7 , 2001 ) that mentioned three dissenting opinions . S . Rep . No . 107 - 7 , at 145 ( 2001 ) . S . Rep . No . 107 - 7 is the abbreviated form for Senate report number 107 - 7 . at 145 is the beginning page number for the dissenting opinions . 2001 is the year of the committee report . Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate ( regular reference , report format ) In - text citation examples : 1 ) The Congressional Budget Office ' s cost estimate ( 2001 , p . 1 ) concluded that the bill would add $ 99 billion in expenditures . 2 ) If enacted , the law would require $ 99 billion in additional expenditures ( Congressional Budget Office , 2001 , p . 1 ) . Reference page entry ( example 31 on page 205 ) : Congressional Budget Office . ( 2001 ) . Congressional Budget Office cost estimate : H.R. 1 : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 : As ordered reported by the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on May 9 , 2001 Retrieved from http : / / ww w . cbo . gov / ftpdocs / 28xx / doc2813 / hr1 . pdf Congressional Budget Office is the author of the report . 2001 is the year of the report . Congressional Budget Office cost estimate : H.R. 1 : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 : As ordered reported by the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on May 9 , 2001 is the complete title of the government report . Retrieved from http : / / www . cbo . gov / ft p docs / 28xx / doc2813 / hr1 . p df is the Internet URL where you found the report . Note : There was no report number to include in parentheses . The agency is not included in the Retrieved from section because the agency is the same as the author ( see the third bullet point in the instructions for section 7.03 on page 205 ) . CRS Report ( Congressional Research Service ) ( regular reference , report format ) In - text Citations : Per APA Style Experts , if more than one item has the same author , year , title , and report number , include alphabet letters after the year in order to distinguish the reports . Example : 1 ) Congress learned about two key vulnerabilities ( Fernandes - Alcantara , 2012a ) . One month later , a third vulnerability was presented to Congress ( Fernandes - Alcantara , 2012b ) . Reference page entries : Fernandes - Alcantara , A . L . ( 2012a ) . Vulnerable youth : Background and policies ( Report No . RL33975 ) [ August 29 ] . Retrieved from http : / / congressional .proquest .com / Fernandes - Alcantara , A . L . ( 2012b ) . Vulnerable youth : Background and policies ( Report No . RL33975 ) [ October 1 ] . Retrieved from http : / / congressional .proquest .com / Explanation of reference page entries : Fernandes - Alcantara , A . L . is the author of the CRS report . ( 2012a ) is the year of the report with the added letter " a " to distinguish the August report from the other report . ( 2012b ) is the year of the report with the added letter " b " to distinguish the October report from the other report . is the title of the CRS report . ( Report No . RL33975 ) is the report number found on the CRS report . [ August 29 ] is the release date of the CRS report . [ October 1 ] is the release date of the other CRS report . Retrieved from http : / / congressional . proquest . com / is the main URL for the ProQuest Congressional database where the CRS report is archived . See the bullet point on page 192 of the APA manual on why you use the ProQuest home page for archival documents . In - text citation for an example of a CRS report that does not have another report by the same author and title for that year . There are no added letters " a " " b " etc . after the year . Example : 1 ) Five key issues related to quality were discussed in the report ( Kuenzi , 2011 ) . Reference page entry for a CRS report that does not have another report by the same author and title for that year . Kuenzi , J . J . ( 2011 ) . A highly qualified teacher in every classroom : Implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act and reauthorization issues for the 112th Congress ( Report No . RL33333 ) . Retrieved from http : / / congressional . proquest . com / Kuenzi , J . J . is the author of the CRS report . ( 2011 ) is the year of the CRS report . A highly qualified teacher in every classroom : Implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act and reauthorization issues for the 112th Congress is the title of the CRS report . ( Report No . RL33333 ) is the report number . Retrieved from http : / / congressional . proquest . com / is the main URL for the ProQuest Congressional database where the CRS report is archived . See the bullet point on page 192 of the APA manual on why you use the ProQuest home page for archival documents . Social Policy - Citing Government Items Examples of APA Continued Congressional Record Statement - House of Representatives ( legal reference ) The following pattern was suggested by the APA in response to my query . You should include the title of the Congressman ' s statement and the year . It is okay to shorten the title of statement . 1 ) Representative Capps proposed an amendment for CPR training ( Amendment No . 2 Offered by Mrs . Capps , 2001 ) . Reference page entry : The following pattern was suggested by the APA in response to my query . Amendment No . 2 Offered by Mrs . Capps , 147 Cong . Rec . H2519 ( daily ed . May 22 , 2001 ) ( statement of Rep . Capps ) . Amendment No . 2 Offered by Mrs . Capps is the title from the Congressional Record page where Ms . Capps ' statement appears . 147 Cong . Rec . is the volume number of the Congressional Record . H2519 is the page number of Ms . Capps ' statement . daily ed . May 22 , 2001 is the daily edition version of the Congressional Record and the date of Rep . Capps ' remarks . statement of Rep . Capps tells the reader which discussion applies to your paper . Congressional Record Statement - Senate ( legal reference ) The following pattern was suggested by the APA in response to my query . You should include the title of the Congressman ' s statement and the year . It is okay to shorten the title of statement . 1 ) Senator Durbin proposed an amendment for pest management ( Better Education for Students and Teachers Act , 2001 ) . Reference page entry : The following pattern was suggested by the APA in response to my query . Better Education for Students and Teachers Act , 147 Cong . Rec . S6395 - 98 ( daily ed . June 19 , 2001 ) ( statement of Sen . Durbin ) . Better Education for Students and Teachers Act is the title from the Congressional Record page where Mr . Durbin ' s statement appears . 147 Cong . Rec . is the volume number of the Congressional Record . S6395 - 98 are the page numbers of Mr . Durbin ' s statement . daily ed . June 19 , 2001 is the daily edition version of the Congressional Record and the date of Sen . Durbin ' s remarks . statement of Sen . Durbin tells the reader which discussion applies to your paper . Congressional Record Statement - Extensions of Remarks ( legal reference ) The following pattern was suggested by the APA in response to my query . You should include the title of the Congressman ' s statement and the year . It is okay to shorten the title of statement . 1 ) Senator Boehner ' s comments ( Introduction of H.R. 1 , 2001 ) provided key reasons for educational change . Introduction of H.R. 1 : The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , 147 Cong . Rec . E437 ( daily ed . March 22 , 2001 ) ( statement of Sen . Boehner ) . Introduction of H.R. 1 : The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is the title from the Congressional Record page where Mr . Boehner ' s statement appears . E437 is the page number of Mr . Boehner ' s statement . daily ed . March 22 , 2001 is the daily edition version of the Congressional Record and the date of Sen . Boehner ' s remarks . statement of Sen . Boehner tells the reader which discussion applies to Conference Committee Report ( legal reference ) According to example 17 on page 223 , you should include the report number and the year . 1 ) The conference committee issued a report ( H.R. Rep . No . 107 - 334 , 2001 ) that described the changes to section 301 which relates to language format . 2 ) House Conference Committee Report 107 - 334 ( 2001 ) describes the changes to section 301 and mentions the requirement for English as a Second Language . H.R. Rep . No . 107 - 334 , at 270 ( 2001 ) . H.R. Rep . No . 107 - 334 is the abbreviated form for House of Representatives report number 107 - 334 . at 270 is the beginning page number for section 301 where language format is mentioned . 2001 is the year of the conference committee report . P residential Remarks When Signing the Bill into Law ( regular reference , periodical format ) In - text citation examples : 1 ) President Bush ( 2002 ) signed the bill into law and gave a speech that explained why education would be better in the future . 2 ) The President explained why education would be better in the future ( Bush , 2002 ) . Reference page entry ( example 3 on page 199 ) : Bush , G . W . ( 2002 ) . Remarks on signing the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 in Hamilton , Ohio , January 8 , 2002 . Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , 38 , 26 - 29 . Retrieved from http : / / www . gpo . gov / fdsys / p kg / WCPD - 2002 - 01 - 14 / pdf / W CPD - 2002 - 01 - 14 - Pg26 - 2 . pdf Explanation of reference page entry : Bush , G . W . is the author of the article . 2002 is the year of the article . Remarks on signing the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 in Hamilton , Ohio , January 8 , 2002 is the title of the article . Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents is the journal ' s name . 38 is the volume number of the journal . 26 - 29 are the pages of the article . Retrieved from http : / / www . gpo . gov / fdsys / pkg / WCPD - 2002 - 01 - 14 / pdf / WCPD - 2002 - 01 - 14 - Pg26 - 2 . pdf is the URL of the article . Note : The journal ' s pagination is continuous . Therefore , the reference entry has no issue number . The full URL is given in order to aid retrieval . APA style permits the full URL ( see the instructions on page 193 and the first bullet point in example 9 on page 200 ) . Enacted Bill / Public Law / Statute ( legal reference ) According to example 9 on page 220 , you should include the name of the act and the year . 1 ) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 changed the language instruction format to include English as a Second Language . 2 ) Section 301 of the No Child Left Behind Act ( 2001 ) changed the language instruction format . Reference page entry ( example 11 on page 220 ) : No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , Pub . L . No . 107 - 110 , ยง 301 , 115 Stat . 1689 ( 2002 ) . No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is the title of the act for the bill that was enacted . Pub . L . No . 107 - 110 is the abbreviated form for public law number 107 - 110 . ยง 301 is the section number for language instruction that was cited in the paper . 115 Stat . is the abbreviated form for volume 115 of the United States Statutes at Large . 1689 is the beginning page number for section 301 about language instruction in the U.S. Statutes at Large . 2002 is the publication date for volume 115 of the U.S. Statutes at Large . Green Book ( regular reference , print book format ) 1 ) The Committee on Ways and Means ( 2004 , p . 9 - 41 ) reported that 25,577 children in Nebraska had development fund support . 2 ) Development funds supported 25,577 children in child care settings in Nebraska ( Committee on Ways and Means , 2004 , p . 9 - 41 ) . Reference page entry ( example 18 on page 203 ) : Committee on Ways and Means , U.S. House of Representatives . ( 2004 ) . 2004 green book : Background material and data on the programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means ( 18th ed . ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Note : The Green Book uses a different system for page numbers . Each section has its own page numbers . Page 9 - 41 is page 41 within section 9 . Green Book ( regular reference , electronic book format ) 1 ) The Committee on Ways and Means ( 2004 , p . 9 - 41 ) reported that 25,577 children in Nebraska had development fund support . 2 ) Development funds supported 25,577 children in child care settings in Nebraska ( Committee on Ways and Means , 2004 , p . 9 - 41 ) . Reference page entry ( example 19 on page 203 ) : Committee on Ways and Means , U.S. House of Representatives . ( 2004 ) . 2004 green book : Background material and data on the programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means ( 18th ed . ) . Retrieved from http : / / www . gpo . gov / fd sys / browse / coll ection . action ? collectionCode = G PO Note : The Green Book uses a different system for page numbers . Each section has its own page numbers . Page 9 - 41 is page 41 within section 9 . United States Constitution ( legal reference ) In - text citation examples : State the part of the Constitution , or if quoting , give the exact location . No year is given in the in - text citation . 1 ) The President must provide a State of the Union to Congress ( U.S. Const . art . II ยง 3 , cl . 1 ) . 2 ) To prevent tyranny , the President can not serve more than two terms ( U.S. Const . amend . XXII , ยง 1 ) . U.S. Const . is the APA abbreviation for United States Constitution art . is the APA abbreviation for Article ยง is the symbol for Section cl . is the APA abbreviation for Clause amend . is the APA abbreviation for Amendment 1 ) Example for an Article : U.S. Const . art . I ยง 9 , cl . 2 . 2 ) Example for an Amendment : U.S. Const . amend . XIV , ยง 2 . 3 ) Example for the Preamble : U.S. Const . pmbl . Website with More Resources in APA Format : Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute : Introduction to Basic Legal Citation Also has good state statute information . https : / / www . law . cornell . edu / citation / Columbus State Library APA Citations Legal / Govt . Docs . http : / / library . cscc . edu / c . php ? g = 126551&p = 828654 # s - lg - box - 2470118 Westfield State University Ely Library APA Style - Citing Legal Materials http : / / lib . westfield . ma . edu / content . php ? pid = 486574&sid = 3991782 Social Policy - Citing Government Items for State Statutes State Statute ( legal reference ) Reference page entry : The following pattern was suggested by Peter Coogan , Communication Lab Coordinator . Mo . Rev . Stat . ยง 170.015 ( 2015 ) . Retrieved from http : / / revisor . mo . gov / main / OneChapter . aspx ? chapter = 170 Mo . Rev . Stat . is the Missouri Revised Statutes ยง 170.015 is chapter 170 , section 015 of the statutes ( 2015 ) is the year of the statute Retrieved from : is the URL for the statute Unenacted Texas State bills per Peter Coogan In - text citation : The rejected bill says , โ Do n โ t mess with Texas โ ( Tex . H.B. 25 , ยง 123 ) . Reference Page : Tex . H.B. 25 , 85th Leg . , 1st C.S. ( 2017 ) . In - text citation : The rejected bill says , โ Do n โ t mess with Texas โ ( Tex . S.B. 102 , ยง 123 ) . Reference Page : Tex . S.B. 102 , 85th Leg . , 1st C.S. ( 2017 ) . From the University of Missouri School of Law : http : / / libraryguides . missouri . edu / c . php ? g = 28162&p = 173548 # s - lg - page - section - 173548 Mo . Rev . Stat . ยง xxx . xxx ( Year ) . Mo . Rev . Stat . ยง xxx . xxx ( Supp . Year ) . Mo . Rev . Stat . ยง xxx . xxx ( Year & Supp . Year ) . Subpages for the Social Policy Page Choosing a Topic Subpage Legislative History Subpage Economic Issues Subpage Background / Opinion Subpage State & Local Resources Subpage Citing Government Items Subpage Biographical Information Subpage Pro / Con Terms Subpage Return to the Social Policy Page < < Previous : State and Local Resources Subpage Next : Biographical Information Subpage > > | [
"Social Work",
"Research Guide"
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http://library.ahima.org/doc?oid=106332 | Privacy After Death By Judi Hofman , CHPS , CAP , CHP , CHSS With the HITECH - HIPAA Privacy Rule finalized , HIM professionals have found answers to many questions regarding how to handle access to a deceased patient โ s protected health information ( PHI ) . The HITECH Act โ s modification to the HIPAA Privacy Rule , released in January , grants access to a decedent โ s records for family members , relatives , and others that previously did not qualify as a โ personal representative . โ The new rule also releases access restrictions on personal health information ( PHI ) 50 years after a patient has died . While these changes may offer a great opportunity for those individuals wishing to access PHI of the deceased , HIM professionals should not act too fast when releasing this PHI . Even with the Most Records Open After 50 Years In the final rule , the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) recommended suspending the privacy rights of patients 50 years after the date of their death . According to the final rule , this was done to โ balance the privacy interest of living relatives or other affected individuals with a relationship to the decedent . โ The change was also proposed due to the difficulties people face obtaining authorizations from personal representatives as time passes . Apparently the span of approximately two generations was enough time , in HHS โ s opinion , for the Another reason for selecting 50 years as the protection benchmark is HHS felt it was long enough that healthcare organizations would n โ t try to profit from various uses of decedent health records that were five decades old . โ The 50 - year period of protection [ is ] long enough so as not to provide an incentive for [ a ] covered entity to change their record retention policies in order to profit from the data about a decedent , โ HHS wrote in the final rule . Many , but not all , of the public comments submitted to HHS agreed with the final rule โ s proposal of limiting the period of protection for decedent health information to 50 years past the date of death . Some privacy advocates stated concerns during the comment period , saying they were opposed to any timeline associated with the release of decedents โ records . One comment stated that HHS should indefinitely โ limit the period of protection for decedent health information due to the continued privacy interest of living relatives as well as the decedent , particularly when highly sensitive information is involved , such as HIV / AIDS status , or psychiatric or substance abuse treatment . โ To address these concerns , HHS documented in the HITECH - HIPAA final rule that : โ the concerns regarding protected health information about decedents that is sensitive , such as HIV / AIDS , substance abuse , or mental health information , or that involved psychotherapy notes , the 50 - year period of protection for decedents health information under the Privacy Rule does not override or interfere with state or other laws that provide greater protection for such information , or the professional responsibility of mental health or other providers . โ Record Retention Implications Kirk Nahra , JD , partner at Wiley Rein law firm specializing in healthcare privacy law , does not think that there is necessarily much patient interest in the protection of these records since this provision only applies to records that are at least 50 years old and could be much older . Most facilities , Nahra says , do n โ t keep records around that long , purging them as part of pre - established medical record retention policies . โ You would be hard pressed to find records anywhere near this old in most circumstances , โ Hoping to address provider concerns that they must hold on to patient records for decades , HHS pointed out in the final rule that the 50 - year period of protection is not a record retention requirement . In other words , organizations are not required to hold onto patient records for up to 50 years . The rule does not include any medical record retention requirements , and covered entities may destroy medical records at the time permitted by state or other applicable law or requirement . Facilities Not Required to Release Decedent Records Nahra does not believe that the HITECH modification to the HIPAA final rule will mean that a covered entity must simply open the door and give PHI away . โ This HIPAA rule only removes one regulatory hurdle . It does n โ t force any covered entity to give records out to strangers walking in off the street , or really to do anything at all , โ Nahra says . For example , it is doubtful that a reporter will be able to request records from Dallas - based Parkland Hospital , where President John F . Kennedy was taken after his fatal gunshot wound in 1962 , unless the hospital wishes to provide the information - and still has the records . This is because the new regulation only removes the barrier of HIPAA privacy rules , and not other regulations , like state rules . Therefore , the impact of this change on patients and HIM professionals should be relatively small , he says . That does n โ t mean that facilities should n โ t release decedent information . Chris Apgar , CEO and president of Apgar & Associates and a nationally recognized information security and privacy expert , says the rule modification amounts to a change in the definition of PHI under HIPAA . โ When the September compliance date arrives , any and all health - related information that was PHI is no longer included in the definition of PHI after 50 years from death , โ Apgar says . โ This means at that point no family or friends โ Apgar contends that HIPAA has in the past and continues to protect only the privacy of patients , not necessarily the rights of a patient โ s family and friends . HIPAA does define certain circumstances when PHI may be used and disclosed to others , but it vests no rights to that information with friends or family . In this case , if a hospital elected to establish its own privacy protections for health information about deceased patients who died more than 50 years ago , the hospital is well within its rights to do so because HIPAA established As far as state law goes , Apgar does n โ t know of any states that protect the health information of deceased patients for any period close to the 50 years , let alone beyond it . However if such a law was found , it would preempt HIPAA . Accessing Deceased Patient Records - FAQ For a full FAQ list regarding deceased patient records , visit http : / / journal . ahima . org Q : Who can legally access a deceased person โ s medical records ? A : The patient โ s designated personal representative or the legal executor of his or her estate has a right under law to access the records . If the patient died without naming a personal representative or executor , state law determines who by default possesses the right . States often establish a hierarchy of persons based on their relationship to the deceased person . Typically this begins with an adult member of the immediate family , such as a spouse , child , or sibling . For those family members , relatives , and others who had access to the health information of the deceased prior to death , but had not qualified as a โ personal representative โ of the decedent under HIPAA Privacy Rule 164.502 ( g ) ( 4 ) , the final HIPAA Privacy Rule allows covered entities to disclose a decedent โ s protected health information to family members and others who were involved in the care or payment for care of the decedent prior to death , unless doing so is inconsistent with any prior expressed preference of the individual Q . Does this change the personal representative โ s rights under HIPAA ? A : This change to the HIPAA Privacy Rule does not change the authority of the decedent โ s personal representative . The personal representative continues to have the right to access the decedent โ s protected health information and have authority to authorize use and disclosures of the decedent โ s protected health information that are not otherwise permitted or required by the HIPAA Privacy Rule . Q : What legal documents ensure the right to access a deceased patient โ s medical records ? A : A combination of the patient โ s death certificate and a court document establishing estate executorship is sufficient to establish one โ s right . In some states , alternative documentation can also be used . Where a person does not rise to the level of personal representative , the HITECH - HIPAA final rule at 164.510 ( b ) permits , subject to any prior expressed preference of the individual , a covered entity to disclose relevant protected health information to people that may include those who held a healthcare proxy for the individual or a medical power of attorney . Q . What documentation or information will I need to meet the โ reasonable assurance โ for access to a decedent โ s medical record if I am not the personal representative ? A . Reasonable assurance criteria could be met by the person by indicating to the covered entity how he or she is related to the decedent or offering sufficient details about the decedent โ s circumstances prior to death to indicate involvement in the decedent โ s care . Q : Do I have to go to probate court and become the executor of the deceased โ s estate in order to access his or her medical records ? A : It depends on the state . Some state laws require people to submit legal proof of executorship to healthcare organizations in order to access records . Other states follow a hierarchy of who becomes , by default , the personal representative of a deceased patient if the patient dies without naming an executor ( as described above ) . The Privacy Rule removes only the HIPAA requirement to deceased protected health information for family members and others who were involved in the care or payment for care of the decedent prior to death . Some states may be more stringent than HIPAA . Q : How do I find my state โ s requirements and restrictions for releasing a deceased patient โ s medical record ? A : The HIM department supervisor or the privacy officer of a local hospital can provide details on your state โ s release - of - information laws . A local legal assistance group , particularly one that assists seniors , is another good resource . Wider Access Granted to Family , Caregivers For many covered entities , the 50 - year rule will have little to no impact on their release of records policies , especially if they had been stringent with their retention policies and destroyed many of the records past their required life cycle . What may have a bigger impact is the release of records to a decedent โ s family members and others who had been involved in the decedent โ s care prior to his or her death . The HITECH - HIPAA final rule has amended section 164.510 ( b ) to โ permit covered entities to disclose a decedent โ s protected health information to family members and others who were involved in the care or payment for care of the decedent prior to death , unless doing so is inconsistent with prior expressed preference of the individual that is known to the covered entity . โ The revised rule now allows many of those family members , relatives , and others who had access to a patient โ s health information prior to death - through a HIPAA release form - to have those same access rights after the patient โ s death . Prior to the change , it was a common complaint that people did not qualify as a โ personal representative โ after a patient โ s death , and therefore did n โ t retain access to that person โ s records , under 164.502 ( g ) ( 4 ) . HHS states in the rule that they feel the provision โ strikes the appropriate balance โ in allowing communications with family members and others โ unless doing so is inconsistent with the prior expressed wishes of the individual . โ Reasonable Assurance for Decedent ROI The final rule does not , however , place the burden of proof on the requestor to demonstrate they were involved in the individual โ s care . Guidance from HHS on how to determine if records should be released is murky . This leaves the decision to the covered entity โ s professional judgment , with the rule stating an organization should have โ reasonable assurance โ that the person requesting the record is a family member of the decedent , or another person who was involved in the individual โ s care or payment for care prior to There were no changes and no further clarifications for the terms โ personal representative โ and โ family members โ written into the rule . HHS pointed out in the preamble that these definitions already exist in 164.502 ( g ) ( 4 ) and 160.130 . There was no further extension of the provision to allow disclosure to the decedent โ s healthcare โ proxy , โ โ medical power of attorney , โ โ power of attorney , โ or โ estate executor . โ As noted above : โ where person does not rise to the level of personal representative , the final rule at 164.510 ( b ) permits , subject to any prior expressed preference of the individual , a covered entity to disclose relevant protected health information , which may include persons who held a healthcare proxy for the individual or a medical power of attorney . โ HHS reiterated in the preamble that โ a covered entity that is uncomfortable disclosing protected health information under this provision because of the questions about the person โ s relationship to the decedent is not required to do so . โ Reference NCVHS . โ Minutes . โ Subcommittee on Privacy and Confidentiality . January 11 - 12 , 2005 . http : / ncvhs . hhs . gov / 050111mn . htm Judi Hofman ( jhofman @ stcharleshealthcare . org ) is a privacy and information security officer at St . Charles Health System , in Oregon , and served as co - chair of AHIMA โ s Privacy and Security Practice Council . Article citation Hofman , Judi . " Privacy After Death " Journal of AHIMA 84 , no . 4 ( April 2013 ) : 32 - 35 . | [
"Privacy After Death",
"personal representative",
"personal health information"
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http://library.ahima.org/doc?oid=106401 | Coding Root Operations with ICD - 10 - PCS : Understanding Drainage , Extirpation , and Fragmentation By Kathryn DeVault , RHIA , CCS , CCS - P Editor โ s note : This is the third in a series of 10 articles discussing the 31 root operations of ICD - 10 - PCS . The implementation of ICD - 10 - PCS will challenge the skills of coders - it contains many unique features and provides an opportunity to truly reflect the complexity of the procedures being performed today . Coding professionals must understand the many new definitions and descriptions used in ICD - 10 - PCS that translate directly to the different components of procedures . This article will focus on the definitions of three root operations in the Medical and Surgical section of ICD - 10 - PCS : Drainage Extirpation Fragmentation These three root operations define procedures that take out solids / fluids / gases from a body part . Their corresponding character in ICD - 10 - CM is : Drainage : Character 9 Extirpation : Character C Fragmentation : Character F Root Operation 9 : Drainage The definition for the Drainage root operation provided in the 2013 ICD - 10 - PCS Reference Manual is โ Taking or letting out fluids and / or gases from a body part . โ Drainage is coded for both diagnostic and therapeutic drainage procedures . When drainage is accomplished by putting in a catheter , the device value drainage device is coded in the sixth character . Examples of drainage include : Thoracentesis Incision and drainage Aspiration Lumbar puncture The seventh character qualifier , X - Diagnostic , is included in the drainage root operation when needed to identify procedures that are biopsies . For example , a diagnostic percutaneous paracentesis for ascites is coded to 0W9G3ZX . The characters are defined as follows : Section : 0 Medical and Surgical Body System : W Anatomical Regions , General Operation : 9 Drainage Body Part : G Peritoneal Cavity Approach : 3 Percutaneous Device : Z No Device Qualifier : X Diagnostic Comparing ICD - 9 - CM and ICD - 10 - PCS : Drainage The following is an example of how ICD - 9 - CM and ICD - 10 - PCS compare when determining a code assignment for Detachment procedures . Lumbar puncture , diagnostic In ICD - 9 - CM , the Alphabetic Index entry main term , puncture , subterm lumbar ( diagnostic ) ( removal of dye ) identifies code 03.31 , Spinal tap . In ICD - 10 - PCS , the coding professional must understand the intent of the lumbar puncture in order to identify the correct root operation . Lumbar puncture is performed to drain spinal fluid from the spinal canal and is done for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes . Careful review of the documentation is necessary to determine if the procedure is being done to biopsy the spinal fluid . The key to correct coding of this procedure is the identification of the correct body part . In the Alphabetic Index , the choices for body part under Drainage include Spinal Canal , Spinal Cord , and Spinal Meninges . Lumbar puncture is accomplished by removing fluid from the spinal canal for , in many cases , diagnostic evaluation . The correct code for a diagnostic lumbar puncture in ICD - 10 - PCS is 009U3ZX . Root Operation C : Extirpation The definition for the root operation Extirpation provided in the 2013 ICD - 10 - PCS Reference Manual is โ Taking or cutting out solid matter from a body part . โ The solid matter contained in the definition may be an abnormal byproduct of a biological function or a foreign body . It may be imbedded in a body part , or in the lumen of a tubular body part . The solid matter may or may not have been previously broken into pieces . Extirpation represents a range of procedures where the body part itself is not the focus of the procedure . Instead , the objective is to remove solid material such as a foreign body , thrombus , or calculus from the body part . Examples of an extirpation procedure include thrombectomy , endarterectomy , choledocholithotomy , and excision of a foreign body . It is not necessary , for example , that a physician document the term โ extirpation โ to describe a thrombectomy . Rather , the coder would use the definition of the root operation and the procedure performed to determine that a thrombectomy is a type of Extirpation . Consider the example of a percutaneous thrombectomy of the left radial artery , which is coded to 03CC3ZZ : Section : 0 Medical and Surgical Body system : 3 Upper Arteries Root operation : C Extirpation Body part : C Radial Artery , Left Approach : 3 Percutaneous Device : Z No Device Qualifier : Z No Qualifier Comparing ICD - 9 - CM and ICD - 10 - PCS : Extirpation The following is an example of how ICD - 9 - CM and ICD - 10 - PCS compare when determining a code assignment for Extirpation procedures . Staghorn calculus of the left renal pelvis removed via a percutaneous nephrostomy tube In ICD - 9 - CM , the main term in the Alphabetic Index , nephrostomy , followed by the subterm percutaneous , leads the coder to 55.03 , percutaneous nephrostomy without fragmentation . This code includes percutaneous removal of a kidney stone . In ICD - 10 - PCS , review of the term โ nephrostomy โ in the Alphabetic Index identifies two possible root operations , bypass and drainage . However , after review of the documentation neither of these root operations matches the procedure performed . Following this review , the coding professional determines that extirpation is the correct root operation for this procedure . Review of the Alphabetic Index under extirpation reveals no body part for โ renal pelvis . โ There is a body part for โ kidney pelvis โ which is further defined by left and right . The correct code for this procedure is 0TC43ZZ , percutaneous removal of a staghorn calculus from the left renal pelvis . ICD - 10 - PCS Official Guidelines The ICD - 10 - PCS Official Guidelines include a specific coding guideline that applies to the drainage root operation , as well as a guideline for using documentation to determine PCS definitions . Biopsy followed by more definitive treatment : B3 . 4 If a diagnostic Excision , Extraction , or Drainage procedure ( biopsy ) is followed by a more definitive procedure , such as Destruction , Excision , or Resection , at the same procedure site , both the biopsy and the more definitive treatment are coded . For example , for a biopsy of a breast followed by partial mastectomy at the same procedure site , both the biopsy and the partial mastectomy are coded . While extirpation is not a common term among coding professionals nor is it regularly documented in the health record , it is important to keep in mind the coding guideline that addresses provider documentation , Guideline A11 . Guideline A11 Many of the terms used to construct PCS codes are defined within the system . It is the coder โ s responsibility to determine what the documentation in the medical record equates to in the PCS definitions . The physician is not expected to use the terms used in PCS code descriptions , nor is the coder required to query the physician when the correlation between the documentation and the defined PCS terms is clear . Source : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . โ ICD - 10 - PCS Draft Coding Guidelines . โ 2012 . http : / / www . cms . hhs . gov / Medicare / Coding / ICD10 / Downloads , pcs_2013_guidelines . pdf Root Operation F : Fragmentation The definition for the root operation Fragmentation provided in the 2013 ICD - 10 - PCS Reference Manual is โ Breaking solid matter in a body part into pieces . โ The explanation provided is that the physical force applied directly or indirectly is used to break the solid matter into pieces . The solid matter may be an abnormal byproduct of a biological function or a foreign body . The pieces of solid matter are not taken out . Examples of fragmentation include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy ( ESWL ) and transurethral lithotripsy . Fragmentation is coded for procedures to break up , but not remove , solid material such as a calculus or foreign body . This root operation includes both direct and extracorporeal fragmentation procedures . It is important to note that fragmentation can not be coded with extirpation . For additional information , review the procedure coding for an ESWL of the bilateral ureters . This procedure requires two codes , 0TF7XZZ and 0TF6XZZ , as there is not a bilateral body part value for the ureter . The first code , 0TF7XZZ , can be broken down as : Body System : T Urinary System Root Operation : F Fragmentation Body Part : 7 Ureter , Left Approach : X External Qualifier : Z No Qualifier The second code , 0TF6XZZ , can be broken down as : Body System : T Urinary System Root Operation : F Fragmentation Body Part : 6 Ureter , Right Approach : X External Comparing ICD - 9 - CM to ICD - 10 - PCS : Fragmentation The following is an example of how ICD - 9 - CM and ICD - 10 - PCS compare when determining a code assignment for Fragmentation procedures . ERCP with lithotripsy of common bile duct stone In ICD - 9 - CM , indexing lithotripsy directs the coder to 51.49 , Incision of other bile ducts for relief of obstruction . This code does not identify the use of the scope to accomplish the procedure . Indexing ERCP directs the coder to 51.10 , Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) . There is an excludes note for this range of codes excluding endoscopic procedures classified to other code ranges . Another indexing option is removal , subterm calculus , subterm bile duct , and subterm endoscopic โ code 51.88 , which is the correct code for this procedure . In ICD - 10 - PCS , the indexing can also be challenging for this procedure . Indexing ERCP directs the coder to the root operation Fluoroscopy , which is the radiologic portion of the ERCP procedure . Indexing of lithotripsy directs the coder to the root operation Fragmentation and the body part duct , common bile can be found in the index . The coder is directed to table 0FF . After identification of the correct body part , the approach character is critical for accurate code assignment . ERCP is performed with a scope entering through the mouth to the biliary system via the duodenum , so the approach value is Via Natural or Artificial Opening Endoscopic . The correct procedure code is 0FF98ZZ , endoscopic fragmentation of common bile duct stone . Specific Documentation Needed for Accurate Coding In ICD - 10 - PCS , documentation is a decisive part of accurate procedure code assignment . The coding professional must be able to identify all procedural elements to correctly assign all seven characters of the ICD - 10 - PCS code . During this period of transition to ICD - 10 , documentation analysis and improvement is as essential as coder training . Organizations that approach documentation improvement as a critical portion of ICD - 10 implementation will be well prepared for the transition to ICD - 10 - PCS . References Barta , Ann et al . ICD - 10 - PCS Coder Training Manual 2013 Instructor โ s Edition . Chicago , IL : AHIMA Press , 2013 . Kuehn , Lynn , and Therese M . Jorwic . ICD - 10 - PCS An Applied Approach . Chicago , IL : AHIMA Press , 2012 . Kathy DeVault ( kathryn . devault @ ahima . org ) is a senior director of HIM practice excellence at AHIMA . Correction The Coding Notes article โ Coding Root Operations with ICD - 10 - PCS : Understanding Excision and Resection โ that appeared in the April Journal of AHIMA incorrectly identified the ICD - 10 - PCS code for Total thyroid excision , open . The procedure should be coded as Total thyroidectomy , open 0GTK0ZZ . The Journal regrets the error . Article citation DeVault , Kathryn . " Coding Root Operations with ICD - 10 - PCS : Understanding Drainage , Extirpation , and Fragmentation " Journal of AHIMA 84 , no . 6 ( June 2013 ) : 66 - 68 . | [
"Coding Root Operations",
"Understanding Drainage ,",
"Extirpation"
] |
http://library.ahima.org/doc?oid=106739 | Establishing a CDI Program : How One Organization Leveraged Nursing and Coding Skills to Improve Clinical Data By Barbara A . Lopez , BS , RHIA Establishing a clinical documentation improvement ( CDI ) program is an organization - wide , transformational process that affects a hospital โ s culture , reaching across all disciplines and touching every colleague and the way they perform their jobs . Many factors can lead healthcare organizations to establish a CDI program , such as Recovery Audit Contractors , hospital and physician performance report cards and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) public forums , and the upcoming ICD - 10 - CM / PCS implementation . CDI programs require organizations evaluate their current state , including staffing , training , workflow , budget , and technology . St . Mary Medical Center in Langhorne , PA , took a methodical approach in establishing its CDI program , relying on guidance from CMS and calling on the clinical documentation expertise of coders and nurses . Developing a CDI Blueprint Staffing the CDI positions was the biggest challenge for St . Mary Medical Center , forcing the data integrity manager to think outside the box . Hiring experienced , credentialed coders is not an easy feat with the current shortage , and finding nurses with both coding and CDI knowledge is like finding a needle in a haystack . Waiting to hire either type of candidate was not an option for St . Mary Medical Center . Therefore , it took a step back and looked at the whole picture to come up with a staffing solution , which became The blueprint was based on a combination of research , white papers , the November 2007 report to Congress titled โ Plan to Implement a Medicare Hospital Value - Based Purchasing Program , โ and the CMS Quality Improvement Road Map . The report to Congress on the value - based purchasing program outlined CMS โ s goals , timelines , scope of work , and work components . The goal of the program is to implement pay - for - performance , with the current Core Measures as the building blocks . St . Mary Medical Center realized that incorporating the CDI component into the established Core Measure reviews would create less strain on physicians and reduce the number of staff inquiring about the same chart . From a quality perspective , concurrent Core Measure review is a new concept and considered a best practice . By combining both processes , St . Mary realized improved patient safety monitoring and more accurate patient severity of illness being documented in patient charts . Other benefits included the correct alignment of patients to the appropriate diagnosis as well as the appropriate length of stay . The overall process has been instrumental in identifying and promoting patient safety . Core Measure physician champions and a strong physician relationship were already in place , making it easy to move CDI onto the stage . The organization determined that current Core Measure staff who evaluate the chart concurrently were the best candidates to perform CDI because they are doing part of this job already . The goal was to take the review a step further by identifying the principal diagnoses , comorbidity and complications ( CCs ) , and major comorbidity and complications ( MCCs ) . St . Mary Medical Center ' s organizational chart [ below ] outlines CMS initiatives and timelines coupled with hospital - wide initiatives and colleague titles involved with the program . The model is gaining national recognition and has been posted on the National Healthcare Quality listserv and has been presented to the American Heart Association โ s national monthly meeting . The CDI Workflow Process St . Mary โ s second challenge was to transition the performance improvement staff into the new role of CDI specialist , which consists of nurses , and to incorporate CDI into their existing concurrent Core Measure review . Training consisted of coding , principal diagnosis selection , comorbidities and complications , secondary diagnoses , and the physician query process . Originally CDI specialists were trained in DRG assignment . However , this caused confusion because as nurses they are skilled in assessing the patient โ s diagnosis and communicating that information to physicians , not assigning DRGs . They also did not have access to an encoder . The assignment of two DRGs , one from the CDI specialists during the first three days of a patient โ s stay and one from coders after the encounter , also created confusion . In order to reduce this confusion St . Mary decided to educate CDI specialists on principal and secondary diagnosis selection only . The organization found training them in the concepts of ICD - 9 - CM , MS - DRGs , and CDI improved their understanding and yielded great results in educating the physicians . It also resulted in an increase in capturing the correct diagnosis within the Core Measure patient population . The CDI workflow requires patient charts be reviewed during the first three days of admission , when the required MCCs / CCs are captured or when a physician is queried to clarify the principal diagnosis and / or for the minimum capture of one MCC and one CC or two CCs . The data collected are documented on a CDI sheet and scanned into the patient โ s medical record , which is electronically available for coder review at the time of coding . Coders then review the CDI sheet for accuracy as well as to establish groundwork for final CDI Benefits As the CDI specialists become more proficient , the organization is realizing an increase in coding turnaround time . Together , the CDI supervisor and coding team lead foster the CDI process by communicating with the staff and explaining the results . Diagnosis discrepancies discovered by coders and CDI specialists are illustrated as case studies during staff meetings , which both coders and CDI specialists attend . These meetings also help the coders and CDI specialists learn to speak the same language when giving coding advice . Culturally , these two teams merged and learned to exchange their knowledge with one another internally while breaking down the wall between clinicians and coders . Transitioning coders from โ authors โ of the code sets to โ editors โ and to serve as educators is an undertaking that has resulted in considerable benefits . As experts in clinical coding , coders understand the need for high quality clinical documentation to support quality patient care , reduce potential coding compliance exposure , and receive appropriate payer reimbursement . Coders also are invaluable in terms of initiating and sustaining the CDI program . Their extensive coding knowledge coupled with their experience and willingness to share their knowledge with the CDI specialists is what made St . Mary Medical Center โ s CDI program a success . The contemporary coder โ s role requires a consultative and educational role . Organizations must consider multiple factors when establishing CDI programs , including the HIPAA 5010 transaction standard , ICD - 10 - CM / PCS , multiple external auditing initiatives , and the shortage of healthcare workers , coders , and physicians . These changes forced St . Mary Medical Center staff to come together for the first time to talk about internal hospital processes as they relate to each specific Core Measure Indicator and its respective measurements , while zeroing in on areas of weakness . St . Mary Medical Center colleagues used this opportunity to help improve documentation processes Barbara Lopez ( blopez @ stmaryhealthcare . org ) is data integrity manager at St . Mary Medical Center in Langhorne , PA . Article citation Lopez , Barbara A . " Establishing a CDI Program : How One Organization Leveraged Nursing and Coding Skills to Improve Clinical Data " Journal of AHIMA 81 , no . 7 ( July 2010 ) : 58 - 59 . | [
"CDI Program"
] |
http://library.ahima.org/doc?oid=91237 | Thinking Lean in Healthcare by Robert James Campbell , EdD , CPEHR Lean thinking is the efficient use of staff , resources , and technology to provide the highest level of service possible to the ultimate healthcare customer : the patient . In today โ s volatile healthcare environment , health information managers are being asked to do more with less โ less staff exertion , less technology , less time , and less workspace โ while providing patients , physicians , nurses , and administrators with a high level of service . 1 To meet increasing demands , HIM professionals can join their healthcare colleagues in looking to lean thinking , a philosophy of management that focuses on process improvement and change management . Lean thinking can be used to identify and eliminate waste in any activity performed within a facility . Based on the Toyota model , lean thinking focuses on how efficiently resources are being used , and with each step in a given process stops to ask โ what value is being produced ? โ The method can be used to improve service to any group within a facility , including eliminating processes that offer no value to healthcare โ s ultimate customer : the patient . At its core , lean thinking involves five steps to improve a selected process : value , the value stream , flow , pull , and perfection . Value The question of value is the most important concern within the lean thinking paradigm . Each step in a process should produce value for the customer . The customer , depending on the process , can be a patient , a physician , or an administrator . If a process does not add value it must be re - engineered or eliminated . Patients routinely get stuck in processes that do not add value to their care . They wait 30 minutes to see their primary care physician , or they fill out a patient medical history form multiple times within the same medical encounter . Those processes were designed to add value to the healthcare professional , not the customer . In lean thinking , a first step in evaluating value is determining who the customer is and looking from his or her point of view . The Value Stream The value stream is the steps required to complete a process or service ( or in manufacturing , to create a product ) . Examining the value stream helps to identify waste within a process . Each step within a process will have one of three outcomes : it will create clear value ; create no value but be unavoidable due to configuration of the current process ; or create no value and must be eliminated immediately . Returning to the example of seeing one โ s primary care physician , the step of being examined by the physician adds clear value to the patient . The step of filling out a medical history form multiple times is a step that could be interpreted as adding no value but which is unavoidable due to current processing Flow The goal of flow is to eliminate the use of batching and queuing within a process . Processes that use batches and queues produce multiple wait times and interruptions . The US healthcare system is built on batch and queue systems . 2 A patient who feels sick calls his physician and makes an appointment . At the appointed date and time , he arrives at the provider โ s office and waits to be seen . Upon examination , the doctor may recommend the patient see a specialist , have laboratory tests performed , and even begin taking a prescribed medication . Each step entails waiting for a service or product to be delivered . Batches and queues are also evident in processes involving reimbursement , coding , and chart review . Even electronic health record systems , promised to streamline healthcare , rely on some form of batching and queuing . For example , a patient โ s phone message and request for appointment may be stored in a queue on the toolbar of the physician โ s computer . If the physician reviews his queue before going home and calls back only those patients that he thinks are the most severe , the system actually impedes providing needed treatment in the timeliest manner The ultimate goal of flow is to ensure that a process is continuously worked on until it is complete . For the patient , this means receiving the care he or she needs without waiting , interruptions , and suffering unnecessary pain . Pull Pull has been described as โ performing work as it is requested or needed by a step in a value stream . โ 3 This is the opposite of push technology , where a product can be created when there is little or no demand . Push processes can lead to large inventories and related costs to maintain them . Push leads to steps in a service being performed out of order if a next step in the process is not ready . For example , during the transfer of a baby from a surgical suite to a neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) , if the baby arrives at the NICU and the respirator and the respiratory therapist are not waiting for the patient , there is a problem . The baby has been pushed to the NICU without the appropriate services and staff on hand to provide appropriate care . Pull works to ensure that the respirator , the respiratory therapist , and charge nurse are ready and waiting when the baby arrives in the NICU . Perfection A key tenet in lean thinking is that no matter how many times a process is improved , it can be further enhanced . The idea of perfection rests on the notion of โ continuous improvement through incremental change based on outcomes . โ 4 Use of the plan - do - study - act cycle helps in the strive for perfection . In any process improvement initiative using lean thinking , a small incremental change is recommended based on study of the process . The recommendation is put into place and then studied to determine its impact . If the impact is positive , the change is incorporated in the process , and the cycle begins anew . Thus far , the discussion has focused on the core concepts associated with lean thinking . In what follows , the discussion will identify the major types of waste that can be found in healthcare processes and describe a technique , value stream mapping , that can be used in process improvement . What Is Waste in Healthcare ? Waste , according to Taiichi Ohno , the Toyota executive responsible for the development of lean thinking , can be described by the Japanese word muda . According to Ohno , muda is evident in mistakes that require correction , production of goods without demand , inventories and remaining goods that are stockpiled , steps within a process that are not needed , unnecessary movement of employees , movement of goods from one place to another without a plan , employees standing idle waiting for an activity to be completed , and merchandise and services that do not meet the needs of the ultimate customer . 5 Healthcare has its own specific types of waste , which include information , process , and physical environment . Information Waste Healthcare is fraught with information waste . Take , for example , the redundant input and output of information . How many times are patients required to fill out multiple forms that ask the same questions , only to have their healthcare provider pose the same question during a face - to - face interview ? The solution is to work from a single source of information . However , until the electronic health record becomes ubiquitous , the collection of redundant data , some of which may never be used , will be a problem . Associated with information waste is the problem of incompatible systems . Many systems use the same process but are unable to share data . This can lead to medical errors and the consumption of valuable computing and staff resources . Other issues associated with information waste include manual checking , reentering data , converting formats , data errors , and data safety issues . Process Waste The biggest type of process waste in healthcare can be termed defects . A defect occurs when a process or service does not serve the purpose for which it was created . With an estimated 44,000 to 98,000 deaths due to medical errors occurring in the US , process waste is a serious problem . 6 Other types of process waste include rework , workarounds , approvals , and waiting . Physical Environment Waste The most common physical environmental waste is safety . This type of waste occurs if physicians do not wash their hands or members of the operating team walk into the surgical suite without adhering to proper sterilization techniques . Such practices can lead to long - term illnesses and death due to hospital - acquired infections , such as clostridium difficile and methicillin - resistant Staphylcoccus Other types of physical environmental waste include movement ; unclear roles , responsibilities , authority , and accountability ; and lack of training . Value Stream Mapping Value stream mapping identifies waste within a process . It helps the organization visualize a process , identify problems within the process , and provide direction for transforming it . Value stream mapping begins by defining the current state โ how a process is currently being performed . This helps uncover waste while providing a big picture as to how the process operates within an organization . Once the current state is documented , the organization works toward the creation of a future state , the projected , improved process . The value stream mapping procedure consists of six steps : document the customer and his or her need ; identify the main steps within the process ; select metrics to measure each step ( process time , lead time , changeover time , percent complete , and accuracy ) ; perform a value stream walk - through of the process ; establish how steps in a process are prioritized ; and calculate summary metrics . Managing Change HIM professionals can take several roles in implementing lean thinking within organizations . The first role is as a systems analyst charged with investigating how current processes operate before implementing new technology such as the electronic health record . Failure to perform process analysis will result in โ the automation of outdated and inefficient processes . โ 7 HIM professionals can also take the role of an administrator charged with streamlining hospital services and integrating individual departments into programs . 8 A third role is that of safety analyst . Using lean thinking , safety analysts can work to reduce hospital - acquired infections and medication errors and develop guidelines to improve patient safety . 9 It must be noted that lean thinking is a technique for creating change . As is the case in most organizations , healthcare professionals can become complacent and begin to believe that their way of doing things is the best . 10 Lean thinking challenges this belief by asking individuals , departments , and administrators to examine the value being produced for the customer and then engaging in the practice of continual improvement . Without the involvement and participation of healthcare professionals and staff , any lean thinking initiative will fail to take root . Everyone within the organization must be involved to ensure success . More on the Web http : / / journal . ahima . org Read how health services and information management students at East Carolina University learned about lean thinking by applying its techniques to the patient transfer process . www . ahima . org / perspectives Read the research paper โ Teaching Workflow Analysis and Lean Thinking via Simulation : A Formative Analysis โ by Robert James Campbell , Laura Gantt , and Tamara Congdon in Perspectives in Health Information Management , the AHIMA Foundation โ s scholarly journal . Notes Womack , James , and Daniel Jones . Lean Thinking : Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster , 2003 . Ibid . Bushell , Sylvia , Joyce Mobley , and Becky Shelest . โ Discovering Lean Thinking at Progressive Healthcare . โ Journal for Quality and Participation 25 , no . 2 ( 2002 ) : 21 . Tsasis , Peter , and Cindy Bruce - Barrett . โ Organizational Change through Lean Thinking . โ Health Services Management Research 21 , no . 2 ( 2008 ) : 192 . Womack , James , and Daniel Jones . Lean Thinking Kohn , Linda , Janet M . Corrigan , and Molla S . Donaldson , eds . To Err Is Human : Building a Safer Health System . Washington , DC : National Academy Press , 2000 . Wager , Karen , Frances Wickham - Lee , and John P . Glaser . Managing Health Care Information Systems : A Practical Approach for Health Care Executives . Hoboken , NJ : Jossey - Bass , 2005 , 173 . Tsasis , Peter , and Cindy Bruce - Barrett . โ Organizational Change through Lean Thinking . โ Grunden , Naida . The Pittsburgh Way to Efficient Healthcare : Improving Patient Care Using Toyota Based Methods . New York , NY : Productivity Press , 2008 . Kotter , John . A Sense of Urgency . Boston , MA : Harvard Business Press , 2008 . Robert James Campbell campbellr @ ecu . edu ) is assistant professor in the Department of Health Services and Information Management at East Carolina University in Greenville , NC . Article citation Campbell , Robert James . " Thinking Lean in Healthcare " Journal of AHIMA 80 , no . 6 ( June 2009 ) : 40 - 43 . | [
"Lean thinking",
"Healthcare"
] |
http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_036103.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_036103 | Statement on the Confidentiality , Privacy , and Security of Health Records Approved December 2007 The AHIMA Position The health information management ( HIM ) profession and the American Health Information Management Association ( AHIMA ) believe confidentiality , privacy , and security are essential components of a viable health record , reliable health information exchange , and the fostering of trust between healthcare consumers and healthcare providers . For over 80 years , HIM professionals have set the standard for protecting patients โ right to confidential health information while promoting the integrity of information practices . AHIMA calls upon the healthcare and information technology industries , relevant government agencies , federal legislators , employers , and consumers , to ensure that uniform and consistent confidentiality , privacy , and security protections are established and that technology is adequately used to appropriately protect personal health information in every format . Such protections must allow for the safe and appropriate creation , storage , and transfer of private health information so that the integrity of the data itself is protected and used only for its intended purposes . AHIMA , furthermore , calls for the establishment of uniform privacy legislation that ensures that all individuals are secure from inappropriate discrimination on the basis of their health information and secure from the intentional misuse of their personal health information in whatever form it resides or wherever it is collected , utilized , transferred , or rests . Discrimination on the basis of health information or the intentional misuse of personal health information should not be tolerated and must be aggressively prosecuted and punished . Healthcare needs and healthcare services should not be constrained by political boundaries . Uniform and consistent laws and regulations designed to protect the confidentiality , privacy , and security of health information are necessary to allow for healthcare services to be freely offered , conducted , received , and reimbursed nationwide . These laws and regulations must be readily understood , easily administered , and consistently applied in order to protect confidentiality and security of health information without becoming a barrier to healthcare delivery or the appropriate use of healthcare secondary data . Laws and regulations providing protection for personal Facts That Support the AHIMA Position A patient โ s health information can exist in various identifiable formats : paper , film , electronic , or a hybrid of two or more formats . This health information may be maintained by healthcare providers , healthcare plans , or health insurance payers as well as employers , government agencies , or any of a number of other public or private entities , or in personal health records maintained by individual patients . Many of these entities are covered by inadequate healthcare confidentiality and privacy laws or regulations or are not covered at all . However , there are circumstances when a legitimate public need to share health information arises , even times when information that can identify a specific individual needs to be shared : to protect public health , improve quality , monitor bioterrorism , or prevent medical fraud . An individual โ s right to privacy must be balanced against the public โ s right to be safe and the need for nationwide health information exchange capability . Yet privacy can never be sacrificed for expediency . There are many - some argue too many - state and federal laws that cover health information confidentiality , privacy , and security , including HIPAA . The Health Information Security and Privacy Collaboration project identified instances where numerous and sometimes conflicting laws existed within a single state . It is not unusual for healthcare entities and individuals seeking healthcare services to find themselves covered by myriad overlapping - and sometimes conflicting - laws and regulations , only to have matters further complicated by overlapping jurisdictions . This type of legal and regulatory labyrinth makes it just as difficult for These same conflicting laws , regulations , and practices have also created barriers to the adoption of a standard electronic health record ( EHR ) and health information exchange ( HIE ) . While federal and state governments , accrediting organizations , and others are addressing the many policy and technology combinations for confidentiality and security needs , it is important to find solutions that do not create further barriers to the adoption of standard EHRs and HIE and that provide the level of health information , confidentiality , and trust demanded by the vast majority of America โ s Trust is essential for the health information collected in a health record to serve as a complete and accurate foundation not only for clinical care but as the basis for research , public health , quality measurement , reimbursement , and policy making - - all components of population health . In any medical setting , healthcare consumers need to be confident that their personal health information is protected and that identifiable information will be used only for purposes authorized or otherwise required by law . Unfortunately , patient surveys and other reports indicate their fear that they may be There are no infallible means to ensure absolute respect and protection for the confidentiality and integrity of a patient โ s personal health information . But healthcare consumer trust can only be achieved and maintained if uniform laws and regulations are in place and violators are aggressively prosecuted . AHIMA Recommendations AHIMA believes that privacy , confidentiality , and security of health information will be achieved when : Patients and healthcare professionals trust and are confident that the collection and use of health information will only be used legitimately , be uniform everywhere and every time for everyone , apply everywhere personal health information resides , and protect individuals against inappropriate discrimination or harm from intentional misuse . Confidentiality and security protections are uniform and set a high standard throughout the country for fair , reasonable , and uniform health information practices that respect the rights of the individual and the public and apply to the medium in which such information is stored , transferred , or accessed . Confidentiality , privacy , and security laws and regulations are conscientiously enforced , and those who break these laws or ignore these regulations face vigorous prosecution and serious penalties for their offenses . Individuals will have the right to access their health information in any setting and with minimal limits ; have an understanding of their privacy rights and options for that setting ; be notified about all information practices concerning their information , and have the right to appropriately challenge the accuracy of their health information . Individuals , professionals and private entities , have a clear and understandable perspective on uniform law , regulations , and protections so that problems related to โ overlaps , โ โ gaps , โ and jurisdictional coverage will be eliminated , protection maximized , and trust built into the interaction . Individuals and clinicians contribute to the data contained in the record to make decisions based on sound clinical evidence , as well as the most current personalized medicine and genetics information . The information is only available to those caring for the patient , and on a limited basis , to others as appropriate for payment , operations , and research purposes . When security breaches occur , individuals receive timely notification in order to protect the confidentiality of their personal health information from being compromised . Credentialed HIM professionals , given their training and education in privacy and information release and HIM , are considered the primary custodians of health information and principal experts in maintaining the privacy , confidentiality , and security of information in the healthcare industry . The American Health Information Management Association ( AHIMA ) is the premier association of health information management ( HIM ) professionals . AHIMA โ s 51,000 members are dedicated to the effective management of personal health information needed to deliver quality health care to the public . Founded in 1928 to improve the quality of medical records , AHIMA is committed to advancing the HIM profession in an increasingly electronic and global environment through leadership in advocacy , education , certification , and lifelong learning . www . ahima . org Source " Statement on the Confidentiality , Privacy , and Security of Health Records . " ( AHIMA Position Statement , December 2007 ) . | [
"health information management",
"AHIMA"
] |
http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_044000.hcsp | Managing the Integrity of Patient Identity in Health Information Exchange ( 2009 ) This practice brief has been updated . See the latest version here . This version is made available for historical purposes only . Over the past decade , multiple studies have documented the value of health information exchange ( HIE ) . eHealth Initiative โ s recent โ Fifth Annual Survey of Health Information Exchange at the State and Local Levels โ found that 69 percent of fully operational exchange efforts reported reductions in healthcare costs . 1 Respondents indicated that HIE decreased dollars spent on redundant tests ; reduced the number of patient admissions to hospitals for medication errors , allergies , or interactions ; decreased the cost of care for chronically ill patients ; or reduced staff time spent on administration . These results support recent findings from a RAND report stating that the potential benefits of a connected , interoperable healthcare system could save an estimated $ 80 billion per year . 2 However , in order to successfully exchange health information and reap the benefits of HIE , organizations must maintain accurate patient identification information . Patient identification integrity is a complex concept , and one that is not well understood throughout the healthcare industry . Many policy makers and industry leaders do not fully comprehend the negative effects of inaccurate patient identification information for even basic health information interchange . Seemingly mundane errors such as transpositions in a patient โ s birth year , misspellings or culturally acceptable spellings of a patient โ s last name , and nicknames or default Social Security numbers ( SSNs ) can play havoc with successfully linking electronic records across clinical and administrative systems . Even though most provider settings use a medical record number ( MRN ) as a unique identifier to connect records across and within their electronic systems , many of the interfaces across these multiple systems ( commonly 30 to 50 within a single hospital ) use some patient demographic data to validate the interfaced transaction . Organizations that exchange health information and do not share a common unique identifier are completely dependent upon the accuracy and completeness of the key demographic data available in both records for successful electronic linking . Healthcare standards for patient identity integrity have been slow to emerge . Existing standards address data format and position within an electronic transaction ; however , data content accuracy has yet to be addressed . Historically , little emphasis has been placed on the role patient identification systems play in the quality and safety of healthcare delivery . Local patient identification errors have been contained and managed within the healthcare organizations that create them . Today โ s health reform initiatives push this backroom function to the very front of the health information exchange effort . Sending the wrong health information to the point of care can create critical patient care issues and risk privacy breaches , degrading consumer trust . The negative effects of local patient identification errors will expand as technology advances and the national health information network continues to expand . To this end , this practice brief outlines how organizations can manage patient identification systems from front - end data capture to back - end quality control as an ongoing process and carry local quality operations into health information exchange efforts . It urges industry stakeholders to recognize that now is a critical time to address accuracy in patient identification systems . Unless the healthcare industry takes the necessary measures to ensure complete and accurate data at the provider and HIE levels , the national strategic efforts under way to improve quality and safety will be more difficult to accomplish . At the time of publication , the Markle Foundation proposed that meaningful use of health IT โ a requirement for receiving health IT incentives under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act โ focus on โ improving medication management and the coordination of care . โ 3 Among the seven principles Markle outlined were factors that can only be accomplished through unimpaired and accurate identification of a patient or individual โ s healthcare information . Support for better decision making , effective care processes that improve health outcomes and reduce cost outgrowth , and consumer benefit from health IT through improved access to patient health information are made possible when unbroken and dependable patient identification systems are operating . Patient Identification Processes , Procedures Ongoing , focused management and oversight of healthcare patient identification is critical to both internal operations and regional and national HIE efforts . Well - integrated front - end and back - end workflow processes offer optimal control of this function , which is set in motion with both a patient โ s initial and recurrent presentation to a healthcare provider for services . Cradle - to - grave lifetime records that are accurate , complete , authenticated , and accessible by authorized providers can only occur if these processes are thorough and timely . As with the genesis of revenue cycle managers in healthcare organizations , data integrity managers of the enterprise โ s master patient index ( MPI ) โ who oversee with authority the quality of patient identity data for all electronic and paper patient ( and person ) records regardless of the data source โ are critical to achieving true health record interoperability . Organizations must develop policies that ensure key demographic data are accurate and used to link records within and across electronic health record systems . These policies must address the accuracy of information at the initial point of capture using front - end verification , including timely correction of duplicate records and quality monitoring using a duplicate creation rate . However , care should be taken that the emphasis on limiting the creation of duplicate MRNs does not lead to the greater evil of registering a patient to someone else โ s MRN and merging the identities of two separate individual โ s records . Record - linking algorithm effectiveness should be validated prior to linking records within an organization or releasing records to an HIE . Organizations should outline duplicate record validity procedures and ensure they are followed . They must provide staff training at all levels to reinforce the importance of successful health information exchange . A well - managed patient identity integrity program will include an ongoing performance improvement process that assesses error rates and ensures progressive improvement . HIM professionals are well positioned to lead this effort . Technology Efficiencies Health data exchange increasingly occurs across disparate provider organizations using networks and Internet - based technologies . Interoperability requires the electronic transmission of data across organizations and assumes the data exchanged are accurate , comprehensive , current , consistent , relevant , timely , granular , precise , accessible , and well - defined . 4 However , electronically exchanged data rarely meet the standard for each of these quality attributes , compromising healthcare โ s ability to achieve truly successful interoperability . Errors in the migration of data from one system to another , aging data , and lack of data completeness in each provider โ s patient record severely limits optimal interoperability . HIEs currently use a variety of data delivery methods , which determine how patient records are sought and matched . Data from one provider may be โ pushed โ to another ; for example , all electronic prescriptions generated within a hospital are automatically sent to a specific pharmacy , or all transcribed documents are forwarded to the physicians listed in the Health Level Seven header . In these scenarios , the receiving provider knows the patients about which it is receiving messages and uses internal procedures to process the incoming transaction . โ Pull โ technology is used in Electronic messages are then sent to each of the participating organizations that have stored records pertaining to the patient . Specific types of electronic clinical results are pulled back from each participating organization to the requesting provider , such as lab tests , text - based reports , medication histories , and problem lists . A centralized data model uses both push and pull technologies . Each organization participating in the HIE sends ( pushes ) clinical results to a central database managed by the HIE . Providers search the MPI of this centralized database and pull the corresponding information for the applicable patient across to their system . Record Matching A fundamental and critical success factor for the RLS and centralized models is how the indexes within these databases link records for the same patient from the disparate participating organizations . Ideally , the RLS or MPI identifies an individual with records at multiple locations using a unique identifier for the HIE . Many healthcare provider organizations have multitudes of unique identifiers for a patient ( e.g. , MRN , account numbers for billing , order numbers , and requisition numbers ) . Further , an organization โ s own set of unique patient numbers will not be the same for one patient across multiple provider organizations . Therefore , once an RLS obtains demographic data from its participating organizations , it must collapse all of these individual demographic records for one patient into a single record . In this model , the HIE links the different provider records for one patient into one record and assigns that patient a unique numeric identifier . This unique identifier is sent back to each participating organization that holds medical records for that patient . Subsequent updates to the HIE by that participating organization use this unique identifier . For example , John Smith has been seen at a physician office , hospital , and lab . His HIE unique identifier , 15894876 , is included in the identifying data set from each provider . His records from all providers can be retrieved by entering this unique identifier in the search screens . Even when the search is via the name or other key identifiers , when the requestor selects the correct โ John Smith , โ records from all providers will be included as the records are linked via his HIE unique identifier . Records from various providers are frequently linked by algorithms embedded in the HIE โ s software . The algorithms available to perform this linking function fall into three main groups : basic , intermediate , and advanced . 5 Basic Algorithms Basic algorithms are the simplest technique for matching records . Comparisons are made on selected data elements โ usually the name , birth date , SSN , and sometimes the gender . Exact match and deterministic algorithms are both basic matching tools . With exact matching , the data elements used to search must match exactly with those in the database in order to return a particular record . Deterministic matching is slightly more sophisticated in that in addition to exact matches , partial matches or matches on Soundex codes ( or those from other phonetic encoding systems ) may be used to return a record . With an exact match algorithm , if the name โ Smith โ is entered in a search for a patient with the last name of Smithe , the Smithe record would not be located , as it does not match exactly . However , a deterministic match using a substring of the first three letters ( partial name ) of the last name would be returned . If the algorithm has deterministic capability and uses Soundex codes , a person with the last name of โ Johansen โ would be returned for a search on โ Johnson โ because the Soundex codes for these names are an exact match . โ Wild - card โ linking falls under the basic algorithm definition . With wild - card linking , the user enters a few letters of the value being searched and adds a character ( frequently a common keyboard symbol ) that instructs the program to return every record that matches the limited letters entered . A wild - card search on โ Smi * โ will return both Smithe and Smith , in addition to any other name in the database beginning with the first three letters and that match any other data element entered to refine the search , such as date of birth or gender . Intermediate Algorithms Intermediate algorithms use more advanced techniques to compare records . Fuzzy logic and arbitrary or subjective scoring systems are added to exact match and deterministic tools . A field match weight is arbitrarily assigned to key patient identifying attributes , such as last name , first name , date of birth , and SSN . For example , a match on the SSN may be assigned a score of 40 points , while a match of the last name scores 25 . Any records presented to the searcher must reach a minimum scoring threshold to qualify for inclusion . Fuzzy logic and rules - based algorithms also may be a component of intermediate algorithms . These tools include nickname tables , rules to address transposition of characters or names , digit rotations , and typographical errors within the MPI database . Intermediate algorithms may include an automated frequency adjustment , which decreases the field match score . This adjustment will decrease the score assigned to a field match across two records if the actual field value ( such as a common last name or a common date of birth like 01 / 01 / 2001 ) is computed to be present in a high volume of records in that data set . In this instance , a search for Elizabeth Jones would return records for Betty Jones as well as Elizabeth Jones . A search for Richard David would return records for both Richard David and David Richard . A search for James Smith with a date of birth of 6 / 17 / 1978 would return Jim Smith with a date of birth of 6 / 17 / 1987 as a possible match . Advanced Algorithms Advanced algorithms contain the most sophisticated set of tools for matching records and rely on mathematical theory . The core intelligence within advanced algorithms includes bipartite graph theory , probabilistic theory , and mathematical and statistical models , which are applied to determine the likelihood of a match on specified data elements . Probabilistic matching uses the frequency of a specific element with a probability score assigned to adjust the relative value of the match or mismatch for the specified elements . The weight assigned to each field is relative to the weights assigned to other fields , but only after thorough research across millions of records ( as opposed to a simple frequency analysis with an arbitrary field weight adjustment ) . Advanced algorithms also include machine learning and neural networks , which use forms of artificial intelligence that simulate human problem solving . These systems actually โ learn โ as the program processes more data and will automatically tune the field weights as required based upon the learning achieved during the processing of the entire data set of records . For example , a search for : Erin Marie Kotnica , date of birth 8 / 18 / 1965 , female , SSN 555 - 45 - 8888 , 110 E 3rd Street would return a record with the values : Aaron Marie Skotnica , date of birth 8 / 13 / 1956 , female , SSN 555 - 44 - 8888 , 110 E 3rd Street Despite a variance in multiple key identifying data elements , the advanced algorithm using the technologies listed above could identify the appropriate record . Whatever algorithm an organization uses to link records , the results should be verified by staff using record - matching validity procedures . When applying designated HIE system requirements , a percentage of records from different participating organizations will be able to be automatically linked if a sufficiently sophisticated algorithm is used . However , a statistically significant sample should always be reviewed to ensure only true overlap records are autolinked ( see โ MPI Definitions โ at right ) . Even with a sophisticated algorithm , the HIE will achieve significantly higher rates of record links if potential overlap records that have a record match weight lower than the autolink threshold are reviewed and manually linked . There will always be potential intrafacility duplicate pairs that must be sent back to that participating organization for staff to review , validate , and manually combine . False positives and false negatives will always occur with any algorithmic or manual system identifying potential duplicates . A false negative will result when the algorithm or other duplicate identifying process does not identify a true duplicate and the duplicate remains in the database . False positives occur when two records are matched together because they are presumed to belong to one person , when in fact they belong to different people . They are easier to find if a review is completed of each potential duplicate identified by the system . Common pitfalls include linking two closely related people with very similar names and dates of birth who live near each other ( e.g. , cousins who are named after the same individual who recently expired ) ; two individuals living in a dense urban area with the same common name , date of birth , and address ; or the example of twins having the same first name . Failure to catch such errors can result in overlaid medical records and subsequently negative health outcomes , serious privacy breaches , and legal ramifications . MPI Definitions HIEs and organizations going through the process of linking their records and cleaning up their MPIs may need to brush up on common MPI terms . Duplicate : more than one entry or file for the same person in a single facility - level MPI . This causes one patient to have two different medical records within the same facility . Overlap : more than one MPI entry or file for the same person in two or more facilities within an enterprise . For example , patient John Smith has medical record number 12345 at facility A and a medical record number 447788 at facility B within the same enterprise - wide system . When both MPI databases are loaded into an enterprise MPI , the database does not link the two records . Thus , Smith ends up with two different enterprise identifiers and providers can not view all clinical information across the enterprise for that patient . Overlay : one MPI entry or file for more than one person ( i.e. , two people erroneously sharing the same identifier ) . Overlaid records are frequently caused when patient access staff select another patient โ s record during a scheduling or registration event . Sometimes interfaces cause the error if the receiving system lacks a robust patient record - matching program and โ overlays โ another patient โ s record from that inbound interface transaction . On occasion , overlays are caused by an incorrect merge of two records that belong to two different people . 1 Note AHIMA MPI Task Force . โ Building an Enterprise Master Person Index . โ Journal of AHIMA 75 , no . 1 ( Jan . 2004 ) : 56A โ D . How to Measure Duplicate Record Rates Participating organizations such as hospitals and other healthcare delivery systems within the HIE are responsible for maintaining the integrity of the patient - identifying data within their own systems . Organizations that fail to carry out this responsibility not only compromise care within their own four walls , but also contaminate the HIE database and cause administrative complications or compromise care at other participating organizations . Different methods can be found within the healthcare industry to measure the duplicate rate at a given point in time or measure the ongoing duplicate - creation rate . Algorithms used to identify potential duplicate records are also widely different . When choosing algorithm software or vendor consultant services , organizations are advised to investigate and understand proposed measurement techniques and ensure a consistent approach is used for subsequent comparative performance measurements . Below , a basic , best - practice , standardized formula is described to ensure sound unit counting when measuring duplicate rates in any healthcare organization . Facility Duplicate Rate for Static Database Healthcare organizations sometimes choose to analyze their entire MPI database for potential duplicate records at a given point in time ( i.e. , a โ static โ database ) . The organization extracts the MPI data and analyzes that static group of records . A computation determines the percent of records that are potential duplicates at the time the data were extracted ( within that one database at that one facility ) . After the duplicates have been evaluated , those that truly represent the same individual qualify to be included in the calculation . The following formula is a standard industry method of computing the actual duplicate record rate in a single database : Total no . of individual duplicate patient records x 100 Total no . of patient records in the MPI database The total number of individual duplicate records is the count of the โ extra โ or duplicate patient records . Therefore , if 50 patients each had two records , the number of duplicate records would be 50 ( representing each of the โ extra โ or duplicate records ) . If 90 patients had two records and 10 patients had three records , this number would be 90 + ( 10 * 2 ) = 110 because 10 of these patients had 2 extra or duplicate records . For example , a facility has 10,000 duplicate pairs in the database , involving 20,000 individual records . The database at the time of the analysis contained 500,000 individual records . The duplicate rate is computed by dividing 10,000 by 500,000 and multiplying the result by 100 to obtain the percent result . In this example the rate is 2 percent : 10,000 duplicate patient records x 100 = 2 % duplicate rate 500,000 total patient records in database Facility Duplicate Creation Rate Measuring the ongoing duplicate creation rates involves dividing the number of records involved in the duplicates ( the numerator ) by the number of registrations performed ( the denominator ) within the same time period . The total number of registrations should include any opportunity that users have to create a new record when performing scheduling , preregistration , or registration activities . If the scheduling system creates a permanent person ( or patient ) record within the MPI database when scheduling an appointment , this represents an opportunity to create a duplicate record and should therefore be included . Accordingly , the definition of the denominator may vary from organization to organization and is dependent upon the configuration and functionality of their applications . The numerator would always be the number of โ new โ or โ extra โ ( duplicate ) patient records created by any means during that time period . If an inbound ADT or scheduling transaction creates a new patient record , and that new record creates a duplicate patient record in the database , it should be counted in the numerator . Presuming that all these activities present the opportunity to create a new record in the database , the formula for determining the duplicate creation rate is : Total no . of individual duplicate patient records for a given time period x 100 Total no . of registrations , preregistration , or scheduling events for the same time period Depending on the registration or scheduling system used , the denominator might be computed by counting the number of new account numbers generated during this time period and adding to that the number of temporary and scheduled visits created during that time period that do not yet have a permanent account number . For instance , a facility has 10,000 inpatient and outpatient preregistration and admissions per month . ( The scheduling system is independent of the MPI database and does not create records . ) In one month , 150 duplicate records were created . The duplicate creation rate is computed by dividing 150 by 10,000 and multiplying that result by 100 , arriving at a creation rate of 1.5 percent . Even a low rate creates too many duplicate records , compromising patient safety . To understand what this duplicate creation rate might look like for organizations of different sizes , consider the following examples : 10,000 visits / month x 0.5 percent = 50 duplicates created each month ( an average of 1.7 per calendar day ) 50,000 visits / month x 0.5 percent = 250 duplicates created each month ( an average of 8 / calendar day ) 100,000 visits / month x 1.0 percent = 1,000 duplicates created each month ( an average of 33 duplicates created each calendar day ) As illustrated , even a very low creation rate places an organization at risk for inadvertent patient care errors . It is critical that every organization maintains solid data quality practices to identify and correct duplicate records on a timely basis and ensure proper feedback to the departments and individuals creating such errors . Overlap ( Across - facility Duplicate ) Static Rate When electronic medical records are shared across a multifacility organization , each patient record should be connected at the enterprise level . An โ overlap โ comprises two patient records from two different facilities that use different MRN โ pools โ of numbers . The patient may have only one medical record number from each facility , but when aggregated into an enterprise database , the two MRN records from the two different facilities do not link . This represents an โ overlap โ or an โ enterprise duplicate . โ These overlaps may be measured with a simple calculation Total no . of individual overlap enterprise patient records x 100 Total no . of unique patient records across two or more MPI databases ( i.e. , facilities ) For an explanation of counting the total number of individual overlap records , see the description under the formula in the section โ Facility Duplicate Rate for a Static Database . โ Accuracy and Content Issues An HIE must establish common procedures to ensure that records are linked accurately . All system users must understand how and when to validate their selection of the correct patient record and how and when to determine that their search does not include the patient record sought . Some HIEs have opted to keep their search criteria strict to minimize false positives in the absence of the correct record in the patient list . Such an error would ultimately lead to inadvertent disclosure of the wrong patient records during a search that does not identify the correct patient due to false positives . Sometimes , however , this strategy creates a situation where an existing record does not appear in the record result list . In this situation , the record - matching search algorithm of the index must be robust enough to allow entry of several patient demographic data fields and be error tolerant , allowing for mistakes in the entry of any one of these data points , yet still be able to find the appropriate record . Validation Methods It is critical that all HIEs routinely monitor linked or merged records within their systems and regularly work the lists of potential overlap ( enterprise duplicate ) records identified by their record - matching algorithms . Without such data maintenance , large databases will become riddled with data integrity problems . Providers using the system will start seeing duplicate and overlap records , lose confidence in the system , and stop using it . Front - end verification . The best opportunity to ensure accurate patient identity information is at the front - end data capture point , usually performed by a healthcare delivery scheduling or registration staff member . A user searching for a record must validate that the record presented represents the patient in question . This is generally achieved by reviewing key identifiers such as the patient โ s last , first , and middle names ; date of birth ; gender ; and SSN , if available . Address and telephone numbers are also frequently used to ensure correct choice . This selection process implies that the user has access to this information directly from the patient or his or her representative so that it may be verified prior to selection of a particular record . Back - end verification . HIEs must ensure that the records organizations send through the network are linked appropriately . The HIE โ s software algorithms should be examined to ensure they work correctly , minimizing or eliminating records that match inappropriately ( false positives ) as well as records that should match but fail to do so ( false negatives ) . HIM professionals who are acquainted with the record match validation methods should perform a manual review of the proposed linked records , with ongoing review of new matches after implementation . Validity procedures provide staff with guidance on how to consistently decide whether two different records belong to the same patient . Review of potential duplicate record sets and autolinked records can help set thresholds for record match weights . This review will help determine at what point records represent the same individual consistently and when manual review should be undertaken prior to linking . While false positives are usually relatively easy to identify ( although common names and multiple birth records frequently pose challenges ) , identifying a false negative ( two records that fail to match ) is more challenging . Research - based studies of record - matching algorithms have not been completed . One way to determine if records have linked appropriately is to review specific examples identified at multiple facilities that can be verified as linked in the actual false positive or false negative rates of various algorithms . Methods to Improve Patient Record Validation While it is the duty of every healthcare organization to protect the privacy of patient information within its control , this identifying information is vital in establishing appropriate links within an HIE . Organizations must balance the amount of information sent to an HIE to ensure that privacy requirements and patient care needs are addressed . One method organizations may employ to improve the validity of links is to ensure that adequate identifying information accompanies the records sent to the HIE . Key identifiers are essential , including last name , first name , middle initial or name , date of birth , gender , address , and telephone number . Historically healthcare providers have collected SSNs and stored them in MPI databases to improve patient identification . However , with the increasing problem of identity theft , many individuals and organizations are reluctant to use this identifier for fear of compromising an individual โ s identity . Some HIEs have addressed this concern by including only the last four digits of the SSN in the identifiers accompanying a patient โ s record . Including these values significantly increases the accuracy of record matching . Other identifiers also may be provided that are used only in the background and are not visible to the user searching for a record . For example , guarantor , next - of - kin , and insurance policy information is helpful in determining what two records should be linked between disparate systems that comprise an HIE . These identifiers can be used A second method organizations can use to improve validation of patient identification stored by the HIE is to ensure that appropriate and efficient policies and procedures are in place to address any patient identification errors created within local facility MPIs and that the processes used by staff who create records have been refined to decrease the creation of new duplicates . Addressing standard naming conventions and search methods and ensuring appropriate training helps achieve minimal duplicate creation rates . When patient identification errors are identified internally , it is helpful to study patterns and trends to assist in root - cause determination and subsequent corrective activities . Organizational Training HIM professionals have the expertise and ability to manage MPI database integrity and play a critical role in directing enterprise - wide activities that affect the MPI and the subsequent exchange of health information . HIM professionals in MPI leadership roles provide data and feedback necessary to improve registration accuracy , contribute to software selection , and maintain accurate data transference among downstream databases . Performance data and duplicate creation rates may be effectively shared with key stakeholders via performance improvement functions within the organization , bringing support for development of new procedures , training of registrars , MPI staff , and others who work with the demographic database . Providing aggregate information through a performance improvement mechanism heightens overall awareness of MPI value to an enterprise and HIE . Preventing MPI duplicates directly affects the ability of the patient registrar to correctly locate a returning patient in the demographic database and to accurately update the information therein . In the case of a new patient , the registrar initially must enter all information accurately . Comprehensive training in record search routines coupled with data quality mechanisms that provide feedback to registration and scheduling staff are crucial . Aggregate data review and individual case review can provide feedback on registration accuracy performance . Performance data , such as facility duplicate rate and duplication creation rate , can be used to focus educational efforts on problems that occur most frequently . Results data also may be used to make software enhancements that boost accuracy through the elimination of registrar decisions or help screens that assist registrars in selecting appropriate choices . Comprehensive training requires that written policies and procedures for patient search routines are readily available to patient registration staff . Newly hired registrars should be trained using test registration environments , with access to live environments only upon satisfactory demonstration of knowledge . Successful training includes a review of the search methodology specific to the enterprise โ s MPI software . Software with less sophistication may require a โ less is best โ philosophy , where the preferred search method may be by SSN alone or last name and first name when the SSN is unavailable . In the most basic systems , searches should be conducted using only partial last name and partial first name due to a lack of error tolerance in that product โ s search routines . As product sophistication increases , the patient is most reliably located when more information is entered ( e.g. , full name , SSN , date of birth , etc . ) . Some search engines will look for all persons who have received or might receive services , which would include a previous patient , subscriber , or guarantor . Other systems can be set with a specific search mode , such as โ starts with โ as the default and the patient can be found based on the first part of the last name . These systems may be changed to a phonetic search that works based on the pronunciation of the last name , or โ full , โ which will search with all the letters entered . Inclusion of standardized patient - naming conventions in training programs is an essential key to prevent duplicate creation by registration and scheduling staff . Policies should delineate any acceptable prefixes and their values . Appropriate use of spaces , hyphens , and apostrophes must be established . Provision for use or exclusion of titles such as Rev . , Dr . , and the proper designation of prefixes or suffixes such as Sr . , Jr . , II , or III should be included in documentation guidance . Strong emphasis must be placed on the use of a patient โ s legal name , exclusion of nicknames , and proper provision for middle name ( or , at minimum , middle initial ) . Inevitably , even processes intended to ensure the correct identification of patients and prevent creation of duplicate records by registrars can allow the correct patient to go undetected . In those cases , reports or e - mail alerts may be generated for MPI staff providing demographic information of each record in the potential duplicate set . HIM or MPI staff members should review the potential duplicate sets , determine if they are the same patient , and perform merges in financial and ancillary systems as appropriate . Proper training in understanding causes of overlaid records ( see โ MPI Definitions โ on page 65 ) is important to avoid merges of records belonging to two different patients . The strictness of validity procedures to determine if two or more patients are the same person varies with the degree of probability that an organization is willing to accept . A reputable firm can be contracted to assist Organizations vary in the information they use to validate if two records belong to the same person . Guarantor information , insurance information , medical history , clinical results , previous names , addresses , and telephone numbers are useful resources ; however , policy should dictate which resources MPI staff use . Data integrity specialists should be given access to thoroughly investigate potential duplicates . Validity decisions should only be made when there are enough data to determine validity with confidence . Guidance from external companies specializing in MPI cleanup can assist in the development of these validity procedures Identifying patterns of duplication errors is important , as patterns provide the basis for ongoing education and corrective action . Information that can be tracked can include the type of error , such as duplicate , overlay of two different patients , and overlaps between facilities . These can be calculated for each facility , as well as enterprise - wide . Examining these cases in detail also will provide the identity of the registrar who created the duplicate and allow for appropriate feedback , as needed . A facility also may find it helpful to drill down further and track errors with greater specificity ( e.g. , correct patient not identified , SSN transposition , or naming convention not followed ) . Appropriate education , policy clarifications , communication , and biometric devices may be employed to decrease duplicate creation errors , resulting in a more accurate database and patient identity integrity . The criticality of patient identity integrity has graduated from historical internal impact to one of national importance as successful HIE initiatives and interoperability models progress . The healthcare industry must commit to the improvement and maintenance of content accuracy in patient identification databases from which information exchange effectiveness springs . Patient identity integrity aligns neatly with the messages of multiple management gurus : you ca n โ t manage what you ca n โ t measure . This wisdom is central to healthcare reform , quality of care improvement , administrative efficiency , and reduced healthcare costs . A single error rate snapshot is only a start in the plan - do - study - act cycle that , when done well , can make a critical difference to the quality of care a patient receives . Striving for six sigma quality ( 99.999999 percent accuracy ) is as important in healthcare as it is in landing an airplane . Setting this goal for patient identity accuracy will be a significant step in achieving high healthcare quality standards throughtout the entire healthcare delivery system . Notes eHealth Initiative . โ Fifth Annual Survey of Health Information Exchange at the State and Local Levels . โ September 2008 . Available online at www . ehealthinitiative . org / assets / Documents / eHI - HIESurveyResultsFinalReport - 2008 . pdf [ link no longer active ] . Hillestad , Richard , et al . โ Identity Crisis : An Examination of the Costs and Benefits of a Unique Patient Identifier for the U.S. Health Care System . โ 2008 . RAND Corporation . Markle Foundation . โ Achieving the Health IT Objectives of the ARRA : A Framework for โ Meaningful Use โ and โ Certified or Qualified EHR . โ โ April 2009 . Available online at www . markle . org / downloadable_assets / 20090430_meaningful_use . pdf Just , Beth , et al . โ HIM Principles in Health Information Exchange . โ Journal of AHIMA 78 , no . 8 ( Sept . 2007 ) : 69 โ 74 . E - HIM Work Group on Patient Identification in RHIOs . โ Surveying the RHIO Landscape . โ Journal of AHIMA 77 , no . 1 ( Jan . 2006 ) : 64A โ D . References AHIMA Data Quality Management Task Force . โ Data Quality Management Model . โ June 1998 . Available online in the FORE Library : HIM Body of Knowledge at www . ahima . org AHIMA e - HIM Work Group on EHR Data Content . โ Data Standard Time : Data Content Standardization and the HIM Role . โ 77 , no . 2 ( Feb . 2006 ) : 26 โ 32 . AHIMA e - HIM Work Group on Regional Health Information Organizations ( RHIOs ) . โ Using the SSN as a Patient Identifier . โ 77 , no . 3 ( Mar . 2006 ) : 56A โ D . AHIMA MPI Task Force . โ Maintenance of a Master Patient ( Person ) Index โ Single Site or Enterprise . โ October 1997 . Available online in the FORE Library : HIM Body of Knowledge at www . ahima . org AHIMA MPI Task Force . โ Merging Master Patient Indexes . โ September 1997 . Available online in the FORE Library : HIM Body of Knowledge at AHIMA MPI Task Force . โ Master Patient ( Person ) Index : Recommended Core Data Elements . โ July / August 1997 . Available online in the FORE Library : HIM Body of Knowledge at Altendorf , Robin L . โ Establishment of a Quality Program for the Master Patient Index . โ AHIMA โ s 79th National Convention and Exhibit Proceedings , October 2007 . Prepared by 2009 HIE Practice Council Beth Haenke Just , MBA , RHIA Diane P . Fabian , MBA , RHIA Lenore L . Webb , RHIA Beth M . Hjort , RHIA , CHPS Acknowledgments 2009 Privacy and Security Practice Council 2009 EHR Practice Council Linda Bock , RHIA The information contained in this practice brief reflects the consensus opinion of the professionals who developed it . It has not been validated through scientific research . Article citation AHIMA . " Managing the Integrity of Patient Identity in Health Information Exchange ( 2009 ) " 80 , no . 7 ( July 2009 ) : 62 - 69 . | [
"Patient Identification Processes",
"Health Information Exchange"
] |
http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_049595.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_049595 | Coding Diabetes Mellitus in ICD - 10 - CM : Improved Coding for Diabetes Mellitus Complements Present Medical Science By Karen M . Kostick , RHIT , CCS , CCS - P Results of a recent coding and clinical documentation pilot study indicate that the ICD - 10 - CM coding classification changes made for diabetes mellitus have significantly improved coding for this disease . The results of the study noted that although a few ICD - 10 - CM " unspecified " diabetes codes were assigned , the majority of the diabetes codes sufficiently captured the diagnoses as expressed in the clinical documentation . In addition , the pilot study noted that the ICD - 10 - CM diabetes codes complement present medical science - separate type 1 and type 2 diabetes category codes and body system combination codes are a major improvement over ICD - 9 - CM . Instead of classifying as controlled or uncontrolled , ICD - 10 - CM classifies inadequately controlled , out of control , and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus by type with hyperglycemia . This article highlights key ICD - 10 - CM features for diabetes mellitus coding . In ICD - 10 - CM , chapter 4 , " Endocrine , nutritional and metabolic diseases ( E00 - E89 ) , " includes a separate subchapter ( block ) , Diabetes mellitus E08 - E13 , with the categories : E08 , Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition E09 , Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus E10 , Type 1 diabetes mellitus E11 , Type 2 diabetes mellitus E13 , Other specified diabetes mellitus The diabetes mellitus categories E08 โ E13 are further subdivided into four - or five - character subcategories . When a category has been subdivided into four - , five - , or six - character codes , the diabetes code assigned represents the highest level of specificity within ICD - 10 - CM . ICD - 10 - CM Tabular Instructional Notes Diabetes mellitus tabular inclusions notes are introduced by the term " Includes " and appear at the beginning of a category . Categories E10 โ E13 inclusion notes further define or provide examples of the content within each category , as illustrated in the sidebar The " Excludes1 " note meaning " not coded here " appears under all the diabetes mellitus categories . An Excludes1 note indicates that the code excluded should never be used at the same time as the code above the Excludes1 note . Similar to ICD - 9 - CM , " Code first " and " Use additional code " notes are present for some of the diabetes mellitus categories and subcategories that require the underlying condition be sequenced first , followed by the manifestation . The Use additional code note appears at the etiology code and a Code first note at the manifestation code . ICD - 10 - CM diabetes codes are combination codes that include the type of diabetes mellitus , body system affected , and the complications affecting that body system . The following examples apply ICD - 10 - CM chapter 4 , " Diabetes mellitus E08 - E13 , " tabular list instructions and illustrate diabetes mellitus code combinations and code specificity . First , suppose a patient is seen for diabetic chronic kidney disease , stage 3 . The patient has type 2 diabetes and takes insulin on a daily basis . The appropriate code assignments would be : E11 . 22 , Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic chronic kidney disease N18 . 3 , Chronic kidney disease , stage 3 ( moderate ) Z79 . 4 , Long term ( current ) use of insulin Include and Excludes1 Examples In ICD - 10 - CM , diabetes mellitus tabular inclusion notes are introduced by the term " Includes " and appear at the beginning of a category . The " Excludes1 " note , meaning " Not coded here , " appears under all the diabetes mellitus categories . An Excludes1 note indicates that the code excluded should never be used at the same time as the code above the Excludes1 note . E13 , Other specified diabetes mellitus Includes : Diabetes mellitus due to genetic defects of beta - cell function Diabetes mellitus due to genetic defects in insulin action Postpancreatectomy diabetes mellitus Postprocedural diabetes mellitus Secondary diabetes mellitus NEC E10 , Type 1 diabetes mellitus Excludes1 : Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition ( E08 . - ) Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus ( E09 . - ) Gestational diabetes ( O24 . 4 - ) Hyperglycemia NOS ( R73 . 9 ) Neonatal diabetes mellitus ( P70 . 2 ) Postpancreatectomy diabetes mellitus ( E13 . - ) Postprocedural diabetes mellitus ( E13 . - ) Secondary diabetes mellitus NEC ( E13 . - ) Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( E11 . - ) There is a combination code for the type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease , and the tabular instructs the coder to use an additional code to identify the stage of the chronic kidney disease . At the E11 category level , the Use additional code note instructs the coder to identify insulin use . In another case , a female patient with type 1 diabetes is seen for severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema . The coding here would be : E10 . 341 , Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema No additional codes are necessary because there is a combination code for the type 2 diabetes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema . Finally , consider a type 2 diabetic patient evaluated for a chronic diabetic left foot ulcer with necrosis of muscle . The patient takes insulin on a daily basis . The coding would follow : E11 . 621 , Type 2 diabetes mellitus with foot ulcer L97 . 523 , Non - pressure chronic ulcer of other part of left foot with necrosis of muscle Z79 . 4 , Long term ( current ) use of insulin Code L97 . 523 is assigned based on the note under code E11 . 621 which states to use an additional code to identify site of ulcer ( L97 . 4 - L97 . 5 ) . Code Z79 . 4 is assigned based on the E11 category level , Use additional code note to identify insulin use . In addition to chapter 4 , accurate ICD - 10 - CM diabetes mellitus coding requires proficiency in many other chapters as well . For example , category E08 , Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition , instructs to code first the underlying condition such as cystic fibrosis , malignant neoplasm , pancreatitis . Category E09 , Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus , instructs to code first the applicable drug or toxin ( T36 - T65 ) for poisonings . When reporting diabetes in pregnancy , many codes in chapter 15 , " Pregnancy , childbirth and the puerperium ( O00 - O9A ) , " include a final character indicating the trimester of pregnancy . This character is valuable since poorly controlled diabetes during the second and third trimesters can result in excessively large babies , causing medical risk to both mother and newborn . For example , a 32 - year - old female patient with type 1 diabetes is G2 , P1 , 26 weeks and is seen to evaluate her diabetes in pregnancy . The codes for this case would be : O24 . 012 , Pre - existing diabetes mellitus , type 1 , in pregnancy , second trimester Z3A . 26 , 26 weeks gestation of pregnancy The provider ' s clinical documentation of the trimester ( or number of weeks ) for the current admission or encounter informs the final character ' s assignment . The time frames for the trimesters are indicated at the beginning of chapter 15 . In chapter 19 , " Injury , poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes ( S00 - T88 ) , " category T85 , Complications of other internal prosthetic devices , implants , and grafts , is used to report diabetic insulin pump complications . Category T85 requires the appropriate seventh character added to each code to describe the encounter type ( A : initial encounter , D : subsequent encounter , S : sequela ) . So if a type 1 diabetic patient is seen in the ED for an initial encounter to evaluate the leakage of her insulin pump , then the code assignment would be : T85 . 633A , Leakage of insulin pump , initial encounter E10 . 69 , Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other specified complication Chapters 16 , " Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period ; " 18 , " Symptoms , signs , and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings , not elsewhere classified ; " and 21 , " Factors influencing health status and contact with health services " also provide codes in relation to diabetes mellitus . Code First and Use Additional Code Examples Similar to ICD - 9 - CM , " Code first " and " Use additional code " notes are present for some of the diabetes mellitus categories and subcategories , which require the underlying condition be sequenced first followed by the manifestation . The Use additional code note appears at the etiology code and a Code first note at the manifestation code . E08 , Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition Code first : The underlying condition , such as : Congenital rubella ( P35 . 0 ) Cushing ' s syndrome ( E24 . - ) Cystic fibrosis ( E84 . - ) Malignant neoplasm ( C00 - C96 ) Malnutrition ( E40 - E46 ) Pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas ( K85 - K86 . - ) E09 , Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus Code first : Poisoning due to drug or toxin , if applicable ( T36 - T65 with fifth or sixth character 1 - 4 or 6 ) Use additional code : For adverse effect , if applicable , to identify drug ( T36 - T50 with fifth or sixth character 5 ) Use additional code : To identify any insulin use ( Z79 . 4 ) References Moczygemba , Jackie , and Susan H . Fenton . " Lessons Learned from an ICD - 10 - CM Clinical Documentation Pilot Study . " Perspectives in Health Information Management . Winter 2012 . http : / / perspectives . ahima . org Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . " 2012 ICD - 10 - CM and GEMs . " https : / / www . cms . gov Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . " 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet . " www . cdc . gov / diabetes / pubs . National Center for Health Statistics . " ICD - 10 - CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting 2012 . " Available under " Tools and Resources " at www . cdc . gov / nchs . AHIMA . ICD - 10 - CM Coder Training Manual . Chicago , IL : AHIMA Press , 2012 . Karen Kostick ( karen . kostick @ ahima . org ) is a director of professional practice at AHIMA . Article citation Kostick , Karen M . . " Coding Diabetes Mellitus in ICD - 10 - CM : Improved Coding for Diabetes Mellitus Complements Present Medical Science . " Journal of AHIMA 83 , no . 5 ( May 2012 ) : 56 - 58 . | [
"Diabetes Mellitus",
"ICD-10-CM",
"Present Medical Science"
] |
http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_049807.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_049807 | Using Medical Scribes in a Physician Practice With the push to develop and deploy electronic health records ( EHRs ) and the need for more detailed documentation , there is a growing concern in the medical community regarding the time expended to capture information - electronic or otherwise . The time providers spend during a patient visit capturing and entering data rather than focusing on the patient can be a hindrance to the quality of care . One current solution gaining popularity is the use of scribes . Scribes can provide many benefits to the practice of medicine , ultimately impacting the overall quality of healthcare delivery The Joint Commission defines a medical scribe as an unlicensed individual hired to enter information into the electronic health record ( EHR ) or chart at the direction of a physician or licensed independent practitioner . A scribe can be found in multiple settings including physician practices , hospitals , emergency departments , long - term care facilities , long - term acute care hospitals , public health clinics , and ambulatory care centers . They can be employed by a healthcare organization , physician , licensed independent practitioner , or work as a contracted service . This practice brief will explore some of the benefits and challenges of scribes within the physician practice setting . In addition , this practice brief will provide recommended practices for the use of scribes . Key components for implementation of a successful scribe program will also be discussed . Roles and Responsibilities A scribe โ s core responsibility is to capture accurate and detailed documentation ( handwritten , electronic , or otherwise ) of the encounter in a timely manner . Scribes are not permitted to make independent decisions or translations while capturing or entering information into the health record or EHR beyond what is directed by the provider . The general duties of a scribe may vary and can include : Assisting the provider in navigating the EHR Responding to various messages as directed by the provider Locating information for review ( i.e. , previous notes , reports , test results , and laboratory results ) Entering information into the EHR as directed by the provider Researching information requested by the provider The role of a scribe is dependent upon the provider practice and setting . It is possible for a provider to select a clinical assistant ( non - licensed clinical staff ) who has performed clinical duties and worked with the provider to perform scribe services . It is not recommended , however , to allow an individual to fill the role of scribe and clinical assistant simultaneously during the same encounter . This practice raises legal and other issues regarding job role and responsibilities . EHR security rights ( role - based access ) for a scribe and clinical assistant are different . Scribes have nearly the same security rights as a provider , while a clinical assistant enters information independently and only within the individual โ s scope of practice . Thus , the individual security rights are more limited for clinical assistants than those of the provider and must be considered in the decision making process . When a scribe is also acting as a clinical assistant during the same encounter , the scribe will log in with one set of security rights as a clinical assistant , log out , and then log back in with another set of rights to perform the scribe duties . The dual role results in the scribe logging in and out between roles multiple times during one encounter - wasting valuable time and resources . To avoid this situation , some practices limit the scribe to filling only one role during a single encounter . The role of a scribe in the practice must be clearly defined and communicated , with documented job descriptions and set policies and procedures , to optimize their use and minimize challenges . It is also important to obtain a signed agreement between the provider and the scribe delineating expectations and accountability . Scribe Legal Considerations Since medical scribes are a relatively new phenomenon in healthcare , it is difficult to find information addressing the legal issues that have surfaced as a result of using scribes . Regulatory agencies have not forbidden the use of scribes , but regulatory requirements and guidance concerning their use differ . As a result of these differing guidelines and requirements , scribes may have more responsibilities in one care setting but face greater restrictions in another . It is also important that individual state laws are thoroughly reviewed to ensure compliance and proper use of scribes by mid - level providers . For example , in some states physician assistants are not considered licensed independent practitioners and therefore may not be eligible to use scribes . A scribe โ s responsibilities are ultimately controlled by the regulatory requirements and policies established by a healthcare setting , and the level of risk an employer is willing to accept . As the use of scribes becomes more prevalent , the potential for expanded legal guidance and direction grows . Practices must monitor federal , state , and regulatory changes to ensure their practices consistently meet compliance with standards . Implement Scribe Documentation Guidelines When using scribes , documentation guidelines for the place of service ( i.e. , inpatient , outpatient ) must be followed . In addition to the normal documentation requirements of an encounter , a scribed encounter also carries separate authentication duties . It is imperative that any and all entries regarding a patient โ s health information be completed in the presence of and at the direction of the provider . It is also important that authentication of each entry be completed in a timely manner as defined by a practice โ s policies and regulatory requirements . Scribes accompany providers into the exam room and enter information in real time , using their individually assigned security rights to access the EHR . Providers should direct the scribe on the proper responses for advisories and other alerts that may appear on the screen . Third party payers may have specific guidelines for how a scribe documents and how the electronic signature must be applied . Each facility must contact their third party payers for any further requirements . In 2011 , the Joint Commission released guidelines recognizing that scribes may be used across various settings . The guidelines help to regulate the use of scribes : Verbal orders may neither be given to nor by scribes . Signing ( including name and title ) and dating of all entries into the medical record is necessary - for both electronic or manual documentation ( RC . 01 . 01 . 01 and RC . 01 . 02 . 01 ) . For those organizations that use Joint Commission accreditation for deemed status purposes , the timing of entries is also required . The role and signature of the scribe must be clearly identifiable and distinguishable from that of the physician or licensed independent practitioner and other staff . Example : โ Scribed for Dr . [ name of Orientation and training must be given specific to the organization and role ( HR . 01 . 04 . 01 , HR . 01 . 05 . 03 ) . Competency assessment and performance evaluations should be performed ( HR . 01 . 06 . 01 , HR . 01 . 07 . 01 ) . If the scribe is employed by the physician , all non - employee HR standards also apply ( HR . 01 . 02 . 05 EP 7 , HR . 01 . 07 . 01 EP 5 ) . Scribes must meet all information management , HIPAA , HITECH , confidentiality , and patient rights standards , just as other hospital personnel ( IM . 02 . 01 . 01 , IM . 02 . 01 . 03 , IM . 02 . 02 . 01 , RI . 01 . 01 . 01 ) . Common Documentation Duties for Medical Scribes Examples of information entered by a scribe may include , but are not limited to : History of the patient โ s present illness Review - of - systems ( ROS ) and physical examination Vital signs and lab values Results of imaging studies Progress notes Continued care plan and medication lists A scribed encounter note should indicate the involvement of a scribe . The scribe โ s note should include : The name of the provider providing the service The date and time the service was provided The name of the patient for whom the service was provided Authentication , including date and time Since the provider is ultimately responsible for the contents of the documentation , the provider โ s note should indicate : Affirmation of the provider โ s presence during the time the encounter was recorded Verification that the provider reviewed the information Verification of the accuracy of the information Any additional information needed Authentication , including date and time Managing Scribe Costs Incorporating scribe services requires budgetary consideration and determination of where costs will be allocated . There are generally three options for cost allocation : Provider Provider practice Shared One option - that the provider employs the scribe - assumes that providers receive the greatest benefit from scribe services and should pay for the service directly . The cost of a scribe program can be offset if there are significant measurable increases in provider revenue . For the allocation to be made as a provider cost , providers can pay a scribe a set hourly wage based on the added value the scribe offers the provider in terms of revenue , time , and increased productivity . A second option would allow the practice assuming responsibility for the cost to regulate what scribe service will be used , the hourly rate , and education and training requirements . Current transcription compensation models ( i.e. , paying per line , per minute , or a combination ) are a good tool that can be used to determine how to pay for scribe programs . 1 Governance of a scribe program at an organizational level presents other options for scribe compensation . For example , scribe reimbursement could include using the existing employee base and redefining currently existing job roles instead of layoffs or sharing scribes among specialties . The third alternative is for providers and organizations to cost - share given the mutual benefits of using scribes . In this arrangement , providers who use scribes are responsible for a certain percentage of the cost . A thorough analysis should be completed to determine how the costs of a scribe will be allocated . An accurate and comprehensive analysis includes , but may not be limited to : Time and motion studies Tools used to scribe Dictation Handwritten Data entry Turnaround time Specialties assigned Size and organization of practice Patient volume Number of lines scribed Number of records scribed Account turnaround Benefits Include Freeing Physicians from Data Entry As previously stated , scribes are responsible for capturing medical information at the point of care which allows the provider to focus on bedside manner and provide hands - on , attentive , face - to - face care that increases both patient and provider satisfaction . In today โ s healthcare environment of increased regulations , documentation incentives , and reimbursement requirements , charting and documenting takes time . Scribes can help to reduce the documentation time needed by the provider during a visit . Many providers feel the pressures of increased clerical responsibilities and learning curves with the implementation of new and upgraded systems . The use of scribes can help to increase provider morale by reducing the amount of clerical tasks and resulting stress while learning a new system . EHRs are becoming more commonplace in today โ s practice . The patient may perceive their visit negatively if the provider spends the majority of their time looking at a computer monitor instead of the patient . A scribe can enter information into the EHR without intrusion or interruption , allowing the provider to focus more on the patient diagnosis and treatment plans . Employing scribes to capture and enter health information into the EHR during a patient encounter may improve the overall quality of documentation - not only in the level of granularity , but also in the level of specificity . Improved documentation in turn can be used to support achieving โ meaningful use โ EHR Incentive Program criteria as well as improving compliance with quality monitors and billing and reimbursement . Provider efficiency and productivity can increase with the use of scribes as well . When implemented with a successful clinical workflow , providers may see more patients rather than spend valuable time documenting . The documentation completed by scribes is also often available more quickly for review . As a result , documentation by a scribe can be more detailed and more comprehensive . When the provider is verbally summarizing decisions and plans , the scribe is able to capture the details of the encounter in the provider โ s words and in real time . Cost , Workflow Challenges The implementation of any new system , program , or practice brings its own separate set of challenges that must be considered and managed carefully . The use of a medical scribe is no exception to that fact . Challenges include : A non - physician provider ( i.e. , nurse practitioner , physician assistant ) in the role of a scribe in a physician setting would only be counterproductive in most cases . The non - physician provider would be used most effectively by independently seeing other patients . Scribes in the exam room may cause patients to be less honest and forthcoming with pertinent information for accurate diagnosis and treatment , impacting the overall quality of care . Scribes will change current documentation workflows and responsibilities . These workflows will need to be redefined and responsibilities identified to streamline the process . Provider verification and authentication of scribed documentation for accuracy may slow down overall workflow . Use of scribes may help cut costs . However , if the scribe is inexperienced and does not have medical terminology and clinical workflow knowledge , this may cause documentation errors leading to greater issues ( i.e. , increased costs , decreased turnaround time , and billing and medical errors ) . Some providers may not take the time to review scribed entries for accuracy before authentication . So , the possibility for errors is present . These errors can affect patients โ plan of treatment , coordination of care , coding , billing , and other documentation requirements due to lack of detailed and accurate documentation in the health record . Scribes in the exam room may not result in the providers โ ability to generate additional revenue to offset the expense of the scribe . When a scribe is not available , providers may not be able to navigate the system independently or efficiently . Tips for Managing and Monitoring Scribes Scribe documentation must be managed and maintained with the same quality assurance and compliance expectations of other patient care documentation . It is crucial that scribe programs are included in the organization โ s overall compliance program . It should be closely monitored for accuracy and adherence to applicable guidelines through the development of policies and procedures , training , and overall management . Policies and procedures identify responsibilities and outline requirements for scribes . They also set the tone and define expectations and accountability . When creating policies and procedures for implementing a scribe program , the following considerations , at a minimum , should be taken into account ( see โ Appendix A , โ for a sample medical scribe policy ) : Documentation guidelines Authentication guidelines Regulations and guidance Minimum knowledge , experience , and education qualifications Definition of roles ( i.e. , scribe vs . provider ) Responsibilities and clear scope of practice Performance expectations ( i.e. , productivity ) Continuous training Sanctions Documentation auditing protocols Privacy and security auditing protocols Certification and / or licensure Communication is a tool necessary for meeting compliance . All staff must be educated and receive ongoing training for adherence with policies , procedures , and overall management expectations . Monitoring is also a key factor towards meeting compliance . The use of medical scribes must not only be audited for documentation quality and good privacy and security practices , but also to ensure that policy and procedures are being followed . Monitor Scribe Education and Qualification The demand for medical scribes is rising and many organizations are rightfully concerned about the appropriate skill set , competency , and training of scribes when implementing a scribe program . Though endorsed by the American Healthcare Documentation Group ( AHDG ) , the only certification program offered for scribes in the nation is issued by the American College of Clinical Information Managers ( ACCIM ) . To be eligible for certification as a clinical information manager ( CIM ) , individuals must have worked at least 100 hours as an unassisted scribe and have received training in an approved Medical terminology and technical spelling Basic anatomy Basic coding HIPAA compliance Medico - legal risk mitigation Computer aptitude , including functions of the EHR Essential elements of documenting a provider - patient encounter Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Physician Quality Reporting System ( PQRS ) The Joint Commission โ s Accountability Measures General knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of medical personnel ACCIM also offers maintenance of certification through the Medical Scribe Continuous Certification ( MSCC ) to develop and maintain the highest professional quality of medical scribes . Further , ACCIM also certifies scribe programs to set apart those that offer a higher level of professionalism and skill set from those that do not . Recommended Scribe Practices There is no right or wrong answer to the implementation and use of medical scribes . The lessons learned from the early adopters of medical scribes helps to establish best practices and guidance for the industry . Regardless of practice type or size , the decision to use a scribe is a significant one and must be carefully managed and maintained as such . Below are recommended practices for optimal outcomes when implementing a scribe program . Set Scribe Program Goals It is essential that the healthcare entity set clear and specific goals . Goals can include increasing revenue , provider productivity , patient satisfaction , timely record authentication , or an improvement in provider morale . Regardless , all goals should be clearly stated and metrically tracked . Establishing specific measurable objectives for the medical scribe program may involve an interdepartmental team that includes multiple disciplines . Define Scribe Roles and Responsibilities Scribes are responsible for capturing an accurate and detailed description of a patient encounter in the provider โ s words . Scribes are clerical in nature and do not interview or have direct contact with the patient . They do not perform clinical services , administer medication , or perform treatments and procedures . Some facilities utilize clinical staff to perform scribe functions , so it is important to clearly define and differentiate their clinical duties from their scribe duties . When defining the role and responsibilities of a scribe , it is imperative that appropriate medical record access and Communicate with Patients The healthcare entity should communicate with patients and introduce the position of medical scribe . It is important to recognize that some patients may not want an additional individual in the room while they are examined or when discussing sensitive medical information . Educate the patient on how the presence of a medical scribe provides them with more interactive time with their provider . However , the patient always has the right to refuse the presence of additional staff ( i.e. , scribes , residents ) in the exam room . If the provider realizes that the patient is uncomfortable Exam Room Setup Physician practices need to evaluate the size of the examination rooms . In some practices , these rooms are small and may not allow the presence of a third person in addition to the provider and patient . Another challenge may be placement of computer equipment . Some patients may become distracted if the scribe types on a noisy keyboard . It is important to minimize or eliminate distractions to patient care . Evaluate the Scribe Program The physician practice can monitor the success of the medical scribe program by measuring key indicators compared to the set goals . Examples of goals may include reductions in transcription costs , improvements in overall documentation , reduced turnaround time for authentication and increased patient satisfaction . Information from the John F . Kennedy Medical Center states that the use of scribes contributed to a 15 percent revenue increase and improved patient satisfaction scores . 2 Objective benefits of a scribe program can generally be analyzed through standard metrics currently in use in the facility or practice . Other metric examples include , but may not be limited to , relative value units per hour or day , number of patients seen per hour or day , percent of clinical time versus administrative time , number of incomplete medical records , arrival to discharge time , or the number of provider queries for additional information . Maintain Provider Engagement Physician practices need to ensure that providers remain connected to all patient information . When the provider no longer personally dictates or documents the services performed , he or she may miss computer prompts or not review the medical information in the same manner . The provider โ s review and authentication of the scribed documentation ensures medical procedures have been performed , ordered , and documented ; electronic record alerts have been addressed ; and patient care has been accurately recorded . Appendix A : Sample Medical Scribe Policy USE OF SCRIBES PURPOSE : The purpose of this policy is to ensure proper documentation of clinical services when the billing provider has elected to utilize the services of a medical scribe . For the purpose of this policy , a scribe is defined as an individual who is present during the provider โ s performance of a clinical service and documents ( on behalf of the provider ) everything said during the course of the service . Any individual serving as a scribe must not be attending to the patient in any clinical capacity and must not interject their own observations or impressions . POLICY : Individuals serving as scribes must sign a scribe agreement prior to scribing . Scribed documentation must clearly support the name of the scribe , the role of the individual documenting the service ( i.e. , scribe ) , and the provider of the service . The provider is ultimately responsible for all documentation and must verify that the scribed note accurately reflects the service provided . PROCEDURE : Any individual that desires to serve as a scribe must review the policy on the use of scribes and sign a policy agreement . A scribed note must accurately reflect the service provided on a specific date of service . A scribe โ s entry can be hand - written , dictated , or created / typed in an electronic health record ( EHR ) . Documentation of a scribed service must include the following elements : The name of the scribe and a legible signature The name of the provider rendering the service The date and time the service was provided The name of the patient for whom the service was provided Authentication of the scribe The provider is ultimately responsible for the contents of the documentation . The provider note should indicate : Affirmation that the provider was present during the time the encounter was recorded Verification that the information was reviewed Verification of the accuracy of the information Any additional information needed Authentication including date and time Individuals can only create a scribe note in an EHR if they have their own password / access to the EHR for the scribe role . Documents scribed in the EHR must clearly identify the scribe โ s identity and authorship of the document in both the document and the audit trail . Scribes are required to notify the provider of any alerts . Alerts must be addressed by the provider . Providers and scribes are required to document in compliance with all federal , state , and local laws , as well as with internal policy . Failure to comply with this policy may result in corrective and / or disciplinary action ( See Human Resources Disciplinary Action Policy ) . Appendix B : Sample Scribe / Provider Agreement I hereby certify that I have reviewed the Use of Scribes Policy . I understand that as a scribe I am : Required to be present during the provider โ s performance of a clinical service and document ( on behalf of the provider ) everything said during the course of the service Not seeing the patient in any clinical capacity and must not interject my own observations or impressions Scribed documentation must include the following elements : The name of the scribe and a legible signature The name of the provider rendering the service Authentication of the scribe I am aware that documenting in the EHR requires use of my own password / access to the EHR . Documenting under someone else โ s login is prohibited . Scribe Name : _______________________________________________________________________ ( Please Print ) Scribe Signature : _____________________________________________________________________ Date : ______________________________________________________________________________ I , the undersigned provider , agree that the scribe will only perform duties as described within the Medical Scribe Policy . I also agree that I am solely responsible for the accuracy , review , and authentication of all health record information captured and / or entered by the above named scribe . Provider Name : _______________________________________________________________________ ( Please Print ) Provider Signature : _____________________________________________________________________ Date : ________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Lisa L . Campbell , PhD , CCS - P , CCS Debbie Case , RHIT Janice E . Crocker , MSA , RHIA , CHP , CCS , FAHIMA MeShawn Foster , MJ , RHIT Mary Johnson , RHIT , CCS - P Christine A . Lee , MHA , RHIA , CCS , CPC Faith C . M . McNicholas , CPC , CPCD , PCS , CDC Jennifer F . Miller , MHIS , RHIA Cindy Parman , CPC , CPC - H , RCC , PCS , FCS Angela Dinh Rose , MHA , RHIA , CHPS Diana Warner , MS , RHIA , CHPS , FAHIMA Acknowledgements Sheila Bowlds , RHIA Sue Bowman , MJ , RHIA , CCS , FAHIMA Jean Clark , RHIA , CSHA Angie Comfort , RHIT , CCS Steve Cooper , RHIT , CCS Linda Darvill , RHIT Julie Dooling , RHIT Kim Turtle Dudgeon , RHIT , HIT Pro , CMT Cheryl Gregg Fahrenholz , RHIA , CCS - P Christie Ferri , RHIA Karen Fleming , RHIA , CHPS Cathy Flite , MEd , RHIA , FAHIMA William Lee Ford , MHA , RHIT , CPC , CPC - H , CHC Yvette Gauthier , MBA - HCM , RHIA Erin Head , MBA - HCM , RHIA Sandra Huyck , RHIT , CCS - P , CPC , CPCH Elisa Kogan , MS , MHA , CCS - P Kyle McElroy , MS - HSA , RHIA Christina Merle , MS , RHIA , CMA ( AAMA ) Trannie Murphy , RHIA , CCS Mona Nabers , MBA , RHIA Frances Newsted , RHIA Janice Noller , RHIA , CCS Susan Perkins , RHIT , CCS , CHC Theresa Rihanek , MHA , RHIA , CCS Harry B . Rhodes , MBA , RHIA , CHPS , CPHIMS , FAHIMA William Thieleman , RHIA , CHP Mary Weber , RHIT , CCS Lou Ann Wiedemann , MS , RHIA , FAHIMA , CPEHR Notes AHIMA . โ Transcription Toolkit . โ AHIMA Press : June 2012 . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . โ John F . Kennedy Medical Center : ED Scribes . โ Urgent Matters . 2008 . http : / / urgentmatters . org / media / uploads / EDScribes . JFK . pdf References American College of Clinical Information Managers . " CIMCAT . " ACCIM website : May 2012 . http : / / www . theaccim . org / the - clinical - information - manager - certification - and - aptitude - test - the - cimcat - purchase - page The Joint Commission . โ Standards FAQs . โ May 2011 . http : / / www . jointcommission . org / mobile / standards_information / jcfaqdetails . aspx ? StandardsFAQId = 345&StandardsFAQChapterId = 66 Karen Zupko and Associates , Inc . โ EMR Scribes : Real - Time Tech Support Boosts Physician Productivity & Reduces โ Paper Care โ Hassles . โ February 2011 . http : / / www . physiciansangels . com / download . aspx Nunn , Sandra . โ Managing Audit Trails . โ Journal of AHIMA 80 , no . 9 ( September 2009 ) : 44 - 45 . Virtual Staffing . Physicians Angels . May 2012 . http : / / www . physiciansangels . com / WPS Medicare . www . wpsmedicare . com The information contained in this practice brief reflects the consensus opinion of the professionals who developed it . It has not been validated through scientific research . Article citation AHIMA . " Using Medical Scribes in a Physician Practice " Journal of AHIMA 83 , no . 11 ( November 2012 ) : 64 - 69 [ expanded online version ] . | [
"Medical Scribes",
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http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_050656.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_050656 | Paging Dr . Watson : IBM โ s Watson Supercomputer Now Being Used in Healthcare By Howard Lee When IBM announced that they were developing a supercomputing system called โ Watson , โ many fans of literary icon Sherlock Holmes thought of the London - based detective โ s trusted friend Dr . John Watson โ and not the computer โ s actual namesake , IBM founder Thomas Watson . But the mistake is n โ t that far off after all , for like Dr . John Watson , IBM โ s Watson supercomputer is also beginning to practice medicine . Since IBM Watson rose to national fame , and proved itself by competing and winning against all time Jeopardy ! game show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter , the supercomputer has moved on to practical applications โ including being โ taught โ to understand the complexities of healthcare . Yes , โ taught , โ and not programmed , because IBM Watson uses โ cognitive computing , โ a completely different type of computing not found in your desktop PC . Cognitive computing allows users the ability to enter mass quantities of structured and unstructured data from various sources and ask the computer to give back a set of structured answers based only on the most relevant pieces of the data . While it seems like science fiction , and a future answer to the overwhelmingly vast mountains of currently untapped health data , there are pilot programs that A Computer with Cognitive Ability Since the 1940s , computing has relied on humans programming a set of instructions into a structured database and then retrieving the answers from that data located within the system . This is done using software to program a central processing unit ( CPU ) and using A to B logic systems . Called the von Neumann โ style , the system of computing was first laid out by Hungarian - American mathematician John von Neumann and over the last 70 years has been used by every computer company , including IBM , for its method of creating usable structured A new computer system was needed that combined structured data , unstructured data , natural languages , and data analysis that could learn from other systems without the need for a human programmer to create software for every scenario . This style of computing system is cognitive computing , and is the type being employed by the IBM Watson cognitive computer system . When IBM โ s computer teams thought about creating this type of system , the real task was getting the computer system to learn from structured and unstructured data , then combine that data with natural languages that humans use every day to come up with answers that make sense and are completely useable and practical . It aims to use the same data used by structured computer systems , just in more advanced ways . While this might sound like artificial intelligence , cognitive computing still relies on humans for part of the work โ it is a true human - machine interface that can create new computing functions that does not require tedious software programming for each new step . Unique to cognitive computing is the ability for supercomputers like Watson to learn from internal and external inputs , and creates the programming it needs to solve a given problem . IBM Watson does this by processing a question in a similar manner as a human does . It starts by analyzing the question Using hundreds of reasoning algorithms embedded within the system , Watson does a deep comparison of the language of the question itself as well as each of the candidate answers . Then one or more scores are produced for the algorithms based on the relevance of the answer , with respect to that algorithm โ s focus area ( i.e. , temporal , spatial , or others ) . It also scores answers based on contextual relevance . The cognitive capabilities can then be brought to the end users through any channel โ mobile device , tablet , desktop computer For Watson to Thrive , Providers Need to Connect Health IT soothsayers believe that Watson has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and the use and management of health information . But a stark reality of the present must first be overcome โ how do you get Watson to talk to different healthcare organization โ s EHRs and access data in other health IT systems when hospitals do n โ t talk to each other ? Watson will only work if healthcare professionals are willing to share data with each other for the benefit of all and not shutter information behind locked doors in the name of protecting proprietary assets Practical Uses for Watson in Healthcare The following is an example of how a cognitive computing system like IBM Watson could be used to improve healthcare processes and better analyze vast amounts of health information . A doctor gets a visit from a patient who has diabetes . The doctor determines he needs to do a blood sugar A1C test , a blood draw , an EKG , a blood pressure check , a cholesterol test , and a physical exam . While this might sound routine , the way a supercomputer like IBM Watson analyzes the results is not . First , the results of a blood sugar test with a meter are usually logged in a patient โ s diary and not as part of a database . Since it โ s on paper , it is free text data and thus considered unstructured data . The A1C is done and logged into another system to get the overall three month reading . The blood draw goes to the lab , where technicians will look for abnormalities in the blood that can affect the kidneys , liver , heart , and cholesterol levels . Blood pressure is usually done Using the typical EHR or other health IT computer system to give the doctor a real time diagnosis on this patient in order to prescribe a treatment would be very hard given that both structured and unstructured data has been collected in a variety of source systems or mediums and stored in several places . Even for the human doctor it can be difficult to determine treatment steps , since the collected information can get lost or be misread by the doctor or other healthcare staffers . One in five diagnoses are incorrect or incomplete , and nearly 1.5 million medication errors are made every year , according to a 2013 study by Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center . The amount of medical information available to providers is doubling every five years , and much of the data is unstructured , the study says . Healthcare IT is moving rapidly and developing other structured and unstructured data via EHRs and mobile devices like tablets and smartphones that include data not entered in any master database . As a result many doctors can get lost in the The current healthcare system is doomed to keep making mistakes not because there is not enough data , but because there is too much data in too many places to be useful . Most healthcare computer systems can only store and retrieve data , but not do much more beyond that . Another shortcoming of a programmed structured data system is that it ca n โ t understand natural languages or analyze disparate but related data in an unstructured form . If a computer could understand and analyze both structured and unstructured data and the relationship between the two , Enter Watson , which through its cognitive computing has the potential to look at all of these structured and unstructured health information sources and pull together analysis that likely will improve processes and treatment plans . While the IBM Watson cognitive computing system is still very new , it is not an untested system . Watson โ s Healthcare Case Studies Below are four case studies that illustrate how Watson is being used in fields like cancer research , supply chain management , and consumer empowerment to help create better outcomes in healthcare . Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center ( MSKCC ) , the world โ s oldest and largest private cancer center , is battling an insidious disease that strikes one in three women and one in two men during their lifetimes , according to data published by MSKCC in 2012 . It has become nearly impossible to find anyone who has not been affected by cancer in some way . When trying to find a computer solution to help analyze their vast amount of data , MSKCC ran into a problem . The center has thousands of cancer patients with different kinds of cancer , and as many different types of treatments . With so many treatments and so much Big Data across as many as 41 different systems , the daunting challenge of analyzing such disparate information was one the typical computer could n โ t handle . Add to that doctors and researchers creating medical white papers and journals on the research being done at MSKCC , and Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center is now using Watson โ s ability to sort through massive amounts of data , from clinical knowledge , case histories , and genomic and molecular data , that will help oncologists diagnose and treat an individual โ s cancer . But unlike traditional Big Data computer systems that simply push data around without analyzing what data is truly helpful to the oncologists , Watson actually understands both structured and unstructured data and works with a human counterpart to actually learn from both Big Data systems and simple doctors notes . Over time , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center MD Anderson Cancer Center ( MD Anderson ) is one of the top cancer centers in the US . But like MSKCC , they too have the inability to truly use the vast research from their oncology team and combine it with their clinical trial data to come up with better outcomes for cancer patients or create targeted treatment for patients . Within their healthcare EHR system is all the typical information that constitutes Big Data , along with clinical trial data and mountains of doctors โ private notes โ which make up the backbone of their research . This MD Buyline , Inc . MD Buyline Inc . has been a leading provider of healthcare clinical and technology research for over 30 years with more than 50 percent of US hospitals using their solution to track and improve financial performance across the healthcare supply chain . A problem most hospitals face is how can they fill the procurement needs of their hospital staff while staying within their budget . Hospital administrators must find a way to manage clinical evidence , research , analysis , and price data from several different database systems and competing needs from departments within the hospital , who are all MD Buyline is now working with IBM Watson to teach the supercomputer how to understand their supply chain management and decision support systems . The goal is for Watson to help deliver a transformative procurement system that will enable informative comparison of medical options . The IBM Watson solution is expected to drive optimal purchasing decisions for hospital administrators , and eventually could offer socially collaborative and educational support for all hospital and healthcare teams worldwide by leveraging a shared base of information โ given that health information exchange advances to the point of enabling this connectivity . Now that healthcare reform has become part of the landscape , reimbursement models will be shifting to an outcomes - based approach . It is more critical than ever that healthcare providers improve outcomes . MD Buyline โ s procurement advisor is working to help deliver these improved outcomes through its scalable IBM Watson cognitive computing platform . MD Buyline โ s application is intended to empower users and aid in finding unbiased clinical evidence , research , and price information . Welltok , Inc . Welltok , Inc . is a consumer - centric healthcare company that is changing the way patients and their caregivers deal with healthcare by offering programs that reward consumers for taking charge of improving their healthcare . Welltok โ s CafรฉWell , part of their Health Optimization Platform , is a web - based community that provides consumers with healthcare resources , social networking , gaming , and site personalization . The site is built to create a new supply chain , connecting health plans and health systems to consumers through an organized ecosystem of health and wellness resources . CafรฉWell โ s goal is to help healthcare managers benefit from increased consumer engagement , member retention , and improve brand affinity . Consumers are rewarded for starting a healthy lifestyle . Most consumers lead busy lives that make it hard to follow the right health decisions . Many consumers also find it difficult to get the right information to make proper personalized healthcare choices . The CafรฉWell Concierge , which is powered by IBM Watson , personalizes the healthcare experience by using IBM Watson โ s natural language and analysis abilities , as well as the ability to learn As Watson โ s Ecosystem Grows , Competitors Emerge IBM just announced the creation of the IBM Watson Ecosystem that will help major industries like travel , retail , and healthcare leverage Watson โ s cognitive computing . Those working with IBM will get open access to the platform that will allow them to build customized applications . IBM business partners will be able to develop embedded applications on the Watson Developer Cloud , and have access to the Watson platform and its associated tools and methodology . The hope is IBM โ s partners can take Watson and develop a wide array of products that leverage its supercomputing Many technology experts expect that giving developers access to the Watson Hub โ which includes cloud access , a content store , Watson hosting services , and tech support โ will drive the development of more healthcare applications . Soon it is expected that Watson will be able to work with single system EHRs or multiple disparate EHRs and securely access the vital health information contained therein for optimizing research . Such access would need to come with various privacy measures , which would take time to develop . When it comes to cognitive computing , IBM Watson is the leader at the moment . But competitors like Microsoft and Apple have also begun working on their own systems . The competition is likely to be a good thing for healthcare , helping foster innovation in all cognitive computing system products . So while it may be some time before your local hospital pages Dr . Watson for advice on your medical ailments , these projects utilizing the technology show that the use of supercomputers in healthcare has already begun . Howard Lee ( wireheadtec @ gmail . com ) is chief information officer at Wirehead Technology . Article citation Lee , Howard . " Paging Dr . Watson : IBM โ s Watson Supercomputer Now Being Used in Healthcare " Journal of AHIMA 85 , no . 5 ( May 2014 ) : 44 - 47 . | [
"IBM",
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http://library.albany.edu/infolit/prisci | University Libraries Information Literacy Primary and Secondary Sources for Science Primary and Secondary Sources for Science In the Sciences , primary sources are documents that provide full description of the original research . For example , a primary source would be a journal article where scientists describe their research on the human immune system . A secondary source would be an article commenting or analyzing the scientists ' research on the human immune system Primary Source Secondary Source DEFINITIONS Original materials that have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation by a second party . Sources that contain commentary on or a discussion about a primary source . TIMING OF PUBLICATION CYCLE Primary sources tend to come first in the publication cycle . Secondary sources tend to come second in the publication cycle . FORMATS - - depends on the kind of analysis being conducted . Conference papers , dissertations , interviews , laboratory notebooks , patents , a study reported in a journal article , a survey reported in a journal article , and technical reports . Review articles , magazine articles , and books Example : Scientists studying Genetically Modified Foods . Article in scholarly journal reporting research and methodology . Articles analyzing and commenting on the results of original research ; books doing the same Examples of Primary and Secondary Sources Primary Source Secondary Source Conference Papers Correspondence Dissertations Diaries Interviews Lab Notebooks Notes Patents Proceedings Studies or Surveys Technical Reports Theses Criticism and Interpretation Dictionaries Directories Encyclopedias Government Policy Guide to Literature Handbooks Law and Legislation Monographs Moral and Ethical Aspects Political Aspects Public Opinion Reviews Social Policy Tables Source : The Evolution of Scientific Information ( from Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science , vol . 26 ) . Back to Information Literacy Home Back to University Libraries Home | [
"primary source",
"immune system",
"human immune system"
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http://library.buffalo.edu/specialcollections/lovecanal/about/glossary.php | University Libraries > Libraries and Collections > Special Collections University Archives Collections Love Canal Collections About the Love Canal Love Canal Glossary Love Canal Glossary Individuals & Buildings Organizations Companies Waste Dump Sites Legislation Government Agencies Issues Individuals and Buildings 99th Street School The first structure built on the Love Canal site after the land was acquired by the Niagara Falls School Board in 1953 . During construction of the 99th Street School in 1954 , contractors discovered chemical seepage under the foundation . In response , the School Board approved the decision to shift the entire site . Even after the school officially opened its doors in 1955 , the chemical wastes were still apparent near the children ' s playground . The school was permanently closed in September 1978 after local residents demanded action to keep their children safe from harmful Abrams , Robert New York State Attorney General from 1978 - 1994 , Abrams was involved with the litagation against Hooker Chemical . Axelrod , David New York State Health Commissioner from 1979 - 1991 . Said in June 1980 , " None of the tests provide scientific proof that Love Canal chemicals have caused human illness . " Later in September 1988 , Axelrod made the Love Canal Emergency Declaration Area : Decision on Habitability report public saying that " government has a responsibility to exercise public health judgments on behalf of its citizens . In the specific case of Love Canal , this responsibility follows directly from the potential of adverse consequences to human health posed by the pollution of a residential community with toxic chemicals , and government ' s own decision to limit risks to public health by the evacuation and relocation of local residents . " Boniello , Ralph A . Deputy Corporation Counsel for the City of Niagara Falls from circa 1940 - 1965 . Boniello is credited as advising the Niagara Falls Board of Education against the " risk and possible liability " for accepting Hooker Chemical ' s terms for the Love Canal property back in 1953 . Brown , Michael Reporter for the Niagara Gazette who wrote a series of reports on hazardous waste problems in Niagara Falls including at Love Canal . In 1979 Brown published Laying Waste : The Poisoning of America by Toxic Chemicals on Love Canal and other toxic waste sites . Brown , Patricia A . Pat Brown served as the Executive Director of the Ecumenical Task Force of the Niagara Frontier from 1989 - 1991 . Brown volunteered at the ETF since its inception in 1979 and later joined the staff as Resource Center Manager in 1981 . ( See University Archives collection MS 65 Carter , Jimmy President of the United States from 1977 - 1981 . Declared Love Canal a national emergency in August 1978 . On December 11 , 1980 , President Carter signed the Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) into law . Commonly known as " Superfund " , this new act provided billions of dollars to clean - up environmental disaster areas . Carey , Hugh L . New York State Governor from 1974 - 1982 . Carey established the Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency ( LCARA ) on June 1980 . Cornell , Frank Last of the Executive Directors for the Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency ( LCARA ) . Cornell was instrumnetal in donating LCARA ' s papers to the University Archives . ( See University Archives collection MS 74 Cuomo , Mario New York State Governor from 1982 - 1994 Falcon Manor The military housing complex in the Town of Niagara where the first thirty - seven families were temporarily relocated in August 1978 after Love Canal was declared a national disaster site . Gibbs , Lois While president of the Love Canal Homeowners Association ( LCHA ) Gibbs confronted government officials in the fight for resident ' s rights . In 1981 she founded the Center for Health , Environment and Justice , an organization to help grassroots groups similar to the LCHA get the information they need on issues such as human rights and chemical exposure . Hale , Joann Hale was a Love Canal resident who was active in various local organizations . She was a spokesperson for the Love Canal Homeowners Association , a trustee of the Love Canal Medical Trust and a representative of the United Church of Christ on the ETF board . In 1998 , Hale became a member of the Church World Service Disaster Relief . Hoffman , Sister Margeen Executive Director of the Ecumenical Task Force of the Niagara Frontier from 1979 - 1988 MS 65 Kenny , Luella A former Love Canal resident and research scientist at Roswell Park Memorial Institute ( today the Roswell Park Cancer Institute ) , Kenny was involved with the former Citizens Clearing House for Hazardous Waste and the Love Canal Medical Fund . Lippes , Richard J . Attorney initially hired by the Love Canal Homeowners Association in 1978 to bring the class - action claim against Occidental Chemical Corporation , Occidental Petroleum , the city of Niagara Falls , Niagara County and the Niagara Falls Board of Education . LaFlace , John J . United States Representative ( Democrat , Town of Tonawanda ) from 1975 - 2002 . His district encompasses the Love Canal area . Levine , Adeline Professor of Sociology from the State University of New York at Buffalo from 1968 - circa 1990 . Levine ' s published book , Love Canal : Science , Politics , and People ( 1982 ) examined the crisis at Love Canal by following the development of local community organizations and scrutinizing the government ' s response . See University Archives collections Love , William T . Conceived a way to create hydroelectric power for a proposed " Model City " by building a canal under the Niagara River in order to by - pass Niagara Falls . The canal was never fully built and the area became known as " Love Canal " . Moynihan , Daniel P . United States Senator ( Democrat , New York ) from 1975 - 1976 O ' Laughlin , Michael C . Mayor of the City of Niagara Falls , New York from ? - 1990 and a board member of the Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency ( LCARA ) Paigen , Dr . Beverly A cancer research scientist working at Roswell Park Memorial Institute ( today the Roswell Park Cancer Institute ) in Buffalo New York during the time of the Love Canal area disaster . Dr . Paigen ' s studies in genetic susceptibility to environmental toxins were used as testimony of the health risks associated with the cancer causing chemicals at Love Canal . She also served on the Ecumenical Task Force ' s Scientific and Technical Advisory Board . Whalen , Robert D . New York State Health Commissioner from ? - 1978 . On August 2 , 1978 , Commissioner Whalen declared Love Canal a state of emergency . Organizations and Citizens Groups Center for Health , Environment and Justice ( CHEJ ) Formerly known as the Citizens Clearing House for Hazardous Waste , this national group educates the public with scientific information on hazardous and toxic chemicals . Citizens Clearing House for Hazardous Waste Founded by Lois Gibbs , the first board of directors included Adeline Levine , Beverely Paigens and Luella Kenny . Today it is known as the Center for Health , Environment and Justice ( CHEJ ) Durez Area Residents Association Formed in response to the discovery of dioxin and other hazardous chemicals in the soil and water sources surrounding Durez Corporation ' s plant in North Tonawanda , New York . Ecumenical Task Force of the Niagara Frontier Non - profit organization dedicated to the protection of human and natural resources from chemical and radiological contamination in the Western New York area and within the Great Lakes eco - system . ( See University Archives collection Gannett Foundation The Frank E . Gannett Newspaper Foundation provided an emergency grant in August 1978 for the temporary relocation of the first thirty - seven families whose health was considered to be in immediate jeopardy . Love Canal Concerned Area Residents Groups of former residents of the LaSalle Development and Garden Senior Citizen Complex which were Love Canal residential areas demolished . Love Canal Environmental Action Committee A group formed to represent the interests and concerns of the remaining residents of the Love Canal Emergency Declaration Area . Love Canal Homeowners Association ( LCHA ) High - profile citizen ' s organization established in August 1978 as a way to give a voice to the residents of Love Canal . It grew out of the Love Canal Parents Association founded by resident Lois Gibbs . Love Canal Medical Fund , Inc . ( LCMF ) Established on January 4 , 1985 in accordance with the settlement for the court case , Urban et al . v . Occidental Chemical Corporation et al . , the LCMF is charged with providing the one million dollars in benefits to the 1,328 plaintiffs who incur medical expenses related to medical problems associated with exposure to toxic chemicals emanating from Love Canal . Love Canal Renters Association A group formed to keep tenants of the LaSalle Devlopment complex apprised of Love Canal issues . Hazardous Waste Management Facilities and Chemical Companies CECOS International , Inc . A Niagara Falls based waste services company providing collection , recycling and disposal services ( today owned by Allied Waste ) CH2M Hill In 1982 the CH2M Hill company that provided chemical analysis and groundwater testing for the Love Canal area under the Superfund Program . Although the company had long since cemented its reputation in the environmental arena of water and wastewater treatment , this was their first time dealing with hazardous and toxic wastes . Durez Corporation Formerly known as Durez Plastics , this company was a division of Hooker Chemical with a plant complex and chemical waste dump located in North Tonawanda , New York . Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation Company that manufactured and supplied a vast array of organic and inorganic chemicals as well as equipment to industries throughout the world . In 1978 , Hooker Chemical ' s plant complex along the Niagara River was the largest single chemical facility in New York State . Today Hooker Chemical has been completely assumed by their parent company , Occidental Chemical Corporation ( OxyChem ) . Newco Chemical Waste Systems , Inc . Former name of CECOS International , Inc . Occidental Chemical Corporation ( OxyChem ) A wholly - owned subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum Corporation , OxyChem incorporated Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation in 1968 . Named as a responsible party of much of the litigation , OxyChem was finally fined $ 129 million in 1995 to return funds spent on the cleanup of Love Canal . SCA Services , Inc . A private industrial waste management operation at Model City near Lewiston , New York , known today as Chemical Waste Management Services . Waste Sites 102 Street Landfill Located just south of Love Canal , the 102nd Street Landfill consists of two land parcels totaling 22.1 acres . Occidental Chemical Corporation owns 15.6 acres and the remaining 6.5 acres are owned by Olin Chemical Corporation . While in use as a landfill , tons of mixed organic solvents , organic and inorganic phosphates , and related chemicals were deposited at the landfill including brine sludge , fly ash , and other hazardous chemicals . CECOS : Niagara Site Located on a 385 - acre tract in an industrial - commercial area of Niagara County . The facility contains a variety of waste operations , including an operating sanitary landfill , 10 closed landfills , a wastewater treatment facility and a container storage facility . First used for waste disposal in 1897 , CECOS began using the Niagara Site for hazardous waste treatment storage and disposal starting in 1977 . Durez Corporation : North Tonawanda Plant In 1982 Durez Corporation discovered dioxin and other hazardous chemicals in the soil and water sources surrounding the plant . Durez Corporation ' s parent company Hooker Chemical became reluctant to commit to further studies or interviews under oath regarding the matter . In May 1983 , New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed a lawsuit against Hooker Chemical charging improper waste disposal . Forest Glen The Forest Glen site is an 11 - acre former mobile home park . The mobile home park was built on land where chemical wastes had been illegally disposed . In 1980 , the Niagara County Health Department detected contamination on the site . Its owners had arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances at the site and developed the mobile home park after a thin layer of topsoil was used to cover - up the hazardous waste . While 14 parties were originally identified as responsible for dumping at Forest Glen , four are currently involved in cleaning up Hyde Park Hyde Park is a residential community located a few blocks from a former 15 - acre hazardous waste landfill of the same name . The landfill was once used by Hooker Chemical to dispose of approximately 80,000 tons of waste during the years 1953 - 1975 . The nearby Bloody Run Creek serves as the drainage basin for the landfill area and flows directly into the Niagara River . Love Canal Neighborhood near Niagara Falls , New York defined as being bound by Colvin Boulevard , 100th Street , Frontier Avenue , & 95th Street . To the north is Bergholtz Creek and the Niagara River is a quarter mile to the south . Love Canal : Emergency Declaration Area The area of the Love Canal neighborhood initially deemed unsafe for habitation . Defining the ares in rings , the Emergency Declaration Area refers to Ring 1 which was the worst area and directly on or near the original canal and Ring 2 which was not considered fit for residential use . Model City Neighborhood near Lewiston , New York used in part by the Atomic Energy Commission during WWII to dump radioactive waste . Later the entire site was purchased by SCA Services , Inc . ( today known as Chemical Waste Management Services ) , a private industrial waste management operation . Model City was also the nickname William T . Love called his proposed city to be built at his " Love Canal " . NIACHLOR Niachlor was a joint - venture formed by the DuPont Company and Olin Corporation to produce caustic soda and chlorine in October 1985 . In 1997 DuPont sold it ' s share of the join - venture to Olin . S - Area The S - Area site is an 8 - acre industrial landfill owned by Hooker Chemical . It is located adjacent to the City of Niagara Falls Drinking Water Treatment Plant ( DWTP ) . During the years 1947 - 1961 , Hooker Chemical disposed of approximately 63,000 tons of chemical processing wastes . In an 1969 inspection of the DWTP , chemicals were found in the bedrock water intake structures . Later , an 1978 sampling revealed chemical contamination . Legislation New York State State Environment Quality Review Act ( SEQR ) Legislation introduced on November 1 , 1978 to require all state and local government agencies to consider environmental impacts equally with social and economic factors during discretionary decision - making . This means these agencies must assess the environmental significance of all actions they have discretion to approve , fund or directly undertake . SEQR requires the agencies to balance the environmental impacts with social and economic factors when deciding to approve or undertake an " Action " ( definition from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ' s web site ) . Federal Clean Water Act First established in 1972 , the Clean Water Act creates laws to protect the quality of surface water . In 1977 , several key amendments were made to the act allowing the United States Environmental Protection Agency to establish the basic structure for regulating pollutants discharges into the waters of the United States . Superfund Months after declaring Love Canal a federal emergency , U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) into law . Commonly known as " Superfund " , this new act provided billions of dollars to clean - up environmental disaster areas . With assistance from Superfund , Love Canal residents were able to be relocated , buildings in the most contaminated section of Love Canal were bull - dozed , and the clean - up of the area began . Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) Established in 1976 , this Act provides for the comprehensive regulation of hazardous waste and authorizes environmental agencies to conduct any emergency cleanup of contaminated sites . Under the RCRA , EPA was able to make grants available to establish programs assuring the safe handling and disposal of hazardous wastes and requiring inventories of industrial waste disposal sites with full assessments of any potential dangers created by these sites . Government Agencies New York State Land Use Advisory Committee Established by New York State Health Commissioner , David Axelrod , in 1988 , the Land Use Advisory Committee was comprised of local citizens and community leaders to review the State ' s habitability decision and explore methods of remediation . Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency ( LCARA ) A government agency established by New York Governor , Hugh Carey on June 18 , 1980 to organize the rehabilitation effort of the properties in the Emergency Declaration Area of Love Canal . The agency was formally disbanded in 2003 . MS 74 Love Canal Task Force An interagency task force established by New York State Governor Hugh Carey to assess the health risk and coordinate plans for permanent evacuation for Love Canal residents . They were also in charge of determining the extent of chemical migration from the area and overseeing the clean - up process for the site itself . NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation NYSDOH New York State Department of Health - - conducted the initial investigation of air and soil levels in the Love Canal area after pressure from the Love Canal Homeowners Association . NYSDOT New York State Department of Transportation - - assisted FEMA with the relocation of affected Love Canal residents . New York State Subcommittee on Hazardous Waste Established to investigate illegal dumping and pollutants . Federal Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) Directly involved in property purchase and residential relocation activities . FEMA provided temporary housing for affected residents and built an emergency treatment facility to contain further migration of the chemical leachate . Love Canal Relocation Task Force Task Force appointed on June 9 , 1980 by the office of the United States President in response to FEMA ' s emergency evacuation of Love Canal residents . Its role was to address permanent relocation issues and determine what types of existing programs could be packaged for persons desiring to move out of the Love Canal area . Love Canal Technical Review Committee ( TRC ) Created in August 1983 by the United States EPA to provide interagency management of Love Canal issues and to develop a scientifically sound approach for determining the habitability of the Love Canal Emergency Declaration Area . EPA United States Environmental Protection Area United States Office of Technology Assessment One of the organizations to conduct habitability studies regarding the potential threat to human life at Love Canal . Issues Chromosome studies Initiated by the United States Department of Justice in 1980 , Dr . Dante Picciano of Biogenics Corporation ( in association with Dr . Beverly Paigen , who helped design the study ) conducted a cytotoxicity study and found that a third of Love Canal residents showed chromosomal aberrations . The EPA announced only four days after the study ' s release that 2,500 Love Canal residents would be relocated . But they denied that this was done merely because of the cytotoxicity study - - they claimed it was a result of the mounting evidence from many directions . Habitability studies According to the Superfund legislation , the EPA was directed to conduct a habitability study to asses the risks associated with inhabiting the Love Canal Emergency Declaration Area . The study also compared the level of hazardous waste contamination and assessed the potential future use of the land . Hazardous chemicals A significant number of hazardous chemicals were found to be present in the water , soil and air at Love Canal including Dioxins ( chemical found in Agent Orange and known to be one of the deadliest posions ) , Chlorobenzene ( chemical used in the production of many pesticides and which exposure to high levels can cause damage in the liver and kidneys and affect the brain ) , Chloroform , Benzene ( a chemical used in making rubber and plastics and which prolonged exposure can cause anemia and leukemia ) and Lindane ( not currently produced in the Health issues There were many studies on the correlations between Love Canal resident ' s health and the toxins found present in the surrounding water , soil and air . Many tests were conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and by Dr . Beverly Paigen looking for increase rates of miscarriages , birth defects , asthma , urinary disease , and other health issues in local residents health . | [
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http://library.flawlesslogic.com/iq.htm | Black - White IQ Differences Daniel Seligman There is no getting around certain large and troubling implications of black - white differences . The implications seem most troubling when you turn from the average differences and focus instead on the differences at the extreme - - when you contrast the two overlapping bell - shaped distribution curves and look at the proportions in each group scoring above and below certain levels . If you tell yourself that the top professional and managerial jobs in this country require an IQ of at least 115 or thereabouts , then you also have to tell yourself that only about 2.5 The data are even more depressing on the downside . An IQ in the 70 - 75 range , which many psychologists would label " borderline retarded , " implies a life that is guaranteed to be short of opportunities . Very few students in that range will absorb much of what elementary schools teach , and virtually none will graduate from high school ; few will succeed in finding and keeping good jobs . None will be admitted into the armed forces ( required by law to screen out the lowest ten percent of the distribution ) . The [ . . . ] The black - white gap is 15 points when measured on the Wechsler tests , 18 on the Stanford - Binet . Both tests are , of course , normed so as to produce an average of 100 , but the white average is a bit higher . On the Wechsler metric , whites and blacks average 102 and 87 , respectively . On both tests , the gap between the races is almost exactly 1 SD ( standard deviation ) . The gap of 1 SD has been observed since the earliest days of intelligence testing . There are also significant black - white differences in the structure of mental abilities . The test - score patterns show that the two groups are good at different things . On average , whites do better on all the subtests , but their margin of superiority varies considerably from one subtest to another . Or look at it this way : If you took a sample of black and white children , all of whom had scored around 100 on the WISC - R - - that is , the black kids in the sample were above the black average - - you would expect to find significant black - These subtest differences have one common theme , and its name is g . The tests on which the gap is greatest are those with the most g - loading - - which means , in general , those that call most heavily on reasoning and problem - solving abilities . The June 1985 issue of The Behavioral and Brain Sciences carries a long report by Arthur Jensen analyzing eleven sizable studies of black - white IQ differences . The underlying data had been collected by different researchers at different times ( but none before 1970 ) . All the studies had several things in common : All were based on large population samples , all measured a broad range of mental abilities , and all included black - white breakdowns of their various subtests . In all eleven studies , Jensen found consistently strong positive correlations between the size of the black - white gap on subtests and the extent to which the subtests called on . . . The correlation coefficient , after appropriate adjustments , appears to be well above .60 . In other words , the black - white IQ gap is in large measure a reflection of differences in reasoning and problem - solving ability . This was not exactly news in 1985 . Long before Jensen set out to quantify the " effect " in black - white differences , it was generally well known that the differences were greatest in measures of abstract reasoning , not so great in measures of verbal skill , smallest of all in memory and rote learning . Excerpted from A Question of Intelligence : The IQ Debate in America ( New York : Birch Lane , 1992 ) , 150 - 153 . Paroxysms of Denial Arthur Jensen [ . . . ] Nowadays the factual basis of The Bell Curve is scarcely debated by the experts , who regard it as mainstream knowledge . The most well - established facts : Individual differences in general cognitive ability are reliably measured by IQ tests . IQ is strongly related , probably more than any other single measurable trait , to many important educational , occupational , economic and social variables . ( Not mentioned in the book is that IQ is also correlated with a number of variables of the brain , including its size , electrical potentials , and rate of glucose metabolism during cognitive activity . ) Individual differences in adult IQ are largely genetic , with heritability of about 70 percent . Although social problems involving race are conspicuously in the news these days , too few journalists are willing or able to discuss rationally certain possible causes . The authors ' crime , apparently , is that they do exactly this , arguing with impressive evidence that the implications of IQ variance in American society ca n ' t be excluded from a realistic diagnosis of its social problems . The media ' s spectacular denial probably arises from the juxtaposition of the book ' s demonstrations ; first , that what is termed " social pathology " - - delinquency , crime , drug abuse , illegitimacy , child neglect , permanent welfare dependency - - is disproportionately concentrated ( for whites and blacks alike ) in the segment of the population with IQs below 75 ; and second , that at least one - fourth of the black population ( compared to one - twentieth of the white population ) falls below that critical IQ point in the But can any good for anyone result from sweeping the problem under the rug ? Should n ' t it be exposed to earnest , fair - minded public discussion ? Our only fear , I think , should be that such discussion might not happen . Consideration of the book ' s actual content is being displaced by the rhetoric of denial : name calling ( " neo - nazi , " " pseudo - scientific , " " racism " ) , sidetracks ( " but does IQ really measure intelligence ? " ) , non - sequiturs The remedy for this obfuscation is simply to read the book itself . Excerpted from National Review , December 5 , 1994 , 48 - 50 . | [
"Black-White IQ",
"Daniel Seligman"
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http://library.loudoun.gov/Our-Libraries/Ashburn-Library | Ashburn Brambleton Cascades Gum Spring Law Library Lovettsville Middleburg Outreach Purcellville Rust Sterling Ashburn Library Hours of Service Monday - Thursday 10 a.m. - 9 p.m . Friday - Saturday 10 a.m. - 5 p.m . Sunday 1 - 5 p.m . Address : 43316 Hay Road Ashburn , VA 20147 Directions Phone : 703 - 737 - 8100 Branch Manager : Mary Butler Upcoming Events at Ashburn Library Computers and Wi - Fi Free access to computers and Wi - Fi . Computers with Internet access and print capability are available on a first come , first served basis , for one hour at a time . Printing : 10 cents per page . Computers with Microsoft Office software ( Word , Excel , Access , and PowerPoint ) and print capability are available for two hours at a time . Computers with educational games for children ages 3 - 8 are available for 30 minutes at a time . Meeting Rooms Meeting rooms can be reserved up to sixty days in advance . Assistive listening devices and audio - visual equipment are available in each meeting room . Meeting Room A seats 25 Meeting Room B seats 50 Meeting Room C seats 75 Rooms A and Room B combined seat 75 Room B and Room C combined seat 125 Meeting rooms A , B , and C combined seat 150 Small study rooms available on a first come , first served basis Clubs and non - profit organizations can meet free of charge , but for - profit organizations are charged a fee , as listed in our Facilities Use Policy LCPL holds a Public Performance License that allows many movies to be shown in the branch . Search movies . Click here to reserve a meeting room Donations & Book Sales Donations of books ( all formats ) , CDs , and DVDs will be collected during regular library hours , May 29 - June 14 . PRE - SALE ( $ 15 admission fee ) : Friday , June 15 , 5 - 7 : 30 p.m . Saturday , June 16 , 10 a.m. - 5 p.m . Sunday , June 17 , 10 a.m. - 5 p.m . Loudoun County Public Library is a Senior Navigator location . | [
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http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/nutrition/lect1/2_1.html | Home | Outline | FAQ | Search | Feedback II . What we need to eat What is an essential nutrient ? The classical definitions : Nutrient : Substance in food that provides structural or functional components or energy to the body . Essential nutrient : Substance that must be obtained from the diet because the body can not make it in sufficient quantity to meet its needs . Are substances like dietary fiber even nutrients , much less essential ? Some of these substances are demonstrably desirable in the diet , but do not meet the classical definitions given above . Copyright ยฉ James Baggott , 1998 | [
"nutrient"
] |
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/1Atrial_Systole.html | Heart : Prior to atrial systole , blood has been flowing passively from the atrium into the ventricle through the open AV valve . During atrial systole the atrium contracts and tops off the volume in the ventricle with only a small amount of blood . Atrial contraction is complete before the ventricle begins to contract . Atrial pressure : The " a " wave occurs when the atrium contracts , increasing atrial pressure ( yellow ) . Blood arriving at the heart can not enter the atrium so it flows back up the jugular vein , causing the first discernible wave in the jugular venous pulse . Atrial pressure drops when the atria stop contracting . ECG : An impulse arising from the SA node results in depolarization and contraction of the atria ( the right atrium contracts slightly before the left atrium ) . The P wave is due to this atrial depolarization . The PR segment is electrically quiet as the depolarization proceeds to the AV node . This brief pause before contraction allows the ventricles to fill completely with blood . Heart sounds : A fourth heart sound ( S4 ) is abnormal and is associated with the end of atrial emptying after atrial contraction . It occurs with hypertrophic congestive heart failure , massive pulmonary embolism , tricuspid incompetence , or cor pulmonale . | [
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http://library.med.utah.edu/pedineurologicexam/html/18month.html | Site Index INTRODUCTION Developmental Milestones DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY Major Events & Growth NEWBORN Normal Exam Abnormal Exam 3 MONTH OLD Normal Exam 6 MONTH OLD 12 MONTH OLD 18 MONTH OLD 2ยฝ YEAR OLD QUIZ For all 6 age groups SITE CONTENTS . . . Listed by Topic OTHER SECTIONS OF INTEREST Credits Copyright Contacts & Feedback How to Use This Site Download Movies Page Movie Download Instructions Password to Unlock Zipped Movies Creative Commons License : Movie Use How to Fix Messy Fonts How to Show Closed Captions How to add QuickTime to PowerPoint Health Content Disclaimer Site Production Notes Home ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Adult Neurologic Exam Website Neurologic Cases Video Lab : Brain Dissections Online Tutorial : HyperBrain Lumbar Puncture Tutorial : The Procedure and CSF Analysis Copyright The University of Utah 2003 Updated February 2007 Updated September 2007 Updated September 2008 Updated September 2009 Updated September 2010 Updated November 2012 Updated September 2013 Updated January 2015 Updated August 2016 Updated March 2019 18 Months SECTIONS Behavior / Mental Status - Wants video Behavior / Mental Status - Understanding video Behavior / Mental Status - Points to Pictures Behavior / Mental Status - Points to Body Parts Cranial Nerves Fine Motor / Coordination - Blocks in Cup Fine Motor / Coordination - Beads in Cup Fine Motor / Coordination - Stacking Blocks Fine Motor / Coordination - Pincer Grasp and Handedness Fine Motor / Coordination - Drawing / Scribbling Motor - Tone Motor / Reflexes - Deep Tendon Reflexes / Plantar Reflex Motor - Throwing Ball Motor / Gait - Walking MOVIES CAN BE VIEWED ONLINE , OR DOWNLOADED FOR LATER VIEWING . see How to use this Site see Movie Download Instructions Behavior / Mental Status - Wants At this age , the child indicates his wants by pointing , gesturing and using vocalizations other than crying . At 18 months , he should have a vocabulary of 10 or more words and will use single words to indicate wants . Social interaction at this age is rich and increasing in complexity as seen in this child . Behavior / Mental Status - Understanding The toddler understands the use of objects and knows how things work . He โ s trying to get the pen to work . He will follow simple commands , but still needs reinforcement and at times demonstration . Behavior / Mental Status - Points to Pictures The toddler is asked to point to pictures of a cat , horse , bird and dog . These pictures are part of the Denver II assessment tool . An 18 month old should be able to point to at least 2 of the pictures . This toddler identifies 4 pictures and repeats the name of 3 . Behavior / Mental Status - Points to Body Parts When asked to point to body parts on the finger puppet , the toddler identifies eyes and mouth correctly . The naming of 2 body parts is normal for an 18 month old . Between 18 and 30 months the toddler should learn to identify 6 out of 8 body parts . Cranial Nerves Conjugate eye movements and the near reflex can be tested with an interesting object like a finger puppet . Facial movement is noted as the toddler smiles . Fine Motor / Coordination - Blocks in Cup The toddler shows good coordination as he takes blocks and puts them in the cup . He is able to control the cup as well as reaching for the blocks . Fine Motor / Coordination - Beads in Cup He is able to pick up small beads and place them in a small container with good fine motor control . By using both blocks and beads , one is testing increasing levels of difficulty of fine motor control and coordination . Fine Motor / Coordination - Stacking Blocks Even more demanding than placing blocks or beads in a container is the task of stacking blocks . The number of blocks that a child can stack is correlated with their level of motor development . A 15 month old can stack 2 blocks while an 18 month old should be able to stack at least 4 blocks . This toddler is able to stack 5 blocks . Fine Motor / Coordination - Pincer Grasp and Handedness The toddler has a good pincer grasp as he grasps the end of a tape measure and pulls on it . He uses both hands well , but now the parents identify that he is starting to use the right hand more than the left hand . Handedness develops in the 2nd year of life . Fine Motor / Coordination - Drawing / Scribbling An 18 month old child can hold a pen and imitates scribbling or can scribble spontaneously . At this age he is holding the pen between the thumb and first 3 fingers and is developing a tripod position of the hand for drawing . Motor - Tone Passive range of motion is tested for both the upper and lower extremities . Toddlers can be apprehensive about having the examiner move his arms and legs , but reassurance and distraction usually work to get an adequate exam . Motor / Reflexes - Deep Tendon Reflexes / Plantar Reflex By making the reflex hammer into a play object and adding sound effects , the child usually cooperates enough to adequately obtain deep tendon reflexes . Testing for the plantar reflex shows that the toes are definitely down going . Motor - Throwing Ball The toddler is able to throw the ball overhand and shows pleasure in playing the game of throwing and chasing after the ball . Motor / Gait - Walking The 18 month old has a much more steady and secure gait than the infant that is just learning to walk . He still has a wide - based gait but no wobbling . His arms are held in a low guard position - at the level of his waist . He squats without falling and is able to get up in the middle of the floor without pulling himself up . Notice how he gets up from the supine position . He first rolls to his stomach , then steadies himself with his hands on the floor to get | [
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http://library.nyu.edu/spaces/group-study-rooms-dibner/ | Dibner Group Study Rooms Dibner Library has many reservable group study rooms available for use by NYU students Rooms are available for reservations during library open hours Small group rooms hold a minimum of 2 people and a maximum of 5 Reserve a small group study room Large group rooms hold a minimum of 4 people and a maximum of 8 Reserve a large group room How do I reserve a room Log in with your NYU NetID Select your preferred time date and reservation length Groups of 2 or more NYU students may reserve a small room for 3 hours at a time and groups of 4 or more students may reserve a large room for 3 hours at a time You will receive an email confirming your reservation Can I use a study room without a reservation Yes but keep in mind that you may be asked to leave if a user with a reservation arrives Study Room Policies Group study rooms are a popular service To help this work well for all students please adhere to the following policies Rooms can not be reserved or held by placing personal belongings in them Materials and personal items left unattended may be removed by library staff Group rooms may not be reserved or held for a single user only Single users in a group study room with or without reservations will be asked to vacate the room for groups of 2 or more for small rooms and 4 or more for large rooms For small group study rooms we ask that least 2 students occupy the room For large group study rooms we ask that at least 4 students occupy the room Have your email confirmation handy as you may need to verify your reservation Do not eat full meals or messy foods in the study rooms If you dont comply you will be asked to leave There is a 15 minute grace period for reservations Reservations will be canceled if a group is more than 15 minutes late Features Outlets Whiteboards Technology TV monitors 1 Furniture Rolling chairs Nonrolling tables | [
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http://library.pratt.edu/about/manhattan_campus/ | Events and Exhibits Locations & Maps Brooklyn Campus Library Manhattan Campus Library Contact Staff Directory A - Z Policies Giving to the Libraries Employment Announcements Exhibits Manhattan Campus Library Contents About the Library Location Hours Staff Directory Library Tours & Instruction Conference / Study Room Computers , Copiers & Scanners Email the Librarian Give Us Feedback Links Borrow & Renew Course Reserves New Acquisitions at the Manhattan Campus Library About the Library The Pratt Manhattan Center ( PMC ) Library is located in historic Greenwich Village bordering the gallery district of Chelsea . The PMC Library supports the PMC community and the larger Pratt Community as well as visiting researchers by appointment . The library offers a growing collection of monographs , serials , and a wide range of electronic resources . The PMC Library supports the following programs : โข Information and Library Science โข Creative Arts Therapy โข Facilities / Construction Mgmt . โข Historic Preservation โข Arts & Cultural Management โข AOS / AAS Program โข Design Management โข Continuing & Professional Studies [ top ] Location The PMC Library is located at : 144 West 14th Street , Room 410 New York , NY 10011 - 7301 Service Desk : ( 212 ) 647 - 7546 See also : Locations & Maps [ top ] Hours See : Staff Directory Jean Hines Coordinator of Information Services Visiting Associate Professor Pratt Manhattan Center # 410 ( 212 ) 647 - 7547 Email : jhines @ pratt . edu See also : Contact Library Tours and Instruction A primary goal of the Pratt Institute Libraries is to promote sound research skills . Information literacy instruction is provided throughout the year by appointment and orientations are offered routinely . Please go to the Reference Room located in back of the Circulation Desk for assistance . Email reference is encouraged during other times . Library instruction sessions are available to all classes and take from 40 minutes to one hour . Arrangements can be made for weekend and evening sessions as well . Individuals and smaller groups will also be accommodated , preferably during the librarian ' s weekday schedule from 11am - 6pm . Sessions consist of an orientation to the collection , a demonstration of the catalog , online indexes , the Internet , Interlibrary Loan , the use of other libraries and the various features of the Library website . Syllabi would be appreciated so that sessions can be tailored to Please schedule an appointment . . . By phone : ( 212 ) 647 - 7547 By email : jhines @ pratt . edu Conference / Study Room The conference and study room is equipped with wired reading tables with outlets for Internet access . Users must provide their own Ethernet cable . The room serves primarily as a quiet area for students , but is also available as a conference space by appointment . Contact the Circulation Desk at ( 212 ) 647 - 7546 to schedule the space . The conference and study room is not available as a classroom . Computers , Copiers & Scanners Computers Five public access terminals with Internet access are available , but have no word processing or printing capabilities . Wired reading tables with outlets for Internet access are also available . Users must provide their own Ethernet cable . Photocopier The photocopier is located to the right of the Circulation Desk . It copies to the following sizes : 8ยฝ x 11 , 8ยฝ x 14 and 11 x 17 . For copyright restrictions , see below . Scanner A flatbed scanner is available , with 4x5 film scanning capabilities . Images can be saved on to floppy disks , burned on to CDs , or saved in the Drop Box for access in the computer lab . Instructions accompany the scanner . Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions The copyright law of the United States ( Title 17 , U.S. Code ) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material . Under certain conditions specified in the law , libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction . One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to " be used for any purpose other than private study , scholarship , or research . " If a user makes a request for , or later uses , a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of " fair use " ( as defined by U.S. copyright law ) , that user may be liable for copyright infringement . The Pratt Institute Libraries reserve the right to refuse to accept a copying order if , in its judgment , fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law . Email the Librarian We encourage you to email the librarian with your library and research - related questions . Email Jean Hines at jhines @ pratt . edu The librarian can help you : determine the best electronic or print sources for your research needs , advise you on citing your sources , provide instruction in the use of our databases and other materials , answer questions about library services , resources , policies , and more . For in - depth research help , please see Jean Hines in the Reference Office behind the Circulation Desk . Give Us Feedback Want to help : Recommend a book ? Recommend a magazine ? Comment on the website ? File a complaint ? Suggest improvements to our services ? We welcome your comments and suggestions and take seriously your complaints . Please do not hesitate to communicate with us . How to reach us : In person : Service Desk By phone : ( 212 ) 647 - 7546 By email : By fax : ( 212 ) 347 - 2499 By mail : Pratt Manhattan Center 144 West 14th Street , Room 410 New York , NY 10011 - 7301 | [
"The Pratt Manhattan Center",
"MANHATTAN"
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http://library.sd.gov/SDSL/publications/NEWS/2013/MR-LibraryofCongressBrailleTalkingBookProgramDownloadApp.aspx | About SDSL | Publications | News and Press Releases | Library of Congress Braille and Talking Book Program Releases Book Download App Media Release For Immediate Release : Friday , Nov . 22 , 2013 Contact : Mary Stadick Smith , South Dakota Department of Education , ( 605 ) 773 - 7228 , mary . stadicksmith @ state . sd . us Library of Congress Braille and Talking Book Program Releases Book Download App People who are blind , visually impaired or have a physical disability can now download audio and braille books to their iPhone , iPad or iPod Touch , if they are registered with the South Dakota State Libraryรข โฌ โข s Braille and Talking Book Program , a service of the Library of Congress . The Braille and Audio Reading Download ( BARD ) Mobile app is now available from Apple . The free app allows readers to download audio and braille books from their National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped ( NLS ) BARD accounts . In South Dakota , access to BARD is provided through the South Dakota State Library . BARD contains nearly 50,000 books , magazines and music scores in audio and braille formats , with new selections added daily . " The South Dakota State Library is excited about the opportunity BARD Mobile brings to our community , " said State Librarian Daria Bossman . " We have a number of patrons who have already acquired the app . " With BARD Mobile , patrons can play talking books and magazines on their iOS devices . Patrons can also read electronic braille books , magazines and music scores using a refreshable braille display connected to their iPhone , iPad or iPod Touch through Bluetooth . Patrons will be able to receive their reading materials faster and wonรข โฌ โข t have to be weighed down by bulky volumes or playback equipment . NLS Director Karen Keninger said , " Blind and disabled Americans are as keen as everyone else to use mobile devices . Our younger patrons are particularly eager to use the same gadgets as their peers . " NLS is also working on an app for Android devices . For more information about the Braille and Talking Book Program , please contact the State Library at 1 - 800 - 423 - 6665 or visit the programรข โฌ โข s website at library . sd . gov / BTB - 30 - | [
"BARD",
"visually impaired",
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http://library.stanford.edu/guides/beyond-dna-omics-revolution | Home Guides Beyond DNA : The Omics Revolution Beyond DNA : The Omics Revolution PWR 1JS - Spring 2015 - Instructor : Stonaker , J . A guide to resources for the PWR 1JS : Beyond DNA : The Omics Revolution . The framework for this course is omics , the study of large biological data sets . This includes fields such as genomics ( DNA data ) , metabolomics ( chemical reaction data ) , and syndromics ( health symptom data ) . These new omic technologies promise to revolutionize medicine , but they also spark a larger debate about how scientific data is used in human health and policy decisions . Articles Books and Journals Reference sources Selected websites Multimedia resources | [
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http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/ | The U.S. - Mexico War ( 1846 - 1848 ) Is the largest and most significant armed struggle between two nations in the western hemisphere . In Mexico , the war left a legacy of bitterness that can be seen to this day . In the United States , tensions between North and South soon eclipsed the clash with Mexico in the national imagination . Abraham Lincoln alluded to these tensions when he described the United States in 1858 as " a house divided . " A decade earlier , however , North America was a divided continent , the site of conflict between two republics that had forged two War Timeline Major Topics Road to War Army of Occupation Northern Campaign War in the West War at Sea War in the South Women and the War War at Home Occupation & Aftermath | [
"The University of Texas Arlington",
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/apa.php | Citing Your Sources : APA About APA Style Developed by the American Psychological Association , this style is most widely used for research papers in psychology and social sciences . Citing a source in this style consists of two parts : An in - text citation A reference list entry See How to Format In - Text Citations How to Format the Reference List , and the Examples in the left navigation for details . | [
"APA Style",
"Williams Honor System"
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http://libraryanswers.apu.edu/a.php?qid=264974 | Q . How do I cite the Bible in MLA format ? Answered By : Lindsey Sinnott Jan 07 , 2019 275638 With MLA style , you need to cite the Bible two ways : in the text of your paper , and on your Works Cited page . In Text The first time you include a quote from the Bible , you need to include the translation , chapter ( abbreviated ) , book , and verse , like this : Paul urges Christians to " not be conformed to this world , but be transformed by the renewal of your mind , that by testing you may discern what is the will of God , what is good and acceptable and perfect " ( English Standard Version , Rom . 12.2 ) . If you include quotations from the same translation later in your paper , you only need to include the book , chapter , and verse : " Do not be anxious about anything , but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God . And the peace of God , which surpasses all understanding , will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus " ( Phil . 4.6 - 7 ) . Works Cited On your works cited page , your citation should include the translation you used ; the editor ' s name , if given ; and the publication information . Examples are given below ( note that The Message is slightly different because it has an author , not an editor ) . Printed Bibles The English Standard Version Bible . New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . Print . The New Oxford Annotated Bible . Ed . Michael D . Coogan . New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Print . Peterson , Eugene H . The Message : The Bible in Contemporary Language . Colorado Springs : NavPress , 2002 . Print . Bible Gateway English Standard Version . Bible Gateway . Web . 25 Oct . 2012 . Peterson , Eugene H . The Message . Bible Gateway . Web . 25 Oct . 2012 . This a good way of learning ! ! ! Awsome by jordan on Jan 13 , 2013 . Thank you so MUCH ! ! it was a great help . . by Lily on Nov 30 , 2015 . this was very helpful , quick and straight to the point . Thank you . by monica on Oct 04 , 2016 . this was extremely helpful for my research paper , thank you . by Mari F on Nov 13 , 2016 . I thank you for your help , of great value , I did not make the error of quotation again . by Henrique on Jun 26 , 2017 . This was so helpful ! Thank you for having examples it made it easier to understand . by Jill on Jan 25 , 2018 . Add a public comment to this FAQ Entry | [
"MLA style",
"Bible",
"in the text"
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http://librarysciencelist.com/super-library-science-careers/ | 30 + Super Library & Information Science Careers May 15 , 2013 in Jobs & Careers Library Science Articles by Robert Tweet The position of a librarian is a very old one indeed . The oldest libraries in the world date back several centuries , and there are many more that existed in ancient times . Librarians have a huge responsibility on their shoulders โ they must help patrons find the right books , documents , and information they โ re looking for . They also need to be able to preserve and catalog information , handle archives , utilize modern technology and integrate it into their field , and much more . As a result , there are many different types SEE ALSO : Library & Information Science Jobs You Can Get Today The number of library science careers continues to change , grow , and evolved thanks to the rise of modern technology . Computers , social media , and other tools have all made it much easier for librarians to perform their duties and it โ s also opened up a wide range of new career paths that can be followed . Those thinking of earning a library science degree will want to consider just where they want their career to take them . SEE ALSO : Online MLS Degree Programs + 10 Options With so many different possibilities , tracking down exactly the kind of position one wants begins by figuring out what overall goals there are and how to reach them . To get started , think about the different opportunities out there . Here are some of the most exciting , super fresh library science careers one could choose to enter today . Library Services Consultant โ These professionals focus on providing their deep pool of knowledge and their skills to libraries around the country . It โ s much like a professional consultant for businesses , except that these professionals focus on helping libraries meet different issues and challenges ranging from integrating digital archiving tools into their efforts to the use of social media for promoting the library , and much more . Library Manager โ Library managers oversee the entire operative side of the library . Job titles in this area can include department manager , branch manager , director or associate director . They can be responsible for work schedules , evaluations of employees , managing budgets and training . Web Archivist โ Many major libraries have begun the process of building a solid website presence , and this process involves the archiving of all documents , records , microfilms , and more . Basically , the process involves transferring hard media into digital form and then uploading it onto the website for access by employees or possibly by the public . Integrated Library System Administrator โ This position is a management style position that requires one to oversee the overall IT systems used in a library setting . It can be very challenging and responsibilities could include thing like managing interactive features , website issues , internal server problems , and more . It โ s essentially the IT position of the library world , and highly important . Metadata Analyst โ You will lead and assist strategic efforts that are related to projecting the growth of data and also your company โ s metadata repository . Data Administrator โ Someone who is skilled in the organization of information and has experience with databases can become a data administrator . You will ensure that company databases work efficiently . Business Researcher โ People who want to start a company or small business will hire a well - organized data professional who is proficient in various types of research and data collection . School Librarian โ This is n โ t as new as some other positions out there in the librarianship field , but the fact is that school librarians today are more frequently tasked with being media managers and overseeing things like student โ s access to computers , videos , and other information resources . Librarian of Special Collections โ Many public and private libraries have special collections of historic documents that need the skills of a librarian with a great deal of expertise in archives and extensive historic materials . Technology Coordinator โ This type of employee does a great deal of research in most cases and helps clients and suppliers work with new technology . Manager of Information Services โ An information services manager is typically responsible for team management , training , research , data and resource management in either a government organization , nonprofit or private company . Document Control Specialist โ Compile and assist in the internal publication of many types of records and files for private organizations . You might work with engineering drawings , white papers , reports , and generally support project managers in gather and documenting records for various products and departments in a company . Archival Consultant โ Be in charge of managing special paper and digital libraries at both public and private libraries around the country . Web Services Librarian โ Leads the vision , design and management of a library โ s web presence to meet needs of students , faculty and staff of the school or university . Conduct analysis of the Website taxonomy and improve the user experience . Metadata Librarian โ This positions may focus on one specific field or topic , but usually involves multiple subjects . Basically , it โ s the overall management of metadata in a library setting and could involve a wide range of different responsibilities . Archives Technician โ Many libraries utilize multiple methods of archiving their documents . This position allows one to assume the position of managing the technology and systems used for archival purposes . It is challenging and frequently involves interesting situations that need to be addressed fully . Digital Librarian โ Manage the digital library of many libraries and also private companies by handling content import , metadata management , virtual reference services , publisher communication and work closely with technology and sales staff . Library Technician โ This is basically the standard librarian position that most associate with the position . But it too is considered to be a โ fresh โ position due to the large number of unique challenges and techniques applied to it today . Card cataloging is gone , and today digital technologies are used to help manage libraries . Additional responsibilities could include a wide range of things , and this position โ s responsibilities are constantly shifting and evolving with the field itself . Law Librarian โ This is a position that involves overseeing and managing libraries related to law . It may be a position that is offered by a specific legal firm , but could also be a government position . Director Of Content Acquisition โ This role basically focuses on the purchasing and accumulation of resources and then the overall sharing of those resources . In short , those in this position are responsible for receiving , locating , and obtaining books , documents , and other pieces to add to a library and then overseeing the cataloging , archiving , and availability of those items . Researcher โ A researcher with a library science degree can often work as a freelancer in a specialty field . For example , you can specialize as a researcher in Census records , Congressional records , court records , diplomatic records and more . Research Librarian โ Working in a research library setting , these professionals oversee things like medical documents and books as well as scientific papers and books . Chief Information Officer โ Companies that tend to traffic in large amounts of electronic data frequently have a chief information officer that can in some cases come from a liberal arts background , such as a library science specialty . Data Officer โ A corporate officer that specializes in utilizing information as an asset through data processing , data mining and analysis . Medical Librarian โ These professionals frequently work on the faculty of either biomedical degree or healthcare degree programs . They teach health care professionals how to evaluate and access information and to contribute their expertise on many medical topics . Clinical Informatics Librarian โ You typically will evaluate , plan and develop many types of clinical support services in the special library in which you work . You also will provide specialized information services to many different project teams . Pages โ Usually are responsible for returning books and other resources to the right spots on the shelves . They also keep books and other reference materials in the proper order . Some pages will do requests for getting materials that are in private areas of the library . Library Director โ This is generally the top leadership position in a library . You will usually oversee and prepare the budget , develop policies for employment and service , make strategic plans and fund raise . Library Administrator โ This type of library professional will typically administer the operation of a technical library for a school , department or facility . Usually is in charge of all administrative duties that are related to scheduling , planning , implementation of policy and needs assessment . Knowledge Specialist โ You can work as a knowledge specialist for many different consulting firms where you will capture and process case summaries , case examples , proposals , tools and templates and also perform meta tagging of case information . These are just some of the hottest jobs available today in the field of librarianship . Finding the right position for you to enter involves determining where specific interests lie and then deciding on how to go about reaching those goals . There are many library science programs that provide a good generalized education in the field , while many more may offer specialized areas of study for one to take advantage of . In either case , it โ s good to know that there are many different job opportunities out there for one to choose from . Related : Masters in Library Science Salary Outlook Masters in Library Science About Robert Executive Producer , Founder at LibraryScienceList . com ( LSL ) . Join us today and become a community curator . We can also be found on Twitter , Pinterest and Facebook . Learn more about me on Google+ Read 15 articles by Robert โ | [
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http://librisnotes.blogspot.com/2015/09/adrift-by-paul-griffin.html | LibrisNotes Friday , September 25 , 2015 Adrift by Paul Griffin Adrift is an intense psychological thriller about a group of five teens adrift in the Atlantic Ocean for fifteen days . Griffin ' s portrayal of their attempts to survive is both gritty and realistic and does n ' t have a happily - ever - after ending . Seventeen year old Matthew Holloway and his best friend , John Costello , had jobs at Heron Hills state park at Montauk , Long Island . Matthew ' s dream was to attend Yale studying forestry and become a ranger in Utah or Alaska while his friend wanted to be an electrician . While Matthew fixed boardwalks and lifeguard chairs , John worked as a mechanic in the park ' s maintenance shop . Matt and John grew up in Woodhull a working class suburb but attended different high schools . On Sundays , the two make extra money by purchasing soda and ice cream treats and selling them to tourists on the beach . Matt let his parents know everything is going well as they head out on the beach . Pushed out of their usual territory the two head over to Sully ' s Inn and it ' s private beach . There they meet three wealthy sunbathers , Driana Gonzaga from New York and Estefania ( Stef ) and Joao ( On Tuesday evening despite John ' s reluctance , Matt and John both attend Driana ' s party at her parents beautiful villa . During a walk on the beach Driana tells Matt that she is taking a year off after having graduated from the very expensive Blessed Heart High School and will be working at animal control . Driana loves animals and wants to be a vet . Matt finds himself attracted to her ; " She was the rarest of kids my age : comfortable in her own skin . At ease with her money but not afraid to make fun of herself for it . Being around that balance of confidence and humility lit me up . She was plain cool . She was perfect . " As John and Matt are leaving , Driana asks if anyone has seen Stef . They find her phone and jeans on the stairs leading to the beach and realize that she ' s gone wind surfing . It is night and the moon is out when they barely spot Stef , riding the wind out to sea . Against the objections of John , Jojo decides to take out a fiberglass boat to retrieve her . Dri and Jojo get into the boat but John attempts to convince Matt that this is a terrible idea . There ' s They reach Stef just as her sail goes down and see that she is being circled by a large dolphin . Just before getting into the boat , Stef attempts to hug the dolphin who bucks its tail into the Windsurfer , breaking her arm . Dri and Matt dive into the water and get her into the boat . Stef is unconscious and bleeding from the head and her arm has suffered a compound fracture below the elbow . Matt manages to revive her but the artery in her arm is bleeding out fast . He ties a tourniquet Now out of cell phone range and unable to contact parents or the coast guard , they try to use the engine to get back to shore but it is out of gas . Matt retrieves the surfboard and they lash Stef to the board to prevent her from moving when she awakens . Matt knows she will be in tremendous pain from her broken arm and she also has a concussion . Meanwhile John sets to taking apart the engine in the hopes of repairing it . He succeeds but tells them they do not have enough gas to The two remaining Brazilian teens are horrified at John ' s seemingly cold view of Stef prospects of surviving if they do not get to shore soon . John blames Stef for her stupid choice to go windsurfing at night , while Dri tries to defend her cousin whom she says has had a hard life . As Stef ' s condition continues to deteriorate , the other four teens keep a look - out with binoculars for passing ships . The next day is brilliantly sunny and hot , so hot that everyone suffers from sunburn . Dri successfully rigs up a makeshift distiller to extract drinking water from the sea water . They see a sailboat and a speed boat but are unable to make contact . Stef ' s arm continues to worsen , although she becomes lucid for a time . During the first day Dri presses Matt about the bullet scars on his left shoulder . Jojo thanks Matt for saving Stef ' s life and notes how steady John is in a crisis . It is at this point that the police begin to look into the disappearance of Matt and John because Matt ' s friend car which he borrowed , has not been returned . When the group wakes up on the second day they find that Stef has died . While Dri is dazed , Jojo is deeply upset at his girlfriend ' s death . Matt can not seem to feel anything while John appears unaffected . After collecting water from a heavy downpour and also drinking as much as they can , Matt and Dri slip into the water Having traced the car to the home of Rafael Gonzaga , police continue to look into both Matt and John . They now consider this a missing person case that includes Driana and Estefania as well as Jojo and begin searching the beach . On the boat the four remaining teens have wrapped Stef ' s body in the windsurfing sail . However , now they are plagued by flies which swarm around the body and bite the survivors . Jojo is covered in bites because he refuses to leave Stef ' s body or to place it into the By day five , John is working on creating a primitive harpoon in the hopes they can spear fish . Jojo ' s fly bites are not healing mainly because he ca n ' t stop picking at them . Jojo eventually reveals to Matt that he not only takes medication for his dermatitis but also mood stabilizers . By day seven Matt senses that a bad feeling has come into the boat . " It was n ' t exactly anger . A menace , maybe . I did n ' t think Jojo was causing it , but he was picking up on it . " John tells Matt that things will change in the boat if they do not find food soon . When Matt questions him , John tells him that the desire to survive can make a person do terrible things . " No food and the drive to survive can make a person do things he never thought he ' d be able to do , especially when he ' s losing his mind . I ' m telling you Matt , watch your back . Dri ' s too . " John is warning Matt that Jojo is becoming increasingly unstable and may become dangerous . Just how much longer the four can hold out without food and almost no water is questionable . Even worse is the possibility of dangers they may face in the coming days ; sharks , severe storms , dehydration and that one of them may become so dangerous that the unthinkable might need to be considered ? Can they hold out until help arrives ? Discussion Adrift uses the lifeboat trope in which a group of people , in this case , five teens , adrift in a boat with little hope of immediate rescue , find their situation so dire that they begin to consider killing one of them to save the others . In this novel , Jojo is becoming increasingly angry and erratic . Trapped in a boat adrift in the Atlantic Ocean , Jojo finds himself suddenly off his medications and having to cope not only with the life threatening physical conditions but also with the loss of his beloved girlfriend . As " Watch yourself , John . You ' re making me angry . " Later on as the sore on his leg is worsening , Jojo begins to lose hope . " Hope is so very draining . It ' s a bore , actually . " He becomes morbid when Matt asks him about his medications telling him that he does n ' t believe him being happy is the natural way things should be . " I think this , here , right now , the way I ' m feeling : This is the true me . And I am so very angry . I do n ' t even have the courage to kill myself . Who would build such a world ? Tell me . A world where tests like this are commonplace ? " When John suggests that they be " proactive " rather than wait for Jojo to hit one of them with the hammer , Matt argues that his wounds will eventually kill him . But John counters , " Then if he ' s dead anyway , why not put him out of his misery ? " Dri argues that Jojo is not himself and she challenges John about how he is viewing Jojo and their situation . " I know where I am , " she said . " I know exactly . And I ' m not so lost that I do n ' t know what I am too . " " And what ' s that ? " " Still human . " When Dri sticks up for Jojo , John maintains that their difficult situation now has stripped away the veneer to reveal the real people they are . " Why did those dudes shoot into my father ' s van ? He ' s built that way . At heart , that ' s who he is . Sure , he ' s everybody ' s pal when things are easy , but turn up the heat a little , and now you ' re seeing the real Jojo . " John tells Dri she does n ' t know the real Jojo , only the medicated version of him . Dri tells John that if they do murder Jojo it is something they will live with for the rest of their lives if they survive . " I ' m scared of what I become if I murder somebody , " John is correct in that the experience does reveal the strengths and weakness of each of the characters ; John is a quiet effective leader ready to do whatever is necessary to survive , Matt with his knowledge of first aid is a protector and caring person , while Dri is motivated by doing what is right no matter what the circumstances . Underlying the main story is a second story involving John , Matt and the murder of John ' s father . . Bit by bit , during the time in the boat , the horrific story is revealed . This event is the main motive for John following Matt into the boat - John believes he owes Matt for saving his life . Not unexpectedly , being adrift in the Atlantic for fifteen days changes the survivors forever . They are unable to continue their friendships because their mere presence reminds each other of what they experienced . It ' s an interesting question to consider what makes some people so resilient in the face of catastrophe while others are completely undone . While John continues with his life plan to become an electrician , both Matt and Dri find themselves deeply changed . Instead of becoming a forest ranger , Matt works as an EMT . Griffin spares his readers none of the gory details and some passages are especially graphic and therefore entirely realistic . His reason for placing the teenagers out in the ocean is entirely plausible ( fact : teenagers at a party do stupid things ) . My only question is that it is unlikely Matt , John and Dri would have been able to eat much of anything once they were rescued . Nor would they be allowed to do so . is a good read , with an appealing cover , that should definitely be followed up with something light . Book Details : Adrift by Paul Griffin New York : Scholastic Press 2015 228 pp . Posted by About me at 8 : 57 : 00 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : disasters marine Paul Griffin survival fiction No comments : Post a Comment Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers About me I ' m a librarian who loves to read young adult novels especially novels in verse , realistic fiction and historical fiction . I also enjoy narrative nonfiction . In movies I prefer British classics and love watching documentaries . I ' m a big fan of science fiction especially classic sci - fi authors such as John Wyndham , Ray Bradbury and H.G. Well , Aldous Huxley , Jules Verne and George Orwell . In my spare time I can found knitting , taking a spin around the ice rink in my figure skates or researching my family background . In my not so spare time I love designing new programs for our library ! ! Feel free to let me know what you think of the books I review here . View my complete profile Recent Posts Recent Posts Thumbnails Blogger Widget Search for Posts Search Quotables " Be kind , for everyone is fighting a hard battle . " Auggie Pullman in Wonder โ It does n โ t happen all at once , โ he said . โ You become . It takes a long time . That โ s why it does n โ t often happen to people who break easily , or have sharp edges , or who have to be carefully kept . Generally , by the time you are Real , most of your hair has been loved off , and your eyes drop out and you get loose in the joints and very shabby . But these things do n โ t matter at all , ugly , except to people who do n โ t understand . โ The Velveteen Rabbit by Margery Williams " I never look back darling . It distracts from the now . " Edna Mode , Incredibles I once read in my physics book that the universe begs to be observed , that energy travels and transfers when people pay attention . Maybe that ' s what love really boils down to - - having someone who cares enough to pay attention so that you ' re encouraged to travel and transfer , to make your potential energy spark into kinetic energy . Maybe all anyone ever needs is for someone to notice them , to observe them . " - Aysel Seran in My Heart and Other Black Holes โ You have been my friend , " replied Charlotte . " That in itself is a tremendous thing . . .after all , what ' s a life anyway ? We ' re born , we live a little while , we die . . .By helping you , perhaps I was trying to lift up my life a trifle . Heaven knows anyone ' s life can stand a little of that . โ โ E.B. White , Charlotte ' s Web โ I wish it need not have happened in my time , โ said Frodo . โ So do I , โ said Gandalf , โ and so do all who live to see such times . But that is not for them to decide . All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us . โ J.R. Tolkien " Every great dream begins with a dreamer . Always remember , you have within you the strength , the patience , and the passion to reach for the stars to change the world . Harriet Tubman A wonderful fact to reflect upon , that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other . Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities , Chapter III The Night Shadows " A dead thing goes with the stream ; only a living thing can go against it . " G.K. Chesterton โ The heart has reasons that reason can not know . โ Blaise Pascal William Roper : So , now you give the Devil the benefit of law ! Sir Thomas More : Yes ! What would you do ? Cut a great road through the law to get after the Devil ? William Roper : Yes , I โ d cut down every law in England to do that ! Sir Thomas More : Oh ? And when the last law was down , and the Devil turned โ round on you , where would you hide , Roper , the laws all being flat ? This country is planted thick with laws , from coast to coast , Man โ s laws , not God โ s ! And if you cut them down , and you โ re just the man to do it , do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then ? Yes , I โ d give the From Robert Bolt s A Man For All Seasons . My mind was a messy attic , with snippets of my interviews and different rumors jumbling in my head . Tree Taylor from The Secrets of Tree Taylor by Dandi Daley Mackall . Blogs I Follow Andy ' s Film Blog Antarctic Journal Awful Library Books Bloody Bookaholic Canadian Literature for Little Canadians Catholic Fiction Crackin ' Spines Curled Up With A Good Book and a Cup of Tea Dewey Divas and The Dudes Faith Filled Reading Interviews and Reviews Kiss The Book Ms YingLing Reads Teaching with Picture Books The Catholic Post Book Group The Catholic Young Woman The Little Professor YA Sleuth the modern Mrs . Darcy Favourite Websites Ariadne Web Magazine Hilary Levey Friedman Kate Hart My Metropolitan Art Painter Carl Bloch website ProvoLibrary - Ancient Historical Fiction ProvoLibrary - 15th to 19th Century Historical Fiction ProvoLibrary - 20th Century Historical Fiction Quotations Page Secret World of a Jane Austen Fan Teaching Tips for Faculty / Librarians There ' s A Book For That Tips for Classical Musicians Webology Widget Box YPulse Popular Posts Restart by Gordon Korman Chase Ambrose , star of the football team was the most feared kid at Hiawasse Middle School . Chase along with his buddies Aaron Haikiman and . . . Projekt 1065 by Alan Gratz Alan Gratz ' s novel centers around Projekt 1065 which had begun prior to World War II . Projekt 1065 was a real program undertaken by Germ . . . The Boy At The Top Of The Mountain by John Boyne The Boy at the Top of the Mountain is a heart - rending story of lost innocence in the face of terrible evil . It is the story of one boy . . . Grenade by Alan Gratz Thirteen - year - old Hideki Kaneshiro lives on the island of Okinawa with his mother , his father Oto , his older sister Kimiko and his younger b . . . The Poet X by Elizabeth Acevedo " . . .I dress my thoughts in the clothing of a poem . " The Poet X is about a young girl ' s struggle with faith and identity and . . . Long Way Down by Jason Reynolds Long Way Down by prolific and award winning author / poet Jason Reynolds tackles the troubling issue of gun violence . In this novel - in - verse , . . . The Librarian of Auschwitz by Antonio Iturbe The Librarian of Auschwitz is a fictionalized account of the experiences of Dita Kraus ( nee Polachova ) who was sent to Auschwitz - Birchenau . . . The Girl In the Blue Coat by Monica Hesse " This is all completely insane and every new piece of information only compounds the insanity . I ' m trying to find a girl who vanis . . . The Rule of Three by Eric Walters Sixteen year old Adam Daley ' s life changes suddenly one afternoon when everything electronic crashes at his high school . Like everyone e . . . Salt To The Sea by Ruta Sepetys Ruta Sepetys tells the story of the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff in 1945 through the voices of four young people , haunted by the terror o . . . Blog Archive โบ 2019 ( 13 ) โบ 2018 ( 84 ) 2017 ( 92 ) 2016 ( 75 ) โผ 2015 ( 97 ) December ( 9 ) November ( 4 ) October ( 8 ) September ( 8 ) August ( 9 ) July ( 11 ) June ( 10 ) May April ( 6 ) March February ( 7 ) January 2014 ( 148 ) 2013 ( 143 ) 2012 ( 151 ) 2011 ( 134 ) 2010 ( 63 ) 2009 ( 22 ) 2008 ( 16 ) 2007 ( 16 ) Total Pageviews Subscribe To Posts Comments | [
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http://licensecenter.ny.gov/sporting-and-recreational-licenses | Services Licenses Featured Business New York Business Express NY is open for business . Everything you need to know to start and grow your business is right here . SAVE TO MY SERVICES Get Get a New York State Hunting License Buy your hunting license online now to enjoy New York โ s great outdoor hunting opportunities . Overview Benefits How To SAVE TO MY SERVICES Get Get Your First Driver License Want to drive in New York State ? Here โ s what you need to do . Overview Eligibility Guidance All Licenses 1,246 Licenses Services Apply Apply for a Firearms License A firearms license is a state license however it is issued under the authority of county licensing officers . Eligibility Apply Apply Apply for a Professional License Search the professional licenses offered in New York State and apply . How To Recreation Get a Freshwater Fishing License Buy your fishing license online now to enjoy New York โ s great freshwater fishing opportunities . Guidance Recreation Get a New York State Adventure License Turn your NYS driver license into an โ adventure license โ by adding your lifetime sporting and recreation privileges . Fees Get Your First Driver License Want to drive in New York State ? Here โ s what you need to do . Guidance Get Your Out - of - State License Exchanged Have you recently moved to New York State ? You must get a NYS driver license within 30 days of becoming a resident . Eligibility Fees Pay Pay a Parking Ticket in New York City New York City Residents : Learn all the ways you can pay or fight a ticket while avoiding penalties . Guidance Register Register and Title a Vehicle in New York State All vehicles in New York must be registered to be on the road . Government Register to Vote Register to vote or update your voter information online . Register Confidentiality for Victims of Domestic Violence Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 125 Next | [
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http://life.gaiam.com/article/how-does-sunlight-impact-your-mood | Discover Bringing Your Mobility Back : Why Functional Movement is Important Curious about the benefits of functional mobility ? Gaiambassador Clarissa Thompson breaks it down here . Learn More Yoga for Busy Moms ! 5 Poses You Can Do Anytime , Anywhere New mother and model Melinda Parrish shares 5 go - to yoga poses busy moms can do on the fly . Learn More 3 Natural Remedies for Muscle Recovery Sore muscles got you down ? These 3 natural remedies can help . How Yoga Empowers us as Women Four Gaiambassadors share their thoughts on the topic of yoga and female empowerment for International Women ' s Day . Are Dogs Good for Heart Health ? 6 Reasons Science Says Yes Dogs not only bring us joy and fulfillment , but they have a surprising effect on our health and well - being as well . Zen Out Your Space : 5 Ways To Implement Mindfulness In Your Home Helpful interior design tips to help bring a sense of Zen to your home . New Year New You - Yoga for Healthy Weight Management with Yoga Studio App One new mom ' s journey of tapping back into a fitness routine post pregnancy . 7 Ways to Stay Grounded this Holiday Season From family functions to travel , the holidays can be hectic . Here are 7 ways to stay grounded and grateful . How to Get Better Sleep : 3 Questions You Need to Ask With sleep heavily affecting our mental health , here are 3 ways you can improve your quality of sleep . Behind the Scenes : Holiday Photoshoot at Historic Chief Hosa Lodge A peek behind the lens of our 2018 Holiday photoshoot at this beautiful and historic Colorado landmark ! 5 Ways Yoga can Support Your Fertility Trying to get pregnant ? Fertility Coach Kate Potvin shares 5 ways yoga can help . 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Here are 10 ways in can bring balance into your life . 9 Ways to get a Better Night ' s Sleep Try incorporating these 9 healthy habits into your routine for a better night ' s sleep . 5 Superfoods for a Rich Pregnancy Diet Try incorporating this 5 superfoods into your pregnancy diet to experience optimum health for your and your future little one ! Keeping Your Zen - A Guide to Yoga Insurance Navigating the world of yoga insurance for new teachers can be tricky . We ' re here to help . The 3 C ' s of Teaching a Private Yoga Lesson Curious the best way to prepare for teaching a private yoga class ? Check out Amanda Huggin ' s 3 non - negotiable tips ! The Meaning Behind Malas Your guide to the significance of malas and the meaning behind their beads . Do you need a Spring Clean ? The time of year is upon us to un - clutter our minds and living spaces . Find out where to start here . 5 Ways to Love your Body Post - Baby Tips for enjoying your postpartum journey . 5 Benefits of Doga for You and Your Dog Have you ever considered doing yoga with your dog ? There โ s even a name for it โ Doga , and it turns out there are good reasons for pet owners to try it . What is Well - Being ? The phrase " well - being " is thrown around a lot these days , but what does it really mean ? Meditation and Yoga Teacher Jillian Pransky breaks it down . The Best Yoga Gear for Yoga Instructors Recently certified to teach yoga ? We ' ve teamed up with beYogi to share the best gear for new instructors . Saying Goodbye to the Inner Critic An excerpt from the newly published book , " Yoga Rising " by Yoga and Body Image Coalition founder Melanie Klein . Your New Years Morning Routine with Melissa Wood Health Influencer Melissa Wood Tepperberg shares her grounding morning routines to get you prepared to tackle the New Year ! Jessica Biel ' s Top Holiday Picks Our ambassador Jessica Biel shares her favorite holiday gift ideas for those wanting to give the gift of health and wellness ! Gaiam Influencer Holiday Gift Guide Need holiday gift inspiration ? Our Gaiam Influencers who are leaders in the health , yoga , wellness and nutrition communities share their favorite products and gift ideas ! Embodied Self - Care for the Military and Veteran Caregiver Veteran wife and yoga teacher Pamela Stokes Eggleston talks about the importance of self - care for military and veteran caregivers . 1 2 3 13 Next ยป | [
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http://lifeafter.org/moroni-who-was-he/ | Moroni , Who was he ? Posted by LifeAfter | 1 Comment Categories : Moroni 29 March MORONI โ AN ANGEL OF LIGHT My prayer for the ministry of Life After has been that we would be in God โ s will at all times for all things . Whenever I think about the doctrines of Mormonism in light of what God has given and shown to me , my heart is sickened . Therefore our purpose at Life After Ministries is to always tell the truth while informing the public and offering the ultimate solution ; that being the way to the real Heavenly Father . I will be asking a series of questions throughout this investigation and they will be listed This is what the LDS Church said in the Doctrines of Salvation 1 : 188 ; โ Mormonism , as it is called , must stand or fall on the story of Joseph Smith . He was either a prophet of God , divinely called , properly appointed and commissioned , or he was one of the biggest frauds this world has ever seen . There is no middle ground . With this in mind here is the undiluted truth about Moroni , an angel of light , who visited Smith one night while he was trying to sleep . You can find this story listed in History of the Church , beginning in volume 1 : 9 and Joseph Smith โ s testimony 2 : 29 - 47 . Moroni told Smith that both โ good and evil would be spoken โ of him as he endeavored in his new work โ for the Lord โ . He also told Smith where he could find the gold plates buried and The importance of this story is significant for a few reasons and the only way we can determine if it is truth ; we must look and investigate first . Who is Moroni , where did he come from and what message does he have for us today ? As stated , Smith said that Moroni visited him a number of times in one evening . Moroni actually visited Smith four times within the space of half a day , but I am looking at the first three visits because of the impact of what was said by Smith . He related that he had asked God for forgiveness for his โ follies โ , ( History of the Church , pgs . 10 - 11 ) . While calling upon God he fully expected to receive a manifestation of his inquiries to the Lord when a bright light In this first visit Moroni told him the location of the plates , quoted some scripture from Isaiah , Acts , and Joel in addition to giving the explanation of other scriptures that Smith was n โ t allowed to speak about . Moroni told him the fullness of the Gentiles was about to โ be fulfilled โ and told him about the Urim and Thummim which Smith would use for interpreting the gold plates . The catch to this first visit that night was that Smith could n โ t tell anyone . Thus , the first of many The second visit of Moroni came as Smith โ lay musing โ about the events of his experience and was to remind Smith he should n โ t tell anyone about the plates or Urim and Thummim except those who Smith was commanded to tell ; the punishment for this grievous act would be destruction of Smith himself . He said Moroni told him about the great famines , pestilence and grievous judgments which would come upon the earth โ in this generation โ . After saying these things , Moroni left the room for the second time . Smith tells the readers that he was n โ t tired any longer and lay in amazement at the experience he just had when Moroni appeared to him yet again . The โ heavenly messenger โ repeated what he had said before , but this time he added a caution as well . He warned Smith that Satan would try to tempt him with the gold plates to get rich . Smith โ s family was apparently quite poor at this time and Moroni โ forbade โ him , saying the purpose of the plates was for the glory of Smith says after his third visit , โ he again ascended into heaven as before , and I was again left to ponder on the strangeness of what I had just experienced ; when almost immediately after the heavenly messenger had ascended from me the third time , the cock crowed , and I found that day was approaching , so that our interviews must have occupied the whole of that night . โ ( Emphasis mine ) So we see from this account that Smith was visited by Moroni , an angel of light . But where did Moroni come from ? Smith says he was from heaven , but is this truth ? What message did Moroni bring with him to deliver to Smith ? Was it for good ? Did it back what the Lord had already proclaimed in scripture , or was it laden with โ another gospel โ ? Why is the account of Moroni โ s visit to Smith eerily similar to the time when Peter denied Jesus as we read in Luke 22 : 31 - 34 ? This passage is about Jesus telling Peter that he would deny Christ three times before the cock crowed and indeed that did happen . So if Smith had been studious in the scripture as he claimed while growing up , why did n โ t he notice the similarities between Peter and Moroni ? Galatians 1 : 6 - 9 says ; โ I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel : Which is not another ; but there be some that trouble you , and would pervert the gospel of Christ . But though we , or an angel from heaven , preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you , let him be accursed . As we said before , so say I now again , If any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received , let . โ There is ample evidence of who the LDS Church believes Moroni was when he appeared to Smith . They claim Moroni was a captain in the army at the time of the Nephites who had been resurrected into an angel of light that appeared to Smith in 1823 . Moroni supposedly lived around from the late fourth to early fifth century ; he was the last prophet who led troops of his people ( the Nephites ) into the last battle of their time . He authored the last book written in the Book of Mormon and incidentally was the The Encyclopedia of Mormonism ( pg . 953 , 956 ) describes how Moroni visited Smith more than twenty times in a seven year period and during this time he tutored Smith in the โ acquisition , translation and guardianship of the Book of Mormon plates โ . Bruce McConkie said in Mormon Doctrine , pg . 514 that Moroni was the โ partial fulfillment of John โ s vision of another angel flying in the midst of heaven to commit the everlasting gospel to man . ( Rev . 14 : 6 - 7 ; D . & C . 133 : 36 - 40 . ) In the Bible we can answer the questions we have about resurrected beings and angels of light . Since we โ ve already addressed the issue of angels delivering gospels in the book of Galatians , let โ s look at some other examples God has given to us for clarification . 1 Samuel 28 : 8 - 14 is the account of a meeting that took place between the witch Endor and King Saul . It says ; โ And Saul disguised himself , and put on other raiment , and he went , and two men with him , and they came to the woman by night : and he said , I pray thee , divine unto me by the familiar spirit , and bring me him up , whom I shall name unto thee . And the woman said unto him , Behold , thou knowest what Saul hath done , how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits , and the wizards , out of the land : wherefore then layest thou a We see here the spirit that was brought up was not Samuel , a resurrected being , but it was a familiar spirit , or as scripture says , โ gods โ . In the Hebrew this word is elohim and it refers to pagan gods . It is # 430 in Strong โ s Concordance . In no way was this Samuel as King Saul had hoped it would be . In Luke 16 : 19 - 31 we find the story of Jesus explaining to the Pharisees that once you โ re dead it โ s too late to send messengers to your loved ones about doing the right thing to be saved . This satisfactorily confirms who came up out of the fires of the witch Endor . In the New Testament we read of Paul โ s warning to the Corinthian church to beware of apostles transforming themselves into ministers of Christ and proclaiming they have a different Jesus and gospel , 2 Cor . 11 : 4 . Ten verses later he said in 2 Cor . 11 : 14 ; โ And no marvel ; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light . In the Book of Mormon the LDS Church warns their people of impending doom with the same message from 2 Nephi 9 : 8 - 9 ; โ โฆ if the flesh should rise no more our spirits must become subject to that angel who fell from before the presence of the Eternal God , and became the devil , to rise no more . And our spirits must have become like unto him , and we become devils , angels to a devil , to be shut out from the presence of our God , and to remain with the father of lies , in misery , like unto himself ; yea , to that being who beguiled our first parents , who transformeth himself nigh unto an In the introductory page of my D&C , ( published in 1976 ) , it says in the third paragraph that Moroni is an angel of light . Paul warned us in 2 nd Corinthians about an angel of light being Satan ; remember the LDS Church even said that he is transformed into an angel of light . Joseph said that a cock crowed after Moroni , an angel of light , delivered the news about a different gospel which was hidden in the hills . So the question ( s ) becomes this ; we have several warnings from the Bible not to trust the messenger who does any of the following or claims to be any of the following : - Brings another gospel - Is an angel of light - Talks to dead people Yet we see how the Church has positioned this angel of light into a glorified position by setting him atop of their temples ; writing in great detail the accounts of his visits to Joseph Smith ; and giving him the type of attention he does n โ t deserve . The next question begs to be asked : Who delivered the false gospel of a โ restoration โ to Joseph Smith ? Was it really an angel of God with the truth or was it something more sinister ? Who is Moroni ? Where did he come from ? What message did he bring ? Why would Smith โ s name be known for both good and evil ? Why was the present generation facing a curse that would witness great desolation and did it take place ? What purpose does it serve for God to have Joseph โ s name be known as evil ? Did Moroni โ s message validate God โ s word which is eternal ? ( Isaiah 40 : 8 ) . Why did Moroni give Joseph a new gospel hidden in the hills ? Compare this with what Paul says in 2 Cor . 4 : 3 ; โ But if our gospel be hid , it is hid to them that are lost . โ We pray the Mormon people can see the message of Moroni for what it is โ a lie . If you would like to know how to accept the real Jesus of the Bible it โ s very simple . Sit down in a quiet place with just you and God . Admit you โ re a sinner in need of His help and invite Him into your heart . Tell Him you โ re sorry for believing the lies that Joseph Smith taught and ask Him for His forgiveness . We guarantee He will forgive you and then give Like this : Loading . . . About LifeAfter View all posts by LifeAfter โ โ Tip of the Day , March 28 Tip of the Day , March 29 โ Trackbacks / Pingbacks False Prophecies of the Mormon Church ยซ Life After Ministry April 18 , 2011 [ โฆ ] http : / / lifeafterministry . wordpress . com / 2011 / 03 / 29 / moroni - who - was - he / for more info on [ โฆ ] This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed | [
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http://lifebefore30.com/i-went-60-days-without-alcohol-and-this-is-what-i-learned/ | I Went 60 Days Without Alcohol and This Is What I Learned Posted on July 6th 2015 So its officially been two months since Ive had a drink Before you applaud me for my outrageous selfcontrol I will voluntarily point out that I have been living in Qatar for four months a nation with one of the strictest alcohol policies on Earth Not to mention its currently the Muslim holy month of Ramadan so for at least 30 days it is impossible to even purchase alcohol anywhere in the country Lets just say I turned lemons into lemonade because living with a limited accessibility to alcohol and an extreme price tag when it is available think 20 for a glass of wine at a hotel bar has been one of the most cleansing experiences of my life Objectively Im NOT a huge party girl but Im still an average twentysomething who likes to socialize and inherently much of that scene everywhere Ive lived from New York City to Addis Ababa revolves around drinking Although I will probably go back to drinking moderately after this extended experiment going without it for more than 60 days has put a serious damper on my desire to drink especially in the quantities and at the frequency I used to It has also allowed me to take a good look at some of the social political economic and health factors that influence our appetite for boozeinduced nights out and the morethancasual link between alcohol and socializing And in the end I couldnt be more grateful for my decision to try going without a substance a drug effectively that I like a huge percentage of millennials have never abstained from for more than a couple weeks in almost eight years The alcohol industry When I first decided to go dry I wanted to be purposeful and knowledgeable about why I was doing it I did a lot of reading about the effects of alcohol which coincidentally also led me to understand a lot more about its role as a heavyweight in business politics and society Ive discovered that weve all heard of the military industrial complex but not much about the alcohol industrial complex As an economic contributor the US alcoholic beverage industry is responsible for the annual generation of over 400 billion 2010 and provides approximately 39 million jobs for workers across the country Not only that but the US liquor industry spent more than 2 billion on marketing in 2013 an expenditure that has been extremely effective in normalizing behavior surrounding frequent and intense alcohol consumption in the American and global population Its an industry that has strategically chosen to focus so much on the consumer that we never even stop to think about who produces and promotes it In reality it is one of the most heavily marketed products in more premature deaths and illnesses than all other illicit drugs combined Next time you see advertisements for alcohol look carefully Weve been taught to associate alcohol with pleasant things nights out with friends good food good times bonding community sports celebrities laughter popularity sex and music All things that dont necessarily need alcohol associated with them but the industry has done an outstanding job of managing its image so as to piggyback off of all the things we naturally love most as humans And think about it Did you genuinely like the taste of alcohol the first time you tried it Do you still pinch your nose when your friends want to do tequila shots What about the hangovers which is actually a product of acetaldehyde poisoning when the alcohol is metabolized by the liver How much money do you spend on just going out and drinking each week How many times have you plunked down 10 for a cocktail and thought Id rather have a huge plate of tacos with extra guacamole right now or a handful of groceries or a ticket to the movies with a friend Well I did just about every time I bought a beer in New York City or that 20 wine in Doha and it was time I finally decided for myself if drinking was such a good idea after all Would it be something I would choose for myself if it werent for all the advertisinginduced social normalization of this substance and its associated lifestyle Maybe not Its effects and giving it up Thats when I started looking into the facts What does alcohol when drunk above moderation do to our bodies in the short and long term According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans drinking in moderation is up to 1 drink per day for women and up to 2 drinks per day for men The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA which conducts the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH defines binge drinking as drinking 5 or more alcoholic drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days Well I dont know about you but Ive been doing that approximately every month for about 8 years That math alone led me to the conclusion that I should probably spend some time without this substance that Ive introduced into my body without a second thought and started doing so like most of us during the most important years of my intellectual development college Contrary to some popular belief alcohol doesnt actually kill brain cells but I learned that when consumed in those SAMHSA binge levels it does two harmful things damages dendrites the parts of the neuron that allow brain cells to communicate with one another and impedes the growth of new brain cells Although studies show that once alcohol consumption has been tampered or stopped altogether new cells go through a recuperation phase and the dendrites are able to repair themselves and improve neural pathways through the brain The irony of washing my brain in a harmful chemical substance during the same period of time when Im supposed to be nourishing my inner intellectual world struck me as pretty upsetting All those extra functioning dendrites and new cells might have allowed me to retain more or better information during my college experience Alcohol also contributes to over 200 diseases and health conditions such as alcohol dependence liver cirrhosis cancers and injuries Globally alcohol misuse is the fifth leading risk factor for premature death and disability and among people between the ages of 15 and 49 the first Heres a snapshot of some of the health risks which Im not sharing to startle you or change your mind about your alcohol consumption Im sharing them because they affected my opinion about drinking and are highly relevant to my decision to give it up for a period of time Brain Alcohol affects mood behavior and interferes with how the brain looks and operates as mentioned above Heart While research shows that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol may protect healthy adults from developing coronary heart disease but upon closer inspection its not advisable to drink for these reasons because any benefits are outweighed by negative effects or achievable through other lifestyle changes heavy use in the longterm can cause high blood pressure stroke irregular heart beat and cardiomyopathy Liver Heavy drinking abuses the liver one of the most important organs in our body causing a variety of problems and inflammations Pancreas Alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances that can eventually lead to pancreatitis a dangerous inflammation and swelling of the blood vessels in the pancreas that prevents proper digestion Cancer Drinking too much alcohol can increase your risk of developing certain cancers including cancers of the mouth esophagus throat liver and breast Immune System Drinking too much can weaken your immune system making your body a much easier target for disease Even drinking a lot on a single occasion inhibits your bodys ability to ward off infections for up to 24 hours after Alcohol use has also been linked to diabetes Encouragingly many of the effects of heavy alcohol consumption are actually shown to be reversible In a 2014 University College of London study 10 journalists abstaining from alcohol for 5 weeks saw a 10 per cent improvement in the quality of sleep and an 18 per cent improvement in their ability to concentrate at work Liver fat fell by an average of 15 per cent in the detox group Blood glucose also fell by an average of 23 per cent and total blood cholesterol levels were reduced by an average of 6 per cent A study by Sussex University also shows that 72 of participants who stopped drinking for one month sustained reduced levels of Altogether once I looked at some of these facts about what binge drinking does in the longterm and the kind of mental and physical benefits that could be reaped from a period of abstinence I decided it was time for a long potentially permanent break How I feel After two months without alcohol I feel great Im noticeably more articulate better able to focus and my memory has gotten remarkably sharper Literally things I couldnt remember a few weeks ago now come back to me immediately and childhood memories I hadnt recalled in a decade are back at my fingertips Not to mention that any inch of excess fat has melted off my body remember all the empty calories in alcohol It also made me more mindful over everything I put in my body which created a positive feedback loop for my mental and physical health Ive also had so much more time Naturally a byproduct of not drinking in a social environment where thats all there is to do drastically reduced my desire to go out as much Not going out or going out less and not staying out as late has left me with evenings to socialize more effectively actually remembering conversations the people I meet and not looking like a hot mess after one too many gin and tonics and mornings where I consistently feel fresh Ive normalized my sleep pattern almost always waking and going to sleep at the same time so Some people like to ask Did I feel awkward when I did go out Did friends go away Of course some people stopped calling when I didnt want to go barhopping every night or when happy hour wasnt on my menu of activities but all I can say is good riddance And of course it was annoying as hell to realize that drinking has become so normal that not drinking was somehow cause for alarm and questioning All in all I dont think I can go much longer without a glass of pinot noir with dinner or having at least one gin and tonic on a night out But I can say for certain that I will never go back to drinking at the same level of intensity and frequency as I did before I also know that without doing this 60 day experiment I never would have been able to moderate my drinking to this same degree and come away with as clear of a picture of why my relationship to alcohol needed to change My tips for giving it up if you want to try the experiment yourself Do your own research on alcohol and ask yourself if its worth the short and longterm effects What else could you be doing with your time How might your friendships actually improve by changing how much alcohol is tied to your social pattern Think of the percentage of time you spend feeling good when drinking vs feeling awful the next day Really isnt that reason enough Challenge yourself to a minimum 30 day commitment to witness the full positive effects of being alcoholfree Do it cold turkey One beer leads to another and another Get support Find a good friend to do the experiment with you Know that it doesnt have to hurt your social life Just change the times and locations of your socializing Instead of getting a drink at 5pm opt for lunch at noon Instead of a weekend bender go hiking or take a road trip Drink virgin cocktails when you go out Just having something in your hand will make you think less about what youre missing out on Pay yourself Every time you go out and dont drink or go to the store and dont buy alcohol put the cash you would have spent on it in a special envelope See how much you save in just 30 days Interesting links httpswwwdrinkawarecoukmakeachangehowtocutdownhowtostopdrinkingalcohol httpswwwdrinkawarecoukselfassessment httpwwwdrinksmarterorghealthandwellbeingtheinvisibleeffectssthashn8GtUlKedpuf httpwwwdnainfocomnewyork20130422newyorkcityhealthconsciousnewyorkerscheerbenefitsofabstainingfromalcohol httpwwwindependentcouklifestylefoodanddrinkfeaturescouldyoumanageayearwithoutboozethiswomansnewyearhangovermadeherteetotal9031949html UPDATE As of March 1 2016 going on 10 months now Im still dry apart from a couple glasses of wine and a gin and tonic bucket one night on the beach in Thailand Wouldnt trade the benefits I feel for anything and Im so happy to be alcoholfree About Me Hi Im Elaina and I want to help you live life on your terms find a career you love and travel as often as you want These are the best years of your life and you deserve to be FREE Ive lived worked and traveled to more than 60 countries including some pretty offthebeaten path destinations like Mongolia Ethiopia Nigeria and Paraguay I lived out of a suitcase as a fulltime nomad for 55 years ever since leaving my management consulting gig in New York in 2013 You can read my full story here Im now living my dream settled in Bali Indonesia fully independent and working happily on projects that support my deepest passion What makes my story unique is that Ive traveled AND built a professional career working for companies like IBM and Uber over the years Ive also spent long stretches of time freelancing and traveling adventurously through South America Asia and Africa I now make my living helping others break out of ordinary living and get clear on their mission in life I get paid to help people MANIFEST THEIR DREAMS like I did how cool is that I write about selfdevelopment digital nomadism charting unconventional life paths finding jobs overseas pursuing longterm travel and living purposefully in a fastpaced confusing world Theres simply no onesizefitsall model for creating a life you love Ive always done things a bit differently and I think there are SO many feasible ways for people to live off the beaten path I hope my blog lets you see whats both possible and practical I started this blog because I want to help you find an exciting career travel the world break the norms and develop yourself both personally and professionally Drop me a line at elainalifebefore30com or apply to work with me directly As Seen On Sign Me Up Im planning something big Stay in touch and be the first to know what Im up to Current Location Currently in Bali Previously in India Coaching Six years ago I changed my whole life in 30 days I scored the job of my dreams quit my job in New York sold everything I owned moved to West Africa and never looked back Read about that first flying leap into the unknown here If you already know you want to work with me you can SUBMIT A MENTORSHIP APPLICATION now and set up a free 15 minute call so I can learn more about you and we can see about working together Since then Ive Had 2 dream jobs traveling internationally in management roles for major companies including Uber Lived in and traveled to over 60 countries Traveled Like Me on Facebook Follow me on twitter Tweets by _LifeBefore30 Elaina on Instagram Follow on Instagram | [
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http://lifecarecenterofcarrollton.com/ | Quick Links Choose a page from the menu below . Welcome to Life Care Center of Carrollton In the rural town of Carrollton , Missouri , Life Care Center of Carrollton has easy access to many state parks and conservation areas . Our facility is located behind the Carroll County Memorial Hospital next to Johnson Lake , where residents and patients can interact with various waterfowl when taking a break from a busy day of activities or rehabilitation services . Focusing on inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation with 24 - hour skilled nursing care , Life Care Center of Carrollton โ s in - house team of therapists and nurses provide individualized care for each resident and patient . Our rooms include individual climate controls for our residents โ and patients โ comfort . Stop by today for a free tour and discover why Life Care Center of Carrollton is a premier nursing home in Carrollton . View a Photo Gallery of our Facility Rehabilitation , nursing and clinical services offered for premier health care . Learn More Services Facility features and amenities enhancing comfort and quality of life . Learn More Amenities View a photo gallery and take a video tour . Gallery Chamber of Commerce and selected attractions nearby . Local Attractions Spotlight on Care Walk to End Alzheimer ' s National Team We ' re excited to return for a fourth year as a Walk to End Alzheimer ' s National Team . We ' re motivated to continue working together in 2018 , with the plan of building upon last year ' s success . Battling Alzheimer ' s disease has been a priority of Life Care Centers of America since the opening of our first facility in 1970 . It is our prayer that we can provide an environment that allows our patients with Alzheimer ' s and other types of dementia to be encouraged , appreciated and loved . Our hope is for a cure . A cure that can save the memories and dreams of millions of Americans who live with the disease . Like the Alzheimer ' s Association , we also dream of a world without Alzheimer ' s . If you would like to learn more about our 2018 team or make a donation , visit : Life Care ' s Team Site View Larger Map | [
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http://lifeforinstance.com/15-cool-facts-about-community/ | 15 Cool Facts About Community By Lori Ive spent a lot of time thinking about community ask anyone who knows me It doesnt take much to start me on a rant o What Thats not a community Make the popcorn and take a seat Were going to be here for a while I was frustrated that so few people understood what community is according to Scott Peck and now according to me I tried to get people to read The Different Drum but people are so busy so the rants continued My soap box was getting worn out So I decided to write a book about community a concise guide on how to build it As I researched it Life threw lots of material and experiences my way that asked to be included in the book The more I thought about community and researched it the more I understood the importance of community to us personally and globally I learned that any one of us can build community when we know how Why should we build community Here are 15 reasons why Community building is fun People who have a community are happier so they tend to want to live longer o People with a community recover faster from illness People who have a community in their lives feel valued and important Community gives you a broader perspective on life In community people can solve problems using consensus so everyone is happy People in community have more fun even introverts I know you were wondering about that Community makes us feel less lonely even when we are alone Being part of a community means there is always someone to talk to The collective thoughtpower of the members of a community exceeds the that of any individual member Community offers many perspectives on an issue so its the ultimate problemsolving vehicle When you have a community you always have a home to return to Community is our natural state We all need community Building community is some of the best fun youll have I already said that didnt I Doesnt matter its worth repeating Are you a community builder What are your thoughts Photo Credit tec_estromberg Scroll down to share your thoughts But first please share Thanks Previous The Common Misconception About Community Are You Making This Mistake Next How to Banish Your Fear About The Author Lori I have always loved writing and community building Ive written a book about healing and happiness The Happy Place as well as a Community Building book Sounding the Drum Community Building in the Digital Age both available at any Amazon store Ive been through life changes that I thought were the end of my world but Im still here You never know what will happen next Isnt that what makes life interesting Tags community community building community building series Related Posts 8 Years Whaaat Life and Business Update Where is the Most Healing Place on the Planet Is Technology Tearing us Apart | [
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http://lifefoundation.org.za/Hospitals/Acute_Rehab_Vincent_Pallotti.htm | Life Vincent Pallotti Hospitals rehabilitation unit Contact us Physical address The Park Park Lane Pinelands Cape Town 7405 Postal address PO Box 103 Howard Place Pinelands 7405 Telephone 021 506 5360 Fax 021 506 5361 Email rehabvincentpallottilifehealthcarecoza Restoring quality of life the right choice for acute physical rehabilitation Life Vincent Pallotti hospital is centrally located in the leafy suburb of Pinelands Western Cape and is a specialised healthcare service dedicated to treating and rehabilitating clients who have become acutely disabled by a stroke major trauma brain injury spinal cord injury or by complex orthopaedic neurological or medical conditions Our facilities The Life Vincent Pallotti Clinic offers A 36 bed adult rehabilitation unit A fully equipped adult therapy gym Therapy areas for practicing daily life skills such as cooking bathing and grooming etc Outdoor therapy areas which offer wheelchair dexterity training Outdoor recreation area and tranquil garden An indoor heated pool where patients can enjoy aquatherapy Coffee shop for clients and visitors Our interdisciplinary team Life Vincent Pallotti hospital employs a comprehensive team of healthcare professionals dedicated to providing coordinated and expert services to clients and their families The team includes rehabilitation doctors nursing staff physiotherapists occupational therapists speech therapists psychologists social workers and a dietician Treatment The unit offers interdisciplinary inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation services The treatment has a strong focus on functional rehabilitation with the view of maximising the quality of life for our clients and facilitating their reintegration into society Rehabilitation programmes are available for clients with the following conditions Injuries spinal cord injuries SCI traumatic brain injuries TBI burns Strokes cerebrovascular accidents CVA subdural haemorrhages subarachnoid haemorrhages Neurological disorders Guillain Barrรฉ syndrome multiple sclerosis Neurosurgical conditions resected tumours aneurysms Orthopaedic conditions complicated joint replacements spinal surgery amputations Specialised services offered FES functional electrical stimulation uses the application of small electrical charges to trigger muscle contractions Some of the applications of FES includes managing pain improving strength of muscles and lifting the foot to improve walking AAC alternative and augmentative communication clinic We have direct access to an AAC specialist ImAble the ImAble exerciser is a gaming device which is used to improve and retrain upper limb function balance memory and concentration The right choice for acute physical rehabilitation Some of South Africas most experienced rehabilitation doctors and therapists work at LifeHealthcare Evidence based therapeutic interventions are applied early and intensely in order to improve client outcomes Life Rehabilitation can prove ongoing increases in clinical outcomes for client and efficiencies for funder across rehabilitation units and across diagnoses Life Healthcare is the only provider in South Africa holding a license for and using what is arguably considered the best clinical outcomes measurement tool FIMTM FAM UDSMR USA Through our annual continuing professional development programme our passionate and experienced team are skilled with the latest knowledge in the field of neurorehabilitation The billing process utilises a global tariff structure clients pay one daily fee for all therapies not per therapy session which offers value for money with no extra hidden costs Life Vincent Pallotti Rehab is a designated service provider for several medical aids The unit accepts clients on any approved medical aid as well as private patients Referral and admission process Clients can be admitted to this rehabilitation unit as soon as they are capable of active participation in a structured rehabilitation programme Rehabilitation admission consultants are available to assist with this admission process and liaise between the referring doctors treating doctor the family medical aids and the rehabilitation team Doctors case managers medical aids and family members are all able to refer clients to the unit The rehabilitation admissions consultant will conduct a functional and screening assessment of the client within 24 hours of receipt of the referral Contact will be made with the family of the client to inform them of the rehabilitation request and provide them with further information about physical rehabilitation and our facility A comprehensive assessment report will be sent to the medical aid requesting authorisation for rehabilitation within 24 hours from assessment The report will also be sent to the referrer The referrer and family will be informed when an authorisation has been granted by the medical aid Important information to note before referral can take place To ensure continuous medical care please note the following The client should be stable in a general ward for 24 hours prior to the transfer taking place The client should have a glasgow coma scale GCS score of at least 815 The client should be weaned off ventilation prior to transfer to our facility Central venous pressure CVP lines should be removed where possible prior to transfer so as to reduce risk of infection A letter of motivation from the doctor may be required Medication used in hospital chronic medication to take out medicine TTO and a script should accompany the client upon transfer A transfer letter should be compiled and sent to the unit Life rehabilitation network Life Rehabilitation the only ISO 90012008 groupcertified rehabilitation network in South Africa offers acute outcomesdriven physical and cognitive rehabilitation for clients disabled by stroke brain or spinal trauma and other disabling injuries and conditions including pulmonary orthopaedic and paediatric rehabilitation Life Rehabilitation forms part of the Life Healthcare Group which is a JSElisted company operating 63 private healthcare facilities in South Africa Since its inception in 1997 Life Rehabilitation has grown to become the largest provider of acute rehabilitation services in South Africa and Africa as a whole with seven centres a total of 265 beds and more than 400 healthcare and rehabilitation professionals including some of the most respected acute rehabilitation doctors and therapists in the country Life Vincent Pallotti Rehabilitation unit opened in October 2010 We have a further six acute rehabilitation units spread throughout South Africa These units are Life Entabeni Hospital in Berea Durban Life Eugene Marais Hospital in Les Marais Pretoria Life Pasteur Hospital in Hospitaalpark Bloemfontein Life Riverfield Lodge in Nietgedacht Fourways Life St Dominics Hospital in Southernwood East London and For more information on other facilities in the Life Rehabilitation network please contact the national office on 011 219 9620 For further information on Life Vincent Pallotti Rehabilitation unit or information about our therapy programmes please contact the practice manager on 021 5065362 Alternatively email your query to rehabvincentpallottilifehealthcarecoza Life Vincent Pallotti Hospital Alexandra Road Pinelands Cape Town 7405 Tel 021 506 5111 GPS coordinates South 3394325 East 1849044 Decimal Degrees | [
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http://lifehacker.com/247148/how-to-mount-a-windows-shared-folder-on-your-mac | How to mount a Windows shared folder on your Mac Gina Trapani 3 / 26 / 07 8 : 30pm Filed to : Mac OS X 90 2 So you ' ve made the switch to Mac , but kept your old PC , and now you ' ve got both connected to your home router . How do you access your Windows files from OS X ? Sure you could set up an FTP or SSH server , but that ' s overkill for a regular home network . Turns out that Mac OS X can connect to Windows shared folders very easily . Read on to find out how . How to set up a home FTP server If you ' ve been following the the Lifehacker Home Server Series of articles , you know how to do โฆ Read more Set up sharing on your PC . To get this going , make sure your PC is set up for file sharing . In Windows , choose the folder you want to access from your Mac , and right - click to get to its Properties dialog box . From the sharing tab , turn on sharing , and choose a name for the shared folder . ( This is the name you ' ll see on your Mac . ) Advertisement If you try to use a name more than 12 characters long , Windows will warn you about some operating systems not being able to grok it . To be safe , stick with something less than 12 . Here , I ' m sharing the " My Documents " folder as " PC - My Docs . " Also , check the " Allow network users to change my files " if you want to save files to this share from your Mac . Determine your PC ' s IP address . You ' ll need to give your Mac an address to look for this shared folder , so get your PC ' s local IP address from the command line by running ipconfig . In my setup ( shown below ) , that address is 192 . 168 . 1 . 102 . Write that number down . Advertisement UPDATE : Several readers have pointed out that you can use your PC ' s name versus its IP address to connect to it . Using the name is a better method than IP address because the IP can change if it ' s assigned dynamically , but the name wo n ' t unless you change it . Connect to the server on your Mac . Now , on your Mac , from Finder ' s Go menu , choose " Connect to Server . " Enter the IP address you just obtained from your PC , preceded by smb : / / , as shown : UPDATE : To use your PC ' s name instead of IP address , replace the number with the name . So if your PC ' s name is " MyWindowsBox " , you ' d use smb : / / mywindowsbox ( not case - sensitive ) . If it finds your server , you ' ll get prompted to enter your network credentials - by default , your Windows username and password : Once you ' re in , you ' ll get to choose which shared folder you want to mount on your Mac . In this case , we ' re going to choose the " PC - My Docs " share : And you ' re done ! Now the " PC - My Docs " folder will be mounted on your Mac , and accessible from your desktop and in Finder . If you ' ve allowed reading and writing to the shared folder in Windows , you can drag and drop and save files to it as if it were any disk . This technique comes in very handy for backing up your Mac ' s data to a PC , too - just set your Mac ' s backup software destination to the Windows drive . Also , using Hamachi , you can also do this over the internet when you ' re away from home . Geek to Live : Create your own virtual private network with Hamachi by Gina Trapani Read more UPDATE : You can automatically mount your Windows drive every time you login to your Mac by adding it to your Login items . In System Preferences , Accounts , choose the " Login Items " tab and add the Volume to the list of apps that automatically start up . Thanks , Snorbalp How to mount a Windows shared folder on your Mac So you ' ve made the switch to Mac , but kept your old PC , and now you ' ve got both connected โฆ How do you get your Mac and PC to talk to one another ? Let us know in the comments . Share This Story | [
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http://lifehacker.com/346381/make-your-own-stress-ball | DIY Make Your Own Stress Ball Tamar Weinberg 1 / 20 / 08 4 : 00pm Filed to : DIY 14 Save Stressed out ? Give yourself something to play with : a squeezable stress ball that you can use to release the tension within . The Organic Health Blog lists two recipes to create your own stress balls . The first requires a balloon and cornstarch . Pour cornstarch in your balloon and tie it closed . Viola โ your stress ball has been created . The second recipe is a bit messier to prepare , as it requires a mixture of salt , flour , oil , cream of tartar , and water to create a dough - like substance Make Your Very Own Stress Ball [ Organic Health Blog ] Share This Story | [
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http://lifehacker.com/5351848/why-you-need-renters-insurance | Why You Need Renters Insurance Kevin Purdy 9 / 03 / 09 11 : 00am Filed to : Apartments 103 1 Two out of three apartment renters do n ' t have insurance coverage , while more than half of them say their stuff is worth $ 10,000 or more . The main reason ? Almost everybody believes renter coverage costs more than it really does . Photo by blakespot A U.S. News & World Report blogger aims to dissuade you of your fears about the costs of renters insurance . Kimberly Palmer writes that her own renters insurance in Washington , D.C. cost about $ 100 per year , but notes that one in three surveyed by insurer Allstate thought their coverage would cost up to 15 times more than it really did . Meanwhile , renters are about 50 percent more likely to have items stolen from their home than homeowners . All those statistics ! What they really suggest is that anyone wielding some decent gear should consider at least pricing out renters insurance with real quotes , and consider whether working in a small monthly expense is worth covering the cost of replacing , well , all your stuff or most of the good stuff . Have you shopped and found a great deal on renters insurance ? Learned what options to pick up , and which to skip ? Help us first - time insurees in the comments , and see if you might save even more on your cheap renters insurance simply by asking Save on Your Insurance by Asking We ' re big fans of simply asking companies if there is a way you can save money , and it turns โฆ Read more Advertisement Why Renters Insurance Is Worth Its ( Low ) Cost [ Alpha Consumer ( usnews . com ) ] Share This Story | [
"renters insurance",
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http://lifehacker.com/5499959/which-browser-should-i-use-firefox-or-chrome | Which Browser Should I Use : Firefox or Chrome ? Adam Pash 3 / 23 / 10 12 : 00pm Filed to : Ask Lifehacker 722 2 Dear Lifehacker , I ' ve been a huge fan of Firefox for years ( prompted in great part by Lifehacker ' s recommendation ) , but it seems like Google Chrome has made huge strides lately . My question : Which is better , Chrome or Firefox ? Which should I use ? Signed , Uncertain About My Browser Dear Uncertain , Yours is a question we ' ve been hearing more and more lately , and with good reason . The fact is , Google Chrome has fixed a lot of problems with Firefox that most Firefox users did n ' t even know they had , and Firefox is still working to catch up . ( Restart - free extension installation , isolated processes that keep one bad tab from crashing the entire browser , etc . ) As a result , Chrome ' s smart feature set has been winning over a lot of Firefox die - hards . The answer to your question depends a lot on what operating system you ' re using , so we ' ll separate our answers for Windows and Mac users . Which Should I Use on Windows : Firefox or Chrome ? There ' s no short answer to this question , really , since neither browser is clearly better , so instead of a straight out " Use X " recommendation , let ' s consider the pros and cons of each . Advertisement First , in our regular web browser performance tests , Chrome has regularly beaten up the competition or come in a very close second in most categories , while Firefox rarely leads the way . That might seem like a pretty big deal , but most browsers actually perform really well these days , so the fact that Chrome beats Firefox in most of our performance tests does n ' t mean Firefox is extremely slow โ it just means that compared to Chrome , it ' s not the fastest . Browser Speed Tests : Firefox 3.6 , Chrome 4 , Opera 10.5 , and Extensions Firefox 3.6 is out , Chrome ' s stable version got a big upgrade , and Opera 10.5 is inching โฆ Read more Advertisement But that brings us to another important point : Bloat . Despite the fact that Firefox generally does pretty well on memory use tests ( strangely enough , it regularly wins that test in our browser performance tests ) , a lot of Firefox users are increasingly frustrated with slow - downs caused by what they see as browser bloat . It ' s not at all uncommon to see a Firefox installation eating up more than any running application on your system , and while the memory consumption itself is n ' t that big of a deal ( Chrome eats a lot of memory , too ) , the high memory usage is often accompanied by serious browser slowdowns , which is a very big problem , and one that , anecdotally , at least , So what keeps Firefox users coming back despite Chrome outperforming it on Windows by most accounts ? One of the biggest issues is extensions . Firefox ' s extension ecosystem has long been a selling point of the popular open - source browser , and if there ' s anything you wish your browser did differently , chances are there ' s a Firefox extension to address it . Chrome has its own flourishing extension gallery , and while it does n ' t have close to the extension support that Firefox does , every day more and more really popular extension functionality makes its way to Chrome . Want to sync Chrome up with your existing Firefox bookmarks ? You can use Xmarks for that . ( Or you can use Chrome ' s built - in bookmark sync tools if you prefer , though this editor still dearly misses keyword bookmarks in Chrome , despite the workaround . ) Want to securely sync and automatically fill your passwords ? The LastPass extension , which we recently raved about , can handle that at more . Even the must - have for web developers , Firebug , has made its way to Chrome in a very functional lite version Hack Attack : Firefox and the art of keyword bookmarking by Adam Pash Read more If you use a ton of Firefox extensions โ especially some more obscure ones โ chances are you may not be able to find replacements for everything in Chrome . But if you only use a few of the more popular Firefox extensions , odds are very good that you could transition to Chrome without noticing a difference . On the other hand , a lot of people shy away from Chrome specifically because of its affiliation with Google . Those who believe Google already has enough of your personal information might prefer to stick with Firefox just to temper the growing piles of information Google has collected about you , anonymously or not . Break Google ' s Monopoly on Your Data : Switch to Yahoo Search I ' ve switched my primary web search engine from Google to Yahoo โ not because Yahoo ' s โฆ The Answer : At the end of the day , both Chrome and Firefox are excellent web browsers for Windows , and you ca n ' t go wrong with either . From our perspective , more and more power users seem to be swapping happily to Chrome from Firefox ( several Lifehacker editors have made this switch and have n ' t looked back ) , and their switch has been spurred mostly by the bloat issues mentioned above . If you ' ve been frustrated with Firefox , we ' d recommend kicking the tires and Chrome to see how you If , on the other hand , you ' re perfectly happy with Firefox , we do n ' t see any reason to upset a good thing . ( If it ai n ' t broke and all that . ) Which Should I Use on My Mac : Firefox or Chrome ? The answer to this question is very different from the one above , but luckily it ' s much shorter . If you read the Windows section ( and you should , because a lot of it still applies ) , you know that Chrome has a lot of great things going for it . Chrome is snappy on OS X , the same extensions that work for Chrome on Windows work in OS X , it isolates processes so that one crashed tab wo n ' t bring down your browser , and so on . Unfortunately , in our experience , Chrome for OS X is still much too young for full - time adoption . Remember , Chrome for Mac launched quite awhile after the Windows version and has been around much less than a year overall . Like Chrome on Windows , it shows a whole lot of promise , but it ' s also prone to the occasional non - responsiveness and other bugginess that we are n ' t used to and probably should n ' t be seeing from a prime - time browser . Try Out a Rough ( But Working ) Google Chrome on Mac OS X Mac users eager to see what Chrome will look like on their system in its native form can download โฆ While we ' d love to say you should give it a try full - time if you ' re not happy with Firefox on your Mac , we can say from experience that it ' s probably not ready for you to do that . We get a little long - winded when we start talking about web browsers , so our apologies for the length of our reply . Hope that helps , though ! Love , Lifehacker P.S. We did n ' t cover Linux because we do n ' t have enough experience with Chrome on Linux to make an informed call , so feel free to offer your suggestions in the comments . Similarly , we understand that you may disagree with our assessment , so if you ' ve got more to say on the subject , we ' d love to hear it in the comments . Share This Story | [
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http://lifehacker.com/5620138/how-to-get-the-best-color-out-of-your-photos | Video How to Get the Best Color Out of Your Photos Adam Dachis 8 / 24 / 10 12 : 00pm Filed to : Photography 74 5 Black and white has long been the default " artistic " style for photographs , so it can be easy to forget how compelling a color photograph can be . Here ' s an in - depth guide to help you get amazing color in your photos . An Introduction to Color We could talk for hours about the science of color and how it works , but that ' s only going to go so far in helping you with your photos , so we ' ll save it for another time . Instead , let ' s just have a quick chat about the color wheel and what we can do with it . Types of Color Before we can get into using color , we have to have a basic understanding of the types . So let ' s breeze through this so we can get to the fun stuff . Advertisement Primary colors are colors at their most basic level . We mix primary colors together to make the other colors . Here we have red , yellow , and blue . On the computer we ' re actually dealing with red , green , and blue ( RGB ) as our primaries , but that ' s not really relevant for what we want to do here : create nice color harmonies . Advertisement Wow , those secondary colors look ugly together . In most cases , most color groupings do n ' t look fantastic when shown together . They tend to look better with colors outside of their group . But what are secondary colors ? When you mate two of the primary colors , you end up with a secondary . For example , yellow and blue makes green โ but you probably already knew that . Tertiary colors are the third generation โ the grandchildren of the primary colors . . .except that ' s a bad analogy because you make tertiary colors by combining a primary and a secondary color โ and that kind of breeding is frowned on almost anywhere you go . These are colors that complement each other . ( Did you figure that out already ? ) If you ' re looking at the color wheel , they ' re the colors directly across from one another . They ' re supposed to look nice together but that ' s not always the case . Analogous colors are the colors located in close proximity on the color wheel . In a simplified color wheel like the one shown above , they ' re directly next to each other . On a color wheel with more colors than your eye can count , they do n ' t need to be strict neighbors โ just pretty close . Using an analogous color ( or two ) instead of a direct complement can sometimes make for a better color harmony : At least I think so , anyway . Color can be a very personal thing , so you want to choose harmonies you enjoy . Even if you do n ' t think you have a preference , you probably do . Color is one of the first things we connect with when we ' re young . Think about how many times you were asked , " What ' s your favorite color , Sammy ? " If your name was Sammy , you probably heard that question a lot . So if color is such a personal thing , how do we make appealing color harmonies ? Well , there are really only so many basic colors to work with and there are some general principles ( some of which we ' ve now covered ) that can help to guide you . Let ' s look at some examples and pick them apart . Why do red and cyan work well together ? Red is our primary color in this bunch and cyan is a tertiary color . Cyan is also a split complement of red . You get a split complement when you take a color , find it ' s complement , and then choose one of the complement ' s analogous colors . In this case red ' s complement is green . Cyan is analogous to green and therefore is a split complement . Of course , what you ' re looking at here is n ' t exactly red Good old blue and green , the colors of my high school . The problem is that my high school used really obnoxious combinations of the two . In fact , while this looks alright , it ' s not necessarily the most compelling . The problem is that the colors are really close together on the wheel . They ' re practically analogous . While they look alright together , and could be very compelling in some cases , there ' s not a lot of variation going on here . Let ' s see what else we can This is interesting . Here we have the blue and green with orange and red . Orange and red are also very close together on the color wheel , having the same sort of relationship as blue and green . While they might not always be compelling combinations alone , they ' re pretty nice when the four are combined . If you ' re looking at the color wheel , you may have noticed these four colors form a rectangle . When looking for a starting point for basic color harmonies , drawing shapes on the color wheel can Lastly , let ' s take a look at something that ' s probably pretty familiar . These are the colors of Flickr , and they were derived from a triad . A triad is an equilateral triangle drawn on the color wheel . If you ' re playing along , you ' ll notice if you connect magenta and cyan , the missing link in the triangle is yellow - orange : The Flickr colors are based in this triad , but orange was dropped for a simpler harmony . If you only want two dominant colors , try playing around with triads and removing one color for some interesting options . Before we move on , we have to talk about Adobe Kuler . If you ' re looking for a way to find new color harmonies , Kuler is a great ( free ) web - based tool to help you look at color in different ways . That said , how does all of this apply to photography ? Color Theory in Photography Now we ' re knee deep in the water and so I have to ask : Have you ever taken a picture of a body of water during a sunset ? I have . You ' re probably looking at it right now , since it ' s right above this sentence . It ' s not going to win any awards for Best Sunset Photo or even make it onto the cover of a trashy novel , but it does illustrate a point about color : Color harmonies can show up naturally in the most regular of places . The orange of the sun and the blue of the sky complement each other . If you do n ' t happen to have a lake and a sky handy , dress up one of your caucasian ( or mostly caucasian ) friends in blue jeans and a white t - shirt . That ' s a popular combination because white people are really more orange Do you think this spray tanning room has blue walls by accident ? Neither do I . Spray tanning is n ' t the only industry taking advantage of color harmonies . America ' s plastered with an idea we ' ve already discussed : Before Flickr there was the US of A . This is the same dropping - a - color - from - a - triad concept , only less saturated . Flickr ' s color scheme is secretly patriotic . Who knew ? But what does this all mean ? It means there are color harmonies everywhere you go , and you need to look for them . Capturing a photo with good color can be as simple as aiming the lens in the right direction , framing up , and pressing the shutter . But this is the digital age , so let ' s look at how we can manipulate reality for better photos when reality just does n ' t live up to the task . Before the Shutter Do n ' t get too excited . Most of what you can do to manipulate color for the good of your photo before pressing the shutter is thinking and planning . Sorry , there ' s not a lot of magic here . Subjects and Backgrounds This is easier than you think . Just like the spray - tanner against the blue wall , it can be as simple as placing your subject in front of the color you want . In the photo above , I placed my friend Christine in front of a white wall that gained a green tint from some glass that ' s out of frame . Christine ' s skin is yellow - orange and her lips are pink . Basically , Christine forms a split complement of green . Remember the rectangle example from earlier ? Here it is in practice . We have analogous warm shades on the ground ( orange and red ) and analogous cool shades behind the trees ( green and blue ) . Here ' s another example of split complements at work . See the tiny piece of yellow on that foam football ? The purple and cyan are its split complements . Obvious complements are n ' t the only solution , however . You can create some beautiful color harmonies simply by sticking with analogous colors and shifts in tone . This is one of those situations where green and blue โ two very similar colors โ can work subtly together to create a nice effect . The takeaway here is pretty simple : Put your subject in front of a background that will create a color harmony , or change your subject to suit the background you have . It does n ' t matter if your subject is a human female or a foam football , the principles stay the same . Light Color does n ' t always look the same and that ' s because of light . Light can often be a huge nuisance , whether you have plenty of it or not enough . We ' re not going to get into lighting here , but we do need to touch upon its effects on color . As you can see in the example above , the color of the subjects benefits from some extra red light . You can see it the most on their skin . This is just a casual snapshot , but the color pops a calculator if you need to . Your browser does not support HTML5 video tag . Chances are you ' re not scheduling your family vacation photos around the golden hours of the day , so how can you take advantage of the light you have ? In terms of color , you want to be aware of the temperature . You may have noticed a little chart to our left . This gives you the idea of the light temperature ( and therefore color cast ) you can expect at certain times of the day . Pretty handy . When you ' re indoors , artificial light changes as well . Tungsten lighting will get Color temperature chart from ePhotoZine Tricks in Post You ca n ' t fix everything by post processing your photos โ not easily , anyhow โ but there are a lot of neat things you can do . Now that you know how to use color , let ' s look at abusing it . There are a lot of clever Photoshop tutorials out there dealing with color and just about everything else you might want to do to your photos . Generally they deal with using the tools exactly as they were intended and involve quite a bit of work . This section is n ' t about best practices , but about getting the job done quickly and still doing it well . These tricks are about getting some neat color effects , from subtle to extreme , without too many steps or anything all that complicated . Although Donnie is much more entertaining , here ' s a little information on some of the adjustments we ' ll be looking at so you know what you ' re getting into . Not too bad , right ? Unbalanced Color with the Curves Midpoint Gray Eyedropper Most of the time you probably want to white balance your photos , but sometimes unbalanced color works in your favor . Sometimes added warmth or a lack of saturation can give a picture the effect you ' re looking for , so let ' s take a look at using the midpoint gray eyedropper in Curves to get some unbalanced color effects . What the midpoint gray eyedropper does is sample a color in the photo and then change the color balance of the entire photo to neutralize it so it will be a neutral , middle - of - the - road ( or , well , tonal scale ) gray . If you were to use it to select something blue , for example , the sampling would cause curves to neutralize it using that color ' s complement . Most blues will get you an orange - ish complement and so you ' ll see your photo warm up . Warming up or cooling off your photos โ or adding any color , really โ can be done pretty quickly and easily using a faux - Photo Filter adjustment instead . So why use Curves ? Curves gives you more control and you can tweak the settings after you ' ve discovered them with the sampler . You can also make your own adjustments to the contrast after playing with the color , letting you do all of your work in one place . If you ' re not sure how to adjust individual color channels with Curves , check Split Color Dominance for Extreme Color with Curves Curves is a very powerful tool , and it ' s easy to abuse that power โ so let ' s do it ! You can create some really interesting color effects by splitting which channels are dominant in your photos . This is really easy to do , but daunting if you have n ' t tried it before . To get started , either hit Command / Control + M to bring up Curves or go to the Layer menu , choose New Adjustment Layer , and then select Curves . From there you ' ll see something along the lines of what ' s in the picture to the left . In that picture , I have the blue channel selected . Chances are you have the RGB layer selected , since that ' s the default . ( Adjusting Light and Color with Gradient Overlays Subtlety is not the strong suit of either of those tricks . If you want to show a little more restraint but still adjust color in an interesting way , gradient overlays might be your cup of tea . The idea is pretty simple : Create a new layer on top of your photo . Use the Gradient tool ( it swaps with the Paint Can in the toolbar ) to create a gradient to fill the layer . Set the blending mode of your gradient layer to Overlay Adjust the opacity of that layer to get the desired effect ( less is generally more in this case ) . In the example video above you can see how using a radial gradient can create a subtle , cooling spotlight to make the photo ' s subject pop out with the right color . Adjusting Light and Color with Color Channel Overlays This is one of the easiest tricks to do and generally one of the most compelling . All you do is take a single color channel from your photo , paste it in a new layer above the full color photo , and set the blending mode of that layer to Overlay . This gives you a nice , washed out and contrasty color look . Here ' s how you do it , step - by - step : Open up your photo and switch to the Channels panel in Photoshop . RGB should be selected , but choose Green . Select All ( Command / Control + A ) and then copy ( Command / Control + C ) . Switch back to RGB and then paste ( Command / Control + V ) the green layer on top of your photo . This should make everything appear to be in black and white . Set the blending mode of the green layer you just pasted to and adjust the opacity to your liking ( but 20 - 30 % usually works pretty well ) . Got any great color tricks ? Let ' s hear ' em in the comments ! Share This Story | [
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http://lifehacker.com/5643124/getting-the-most-out-of-vlc-for-ipad | Video How to Get the Most Out of VLC for iPad Adam Dachis 9 / 20 / 10 3 : 45pm Filed to : ipad 154 3 VLC has come to the iPad , adding playback support for media formats that were previously unplayable on Apple devices . Without hardware acceleration , however , you ' re going to run into playback issues . Here are your best bets for optimal playback . Out of the starting gates , VLC Media Player for iPad is a little buggy , does n ' t play back HD content too well , but is still very , very welcome . The interface is pretty slick , and copying your media files through iTunes is simple enough . While some formats are n ' t supported ( RealMedia , FLV , etc . ) , many new ones are ( AVI , MPG , MKV , etc . ) . Let ' s take a look at getting your media files into VLC and which files Adding files is pretty straightforward . Hook your iPad up to iTunes , choose it from the sidebar , click the " Apps " tab , and scroll down to the " File Sharing " section . From there you can choose VLC and add files through drag - and - drop or the " Add . . . " button . As soon as you do , iTunes will start copying the files over to VLC and you ' ll be able to use them immediately after it finishes . Advertisement The problems come when you start copying supported files and VLC crashes or simply ca n ' t handle the work you ' re throwing at it . This is a shortcoming of the iPad more than VLC , as the iPad is really only designed to play back MPEG4 / H . 264 encoded to Apple ' s specifications . VLC does n ' t seem to take advantage of the iPad ' s MPEG / H . 264 hardware acceleration , and so HD files tend to be unwatchable and may cause crashes . VLC is , at Determining what you can play back well is a little difficult , since it ' s mostly trial and error . VLC will let you know when it thinks you ' re pushing the limits , but often files that it thinks it can play do n ' t look so great . So what do you do ? We ' ve played around with VLC for iPad a bit and have found that most standard definition files work alright . For the most part , your best bet is standard definition AVI files using DiVX . Even at higher bit rates ( about 2500kbps ) , DiVX AVIs seemed to play back smoothly and scrubbing was n ' t an issue . This is great news for BitTorrenters , as most TV shows are already encoded as DiVX AVI and are already optimal for iPad playback in VLC . Advertisement If you want HD on your iPad , VLC will get you half - way there . While 720p DiVX AVI video stuttered quite a bit , the same video encoded at about 3000kbps at 960x540 worked just fine . Since 960x540 is the recommended resolution for your iPad ' s video anyway , it ' s a good target for your HD content . VLC is available now on iTunes , absolutely free . VLC Media Player [ iTunes App Store ] Have you played with VLC for iPad ? Share your experiences in the comments . Share This Story | [
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http://lifehacker.com/5803366/how-to-send-an-email-with-an-attachment-for-beginners | How to Send an Email with an Attachment ( for Beginners ) Melanie Pinola 5 / 20 / 11 9 : 00am Filed to : Emailable Tech Support 36 4 One of the fundamental uses of email is to share photos and other files with friends , family , or colleagues . But people who are new to email might not yet know how to attach and send files in email . Here are some beginner instructions you can share . This edition of our easy - to - email tech support guides is all about email attachments . We ' ll cover how to attach a file in both desktop and web email applications . In all of these options โ Gmail , Yahoo ! Mail , Hotmail , Outlook , and Mail โ you ' ll want to keep an eye out for a a paperclip icon , the universal image for attachments in email programs . The process is pretty much the same for all email programs : Open a new email message window , usually by clicking the " New Message " or " Compose Email " icon or the CTRL + N keyboard shortcut . Click on the menu item with a paperclip icon that says " Attach a file " or something similar ( e.g. , " Attach Files " ) Browse through your computer ' s folders and click to select the files / folders you want to attach . In most cases , you can select multiple files by holding down the CTRL key while clicking on each file . Click the " Open " or " Choose File " or another similar button to attach the file to your email . Then continue composing your email ( put the email address of the person you want to send the attachment to in the To : field , add a subject and message in the body , and hit Send ) . Advertisement Here are some more specifics for the most popular email applications . Web - based Email Gmail Advertisement The video above shows you how to compose a new email in Gmail ( click on the " Compose email " button ) and attach a file when you click on the " Attach a file " link in Gmail . Find and click on the folder or files you wish to attach , then hit " Open " and you should see the attachment added to your message . In the most recent versions of browsers like Chrome and Firefox , you can also simply drag and drop files into Gmail ' s Compose window upload an attachment . Yahoo ! Mail Yahoo ! has a similar method of attaching an email . Click on the " New " button in Yahoo ! Mail to compose a new message . Then click on the " Attach Files " button that ' s right under the subject line . Instead of immediately bringing you to your documents , Yahoo ! will present you with several " Choose File " buttons . For each file you want to attach to your email , click on one of these buttons and browse for the file you wish to send . Hotmail Click on the " New " link to compose a new email . Beneath the Subject line , you ' ll have an option to insert attachments ( a paperclip icon , again ) > There are also handy shortcuts for inserting Office documents , photos from the web or your own album , and stuff you can find from bing . The most straightforward method is to click the " Attachments " link . From the Windows Explorer window that opens , select the file ( s ) you wish to attach and click " Open " . Desktop Email Outlook We ' re using Outlook 2010 as an example here , but the general process should also work for earlier Outlook versions such as Outlook 2007 . Click on the " New E - mail " button in Outlook ' s ribbon menu ( or use the keyboard shortcut CTRL + N ) to open a new message window . Then click on the " Attach File " menu item ( it has a paper clip icon beside it ) . In the new file browser window , navigate to the folder that has the file or files you wish to attach and click on the file to select it Click the " Insert " button and you should then see the file in a new " Attached : " line in your email . ( If you change your mind and want to remove the attachment , right - click on it and select " Remove " . ) Mail On Apple ' s built - in Mail app , create a new email message by clicking the " New Message " icon . In the new message window , click the paperclip icon to add an attachment . From the drop - down folder browsing window , navigate to and select the file ( s ) you wish to attach and then click the " Choose File " button . You should then see your file ( s ) added to the body of your email message . Using the Send To Menu In addition to using the built - in attachment options in your desktop email program , you can also right - click on a file in your computer ' s file manager ( Windows Explorer or Mac ' s Finder , for example ) and select the option to Send the file to an email recipient . This is a quick shortcut to opening up a new email message window for your default desktop email program and inserting the file as an attachment . For integrating Gmail or Yahoo Mail into your desktop environment so the Send To menu attaches files to these webmail programs , you can use previously mentioned software Affixa Affixa Integrates Gmail , Others with Your Desktop for Easy File Attachment Windows only : If you prefer web - based email like Gmail or Yahoo Mail , Affixa seamlessly bridges the โฆ Read more Emailable Tech Support is a tri - weekly series of easy - to - share guides for the less tech savvy people in your life . Got a beginner tech support question you constantly answer ? Let us know at tips @ lifehacker . com . Remember , when you ' re just starting out computing , there ' s very little that ' s too basic to learn . Share This Story | [
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