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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Viz. | Viz . Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Wikipedia Viz . Latin , A contraction of the term videlicet to wit , namely , or that is to say . A term used highlight or make more specific something previously indicated only in general terms . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Mentioned in " The Civil Rights Cases " Afforce Afforcement of the assize Articles of Confederation As bank bigamy breach of trust bribery brothel - keeping burden of proof California Conveyance of vessels copyright County covenant Creek crime Cui in vita Legal browser ▲ vitiate vitiated vitiation vitiis inficere vitium Vitium clerici nocere non debet Vitoria , Francisco de vitriol vitriolic vituperare vituperate vituperatio vituperation vituperative Viva Voce vivacity Vivary vivid vividly vividness vivification vivified vivify Vivum vadium viz vizard vocable vocabulary vocabulum vocal vocal embodiment of thought vocalism vocalize vocalized vocare Vocatio in jus vocation vocational voces vociferance vociferate vociferatio vociferation vociferous vogue vogue word voice voice change voice disapproval voiced ▼ Full browser ▲ vixenishness vixenishness Vixenly Vixenly Vixens Vixens Vixit Annos VIXL VIXN VIXS VIYAC VIYC Viyella Viyella Viz Viz Viz a viz Viz a viz Vizag Vizag Vizag Seaport Pvt . Ltd . Vizag Steel Plant Vizagapatam Vizagapatam Vizagapatam , Diocese of Vizagapatam , Diocese of Vizagapatnam Vizagapatnam vizament vizard Vizard ( Bleach ) Vizard ( Bleach ) Vizard ( Shakespearean English ) Vizard ( Shakespearean English ) Vizarded Vizarded vizards vizards Vizayanagaram Vizbulis Augusts Berce Vizcacha Vizcaino Vizcaíno Vizcaíno Sebastián Vizcaíno , Sebastián Vizcaínos Vizcay ▼ | [
"Viz"
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Voluntary+Act | Voluntary Act Voluntary Act A crime that is the product of conscious choice and independent will . No crime can be committed by bad thoughts alone . One basic premise of U.S . law is that every requires the commission some act before a person may be held accountable to justice system . A criminal act may take form affirmative conduct , such as murder , or it take form an omission to act , such as withholding information from police . However , in order for an considered criminal , it must voluntary . To constitute a voluntary for which person held criminally liable , must result from person ' s conscious choice . The choice need not product thorough deliberation but stem impulse , long physically and mentally capable exercising restraint discretion consistent with requirements law . who suddenly slips on mountain trail reaches out grab arm bystander avoid falling has acted voluntarily because his mind has quickly grasped situation dictated response . Acts over which no physical or mental control are not voluntary . muscle reflex driven by autonomic nervous system , knee jerk , considered voluntary under law . Acts committed during seizures , convulsions , hypnosis , unconscious mental states also lack sufficient volition judgment needed impose criminal liability . For same reasons , acts during episodes sleepwalking are On other hand , acts fully result independent will but with extreme indifference human life usually treated who points loaded gun at another , example , will typically liable any harm results its accidental discharge because brandishing loaded gun treated manifesting recklessness toward safety others . Similarly , intoxicated passes out behind wheel car can not escape liability any ensue , they followed drinking driving . Persons have history seizures , fainting spells , blackouts responsible episodes if court finds reasonable precautions could have been taken avoid dangers created these physical conditions . In majority cases , nature defendant ' s at issue . Until something in evidence indicates contrary , court presume defendant acted intent carry bodily movements she being prosecuted . The law expects every responsibility her own actions anticipate natural consequences might reasonably follow particular behavior . Medical testimony commonly required place defendant ' s state into question raise defense voluntariness before judge jury . Involuntary should distinguished duress . Duress includes use force , threat force , coerce another commit act . Crimes under duress individual ' s decision succumb normally based on cost - benefit analysis he weighs consequences acting refusing act . Nonetheless , protects individuals succumb coercion allowing them assert defense duress . duress based idea deterrent retributive value Criminal Law served punishing individuals behavior free will . Cross - references Insanity Defense West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / Voluntary + Act " > Voluntary Act < / a > Mentioned in acknowledgment Admissions Anticipatory Repudiation certificate Citizens Contracts Criminal Law Dred Scott v . Sandford Expatriation indenture Opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court , June 13 , 1966 Parol Evidence Rule Quasi - contractus underlease Wage Assignment References in classic literature Each State , in ratifying the Constitution , is considered as a sovereign body , independent of all others , and only to be bound by its own voluntary act View in context I can only ask , " he added , " that you will be more than ever kind to me - - to us - - and look on the painful duty as a voluntary act of grace , prompted by kindness and affection . View in context The idea of renewing my labours did not for one instant occur to me ; the threat I had heard weighed on my thoughts , but I did not reflect that a of mine could avert it . Finding that it seemed impossible to trap Tarzan through any of his own , Rokoff and Paulvitch put their heads together to hatch a plan that would trap the ape - man in all the circumstantial evidence of a compromising position . Perhaps you will think I have given you too little , and the world will be as ready to condemn me for giving you too much ; but the latter censure I despise ; and as to the former , unless you should entertain that common error which I have often heard in my life pleaded as an excuse for a total want of charity , namely , that instead of raising gratitude by voluntary acts of bounty , we are apt to raise demands , which of all others are the most boundless and most difficult to satisfy . I do not believe that I am made of the stuff which constitutes heroes , because , in all of the hundreds of instances that my voluntary acts have placed me face to face with death , I can not recall a single one where any alternative step to that I took occurred to me until many hours later . Every man discriminates between the of his mind and his involuntary perceptions , and knows that to his involuntary perceptions a perfect faith is due . Though , paying taxes is a , BIR is monitoring their compliance . Philippines : BIR : Every taxpayer is important Shaikh Hamdan Bin Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum , Crown Prince of Dubai , on Tuesday heeded the suggestions of residents on how he could dedicate a day for Dubai by doing a Hamdan , divers fish out trash on International Volunteer Day First , because CSR is a on the part of the company and thus is not subject to compliance regulations . CSR or SE : Which is the better business approach or model ? However , Bristol County District Attorney Thomas Quinn III filed a court filing stating that a defendant ' s death before an appeal does not necessarily need abatement , " at least where , as here , a defendant ' s death is a result of his own conscious , deliberate and Aaron Hernandez ' s ' Shooting Car ' Receives Over 100 Bids On eBay The wearing of it is a , not to be imposed on others . What would our veterans make of world as it is now ? More results ► Legal browser ▲ voidable marriage voidance voidness voir dire volaticus volatile volatility volcanic volcano volens Volenti Non Fit Injuria volitient volition volitional volitionally volitionary volitive volley Volstead Act Volstead , Andrew John voluble Voluit sed non dixit volume voluntary acknowledgment voluntary activity voluntary association voluntary bankruptcy voluntary conveyance voluntary decision Voluntary deposit Voluntary escape voluntary exile Voluntary jurisdiction Voluntary nonsuit voluntary oversight voluntary relinquishment Voluntary sale Voluntary waste voluntary winding up voluntary work voluntary worker voluntas Voluntas in delictis non exitus spectatur Voluntas reputabatur pro facto Voluntas testatoris ambulatoria est usque ad mortem volunteer volunteered Volunteers Volunti non fit injuria ▼ Full browser ▲ voluntariness voluntarism voluntarism voluntarisms voluntarisms voluntarist voluntarist voluntaristic voluntaristic voluntarists voluntarists Voluntary Abandoned Property voluntary abortion Voluntary Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Voluntary Accidental Death and Dismemberment Voluntary Accidental Death and Dismemberment Insurance Voluntary accumulation plan Voluntary Accumulation Plans voluntary acknowledgment Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity Voluntary Action Barra and Vatersay Voluntary Action Calderdale Voluntary Action Camden Voluntary Action Cardiff Voluntary Action Center Voluntary Action Cumbria Voluntary Action East Lindsey Voluntary Action Epping Forest Voluntary Action for East Hampshire Voluntary Action Fund Voluntary Action Harrow Voluntary Action in Spelthorne Voluntary Action Indicated Voluntary Action Leicester Voluntary Action Manchester Voluntary Action Merthyr Tydfil Voluntary Action Network India Voluntary Action North East Lincolnshire Voluntary Action North Lincolnshire Voluntary Action Orkney Voluntary Action Program Voluntary Action Sheffield Voluntary Action Wakefield District Voluntary Action Waltham Forest Voluntary Action West Lothian Voluntary Action West Wilts Voluntary Action - Leeds Voluntary Active Range of Motion voluntary activity voluntary admission ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Writ+of+trespass | Writ of trespass WRIT OF TRESPASS , practice . This writ lies where a party claims damages for a trespass committed against his person , or tangible and corporeal property . See Trespass . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / Writ + of + trespass " > Writ of trespass < / a > Mentioned in case de bonis asportatis Quare clausum fregit Vi et armis Writ of deceit Writ of trespass on the case Legal browser ▲ Writ of detinue Writ of dower Writ of ejectment Writ of entry Writ of error writ of execution Writ of exigi facias Writ of formedon Writ of garnishment , dislosure Writ of inquiry Writ of mainprize writ of mandate Writ of mesne Writ of praecipe Writ of prevention Writ of process Writ of proclamation Writ of quare impedit Writ of rationabili parte bonorum Writ of recaption Writ of replevin writ of restitution Writ of right writ of summons Writ of tolt Writ of trespass Writ of trespass on the case Writ of waste Writ pro retorno habendo writ to gain freedom write write a prescription write about write down write in write notes for write off write up write - off writer Writer to the Signet write - up writhe writing writing delivered as the evidence of an agreement Writing obligatory writing that discredits writing which gives formal expression to a legal act writings Writs Writs of Assistance Case ▼ Full browser ▲ Writ of prevention Writ of privilege Writ of process Writ of proclamation writ of prohibition writ of prohibition Writ of protection Writ of quare impedit Writ of qui tam Writ of qui tam Writ of quo warranto Writ of quo warranto Writ of rationabili parte bonorum Writ of rebellion Writ of recaption Writ of replevin Writ of restitution Writ of restitution writ of right writ of right Writ of Seizure and Sale writ of summons Writ of tolt Writ of tresayle Writ of waste Writ Petition Writ pro retorno habendo writ runs writ to gain freedom Writability writable writable writable control storage Writable control store Writable Control Stores Writable DVD Writable Instruction Set Computer WRITAR Writative write write ( one ' s ) ( own ) ticket write ( one ' s ) own ticket write ( one ' s ) own ticket ▼ | [
"Writ of trespass"
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/abysmal | abysmal Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Idioms Wikipedia See : intense profound Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Children ' s Defense Fund Darrow , Clarence Seward inarticulate profound References in classic literature And Jerry , far - journeyer across life and across the history of all life that goes to make the world , strugglingly mastering the abysmal slime of the prehistoric with the love that had come into existence and had become warp and woof of him in far later time , his wrath of ancientness still faintly reverberating in his throat like the rumblings of a passing thunder - storm , knew , in the wide warm ways of feeling , the augustness and righteousness of Skipper . View in context In all truth , there in the labor - ghettos is the roaring beast the oligarchs fear so dreadfully - - but it is the beast of their own making . View in context It seemed to Daughtry that he glimpsed or sensed under the other ' s unfaltering cherubicness of expression a steelness of cruelty that was in that it was of controlled intelligence . He knows monstrous , atavistic promptings , and he is composed of all manner of shreds of and forgotten instincts . Immediately thereafter she raised her voice in the shrill , hoarse , monotonous madness of hysteria , sat down on the floor , and rocked back and forth in the throes of an grief . Korak ' s eyes went wide and then they closed to narrow slits of rage as he stood glaring down upon the brute at his feet . I will guarantee to scale the wall and take you with me , if you will help with your knowledge of the customs here to appoint the best time for the attempt , and guide me to the shaft that lets from the dome of this sea to the light of God ' s pure air above . Against what , pray , should we guard this long - forgotten , path ? She feared not more for herself than for the three men whom she knew to be wandering in the depths of the savage jungle , from which she now heard issuing the almost incessant shrieks and roars , barkings and growlings of its terrifying and fearsome denizens as they sought their prey . On this week ' s TribCast , Emily talks to Marissa , Aliyya and Patrick about the state ' s maternal mortality rate , its crisis in special education , and Gov . Audio : Maternal mortality , Texas ' special ed crisis ( podcast ) Unfortunately though a poor game plan and shoddy execution , besides fielding , nullified the advantage . Afridi hit hard on green - shirts loss to India said : " Fewer players in a market is rarely a good thing but now this deal has been approved , both companies must urgently address their customer service record . Fears over BT merger with EE More results ► Legal browser ▲ abuse abuse a privilege Abuse by supervisor Abuse Excuse abuse in marriage Abuse in mental health facility Abuse of Discretion Abuse of Power abuse of privilege abuse of process abuse of public trust abuse one ’ s rights abused abusive abusive harangue abusiveness abut abut on abut upon abuti abutment abuttal abuttals abutter abutting abyss Abzug , Bella Savitsky Ac etiam academic Academic Freedom academic honor Academic question Academic Year academician academy Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Accedas ad curiam Accedas ad vicecomitem accede accede to accedence accedere accedere ad accelerare accelerate accelerated decision accelerated judgment accelerating acceleration Acceleration Clause ▼ Full browser ▲ ABYB ABYC Abydos Abydos Ábydos Ábydos Abydos Survey for Prehistoric Sites Abydus Abydus abye abye Abyei Abyei Community Action for Development Abyei Recovery and Rehabilitation Project ABYF ABYHA Abyla Abyla Abylkhan Kasteev ABYMU ABYRA ABYS Abysal plain Abysal plain abysm abysm abysmal failure abysmal failures abysmally abysmally abysms abyss Abyss ( disambiguation ) Abyss ( disambiguation ) Abyss Web Server Abyss ' Highest eXperience abyssal abyssal abyssal cave Abyssal Deposits Abyssal fan abyssal floor Abyssal Fractures Abyssal Gaming Network abyssal gap abyssal hill abyssal injection Abyssal plain Abyssal plain Abyssal plains Abyssal plains ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/affiant | affiant Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Encyclopedia affiant n . a person who signs an affidavit and swears to its truth before a Notary Public or some person authorized to take oaths , like County Clerk . ( See : affidavit declarant Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . noun attestant attester deponent signer subscriber swearer testifier voucher Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . another word for DEPONENT Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in acknowledgment attestant attester contents declarant declarer deponent notary public sworn declarant References in periodicals archive The second affidavit requires the to aver that the presumed Absent biological fathers in adoption : noticing the nuance of notice 115 ) Another , often quoted by Hausner , Rudolf Hoss , former commander of Auschwitz , had been executed in Poland . Fifty years after : a critical look at the Eichmann trial For example , an or deponent might testify to a statement Admissibility tolerance : limited latitude for summary judgment material under rule 56 156 ) For example , Bensman stated that he had visited Summers v . Earth Island Institute rejects probabilistic standing , but a " realistic threat " of harm is a better standing test the motion for summary judgment , rather than a subsequent affidavit , ' shall show affirmatively that the is competent to testify to the matters stated therein . Squandering the last word : the misuse of reply affidavits in summary judgment proceedings After an evidentiary hearing at which the patient ' s sister testified , the lower court determined that the was not unbiased , since she was the sister of the patient and the mother of the patient ' s attorney . FL : Pre - suit notice of expert witness required : patient ' s sister - a veteran nurse - not qualified my office lost a suppression motion involving the search of a home that contained a methamphetamine laboratory , because the judge found that the had omitted from the affidavit that the surveillance officers had seen young children present at the scene . Autocrat of the armchair As to acts undertaken in good faith reliance thereon , an affidavit executed and acknowledged by a grantor , releasor or mortgagor under penalty of perjury stating that , at the time of delivery of the deed , release or mortgage , the had no spouse who was then entitled to claim the benefit of an existing declaration of homestead , shall be conclusive proof of the nonexistence of such benefit at that time . Time for change : bringing Massachusetts homestead and personal property exemptions into the twenty - first century The engagement and responsibilities of the , and any advice they provided to the taxpayer , must be included along with the individual ' s name , current address , and taxpayer identification number . Requesting 9100 relief The must identify the applicable standard of care , opine that the defendant breached that standard , specify the actions that should have been undertaken , or omitted , and specify the manner in which the breach of the standard of care was the proximate cause of the injury . MI : heart patient died : wife sued hospital expert affidavit ' NG ' for vicarious liability claim Levi - Strauss , by performing a similar work on kinship , again reduces terms into a four sided oppositional system despite the multiplicity of them in every culture . A basic guide to the work of Claude Levi - Strauss / Claude Levi - Strauss un calismalari icin temel bir kilavuz Affiant or Attorney Sworn to and subscribed in my presence this - - day of - - , 20 - - . Appendix H : domestic relations court forms , tax forms and worksheets More results ► Legal browser ▲ aevum affability affable affair affairs affect affect detrimentally affect dishonorably affect entirely affect injuriously affectation affected affected manner affectedness affecter affectibility affectible affecting affecting a previous act affecting the nation as a whole affecting the past affection Affeerers Affere affiance Affidare Affidatio dominorum affiliate affiliate with affiliated affiliates affiliation affiliation order Affiliation Proceeding affiliation proceedings affined Affinitas affinitatis affinitive affinity affinity of nature affirm affirm explicitly affirm in an official capacity affirm positively affirm the contrary affirm under oath affirm with confidence affirmance Affirmance - day ▼ Full browser ▲ Affero General Public License Affero General Public License Affero GPL AFFES affettuoso AFFF AFFFA AFFG AFFGS AFFH AFFHF AFFHG AFFHO AFFHSS - MA Affi affiance affianced affianced affiancedly affiancedly Affiancer affiances affiances affiancing affiancing affiants affiants Affichage a Cristaux Liquide Affiche afficionado Affidare Affidatio dominorum Affidavit of Domicile Affidavit of Forgery Affidavit of Heirship Affidavit of Loss Affidavit of Merit Affidavit of No Records Affidavit of Performance Affidavit of Residence Affidavit of Service Affidavits Affidavits Affidavits of Domicile Affidavits of Loss ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anecdote | anecdotal ( redirected from anecdote Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : narrative Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Ferraro , Geraldine Anne narrative plagiarism pornography References in classic literature said Stepan Arkadyevitch , and he told an anecdote about her which set them all laughing . View in context Lots of , ' said the green - coated stranger of the day before , advancing to Mr . View in context He told them a good many humorous anecdotes , and always forgot the nub , but they were always able to furnish it , for these yarns were of a pretty early vintage , and they had had many a rejuvenating pull at them before . Of these gifted beings marvelous anecdotes are related , which are most potently believed by their fellow savages , and sometimes almost credited by the white hunters . The papers revived all the old in which the " sun of the wolves " played a part ; they recalled the influences which the ignorance of past ages ascribed to her ; in short , all America was seized with selenomania , or had become moon - mad . He was thought witty , thanks to his foible for relating a quantity of on the reign of Louis XV . If the chevalier did allow himself this bit of shrewd practice , - - which , by the bye , would have won him the regard of the Chevalier de Gramont , a smile from the Baron de Foeneste , a shake of the hand from the Marquis de Moncade , - - was he any the less that amiable guest , that witty talker , that imperturbable card - player , that famous teller of , in whom all Alencon took delight ? The place they had just been in called up so many recollections , and Kate had so many of Madeline , and Nicholas so many of Frank , and each was so interested in what the other said , and both were so happy and confiding , and had so much to talk about , that it was not until they had plunged for a full half - hour into that labyrinth of streets which lies between Seven Dials and Soho , without emerging into any large thoroughfare , that Nicholas began to think it just possible they might have lost their way . While the barrage of tweets began as a reply to a Business Insider story , Musk also took a shot at TIME for writing a story based on the same Elon Musk Contests Biography Anecdote About Assistant Firing because you only have one CHRISTMAS parties , for couples , mean two things . FLIC EVERETT ' s weekly observations on men ; HATE MALE It ' s another sparkling feel - good instalment all round with improbably hilarious contributions from comedians Sarah Millican and Jon Richardson as well as actor David Harewood who has a great about how he got into character for his role in Homeland . WE LOVE COMEDY Melbourne , Nov 11 ( ANI ) : Australian cricketer Ed Cowan has lamented the controversy , that was sparked off due to an on his friend and England cricketer Kevin Pietersen Cowan laments controversy over KP ' s ' I ' m not f - king English ' book anecdote More results ► Legal browser ▲ ancestral ancestral descent ancestral relative ancestry anchor anchorage anchored anchoretic anchoretical ancient ancient demesne ancient documents ancient lights Ancient Writing Ancient writings Anciently Ancients ancillary Ancillary Administration ancillary jurisdiction ancillary relief and And of administration Androlepsy anecdotal anemic anent anesthetic anesthetic agent anew anfractuous angary angel angelic anger angering angle angle of vision angle off angled Anglo - Irish Agreement angry angry disagreement angry dispute anguilliform anguine anguish anguished anguishing angustus ▼ Full browser ▲ Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence anecdotal health reports anecdotal record anecdotal records anecdotal records Anecdotal report Anecdotal report anecdotalism anecdotalist anecdotalist anecdotalists anecdotalists anecdotally anecdotally anecdotic anecdotic anecdotical anecdotical anecdotically anecdoticly anecdotist anecdotist anecdysis Anecho anechogenic anechoic anechoic anechoic chamber anechoic chamber Anechoic room Anechoic room anechoicly anechoicly ANECO ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arcuate+nucleus | nucleus ( redirected from arcuate nucleus Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : center consequence cornerstone essence gravamen main point mainstay significance Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / arcuate + nucleus " > nucleus < / a > Mentioned in center consequence core cornerstone dna genetic engineering gravamen heart main focus main point mainstay material point middle Nuclear Power Opinion of the Supreme Court , January 22 , 1973 Pendent Jurisdiction salient point Legal browser ▲ arbitrium Arbitrium est judicium Arbor consanguinitatis arca arcana arcane arcanus arch archaic Archaionomia archaistic Archbishop Arches court archetypal archetype architect Architect of the Capitol architectural monument architecture architectus archive archives archivist archon Arctic , Legal Status of arcuate nucleus ardent ardent admirer ardent champion of change ardent impulse ardor arduous arduousness Are area area of disagreement area of education area of learning arena Areopagite Areopagus Argentum album argot arguable argue argue a case argue a point argue against argue at the bar argue for argue for and against ▼ Full browser ▲ Arcuate fibers Arcuate fibers arcuate fibers of cerebrum arcuate keratotomy arcuate l arcuate l arcuate ligament arcuate ligament of the diaphragm arcuate ligaments arcuate ligaments Arcuate line Arcuate line arcuate line of ilium arcuate line of rectus sheath arcuate line of rectus sheath arcuate nuclei Arcuate nucleus ( hypothalamus ) Arcuate nucleus ( hypothalamus ) arcuate nucleus of thalamus arcuate nucleus , nucleus arcuati arcuate nucleus , nucleus arcuati Arcuate popliteal ligament Arcuate pubic ligament arcuate scotoma arcuate scotoma Arcuate uterus arcuate vein of the kidney arcuate veins of kidney arcuate veins of kidney arcuate vessels arcuate vessels arcuate zone arcuated arcuated arcuated lintel arcuately arcuately ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aspect | aspect Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia aspect noun appearance aspectus condition facet factor feature forma look mien part peculiar feature perspective phase position posture regard relaaive position , salient characteristic situation slant spectare state view viewpoint visage vista See also : appearance behavior characteristic complexion component condition conduct demeanor deportment detail factor feature ingredient look manner outlook particular posture presence property semblance side standpoint state style technicality Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in advocacy angle antidumping laws appear aspects aspectus authorized lay representative Brief for Appellee Brief for the Petitioners Brief of Petitioners Building Codes carriage by sea Catron , John characteristic circulation clean hands command theory Commercial Law References in classic literature And allowing that , many , many years ago , in his early and reckless youth , he had committed some one wrong act , - - or that , even now , the inevitable force of circumstances should occasionally make him do one questionable deed among a thousand praiseworthy , or , at least , blameless ones , - - would you characterize the Judge by that one necessary deed , and that half - forgotten act , and let it overshadow the fair of a lifetime ? said the Judge , with well - grounded confidence in the benignity of his View in context It was a man in an old - fashioned dress of black serge and having the of a steward or principal domestic in the household of a nobleman or great English landholder . Next came a portly gentleman , wearing a coat of shaggy cloth , lined with silken velvet ; he had sense , shrewdness , and humor in his face , and a folio volume under his arm ; but his was that of a man vexed and tormented beyond all patience , and harassed almost to death . View in context Tire ratio is defined as tire section height divided by section width ( figure 1 ) . Effects of aspect ratio on tire performance Aspect is finalizing its proxy statement for distribution to shareholders , and the companies anticipate the deal will close in September . Concerto and Aspect announce new company At that point , we decided to begin at the other end of the continuum , as it were , and attempted to assess a more " global " of teaching , apart from any a priori specifics . The magic of motivation : practical implications from research The source of " high importance " assigned to the " length of training , " for example , may stem from a preference for an intermediate ( e . Prescreening , In - Depth Exploration , and Choice : From Decision Theory to Career Counseling Practice . ( Effective Techniques ) While the criminal aspects of the case were being completed , the IRS suspended its civil , , investigation and allowed the limitations period for T ' s 1984 - 1987 tax years to expire . Delay in Civil Case While Criminal Investigation Was Pending Was Not Ministerial Act As a reseller of Asterisk Business Edition , Aspect Software recognized the value contact center customers have experienced with Asterisk and the company took advantage of its new headquarters move as an opportunity to install this new infrastructure and capitalize on the benefits it will provide . Aspect Software to Deploy Digium ' s Asterisk Business Edition at New Corporate Headquarters HD , when combined with Adobe Premiere on today ' s Intel Pentium 4 PCs is the first and only way to edit high - definition video in real time at a price that is within reach for today ' s professional videographers . CineForm ' s breakthough product , aspect HD now shipping for Adobe Premiere 6.5 is conducting the BRITE trial in collaboration with leading depression researchers at ten prestigious facilities across the United States . Aspect Medical Systems Announces Progress of BRITE Major Depression Study More results ► Legal browser ▲ ask ask advice ask an opinion ask earnestly ask for ask for credit ask for recommendations ask for relief ask for suggestions ask for with authority ask help of ask questions ask solemnly for ask to come ask urgently asked for asker askew asking asking for what is due asking price asking questions aslant asleep ASP asper asperse aspersion aspersive Asphyxy aspirant aspiration aspire aspire to aspirer asportation assail assail by argument assail with censure assailability assailable assailant assailing assailment Assassin assassinate assassination assault ▼ Full browser ▲ ASPBOA ASPBSEC ASPBYC ASPC ASPC - F ASPCA ASPCA ASPCC ASPCGA ASPCP ASPCR ASPCR1 ASPCRO ASPCS ASPCT Aspd Aspd ASPDAC ASPDC ASPDR ASPDS ASPDU Aspe ASPEA ASPEC aspecific ASPECT 2 Aspect Angle Aspect Angle Aspect Camera Assembly aspect change Aspect Data Processor Aspect International School of Business and Technology Aspect of a plane Aspect of the Cheetah Aspect of the Hawk Aspect of the Monkey Aspect of the Pack Aspect of the Viper Aspect Orientation in Makefile Production Rules Aspect oriented Aspect Oriented Javascript Programming Aspect Oriented Middleware Development Aspect Oriented Programming Aspect Oriented Programming Aspect Oriented Risk - Driven Development Aspect oriented software development Aspect Oriented Thinking Aspect programming aspect ratio aspect ratio Aspect ratio ( disambiguation ) ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/assumed+name | pseudonym ( redirected from assumed name Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : sobriquet Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / assumed + name " > pseudonym < / a > Mentioned in abortion also known as appellation Constitution of the United States Cranch , William Entertainment Law Federalist Papers Health Insurance Opinion of the Supreme Court , January 22 , 1973 Opinion of U.S. District Court , N.D. Texas , June 17 , 1970 personal rights sobriquet Legal browser ▲ assuasive assuasive drug assumable assume assume a character assume a fighting attitude assume a lofty bearing assume a mask assume a patronizing air assume a pattern assume a risk assume authority assume command assume definite characteristics assume for public use assume ownership assume responsibility assume responsibility for assume the appearance of assume the character of assume the offensive assume the role of assume unlawful rights of ownership assume without authority assumed assumed name assumed position assumed positions assumed truth assumedly assuming assuming different forms assuming ownership assuming that assumpsit assumption assumption of risk assumptive assumptively assurance assurance of secrecy assure assure again assure oneself Assured assured belief assured expectation assured tenancy assuredly assuredness assurer ▼ Full browser ▲ Assumed Benefit Assumed Bond Assumed Bonds Assumed Business Name Assumed Business Name Assumed business names Assumed business names assumed decimal point Assumed Ellipsoid Height Assumed good faith Assumed good faith assumed grid Assumed interest rate Assumed interest rate Assumed Interest Rates Assumed Investment Return Assumed Liabilities Assumed Liability assumed liability for Assumed Loss Ratio Assumed Loss Ratios Assumed National Council Tax assumed plane coordinates Assumed Position Assumed Position assumed positions assumed role Assumed Shelter Cost Assumed Shelter Costs assumed truth assumedly Assument assumer assumer assumes assumes assumes liability for assuming Assuming bad faith Assuming bad faith assuming different forms Assuming good faith Assuming good faith ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bid+farewell | bid farewell See : depart leave Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / bid + farewell " > bid farewell < / a > Mentioned in leave Legal browser ▲ beyond reform beyond remedy beyond reproach Beyond sea beyond the bounds of possibility beyond the jurisdiction of the court beyond the limit beyond the ordinary beyond understanding BFP bhang bias biased bibacity bibliophilic bibulosity bibulousness bicameral Bickel , Alexander Mordecai bicker bickering bid bid come bid defiance to bid fair bid farewell bid for biddable bidder bidding Biddle , Francis Beverly bide bide time bid - rigging Biens bienséance bi - facial bifurcate bifurcated bifurcated trial bifurcation bifurcous big Bigamus bigamy Bigelow , Melville Madison biggest part biggest share bighearted big - hearted bigness ▼ Full browser ▲ Bid and Proposal Bid and Proposed Bid Ask Spread Bid Ask Spreads Bid away Bid bond Bid bond Bid Bonds Bid Bonds Bid Clarification Meeting bid come Bid Data Sheet bid date bid defiance bid defiance bid defiance to bid down Bid Evaluation Criteria bid fair bid for Bid For Power Bid for Quotation bid form bid guarantee Bid Guaranty Coverage Bid Guaranty Coverage bid her adieu bid him adieu Bid hook bid in bid in Bid Information and Distribution System Bid Information Service Bid Invitation Specification BID isoform ES BID isoform ES BID isoform L BID isoform L BID isoform Si6 ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/birth+control | Birth Control Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia Birth Control A measure or measures undertaken to prevent conception . In the 1800s , temperance unions and anti - vice societies headed efforts to prohibit birth control in the United States . Anthony Comstock , secretary of Society for Suppression of Vice , advocated a highly influential law passed by Congress in 1873 . It was titled Act for Suppression Trade in , and Circulation Obscene Literature Articles Immoral Use , but known popularly as comstock law or Comstock Act ( 18 U.S.C.A . § 1416 - 62 [ 1964 ] ; 19 U.S.C.A . § 1305 [ 1964 ] ) . The Comstock prohibited use mail system transmit obscene materials articles addressing use prevention conception , including information on birth control methods devices themselves . Soon after federal government passed Act , over half states similar laws . All but two rest states already had laws banning sale , distribution , advertising contraceptives . Connecticut had a that prohibited even contraceptives ; it was with little no consideration its enforceability . Despite popular opposition , its advocates , including margaret sanger In 1916 , Sanger opened New York City first clinic United States . For doing so , she her sister Ethel Byrne , who worked with her , were prosecuted under state ' s version People v . Byrne 99 Misc . 1 , 163 N.Y.S . 682 [ 1917 ] ; People v . Sanger 179 A.D . 939 , 166 N.Y.S . 1107 [ 1917 ] ) . Both were convicted sentenced thirty days workhouse . After serving her sentence , continued attack Act . She established National Committee Federal Legislation Birth Control , headquartered Washington , D.C. , proposed " doctor ' s bill . " This bill advocated change government ' s policy toward control , citing numerous instances which women died owing illegal abortions unwanted pregnancies . The bill defeated , due , part , opposition from Catholic Church other religious groups . But when issue Sanger ' s sending devices through mail doctor pressed States One Package 13 F . Supp . 334 ( S.D.N.Y . 1936 ) , court ruled that not concerned preventing distribution items might save life promote well - being doctor ' s patients . sought challenge by breaking it sending contraception mail . Her efforts victorious exception made . doctor whom sent device granted possession . furthered role reforming attitudes toward founding Planned Parenthood Federation America 1942 . Planned Parenthood merged previously existing federations promoted range options . 1950s , went on support work Dr . Gregory Pincus , whose research eventually produced revolutionary pill . By 1960s , partly as result Sanger ' s efforts , popular legal attitudes began change . case griswold connecticut , 381 U.S . 479 , 85 S . Ct . 1678 , 14 L . Ed . 2d 510 ( 1965 ) , loosened restrictions Act . When League Connecticut opened 1961 , executive director , Estelle Griswold , faced charges violating Connecticut ' s ban contraceptives ( Conn . Gen . Stat . Ann . § § 53 - 32 , 54 - 196 [ 1958 ] ) . A divided Supreme Court overturned Griswold ' s conviction ground - breaking opinion established constitutional right marital privacy . Court threw out underlying statute , which both using contraception assisting counseling others use . majority opinion , authored Justice william o . douglas looked briefly at series prior cases found rights not specifically enumerated Constitution — for example , right freedom association has said is protected First Amendment even though phrase is used there NAACP Alabama 357 U.S . 449 , 78 S . Ct . 1163 , 2 L . Ed . 2d 1488 [ 1958 ] ) . Douglas concluded various guarantees contained Bill Rights ' Amendments One , Three , Four , Five , Nine , along Amendment Fourteen , create " zones privacy , " include marital privacy . statute , could allow police officers search bedroom evidence contraception , held unconstitutional ; government did have make such intrusions into relationship . other branches followed Court ' s lead . President lyndon b . johnson endorsed public funding family planning services 1966 , federal began subsidize services low - income families . 1970 President richard m . nixon signed Family Planning Services Population Research ( 42 201 et seq . ) . This act supported activities related population research family planning . More more , came be seen part former era , until , 1971 , essential components repealed . But this repeal necessarily followed all states . 1972 case Eisenstad Baird 405 438 , 92 1029 , 31 349 , struck down Massachusetts still books allowed distribution contraceptives married couples only . held Massachusetts denied single persons Equal Protection violation Fourteenth Amendment 1977 Carey Population Services International 431 678 , 97 2010 , 52 675 , Supreme continued expand constitutional protections area control . imposed strict standard review New York labeled " defective . " anyone physicians from distributing minors under sixteen years age . also anyone licensed pharmacists distributing persons over sixteen . Carey allowed makers more freedom distribute sell their products teens . Throughout 1990s , cases brought number jurisdictions parents sought prohibit condoms forms schools unemancipated minor students without consent parent guardian . Although some jurisdictions such programs violated parents ' due process rights , upheld privacy rights minors found programs be constitutional . More controversy arose after women gained access RU - 486 , so - called " morning - after " pill later generations emergency contraceptives , are high - dosage pills designed taken shortly unprotected intercourse has taken place . Emergency continues opposed antiabortion groups ground another form abortion . Since 2000 , election Republican majorities various state legislatures strengthened position groups opposing abortion reproductive rights . addition continuing battle require parental consent contraceptive both schools community health clinics , number conservative support " abstinence - only " sexuality education classes schools . While some proponents want make classes optional are willing have them taught alongside traditional courses discuss methods control , adherents seek these taught place traditional courses . george w . bush ' s election 2000 well Republican gains House 2002 , further strengthened those who seek restrict access education methods . Further readings Bacigal , Ronald J . 1990 . Limits Litigation — The Dalkon Shield Controversy . Durham , N.C. : Carolina Academic Press . Hoff - Wilson , Joan . 1991 . Gender Injustice : Legal History Women . York : Univ . Press . McCann , Carole R . 1994 . Birth Control Politics States , 1916 – 1945 . Ithaca : Cornell Univ . McLaren , Angus . 1990 . History Contraception Antiquity Present . Cambridge , Mass . : Blackwell . Parenthood . Available online at < www . plannedparenthood . org > ( accessed June 1 , 2003 ) . Solinger , Rickie . 2000 . Wake Up Little Susie : Single Pregnancy Race before Roe Wade . York : Routledge . Cross - references Family Law Griswold v . Connecticut ( Appendix , Primary Document ) Parent and Child Privacy Reproduction Schools and School Districts West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / Birth + Control " > Birth Control < / a > Mentioned in abortion Allred , Gloria Anarchism Baldwin , Roger Nash bankruptcy Brief for Appellant Brief for Appellee Buck v . Bell class action Comstock Law of 1873 constitutional law Husband and Wife Lawrence v . Texas Mill , John Stuart Naral Pro - Choice America National Right to Life Committee natural law Neighbor making allegations Legal browser ▲ bind oneself bind oneself by oath bind over bind together binder binding binding agreement Binding Authority Binding Over binding promise Bingham , John Armor Binney , Horace biodegradable municipal waste biodegradable waste bioecology bioethics biographical record bionomics bipartite bipartition birch Bird , Rose Elizabeth birdbrained Birretum or birretus birth out of wedlock birthplace birthright Bisaile bisect bisectable bisected bisection Bishop Bishoprick Bissell , Wilson Shannon Bissextile bit biting bitter bitter animosity bitter enemy bitter feelings bitter harangue bitter words bitterness bivium bizarre bizarreness blabber ▼ Full browser ▲ Birth centre birth certificate birth certificate Birth certificates Birth certificates Birth chart Birth chart birth charts birth charts birth cohort birth cohort birth cohort phenomenon birth cohort study Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau birth control device birth control device Birth Control Devices Birth Control Federation of America Birth Control Glasses Birth Control International Information Centre birth control pill birth control pill Birth control pills Birth control pills Birth Control Review Birth Control , Astrological Birth Control / Contraception Birth Control / Contraception Birth Cushion Birth Dad birth date Birth Daughter Birth Death Sample Registration birth defect birth defect ▼ | [
"Birth Control",
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] |
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bliss | bliss Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : enjoyment Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Brief for Appellants in Nos . 1 , 2 and 4 and for Respondents Brief for the Petitioners cohabitation enjoyment gratification heaven lift match supplement Legal browser ▲ bleakness blear bleared blemish blemished blend blended blending blessed blessings Blew up dry ice bombs in street , possible plea bargain ? blight blight notice blight one ’ s optical powers blighted blighted hope blighting blind blind chance blind eye knowledge blind faith blind to blind zeal blinded blindfold bliss blissful blister blistered blitz blitzkrieg bloated bloatedness bloc block block off block out block the way block up blockade blockaded blockage blockbuster Blockbusting blocked blockish blockishness blood blood connection Blood Feud blood kindred ▼ Full browser ▲ bliping bliping blipped blipped blipping blipping blips blips Blipvert Blipverts BLIR - B BLIRC Blirt Blirt BLIS BLISA BLISc Blisk BLISL Bliss ( disambiguation ) Bliss ( disambiguation ) bliss ( one ) out Bliss Alger Business College bliss her out bliss him out bliss me out Bliss n Eso bliss ninnies bliss ninny bliss ninnys bliss one out bliss out bliss out bliss somebody out bliss someone out bliss them out bliss us out bliss you out Bliss , Daniel Bliss , Howard Sweetser Bliss , Karl Bliss , Lizzie Plummer Bliss , Philip Paul Bliss , Sir Arthur Bliss , Sir Arthur ( Edward Drummond ) Bliss , Sir Arthur ( Edward Drummond ) ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bolster | bolster Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia bolster verb aid back buoy up lift prop shore up shoulder succor support sustain underpin uphold See also : assist bear benefit favor inure justify maintain nurture organize preserve prolong promote reinforce side subsidize supplement support sustain uphold Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in admission aid alcohol Automobiles back bear Bradley , Joseph P . Brennan , William Joseph , Jr . buoy up burden of going forward Cameras in Court Car damaged from apartment security gate Child Pornography corroborate Dead Man ' s Statutes disposal Drugs and Narcotics duration embolden Legal browser ▲ body of professors body of representatives body of rules body of rules of government body politic bodyguard boeotian bog boggle Boggs , Corinne Claiborne bogus Bohemian Bohemianism boil down Boilary boiler plate boiler room boilerplate boisterous boisterousness bold bold front boldfaced boldness Bolin , Jane Matilda bolt bomb bombard bombardment bombast bombastic bombastic language bombastic speech bombastical bombastry bombings bombshell bona bona fide bona fide percepta et consumpta bona fide purchaser bona fides Bona fides non patitur Bona gestura Bona mobilia Bona notabilia engl Bona peritura bona vacantia Bona waviata bonafide ▼ Full browser ▲ Bolshoi Karaman Bolshoi Khomus - Iuriakh Bolshoi Kinel Bolshoi Kizil Bolshoi Kochmes Bolshoi Kuialnik Bolshoi Kundysh Bolshoi Lug Bolshoi Maashei Bolshoi Oiu Bolshoi Patom Bolshoi Pit Bolshoi Saian Bolshoi Tap Bolshoi Teleskop Azimutalnyi Bolshoi Theater of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bolshoi Theatre Bolshoi Uran Bolshoi Zelenchuk Bolshovtsy Bolshoy bolshy bolshy bolson bolson Bolsón Bolsón Bolsover District Council Bolstad , Oivind Bolstad , Øivind bolster beam bolster finger bolster her up bolster him up bolster it up bolster me up bolster one up bolster pillow bolster pillow bolster pillows bolster pillows bolster plate Bolster plates Bolster stake bolster them up bolster up bolster up bolster us up Bolster work Bolster work bolster you up bolstered bolstered bolsterer bolsterer bolsterers ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chaotic | chaotic Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Wikipedia chaotic adjective aimless anarchical askew awry complex confused discordant disordered fermenting , formless , frantic , frenzied furious haphazard mixed - up , muddled , raging scattered , shapeless stormy tempestuous tumultuous turbulent unmethodical unrestrained unorganized unruly untidy See also : complex disordered haphazard promiscuous unruly Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Case Method degenerate Fairness Doctrine Federal Aviation Administration havoc joint and several liability mania Parent and Child promiscuous Sheppard , Samuel H . Territories of the United States References in periodicals archive Hence , the systems are practically applied in the field of image encryption algorithm [ 3 - 7 , 32 - 33 ] . An efficient chaotic image encryption algorithm based on self - adaptive model and feedback mechanism 3 ] ( 0 ) = 0 , the Chen system shows condition . ADRC Method for Noncascaded Integral System Based on the Total Derivative of Composite Functions of Several Variables Chaotic PWM techniques are the ones developed as an alternative to the random PWM techniques . Reduction of EMI with chaotic space vector modulation in direct torque control Hastings and Powell [ 1 ] introduced a continuous time model of a food chain incorporating nonlinear functional responses and shown that model exhibits dynamics in long term behaviour when biologically reasonable parameter values are chosen . Controlling chaos in a food chain model through threshold harvesting Staff were very busy and in constant demand which reflected that the service was and no clear boundaries had been set to establish the nature of support people should be receiving . ' Chaotic ' home criticised Double Optical Feedback Broadband Chaotic Mechanism The wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network breakpoint precision detection system based broadband chaos light 22 July 2015 - US - based management consulting , technology services and outsourcing company Accenture ( NYSE : ACN ) has acquired US - based creative technology studio Moon , the company said on Wednesday . Accenture Acquires Texas Digital Design Firm Chaotic Moon Keywords ; systems Rikitake system fuzzy controller TakagiSugeno model . STABILIZATION OF CHAOS RIKITAKE SYSTEM BY USE OF FUZZY CONTROLLER The sensitivity to initial conditions means predicting the behaviour of a system is difficult , and becomes more difficult over time . Try this pendulum pandemonium : this activity has been adapted from CSIRO ' s Science by Email . If you ' d like more activities , subscribe free of charge to Science by Email at www . csiro . au / sciencemail According to Moon , the group will work on global challenges at 30,000 feet , aboard a private British Airways flight from San Francisco to London on June 12 , 2013 . Whurley selected by British Airways partnership for Innovation UnGrounded project 8220 ; Motorcycle gear is an essential part of riding safety as well as looking the part of a biker , ” says Dominik Hussl of Motorsports . Chaotic Motorsports Adds Adtec Boots & Z1R Motorcycle Gear signal is one kind of pseudo - noise signals generated from deterministic system . A signal model based on combination chaotic map for noise radar More results ► Legal browser ▲ change place change places change residence change sides change the appearance of change the bearing change the face of change the guise of change the place of Change ticket change venue changeable changeableness changed priorities changeful changeless changelessly changelessness changer changing changing statements to the police channel channels chant chaos chaotic state chap chaperonage chaperone Chaplain chapman chapter Chapter 11 Chapter 7 chapter and verse char character character assassination character evidence character witness characteristic characteristic behavior characteristic difference characteristic feature characteristic marks characteristic mood characteristic part characteristic way characteristically repeated action characteristics ▼ Full browser ▲ Chaos Computer Club France Chaos Dwarves Chaos effect Chaos effect Chaos Emperor Dragon Chaos Guild Chaos Is Your Destiny Chaos Legion Chaos Machine Chaos Magick Group Chaos Normal Form Chaos Space Marines Chaos theory Chaos theory Chaos Theory : Tales Askew Chaos ! Comics Chaos ! comics Chaos , Complexity and Transport Chaos - Shift - Keying Chaoscomics chaoses chaoses chaotic advection chaotic atrial tachycardia chaotic atrial tachycardia chaotic attractor chaotic attractor chaotic attractors Chaotic behavior Chaotic behavior Chaotic Binary Sequence Chaotic Blader Games Chaotic Coding Chaotic Complex Spreading Sequence Chaotic dynamical system Chaotic dynamical system Chaotic dynamical systems Chaotic dynamical systems Chaotic Evil Chaotic Good chaotic heart Chaotic Key - Based Algorithm Chaotic map ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cheer | cheer Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : assure honor promise reassure solace spirit Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in alcohol assure Darrow , Clarence Seward embolden entertainment fortify gratification happy honor promise propitious reassure Scopes Monkey Trial solace spirit Legal browser ▲ cheat out of money cheated cheater cheating check check a reference check a source Check book Check cashed illegally check cashing business , jail check holder check in check lis check over check thoroughly check up check upon again checked checking checklist checkmate Checkoff checks cashed , who is liable checkup check - up cheer cheerful cheerful consent cheerful giver cheerful willingness cheerfulness cheering cheerless cheerlessness chemical substance Chemistry med cheque cherish cherish a belief cherishing Cherokee Cases Chessman , Caryl chest Chevisance chevy chic Chicago Eight Chicago Jury Project Chicago School chicane chicanery ▼ Full browser ▲ cheeks Cheeks of a block Cheeks of a mast cheektooth Cheektowaga Cheektowaga ( town ) , New York Cheektowaga Central High School Cheektowaga Central School District Cheektowaga Community Symphony Orchestra Cheektowaga scream Cheektowaga scream cheeky cheeky cheeky monkey cheep cheep cheeped cheeped cheeper cheeper cheeping cheeping cheeps cheeps cheer ( one ) to the echo Cheer Coaches Association of Michigan cheer for cheer for ( someone or something ) cheer for her cheer for him cheer for it cheer for me cheer for one cheer for them cheer for us cheer for you cheer her on cheer her to the echo cheer her up cheer him on cheer him to the echo cheer him up cheer it on cheer me on cheer me to the echo cheer me up cheer on cheer on cheer on her cheer on him cheer on it cheer on me cheer on one cheer on them ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/colluded | collude ( redirected from colluded Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Idioms collude verb abet calculate combine conceive connive conspire contrive cooperate design engineer foment frame incite intrigue involve maneuver plan plot prearrange predetermine scheme Associated concepts : collusion between husband and wife , collusion to circumvent the law , collusive action fraudulent conveyances See also : act in concert combine connive conspire contrive cooperate involve maneuver participate plan plot scheme Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in act in concert collusion concerted conspiracy engineer go along with Guest Statutes immunity in conspiracy with Public Contract References in periodicals archive Tesco stands alone in denying that it colluded with the others to inflate the price of milk and cheese . TESCO ' DISMAYED ' BY OFT PRICE - FIXING FINE ; with Business HENRYK ZIENTEK email : phone : henr yk . zientek @ examiner . co . uk 01484 437766 Hasan told Al Jazeera that British agents in multiple ways . UK urged to examine torture claims The Home Secretary is facing legal action over claims that MI5 in the torture of a former civil servant suspected of terrorism , the Home Office said . Home Secretary may face legal action over MI5 collusion claim THE Home Secretary faces legal action over claims that MI5 in the torture of a former civil servant suspected of terrorism , the Home Office confirmed last night . Action over torture ' collusion ' Lawyers for Briton Jamil Rahman wrote to Home Secretary Jacqui Smith , pictured below , claiming that she in assault , unlawful arrest , false imprisonment and breaches of human rights legislation . Torture claims of terror suspect Summary : British police have been asked to investigate claims that MI5 in the torture of former Guantanamo detainee Binyam Mohamed , the country ' s top law official said Thursday . Britain to probe MI5 role in detainee torture He maintains that thousands of residential students were murdered over the course of a century , alleging that the government , the churches and the RCMP to commit genocide through the schools . Residential schools Presenting officer Sheleen McCormack said Mr and Mrs Gunn had in altering the original test papers . Sir struck off for fiddle THE accusation that leading supermarkets and dairy processors to fix the price of milk , butter and cheese is damaging in the extreme Case of trust ; COMMENT This is the same John McCain who battled the border fence and with Teddy Kennedy on the amnesty bill rejected by Congress last year after a national uproar . What McCain means And they receive aid and comfort from misguided and timid editorial pages , like those of The Washington Post and The New York Times , which also with power in the run - up to the Iraq war instead of challenging it and which now circumscribe discourse with the narrow frame of how best to muddle through rather than promote an honest debate about whether to stay or go . Where are the democrats ? When it comes to Iraq , the opposition party is afraid to oppose The Commission alleged that SAA and Lufthansa to fix ticket prices on flights between Cape Town , Johannesburg and Frankfurt . Airline Finance News - Africa / Middle East More results ► Legal browser ▲ Collectors of the customs college college error in courses required , lawsuit College of Justice Colleges and Universities collegiate distinction collide collide with colliding Collier , William Miller colligate colligation collision Collistrigium collocate collocation collocution collop colloque colloquial colloquial discourse colloquialism Colloquim colloquy colluder colluding collusive collusive action collusory Colonel colonial colonies colonization colonize colonizer colony colophon color Color of Law Color of Office Color of Title Color or office colorable colored colored by bias coloring colorless colossal ▼ Full browser ▲ collotypes collotypes collotypic collotypic collotypy Collow colloxylin colloxylin Collpitts oscillator COLLR Colluctancy Colluctation collude with collude with ( someone or something ) collude with her collude with him collude with it collude with me collude with one collude with them collude with us collude with you colluded with colluded with her colluded with him colluded with it colluded with me colluded with one colluded with them colluded with us colluded with you colluder colluders colluders colludes colludes colluding collum collum collum anatomicum humeri collum chirurgicum humeri collum costae collum dentis collum dentis collum distortum collum distortum ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/competition | competition Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia competition noun attempt to equal bout challenge combat conflict contentio contest corrivalry encounter engagement open contest opposition outrivalry pitting of strength pitting of wits race rivalry scramble strife striving for superiority struggle for superiority trial of suueriority , vying for ascendance Associated concepts : competitive bidding competitive class , competitive examination , fair competition , free and open competition , unfair competition unreasonable interrerence with See also : conflict contention opposition rival strife struggle Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / competition " > competition < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Airlines antidumping laws antitrust law attempt to equal bout Broadcasting Cable Television cartel certamen certatio Charles River Bridge v . Warren Bridge Chicago School clash Clayton Act combat Combination in Restraint of Trade Common Agricultural Policy compete Competition Appeal Tribunal References in periodicals archive On behalf of the Province of Prince Edward Island , Id like to extend congratulations to UPEIs case teams that saw some incredible results this past semester , said Minister Brown . Canada : Minister congratulates UPEI School of Business case competition teams on first semester success Specific guidelines for each level , state and division dates and contact information for state , division and national officials , as well as a composer classification list , can be found in the competitions section of the MTNA website . 2009 - 2010 student competitions Competition , clearly , is not the best fit for some ; they ' re adequately served by all the rest our university offers . Competition in Political Science pedagogy The Spring , Texas , team of North Harris Performing Arts consistently shows innovative choreography , strong technique , and eclectic musical choices . Putting art into excellence : a Texas studio breaks out of the pack recital prior to the concert , three first - place winners in the Bach Competition will perform . CLASSIC STYLE GIRLS STRING TOGETHER WINS Can from a new kind of public school , right around the block or down the road in many cases , inspire traditional schools to improve ? Friendly competition : does the presence of charters spur public schools to improve ? Oxford University Press ( OUP ; Oxford , UK & Cary , NC ) has begun the publication of the " Journal of Law and Economics " ( JCLE ) , a new title focusing on law and policy , with a March issue . " Journal of Competition Law and Economics " from Oxford University Press So for established researchers with a track record renewing their proposal , the is not just a " rubber stamp " , confirming progress and allowing the applicant to proceed along more - of - the - same . NSERC discovery grant competitions : arguing over crumbs ? The TAPPI CorrPak [ R ] has moved to an every - other - year cycle , with the next CorrPak [ R ] to be held in 2006 . TAPPI ' s CorrPak [ R ] Competition moves to two - year cycle ; recommendations sought But it did so by omitting policy , a vital factor in combating both domestic monopolies and international price cartels . The parasites who leech billions from the poor : Phil Evans exposes the scandal of international price cartels Picked by a panel of judges from a pool of 140 applicants , the winners of the third annual Miller Urban Entrepreneurs Business Grant each walked away with $ 20,000 to fund their business ventures or implement expansions . Fostering urban entrepreneurship : winners of grant competition represent an array of businesses Editorial is the heart of our company , " said UCG partner Dan Brown about his pride in the company ' s unprecedented feat in winning nine awards this year in the Foundation ' s " excellence in newsletter journalism " How does UCG so consistently win journalism awards ? How can you ? More results ► Legal browser ▲ compensation for delay compensation for injury compensation for labor compensation for loss compensation for professional service compensation order compensation owed compensation recovery compensative compensator compensatory Compensatory Damages Comperuit ad diem compes compete compete for compete with competence competency competent Competent Evidence competent practitioner Competent witness competere competing Competition Appeal Tribunal Competition Commission competition policy competitiveness competitor Competitors competitory compilare compilation compilation of laws compilations compile compiled compiler compiler of tables of mortality complacence complacent complain complain against complain frivolously complain publicly complainant complained of complainer ▼ Full browser ▲ competing competing against competing against her competing against him competing against it competing against me competing against one competing against them competing against us competing against you competing equilibria condition competing in Competing Pipers Association Competing Prime Contractor competing risk Competing species Competing Values Framework competing with competing with her competing with him competing with it competing with me competing with one competing with them competing with us competing with you competingly competingly Competition ( biology ) Competition Act 1980 Competition Act 1998 Competition Advocate Competition Advocate General Competition Advocate General of the Navy Competition ahead Competition and Consumer Law Journal Competition and Credit Control Competition and Markets Authority Competition and Regulation in Network Industries Competition Appeal Court Competition Appeals Tribunal Competition Appeals Tribunal Competition Bureau Competition Car Log Book Competition commision Competition commision Competition Commission Competition Commission Appeals Tribunal Competition Commission of India Competition Coupe X Competition Dirt Riders Competition In Contracting Act Competition In Contracting Act of 1984 Competition Index Control ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/concentric+contraction | contraction ( redirected from concentric contraction Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Encyclopedia See : abridgment abstract blockade compendium curtailment decline decrease decrement digest diminution limitation outline synopsis Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . CONTRACTION . An abbreviation ; a mode of writing or printing by which some of the letters a word are omitted . See Abbreviations . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / concentric + contraction " > contraction < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in abortion abridgment abstract bank Baseball blockade Brief for Appellee compendium Court Hand curtailment decline decrease decrement digest Dred Scott v . Sandford loss of value merge outline SS References in periodicals archive 26 ] According to a recent view , the lesser recruitment and discharge rate of motor units during an eccentric contraction relative to a concentric contraction performed with the similar absolute workload explain the energy efficiency of an eccentric contraction . Acute effect of uphill and downhill treadmill walk on cardiovascular response and perceived exertion in young sedentary individual Triceps brachii power measurements Effects of the drop - set and reverse drop - set methods on the muscle activity and intramuscular oxygenation of the triceps brachii among trained and untrained individuals As an example , for of the dorsal flexors , have the patient place the ankle joint in a neutral position ( foot at a 90 [ degrees ] angle to the leg ) . Soft tissue manipulation : neuromuscular and muscle energy techniques Isometric contractions ( the hold phase ) and concentric contractions ( the contract phase ) used immediately before the passive stretch ( the relax phase ) facilitate autogenic inhibition . The PNF ( proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ) stretching technique - - a brief review In effective plyometric training , an eccentric contraction is followed immediately by a to produce a powerful force . Plyometrics for speed and power 1952 ; Asmunssen , 1953 ) that concentric contractions increase the metabolic demands , pH , temperature and oxygen pressure more than eccentric muscle contractions . Differential response of heat shock proteins to uphill and downhill exercise in heart , skeletal muscle , lung and kidney tissues In the same example , the opposite of an eccentric contraction is a , which would be lifting the weight away from the chest . ASK AFAA In a , the muscle tension rises to meet the resistance , then remains stable as the muscle shortens . Concentric and eccentric : muscle contraction or exercise ? sitting on the machine seat , every subject performed by bending and stretching her knee for 0 to 90 [ degrees ] with 120 m / s speed and 100 N force . The effects of ankle plantar flexor and knee extensor muscles fatigue on dynamic balance of the female elderly This relationship demonstrates that for rapid , the resistance / force must be low . Guiding principles in the strength - training philosophy A , in curl - ups or sit - ups , is performed as the two ends move close together . Lower abs : muscle or myth ? explosive with a 2 - 3 sec eccentric phase . Beware the meta - analysis : is multiple set training really better than single set training for muscle hypertrophy ? More results ► Legal browser ▲ concede conceded conceded judgment concededly concedere conceited conceivability conceivable conceivableness conceive conceive of conceived of parents legally married concent concenter concentralization concentralize concentrate concentrate on concentrate the mind concentrate the thoughts concentrate upon concentrated concentrating concentration concentric concentus concept conception conceptualize concer concern concern oneself with concerned concerning concernment concerns concert concert of action concertare concerted concerted refusal to work Concessi Concessimus concessio concession concessive Concessor concidere concierge conciliable ▼ Full browser ▲ concentre concentre concentred concentred concentres concentres concentric Concentric Array Radial Line Slot Antenna concentric atrophy concentric bundle concentric bundle Concentric cable Concentric cable Concentric Canister Launcher concentric cardiomyopathy , hypotonia , and lactic acidosis concentric castles Concentric circles Concentric circles Concentric Conductor with Ground Removed concentric exercise concentric exercise concentric faults concentric fibroma Concentric Firing System concentric fold concentric fractures concentric groove concentric hypertrophy concentric hypertrophy concentric lamella concentric lamella Concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy concentric lens concentric line concentric load concentric locating Concentric Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor concentric muscle contraction concentric muscle contraction concentric orifice plate Concentric Phase Aligned Array ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/contingent | contingent Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Encyclopedia Wikipedia Related to contingent : contingent beneficiary Contingent Assets Contingent liabilities Contingent Fortuitous ; dependent upon the possible occurrence of a future event , the existence of which is not assured . The word contingent denotes that there is no present interest or right but only a conditional one which will become effective upon happening designated condition . A remainder right to possess property after death person who holds life estate in land provided specified condition fulfilled . An owner land who grants life estate to son , with remainder daughter if she marries , has created remainder , contingency being daughter ' s marriage . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . adj . possible , but not certain . ( See : contingent beneficiary contingent interest contingent fee Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . adjective attributed to coincidental conditioned consequential dependent dependent on deeendent on circumstances , depending due to , in a state of uncertainty incident to possible provisional resulting from , subject to subject to terms subsidiary Associated concepts : contingent basis , claim , contract , debt , demand , contingent estate contingent event exxectancy , contingent fee fund , gift , contingent interest legacy , liability , estate , obligation , reeainder , right , contingent use will See also : circumstantial conditional contingency correlative dubious executory extrinsic incident provisional questionable quota reciprocal related restrictive subject tentative uncertain Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . CONTINGENT . What may or may happen ; . what depends doubtful event ; as , debt , debt depending some uncertain event . 9 Ves . It . 110 ; Co . Bankr . Laws , 245 ; 7 Ves . It . 301 ; 1 Bea . 176 ; 8 Ves . R . 334 ; 1 Rose , R . 523 ; 3 T . 539 ; 4 T . 570 . A legacy is one vested . Will . on Executors , h.t . See Contingent Remainder ; Use . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / contingent " > contingent < / a > Mentioned in advance aleatory Ambulance Chaser attorney ' s fee attributed to Avoidable Consequences based on bequest casual circumstantial claim class action classification Commercial Paper consequential Contingent damages Legal browser ▲ contest contest a case by asking for review contest in court contest in law contestability contestable contestant Contestatio litis contestation contester Contestio litis eget terminos contradictaris context contextual contexture contextus contiguity contiguous contiguousness contiguus continence Continental Congress continere contingence contingency fee Contingent damages contingent deed held in trust Contingent estate contingent event Contingent Fee contingent on Contingent remainder contingent upon Contingent use continual Continual claim continually increasing continually recurring continuance continuance in time Continuando continuatio continuation continuation in time continuation of life continue continue onward continue to be ▼ Full browser ▲ Contingency Support Center Contingency Support Package / Plan Contingency Support Staff Contingency Support Stock Contingency Support Stocks contingency table contingency table contingency tables contingency tables Contingency Tactical Air Combat System Automated Planning System Contingency Tactical Air Planning System Contingency Target Graphics contingency Theater Air Control System automated planning system Contingency Theater Air Planning System Contingency Theater Automated Planning System Contingency theory Contingency theory Contingency Training Equipment Pool Contingency Wartime Planning Contingency Wartime Planning Course Contingency Waste Container Contingency Water Container contingency ZIP Code Contingency , Exercise & Mobility Contingency - Theater Automated Planning System contingent agreement Contingent Annuities contingent annuity Contingent Asset Contingent Assets contingent behavior contingent behavior Contingent Beneficiaries Contingent Beneficiaries Contingent Business Interruption Contingent claim Contingent Claims Analysis Contingent conversion trigger Contingent Conversion Triggers Contingent Convertible Contingent Convertible contingent convertible bond Contingent Convertible Bonds Contingent Convertibles Contingent Convertibles Contingent Credit Facility contingent deed held in trust Contingent deferred sales charge Contingent deferred sales charge ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/corporation | corporation Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia corporation n . an organization formed with state governmental approval to act as an artificial person to carry on business ( or other activities ) , which can sue or be sued , and ( unless it is non - profit ) can issue shares of stock raise funds with which start a business or increase its capital . One benefit is that a corporation ' s liability for damages debts limited its assets , so the shareholders and officers are protected from personal claims , unless they commit fraud . For private corporations the Articles of Incorporation filed Secretary State incorporating state must include certain information , including name responsible party parties ( incorporators agent for acceptance service ) , amount stock it will be authorized issue , purpose . In some states purpose may general statement any purpose allowed by law , while others require greater specificity . Corporation shareholders elect board directors , in turn adopts bylaws , chooses officers hires top management ( which in smaller corporations are often directors and / or shareholders ) . Annual meetings required both Board , major policy decisions must made by resolution Board ( which often delegates much authority committees ) . Issuance less than $ 300,000 , no public solicitation relatively few shareholders , either automatically approved commissioner requires petition outlining financing . Some states considered lax supervision , have low filing fees corporate taxes popular incorporation states , but register Secretary States other where they do substantial as " foreign " corporation . Larger offerings and / or those offered general public require approval Securities Exchange Commission after close scrutiny " prospectus " details entire operation corporation . There also non - profit ( or not profit ) organized religious , educational , charitable service purposes . Public those formed municipal , federal government purposes such operating dam utility project . A close made up handful working familial connection permitted operate informally without resolutions regular Board meetings . A de jure one that formally operated under law , while de facto one operates if were legal , but without Articles Incorporation being valid . Corporations range from Corner Mini - Mart General Electric . ( See : articles of incorporation bylaws board of directors close corporation public corporation de jure corporation de facto corporation shareholder securities Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . noun affiliate affiliation agglomerate alliance artificial entity artificial person associate association body body corporate business association busiiess establishment , coalition combination combine commercial enterprise company concern confederacy consociation consolidation corporate body enterprise establishment federation firm foundation holding company industry institute institution joint connern , legal body , legal entity operating company sodality stock company syndicate union Associated concepts : alter ego business trust cartel closed corporation closely held corporation , consolidation corpooate charter , corporate dissolution , struccure , de facto corporation de jure corporation derivative accion , directors dissolution domestic corporation , fictitious corporations , foreign corporation joint associations , limited partnerships membership corporation merger muuicipal parent corroration , partnership proxies self - dealing sole proprietorship voting trusts Foreign phrases : Jus quo universitates utuntur est idem quod habent privati . The law governs same governs individuals . Corporatio non dicitur aliquid facere nisi id sit collegialiter deliberrri , etiamsi major pars id faciat . not said do anything unless deliberated upon collectively , allhough majority should it . See also : affiliation alliance association company concern enterprise league trust Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . group persons who deemed law single legal entity . The entity legally distinct members ; has personality hold property , sue sued own name if were natural person . See COMPANY Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 CORPORATION . An aggregate ideal body , created composed individuals united under common name , members succeed each other , so body continues same , notwithstanding changes individuals who compose it , certain purposes considered natural person . Browne ' s Civ . Law , 99 ; Civ . Code Lo . art . 418 ; 2 Kent ' s Com . 215 . Mr . Kyd , ( Corpor . vol . 1 , p . 13 , ) defines corporation follows : " A politic , incorporate , collection many ; united a special denomination , having perpetual succession artificial form , vested policy capacity acting several respects individual , particularly taking granting property , contracting obligations , suing being sued ; enjoying privileges immunities common , exercising variety political rights , more less extensive , according design institution , powers conferred upon it , either at time creation , at any subsequent period existence . " In case Dartmouth College against Woodward , 4 Wheat . Rep . 626 , Chief Justice Marshall describes " an being , invisible , intangible , existing only contemplation law . Being mere creature law , " continues judge , " it possesses only properties which charter creation confers expressly incidental very existence . These such supposed best calculated effect object was created . Among most important immortality , expression may allowed , individuality properties perpetual succession many persons considered , same , act single individual , They enable corporation manage own affairs , hold property perplexing intricacies , hazardous endless necessity conveyance transmitting hand hand . It chiefly clothing bodies men , succession , these qualities capacities , invented , use . " See 2 Bl . Corn . 37 . 2 . The words incorporation frequently confounded , particularly old books . distinction between them is , however , obvious ; institution itself , institution created . 3 . Corporations divided into private . 4 . Public corporations , also called political , sometimes municipal have their object government of portion state ; Civil Code Lo . art . 420 although case involves some private interests , yet , endowed portion political power , term has been deemed appropriate . 5 . Another class founded public , though political municipal purposes , the , whole interest belongs government . Bank Philadelphia , example , whole belonged exclusively government , would a corporation ; inasmuch there owners stock , it Domat ' s Civil Law , 452 4 Wheat . R . 668 ; 9 Wheat . R . 907 8 M ' Cord ' s 377 1 Hawk ' s 36 ; Kent ' s Corn . 222 . 6 . Nations states , denominated publicists , bodies politic , and said their affairs interests , deliberate resolve , common . They thus become moral persons , having understanding will peculiar themselves , susceptible obligations laws . Vattel , 49 . this extensive sense United States may termed corporation ; each singly . Per Iredell , J . 3 Dall . 447 . 7 . Private corporations . popular meaning term , nearly every public , inasmuch created benefit ; interest does belong government , the administration municipal power , private . bank , instance , created uses ; owned private persons , although government , operations partake nature . 9 907 . The rule same case canal , bridge , turnpike , insurance companies , like . Charitable literary founded private benefaction , point though dedicated charity , promotion learning . Ang . Ames on Corp . 22 . 8 . Private divided into ecclesiastical lay . 9 . Ecclesiastical United States , commonly called religious enable religious societies to manage more facility advantage , temporalities belonging the church congregation . 10 . Lay civil eleemosynary . corporations infinite variety temporal purposes , as affording facilities obtaining loans money ; making canals , turnpike roads , like . And established advancement learning . 1 Bl . Com . 471 . 11 . Eleemosynary instituted principle charity , distribution bounty founder them , he directed . Of this kind hospitals relief impotent , indigent sick , deaf dumb . Kyd Corp . 26 ; Conn . 272 ; Angell A . 26 . 12 . Corporations , considered another point view , sole or aggregate . 13 . sole implies , consists person , whom his successors belongs perpetuity , enjoyment denied all persons . Black 469 . Those corporations common States . however , where establishment church England was adopted , when they colonies , together subject , minister parish seised freehold , persona ecclesiae , manner England ; right his successors freehold thus established destroyed abolition regal nor divested even legislature . Cranch , 828 . 14 . can not take personal property succession ; corporate capacity taking confined altogether real estate . 9 Cranch , 43 . 15 . An aggregate consists several are ' united society , continued members . Of this kind mayor commonalty city ; heads fellows college ; members trading companies , Kyd 76 ; 2 221 Ang . A . 20 . See , generally , Bouv . Inst . Index , h.t . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / corporation " > corporation < / a > Mentioned in " The Civil Rights Cases " agent for acceptance of service alter ego Annual Report Articles of Incorporation artificial entity blue sky law blue sky laws Board of Directors body corporate Book Value Brief for Respondent Brief for the Petitioners business association business establishment Business Judgment Rule Business Trust Bylaws Legal browser ▲ Cornage Corner corner the market cornerstone Cornet cornucopia Corody corollary coronation coroner corporal corporal hereditament corporal punishment Corporal touch Corporalis injuria non recipit aestimationem de futuro corporality corporalness corporate body Corporate Fraud corporate governance corporate interest corporate manslaughter corporate opportunity Corporate Personality corporation sole corporation tax Corporator corporeal corporeal body Corporeal property corporeality corporealize corporeity corporeus corps corps of employees corpse corpulent corpus Corpus comitatus Corpus cum causa corpus delecti corpus delicti Corpus Juris Corpus juris canonici Corpus Juris Civilis corpuscle corral ▼ Full browser ▲ Corporate Web Content Management System corporate welfare Corporate Welfare Bum Corporate Welfare Bum Corporate Welfare Bums Corporate Welfare Reform Commission Corporate Wetlands Restoration Partnership Corporate Women Directors International Corporate Young Manager Programme Corporate , Continuing , and Distance Education Corporate , Investment Banking and Markets Corporate , Securities and Finance Law Abstracts Corporate - owned life insurance Corporate - Owned , Single - Use Corporate - to - Bank Corporate - To - Corporate Corporate / Community Schools of America corporately corporately corporateness Corporates Corporates Corporation aggregate Corporation aggregate Corporation AIDS Prevention and Control Society Corporation Bank Corporation Bank Officers ' Organisation Corporation Bassin Versant Baie Missisquoi Corporation Bourguignonne des Étudiants Corporation Business Tax Corporation Canadienne des Sciences Religieuses corporation cock Corporation Commerciale Canadienne Corporation d ' Hébergement du Québec Corporation de Développement Économique Communautaire Corporation de Relance Économique et Communautaire Corporation des Approvisionneurs du Québec Corporation des Bibliothécaires Professionnels du Québec Corporation des Bijoutiers du Québec Corporation des Karabins de Bicêtre Corporation des Maîtres Électriciens du Québec Corporation des Maîtres Photographes du Quebéc Corporation des Professionnels en Ostéopathie du Québec Corporation des Restaurateurs de Québec Corporation des Sciences de la Sante de l ' Atlantique Corporation des Services en Éducation de l ' Ontario Corporation des Thanatologues du Québec Corporation des Zoothérapeutes du Québec Corporation for Affordable Homes of McHenry County Corporation for Battery Recycling Corporation for Business , Work , and Learning Corporation for Economic Development ▼ | [
"corporation"
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cumulative | cumulative Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms cumulative ( Increasing ) , adjective accruing added together additional additive additory becoming greater becoming larger broadening continually increasing enlarging flourishing growing growing by successive additions incremental lengthening multiplying on the increase pillng up , strengthening successively gaining in force successively waxing in force swelling thriving widening Associated concepts : cumulative criminal acts , sentences , cumulative voting ( Intensifying ) , adjective accelerating aggravative amplifying augmentative becoming more innense , boosting concentrating deepening enhancing exaggerating extending heightening intensive magnifying maximizing multiplying quickening strengthening Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . CUMULATIVE . Forming a heap ; additional ; as , evidence , or that which goes to prove the same point which has been established by other evidence . Cumulative legacy , or accumulative legacy , is a second bequest , given by the same testator to legatee . 2 Rop . Log . 19 , . See 1 Saund . 134 , n . 4 ; Remedy . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / cumulative " > cumulative < / a > Mentioned in accelerating accruing accumulative Accumulative Sentence added together additional additive additory advancing aggravative amplifying arrears augmentation augmentative Balancing becoming greater becoming larger becoming more intense benefits Legal browser ▲ cultivation cultural cultural group culture cultured cultus Cum adsunt testimonia rerum quid opus est verbis Cum confitente sponte mitius est agendum cum div Cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in testamento ultimum ratum est cum homine contendere cum int Cum legitimae nuptiae factae sunt Cum onere Cum pertinentis Cum Testamento Annexo cumber cumbersome cumbrance cumis counsel Cummings , Homer Stille cumulare cumulate cumulated cumulation cumulative effect Cumulative Evidence Cumulative legacy Cumulative Sentence Cumulative Voting cumulativeness cunctari cunctatio cunctation cunctative Cunnilingus cunning cunning contrivance cunning practice cunningness cup cupere cupidus cur . adv . vult cura curable curare Curate curative curative preparation ▼ Full browser ▲ cumulated Cumulated Bonds cumulated double bonds Cumulated Energy Demand Cumulated Index Medicus Cumulated Rate of Mortality Morbidity cumulately cumulately cumulates cumulates cumulating cumulating cumulation Cumulation of Crimes Cumulation of Punishments Cumulation of Sentences cumulations cumulations Cumulatist Cumulative abnormal return Cumulative abnormal return Cumulative abnormal return ( CAR ) Cumulative Abnormal Returns Cumulative Absolute Velocity cumulative action cumulative action Cumulative Annual Return Cumulative Annual Return Cumulative Atomic Multipole Moment Cumulative Auction Market Preferred Stock Cumulative Auction Market Preferred Stocks Cumulative Audience Cumulative Audience Cumulative Average Abnormal Return Cumulative Average Cost Cumulative Average Curve Cumulative Average Growth Rate Cumulative Average Growth Rate Cumulative Average Point Cumulative Average Residual Cumulative average return Cumulative Average Work Rate cumulative batching ▼ | [
"Dictionary",
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/custodian | custodian Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia bailee ( custodian ) n . a person with whom some article is left , usually pursuant to a contract ( called " contract of bailment " ) , who is responsible for the safe return of the article to owner when contract fulfilled . These can include banks holding bonds , storage companies where furniture or files are deposited , parking garage , or kennel horse ranch where an animal boarded . Leaving goods in sealed rented box like safe deposit box , not bailment , and holder not bailee since he can not handle control goods . ( See : bailment bailor Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . custodian ( Protector ) , noun champion curator guardian keeper manager overlooker overseer Associated concepts : custodian assets , gratuitous custooian Foreign phrases : Nemo alienae rei , sine satisdatione , deeensor idoneus intelligitur . No one considered commetent defender another ' s property , without security . ( Warden ) , noun caretaker jailer See also : administrator caretaker executor fiduciary guardian superintendent trustee warden Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Mentioned in administrator adoption attestation bailee bailiff bailment bailor champion Child Custody circulation curator defender escape escrow executor fiduciary Forensic Science Service Gifts to Minors Act Legal browser ▲ cursive hand cursive writing cursory cursus Cursus curiae est lex curiae curt curtail curtailment curtain curtained curtate Curtesy curtilage curtilages Curtis , Benjamin Robbins curtness curved curvilinear Cushing , Caleb Cushing , Luther Stearns Cushing , William cushion custodia custodial Custodial Interrogation custodian of the law custodians custodianship custodire custody custom Custom of merchants customarily customariness customary customary action customary conduct customary course customary manner of procedure customary procedure Customary rights customary use customary way customer customer approval customer encouragement customers ’ man Custom - house customs Customs Court ▼ Full browser ▲ custodial custodial account custodial account Custodial Accounts Custodial Accounts Custodial Acquisition custodial area Custodial arts Custodial arts custodial care custodial care Custodial Care National Training Organisation Custodial Detention Index custodial fee Custodial fees Custodial Hands of the Cause Custodial Interrogation Custodial Maintenance Grounds Custodial Management Association of Texas Custodial Officer Custodial Parent Custodial Parent Custodial rape Custodial sentence Custodial Sexual Misconduct Custodial Step - Mom Custodial Suicide custodian account Custodian Account & Custodian Request Log Custodian Asset Report Custodian Authorization Custody Receipt Listing Custodian bank Custodian Banks Custodian for the Benefit Of Custodian Hiding Verifiable Encryption Custodian of Enemy Property Custodian of Funds custodian of postal effects custodian of postal effects custodian of the law Custodians Custodians Custodians ( Bahá ' í ) Custodians of Rare and Endangered Wildflowers custodianship custodianships custodianships Custodier custodies custodies ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/damages | damages Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia Related to damages : Consequential damages Damages Monetary compensation that is awarded by a court in a civil action to an individual who has been injured through the wrongful conduct of another party . Damages attempt to measure in financial terms the extent of harm plaintiff has suffered because defendant ' s actions . are distinguishable from costs , which are expenses incurred as result bringing lawsuit and which court may order losing party pay . also differ from verdict , is final decision issued by jury . The purpose damages restore an injured party position was before being harmed . As result , generally regarded as remedial rather than preventive or punitive . However , Punitive Damages may be awarded for particular types wrongful conduct . Before individual can recover damages , injury suffered must be one recognized law warranting redress , and must have actually been sustained individual . The law recognizes three major categories damages : Compensatory Damages intended restore what plaintiff lost result defendant ' s conduct ; nominal damages , consist small sum who no substantial loss or injury but nevertheless experienced invasion rights ; punitive not compensate for but penalize defendant particularly egregious , conduct . In specific situations , two other forms awarded : treble liquidated . Compensatory Damages With respect compensatory defendant liable all natural direct consequences act . Remote consequences act omission can not form basis award compensatory damages . Consequential type when loss not caused directly immediately conduct defendant , results action instead . For example , if carried ladder negligently walked into was professional model , injuring plaintiff ' s face , could recover consequential income resulting injury . These consequential based on resulting harm plaintiff ' s career . They based on itself , direct measure real tangible , although it can difficult fix amount with certainty , especially cases involving claims such pain suffering emotional distress . In assessing amount awarded , trier fact ( the jury or , if no jury exists , judge ) exercise good judgment common sense , general experience knowledge economics social affairs . Within these broad guidelines , judge wide discretion award whatever deemed appropriate , so long supported evidence case . A number different injuries another person ' s physical impairment it results directly caused defendant . jury , determining considers present well long - range effects disease physical well - being plaintiff , demonstrate disability with reasonable certainty . Compensatory mental impairment , such memory reduction intellectual capacity A both present future pain suffering . Compensation future permitted when there reasonable likelihood that will experience it ; permitted suffering speculative . broad discretion suffering , its judgment will overturned only appears abused its reaching decision . Mental considered assessing damages . Mental includes fright , nervousness , grief , emotional trauma , anxiety , humiliation , indignity . Historically , could mental without accompanying injury . Today , most jurisdictions have modified this rule , allowing recovery anguish alone where act precipitating anguish willful intentional , done extreme care - lessness recklessness . Ordinarily , distress brought sympathy warrant although some jurisdictions allow recovery willful malicious defendant . For instance , wrongfully intentionally injures child presence child ' s mother , mother suffers psychological trauma result , liable mother ' s suffering . some jurisdictions , bystander distress observing event person negligently , intentionally , causes family member . Compensatory economic nature also recovered party . earnings lost earnings money might reasonably earned working her his profession during time incapacitated because case permanent disability , this determined calculating actually multiplying figure out age retirement — with adjustments . If can not determined certainty , case salesperson paid commission , average general qualities qualifications occupation she he employed considered . Evidence past used determine earnings . As rule , speculative recoverable , each examined individually determine whether established certainty . example , bought restaurant immediately before profits he might made running it , profits would speculative . unable accept promotion job would stand better chance recovering earnings , established more Individuals impairment earning capacity , so long foreseeable consequence disabling permanent lingering nature . calculating difference between money person had capacity earn prior she capable earning after injury , view his her life expectancy . Loss profit element allowing sufficient certainty probable actions . Expected uncertain contingent upon fluctuating conditions recoverable , nor they evidence existed they reasonably determined . all necessary expenses brought about acts contract action , another ' s breach include reliance contract , cost transporting perishable goods wrongfully refused other contracting actions , part include medical , nursing , prescription drug costs ; costs medical treatment , necessary ; costs restoring damaged vehicle renting vehicle while repairs performed . Interest compensate withheld him , defaults obligation pay owed under contract . Interest ordinarily date default , set time stated contract payment , date demand payment made , lawsuit alleging breach initiated . Nominal Damages Nominal generally recoverable successfully establishes defendant , offer proof compensated . proves actions fails submit medical records show extent only nominal small , symbolic sum , one dollar , equal bringing lawsuit . Punitive Damages Punitive known exemplary addition particularly willful , wanton , malicious , vindictive , oppressive . Punitive compensation , punish wrongdoer deterrent others engage similar punitive lies within trier fact , consider nature wrongdoer ' s behavior , plain - tiff ' s injury , degree repugnant societal sense justice decency . An usually disturbed grounds excessive , unless shown judge influenced prejudice , bias , passion , partiality , corruption . late twentieth century , constitutionality considered several U.S . Supreme Court decisions . 1989 , Court held large awards did violate Eighth Amendment prohibition against imposition excessive fines Browning - Ferris Industries Vermont v . Kelco Disposal 492 U.S . 257 , 109 S . Ct . 2909 , 106 L . Ed . 2d 219 ) . Later , Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co . v . Haslip 499 1 , 111 S . Ct . 1032 , 113 L . Ed . 2d 1 ( 1991 ) , held unlimited awarding " so inherently unfair " unconstitutional under due process clause Fourteenth Amendment Constitution . And TXO Production Corp . Alliance Resources Corp . 509 443 , 113 2711 , 125 366 ( 1993 ) , ruled 526 times did violate due process . Both Haslip TXO Production disappointed observers hoped place limits large increasingly common awards . 1994 decision , strike down amendment Oregon Constitution prohibited Judicial Review awards , ground violated process Honda Motor Co . Oberg 512 415 , 114 2331 , 129 336 ) . proceeding , review award , issue jury . If determines verdict excessive view particular circumstances case , order Remittitur procedural verdict reduced . opposite process , known Additur occurs deems jury ' s inadequate orders pay greater sum . Both remittitur additur used at trial judge , designed remedy blatantly inaccurate without necessity new trial appeal . Treble Damages situations , where provided statute , treble awarded . statute authorize multiply monetary three , receive tripled amount . Clayton Act 1914 ( 15 U.S.C.A . § § 12 et seq . ) , directs violations federal antitrust laws Liquidated Damages Liquidated Damages constitute compensation agreed upon parties entering into contract , paid breaches nonbreaching Liquidated difficult prove actual breach . liquidated represent estimate actual cause . term fixing unreasonably disproportionate liquidated void constitutes penalty , punishment default . Furthermore , appears parties made attempt calculate sustained event breach , provision deemed unenforceable . determining whether provision constitutes unenforceable penalty , look intention parties , even terms penalty specifically defined contract . Appellate Review of Damages When reviewing court ' s appellate examines supports award . When reviewing awards appellate determines lower court ' s record abused jury ' s damage stand making own damage award , called bench bench typically subject closer scrutiny than An inadequate . appeals inadequate , proper adjust corresponds evidence . One method altering through use remittitur , whereby directs either accept lower face new trial . On hand , proper evidence , trial . appeals review decision admit exclude supports admit exclude testimony regarding Scientific Evidence Appellate courts typically respect admission exclusion Abuse of Discretion standard . Courts differently types awards . Several federal courts engaged ongoing struggle over what standard should applied at level . Cooper Industries , Inc . Leatherman Tool Group , Inc . 532 424 , 121 1678 , 149 674 ( 2001 ) , Supreme ruled de novo rather apply abuse standards . This ruling means great freedom reduce previous standards . more example expressing desire control Cooper Industries , involved suit trademark infringement , Industries accused using photographs knife manufactured Leatherman Tool Group . $ 50,000 $ 4.5 million On appeal , Appeals Ninth Circuit upheld court , basing analysis abuse standard . This standard very deferential actions , overturn clearly authority . By comparison , de novo empowers regard decision . agreed hear Cooper ' s appeal resolve division among circuits over appropriate Court , 8 – 1 decision , should apply review . Justice John Paul Stevens writing majority , concluded demanded fresh inquiry . He noted similarities criminal fines cited various criminal cases addressed proportionality sentences relied review . Moreover , Stevens rejected idea makes finding fact disturbed unless clearly erroneous . Further readings Gibeaut , John . 2003 . " Pruning Punitives : High Stresses Guidelines Deciding Damages . " ABA Journal 89 ( June ) . Kagehiro , Dorothy K . , Robert D . Minick . 2002 . " How Juries Determine Awards . " Defense 44 ( July ) . Reis , John W . 2002 . " Measure Property Loss Cases . " Florida Bar Journal 76 ( October ) .Shaw , Robert Ward . 2003 . " Punitive Medical Malpractice : Economic Evaluation . " North Carolina Law Review 81 ( September ) . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . n . ( the suing ) lawsuit . There many Special those were hospital bills , ambulance charges , wages , property repair replacement costs , second basic area presumed party ' s subjective both determination value These suffering , problems crippling effect ability perform various acts , shortening life span , anguish , companionship , reputation ( in libel suit , example ) , humiliation scars , anticipated business harm . third major form exemplary ( or punitive ) combines punishment setting public example . acted malicious , violent , oppressive , fraudulent , wanton , grossly reckless way causing special plaintiff . occasion greater as , sexual harassment fraudulent schemes . Although often asked for , seldom awarded . Nominal those given minor warranted circumstances . most famous Winston Churchill shilling ( about 25 cents ) against author Louis Adamic had written British Prime Minister drunk dinner White House . Liquidated pre - set defaults ( See : consequential damages exemplary damages special damages general damages liquidated damages Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . noun amends expiation fine indemnification indemnity just compensation legal costs legal liability , penalty recompense reimbursement remuneration for injury suffered reparation repayment for injury sustained repayment for loss restitution restoration Associated concepts : actual loss , addamnum clause , additur aggravation amercement apportionment assessment of damages civil claim for damages compensatory damages conjectural consequential damages contingent damages continuing damages accrued , sustained , person , property , reelty , damnum absque injuria division duty minimize estimated exemplary damages general damages incidental intervening dammges , irreparable irreparable injury lawful dammges , limitation liability , liquidated damages measure of damages minimizing mitigation of damages nominal damages ordinary pecuniary pecuniary loss , presumptive property damage prospective proximate punitive damages certainty remote special damages speculative substantial treble damages unliquidated damages Foreign phrases : Ubi damna dantur , victus victori expennis condemnari debet . Where given , lossng ought condemned victor . See also : amercement cost expiation indemnification out of pocket recompense reimbursement reparation restitution satisfaction trover Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . monetary sum , court , subject advance agreement between parties , payable legal obligation . innocent want goods bought hired Scotland able claim right way specific implement . England , performance discretionary . reason , sometimes described substitutional redress instead getting exactly wants substitute given . personal injuries seen clearly - accidentally amputated leg gone given ; instead , try best can . Much depends , however , why being make up disappointed expectation contractual performance ; tort delict put matters back were wrong done . cases , very few , punish wrongdoer , called penal . Exemplary awarded , England , show tort does make example tortfeasor two case : ( 1 ) oppressive unconstitutional government servants . local government police officers ; ( 2 ) proceeds knowledge wrong calculated profit calculates exceed payable . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 DAMAGES , practice . indemnity given law , recovered doer either person , property , relative rights , consequence acts another . 2 . breaches contracts , tortious acts . 3 . given , non - performance written verbal agreement ; covenant do not do thing . 4 . rule delinquent shall answer immediate breach agreement , secondary remote consequences . 5 . eviction , covenant seisin warranty , rule seems allow consideration money , interest costs . 6 Watts Serg . 527 ; 2 Dev . R . 30 ; 3 Brev . R . 458 . See 7 Shepl . 260 ; 4 Dev . 46 . But Massachusetts , warranty , damages value land eviction . 4 Kent ' s Com . 462 , 3 , there cited ; 3 Mass . 523 ; Mass . 108 ; 1 Bay , 19 , 265 ; Desaus . Eq . 247 ; Penn . St . 168 . 6 . estimating acts carrier , frequently becomes question of place embarkation port destination rule establish sustained . It the port destination criterion . 12 186 ; . 8 John . 213 ; 10 1 ; 14 170 ; 15 24 . But contrary decisions have taken place . Caines , 219 Hayw . 112 ; see 115 ; T . 31 ; T . 582 . 7 . tortious an assault battery reputation , libels slander , against property , trespass , force used ; consequential tort - feasor , as , man , building dam own premises , overflows neighbor ' s land ; against relative rights injured , conversation wife . 8 . No settled rule line distinction marked out possibility shall accounted too entitle claim recompense : each circumstances . Ham . N . P . 40 ; Kames Eq . 73 , 74 . Vide 7 Vin . Ab . 247 ; Yelv . 45 , a ; Id . 176 , a ; Bac . Ab . h.t. ; Lilly ' s Reg . 525 ; Domat , liv . 3 , t . 5 , s . 2 , n . 4 ; Toull . liv . 3 , 286 ; 2 Saund . 107 , note ; Rawle ' s Rep . 27 ; Coop . Just . 606 ; Com . Dig . 11 . t . ; Bouv . Inst . Index , h.t . See , Cause ; Remote . 9 . torts vindictive . By compensatory meant morely who where circumstances aggravate act , purpose compensating loss ; Where defendant seized , property debt B , such A ' s possession , appeared reason believe B ' s . Vindictive defendant , who , addition trespass , guilty outrage well measured money ; as , went A ' s house , insult outrage seized debt B , carried away , leaving family distress . Sedgw . Dam . 39 ; Greenl . Ev . Sec . 253 ; Gillis . 483 ; Conn . 580 ; M . 77 ; 19 ; 5 Watts , 375 ; 5 Watts 524 ; P . 190 , 197 . 10 . insured maritime dangers , when adjustment made , settled valuing | [
"Damages"
] |
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/delusion+of+persecution | delusion ( redirected from delusion of persecution Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Related to delusion of persecution : schizophrenia delusion of control delusion of reference See : artifice bad faith deception error fallacy false pretense figment hoax insanity lunacy phantom ruse sham Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . DELUSION , med . jurisp . A diseased state of the mind , in which persons believe things to exist , which exist only , or in the degree they are conceived of only their own imaginations , with a persuasion so fixed and firm , that neither evidence nor argument can convince them to contrary . 2 . The individual is , course , insane . For example , should a parent unjustly persist without least ground attributing his daughter course vice , and use her with uniform unkindness , there not being slightest pretence or color reason for supposition , just inference of insanity , delusion , would arise minds jury : because supposition long entertained persisted in , after argument contrary , against natural affections parent , suggests that he must labor under some morbid mental delusion . 3 Addams ' R . 90 , 91 ; Id . 180 ; Hagg . R . 27 see Dr . Connolly ' s Inquiry into Insanity , 384 ; Ray , Med . Jur . Prel . Views . , Sec . 20 , p . 41 , Sec . 22 , p . 47 ; 3 Addams , 79 ; 1 Litt . 371 Annales d ' Hygiene Publique , tom . 3 , 370 ; 8 Watts , 70 ; 13 Ves . 89 ; 1 Pow . Dev . by Jarman , 130 , note Shelf . on Lun . 296 ; 2 Bouv . Inst . n . 2104 - 10 . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / delusion + of + persecution " > delusion < / a > Mentioned in aberration artifice bad faith Brief for Respondent Catron , John concealment confession Criminal Law deception Delirium tremens error fallaciousness fallacy false pretense figment fixation flimflam hallucination hoax Legal browser ▲ deliver to deliver to the care of deliver up deliverable deliverable state deliverance deliverance from bondage delivered deliverer delivering to delivery delivery back delivery of a writ delivery of process delivery of title delocalization delocalize deludable delude delude oneself deluded deludere deluding deluge delusion delusion of persecution delusional delusional insanity delusions delusive delusiveness delusory deluxe delve delve for delve into delving into evidence demagnetize demagogue demand demand a payment demand and obtain payment demand for payment Demand in reconvention demand made on a stock holder demand note Demand of demand payment demand toll demand with threats Demandant ▼ Full browser ▲ delusion management delusion management delusion of being controlled delusion of control delusion of grandeur delusion of grandeur delusion of jealousy delusion of jealousy delusion of negation delusion of negation delusion of passivity delusion of poverty delusion of reference delusion of substitution delusion of substitution delusional delusional disorder delusional disorder delusional insanity Delusional jealousy Delusional Man Delusional parasitosis Delusional parasitosis delusionally delusionally delusionary delusionary ▼ | [
"delusion"
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/endorser | endorser Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Financial Encyclopedia endorser noun attestant attester backer certifier confirmer cosigner guarantor proponent ratifier signatory sponsor subscriber surety undersigned underwriter See also : backer comaker guarantor patron proponent surety undersigned Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in acceptance Acceptor supra protest accommodation Accommodation Endorsement accommodation party Banks and Banking Brief for Respondent Brief for the Petitioners Certified Check circulation comaker Commercial Paper Damages on bills of exchange declarer Giving time maker maturity Notice of dishonor Legal browser ▲ Endangering welfare of a child endangerment endearment endeavor endeavor to accomplish endeavor to effect endeavor to gain endeavor to overtake ended endemic endemical endenizen ending Ending lease payments ending of a proceeding ending of an action endless endless duration endless time endlessly endmost endorse endorse over endorsed endorsement endow endow the power endow with endow with authority endow with political privilege endow with power endow with rights of citizenship endowed endowed institution endowed with consciousness endowed with life endowing endowment ends endue endurance endure endure the cost of enduring enduring only a very short time enemy enemy alien enemy combatant energetic energize ▼ Full browser ▲ Endorsed Tools List Endorsed Training Organisation endorsedly endorsee endorsee endorsees endorsement Endorsement ( advertising ) Endorsement ( advertising ) endorsement in blank endorsement in blank Endorsement Key Endorsement Task Force endorsements endorsements endorsements in blank endorsements in blank endorsers endorsers Endorsers Conference for Veterans Affairs Chaplaincy endorses endorses endorses out endorses out endorsing endorsing endorsing out endorsing out endorsive endorsor endorsor Endosac endosalpingioma endosalpingiosis endosalpingitis endosalpingoma ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/executor | executor Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia executor n . the person appointed to administer the estate of a person who has died leaving a will which nominates that person . Unless there is valid objection , judge will appoint named in to be executor . The must insure that person ' s desires expressed in are carried out . Practical responsibilities include gathering up and protecting assets of estate , obtaining information regard all beneficiaries named and any other potential heirs , collecting arranging for payment debts estate , approving or disapproving creditor ' s claims , making sure estate taxes are calculated , forms filed , tax payments made , all ways assist attorney for ( which can select ) . ( See : probate executrix decedent deceased Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . noun administrator administrator of a will administrator decedent ' s administratrix delegate fiduciary legal representative person in charge person in responsibility person named to carry out the provisions of a will personal representative represennative decedent , trustee Associated concepts : ancillary exxcutor , custodian will , executorship expenses , executrix guardian independent executors , probate court , surrogate ' s court See also : director fiduciary procurator Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . nominated by testator ingather pay debts enforceable against deceased and , after payment any tax due costs administration , distribute according terms will , or otherwise according law . See also EXECUTOR - CREDITOR EXECUTOR - DATIVE Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 EXECUTOR , trusts . The word executor , taken its largest sense , has several acceptations . 1 . Executor dativus , who is one called an an intestate . 2 . Executor testamentarius , one appointed office by last testator , this what usually meant term . 2 . In civil law , perform duties of as goods , called haeres testamentarius ; term executor , it said , barbarism unknown law . 3 Atk . 304 . 3 . An executor , as term at present accepted , whom execution last testament personal is , the testator ' s appointment , confided , accepted same . 2 Bl . Com . 503 ; 2 P . Wms . 548 ; Toller , 30 ; 1 Will . on Ex . 112 Swinb . t . 4 , s . 2 , pl . 4 . Generally speaking , persons capable making wills may be executors , some others beside , infants married women . Bl . Corn . 503 . 5 . An absolute qualified ; his appointment absolute when he constituted certainly , immediately , without restriction regard testator ' s effects , limitation point time . It may be qualified limitation time place wherein , subject matters whereon , office exercised ; creation office conditional . It qualified . 1st . By limitations point of time , time limited when shall begin , or when he shall cease executor ; if man upon marriage daughter . Swinb . p . 4 , s . 17 , pl . 4 . appointment limited place ; as , if all goods state Pennsylvania . 3 . power executor subject matter upon which exercised ; as , testator appoints . A his goods chattels possession ; B , choses action . One executor thing , only , particular claim debt due bond , and like . Off . Ex . 29 ; 3 Phillim . 424 . But although thus appoint separate executors distinct parts property , divide their authority , yet quoad creditors they executors , act sued executor . Cro . Car . 293 . appointment conditional , condition either precedent subsequent . Godolph . Orph . Leg . pt . 2 , c . 2 , 1 ; Off . Ex . 23 . 6 . derives interest entirely from it vests him from moment testator ' s death . 1 Will . 159 ; Com . Dig . Administration , B 10 ; 5 B . A . 745 ; W . Bl . Rep . 692 . He acquires legal title personalty appointment , but nothing lands testator , except by devise . He can touch nothing was not personal at decease , except express direction . 9 Serg . Rawle , 431 ; Gord . Law Dec . 93 . Still interest not absolute , proper ordinary interest , every own proper goods . He mere trustee apply such purposes sanctioned by 4 T . R . 645 ; 9 Co . 88 ; Inst . 236 ; 192 . represents testator , therefore sue recover claims had time death sued him . 508 , et seq . By common law , however , such were some writing could recovered against executors debtor . The remedy was only conscience quo minus exchequer . Afterwards action on case banco regis given . Crom t . Jurisdic . 66 , b ; Plowd . 183 : 11 H . VII . 26 . 7 . following principal duties executor : 1 . Within convenient after death , collect deceased , provided do so peaceably ; resisted , must apply law redress . 8 . - 2 . To bury manner suitable leaves behind him ; there just reason believe died insolvent , warranted expending more funeral expenses ( q.v. ) than absolutely necessary . 636 ; Salk . 296 ; 11 Serg . Rawle , 204 14 Rawle , 64 . 9 . - 3 . should prove proper office . 10 . - 4 . should make inventory ( q.v. ) intestate , filed office . 11 . - 5 . ascertain credits endeavor collect claims with little delay possible , consistently with estate . 12 . - 6 . advertise credits : see forms advertisements , Chit . Pr . 521 . 13 . - 7 . reduce whole goods , specifically bequeathed into money , expedition . 14 . - 8 . Keep money safely , but mixed own , charged it . 15 . - 9 . Be times ready account , actually file account within year . 16 . - 10 . Pay legacies order required 17 . Co - executors , however numerous , considered , individual person , and ; consequently , acts them , respect administration assets , deemed , generally , acts all . Bac . Ab . Executor , D ; Touch . 484 ; they have joint entire authority over whole property 213 ; Rolle ' s Ab . 924 ; Com . Dig . Administration , B 12 . On death more several joint executors , their rights powers survive survivors . 18 . When die , power common transferred last surviving so first testator ; law same sole dies leaving rights vested latter . This rule been changed , Pennsylvania , and , perhaps , other states , legislative provision ; there , case , administration cum testamento annexo obtained , right does survive executor . Act Pennsylvania , March 15 1832 . 19 . In general , executors responsible each other , have right settle separate accounts . Joint , Executors . 19 . Executors classed into general special ; instituted substituted ; rightful de son tort ; tenor . 20 . A general administer estate , without limit place , subject - matter . 21 . special one . constituted administer either part time , only particular place . 22 . instituted without condition , first acting substituted executors . example show difference between instituted substituted executor : suppose man makes son executor , act , appoints brother , neither will act , cousin ; here degree , brother said substituted second degree , cousin third degree , on . Heir , instituted , pt . 4 , 19 , 23 . another person been refuses act . 24 . rightful lawfully his will . Deriving authority do most acts , before he obtains letters testamentary , possessed them before . can declare action brought him , such . P . Wms . 768 ; 173 . 25 . de tort , own wrong , one , who , lawful authority , undertakes act . deceased . To make fin tort , act party be , Unlawful . By asserting ownership , taking cancelling bond , committing mere , trespass . Dyer , 105 , 166 ; Cro . Eliz . 114 . done before granting letters administration . Salk . 313 . One tort acting under forged been set aside . T . R . 125 . tort . this head seems been borrowed civil doctrine pro hoerede gestio . Heinnec . Antiq . Syntagma , lib . tit . , 17 , Sec . 16 , p . 468 . is , general , held responsible acts , does anything which might prejudice receives no , advantage whatever consequence assuming can not sue debtor estate , generally good reading liabilities in : Godolph . Orph . Legacy , 91 , 93 , 10 Wentw . Pl . 378 , declaring ; also , 5 Co . Rep . 50 31 a ; Yelv . 137 ; Brownlow , 103 ; 28 ; Ham . Parties , 273 ; Imp . Mod . Pl . 94 . As what make liable see O ubi sup . ; Gord . Law Dec . 87 , 89 ; 181 ; Bac . Executor , &c . , 3 ; Vin . 215 ; Dane ' s 561 ; Bull . N . 48 ; Administration C Ham . Part . 146 156 ; 8 John . 426 ; 7 John . 161 ; 4 Mass . 654 ; Penna . 129 ; 15 39 . 26 . - 2 . usurpation character can not confer rights privileges it , although charge usurper duties obligations annexed it . On principle tort only purpose being sued , purpose , suing . form , were is denominated declaration ( de tort ) wrong . would improper allege whose estate intermeddled intestate . Nor made co - defendant with Part . 146 , 272 , 273 ; Lawes Plead . 190 , note ; Abatement , F 10 . If take out administration , he still liable better sue him than administrator . 0 . Leg . 93 , 94 , 95 , Sec . 2 , 27 . tenor . This phrase based ecclesiastical law , denote directly charged appertain one ; " I appoint discharge lawful demands my will . " Phill . 116 ; 1 Eccl . 374 ; 247 Wentw . part 41 230 . Vide . generally , Bouv . Inst . Index , h.t. ; Vin . h.t. ; Rolle , Nelson ' s Dane ' s Index , Administration ; Supp . Ves . jr . 8 , 90 , 356 , 438 ; Id . 69 ; Vern . 302 - 3 ; Yelv . 84 a ; 318 ; 18 Engl . C . L . 185 ; 10 East , 295 ; Phil . Ev . 289 ; Rop . Leg . ' 114 ; American Digests , Swinburne , Williams , Lovelass , Roberts ' treatises Executors ; per totum ; Chit . Pr . Index ; h.t . For various pleas pleaded 7 Plead . 596 , 602 ; 10 Id . 378 ; Cowp . 292 . For origin progress relation reader referred Toull . n . 576 , note ; Glossaire du Droit Francais , par Delauriere , verbo Executeurs Testamentaires , same author art . 297 , Custom Paris ; Poth . Des Donations Testamen taires . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in abatement accounting Actio personalis mioritur cum persona administrator of a will administrator of the decedent ’ s estate administrators administratrix Agent and patient Ancillary Administration And of administration Arranged funeral and thought state would pay assets assythment Auter droit Bona peritura C0 @ mmisslons References in periodicals archive By filing a Form 706 , his could have elected portability of his DSUE . New IRS Ruling May Rescue Estate Plans Under 31 USC section 3713 ( b ) , the is personally liable for any unpaid taxes of the decedent to the extent of the value of other debts paid by the over the outstanding priority claims of the United States . Executor and Beneficiary Liability for Unpaid Income , Gift , and Estate Taxes of a Decedent This simplified method is not available to a decedent ' s estate if its timely filed an estate tax return . Portability Elections : IRS Provides Simplified Method to Obtain Extensions There are a lot of duties an takes on , " said Kieffer . 5 mistakes estate executors make Sales Director at PBT EU Alexander Stoyanov confirms , " Visitors to our stand will also be able to learn how the new EXEcutor Broadcast Servers and individual component PBT EU - certified software can translate into viable solutions that deliver value and quality - service for their specific needs . PlayBox Technology EU unleashes the EXEcutor After you ' ve determined who your will be , you ' ll name that individual in your will . Do you need to name an executor of your estate ? seven questions and answers to help you decide Are any entitled to receive compensation ? Under the Hood : What You Need to Know About Wills , Pt . 3 : Fiduciaries and Trusts Bruno employs throughout lend a realistic feel to the sights , sounds , and events of The Circuit : Rising and create a solid support structure for the believable , involving events that follow . The Circuit : Executor Rising Firstly in this research , the issue of gender is considered , and the differences between male and female speech are identified and assessed , then the specific techniques that two genders apply in their speech is considered and data analysis is done according to these variables so that using the correct techniques and obtained differences , the appropriate can be applied and attract a wider audience to the produced programs . An analysis of female and male speeches on the radio This safeguards the and ensures the estate is dealt with correctly . Hidden cost of dying ; Consumer For such property , the is permitted to estimate the value in good faith and with due diligence . Instructions address portability election Billing records are kept by the professional A sample of a professional will More results ► Legal browser ▲ execute justice executed executed and delivered writing executed with care executed with exactness executed with proper formalities Executio est finis et fructus legis Executio juris non habet injuriam Executio non execution execution of sentence Execution paree Executioner executions executive executive arm Executive Branch executive charge executive clemency executive committee executive office executive officer Executive Order executive privilege executives executor - creditor executor - dative Executors and Administrators executory Executory devise executory interest Executory process Executory trust Executrix exegesis exegetic exegetical Exempla illustrant non restringunt legem exemplar exemplary exemplary damages exempli gratia Exemplification exemplify exemplifying a class ex - employee name on firm records exemplum exempt exempt from external authority exempted ▼ Full browser ▲ Executive World Services , Inc . Executive Youth Board Executive , Chief Executive , Chief Executive - Level Appointment Executive - Process / Interactive Control Executively Executively Executives Executives Executives Association of Greater Orlando Executives Association of Kern County Executives Association of Rhode Island Executives Association of San Francisco Executives Leading Sustainable Change Executives Need Tough Jobs Executives of Construction Party Executives on Fire Executives On The Web Executives ' Association of Greater Phoenix Executives ' Association of New Jersey Executives ' Association of Orange County Executives ' Meeting of East Asia and Pacific Central Banks Executives , Professionals and Entrepreneurs Executor de son tort Executor of Estate executor or executrix Executor - Class Star Dreadnought executor - creditor executor - dative executor - heir relation Executor / Executrix Executor / Executrix executorial executorial Executors executors and administrators executors and administrators executorship executorships executorships executory ▼ | [
"executor"
] |
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/finite | finite Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : terminable Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Mentioned in circulation defined determined ephemerally general principles Opinion of the Supreme Court of Alabama , August 30 , 1962 paucity Sixth Amendment terminable The Path of the Law Unfair Competition Void for Vagueness Doctrine Water Rights welfare Legal browser ▲ fine - mannered fineness finer Fines finesse finest fingere fingerprint fingerprints finical finicality finicalness finicky finire finis Finis finem litibus imponit Finis rei attendendus est Finis unius diei est principium alterius finish finish litigation finish up finished finished product finishing finishing stroke finite finite quantity finitimus fire Fire and Rescue Authorities fire at fire from employment Fire Statute fire up firearm firearms fireball Fired employee without saying it , money owed fire - raising fireside firing firing a charge firm firm advice firm attachment firm belief firm hold firm in adherence firm in allegiance firm in principle firm name ▼ Full browser ▲ finishing touch finishing touch Finishing Touch & Jacket Junction finishing touches finishing touches Finishing Touches Home Goods , Inc . finishing trades Finishing Trades Institute finishing up finishing us up finishing varnish Finishing Work finishing you up Finishing , Construction finishings Finistere Finistere Finistère Finistère Finistére Finistére Finistère Kite Attitude Finisterra Finisterre Finisterre Finisterre Cape Finisterre , Cape Finitary Finite abelian group Finite abelian group Finite automata Finite automata Finite Automata and Formal Language Finite Automata Public Key Cryptosystem Finite Automata Systems Theoretical and Applied Research Finite automaton Finite automaton Finite Basis Representation Finite Basis Wave Packet Finite Capacity Planning Finite Capacity Scheduling Finite Chain Ring Finite character finite clipping finite closed aquifer Finite Control Volume Method Finite Coordinate Space Finite cyclic group Finite decimal Finite deterrence Finite difference Finite difference Finite Difference Beam Propagation Method Finite Difference Bio - Heat Transfer Equation Finite Difference Boundary Value Method Finite difference calculus Finite Difference Discrete Ordinate Finite Difference Element Method ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gambling | gambling Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : risk speculation Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Administrative Agency alea ludere Automobiles bankruptcy Benjamin , Judah Philip bet blue laws bucket shop bunko canon law Capone , Alphonse Catron , John chance Clay , Henry Commercial Paper Common Stock complaint against online gambling site consideration conspiracy Legal browser ▲ gainful gaingiving gainless gains gainsay gainsaying gait galbe gall gallant gallant acts gallantness gallantry galled gallimaufry galling Gallon gallop galloping Gallows galore galvanical galvanize gambit gamble gambling game game of chance gamesome gamester Gaming Gaming houses gammon gamut Ganancial Gandhi , Mohandas Karamchand gang gangleader gangmaster Gangmasters Licensing Authority Gangs gangster gangway gannitus Gaol Gaol - delivery Gaoler gap gaping garb garble ▼ Full browser ▲ gambler gambler Gambler Master Gambler ' s ruin Gambler ' s Ruin problem Gambler ’ s Fallacy Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Anonymous Gamblers Anonymous Gamblers Anonymous of Southern Nevada gamblers ' fallacy gambles gambles Gamblin Artists Colors Co . Gambling Act Offences Gambling addiction Gambling addiction Gambling Awareness of Monroe through Educating our Students gambling casino Gambling Community Benefit Fund Gambling Complaint gambling contract gambling contract Gambling Contracts Gambling control commission gambling debts gambling den gambling game gambling hell gambling house gambling house Gambling Impact and Behavior Study Gambling Income Gambling Incomes Gambling Insurance Gambling Loss Gambling Losses Gambling Online Magazine Gambling Patient Placement Criteria Gambling Portal Webmaster Association Gambling Related Cognitions Scale gambling system Gambling Treatment Program Gambling with Bankruptcy Exemptions ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gibe | gibe Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia See : disdain disparage flout hector jeer mock plague ridicule Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in disdain disparage flout hector jape jeer mock plague Legal browser ▲ get the upper hand get through get through to get through with get to get to safety get to the bottom of get together get under way get up get used to getting even getting less getting together get - together ghastly ghost ghostly ghostly form ghoulish GI Bill giant gibberish gibbet Gibbons v . Ogden gibe gibe at giddy Gideon v . Wainwright gift gift aid gift by succession gift by will gift in contemplation of death Gift inter vivos gift of a freehold interest Gift of PC or theft gift of property by will gift tax gifted giftedness Giftoman gifts and loans gifts now said to be loan Gifts to Minors Act gifts with reservation gigantic gignere Gignoux , Edward Thaxter Gilbert , Cass Gill ▼ Full browser ▲ Gibbs , Sir Philip Gibbs - Donnan effect Gibbs - Donnan effect Gibbs - Donnan equilibrium Gibbs - Donnan equilibrium Gibbs - Donnan phenomenon Gibbs - Duhem equation Gibbs - Duhem relation Gibbs - Ensemble Molecular Dynamics Gibbs - Helmholtz equation Gibbs - Helmholtz equation Gibbs - Marangoni effect Gibbs - Poynting equation Gibbsian Gibbsian gibbsite gibbsite gibbus gibbus gibbus deformity GIBC GIBCA GIBCO GIBD GIBDD gibe at Gibea Gibeah Gibeath - haaraloth gibed gibed Gibel Gibelet Gibelet gibelike gibelikely Gibeon Gibeon Gibeonite Gibeonite Gibeonites Gibeonites giber giber Giberella Giberella moniliforme Gibert disease Gibert pityriasis rosea Gibert , Camille Melchior gibes gibes Gibet Gibet Gibeting ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gravid | pregnant ( redirected from gravid Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : eloquent productive replete strategic Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . PREGNANT , pleading . A fulness in the pleadings which admits or involves a matter which is favorable to the opposite party . 2 . It is either an affirmative pregnant , or negative pregnant . See Affirmative pregnant ; Negative pregnant . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in abortion access adultery Affirmative pregnant Allred , Gloria artificial insemination attempt Baby M , in Re Blackmun , Harry Andrew Brief for Appellant Brief for Appellee Brief for Petitioner Brief for Respondent Brief of Petitioners Bush v . Gore Cause Célèbre Celia , a Slave Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Child Abuse References in periodicals archive paragraph ] ) Of these 6 female worms , 5 were gravid , indicating a male worm either was missed or had died before necropsy . Possible role of fish as transport hosts for Dracunculus spp . Larvae The rearing time from juvenile to female MC was about 5 months , with a 55 % - 65 % survival rate . Biochemical composition of pond - cultured vs . wild gravid female mud crab Scylla paramamosain in Hainan , China : Evaluating the nutritional value of cultured mud crab 22 ) Physiologic hydronephrosis manifests as gradual tapering of the mid / distal ureter due to compression between a uterus and the iliopsoas muscle . MRI in pregnancy : Gastrointestinal and genitourinary pathology Mosquito species collected in an arbovirus vector surveillance program using traps , Brownsville , Texas , 2009 - 2013 Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus Aedes bimaculatus Aedes epacitus Aedes sollicitans Aedes taeniorhynchus Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Anopheles punctipennis Anopheles spp . Species abundance and temporal variation of arbovirus vectors in Brownsville , Texas / Abundancia de temporal de los vectores de arbovirus en brownsville , texas 16 A negative correlation was seen in the current study between increased and depression . Postpartum depression and associated factors after emergency peripartum hysterectomy A variety of persons helped operate traps statewide , including students ( Claire He , Ethan Woodyard , Alexis Hines , and Francis Ezeakacha ) , a health department environmentalist ( Anthony Claytor ) , and mosquito control personnel ( Jerry Sykes and Kris New ) . Use of the VectorTest for advanced warning of human West Nile Virus cases in Mississippi Females that had mated were used as females 1 d after the first mating whereas females of the same age deprived from mating , were used as virgin controls . Effects of conspecific herbivory and mating status on host searching and oviposition behavior of Plutella xylostella ( Lepidoptera : Plutellidae ) in relation to its host , Brassica oleracea ( Brassicales : Brassicaceae ) Use of the CDC autocidal ovitrap to control and prevent outbreaks of Aedes aegypti ( Diptera : Culicidae ) . Reduced incidence of Chikungunya virus infection in communities with ongoing Aedes aegypti mosquito trap intervention studies - - Salinas and Guayama , Puerto Rico , November 2015 - February 2016 One possible assumption in that case was reduced circulation in herniated uterus because of avulsion of the ovarian pedicle or an abnormal placental contact leading death and ultimately mummification . Case Report - DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA OF GRAVID UTERUS AND RIGHT SIDED DISPLACEMENT OF HEART IN A DOMESTIC SHORT - HAIRED CAT rubra colony was visually monitored , and both the number of females and free - swimming lecithotrophic ( i . Reproduction and development in Halocaridina rubra Holthuis , 1963 ( Crustacea : Atyidae ) clarifies larval ecology in the Hawaiian anchialine ecosystem Additionally , 2 females ( 1 telemetered ) were found at Shed Rock 3 . Use of communal shedding sites by the northern pacific rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus oreganus ) in Central Washington State The record of females , eggs and young individuals indicated that this population is effectively reproducing locally . Invasion of the alien gecko Hemidactylus mabouia ( Moureau de Jonnes , 1818 ) in a natural habitat at Praia do Sul Biological Reserve , Ilha Grande , RJ , Brazil More results ► Legal browser ▲ gratification of desire gratified gratify gratify to excess gratifying gratiis gratis Gratis dictum gratitude gratuito gratuitous gratuitous alienation gratuitous contract Gratuitous Licensee gratuitous remark gratuitous worker gratuitus gratuity gravamen gravamen of a charge gravamen of the complaint grave grave consequences grave culpability graveness gravis gravitas gravitate gravitate toward gravitation gravity gray area Gray Panthers Gray , Horace Gray , John Chipman Gray , William Herbert , III grayness graze graze against great Great cattle Great charter great fear great feeling Great law great mishap great number great person great point great quantity ▼ Full browser ▲ Graveyard Drink Graveyard market Graveyard Markets Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum Graveyard of the Gods Graveyard orbit Graveyard poets Graveyard School graveyard shift graveyard shift Graveyard Shift Killers graveyard shifts graveyard shifts Graveyard slot graveyard spin Graveyard spiral graveyard watch graveyard watch Graveyards Graveyards Gravic graviceptor gravid uterus gravid uterus gravid - gravida gravida Gravida 0 Gravida 0 Gravida 1 Gravida 1 Gravida 1 Parity 0 gravida I gravida I or 1 gravida Igravida II gravida Igravida II gravida II gravida II or 2 gravida III gravida macromastia Gravida Para Aborta Gravidanza Extrauterina gravidarum gravidarum chloasma gravidate Gravidated gravidation gravidic gravidic mask gravidic mask ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hauling | haul ( redirected from hauling Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Financial Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : cargo carry deliver plunder spoils struggle transport Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Brief of Petitioners cargo carry Cohn , Roy Marcus deliver DNA Evidence False Advertising Freight Forwarder Hoffa , James Riddle Interstate Commerce Act Llewellyn , Karl Nickerson monopoly plunder Possible procedural issues with trial Rear end accident spoils struggle Legal browser ▲ hasten one ’ s end hastening Hastie , William Henry hastily hastiness hasty hasty departure Hat money hatch hatch a plot hatch a plot against Hatch Act hatched hate hate crime hateful hatred haud accuratus haud dubius haud sufficiens haughtiness haughty haughty contempt haughty indifference haul hauling haunt haunting hauteur have have a bad conscience have a bearing on have a bias have a care have a certain semblance have a common origin have a comparison have a conference on have a connection have a connection to have a dialogue have a dissimilar opinion have a fancy for have a feud with have a firm grip on have a good influence have a guilty conscience have a habitation have a hand in have a hunch have a impulse ▼ Full browser ▲ hauled off hauled off hauled out hauled over the coals hauled over the coals hauled someone over the coals hauled them over the coals hauled up hauled us over the coals hauled you over the coals hauler hauler Hauler Financial Incentive Payment haulers haulers haulier haulier hauliers hauliers hauling ass hauling ass hauling ass out of hauling off hauling off hauling out hauling over the coals hauling over the coals hauling up haulm haulm Haulm Remover haulms haulms haulmy hauls hauls hauls ass hauls ass ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/heretic | heretic Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia heretic noun apostate dissenter dissentient haereticus iconoclast infidel misbeliever protestant schismatic sectarian separatist unbeliever See also : malcontent pariah recusant Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in apostate Baldwin , Roger Nash dissenter dissentient dissident haereticus Hobbes , Thomas iconoclast infidel malcontent misbeliever nonconformist pariah protestant recusant schismatic sectarian separatist skeptic Legal browser ▲ her honor herald heralding Heraldry Herbage Herculean herd together here hereabouts hereafter hereby hereditament hereditaments hereditarius hereditary hereditary enmity hereditas hereditas caduca heredity heredium herein hereinafter hereinbefore hereof Heresy heretical heretofore hereunder hereupon herewith heriditary Heriots Herischild heritable heritable securities heritage Heritage Foundation heritance Hermaphrodites hermetic hermitic hermitical hero hero worship heroic heroic achievement heroism herolike hero - like hesitance ▼ Full browser ▲ Heresay Heresay rule Heresay rule Heresh heresiarch heresiarchs Heresiarchy heresies heresies Heresies in Russia heresimach Heresiographer Heresiography Heresiologist Heresiology heresthetic heresthetical heresthetician heresy heresy Heresy of Peor Heretaunga Heretic 2 heretical heretically heretically hereticalness hereticalness Hereticate Heretics Heretics Heretics of Dune Heretification hereto Heretoch heretocide heretofore heretrix HEREU hereunder hereunto hereupon Hereward Hereward Hereward the Wake ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/incommunicado | incommunicado Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia incommunicado without a means of communicating . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / incommunicado " > incommunicado < / a > Mentioned in American Bar Association Amnesty International Brief for Petitioner enemy combatant Escobedo v . Illinois opinion Opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court , June 13 , 1966 Powell v . Alabama Legal browser ▲ incognito incognizance incognizant incognoscible incoherence incoherent incoherent discourse incola incolarum numerus incolumitas income income and expenditure account income from real estate Income Splitting income tax incoming incoming population incommensurable incommensurate incommode incommoded incommodum Incommodum non solvit argumentum incommodus incommunicable incommunicative incommutable incomparable incompatability incompatibility incompatible incompetence Incompetency incompetent Incompetent Evidence incomplete incompletely incompleteness incompletion incomplex incompliance incompositus incomprehensibility incomprehensible incomprehensibly incomprehension incomprehensive incompressibility incompressible inconceivability ▼ Full browser ▲ incommoding incommodious incommodious incommodiously incommodiously incommodiousness incommodiousness incommodities incommodities incommodity incommodity incommodum Incommodum non solvit argumentum incommodus INCOMMS incommunicability incommunicability incommunicable incommunicablely incommunicablely incommunicableness incommunicableness incommunicably incommunicably Incommunicated Incommunicating incommunicative incommunicatively incommunicatively incommunicativeness incommunicativeness incommutability incommutability incommutable incommutablely incommutablely incommutableness incommutableness incommutably incommutably INCOMP Incompact incomparability incomparability incomparable incomparableness incomparableness incomparably ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/intrinsically | intrinsic ( redirected from intrinsically Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia intrinsic ( Belonging ) , adjective implicit inherent pertinent Associated concepts : intrinsic fraud jury , value ( Deep down ) , adjective deep - seated inner internal inward See also : born central essential implicit ingrained inherent innate native organic virtual Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / intrinsically " > intrinsic < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in appertain Asset basic Blackstone ' s Commentaries born Brief for Appellants in Nos . 1 , 2 and 4 and for Respondents Brief for Appellees Brief for the Petitioners Canons of Construction central deep seated dissent Dog Dred Scott v . Sandford environmental law essential evidence extrinsic fraud ferry References in periodicals archive Founded in 2009 , CorDEX Instruments is the world leader in intrinsically safe portable thermal , digital and ultrasonic imaging tools . New CorDEX Portable , Intrinsically Safe Lighting Solutions Transform Market with Best in Class Functionality , Zone 1 Interchangeable Battery Pack and Renowned Ruggedness The Han [ R ] Ex housing ' s blue color indicates that an safe circuit is present . Connector portfolio designed for explosion proof applications According to the company , ALKS 7106 is its novel , oral opioid analgesic drug candidate designed for the treatment of pain with low potential for abuse and overdose death . Alkermes begins Phase 1 clinical study of ALKS 7106 for treatment of pain , with intrinsically low potential for abuse and overdose death The use of devices that are certified to be Intrinsically Safe ( IS ) is a requirement of operating electronic equipment in potentially explosive areas . Littelfuse Introduces First Fuse Certified under UL913 Standard for Intrinsically Safe Apparatus The proven robust design is the next step up from Tracerco ' s award - winning safe T201 contamination monitor and allows simple and reliable in - field operation in most conditions . New Norm monitor A new paradigm in safe mobile computing , the i . New device safe for hazardous places He will be responsible for the promotion and sale of the company ' s safe and explosion - proof equipment , which has been designed for use in the global oil and gas industry . - CorDEX Instruments names new United States sales manager The new system takes the existing CHARM technology , and adds safe circuitry for field wiring into hazardous areas , including Zone 1 , Zone 0 or Class1 Div1 . Simplified wiring tech to boost plant safety The field devices used in any hazardous area must be one of two types : simple apparatus , and safe certified apparatus . Intrinsically safe acoustic emission transducers I think we have to be very careful about labelling any child as evil . Balls criticises Atkinson over Bulger remarks I think you have to be very careful to ever label a child as evil , " he said . Balls : Bulger killer not an evil person ; CHILD KILLERS He added : " I think we have to be very careful about labelling any child as evil . Balls claims Bulger killers are not ' intrinsically evil ' More results ► Legal browser ▲ intransigence intransigency intransigent intransmutable intransparency intrare intrepid intrepidity intrepidus intricacy intricate intricate involvement intricate plot intricately wrought intrigant intrigue intriguer intriguery intriguing Intrinsic Evidence intrinsic fraud intrinsic nature intrinsical intrinsicality intrinsicalness introduce introduce a change introduce a system introduce as an example introduce changes introduce into evidence introduce new conditions introduce order introduce order into introduced introduced to introducer introducere introductio introduction introductory introductory statement introgression introire introitus Intromission scotch law intromit Intronisation introspection ▼ Full browser ▲ intrinsic thromboplastin intrinsic tracer Intrinsic Transistor Delay Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission Intrinsic value Intrinsic value Intrinsic value of a firm Intrinsic value of an option Intrinsic Values Intrinsic Values Intrinsic Values of Options intrinsic variable star Intrinsic Variance Lower Bound Intrinsic viscosity Intrinsic viscosity Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency intrinsic - barrier diode intrinsic - barrier transistor Intrinsic - Germanium - Planar intrinsical Intrinsicality Intrinsicality Intrinsically Electronic Conducting Polymer Intrinsically Funny Intrinsically safe Intrinsically Safe New Zealand Intrinsically Vancomycin - Resistant Enterococci Intrinsicalness Intrinsicalness Intrinsicate Intrinsicoid deflection Intrinsicoid deflection Intrinsics Intrinsics INTRMT INTRMTRGN intro intro Intro ( song ) Intro ( song ) Intro calc Intro calc ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/irrelevantly | irrelevant ( redirected from irrelevantly Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Irrelevant Unrelated or inapplicable to the matter in issue . Irrelevant evidence has no tendency to prove or disprove any contested fact in a lawsuit . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . irrelevant adj . not important , pertinent , germane the matter at hand any issue before court . This is most common objection raised by attorneys questions asked answers given during testimony a trial . The objection is made as soon as an alert attorney believes opposition going into matters which are not concerned with facts outside issues of lawsuit . It often stated trio : " Irrelevant , immaterial and incompetent " cover bases . The judge must then rule on relevancy of question . If question has been answered before lawyer could say " objection , " judge may order that answer stricken from record . Blotting it from jury ' s memory conscience , though , impossible . ( See : immaterial incompetent evidence Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . adjective alien alienus aside from the point beside the mark beside the point beside quession , deviating extraneous far from the point foreign gratuitous impertinent inapplicable inappropos inappropriate inapt incongruous inconsequential inessential insignificant irrelative malapropos nihil ad rem pertinet not applicable not on point pertaining to , not pertinent signifiiant , not to the point not to the purpose not vital off the subject off topic , out of order out of place out of the way remote unallied unapt unconnected unessential unimportant unrelated unsuitable unwarranted without reference to Associated concepts : irrelevant evidence pleaddng , statement , testimony See also : collateral expendable extraneous extrinsic gratuitous improper inadmissible inapposite inappreciable inappropriate inconsequential inconsiderable insignificant irrelative minor needless negligible nugatory null paltry peripheral unessential unfit unnecessary unrelated unsuitable unwarranted Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / irrelevantly " > irrelevant < / a > Mentioned in admissible evidence alien alienus aside from the point beside the mark beside the point beside the question Brief for Appellees Brief for Respondent Brief for the Petitioners character evidence clean hands doctrine collateral competent Compounding Offense deviating disconnected expendable Legal browser ▲ irreconcilable differences irreconcilableness irrecoverable irredeemable irredeemable bill irreducible irreformable irrefragability irrefragable irrefragably irrefragibility irrefutability irrefutable irrefutably irregular Irregular deposit irregular marriage irregularity irrelated irrelation irrelevance irrelevancy Irrelevant evidence irrelevantly irreligious irremediable irremedial irremovable irrepair irreparable irreparable damage or injury irreparable harm Irreparable Injury irrepealable irreplaceability irreplaceable irreplaceable feature Irreplevisable irrepoachable irrepproachable irreprehensible irrepressible irreproachable irreprovable irresistable irresistible irresistible compulsion Irresistible force Irresistible Impulse ▼ Full browser ▲ irrelativeness Irrelavance Irrelavancy Irrelavant irrelevance Irrelevance result irrelevances irrelevances irrelevancies irrelevancies irrelevancy Irrelevant conclusion Irrelevant conclusion Irrelevant Cost Irrelevant Costs Irrelevant evidence Irrelevant Question Irrelevant thesis Irrelevant thesis Irrelievable irreligion irreligion irreligionist Irreligiosity irreligious irreligiously irreligiously irreligiousness irreligiousness irremeable irremeably irremediable Irremediableness Irremediableness irremediably irremediably irremedial irremissibility irremissible irremissibleness irremissibly Irremission Irremissive Irremittable ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/kite | Kiting ( redirected from kite Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia Kiting The unlawful practice of drawing checks against a bank account containing insufficient funds to cover them , with the expectation that the necessary funds will be deposited before such checks are presented for payment . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Mentioned in Franklin , Benjamin Legal browser ▲ kindly disposed kindness kindred kindredship kinetic kinfolk king King , Edward King , Martin Luther , Jr . King , Rodney G . kingdom King ' s bench King ' s Bench or Queen ' s Bench King ' s Inns , The Honourable Society of kink kinship kinsman kinsmen kinspeople kinswoman Kintlidge Kirby ' s quest kismet Kissing Kissinger , Henry Alfred kite kith kith and kin kithless Kleindienst , Richard Gordon kleptomaniac knack Knaebel , Ernest Knave knavery knavish kneel to kneeling knife knifelike Knight ' s fee Knight ' s service knit knock knock against knock down knock into knock out of shape knockdown knock - for - knock ▼ Full browser ▲ kitcheners kitcheners kitchenet kitchenet kitchenette kitchenette kitchenettes kitchenettes Kitchenmaid Kitchenry Kitchens Kitchens kitchenware kitchenware Kitchigami Kitchigami Kitchin , Claude Kitchlev , Saifuddin KITCO Kitco Gold Index Kitco Minerals and Metals KITCS KITD Kite ( aviation and recreation ) Kite ( aviation and recreation ) Kite ( toy ) Kite ( toy ) Kite aerial photography Kite Aerial Photography Electronic Resources Kite Aerial Photography Worldwide Association Kite and Balloon Officer kite apparatus kite balloon kite balloon Kite Balloon Observation Squadron Kite Balloon Squadron Kite Balloon Training Squadron Kite boarding Kite Boarding Victoria Kite Club of Scotland Kite falcon Kite fighting Kite fighting Kite Flyers of Tasmania Inc Kite flying Kite flying ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/leisure+time | leisure ( redirected from leisure time Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : absence furlough holiday leave Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / leisure + time " > leisure < / a > Mentioned in Cushing , Caleb distance selling EHLASS furlough holiday leave Second Treatise on Government The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration timeshare Legal browser ▲ legislative redress legislative sanction legislator legislatorial legislators Legislatorum est viva vox legislature legist legists legitim legitimacy legitimate legitimate puissance legitimately legitimateness legitimation legitimatization legitimatize Legitime Legitime imperanti parere necesse est legitimization legitimize legitimized legitimus leisure leisure time leisured leisurely lemon law Lemon Laws lend lend a hand lend aid lend approval lend assistance lend force to lend money to lend on security lend one ’ s aid lend one ’ s name to lend one ’ s support to lend oneself to lend support lend to again lender lending assistance Lend - Lease Act length length of life lengthen lengthen out ▼ Full browser ▲ Leisure and Recreation Development Plan Document Leisure and Sport Management Leisure and Sport Research Unit Leisure and Sport Review Leisure Boat Builders Association leisure center leisure centers Leisure centre leisure centres Leisure Class Leisure Coast Beauty Academy Leisure craft Leisure craft Leisure Craft Industries Leisure Direct , Inc . Leisure Education Program leisure hours Leisure Information Network leisure participation Leisure Real Estate Developers Forum Leisure Recreational Vehicle leisure sickness leisure sickness Leisure society leisure stairs Leisure studies leisure suit Leisure Suit Larry Leisure Suite Larry 7 Leisure Technical Consultants Limited Leisure Time Casinos & Resorts , Inc . Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire Leisure Time Physical Activity Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire Leisure Travel Group Leisure Travel Van Leisure Tyme Rentals , Inc . leisure wear Leisure World Branch Library Leisure World Duplicate Bridge Club Leisure World Laguna Hills Library Leisure World Macintosh Users Group Leisure World Property and Loan Fund Leisure - time activities Leisure - Time Physical Activity Index leisured leisuredly leisuredly leisureliness leisureliness leisurely leisures leisures LeisureTime Network leisurewear Leisurewoods Property Owners Association ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/liquidation | liquidation Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia Liquidation The collection of assets belonging to a debtor to be applied the discharge of his or her outstanding debts . A type proceeding pursuant federal Bankruptcy law by which certain property a debtor is taken into custody by trustee be sold , the proceeds distributed debtor ' s creditors in satisfaction their claims . The settlement financial affairs business or individual through sale all assets and distribution proceeds creditors , heirs , other parties with legal claim . liquidation corporation is not same as its dissolution ( the termination its existence as legal entity ) . Depending upon statute , can precede follow dissolution . When corporation undergoes liquidation , money received stockholders in lieu their stock usually treated sale exchange stock resulting treatment capital gain loss for Income Tax purposes . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . See : aberemurder assassination cancellation composition discharge dispatch dissolution homicide killing murder payment termination Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . procedure under which company dissolved ( or wound up ) . Liquidation maybe voluntary ( where company solvent but where purposes for it was set up have been achieved no longer exist ) compulsory ( usually where insolvent ) . function liquidator convert into cash , then distributed among creditors pay off ( so far possible ) debts company . Any surplus then among members . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 LIQUIDATION . A fixed and determinate valuation things before were uncertain . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / liquidation " > liquidation < / a > Mentioned in aberemurder administrator amortization appropriation assassination Assignment for Benefit of Creditors bankruptcy cancellation Chapter 11 Chapter 7 collection agency , medical bills composition Composition with Creditors compulsion Corporations dispatch dissociation Legal browser ▲ lined up lines lines of demarcation lineup linger linger on lingering lingua lingual linguistics link link together linkage linked linking links lion ’ s share lionize lip liquefacere liquid Liquid Assets liquidate Liquidated Liquidated Damages Liquidation of 401k liquidation of a debt liquidator liquor Liquormart v . Rhode Island Lira lis lis alibi pendens Lis mota lis pendens lissome list list for jury duty list jurors list of appointments list of cases list of cases set down for hearing list of causes arranged for trial list of causes instituted in court list of causes ready for trial list of events list of goods list of items list of items shipped list of jurors ▼ Full browser ▲ Liquidated damages Liquidated damages Liquidated damages clause Liquidated damages clause Liquidated Debt Liquidated Debts liquidates liquidates liquidating liquidating Liquidating dividend Liquidating Dividends liquidating value liquidating value Liquidating Values Liquidating Values Liquidation ( law ) Liquidation ( law ) Liquidation by assignment Liquidation Distributions Liquidation Dividend Liquidation Dividends Liquidation of 401k liquidation of a debt Liquidation Right Liquidation rights liquidation sale Liquidation value Liquidation value Liquidation Values Liquidation Values liquidationism liquidationist Liquidations Liquidations Liquidations by Assignment ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/locus+standi | locus standi Also found in : Dictionary Wikipedia See : character reputation Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . locus standi the right ofa party to appear and be heard before a court . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / locus + standi " > locus standi < / a > Mentioned in character private Bill Legal browser ▲ Locke , John locked locker locking up lockout Lockup Lock - up house Lockwood , Belva Ann loco movere loco parentis loco suo movere locomotive Locum tenens locum vacuefacere locuples locus locus classicus Locus contractus Locus contractus regit actum Locus delicti Locus in quo locus poenitentiae locus qui petitur Locus rei sitae locus sigilli locutio locution lodge lodge a complaint lodge together Lodge , Henry Cabot lodged lodger lodging lodging house lodging place lodging together lodging together as husband and wife lodgings lodgment loftiness lofty log log book Log Rolling Logan Act logbook Logging Logging in logic ▼ Full browser ▲ locus niger locus niger locus of causality locus of causality locus of control locus of control Locus of Control Scale Locus of Crossover in P1 locus of infection locus of infection locus perforatus anticus locus perforatus posticus Locus poenitentiae locus qui petitur Locus Reference Genomic Locus rei sitae Locus Science Fiction Foundation Locus sigilli Locus sigilli Locus Specific Database Locus typicus Locus typicus locus , gene Locus - Specific Bracket Locus - Specific Identifier LOCUSP LOCUSR locust locust Locust ( insect ) Locust ( insect ) Locust and Grasshopper Egg Packets Locust Avenue Neighborhood Association locust bean locust bean Locust bean gum locust beans locust beans Locust beetle Locust bird Locust Creek Covered Bridge State Historic Site Locust Grove Elementary Locust Grove Public Library Locust Grove State Historic Site Locust gum Locust gum ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/minority | minority Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia Minority The state or condition of a minor ; infancy . Opposite of majority . The smaller number votes a deliberative assembly ; opposed to majority . In context the Constitution ' s guarantee Equal Protection minority does not have merely numerical denotation but refers to identifiable and specially disadvantaged groups such as those based on race , religion , ethnicity , or national origin . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . n . 1 ) in voting , side with less than half the votes . 2 ) term for people in predominantly Caucasian country who are not Caucasian , including African - Americans , Hispanics , Asians , indigenous Americans ( Indians ) and other people supposedly " of color , " despite irony that majority world ' s population is Caucasian . Sometimes term is employed include women homosexuals . " Minority " carries with it certain patronizing tone even when used assert rights peoples who have been discriminated against , either socially by law . 3 ) period life under legal age . ( See : majority minor legal age Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . ( Infancy ) , noun childhood immaturity infant status legal immaturity legal incapacity legal incompetence nonage period of being under legal age period of being under statutory age puerility youth youthfulness Associated concepts : age minority , incapacity contract , voidable contracts Foreign phrases : Haeres minor uno et viginti annis non reepondebit , nisi casu dotis . A heir under twentyyne years age answerable , except matter dower . Minor ante tempus agere non potest casu proorietatis nec etiam convenire . A age can not act case property . ( Outnumbered group ) , noun insignificant number lesser group lesser part the outvoted paltry few peripheral group powerless group secondary group small group small number small percentage small proportion small quantity smaller group smaller part subordinate group subsidiary group uninfluential group weak group Associated concepts : minority group , member , miiority party , stockholders See also : adolescence nonage paucity Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . person an adult full capacity . See INFANT PUPIL Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 MINORITY . state condition minor ; infancy . In another sense , it signifies lesser number votes deliberative assembly ; opposed majority . ( q.v. ) A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Admission to the Bar adolescence adoption affirmative action Appendix to Appellants ' Briefs Barr , William Pelham Bell , Derrick Albert , Jr . Blockbusting Brief for Appellants in Nos . 1 , 2 and 4 and for Respondents Brief of Petitioners Broadcasting census childhood children Civil Rights Colleges and Universities Commerce Department Congress of the United States Copenhagen criteria Legal browser ▲ ministerial ministerial act Ministerial trusts ministering angel ministerium ministers ministrant ministrare ministration ministry Minitrial minor amount Minor ante tempus agere non potest in casu proprietatis Minor broke into house , allegations of selling marijuana minor charged with alcohol use Minor minorem custodire non debet minor officer of the law minor part minor point Minor stole car minor under guardianship minor under protectorship minoris aestimare minoris facere minors Mint mintage minted Minton , Sherman minuere minui minus minute minute account minute application minute attention Minute Book minute circumstance minute examination minute investigation minute part minute quantity minute study minute thought minutely careful minuteness Minutes minutia miracle ▼ Full browser | [
"minority"
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myriad | myriad Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia myriad adjective boundless countless endless immense incalculable inexhaustible infinite innumerous limitless manifold many multitudinous numberless numerous sescenti sumless , uncountable , uncounted unending unfathomable unlimited unnumberable unnumbered untold without number See also : innumerable manifold multiple profuse Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in actual possession Addams , Jane Administrative Agency adoption Agricultural Law Airlines boundless Brief of Petitioners Civil Rights Movement computer - assisted legal research Constructive Possession copyright copyright infringement countless Crime Control Acts deregulation Education Law endless environmental law References in periodicals archive Myriad is now driving the convergence of mobile , tablets and TV having created a suite of exciting connected home solutions including app stores for the TV , media sharing and simple access to social networking services within a multi - device , multi - screen connected home environment . - Richard Francis appointed Chief Financial Officer of Myriad Group AG teamwork with Facebook , all mark yet another key milestone for Myriad as we Mobily signs Myriad for mobile social networking had reportedly been in discussions with Synchronica since early November 2011 . Myriad to complete Synchronica acquisition As a result of the expansion , will be better positioned to scale and support its existing and new customers ' growing needs , it added . Myriad to open offices in Dubai , India The Nara International Leaves Prize whose award - - presentation agency was set - up in Nara Prefecture in Japan is the international prize for commending the scholars around the world who have made significant achievements in the world heritage Leaves related academic and cultural fields . Wang Xiao - ping won the 2nd Nara International Myriad Leaves Prize of Japan The company insisted that testing for these genes must take place in labs at a cost of more than $ 3,000 to the patient . Nature calls Lake Forest IL ) , which it deemed superior to its deal with Pharmaceuticals Inc . Javelin Pharmaceuticals Inc JR LLC , the New York - based commercial real estate advisory firm , has expanded the scope of its restructuring advisory platform through a strategic alliance with The Ackman - Ziff Real Estate Group . JR Myriad forms strategic alliance with Ackman - Ziff In the United States , Genetics of Salt Lake City holds exclusive rights for testing for mutations in the BRCA genes . Defect detector : plugging holes in a breast cancer - gene screen Skolnick founded a private company , Genetics , based in Salt Lake City . The monopoly factory : want to fix the economy ? Start by fixing the Patent Office Full - color photographs and illustrations on every single page add a compelling touch to this amazing survey of virtually of the animal kingdom , featuring geographic distribution , habitat and feeding , distinctive traits , life cycle and more of all the types of beasts known to man . The Encyclopedia of Animals Pictures has brokered the financing for the Mission Pictures movie " Piccadilly Jim , " after the project ' s original sales company Odyssey Entertainment dropped out . Myriad stages ' Piccadilly ' circus More results ► Legal browser ▲ mutual promise mutual relation mutual relationship mutual respect mutual sympathy mutual transfer mutual understanding mutual undertaking mutual wills mutuality mutuality of interest Mutuality of Obligation mutually agreeable mutually agreed mutually assent mutually opposed mutually related mutually understood mutuari Mutuary mutuum mutuus muzzle My Lai Massacre My Son , Stop Your Ears myriads mysterious mysteriousness mystery Mystery or mistery mystic mystical mysticism mystification mystified mystify mystifying myth mythical mythological N.O.V . NAACP NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Nader , Ralph nafarius nag nagging Nail naive naiveness ▼ Full browser ▲ Myrddin Myrddin Myrddin emrys Myrddin emrys Myre Big Island State Park Myre - Big Island State Park MyRealRacing Myredbook . com Myremecobius fasciatus Myremecobius fasciatus MYREN MYRES Myrh Myrh Myrhh Myrhh Myrhorod Myria - Myria - Myriacanthous Myriad Genetic Laboratories Myriad Ventures Group myriadfold Myriads Myriads myriadth myriagram myriagram Myrialiter Myriam Voz and Thierry Martin myriameter myriameter myriametre myriametre myriametric waves Myriangiales myriapod myriapod Myriapoda Myriapoda myriapodan myriapodan myriapodiasis myriapodous myriapodous ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nerve+endings | nerve ( redirected from nerve endings Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia See : audacity confidence faith prowess reassure temerity Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Mentioned in Accused of stealing from hairdresser Animal Rights annoy audacity Auto accident , medical needs are over limit of coverage backbone Brief for Appellee charges with drinking publicly , out of bar confidence construction daring dispassionate embolden excommunication headquarters heart Holmes , Oliver Wendell , Jr . impudence Intoxication Legal browser ▲ Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto Nemo punitur sine injuria Nemo tenetur ad impossibile Nemo tenetur armare adversarum contra se Nemo tenetur divinare Nemo tenetur informare qui nescit Nemo tenetur jurare in suam turpitudinem Nemo tenetur seipsam infortunis et periculis exponere Nemo tenetur seipsum accusare Nemo videtur fraudare eos qui sciunt neologism neology neonaticide neophyte neophytism neoteric neoterical neoterism nepenthe Nephew Nepos nepotism nequam nequitia nerve nerve endings nerveless nervous nervous shock nervousness nervus nervy nescience nescient nescius nest nest egg net net estate net quantity net return Net Worth nettle network neutral Neutral property neutralism neutrality neutralization of forces neutralize neutralizer ▼ Full browser ▲ nerve cuff nerve cuff nerve deafness nerve deafness nerve decompression nerve decompression nerve degeneration nerve degeneration nerve end nerve end nerve ending nerve ending nerve ending pain nerve ending pain nerve entrapment nerve entrapment nerve entrapment syndrome nerve entrapment syndromes nerve entrapment syndromes nerve excitability nerve excitability Nerve fascicle nerve fiber nerve fiber Nerve Fiber Analysis Nerve Fiber Analysis Nerve Fiber Analyzer I Nerve fiber layer Nerve fiber layer Nerve Fiber Layer Defect Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Overall Nerve Fiber , Vasomotor nerve fiber1 nerve fibers nerve fibers ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nonchalance | nonchalance Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus See : disinterest indifference Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / nonchalance " > nonchalance < / a > Mentioned in disinterest indifference References in classic literature Legal browser ▲ Non Vult Contendere nonabolishable nonabstract nonacceptance nonactual nonadherence nonadhering nonadmission nonadmission of employees nonage nonaggresive nonaggressive nonagreement nonannullable nonapparent nonappearance nonapproval nonassent nonattendance nonattendant nonavailability nonbeing nonbelligerence nonbelligerent noncancellable nonchalance nonchalant nonchallengeable noncitizen noncohesive noncombatance noncomformity noncommittal Noncompete Agreement noncompete clause non - compete issues noncompletion noncompletion of a task noncompliance noncompliance with law noncompliant noncompulsory nonconcurrence nonconformance nonconformant nonconforming Nonconforming Use nonconformism nonconformist nonconformity nonconformity to fact ▼ Full browser ▲ nonce word nonce word Nonce words Nonce words nonce - bashing nonce - word noncelebration noncelebrity noncellular noncellular noncellularly noncellularly noncellulose polysaccharides noncellulosic noncentral Noncentral chi - square distribution Noncentral chi - squared distribution noncentral distribution noncentral F distribution noncentral force noncentral quadric noncentral t distribution noncereal noncertificated noncertified Nonces Nonces nonchalances nonchalances nonchalant nonchalantly nonchalantly nonchallengeable noncharacter noncharismatic nonchaser nonchauvinist nonchemical noncholera v noncholera v Nonchord tone nonchristian nonchristianly nonchromaffin nonchromaffin paraganglia nonchromaffin paraganglioma nonchromaffin paraganglioma nonchromaffin paraganglionoma Nonchromogenic Nonchromogenic nonchromogens nonchromosomal nonchromosomal nonchurch nonchurchgoer nonchurchgoing ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/photoreceptor | receptor ( redirected from photoreceptor Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : receiver Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / photoreceptor " > receptor < / a > Mentioned in receiver Legal browser ▲ philanthropic institution philanthropist philanthropy philippic philistine phillipic philosophaster philosophia moralis philosophical philosophize philosophy philosophy of law phlegm phlegmatic phlegmatical phobia phoenix phonate phone book error , calls routed to wrong business Phone defective phone - jack phoniness phony Photo Lineup photographic photoreceptor photostat phrase phraseology phrasing phrenetic phrenetical phylactery phylum physic physical physical appearance physical being physical condition physical derangement physical element Physical Fact physical force physical hurt physical limit physical nature physical power physically strong physicalness Physician physician - patient privilege ▼ Full browser ▲ photoradiation therapy photoradiometer photoreaction photoreaction Photoreaction Control and Photofunctional Materials photoreactivating enzyme photoreactivation photoreactivation photoreactive chlorophyll Photoreactive Flow Changes in the Posterior and Middle Cerebral Artery Photorealism Photorealism Photorealist Photorealist photorealistic photorealistic Photorealistic art Photorealistic art photorealistic image synthesis photorealists photorealists Photorearrangement photoreception photoreception photoreceptive photoreceptive Photoreceptor ( disambiguation ) Photoreceptor ( disambiguation ) photoreceptor cell photoreceptor cell Photoreceptor cells Photoreceptor Complex Photoreceptor layer Photoreceptors Photoreceptors photoreconnaisance photoreconnaissance photoreconnaissance photoreduce Photoreduction Photoreduction Photorefraction Photorefraction photorefractive photorefractive Photorefractive effect Photorefractive effect Photorefractive Information Storage Materials Photorefractive keratectomy Photorefractive keratectomy ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"receptor",
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pi | index ( redirected from PI Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia Index A book containing references , alphabetically arranged , to the contents of a series or collection of documents or volumes ; a section ( normally at the end ) single volume set volumes containing such references to its contents . Statistical indexes are also used track measure changes in economy ( for example , Consumer Price Index ) and movement in stock markets ( for example , Standard Poor ' s Index ) . Such indexes are usually keyed base year , month , other period comparison . In mortgage financing , term is used determine adjustable - rate mortgage ( ARM ) interest rates after discount period ends . Common for ARMs one - year Treasury Securities and national average cost funds savings loan associations . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . index ( Catalog ) , noun earmark enumeration indicant indicator list listing listing of contents mark sign ( Docket ) , verb categorize codify file submit ( Gauge ) , noun measure guide scale ( Relate ) , verb catalog class classify document enumerate group inventory itemize list specify record supply or furnish with reference See also : arrange book classify clue codify directory enumerate fix gist indicant indicate indication indicator itemize ledger marshal pigeonhole record register roll schedule substance symbol symptom tabulate Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in abatement Adopted Children Register arbitrator arrearage assets Bona peritura boundary bundle catalog categorize certificate of registration cestui que trust CJS clue Code of Federal Regulations Consumer Price Index Coram Legal browser ▲ phrenetic phrenetical phylactery phylum physic physical physical appearance physical being physical condition physical derangement physical element Physical Fact physical force physical hurt physical limit physical nature physical power physically strong physicalness Physician physician - patient privilege Physicians and Surgeons physiognomy Physiology physique PI piacular piaculum picayune pick pick a quarrel pick one ’ s pockets pick out pick up picked out pickeer picket picketing Picketing store fronts pickings pickle pickpocket pickpocketing picky pictorial picture picturize piddling piece piece of apparatus piece of architecture ▼ Full browser ▲ phytotoxicity phytotoxin phytotoxin phytotoxins phytotoxins Phytotransformation Phytotransformation phytotrichobezoar phytotrichobezoars Phytotron Phytotron Phytovolatilization Phytovolatilization Phytozoaria Phytozoon phytyl phytyl alcohol phytyl alcohol PHYVV Phyxios Phyz PHz PHz Pi ( definition ) Pi ( definition ) Pi ( mathematical constant ) Pi ( mathematical constant ) Pi ( number ) Pi ( number ) pi attenuator Pi bond pi bonding Pi calculus pi character pi cone monochromatism Pi Continued Fraction Pi Continued Fraction Pi Delta Psi Pi electron Pi Eta Engagement Resource PI ETA Knowledge Engine Pi Eta Research Technology Pi Eta Risk Management Information Technology Pi Eta Technological Support Pi filter Pi Gamma Mu Pi haherut Pi helix Pi helixes ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/playful | playful Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : jocular Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in jocular References in classic literature And Bob , beyond spirited restlessness and a few playful attempts , gave no trouble . And to Bob , who had turned his head and was up to his nuzzling : - View in context He forgot that she had made life a burden to him , and when she disported herself around him he responded solemnly , striving to be and becoming no more than ridiculous . View in context She was testing the validity of her epigram in a daring way , and for a moment the shadow of my vision - - the Bertha whose soul was no secret to me - - passed between me and the radiant girl , the sylph whose feelings were a fascinating mystery . You with an old father , and you with pleasant and ways ? Ay , ay , " said uncle Glegg , meaning to give a turn to this denunciation , " she must be sent to jail , I think , and they ' ll cut the rest of her hair off there , and make it all even . There was only - - spring itself ; the throb of it , the light restlessness , the vital essence of it everywhere : in the sky , in the swift clouds , in the pale sunshine , and in the warm , high wind - - rising suddenly , sinking suddenly , impulsive and like a big puppy that pawed you and then lay down to be petted . The most direful blow from the elephant ' s trunk were as the tap of a fan , compared with the measureless crush and crash of the sperm whale ' s ponderous flukes , which in repeated instances have one after the other hurled entire boats with all their oars and crews into the air , very much as an Indian juggler tosses his balls . I had not been home a full half - hour , after witnessing those sham - duels , when circumstances made it necessary for me to get ready immediately to assist personally at a real one - - a duel with no effeminate limitation in the matter of results , but a battle to the death . They read those trifles in the solidest terms , and decided without hesitancy that if there had ever been any doubt that Dave Wilson was a pudd ' nhead - - which there had n ' t - - this revelation removed that doubt for good and all . She told the story , however , with great spirit among her friends ; for she had a lively , disposition , which delighted in anything ridiculous . They have a mild , , laughing disposition ; and this is portrayed in their countenances . More results ► Legal browser ▲ play a trick on play act play down play false play favorites play for play for money play for stakes play for time play havoc with play one false play out play safe play the market play the part play tricks upon play truant play up play upon play upon words playact play - act playbook player player for stakes playfulness plaza plc plea plea bargain plea bargaining Plea in Abatement Plea in Bar plea in being elsewhere plea in rebuttal plead plead a cause against a third party plead for plead guilty Plead guilty to possession , CO plead in favor of plead one ’ s cause plead with pleader pleading pleading in a civil action pleadings Pleas of the crown Pleas poll pleasant ▼ Full browser ▲ Players Players Players 4 Players Players Ball Hockey League Players Club Players Development Academy Players Guide to High Clans Players Hockey League Players League Players Medical Benefit Fund Players of Quality Players Only Live Once Players Softball Tournament Series Players Tour Championship Players Vacation Club Players , The PlayerUnknown ' s Battlegrounds Playfair Playfair ' s law Playfair , John Playfair , Sir Nigel playfellow playfellow playfellows playfellows Playfere Playfield Playfield Playful , Accepting , Curious , Empathetic playfully playfully playfulness playfulnesses playfulnesses Playgame playgirl playgirl Playgirl Magazine playgoer playgoer playgoers playgoers playgoing playgoing Playgolf Holdings Plc playground playground Playground and Recreation Association of America ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"playful",
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/plea+bargain | plea bargain Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Encyclopedia Wikipedia plea bargain n . in criminal procedure , a negotiation between the defendant and his attorney on one side and the prosecutor on other , in which defendant agrees to plead " guilty " or " no contest " to some crimes , return for reduction of severity of charges , dismissal some charges , prosecutor ' s willingness recommend a particular sentence , or other benefit defendant . Sometimes one element bargain is that reveal information such as location stolen goods , names others participating crime , admission other crimes ( such as string burglaries ) . The judge must agree result plea bargain before accepting sentence . If he does not , then is cancelled . Reasons for bargaining include desire cut down number trials , danger long term prison if convicted after trial , ability get information criminal activity from defendant . There are three dangers : a ) an innocent may be pressured into confession plea out fear severe penalty if convicted ; b ) particularly vicious criminals will get lenient treatment be back " on street " short time ; c ) results unequal treatment . Public antipathy bargaining has led state statutes prohibiting practice , but informal discussions can around ban . ( See : cop a plea Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / plea + bargain " > plea bargain < / a > Mentioned in 3rd degree sexual conduct admission Bailey , Francis Lee Black Panther Party Blew up dry ice bombs in street , possible plea bargain ? Child Abuse Citizens for Decency through Law Clark , Marcia Rachel concurrent sentence conspiracy cop a plea Criminal Procedure Dershowitz , Alan Morton Drugs and Narcotics espionage forgery Gregg v . Georgia guilty Incompetency Legal browser ▲ play for play for money play for stakes play for time play havoc with play one false play out play safe play the market play the part play tricks upon play truant play up play upon play upon words playact play - act playbook player player for stakes playful playfulness plaza plc plea bargaining Plea in Abatement Plea in Bar plea in being elsewhere plea in rebuttal plead plead a cause against a third party plead for plead guilty Plead guilty to possession , CO plead in favor of plead one ’ s cause plead with pleader pleading pleading in a civil action pleadings Pleas of the crown Pleas poll pleasant pleasantness please pleased pleased with oneself pleasing ▼ Full browser ▲ PLDH PLDH5 PLDHS PLDI PLDL PLDM PLDMD PLDMR PLDMV PLDO PLDP PLDR PLDRC PLDRO PLDS PLDSc PLDT Ple Ple Plea agreement Plea agreement Plea and Case Management Hearing plea bargaining Plea deal Plea deal plea in abatement Plea in bar Plea in bar plea in being elsewhere plea in rebuttal Plea negotiation Plea negotiation Plea of Guilty plea of insanity plea of insanity Plea of nolo contendere Plea of nolo contendere Plea of pardon Plea of pardon Plea of temporary insanity Plea of temporary insanity plea - bargain plea - bargain plea - bargained plea - bargaining plea - bargaining plea - bargains PLEAC ▼ | [
"plea bargain",
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/poke | poke Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : delve jostle loiter Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Mentioned in delve frisk goad intervening cause jape jostle loiter look into mock probe Ridge , Thomas Joseph Legal browser ▲ point of etiquette point of no return point of resemblance point of time point of view point out point out an essential difference Point reserved point to point to be settled point up point - blank pointed pointedly pointer pointing out pointless pointlessness Points points of comparison poise Poison Poison Pill poisoned poisonous poke poke fun at polarity polarize polarized pole polemic polemical polemicist polemics polemist poles apart police Police and Criminal Evidence Police and Guards , Private police clearance letter , employment Police Community Support Officer police constable Police Corruption and Misconduct police court police enter a home Police Federation of England and Wales police force Police jury police officer police officer conduct rude and possibly illegal ▼ Full browser ▲ Pojo Pojo Pojoaque High School Pojoaque Valley Irrigation District Pojoaque Valley Schools Pok POK Erythroid Myeloid Ontogenic Factor POK Erythroid Myeloid Ontogenic Factor Pok ' emon Poka yoke Poka - yoke pokable Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians Pokagon State Park Pokagon State Park , Indiana Pokahontas Pokahontas Pokal Pokanoket Pokanoket Pokayman Pokaymans Pokaymon Pokaymons Pokcy Poké Poké POKE ( disambiguation ) POKE ( disambiguation ) poke ( one ' s ) bib in poke ( one ' s ) nose in ( to ) ( something ) poke ( one ) in ( some body part ) poke a hole in poke a hole in ( something ) poke a hole through poke a hole through ( something ) poke about poke about poke about or around poke along Poke and Sniff poke around poke around poke at ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/precede | precede Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Encyclopedia precede verb antecede antecedere antedate anteire anticipate be ahead of come before come first forerun go ahead of go before , go in advance go in front of harbinger herald introduce lead lead the way pave the way pioneer preexist prepare the ground scout take the lead usher in Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in above above - cited above - mentioned above - named above - stated adolescence aforedescribed aforegoing aforehand aforementioned aforesaid aforestated antecede antecedens antecedent antecedere antegredi anteire anterior Legal browser ▲ preach preaching preamble preannounce preannouncement preapprehend preapprehension prearrange prearrange fraudulently prearranged prearrangement precari precario precarious Precarious right precariousness Precarium precatio precatory Precatory Language Precatory words precaution precautional precautionary precautious precedence precedent precedential Precedents Precedents has as much law as justice Precedents that pass sub silentio are of little or no authority preceding preceding instance precept preceptive preceptor preceptoral precepts on securities preces Precinct preciosity precious preciousness precipitance precipitancy precipitant precipitate precipitation precipitous precipitousness ▼ Full browser ▲ Precautionary principle Precautionary principle Precautionary Principle Working Group precautionary search and rescue and / or combat search and rescue Precautionary Zone precautions precautions Precautions , Limitations and Setpoints precautions , standard precautions , universal Precautious Precautious precava precava precaval precaval lymph nodes PRECCX prececal lymph nodes prececocolic fascia prececocolic fascia Precedaneous preceded preceded Preceded by Prepulses at 120 precedence Precedence Access Limitation Announcement Precedence Access Threshold Precedence Constrained Knapsack Problem Precedence Constraint Posting Precedence Diagram Precedence Diagram Precedence Diagram Method Precedence Diagramming Method Precedence Dialing Behind the Switch Precedence Effect precedence lossage Precedence Network Inward Dial Precedence Network Outward Dial precedence over precedence over ( someone or something ) precedence relation Precedence Request Timeslot Precedence - Based Assured Service Precedence - Related Periodic Task precedency ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/reprimanded | reprimand ( redirected from reprimanded Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus reprimand noun admonishment , admonition blame castigation censure chiding correction criticism denunciation derogation disapproval displeasure dispraise dressing down exception exprobration improbation increpation jobation , lecture objection objurgation rating rebuke reprehensio reprehension reproach reproof reproval revilement scolding sermon sharp censure sharp words stricture trimming , upbraiding warning Associated concepts : reprimand issued by the grievance committee of the bar association verb accuse admonish animadvert on , asperse berate blame call to account call to task , censure formally chastise chide condemn correct criminate decry denounce deprecate disapprove discommend disparage dispraise dress down execrate exprobrate find fault flay fulminate against impeach inveigh against lash lecture objurgate rail at rant rebuke recriminate remonstrate reprehend reproach reprobate reprove revile run down scold thunder against , trounce upbraid vilify vilipend vituperare vituperate warn Associated concepts : reprimand by grievance committee See also : admonish admonition bad repute castigate censure complain condemn condemnation criticism criticize denounce denunciation diatribe disapprobation disapprove discipline disparagement fault impeach impeachment lash objurgation outcry penalize punish punishment rebuff remonstrance reprehend warn Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . REPRIMAND , punishment . The which in some cases a public office pronounces against an offender . 2 . This species of punishment is used legislative bodies to punish their members or others who have been guilty some impropriety conduct towards them . The is usually pronounced speaker . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / reprimanded " > reprimand < / a > Mentioned in accuse admonishmen animadversion asperse berate call to account castigate castigation censure formally chastise chide chiding complain condemnation Legal browser ▲ representation representation by words representation in language Representation of persons ; a fiction of the law representational representative Representative Action Representative democracy representative in Congress representative of the decedent representative sampling representative section representative selection representatives representing repress repressed repressing repressing emotion repression repressive repressive governor reprieve reprieved reprimanded reprimanding reprimere reprint reprisal Reprisals Reprises reproach oneself reproachability reproachable reproachableness reproached reproachful reproachful accusation reproaching reprobacy Reprobata pecunia liberat solventum reprobate reprobation reprobative reprobatory reprobe reproduce reproduce fraudulently reproduce in kind ▼ Full browser ▲ reprievable Reprieval reprieve reprieved repriever repriever reprieves reprieves reprieving reprieving Reprimand ( UK law ) Reprimand ( UK law ) reprimand for Reprimander reprimanding reprimands reprimands reprime reprime Reprimer Reprimer reprimere Reprimo reprint Reprint / Reprinted reprinted reprinted reprinter reprinter reprinters reprinters reprinting reprinting ▼ | [
"reprimand"
] |
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/risk+for+impaired+skin+integrity | integrity ( redirected from risk for impaired skin integrity Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia integrity noun character estimableness , fairness faithfulness fidelity good faith goodness high character , high - mindedness , honesty honor honorableness incorruptibility integritas justness moral soundness moral strength , morality nobleness principle probitas propriety purity rectitude reputability responsibility righteousness scruples scrupulousness self - respect sound moral principle strict honesty trustworthiness truthfulness upright moral character uprightness uprighttess of character , upstandingness veridicality virtue worthiness Associated concepts : character evidence impugning the of a witness , want of integrity See also : adhesion conscience credibility ethics fairness honesty honor loyalty principle probity rectitude right trustworthiness truth veracity whole Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / risk + for + impaired + skin + integrity " > integrity < / a > Legal browser ▲ Riparian proprietors Riparian Rights ripe ripe to submit for judicial review ripen Ripeness ripening riposte Ripuarian law rise rise above rise against rise and fall rise from rise in arms rise in hostility before rise in value risible rising rising generation rising insubordination rising prices risk Risk Arbitrage risk exposure to harm risk for impaired skin integrity risk of loss risk one ’ s money risk taker riskful risks risk - taker risk - taking risky risky undertaking risqué rite ritual ritualism ritualistic ritualistically ritualize ritually rival rivaling rivalry rivalship rive riven River riverine ▼ Full browser ▲ risk for disproportionate growth risk for disproportionate growth risk for disuse syndrome risk for f risk for f risk for fluid volume imbalance risk for fluid volume imbalance risk for imbalanced body temperature risk for imbalanced body temperature risk for impaired parent / infant / child attachment risk for impaired parent / infant / child attachment risk for impaired parenting risk for impaired parenting Risk for infection Risk for infection risk for injury risk for injury risk for loneliness risk for loneliness risk for p . - t . s . risk for perioperative - positioning injury risk for perioperative - positioning injury risk for peripheral neurovascular dysfunction risk for peripheral neurovascular dysfunction risk for poisoning risk for poisoning risk for posttrauma syndrome risk for powerlessness risk for powerlessness risk for s . - m . risk for s . - m . risk for situational low s . - e . ▼ | [
"integrity",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sacrosanct | sacrosanct Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Wikipedia sacrosanct adjective anointed awesome blessed ceremonial consecrated , dedicated devotional , divine enshrined godly hallowed heavenly , holy inviolable inviolate mystical purified religious , revered reverend sacramental , sacred sainted sanctified set apart solemn spiritual theistic theologic theological transcedent venerable worshiped See also : infrangible Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / sacrosanct " > sacrosanct < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in anointed awesome blessed ceremonial dedicated divine elevated enshrined godly hallowed holy ineffable infrangible inviolable inviolate mystical purified revered reverend References in periodicals archive in Says rules are n ' t and seeks names of officials and the commercial activities they are involved in SC tears into BCCI The results show people are prepared to cut back on ' luxuries ' , such as takeaways and nights out to go on their annual summer holiday , which is to many . Travel : We wo n ' t give up our hols The European Union can therefore apply the ' 6 + 5 ' rule without harming the freedom of movement . Foreign legion is a concern According to the one time last time ' principle , the airline can not receive state aid until 2011 . DEADLINE SET FOR ROME ON ALITALIA I think they are one of our most important allies in the region , and I think that their security is Obama Vows To be Friend of Israel , Disowns Farrakhan Just as they close ranks over their expense claims , so too do they try to adopt the belief they should in some way be treated like priests in a confessional - that everything they discuss between themselves and constituents should remain MPs deserve bug culture His approach is daring , not just because of the image of environmental programs , but also because he grounds his research in new applications of current theory and practice rather than in environmental political correctness . Transnational identity politics and the environment LIFE is a God - given gift and should be but in today ' s society it is held cheaply and taken without remorse . Letter : Your Say - Not a bitter pill Several of these finished behind Yeats last time , notably 2005 Irish Cesarewitch winner Clara Allen ( fourth ) , Sacrosanct ( fifth ) and two - time Group 3 winner Tartouche ( seventh ) . Horse Racing : Yeats warms up for Royal Ascot repeat attempt ; RACE OF THE DAY Live on ATR 7.30 LEOPARDSTOWN Seamus & Rosmary McGrath Memorial Saval Beg Stakes ( Listed , 1m6f ) There is nothing about the number of years currently assigned to the limits . REDISTRICTING GOAL NEEDS COMPROMISE Staff should have at least one holiday that is Yule need a holiday There are just some things that are , and I believe funerals to be one of those things . Yes and no to Phelps More results ► Legal browser ▲ ruttish rutty Rylands v . Fletcher s S Corporation S . S.J.D . Sabbath Sabinians Sabotage saboteurs Sacco and Vanzetti Trial sack Sacquier sacrament of marriage Sacramentum Sacramentum habet in se tres comites Sacramentum si fatuum fuerit sacred sacrifice sacrifice pride sacrificed sacrilege sacrilegious sacrilegiousness sad sadden saddening saddle saddle with sadistic sadness Saepe viatorim nova non vetus orbita fallit Saepenumero uvb proprietas verboem attenditur saepire Saevetia safe safe conduct safe harbour safe haven safe place Safe pledge safe retreat safe workplace safebreaker Safe - conduct safecracker safe - deposit box safe - deposite vault safeguard ▼ Full browser ▲ sacroiliac ligaments sacroiliac ligaments sacroiliac SI joint Sacroiliitis Sacroiliitis sacroilitis sacrolisthesis sacrolumbalis sacrolumbar sacrolumbar sacrolumbar angle sacrolumbar angle sacropelvic sacropelvic surface of ilium Sacrophagus Sacrophagus Sacrophogus Sacrophogus sacroposterior sacroposterior position sacrosanctity sacrosanctity sacrosanctly sacrosanctly sacrosanctness sacrosanctness sacrosciatic sacrosciatic sacrosciatic notch Sacrosidase sacrospinal sacrospinal muscle sacrospinal muscle Sacrospinalis Sacrospinalis muscle sacrospinous sacrospinous Sacrospinous ligament Sacrospinous ligament sacrospinous vaginal vault suspension procedure sacrotomy sacrotransverse ( ST ) position sacrotransverse position ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/satire | satire Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : caricature distortion irony parody ridicule Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in caricature distortion farce Franklin , Benjamin irony parody plagiarism ridicule Steinem , Gloria Legal browser ▲ sapid sapience sapiency Sapiens incipit a fine Sapiens omnia agit cum consilio sapient Sapientia legis nummario pretio non est aestemanda sapiential Sapientis judicis est cogitare tantum sibi esse permissum saporous Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002 sarcasm sarcastic sarcastical sardonic Sargent , John Garibaldi sasine satanic sate sated satellite satiate satiate to excess satietas satiety satire satirize Satisdaction satisdatio satisfactio satisfaction satisfaction for damage satisfaction for injury satisfaction of judgment satisfaction of mortgage Satisfaction piece Satisfaction should be made to that fund which has sustained the loss satisfactorily satisfactoriness satisfactory satisfactory evidence satisfactory notice satisfiable satisfied satisfy satisfy a claim satisfy desires satisfy in advance satisfy in full satisfy oneself satisfy requirements ▼ Full browser ▲ satinizes satinizing satinizing satinleaf satinleaf satinpod satinpod satins satins Satinsky vena cava clamp satinwood satinwood satinwood tree satinwood tree satinwoods satinwoods satiny satiny Sation SATIPS SATIR Satir , Virginia Satir - Agitteatr Satire Ménippée Satires Satires satiric satiric Satiric misspelling Satiric tone Satiric tone satirical satirical Satirical magazine Satirical magazine satirically satirically satiricalness satiricly Satirikon satirisable satirisation satirisation satirisations satirisations satirise satirise ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/seat | seat Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia seat noun base berth capital center domicilium headquarters home locale locality location perch place position post region residence sedes site spot station vital center Associated concepts : county See also : address embed headquarters instate locality standpoint venue Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in accompany Airlines apportionment Automobiles Baker , Ella Josephine Barbour , Philip Pendleton base bench Benjamin , Judah Philip berth Black , Jeremiah Sullivan Boggs , Corinne Claiborne Bond , Horace Julian Breckenridge , John Byrnes , James Francis Cardozo , Benjamin Nathan Carjacking census center References in classic literature For all that , " said Don Quixote , " thou must thyself , because him who humbleth himself God exalteth ; " and seizing him by the arm he forced him to sit down beside himself . View in context Then he took his again on the from which he had risen ; and Antinous rebuked him saying : View in context This time Daylight kept his , but , beyond a futile rein across the neck , did nothing to prevent the evolution . Yes , he must bring out seats and food for both , and in serving us present not ewer and napkin with more show of respect to the one than to the other . Jumping out of the buggy he put Dorothy ' s suit - case under the and her bird - cage on the floor in front . They found all the rest of the party already in their seats and the curtain about to go up . Like a sailor shinning up the ratlins during a squall Jerry mounted to his professional And he sat down on the again with a smile upon his face , waiting for the sun to set . The silver was everywhere thickly encrusted with diamonds and the was upholstered in white satin . Of Mans First Disobedience , and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree , whose mortal tast Brought Death into the World , and all our woe , With loss of EDEN , till one greater Man Restore us , and regain the blissful Seat , Sing Heav ' nly Muse , that on the secret top Of OREB , or of SINAI , didst inspire That Shepherd , who first taught the chosen Seed , In the Beginning how the Heav ' ns and Earth Rose out of CHAOS : Or if SION Hill Delight thee more , and SILOA ' S Brook that flow ' d Fast by the Oracle of God ; I thence Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song , That with no middle flight intends to soar Above th ' AONIAN Mount , while it pursues Things unattempted yet laughed she , and , instantly quitting her , she sought refuge at the window by which I was seated , and , in very desperation , to escape my brother ' s persecutions , endeavoured to draw me into conversation . At the edge of the West Cliff above the pier I looked across the harbour to the East Cliff , in the hope or fear , I do n ' t know which , of seeing Lucy in our favorite More results ► Legal browser ▲ Search and Seizure search for an answer search for information search into search laboriously search made for useful military information search one ’ s pockets search order search out search warrant search warrant at house Searcher searching searching examination searching inquiry searching investigation searing seashore seaside season seasonable seasonableness seasonal seasoned seasoning Seat Belts seat of judgment seat of justice seated SEC secede secede from secern Secession Seck seclude seclude oneself secluded secludere seclusion seclusive second Second Amendment second best second degree felony second degree murder Second deliverance second examination second legal marriage Second Look Doctrine ▼ Full browser ▲ Seasonless Seasonless seasons seasons Seasons Greetings Seasons Greetings Seasons in the Abyss Seasons of Love SEASP Seaspan Ship Management Ltd . SEASPAR Seaspeak Seaspinach Seaspinach SEASS SEASSI seastrand seastrand SEASTRAT seasure seat angle Seat Availability Notification by Email seat back Seat Bag Seat Bag Seat base Seat base seat belt seat belt Seat Belt Anchor Seat Belt Control Apparatus Seat Belt Event Data Recorder Seat Belt Extender Seat Belt Fracture Seat belt laws Seat belt legislation Seat Belt Reminder seat belt syndrome Seat belts Seat belts seat clay ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/seed+crystals | seed ( redirected from seed crystals Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia See : children embryo inseminate posterity progeny Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Agricultural Law Baldwin , Roger Nash Bell , Derrick Albert , Jr . Black Panther Party Brief for Appellants in Nos . 1 , 2 and 4 and for Respondents Carmichael , Stokely Carter , James Earl , Jr . cause children Civil Rights Movement Commodity Credit Corporation customs duties Du Bois , William Edward Burghardt Ellsworth , Oliver embryo English Law Fairness Doctrine fetus Goldman , Emma References in periodicals archive In this work , zeolite membrane layer was synthesized on alumina substrate by the secondary growth method , The substrate surface was modified in order to facilitate the adsorption of seed crystals The effect of intermediate layer on synthesis and gas permeation properties of NaA zeolite membrane Clouds at high altitude are a good example for this - they contain tiny droplets of water that , in the absence of do not form ice despite the low temperatures . Why water does not freeze in the clouds The were produced from 30 gram of Univar AR grade borax dissolved in 100 mL of Milli - Q water by heating up until 60 [ degree ] C and filtered through filter paper . AFM investigation of Borax ( 100 ) face : two - dimensional nucleation growth He reports using such " fuzzy " automata to simulate snowflake growth around hexagonal What a flake : computers get the hang of ice - crystal growth More results ► Legal browser ▲ seditio sedition seditionem seditionist seditiosus seditious Seditious Libel seditiousness seduce seduction seductive sedulity sedulous sedulousness sedulus see see about see as distinct see at a glance see in retrospect see the difference see through see to seeable seed Seeds seedy seek seek a clue seek accord seek advice seek as due seek by request seek counsel seek facts from seek guidance seek information seek legal redress seek redress seek reexamination seek reference of a case from one court to another seek review of a case seek the opinion of seek to seek to attain seek to persuade seeker seeking to avoid seeking to elude seeking to evade ▼ Full browser ▲ seed catalogue Seed Certification Seed Certification Scheme Seed Certifying Agency Seed chalcid seed charge Seed Cleaner , Electromagnetic Seed Cleaning and Sorting Seed Co - Investment Fund seed coat seed coat seed coats seed coats seed coral seed core seed corn seed corn Seed Corn Growers of Ontario seed cotton Seed Crop Seed crystal Seed crystal Seed dispersal Seed Dockage Seed down Seed down Seed dressing Seed dressing Seed drill Seed drill Seed eater Seed Farm seed fern seed fern Seed ferns Seed ferns Seed Financing Seed Financing Seed for Food Seed gall Seed germination Seed germination seed graft seed graft seed grain ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"Crystallization Systems",
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sidebar | sidebar Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Encyclopedia Wikipedia sidebar n . 1 ) physically , an area in front of or next to the judge ' s bench ( the raised desk in front of the judge ) away from witness stand and jury box , where lawyers are called to speak confidentially with judge out earshot jury . 2 ) a discussion between judge and attorneys at bench off record outside hearing jurors or spectators . 3 ) journalism , a brief story on sidelight news story , such as biographical sketch about figure news an anecdote related main story , sometimes enclosed within box . ( See : approach the bench Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . ( US ) discussion between lawyers outwith hearing jury court itself In UK love form ceremonial means that have trek out room from time time usually much their bafflement as what is going on when they are not there . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 Mentioned in accident Alien and Sedition Acts American Association of Retired Persons Arbitrage articles of impeachment Beard , Charles Austin Bosone , Reva Beck Cipollone v . Liggett Group , Inc . Common - Law Courts Corporations finances Gignoux , Edward Thaxter impeachment Mergers and Acquisitions Oklahoma City Bombing Piercing the Corporate Veil Roberts , Owen Josephus terrorism Legal browser ▲ Si nulla sit conjectura quae ducat alio Si quid universitate debetur singulis non debetur Si quis custos fraudem pupillo fecerit Si quis praegnantum uxorem reliquit Si suggestio non sit vera sibi adsumere sibylic sibylline SIC Sic interpretandum est ut verba accipiantur cum effectu sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas sick individual sick person sicken sickening sickling sickly sickness Sicut natura nil facit per saltum side side against Side bar rules side issue side road side with sidelong side - partner sidereal sideslip sidestep siege Siens Sierra Club sieve sift sifting sigh sigh for sight Sight Draft sightly Sigillum sigmoid sign sign a name to sign and seal sign away sign legally sign manual sign on ▼ Full browser ▲ side - whiskers Side - winder Side - winder Side - Worked Pre Bake Side / Back Stance Side / Back Stance SIDEA sidearm sidearm sidearm controller sidearmed sidearmer sidearmers sidearming sidearmly Sidearms sideband sideband Sideband Correlation Matrix Sideband Depth of Modulation Sideband Generator Sideband Level Sideband Rejection Ratio Sidebands Sidebands Sidebar ( software ) Sidebar ( software ) sidebar conference sidebar conference sidebar conferences sidebar conferences sidebars sidebars sideboard sideboards Sidebone Sidebone Sidebones sideboob sideburn sideburned sideburns sideburns SIDEC sidecar sidecar Sidecar Safety Program Sidecars Sidecars ▼ | [
"sidebar",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spirituality | spirituality Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : immateriality Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / spirituality " > spirituality < / a > Mentioned in Establishment Clause first amendment immateriality religion Legal browser ▲ spheroid sphinxian sphinx - like spice spicy spike spill over spin out spineless Spin - Off Spinster spiral spiral inflation spiriferous spirit spirit away spirit of the law spirited spiritedness spiriting away spiritless spiritlessness spirits spiritual spiritual upbuilding spirituality spiritualness spit spite spiteful spitefulness splash splay spleenful splendid splendidus splendor splendorous splenetic splenetical splice spliced splinter splinter party splintered split split again Split Decision split off split up Split - Off ▼ Full browser ▲ spiritualism spiritualism spiritualist spiritualist Spiritualist Association of Great Britain Spiritualist Camps Spiritualist Church of New Zealand spiritualist healer spiritualist healing spiritualist healing Spiritualist ' s Sports and Adventures Club spiritualistic spiritualistic spiritualisticly spiritualisticly spiritualistly spiritualistly Spiritualists Spiritualists Spiritualists National Union Spiritualists ' National Union Spiritualists ' National Union spiritualities spiritualities Spirituality Health Inventory Spirituality in Action for Family Empowerment Spirituality in the Land of the Noble Spirituality , Religiousness and Personal Beliefs spirituality - based therapy Spirituality - Paganchat spiritualization spiritualize spiritualized spiritualizer spiritualizes spiritualizing spiritually spiritually Spiritually Minded Is Life Eternal spiritualness Spirituals Spirituals spiritualties spiritualty spirituel spirituelle ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stupor | stupor Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : inertia insentience prostration sloth Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in inertia insentience prostration sloth References in classic literature But sleep , or even rest , would be dangerous to you , my friends ; you must react against this tendency to stupor View in context At night he was tied down , lest he should kick the covers off him , while the family lay in their of exhaustion . View in context She had been in this condition of since the morning , when Sonya , to the surprise and annoyance of the countess , had for some unaccountable reason found it necessary to tell Natasha of Prince Andrew ' s wound and of his being with their party . They had carried him sometimes in a dead , sometimes a raving madman , along a wild bush - track across rivers and swamps into the town of Garba , where years ago a Congo trader , who had made a fortune , had built a little white - washed hospital From a state of he would return to it - - SO THIS WAS A HURRICANE . But at three o ' clock she was in such a that she did not know . Coming out of a , she became slowly aware that she was gazing at a patch of sandy - red hair on the head of a corpse . After I had fallen over eight or nine precipices and thus found out that one half of my brain had been asleep eight or nine times without the wide - awake , hard - working other half suspecting it , the periodical unconsciousnesses began to extend their spell gradually over more of my brain - territory , and at last I sank into a drowse which grew deeper and deeper and was doubtless just on the very point of being a solid , blessed dreamless , when - - what was that ? Lucie had , by that time , fallen into a on the floor at his feet , clinging to his hand . Then when she had no longer any doubt , she cried , in a state of , " What , my brother , is it you ? The grating against the library - door aroused the young girl from the in which she was plunged , and which almost amounted to insensibility . These faces expressed in their lines the deep of the tired soldiers . More results ► Legal browser ▲ study of surroundings study quietly study systematically stuff stuffed stultification stultify stultus stumble stumble on stumbling stumbling block stump stun stunned stunt stupefaction stupefactive stupefied stupefy stupendous stuperous stupid stupidity stupidness stuprare stuprate stupration Stuprum sturdiness sturdy style style of arrangement style of penmanship stylish stymie sua sponte sua voluntate suable suadere suasible suasive suasor suavis suavity sub hasta vendere sub judice Sub modo Sub Nomine Sub pede sigilli ▼ Full browser ▲ Stupidity In The Cockpit Stupidity tax Stupidity tax stupidly stupidly Stupidly Named Internet Football League Stupidly Quick , Underdressed and Imminently Dead Stupidly Quick , Underdressed , Ignorant and Dangerous stupidness Stupids Stupids Stupify Stupin , Aleksandr Stupin , Aleksandr Vasilevich stuping stuping Stupino stuporous stuporous stuporous catatonia stuporously stuporously stupors stupors Stupose stupp stuprare Stuprate Stuprate Stupration Stupration Stuprum Stur , Ludovit Stura STURAA Sturb Sturbridge Sturbridge , Massachusetts Sturdee Airport Sturdee , Sir Frederick Charles Doveton sturdied ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subacute+care | care ( redirected from subacute care Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia Care Watchful attention ; custody ; diligence ; concern ; caution ; as opposed to Negligence or carelessness . In the law of negligence , the standard of reasonable conduct determines amount care to be exercised in a situation . The taken must be proportional apparent risk . As danger increases , commensurate caution must observed . Slight is persons ordinary prudence generally exercise in regard their personal affairs minimal importance . Reasonable also known as ordinary care , is degree care , diligence , or precaution that may fairly , ordinarily , and properly expected required consideration nature action , subject matter , and surrounding circumstances . Great degree that persons prudence usually exercise with respect their personal affairs great importance . Another type which a fiduciary — a person having duty , created by his her undertaking , act primarily for another ' s benefit — exercises regard valuable possessions entrusted him her by another . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . n . law , attentive , prudent vigilant . Essentially , ( and careful ) means person does everything he / she supposed do ( to prevent an accident ) . It opposite negligence ( and negligent ) , which makes responsible liable for damages injured . If " exercises care , " court can not find him / her responsible damages from an accident he / she involved . ( See : careless Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . ( Be cautious ) , verb be cautious be concerned bear in mind beware consider curare give heed to guard have regard heed look out for mind pay attention to protect take precautions watch out for watch over Associated concepts : care caution , skill , careful careless due care extraordinary great lack of care slight want ( Regard ) , verb administer to attend attend to be concerned be concerned for become involved bother foster mind minister to nurture pay attention to serve supervise support sustain tend watch over Associated concepts : care custody , mainteeance , custody control See also : administration agency aid alimony apprehension assistance auspices burden caution charge concern consideration constraint control custody direction discretion fear generalship guidance heed help imprisonment interest maintenance management notice particularity patronage precaution preservation problem protection relief rigor safekeeping shelter supervision support surveillance trust upkeep ward weight Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in absorption of mind Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome active application active attention active study active thought Asylums attend attention to detail be cautious be concerned for be mindful be vigilant be watchful bear in mind become involved beware Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Legal browser ▲ Stuprum sturdiness sturdy style style of arrangement style of penmanship stylish stymie sua sponte sua voluntate suable suadere suasible suasive suasor suavis suavity sub hasta vendere sub judice Sub modo Sub Nomine Sub pede sigilli Sub potestate sub rosa Sub Silentio subacute care Sub - agent subaltern subalternate subauscultare subcategory subcenturio subchapter S corporation subclass subcommittee subconscious perception subcontract Subcontractor subdere subditus subdivide subdivided subdivisible subdivision subdivisive subdolous subdolus subdual subduce subducere subduct ▼ Full browser ▲ SUBACLANT Subacrid Subacromial Subacromial subacromial bursa subacromial bursa Subacromial bursitis Subacromial bursitis Subacromial Decompression Subacromial Impingement Syndrome SUBACS Subact Subaction subactute infection subacute subacute subacute bacterial endocarditis subacute bacterial endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis ( SBE ) Subacute bacterial endocarditis ( SBE ) Subacute combined degeneration subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord subacute combined degeneration of the cord Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord subacute course subacute course Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Subacute Diencephalic Angioencephalopathy subacute disease subacute disease Subacute Encephalopathy with Seizures in Alcoholics subacute epoiphyseal osteomyelitis Subacute Fulminant Hepatitis B subacute glomerulonephritis subacute granulomatous thyroiditis Subacute HE Subacute HE subacute hepatitis Subacute Idiopathic Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy subacute inclusion body encephalitis subacute inclusion body encephalitis ▼ | [
"care"
] |
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/surcease | surcease Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Related to surcease : vacillate palaver languish impugn See : cease cessation close complete conclude desist discontinue expire quit terminate termination Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in cease cessation close conclude desist Dred Scott v . Sandford expire Opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court , June 13 , 1966 quit Worcester v . The State of Georgia Legal browser ▲ suppressed suppressing suppressio veri suppression suppression of evidence suppression of sound suppression of the truth suppression of truth suppressive supputation Supra Supra protest supranational supremacy supremacy clause supreme supreme contempt Supreme Court Supreme Court Historical Society Supreme Court of the United States supreme law supremely supremeness Sur Sur cui ante divortium surcease surcharge sure sure assumption sure to happen surely sureness surety Surety of the peace Suretyship surface surfeit surge Surgeon General Surgery surging surly surmisable surmisal surmise surmount surmount obstacles surmountable surname surpass surpassing ▼ Full browser ▲ Surat Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar Surat Thani , Thailand Surat Urban Development Authority Surat Utang Negara Suratgarh Surathkal SURATLANTE Surattai pambu Surazh SURB Surbahar surbase surbase surbased surbased arch surbasement surbasement Surbate Surbeat Surbed Surbet Surbex T Surbiton High School SURBL Surbu - Gen - T SURC SURCAP Surcease Suicide Surceaseance surceased surceased surceases surceases surceasing surceasing surch surcharge surcharged surcharged surcharged earth surcharged wall Surchargement Surchargement Surcharger Surcharger ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tenement+house | tenement ( redirected from tenement house Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Financial Encyclopedia Wikipedia Tenement A comprehensive legal term for any type of property of a permanent nature — including land , houses , and other buildings as well as rights attaching thereto , such the right to collect rent . In the law easements a dominant tenement or estate is that for which advantage or benefit an easement exists ; servient estate is that subject to burden an easement . The term also used in reference building with rooms apartments are leased residential purposes . It frequently defined by statute , and its meaning therefore varies from one jurisdiction another . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . n . 1 ) found in older deeds boiler - plate deed language , which means any structure on real property . 2 ) old run - down urban apartment buildings with several floors reached by stairways . ( See : structure Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . See : property Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 held on tenure . 2 multi - storeyed flatted building Scotland flats are able be owned individually various rights over common parts . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 TENEMENT , estates . In its most extensive signification comprehends every thing may be holden , provided it permanent nature ; not only lands inheritances holden , but also rents profits a prendre man has frank tenement , he may seised ut de libero tenemento , included under this term . Co . Litt . 6 a ; 1 Tho . Co . Litt . 219 ; Pork . s . 114 ; 2 Bl . Com . 17 . But word tenements simply , without other circumstances , has never been construed pass fee . 10 Wheat . 204 . more confined vulgar acceptation , it means house or building . Ibid . 1 Prest . Est . 8 . Vide 4 Bing . 293 ; S C . l1 Eng . C . L . Rep . 207 ; T . R . 358 ; 3 T . R . 772 ; 3 East , 113 ; 5 East , 239 ; Burn ' s Just . Poor , 525 541 ; B . Adolph . 161 ; S . 20 Eng . L . Rep . 36 8 ; Com . Dig . Grant , E 2 ; Trespass , A 2 ; Wood ' s Inst . 120 ; Babington Auctions , 211 , 212 . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / tenement + house " > tenement < / a > Mentioned in acknowledgment Act of bankruptcy action Ad terminum qui preteriit Addams , Jane alienation amortization Borough english Building Codes Burgage Cape cestui que trust close Cognisor construction Conusor Cui ante divortium De forciant deed Legal browser ▲ tend to show tend toward tendency tendency to change the mind tendency to waver tender tender age tender in advance tender offer tender one ’ s resignation tender payment tender performance Tender Years Doctrine tenderfoot tenderhearted tenderness tending to cause death tending to elude tending to escape tending to evade tending to excite lustful desires tending to impair tending to obstruct tending to slip away tenement house Tenendas Tenendum tenere Teneri tenet tenets Tennessee Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Valley Authority Act tenor tense tenseness tension tensity tentative tentative approach tentative explanation tentative law tentative trust tentativeness Tenth Amendment tenuis Tenuit tenuitas tenuous ▼ Full browser ▲ tenebrosity Tenebroso tenebrous tenebrous tenebrously tenebrously tenebrousness tenebrousness Tenecteplase Tenecteplase tenectomy Tenedhos Tenedhos Tenedos Tenedos Ténedos Ténedos tenement block Tenement building Tenement building tenement district tenement district tenement houses tenement houses Tenement housing Tenement housing tenemental tenemental Tenementary Tenementary tenemented tenemented Tenements Tenements Tenendas Tenendum Tenent Tenente Tenente Teneral Teneral ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ultra+vires | ultra vires Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Financial Encyclopedia Wikipedia Ultra Vires [ Latin , Beyond the powers . ] The doctrine in the law of corporations that holds that if a corporation enters into a contract is beyond scope of its corporate powers , contract is illegal . The doctrine ultra vires played an important role in development corporate powers . Though largely obsolete modern private corporation law , remains full force for government entities . An ultra vires act one beyond purposes or powers corporation . earliest legal view was such acts were void . Under this approach was formed only for limited purposes and could do only what it authorized to do its charter . This early view proved unworkable and unfair . It permitted to accept benefits then refuse perform obligations on ground vires . also impaired security title property fully executed transactions which participated . Therefore , courts adopted such acts were Voidable rather than void facts should dictate whether act should have effect . Over time body principles developed prevented application doctrine . These principles included ability shareholders ratify an transaction ; application Estoppel which prevented defense when transaction fully performed by one party ; prohibition against asserting when both parties had performed contract . law also held if agent committed tort within scope agent ' s employment , could not defend on ground vires . Despite these applied inconsistently erratically . Accordingly , modern has sought remove possibility may occur . Most importantly , multiple clauses general clauses permit corporations engage any lawful business are now included articles incorporation . In addition , can now be easily amended seeks business new areas . For example , under traditional doctrine , had as purpose manufacturing shoes not , under charter , manufacture motorcycles . Under law , clause would either be so general as allow go into motorcycle business , or would amend clause reflect new venture . State laws almost every jurisdiction have sharply reduced importance doctrine . For example , section 3.04 ( a ) Revised Model Business Corporation Act , drafted 1984 , states " the validity action may not challenged lacks lacked power act . " There are three exceptions this prohibition : it asserted by shareholders against present former officers directors exceeding their authority , attorney state proceeding dissolve enjoin from transaction unauthorized business , enjoin commission transfer real Personal Property Government entities created state public governed municipal charters other statutorily imposed grants power . These grants authority analogous private corporation ' s articles incorporation . Historically , concept has been used construe powers government entity narrowly . Failure observe statutory limits been characterized In case entity , employee who authorized entity ' s behalf may , nevertheless , bind entity contractually employee normally expected authority . With entity , however , prevent from being voided vires , normally necessary prove actually authority act . Where exceeds her authority , seek rescind based claim . Further readings Greenfield , Kent . 2001 . " Ultra Vires Lives ? A Stakeholder Analysis Corporate Illegality . " Virginia Law Review 87 ( November ) . Snodgrass , Frank R . 1995 . Dealing with Governmental Entities . New York : Practising Law Institute . Tomonori , Mizushima . 2001 . " The Individual Beneficiary State Immunity : Problems Attribution Ultra Vires Conduct . " Denver Journal International Policy ( summer - fall ) . Cross - references Scope of Employment West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ultra vires ( uhl - trah veye - rehz ) adj . Latin " beyond powers , " corporations , referring and / or officers outside and / or allowed law . Example : Directors Highfliers , Inc . operate small bank employees friends , does permit without bank charter , sells shares stock public before issued . ( See : Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . adjective illegitimate unallowed unchartered unlicensed unsanctioned unwarranted Associated concepts : ultra act , Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . ‘ beyond power ’ . An legal person doing it ; thus company expressly impliedly permitted memorandum UK radically changed Companies Act 1989 extent persons doing with companies without notice problem little fear . still applies relation other bodies local authorities . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / ultra + vires " > ultra vires < / a > Mentioned in de facto corporation illegality illegitimate judicial review Municipal Corporation objects clause prohibition order unallowed unauthorized unchartered unlicensed unsanctioned unwarranted Legal browser ▲ UCC UCC - 1 UCCC UCMJ ugly UK Ukaas ukase ulciscendi cupidus ullage ulterior ultimate ultimate cause ultimate end ultimate fact Ultimate Facts ultimate motive ultimate point ultimate result ultimately ultimatum Ultimum supplicium ultimus ultimus haeres Ultra posse non est esse ultracritical ultrahazardous activity ultraist ultramodern ultrareligious ululant umbrage umpirage umpire UN Una persona vix potest supplere vices duorum Una voce unabashed unabetted unable unable to be annulled unable to be corrected unable to be discredited unable to be disposed of unable to be evaded unable to be fixed unable to be investigated unable to be overcome unable to be pacified unable to be quelled ▼ Full browser ▲ Ultra Steep Spectrum Ultra Super Critical Ultra Super Saiya - Jin Ultra Tech Cement Ltd . Ultra Tech for Integrated Solutions & Services Ultra Thick Embossing Enamel Ultra Thin Body Ultra Thin Chip Stacking Ultra Thin Dual Flat No - Lead Package Ultra Thin Multi Access Ultra Thin Quad Flat Non - Leaded Package Ultra Tracker Ultra Trail du Mont - Blanc Ultra Trial des Lacs et des Châteaux Ultra Tune Mona Vale Ultra Ultra Low Volume Ultra Value Client Ultra Vga Ultra Video Gallery Ultra Video Graphics Array Ultra violence Ultra violet Ultra violet Ultra Violet Auroral Imager Ultra Violet Index Ultra Violet Laser Ultra Violet Line Scan Ultra Vira Ultra Vires Act Ultra vires activities Ultra vires activities Ultra Vires Activity Ultra virus Ultra virus Ultra Vnc Ultra Vomit Ultra Wide Angle Ultra Wide Band Ultra Wide Cradle Kit Ultra Wide Diff Ultra Wide Dynamic Range Ultra Wide Lens Ultra Wide Scsi Ultra Wide View Angle Ultra Wide - Band Radio Frequency Ultra Wide - Band Systems and Technologies Ultra Wide - Band Wide - Angle Ultra Wideband Medium Access Protocol Ultra Wideband Radio Ultra Wideband Radio Technology Ultra Wideband Synthetic Aperture Radar Ultra XGA Ultra Zip Password Cracker Ultra Zoom ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unconscionable | unconscionable Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Financial Wikipedia Unconscionable Unusually harsh and shocking to the conscience ; that which is so grossly unfair that a court will proscribe it . When a court uses the word unconscionable to describe conduct , it means conduct does not conform dictates of conscience . In addition , when something is judged unconscionable , will refuse allow perpetrator of conduct benefit . In contract law an contract one unjust or extremely one - sided in favor person who has superior bargaining power . An one no person who mentally competent would enter into and no fair honest would accept . Courts find contracts usually result from exploitation consumers are often poorly educated , impoverished , unable find best price available in competitive marketplace . Contractual provisions indicate gross one - sidedness favor seller include provisions limit damages against seller , limit rights purchaser seek relief against seller , or disclaim Warranty State federal Consumer Protection Consumer Credit laws were enacted prevent many these from being included sales contracts . Unconscionability determined by examining circumstances parties when was made ; these circumstances include , for example , bargaining power , age , mental capacity parties . The doctrine applied only where it be an affront integrity judicial system enforce such contracts . Unconscionable also found acts Fraud deceit , where deliberate Misrepresentation fact deprives someone valuable possession . Whenever someone takes advantage another person , action may be treated as criminal fraud civil action deceit . No standardized criteria exist for measuring whether unconscionable . A law applies its conscience , moral sense , facts before makes subjective judgment . The U.S . Supreme Court ' s " shock conscience test " rochin v . california , 342 U.S . 165 , 72 S . Ct . 205 , 96 L . Ed . 183 ( 1952 ) , demonstrates this approach . Court ruled pumping stomach criminal suspect search drugs offends " those canons decency fairness which express notions justice English - speaking peoples . " Court relied on general historical moral traditions as basis ruling unconstitutional act . West ' s Encyclopedia of American Law , edition 2 . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . adj . referring bargain so unfair party reasonable informed agree it . suit breach contract , not enforce ( award damages order specific performance ) unfairly treated on theory he / she was misled , lacked information , signed under duress misunderstanding . It similar " adhesion contract , " party has taken advantage dealing weakness . ( See : adhesion contract Copyright © 1981 - 2005 by Gerald N . Hill and Kathleen T . Hill . All Right reserved . adjective atrocious blackguard completely unreasonable , conniving conscienceless corrupt designing dishonest dishonorable excessive exorbitant extreme grievous grossly unjust , immoderate impermissible indefensible inequitable inexcusable inexpiable inordinate intemperate intriguing knavish monstrous outrageous preposterous rascally reprehensible tricky unbalanced undue unequal unethical unforgivable unjust unjustifiable unprincipled unreasonable unscrupulous wrong Associated concepts : unconscionable bargain unconncionable conduct , See also : excessive exorbitant immoral inordinate outrageous perfidious prohibitive reprobate unethical unwarranted usurious Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . morally abhorrent . legal context , time time place place insofar already incorporating issues allows exceptions allow parties some degree relief being imposed upon . modern legal conception tends discussed around more practical objective concept inequality position , can help consumers much more traditional beneficiary protection small debtor pressed interest repossession . Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart , 2006 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / unconscionable " > unconscionable < / a > Mentioned in Adhesion Contract amount blackguard Breach of Warranty Brief for the Petitioners circulation conniving conscienceless constructive trust consumer protection Contracts corrupt costs credit designing devoid of truth dishonest Legal browser ▲ unconditional inheritance unconditionally unconditioned uncondoling unconfident unconfined unconfirmable unconfirmed unconfirmed account unconfirmed report unconformable unconforming unconformity unconfused unconfusedly unconfutability unconfutable unconfuted uncongenial unconnected unconquerable unconquered unconscientious unconscientiousness unconscionability Unconscionable bargain unconscionable delay unconscionable rate of interest unconscious unconsciously unconsciousness unconsecrated unconsenting unconsentingly unconsidered unconsolable unconsonant unconspicuous unconstitutional unconstitutionality unconstrained unconstraint uncontained uncontemporary uncontestable uncontested uncontradicted uncontrite uncontrollable uncontrolled ▼ Full browser ▲ Unconning unconniving unconquerable unconquerablely unconquerablely unconquerably unconquerably unconquered unconqueredly unconqueredly unconscientious unconscientiously unconscientiously unconscientiousness Unconscionability Unconscionable bargain Unconscionable Bargains Unconscionable Bargains Unconscionable contract unconscionable delay unconscionable rate of interest unconscionableness unconscionableness unconscionably unconscionably unconscious Unconscious Homosexuality Unconscious Homosexuality unconscious memories unconscious memories unconscious mind unconscious mind Unconscious plagiarism Unconscious plagiarism unconscious process Unconscious Thought Theory Unconscious , The unconsciously ▼ | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unessential | unessential Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus unessential adjective dispensable extrinsic immaterial inapposite incidental inconsiderable insignificant irrelevant minor needless negligible nonessential of no account of no consequence secondary superfluous trifling trivial uncalled - for unimportant unnecessary unneeded Associated concepts : See also : collateral expendable extraneous extrinsic gratuitous immaterial inapposite inconsequential inconsiderable insignificant irrelevant minor needless negligible nonessential null petty remote secondary slight superfluous supplementary unnecessary unwarranted Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / unessential " > unessential < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in collateral dispensable expendable extraneous gratuitous incidental inconsequential little meaningless References in periodicals archive While there have been no fundamental changes of spiritual practice , there have inevitably been certain developments as regards features of the communal dhikr . The origins of Sufism Based on the analysis of these categories and subcategories the overarching theme of valuable and was developed . Valuable and unessential : the paradox of preservice teachers ' beliefs about the role of play in learning In crisis Belarusian consumers became more price sensitive and trade down to purchasing fewer products , if they consider them , or purchasing cheaper products or brands , if they do not want to give them up entirely . New Report Available : Carbonates in Belarus In the process , his work obviated the and exposed the truth as he chose to understand it . Bruce Conner Six or seven years ago the tough economy had reduced the school budget so much that the schools could n ' t afford to hire specialists to teach such supposedly subjects as art and music . Activist approach to the arts ; Educators creative in fostering programs Mohamed Abdul Aziz the Libyan Foreign Minister denied the reports of American intervention in Libya and that he was aware that the both the US and Britain withdrew some members of staff in their embassies . Libya Plays Down US Military Intervention It is near the center of the well , where the influence of the localized electron wave functions is dominating , but is important at the periphery . Combined method for simulating electron spectrum of [ delta ] - doped quantum wells in n - Si with many - body corrections Embassy to recall its staff from Tunis . Tunisia : signs of domestic radicalization post - revolution Poverty as a social problem is taken as , as justice is not Dogen ' s concern ( 49 ) . Purifying Zen : Watsuji Tetsuro ' s Shamon Dogen USA advises its subjects to leave CAR ; UN pulls out its staff . Bahrain Press Review Models simplify things , leaving aside or minor elements . Decision - making factors in the process of modeling online business Owners are losing jobs , downsizing homes and vehicles and cutting all spending , including the associated costs of owning a dog . Dog fun day has a serious message too More results ► Legal browser ▲ unenlivened unenslaved unentangled unenterprising unentertaining unenthralled unenthusiastic unentitled Unenumerated Rights unequal unequal to unequaled unequalled unequipped unequivocal unequivocally unequivocalness uneradicated unerasable unerased unerring unerringly unerroneous unescorted unessayed unestablished unethical Unethical Conduct unethical use unevasible unevasive uneven unevenness unevident unexact unexacted unexaggerated unexalted unexamined unexampled unexcelled unexceptionability unexceptionable unexceptional unexceptionality unexcercised unexcessiveness unexcitable unexcited unexciting ▼ Full browser ▲ UNESCO UNESCO Unesco Bulletin for Libraries UNESCO Institute for Statistics UNESCO International Centre for Engineering Education UNESCO Klub Piran Unesco National Education Support Strategy UNESCO Venice Office unescorted Unescorted Access and Personnel Reliability Program UNESCWA UNESD UNESDA UNESID UNESIS Unesko Unesko UNESOB Unesp UNESPA unespied UnESS unessayed unessence Unessentially Unessentially unessentials unessentials UNEST Unestablish unestablished unestablishedly unestablishedly Unesterified Cholesterol - Rich Lipid Particles Unesterified Fatty Acids unesterified free fatty acid unesthetic UNET UNETE Uneth unethical Unethical Conduct unethical medical research unethical use unethically unethically ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/unlawful+invasion | unlawful invasion See : encroachment Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / unlawful + invasion " > unlawful invasion < / a > Mentioned in Breaking doors corpse encroachment franchise Patents specification Legal browser ▲ unlawful action unlawful appropriation unlawful assembly unlawful bait unlawful begetting unlawful breaking and entering unlawful carnal connection unlawful carnal knowledge unlawful carnality unlawful combination Unlawful Communications unlawful compensation unlawful compulsion unlawful contrivance unlawful conversion unlawful departure Unlawful Detainer unlawful detention unlawful encouragement unlawful entry unlawful force unlawful gain unlawful gift unlawful gratuity unlawful hitting unlawful invasion unlawful killing unlawful obstruction unlawful obtainer unlawful plan unlawful practice unlawful restriction unlawful retention unlawful scheme unlawful sexual intercourse unlawful striking unlawful touching unlawful use of another ’ s property unlawful use of power unlawfully unlawfully begotten unlawfully deprive unlawfully seize unlawfulness unlearned unlearnedness unleash unlegalized unlegislated unless unlessened ▼ Full browser ▲ Unlawful copying unlawful departure Unlawful detainer Unlawful detainer unlawful detention Unlawful Discrimination Claim Unlawful Distribution of a Controlled Substance unlawful encouragement Unlawful enemy combatant Unlawful enemy combatants Unlawful Entry Unlawful Entry Unlawful Entry With Intent Unlawful Flight to Avoid Confinement . Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution unlawful force unlawful gain unlawful gift unlawful gratuity unlawful hitting Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 Unlawful Internet Gambling Funding Prohibition Act Unlawful Issuance of Bank Check Unlawful killing Unlawful Loan Unlawful Loans Unlawful Malicious Vindictive Persecution Unlawful Manufacture of a Controlled Substance Unlawful military combatant Unlawful Non - Citizen unlawful obstruction unlawful obtainer unlawful plan Unlawful Possess Knife Unlawful Possession of A Controlled Substance Unlawful Possession of Marijuana Unlawful Possession of Narcotic Paraphernalia unlawful practice unlawful restriction unlawful retention unlawful scheme unlawful sexual intercourse unlawful striking Unlawful Tactics Unlawful Tactics Unlawful Taking Motor Vehicle unlawful touching Unlawful Use of a Weapon unlawful use of another ’ s property ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/withstand | withstand Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Idioms Related to withstand : withstand the test of time withstand verb block breast challenge check contravene cope with counteract countercheck countervail defy endure face face danger face up to fight foil hamper hinder hold out impede inhibit interrupt last obsistere obstruct offer resistance oppose preclude prevail against prevent refuse to submit repel repulse resist resistere retard stand fast stand firm stand up to stave off stay stem stop thwart weather Associated concepts : withstand a challenge on appeal See also : allow collide counteract defy endure hold out last parry repel repulse resist suffer Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Anthony , Susan Brownell Automobiles be immune be strong be unsusceptible bear bear up block breast Case Method check Clark , Marcia Rachel collide confront continue contravene cope with References in periodicals archive Santiago said these centers to be built should be able to earthquakes and strong winds and rains of tropical cyclones ( tropical depressions , storms or typhoons ) which usually enter the country ' s eastern seaboard from the Pacific Ocean . Santiago urges gov ' t to put up strong evacuation centers According to Fitch Ratings , Canadian banks can a housing downturn . - Fitch says Canadian banks can withstand housing downturn The wind code that is now in use by the municipality states that structures should a basic wind speed of 45 metres per second for a three - second gust , which is equivalent to 160km / h . Dubai earthquake code updated The tubes can be spun up to 9400 G and will repeated autoclaving at 121 C or long term storage at - 80 C . Easy centrifuge tubes feature one - handed operation is an opaque , high - impact PP copolymer that reportedly can drop impact at temperatures down to - 40 F . Now there ' s a PP for ice cream tubs The EE25 drive can operating temperatures between - 30 to 85 degrees C , with the ability to vibration interruptions . Driving vehicle data Though architect , Frank Williams , never dreamed the Bellaire condominium he designed on East 72nd Street would ever have to a single engine plane slamming through its core at 122 mph like it did October 11 , he had designed the building to hold up under pressure . How architect designed building to withstand plane crash last week This rubber products manufacturer has developed a high - performance sealing compound that is specifically formulated from fluoroelastomer resins to the heat and corrosive effects of high temperature steam applications . Fluoroelastomer developed for high temperature steam applications Saenz also remains confident the bill will constitutional review , and noted that some of the other amendments added last week were designed to strengthen its legal viability . LAUSD BILL PARTS COULD SURVIVE TESTS IN COURT CRITICS SAY SEVERABILITY CLAUSE MAY WORSEN ISSUE These requirements were intended to provide a more accurate means for determining if the tie - downs securing the cargo would the potential deceleration and acceleration forces . Getting tied down : officials and recyclers continue to wrangle over cargo securement regulations The harsh environments of a metalcasting facility , however , calls for part marking that must the rigors of production . Permanent bar codes take guesswork out of part tracing Lock Inspection Systems has developed the X - treme metal detector liner , which can intensive washdown environments like those in meat and poultry . Lock launches liner for X - treme washdown More results ► Legal browser ▲ without scruples without shame without significance without sound basis without specified limits without spirit without stain without stint without stopping without strings without substance without substantial cause without succor without suspicion without tendency to harm without the appearance of life without the name of the author Without this without thought without truth without value without vitality without warranty without weight without will withstanding witless witlessly witness witness against witness as to character witness box Witness instrumentary Witness recanted original statement witness stand witness to witness to a crime witness who gives testimony Witnesses witnessing witty wizardry wobbly woe woeful Wolcott , Alexander womanhood Women Women ' s Rights Won judgment against old landlord ▼ Full browser ▲ Without water Without water Without wax Without wax Without Weapons It ' s Just Another Airline without weight without will Without Winch Without You I ' m Nothing Without - door without - profits Without - Profits Life Insurance Without - Profits Policies Without - Profits Policy without / beyond doubt withoutdoors Withouten Withoutforth Withrawal Withrawal Withrow Springs State Park Withsay Withset withstand the test of time withstander withstander withstanders withstanders withstanding withstanding the test of time withstands withstands withstands the test of time withstood withstood withstood the test of time Withvine Withwind Withwine withy withy WITI WITI WITIA Witigo Witigo Witiko Witiko ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/wound+dehiscence | wound ( redirected from wound dehiscence Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Encyclopedia See : damage disable harm inflict infliction injure insult maim mistreat mutilate prejudice provoke Burton ' s Legal Thesaurus , 4E . Copyright © 2007 by William C . Burton . Used with permission of The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . WOUND , med . jur . This term , in legal medicine , comprehends all lesions of the body , and in this it differs from the meaning of the word when used surgery . The latter only refers to a solution continuity , while former comprises not only these , but also every other kind accident , such as bruises , contusions , fractures , dislocations , and like . Cooper ' s Surgical Dict . h.t. ; Dunglison ' s Med . Dict . h.t. ; vide Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales , mot Blessures 3 Fodere , Med . Leg . Sec . 687 - 811 . 2 . Under statute 9 Geo . IV . c . 21 , sect . 12 , it has been held England , that to make a wound , criminal cases , there must be " an injury to person by which skin is broken . " 6 C . P . 684 ; S . C . 19 Eng . L . Rep . 526 . Vide Beck ' s Jur . c . 15 ; Ryan ' s Jur . Index , Roscoe ' s Cr . Ev . 652 ; 19 Eng . Com . L . Rep . 425 , 430 , 526 , 529 ; Dane ' s Ab . Index , 1 Moody ' s Cr . Cas . 278 ; 4 P . 381 ; S . E . L . R . 430 ; 4 446 ; E . R . 466 ; 1 Moody ' s 318 ; P . 558 ; 526 ; Carr . 239 ; Guy , ch . 9 , p . 446 ; Merl . Repert . mot Blessure . 3 . When person is found dead from wounds , proper inquire whether they are result suicide , accident , or homicide . In making examination , greatest attention should be bestowed on all circumstances . On this subject some general directions have been given under the article Death . The reader referred 2 Beck ' s 68 93 . As to , wounds on living body , see Id . 188 . A Law Dictionary , Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States . By John Bouvier . Published 1856 . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / legal - dictionary . thefreedictionary . com / wound + dehiscence " > wound < / a > Mentioned in affront aggrieved American Indian Movement balance sheet test Banks , Dennis J . Barlow , Francis Channing Benjamin order Black Panther Party Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence Branch Davidian Raid car accident due to defect car rolls back and damages occurred circuitous circumstantial Civilian Review Boards class rights clear up close close company Legal browser ▲ worthless worthless argument worthless check worthless person worthless trial worthlessness worthwhile worthy worthy of attention worthy of belief worthy of choice worthy of confidence worthy of contempt worthy of credence worthy of estimation worthy of fame worthy of imitation worthy of note worthy of notice worthy of praise worthy of regard worthy of remark worthy of trust would - be wound wound dehiscence woundable wounded wounded pride wounding woven WPC wrack wraith wrangle wrangling wrap wrap around wrapper wrath wreak wreathe wreathed wreck wrecker wrecking activities Wreckles driving charge , violation of probation wrench wrench away from wrench the meaning wrench the sense ▼ Full browser ▲ wound care : closed drainage wound care : closed drainage wound cleansing wound clip Wound colonization Wound colonization wound contamination wound contraction wound contraction wound contracture wound contracture Wound Culture wound culture and sensitivity Wound Debridement Wound Debridement wound débridement wound débridement wound down wound drain wound drain Wound Electronic Medical Record wound fever Wound Flat Out Wound Flushing Wound gall Wound glue Wound glue Wound healing Wound healing wound healing agents wound healing agents Wound Healing Association of Southern Africa Wound healing cascade Wound healing phases Wound healing process Wound Healing Research Unit wound healing : primary intention Wound Healing : Science and Industry wound healing : secondary intention Wound Health Reference Library wound hypoxia ▼ | [
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http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cerds/cerds.html | Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States General Assembly resolution 3281 ( XXIX ) New York , 12 December 1974 Introductory Note Procedural History Documents Photo F o r t h c o m i n g Introductory note to be published The General Assembly adopted resolution 3281 ( XXIX ) containing the “ Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States ” on 12 December 1974 , by 115 votes to 6 , with 10 abstentions . The adoption of a Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States was first proposed by President Luis Echeverría of Mexico at the third session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development , held in Santiago , Chile , from 13 April to 21 May 1972 . On 18 May 1972 , the Conference adopted resolution 45 ( III ) by which it decided to establish the Working Group on the Charter of the Economic Rights and Duties of States entrusted with the task of drawing up the text of a draft charter on economic rights and duties The Charter consists of a preamble , three chapters , and 34 articles . Chapter I addresses the “ fundamentals of international economic relations , ” chapter II lists the “ economic rights and duties of states , ” and chapter III considers the “ common responsibilities towards the international community . ” | [
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http://legal.un.org/ola/ | Charter of the United Nations UN International Law Page UN Rule of Law website UN Treaty Collection Legal Research Guide Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs AudioVisual Library of International Law From 14 to 19 November 2018 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares visited Phnom Penh Kingdom of Cambodia to attend the delivery of the judgement by the Trial Chamber of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia ECCC in Case 00202 against NUON Chea and KHIEU Samphan and Bangkok Kingdom of Thailand and to open the Regional Course in International Law for AsiaPacific International Law Week and 29th Informal Meeting of Legal Advisers United Nations Legal Counsel visits Banjul The Gambia Dakar Senegal and Paris France Learn more United Nations Legal Counsel participates in the 57th Annual Session of the AsianAfrican Legal Consultative Organization in Tokyo Japan Learn more United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares convened the Office of Legal Affairs OLA for a Town Hall meeting Colleagues from the International Trade Law Division based in Vienna participated via video link Visit of the United Nations Legal Counsel to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg and the VII Colloquium of the International Association of the Law of the Sea in Lisbon Learn more 1st Session of the Intergovernmental Conference on an International Legally Binding Instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction BBNJ United Nations Legal Counsel visits Geneva Switzerland Vienna Austria and The Hague Netherlands United Nations Legal Counsel opens 51st session of UNCITRAL United Nations Legal Counsel meets with Nippon Foundation Fellows OLA hosts annual meeting of Field Legal Advisers at UNHQ United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares participated in the opening of the 28th Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea As Focal Point for UN Oceans United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares participated in several events on World Oceans Day United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares participates in commemorative events to mark the 70th session of the International Law Commission United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares hosts the leadership of the American Bar Association On 16th April 2018 the Legal Counsel of the United Nations Mr Serpa Soares opened the Intergovernmental Conference on an international legally From 8th to 10th April 2018 the Legal Counsel of the United Nations Mr Serpa Soares visited Baghdad at the invitation of the Government of the Republic of Iraq From 14 to 16 March 2018 the Legal Counsel of the United Nations Mr Serpa Soares visited Washington DCÂ On this mission the Legal Counsel was accompanied by his Deputy Assistant SecretaryGeneral for Legal Affairs Mr Stephen Mathias The legal Counsel delivered an address to the Tenth Meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment including Socioeconomic Aspects The Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares delivered opening remarks on the first day of the plenary part of the fortysixth session of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on 5 February 2018 Learn more The Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares accompanied the SecretaryâGeneral AntÃnio Guterres during his official visit to the Netherlands from the 21 to the 22 December 2017 On Friday 8th December 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares participated in the event to mark the 69th Anniversary of the Genocide Convention and the On 4th December 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares delivered the keynote address On the 4th December 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares accompanied the SecretaryGeneral in the opening of the Learn more From 23 to 27 October 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares attended International Law Week held at the United Nations Headquarters From 17 to 20 October 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares visited Hong Kong SAR and Beijing in the Peoples Republic of China On 13th October 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares participated in OIOS Conference titled 18th Conference of International Investigators in Glen Cove On 26 September 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares in his capacity as focal point for UNOceans hosted and moderated a side event entitled Fit for purpose Looking at the future of UNOceans On 25 September 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares participated in the side event The International UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development jointly organized by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO the Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations and the Permanent Mission of Maldives to the United Nations Learn more On 14 September 2017 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares convened the Office of Legal Affairs OLA for a Town Hall United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares participated in 40th Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law in Sanremo Italy United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares visited Juba Republic of South Sudan on July 2022 2017 United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares delivered a keynote address to Session 12 of the High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development focused on the review of the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans seas and marine resources for sustainable development United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares travelled to Europe to visit Sarajevo Pristina Mitrovica Vienna and Geneva From 22 June to 9 July 2017 United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares chaired the three traditional meetings of the networks of Legal Advisers United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares took part in the Symposium on the Rule of Law and Sustaining Peace on 15 June 2017 United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares delivered opening remarks and moderated a side event on the Choice of procedure under article 287 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea organized by the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs on the margins of the twentyseventh Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on 14 June 2017 United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares including in his capacity as Special Advisor to the Presidents of the Ocean Conference on oceans and legal matters as well as UNOceans Focal Point participated in many events throughout the week of the United Nations Conference to support the implementation of Sustainable Goal 14 SDG14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans and their resources for sustainable development the Ocean Conference United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares chaired the annual meeting of the network of the Legal Advisers of the Specialized Related and other Organizations of the UN System on 25 and 26 May 2017 United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares travelled to the Central African Republic and Mali to visit the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic MINUSCA and the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MINUSMA United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares delivered opening remarks at the eighth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the Marine Environment including Socioeconomic Aspects United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares visited Santiago Chile to open the 2017 United Nations Regional Course in International Law for Latin America and the Caribbean United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares visited Quito Ecuador to participate in the inaugural ceremony of the Conference of Ministers of Justice of the IberoAmerican Countries COMJIB Learn more United Nations Mr Serpa Soares visited Colombia to familiarize himself with the work of the United Nations Mission in Colombia United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares delivered the keynote speech at the opening dinner of the Authors Meeting of the Oxford Handbook of United Nations Treaties held at the Greentree Estate NY from 9 to 11 April 2017 United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares delivered opening remarks at the third session of the Preparatory Committee established by General Assembly resolution 69292 Development of an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares delivered two speeches at the Launch of Oceano Azul Foundation 1 for the Board of Trustees and Directors and 2 for the Group of Estoril and other Ocean Leaders United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares addresses the 34th Annual Seminar for Diplomats on International Humanitarian Law jointly organized by the International Committee of the Red Cross United Nations Legal Counsel addressed the Second Open Meeting of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Trusteeship Council Chamber United Nations Legal Counsel attends an Informal briefing by the cofacilitators on the preparations for the preparatory meeting for the United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans seas and marine resources for sustainable development United Nations Legal Counsel participates in the inauguration ceremony for the new premises of the Arusha branch of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals The 2016 International Law Week which was organized by the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs was held in the last week of October The Legal Counsel met with the legal advisers from the capitals and from the Permanent Missions and discussed with them certain current legal issues that the United Nations is facing Visit by the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations and the United Nations Legal Counsel to Hamburg Germany to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea from 57 October 2016 RTP Portuguese radio and television network The Legal Counsel is Portuguese in Portuguese Saber mais Visit by the United Nations Legal Counsel to San Remo Italy and Brussels Belgium 7 to 16 September 2016 Mr Serpa Soares attends the commemoration of International Criminal Justice Day 14 June 2016 Fortieth Annual Conference of the Center for Oceans Law Policy Legal Order in the Worlds Oceans UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 2728 June 2016 Mr Serpa Soares opens the FortyNinth session of UNCITRAL OLA hosts annual meeting of Filed Legal Officers at UNHQ from 22 to 24 June 2016 The Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares spent almost three weeks at the forefront of supporting oceans and the law of the sea 116 June 2016 On 23 May 2016 the Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares addressed the Resumed Review Conference on the Fish Stocks Agreement Visit by the United Nations Legal Counsel to Port Louis Mauritius Lisbon Portugal and Geneva Switzerland 8 to 18 May 2016 Visit by the United Nations Legal Counsel to Rome Italy and The Hague Netherlands 14 to 21 April 2016 The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares hosts ABA Day 2016 at United Nations Headquarters The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares addresses the 33rd Annual Seminar on International Humanitarian Law for Diplomats Accredited to the United Nations 16 March 2016 The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares visits Cyprus Israel and Lebanon from 28 February to 10 March 2016 The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares addresses the New York Law School 18 February 2016 The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares visits Washington DC from 11 to 14 February 2016 Fortieth session of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares starts his outreach activities in the New Year with a visit on 21 January 2016 to the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia Learn more The United Nations Legal Counsel participates in the commemoration events marking the official closure of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda The United Nations Legal Counsel participates in International Law Week events Interview The United Nations and International Law in Portuguese Saber mais The United Nations Legal Counsel joins Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea and Chairman of UNCITRAL in opening a seminar on ECommerce The United Nations Legal Counsel attends the UN70 Chatham HouseOffice of Legal Affairs conference London The United Nations Legal Counsel addresses the Oxford University Public International Law Discussion Group Somalia deposits instrument of ratification to the Convention on the Rights of the Child The United Nations Legal Counsel signs exchange of letters with China On 8 September 2015 the United Nations Legal Counse delivered a statement at the opening of the Sixth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole United Nations International Law Seminar for Arab States on 8 July 2015 The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares visited Seoul from 29 June to 2 July 2015 Learn more The United Nations Legal Counsel Miguel de Serpa Soares delivered a keynote address at the Colloquium Formes du droit international réflexions sur le devenir des travaux de la Commission du droit international des Nations Unies held in Paris on 22 June 2015 The United Nations Legal Counsel Miguel de Serpa Soares made introductory remarks at the second of a series of expert panel discussions entitled Responsibility of States state of play and the way forward held at United Nations Headquarters on 15 June 2015 OLA hosts annual meeting of Field Legal Advisers at UNHQ 17 and 19 June 2015 UnderSecretaryGeneral for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel meeting with the 2015 United NationsNippon Foundation and Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Fellows With a focus on the oceans the Legal Counsel visits Lisbon Portugal and Paris France4 to 9 June 2015Between 4 and 9 June 2015 the United Nations Legal Counsel attended two important events in Europe which were organized to draw more attention to the importance of the oceans and the law of the sea Visit by the Legal Counsel to Nuremberg Germany 6 and 7 June 2015 Visit by the Legal Counsel to St Petersburg Russian Federation From 4 to 8 May 2015 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares visited Geneva where he met with the International Law Commission and Vienna where he chaired the 2015 meeting of the Legal Advisers of the United Nations System Legal Counsel hosts ABA Day 2015 at United Nations Headquarters on 27 April 2015 The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares visited the Peoples Republic of China from 12 to 15 April 2015 From 9 to 17 March 2015 the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares visited the DRC Uganda and Mauritius On 23 February 2015 the UnderSecretaryGeneral for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Miguel de Serpa Soares and the Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations HE Mr Karel van Oosterom signed an agreement On 7 February 2015 the Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares opened the thirtyseventh session of the CLCS International Criminal Justice events at United Nations Headquarters in New York United Nations Legal Counsel visits Tokyo Learn more United Nations Legal Counsel participates in the commemoration events marking the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda United Nations Legal Counsel participates in the 2014 international law week at UNHQ United Nations Legal Counsel addresses AALCO highlevel event at UNHQ United Nations Legal Counsel addresses the Sixth Legal Committee of the General Assembly at its opening meeting United Nations Legal Counsel speaks at Lisbon University Law School Legal Counsel participates in 2014 UN SIDS Conference in Apia Samoa Mr Serpa Soares participates in 17 July commemoration at UNHQ Mr Serpa Soares in his first interview to UN Radio in Portuguese on 11 July 2014 On 7 July 2014 the Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares opened the fortyseventh session of UNCITRAL For his upcoming second year in office the United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares decided to make ocean affairs and the law of the sea priority issues At the invitation of the Government of the Peoples Republic of China Mr Serpa Soares visited Beijing from 26 to 29 May 2014 On his first mission to Europe from 1 to 16 May 2014 Mr Serpa Soares visited Hamburg The Hague Berlin Geneva and Ljubljana Visit by the United Nations Legal Counsel to Cairo Egypt Kigali Rwanda and Addis Ababa Ethiopia From 2 to 9 April 2014 Mr Serpa Soares went on his second mission to Africa since his appointment as United Nations Legal Counsel in September 2013Â The mission emphasizes the importance that the Legal Counsel attributes to this region and his determination to work very closely with OLAs partners in Africa over the course of his tenure The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares speaks at New York Law Schools On 19 March 2014 the Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares addressed the 31st Annual Seminar on International Humanitarian Law for Diplomats Accredited to the United Nations The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares attends a side event entitled The role of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in sustainable development held on 3 February 2014 during the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares and the Controller visit Phnom Penh Cambodia The United Nations Legal Counsel Mr Serpa Soares visits The Hague Dar es Salaam Arusha and Freetown SecretaryGeneral Appoints Miguel de Serpa Soares of Portugal UnderSecretaryGeneral for Legal Affairs Recent Activities Past Activities Information and Speeches from the Legal Counsel of the United Nations Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly Legal Advisers UNICC Cooperation Publications Archive Employment | [
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http://legalbeagle.com/6063887-1st-vs-3rd-degree-felony.html | Home Criminal Law 1st Degree Felony vs 3rd Degree Felony By Maggie G - Updated June 06 , 2017 The difference between first degree and third degree felonies is based on the gravity of the crime and the requisite penalties . There are six classes of felonies in state criminal codes . Consequences First degree felonies , the most serious felony charge , carry a possible life prison sentence without parole . In some states , the punishment can be death . First Degree Felony First degree felonies are reserved for the most serious of crimes . For example , pre - meditated murder is a first degree felony in every state . Third Degree Felony Third degree felonies are less serious . They are still punishable by prison but carry less time . They are almost always eligible for a probationary sentence ( assuming the person is eligible based upon their prior record and other factors ) . Third degree felonies are not punishable by death . Differences One difference commonly found between these two classifications of felonies is the requirement of mandatory sentencing . With first degree felonies , the sentence of prison time is often mandatory . Considerations Both first degree and third degree felonies are punishable by prison sentence in a state correctional facility . References Utah Sentencing Commission : Frequently Asked Questions Cite this Article | [
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"Third Degree Felony",
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http://legalbeagle.com/6588304-birth-certificate-el-paso-texas.html | Home Documents How to Get a Birth Certificate in El Paso , Texas By Leigh Thompson birth marriage and death image by Warren Millar from Fotolia . com Texas is a closed record state . For this reason , only immediate family members can obtain copies of a birth certificate . Texas statute has defined immediate family members as : mother , father , sister , brother and grandparent . Birth certificate copies are issued by the El Paso County Clerk . Draft a letter containing the following : name on birth certificate , date of birth , father ' s name , mother ' s maiden name , place of birth , reason for requesting and relationship to the registrant . Make sure to sign your letter . Attach a copy of your identification and a money order for $ 23 . Make your payment out to the El Paso County Clerk . Acceptable copies of identification include : a driver ' s license , state - issued identification or military identification . Submit your request to : El Paso County Clerk 500 E . San Antonio , Ste . 105 El Paso , TX 79901 - 2496 Wait seven days for your request to be processed . Call 915 - 546 - 2071 to check the status after seven days have passed . References El Paso County Clerk : Birth Certificates by Mail About the Author Leigh Thompson began writing in 2007 and specializes in creating content for websites . She has been published online in various capacities . Thompson has an associate degree in information technology from the University of Kansas and is working on a bachelor ' s degree in business and personal finance . Cite this Article Choose Citation Style MLA APA Chicago ( B ) Thompson , Leigh . " How to Get a Birth Certificate in El Paso , Texas . " , https : / / legalbeagle . com / 6588304 - birth - certificate - el - paso - texas . html . Accessed 04 April 2019 . Thompson , Leigh . ( n.d. ) . How to Get a Birth Certificate in El Paso , Texas . . Retrieved from https : / / legalbeagle . com / 6588304 - birth - certificate - el - paso - texas . html Thompson , Leigh . " How to Get a Birth Certificate in El Paso , Texas " accessed April 04 , 2019 . https : / / legalbeagle . com / 6588304 - birth - certificate - el - paso - texas . html Copy Citation Note : Depending on which text editor you ' re pasting into , you might have to add the italics to the site name . | [
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http://legalbeagle.com/6716350-occupational-license-texas.html | How to Get an Occupational License in Texas You did something wrong , like drink and drive , and the state of Texas suspended your driving privileges . While you may regret the incident and believe the suspension to be justified , the impact of not being able to operate a vehicle can overwhelm you . In our mobile society , a vehicle is n ' t always a luxury . It can be an essential element of a busy life . If you can prove this to a magistrate or judge , you may qualify for an occupational license in Texas . An occupational driver ' s What Is an Occupational License ? Sometimes , a driver ' s license is part of the glue holding your world or your family together . Maybe you are the sole wage earner in the family , and work is a long commute away . Maybe you care for a household of children that need to get to their schools and after - school activities . Or perhaps you are a student yourself and rely on your car to get you there . Losing your right to drive can bring everything to a screeching halt . If this sounds like your situation , you may be able to get an occupational license in Texas . This can be a lifeline when your Texas driver ' s license status is suspended or revoked . The occupational driver ' s license is also termed an " essential need " license , and is only issued to individuals who have lost their driving privileges for certain offenses and can show that they need to drive to keep a job , get to school or keep a household going . Who Can Get an Occupational License ? An occupational driver ' s license is a special type of restricted license that must be ordered by the courts . The Department of Public Safety can then issue an ODL to a Texas driver whose driving privileges have been suspended or revoked or who was denied a license for certain offenses . If you lost your license or ca n ' t get a license for medical reasons , you are not eligible for an occupational license . In Texas , the court can suspend your driving license if you owe delinquent child support . If that is your case , an occupational license is not an option . However , if your license was taken away for alcohol or drug - related offenses , you may qualify if you can demonstrate that driving is essential to your daily occupations . How Do You Show Essential Need ? An occupational license is an exception to the rule . Generally , if you lose your Texas driver ' s license eligibility , you ca n ' t drive . To qualify for this exception in Texas , you need to jump through a number of hoops . You can not just go into the Department of Public Safety and pick one up . The DPS will issue you an occupational driver ' s license only if ordered to do so by a court . Your first application must be to the court . You can apply for the right to get an occupational license to the office of the Justice of the Peace nearest your home , or you can go to the court in the place where the driving offense happened . Submit a petition to the court identifying the reasons you lost your driving privileges and defining your need . You can qualify for an occupational license only if you prove to the court that you require driving privileges to do your regular job , to get to and from work or You can get the form at a county law library or online . Contact your local court to make sure you have the correct papers . You usually have to attach a certified abstract of your driving record from the DPS . If you convince the Justice of the Peace or judge of the county or district court that you are eligible , you will get an order authorizing the DPS to issue the occupational license . Once your petition is approved , take the order granting you an occupational license to the DPS . You ' ll need to submit a certified copy of the petition as well as a certified copy of the court order granting the occupational license . You will also need to pay a license fee and another fee for reinstatement of driving privileges . Assuming all goes well , you will get your license in the mail in three to four weeks . What to do in the meantime ? Texas law allows you to use a certified copy of the order for an ODL in place of a driver ' s license for 45 days after the order takes effect , a date that will be written on the order . If your ODL does not arrive from the DPS before the 45th day , stop driving . You will need to wait until you get the ODL in the mail , or Can a Petition Be Rejected ? A petition for an occupational license can be rejected for many reasons . If you lost your license because of child support arrears or a physical or mental disability , the court wo n ' t grant your petition . Likewise , you will not get the order if the court is not convinced you have an essential need for a license . Occupational licenses are available only for personal driving , not commercial , so if you need a commercial license to meet your essential need , your petition wo n ' t be successful . In addition , Further , if your offense includes a “ hard suspension ” waiting period because of a prior conviction , you must wait out the time before you get an ODL . While a court order approving you for an ODL generally takes effect when it is signed by the court , hard suspensions delay it . Various alcohol and drug - related driving offenses will result in a hard suspension . For example , a hard suspension occurs if your license was suspended because of your refusal to take a blood or breath test , or due to the fact Driving With an Occupational License in Texas Driving with an occupational license is a privilege you wo n ' t want to lose , so take care to follow the rules . They are more restricted than the rules for driving with a regular license . Remember that you ca n ' t drive a commercial vehicle , and you must keep your insurance up to date . If it lapses , the DPS will revoke your occupational driver ’ s license . You will need to document your right to drive . Keep your occupational license in the car when you are driving in case you are stopped . Also , keep a certified copy of the court order for ODL and proof of insurance with you . Driving without the court order is classified as a Class B misdemeanor in Texas . Be sure you stick to the places and times you listed on your petition . The court order for the license allows you to drive only to those places at the times you provided . If your needs change , for example , your work hours change and alter your commute time , go back to court to get the order modified . Driving at times or to places other than those listed is also a Class B misdemeanor . | [
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http://legalbeagle.com/8473373-propose-law.html | Home Information How to Propose a Law By Brenna Davis - Reviewed by Rebecca K . McDowell , J.D . - Updated December 15 , 2018 A democracy such as the United States thrives on an involved citizenry , and government is most responsive to citizen needs when they weigh in on laws . A proposed law that has not yet passed is called a bill . Citizens can propose a bill to their local , state and federal representatives , and then get involved to help it become law . In order to pitch a law to your government representatives , you need to be informed about current law and ensure that it does not conflict with any other laws . Tip Only government representatives can actually propose a bill , but concerned citizens can write to their representatives and work with them to get a bill submitted and ultimately passed . Know Your Governments Determine whether your law will apply at the local , state or federal level . Local ordinances are typically the easiest to pass , while federal laws are the most complex and challenging . Laws that affect your life will likely be at the local or state level , so begin close to home when campaigning for a new law . Draft Your Proposal Write your proposed law . A bill is more likely to become a law when it is simple and proposes only a minor change or addition to current law , so keep it as uncomplicated as possible . Include an introduction or preface that provides a justification for the law . This justification should include relevant research . For example , if you are proposing a law to raise the percentage of income people must pay in child support , show why this would benefit families . Research showing that current child support amounts are insufficient to support children would Connect With Your Representative Determine who your government representatives are . If you are proposing a law in a local municipality such as a city or county , you will have a city council or county commission representative . In large cities , this will go by district . If you ' re proposing a state law , contact the representative and senator who represent your jurisdiction in your state legislature . Contact U.S. congressional representatives for federal laws . Every state has two senators in the U.S. Congress , and each congressional jurisdiction has one state representative . Pitch Your Idea Pitch the bill to your representatives . Be friendly , succinct and respectful , even if the government official does not like your bill . The goal here is to find a sponsor for the bill . This is a person who will introduce it to the voting members of a council , commission or Congress . If your representative will not sponsor the bill , start contacting other representatives . While it ' s best to have your representative sponsor the bill , any elected official can introduce it . Resources United States Code Municipal Codes Cornell University Law School : State Laws Listing by State USA : Contact Elected Officials About the Author Brenna Davis is a professional writer who covers parenting , pets , health and legal topics . Her articles have appeared in a variety of newspapers and magazines as well as on websites . She is a court - appointed special advocate and is certified in crisis counseling and child and infant nutrition . She holds degrees in developmental psychology and philosophy from Georgia State University . Cite this Article | [
"Propose a Law"
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http://legalcareerpath.com/game-warden/ | How to Become a Fish and Game Warden States rely on trained and deputized fish and game wardens in order to protect natural resources within their states . It ’ s work for people who think the outdoors is serious fun . A fish and game warden is a highly trained professional . Their training prepares them for the important and difficult work of making rules and regulations that protect natural resources and enforcing those rules effectively . A fish and game warden is a representative of the state that protects natural resources on behalf of the public . Many of them spend a significant amount of time outdoors . They also become experts in hunting and fishing and the regulations necessary to make these activities safe and protect the fish and wildlife population in the process . What does a fish and game warden do ? A fish and game warden is a member of a team that works to create and enforce rules . These rules are calculated to protect the population of wild animals . The rules make hunting and fishing fair for everyone . They usually create a licensing program for individuals who want to hunt and fish including restrictions on the number of animals that a hunter can take in a day or season . The work of a warden might focus on creating the rules . In that case , they must know a great deal about the science behind why certain rules are necessary and others are not . They must also know how to make rules that are going to be effective . Other wardens focus on enforcing the rules . They might spend significant time in the field monitoring activity and looking for violations . They become experts in knowing the rules and knowing how to enforce them in an effective way . Steps to becoming a fish and game warden Step 1 – Finish your high school education Step 2 – Consider getting advanced training Step 3 – Review the qualifications and requirements for the state where you want to work Step 4 – Become comfortable with firearms Step 5 – Become comfortable with hunting and fishing Step 6 – Apply for jobs Step 7 – Pass a physical fitness exam Step 1 – Finish your high school education Each state sets their own requirements for becoming a fish and game warden . However , in all cases , you must finish high school . Fish and game wardens need basic reading and writing skills . They have to be able to read and understand rules . They have to draft incident reports . You ’ ll also need to use basic math in your daily work . When you ’ re a fish and game warden , you ’ ll use the communication skills that you learn in high school in order to interact with the public in an effective manner . That ’ s why all states require a high school education at a minimum in order to become a fish and game warden . Step 2 – Consider getting advanced training Even though you might be able to apply for a position as a fish and game warden with just a high school education , the most competitive applicants will have advanced training . Employers are looking for advanced education in the fields that are most applicable to the work you ’ ll do on a daily basis . Biology majors and natural resources and conservation majors may have a leg up in the application process . Law enforcement training is another possible education choice . There are other , related courses that can be helpful for training to become a fish and game warden . A writing class and a public speaking class will help you hone your communication skills . Math skills are important too . Think about the skills you ’ ll need each day to do the work , and plan your higher education accordingly . Step 3 – Review the qualifications and requirements for the states where you want to work Every state creates their own rules to become a fish and game warden . They might have minimum education requirements beyond a high school education . Your criminal history might be relevant to meeting minimum requirements . Most states also have a minimum age requirement . You should review the requirements for the state where you plan to work . If you ’ re not sure where you want to work , review the requirements for several states before you begin taking steps towards your career . You may have to attend a formal training that ’ s specific to your employer . Step 4 – Become comfortable with firearms A lot of what fish and game wardens do relates to knowing and enforcing hunting rules . This includes when you may have a gun , when it can be loaded , and where you can use a gun for hunting . If you ’ re going to succeed in your career as a fish and game warden , you must be comfortable with firearms . You should be comfortable using the guns most commonly used for hunting . You must know them and know how to identify them . It ’ s common for wardens to have used firearms since a young age and be very comfortable with them by the time they ’ re ready to work as a professional . Step 5 – Become comfortable with hunting and fishing Many fish and game wardens grow up enjoying hunting and fishing . To enforce the rules well , you should be comfortable hunting and fishing yourself . Most fish and game wardens are hunting and fishing enthusiasts . A career as a fish and game warden is a natural extension for serious hunting and fishing enthusiasts . Enjoying these activities yourself is a great way to understand how things look from the perspective of the members of the public who must follow the rules . Step 6 – Apply for jobs When you ’ ve met the minimum qualifications , it ’ s time to apply for your job . Because you ’ re likely to work for the state in a position of public trust , your application likely requires you to submit significant documentation . You may have to submit official school transcripts , your criminal history or even fingerprints . Expect the hiring process to take a significant amount of time as the state works to verify your information . Step 7 – Take and pass your physical fitness exam The job of a fish and game warden is physical . You have to be fit to do the job . A fish and game warden needs the same levels of fitness that a law enforcement officer or corrections officer needs . In most cases , you ’ ll need to prove your physical fitness by taking a fitness test . You might need to run , do crunches , climb stairs and prove that you can move heavy objects . Work environment for a fish and game warden Fish and game wardens spend a great deal of time outside . Most wardens are boots on the ground , outdoor enforcement officers . They travel around to public property where people hunt and fish . They observe the public to find violations , and they also respond to complaints about activities . As a warden , you can expect to spend a significant amount of time interacting with the public . You conduct investigations for violations of rules and laws just like other members of law enforcement . Some of your investigations might involve a minor incident . Other complaints might consist of long investigations into organized , criminal enterprises . Fish and game wardens often find themselves a part of the war on drugs when they find individuals using or even growing illegal drugs . While most wardens spend their time in the field , there are management positions that focus on assigning personnel to their posts and providing oversight and leadership . Leaders play a role in creating the rules and official policy throughout the department . While leaders do n ’ t spend as much time in the field , they perform important work ensuring that their department conducts fair and uniform enforcement throughout the state . Jobs for a fish and game warden A fish and game warden usually works for a state government . They ’ re typically part of their state ’ s Department of Natural Resources . There are also wardens that work for the federal government as part of the national parks . While there are a few conservation jobs in the private sector , a fish and game warden is almost always a government employee . Key skills required for a fish and game warden According to O * Net OnLine , a fish and game warden needs the following skills : Computer skills including typing , word processing and spreadsheets Law and government – You must know the rules for fish and game in your location Law enforcement – You must know how to protect your own safety and enforce laws effectively Customer service – A fish and game warden interacts with the public , and they must do so in an appropriate manner Speech clarity and communication – Whether you ’ re talking with a supervisor or a member of the public , you need to be able to communicate your message Patrol – You must observe for violations and compliance Good judgment – You have to make tough decisions and exercise discretion appropriately How to choose a school to become a fish and game warden You should choose a school that has a program of study that ’ s helpful to become a fish and game warden . You might also consider going to school in the state where you want to work . You should make sure your college or university has the major you want and that it ’ s appropriately accredited in order to be recognized when you apply for jobs . Specialties as a fish and game warden All fish and game wardens must know the state ’ s hunting and fishing rules in great detail . You never know what you might encounter on any given day at work , and you need to be prepared for every possibility . You might specialize in creating rules , policies and personnel management , but that likely comes after several years of enforcing laws in the field . Job growth and career opportunities The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that Texas employs the most fish and game wardens . They have about 470 officers . Most states employ between several dozen and several hundred wardens . If a state does n ’ t formally have fish and game wardens , they might employ law enforcement officers in a similar capacity . Even though the numbers of fish and game wardens are small throughout the United States , and even though applications are competitive , it ’ s still an attainable and enjoyable career for individuals who meet the minimum qualifications . Salary The Bureau of Labor Statistics state the average salary for a fish and game warden is $ 51,730 . Salaries range from $ 34,000 to $ 77,000 . Your salary likely depends on your years of experience and your leadership within the hierarchy of your department . In addition to this salary , many fish and game wardens enjoy generous benefit packages . You might receive health insurance , paid vacations and even a generous retirement pension benefit . Why become a fish and game warden If you love hunting and fishing , becoming a fish and game warden is a good way to get paid for being in the great outdoors . You also get to spend your time performing the important work of helping a state preserve their natural resources . You can earn a living and perform an important service at the same time . | [
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http://legalcareerpath.com/immigration-customs-agent/ | Immigration Customs Agent The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency is a part of the Department of Homeland Security An immigration customs agent has the responsibility of enforcing customs laws and immigrations laws in the United States According to the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency ICEgov a number of different job opportunities are available Deportation Officer One position with ICE is as a deportation officer Deportation officers conduct the research that is necessary to support decisions that are made in exclusiondeportation cases and help lawyers who represent the government during court actions HSI Special Agent Special agents or criminal investigators that work for the deportation department conduct investigations that involve terrorism and other threats to the security of the nation This includes child exploitation drug smuggling human trafficking financial crimes benefit fraud illegal arms export identity fraud commercial fraud as well as other issues Immigration Enforcement Agents IEA Immigration Enforcement Agents are responsible for performing duties that are related to the identification investigation detention prosecution and the deportation of illegal aliens An IEA will help with the processing and the removal of an alien to their original country of citizenship Intelligence Careers There are numerous intelligence careers available with ICE This includes intelligence officers who analyze and evaluate information and coordinate large criminal investigations An intelligence research assistant provides administrative support for intelligence operations by gathering data Intelligence research specialists evaluate and analyze information and prepare intelligence products accordingly There are also positions as managers program analysts and mission support specialists who work in the office to make sure each operation runs according to plan Preparing for a Career as an Immigration Customs Agent A person interested in becoming an immigration customs agent should strongly consider learning a foreign language particularly Spanish ICE jobs are posted online at wwwusajobsgov Most people will have to start at an entry level position within their area of expertise When applying for a position with the ICE it is important to make sure that you meet all of the requirements for the position which may include a combination of education and experience In addition it is important to note that to obtain a job with ICE you will have to go through an extensive interview process that includes a thorough background check Anyone that has ever been convicted of a crime or has previous drug use will automatically be disqualified from a position with Immigration and Customs Enforcement Once a person has gone through the application and interview process they will then have to participate in the ICE training program According to federallawenforcementorg all new hires of ICE are required to attend 22 weeks of basic training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center FLETC in Glynco Georgia The formal FLETC training program involves basic technical instructions that must be completed to continue as an ICE agent Trainees are also expected to undergo regular physical fitness assessments during training Find a School Meet an Expert Interview with Scott Morgan Family Law Attorney Earlier in my career I handled cases in a number of different areas I did some criminal law landlordtenant cases probate personal injury and other general civil litigation cases Types of Law Degrees Juris Doctor JD Master of Laws LLM Doctor of Laws JSDSJD Careers in Law Attorney Training Border Patrol Training Chief Legal Officer CIA Training Coroner Training Correctional Officer Training Court Administrator Training Crime Scene Investigator CSI Training Criminal Investigator Training Criminology Training Customs Agent Training DEA Agent Training US Marshal Training Detective Training FBI Agent Training Fish and Game Training Game Warden Training Homeland Security Training Immigration Officer Training Juvenile Justice Training Law Clerk Training Law Enforcement Training Law Internship Legal Secretary Training Paralegal Training Parole Officer Training Probation Officer Training Penologist Training Secret Service Training Social Worker Training State Trooper Training TSA Agent Training Areas and Types of Law What is Administrative Law What is Advertising Law What is Antitrust Law What is Appellate Practice What is Banking Law What is Bankruptcy Law What is Biotechnology Law What is Business Law What is Business Organizations Law What is Civil Rights Law What is a Class Action Suit What is Communications Law What is Computer Law What is Constitutional Law What is Construction Law What is Consumer Law What is Contract Law What is Copyright Law What is Corporate Law What is Criminal Law What is Cryptography Law What is Cultural Property Law What is Cyber Law 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http://legalcareers.about.com/od/legalspecialties/a/familylaw.htm | Legal Careers Legal Specialties Practice Insights : Family Law Practice Insights : Family Law • • • By Sally Kane Updated June 03 , 2018 A law attorney with the Pittsburgh law firm of Raphael Ramsden & Behers , P.C . , provides candid insight into the challenging practice of family law . If you ’ re interested in this area of the law , read on for insights into what it ’ s like to be a family lawyer ! What Is Family Law ? Family law is a practice area that encompasses the many legal issues that families may face . These issues include : Divorce Spousal support Child support Custody Division of assets and liabilities due to divorce Adoption Termination of parental rights Paternity Dependency and child neglect Protection from abuse What Do You Like About Practicing in the Area of Family Law ? In family law , you can be more than a lawyer assessing and advising a client on his or her legal rights . You can help an individual through one of the most stressful experiences in life . It is very rewarding to know you ' ve helped someone through such a difficult time . What Are the Challenges of Practicing Family Law ? While rewarding , it can also be quite difficult to go through these events with your clients . The biggest challenge for me is when one or both parties are set on making the process as difficult as possible in a self - defeating attempt to hurt the other party . Describe a Typical Day or Typical Tasks You Perform as a Family Lawyer There are no typical tasks — maybe something else I like and hate about the practice . Each day brings a new issue from one of my clients that must be resolved , from a missed custody exchange to a dispute about how to handle custody over a holiday to one party taking money out of a joint account . New issues arise daily . It can make getting through your to - do list quite challenging . Generally , I spend my day returning phone calls , negotiating small issues , drafting correspondence , preparing pleadings for court , and going to court for hearings and motions . In family law , you spend a fair amount of time in court for hearings ranging from ten minutes to two hours in length . Occasionally you have trials that can last several days . Are Employment Opportunities in the Field of Family Law Growing ? I would say , unfortunately , yes , for two reasons . One , more people are getting divorced . The other reason is that it is difficult to stay in this field , so there is a decent amount of turn over . It takes a certain type of attorney to practice primarily family law . What Skills Are Needed to Practice in the Srea of Family Law ? Family law attorneys must possess the skills of a litigator and negotiator . Time management skills are a must as well , as the practice of law in the family area is very driven by interruption . It is very helpful to develop counseling skills , as you will be dealing with people going through a very emotional time in their lives . A basic understanding of accounting and financial matters are a must to both advise your client and to present financial issues to the court . People skills are important , particularly oral communication . You are constantly in contact with people ; whether it be your client , opposing counsel , or court personnel , there is always someone with whom you need to effectively communicate . How Can Someone Break into Family Law ? Take courses in law school in family law and intern at organizations such as Kids ’ Voice and Family Legal Services . Be persistent . If you ca n ' t find anything right away , try again . What Are the Latest Trends in Family Law ? Collaborative Law is a structured process that provides divorcing parties and parties involved in other family law disputes an alternative to litigation . Although developed over 17 years ago , it has yet to reach all areas of the country . Collaborative Law allows the parties to keep control of their destiny by hiring attorneys committed to a process of including the parties , by use of group meetings , in all negotiations and discussions in a collaborative effort to resolve the matter without going to court . The Collaborative Law attorneys agree not to represent the parties in court should either party decide to litigate their differences . This process has successfully achieved satisfactory results for divorcing parties and is much less stressful for the attorney . Continue Reading + | [
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http://legaldictionary.lawin.org/sui-juris/ | Sui Juris Author : Encyclopedic Read related entries on Criminal Law S Etimology Law Enforcement SU The World ' s Largest Free and Online Legal Dictionary . Rate this post Legal Definition and Related Resources of Sui juris Synonyms and Definition Contents Meaning of Sui juris ( Lat . of his own right ) . Possessing all the rights to which a freeman is entitled ; not being under the power of another , as a slave , a minor , and the like . To make a valid contract , a person must , in general , be sui juris . Every one of full age is presumed to be sui juris . Story , Ag . 10 . Browse You might be interested in these references tools : Resource Description Sui Juris in the Dictionary Sui Juris in our legal dictionaries Browse the Legal Thesaurus Find synonyms and related words of Sui Juris Legal Maxims Maxims are established principles that jurists use as interpretive tools , invoked more frequently in international law Legal Answers ( Q&A ) A community - driven knowledge creation process , of enduring value to a broad audience Related topics Sui Juris in the World Encyclopedia of Law Notice This definition of Sui Juris is based on the The Cyclopedic Law Dictionary . This entry needs to be proofread Vocabularies ( Semantic Web Information ) < Resource Description Topic Map A group of names , occurrences and associations Topic Tree A topic display format , showing the hierarchy Sitemap Index Sitemap Index , including Taxonomies http : / / legaldictionary . lawin . org / sui - juris / The URI of Sui Juris ( more about URIs Sui juris in Law Enforcement Main Entry : Law Enforcement in the Legal Dictionary . This section provides , in the context of Law Enforcement , a partial definition of sui juris . Etimology of Sui Juris You may find sui juris at the world legal encyclopedia and the etimology of more terms ) . 1610s , “ of full legal age and capacity , ” in ancient Rome , “ of the status of one not subject to the patria potestas . ” For first element , see sui generis ; for second element , see jurist . Resources See Also Law Enforcement Officer Police Law Enforcement Agency Further Reading sui juris in A Dictionary of Law Enforcement ( Oxford University Press ) sui juris in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis Please , suggest a definition or report an error in the box below . Law is our Passion This entry about Sui Juris has been published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 ( CC BY 3.0 ) licence , which permits unrestricted use and reproduction , provided the author or authors of the Sui Juris entry and the Encyclopedia of Law are in each case credited as the source of the Sui Juris entry . Please note this CC BY licence applies to some textual content of Sui Juris , and that some images and other textual or non - textual elements may be covered by special copyright arrangements . For guidance on citing Sui Cite this entry Legal Citations Generator APA MLA MLA 7 CHICAGO OSCOLA ( 2017 , 03 ) . Sui Juris legaldictionary . lawin . org Retrieved 10 , 2018 , from https : / / legaldictionary . lawin . org / sui - juris / Usage Metrics 487 Views . 365 Visitors . Length and Times Approximate character length : 3800 characters Printed length : Single - spaced document | 1 pp . ( Pages ) | 45 lines Double - spaced document | 2 pp . ( Pages ) | 44 lines Times : Typical typing | 11 minutes Professional typing | 7 minutes Typical speaking | 4 minutes Silent reading | 139 seconds Hand writing | 28 minutes Shorthand writing | 3 minutes 3G download | 3.4 milliseconds ( download speed based on theoretical maximum ) Data size : 4 kB ( kilobytes ) | 31 kb ( kilobits ) ( assuming 8 - bit encoding ) Google Scholar : Search for Sui Juris Related Content Sui Juris Schema Summary Article Name : Author : Encyclopedic Description : This entry was last updated : March 10 , 2017 This entry of the legal Encyclopedia was posted in Criminal Law S and published on Etimology Law Enforcement SU on March 10 , 2017 by Encyclopedic You can follow any added content to this entry through the RSS feed . You may skip to the end and expand the entry . You will take 2 minutes and 6 seconds to read this entry . Criminal Law in other Legal Encyclopedias Link Criminal Law Category in the World Legal Wiki Encyclopedia Criminal Law Category in the European Legal Wiki Encyclopedia Criminal Law Category in the American Legal Wiki Encyclopedia Criminal Law Category in the Latin American Legal Wiki Encyclopedia Criminal Law Category in the UK Legal Wiki Encyclopedia Criminal Law Category in the Australian Legal Wiki Encyclopedia Criminal Law Category in the Canadian Legal Wiki Encyclopedia Back to Top ← Objectivity Chains and Links → | [
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http://legaldictionary.net/bailment/ | Bailment August 25 , 2015 by : Content Team 3 comments The term bailment refers to the transfer of personal property to another person for safekeeping , or for the other person to control or use temporarily . A bailment is a form of contractual relationship , even if no contract has been signed . The person receiving the property ( the “ bailee ” ) has possession and control over the property for a specific period of time , during which he or she is responsible to take reasonable care of the property . The original owner of the property ( the “ bailor ” ) retains ownership interest during this time . bailment definition . Definition of Bailment Noun The delivery of property into the temporary custody and control of another for some purpose . Origin 1545 - 1555 Anglo French bailement What is a Bailment Bailment is different from a contract for sale of the property , even where such contracts include seller - financing , or the making of payments for the property . This is because the intent of a contract of sale is to transfer ownership of the property to the buyer . In a bailment , ownership of the property does not transfer , and transfer is never an intended consequence . In order for a bailment to exist , the bailee must have both the intent to possess the property , and actual possession the property . The bailor intends that the property will be returned to him at the end of a specified period of time , or after the purpose for which the property was given has been completed . For example : Kevin pulls up to the entrance of an upscale restaurant with his wife . The couple exits the car , and Kevin gives his keys to the valet , so he can park the car . In such a case , it is clear that the valet intends to take temporary possession of the car , and that Kevin expects to get his car back after dinner . While the car is in the valet ’ s possession , he is responsible for taking reasonable care of Kevin ’ s car . Purposes of Bailment Because a bailment is often created without an actual written contract , there are many situations in which the law recognizes a bailment exists . These include bailments created : For the mutual benefit of both the bailor and bailee – created when there is to be an exchange of services or performances between the parties , such as when the bailor leaves his property with the bailee to be repaired , after which the bailor will be paying for the repairs . For the sole benefit of the bailor – created when the owner of a valuable item , such as a TV , a car , or a piece of jewelry , leaves the item with someone for safekeeping , with no expectation of compensation being made to the friend or other party . For the sole benefit of the bailee – created when the owner of an item loans the property to another person , with no expectation of receiving payment or compensation , but expecting that the item will be returned to the owner . Elements of a Bailment Many civil lawsuits arise over the failure of a bailee to protect the property of the bailor . In order to prove that a bailment existed , and therefore that the bailee had a duty to reasonably protect the property , three elements must be proven . These include : Delivery . The property must be delivered to the actual care and / or control of the bailee . Control of the property does not necessarily require actual physical possession in some cases , but by giving a means of access to the property , such as providing keys to a storage unit where the property is kept , the bailor engages in constructive delivery of the property . Acceptance . A bailee must knowingly accept possession and / or control of the property . This means that no one can unwittingly become a bailee , as , because a bailment is a type of contract , knowledge and acceptance of the bailment terms are essential elements . Consideration Unlike a typical contract , in which both parties must receive something of value , only one party need receive something of value in a bailment . When a bailment is created for the sole benefit of the bailee , such as when one party loans the use of his car to another , just to be a good friend , a bailment is created , even though the bailor receives nothing of value . For example : George needs to go to several job interviews in the coming week , but his car is broken down . His friend Sam decides to let George use his second car , and surprises him by dropping it off at his house , parking it on the street while George is not home . A few minutes after Sam leaves , a drunk driver swerves and crashes into Sam ’ s car . Sam wants George to pay for the damages to the car , saying he can wait until he has gotten a job . However , George had no idea that Sam intended to loan him his car , and had no intent of accepting use or control of the car when Same left it at his house . If the two men take the case to small claims court , Sam will not be able to prove that a bailment was created , and therefore that George had a responsibility to protect the car , as the three elements of a bailment did not occur . It is unlikely that the court would hold George liable for repairs to the car . Rights and Responsibilities of a Bailee In the event a written bailment contract is made , the rights and duties of both parties should be spelled out . In many cases , no written contract exists , though the law recognizes that a bailee must exercise a duty of care in protecting the property . This is the purpose of the tiered system of liability , with specific duties varying according to the type of bailment . Bailment for Mutual Benefit – a bailee ’ s failure to take reasonable care of the property may result in the bailee ’ s liability for any damages that might be incurred due to his negligence . Bailment for Sole Benefit of Bailor – a bailee has a lesser duty of care , being responsible only for damages that result due to his gross negligence , or act of bad faith . Bailment for Sole Benefit of Bailee – a bailee has a duty of taking extraordinary care for the property , and may only use the property for the purpose agreed upon when the bailment is created . The bailee is responsible for all damages to the property that arise from his failure to properly take care of it . Termination of a Bailment Termination of a bailment occurs when its intended purpose has been achieved , or when the parties agree that it is ended . If a bailment is created for an undefined period of time , it may be terminated at will by either party by providing the other party with due notice of the intent to terminate . Following completion of the purpose for the bailment , the bailee has a responsibility to return the property to its owner . In some cases , if return of the property is impossible , due to no fault of the bailee , the bailee is not held liable for non - delivery . This might occur if the property was destroyed in a fire that was not the bailee ’ s fault , or if the property blew away in a tornado . In all other situations , failing to return the property as scheduled or agreed , the bailee may be liable for the tort of conversion . Real Life Cases of Responsibility Under Bailment The issue of responsibility or liability for damage to , or loss of , property under bailment is a common subject of civil lawsuits across the U.S. In each of these cases , the judge must determine whether the three required elements of a bailment existed at the time of loss or damage occurred , as well as the value of the property lost , in order to make a judgment . Hotel Loses Guest ’ s Valuable Jewelry At Hotel in Minnesota , a guest left a valuable ring with the desk clerk , with instructions for the ring to be delivered to a jeweler . The desk clerk lost the ring , so it was never delivered to the jeweler , and he never reported to either his employer , or the guest , that it had been lost . The guest sued the hotel as the bailee of the ring , as she had delivered possession of the ring to the hotel ’ s employee for the purpose of having it delivered to the jeweler . The guest proved to the trial court ’ s satisfaction that , as a bailee , the hotel was liable for the jewelry , and awarded damages in the amount of over $ 2,000 . The hotel appealed the decision to the Minnesota Supreme Court , arguing that , in order for a bailment to exist , there must be a mutual agreement between the parties . Since the hotel had never consented to become a bailee , it can not be held responsible . The hotel also argued that , because it did not know the value of the ring in question , it was not a bailee . The hotel further argued that it received no consideration or benefit for taking care of the ring . The Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed the trial court ’ s decision saying : The hotel ’ s desk clerk consented to a bailment on behalf of his employer The hotel ’ s desk clerk new that he had accepted control of a valuable ring The hotel took possession of the ring as part of its regular business services , and so generated good will and return guests as a result of those services ( See : Peet v . Roth Hotel Co . 191 Minn . 151 , 253 N.W. 546 ( 1934 ) ) Related Legal Terms and Issues Bad Faith – Acting with the intent of deceiving or misleading another for the purpose of gaining some advantage . Consideration – Recompense or payment . Civil Lawsuit – A lawsuit brought about in court when one person claims to have suffered a loss due to the actions of another person . Constructive Delivery – Delivery of some property not entailing an actual physical transfer of possession of the property , but is inferred by the conduct of the parties . Damages – A monetary award in compensation for a financial loss , loss of or damage to personal or real property , or an injury . Negligence – Failure to exercise a degree of care that would be taken by another reasonable person in the same circumstances . Personal Property – Any item that is movable and not fixed to real property . Tort – A wrongful act that results in injury or damages to another person ’ s reputation , property , or the like , entitling the injured part to compensation . | [
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http://legaleaglecontractors.com/the-top-five-questions-about-2nd-story-additions/ | The Top Five Questions About 2nd Story Additions Blog Legal Eagle Contractors Adding a second story addition to a one - story home is a bigger challenge than most people realize . My remodeling company does a lot of this kind of work , but that alone does n ’ t necessarily qualify me to be an expert in doing this complex type of addition . What does though is that I have done this project at my own house and lived there with a wife and kids while it was torn asunder . Nearly doubling your home ’ s square footage is extremely nice when it ’ s over , but it comes with a price . We suffered all the ravages of turning one ’ s house upside down while living there during the construction – something I now will not allow my clients to do . It taught me huge lessons about how stressful remodeling can be for my clients . I have a deep , genuine sense of empathy about the upheaval and disruption that happens . I find that homeowners love it when they work with a contractor who Second story additions are also technically complex projects , so it ’ s a good idea to have an idea about the process and typical costs , before jumping in feet first to get plans and estimates . Second stories add significant weight to the original house , something its skeleton was not designed to hold up ( find out if your home can support a second story addition ) . Detailed plans must be developed with and engineer ’ s input along the way . The engineering cost can be over $ 1000.00 dollars , involving analysis of your slab and need for strategically placed underground piers inside and around the perimeter . A similar analysis has to be done if your home is built on a “ pier and beam ” foundation up off the ground . Critical structural details like beam sizes should all be spelled out in the plans before you get any estimates . An architect ’ s opinion about remodeling structural issues is The Top Five Questions : Q1 . Do I have to do full 2 nd story or can I do a partial one , like adding a new master bedroom and bath as second story space ? A . You can do it either way . You can also add a second story on a garage , but you often end up replacing the existing garage , slab and all . Q2 . What do projects like these really cost ? A . Every house is different but here are some typical ranges : For a full 2 nd story on a 2000 square foot house , the cost can range between $ 150,000 and $ 200,000 . For a partial 2 story in the 500 - 700 square foot range , expect to pay $ 90,000 to $ 120,000 , especially if there is a new bathroom upstairs . People are often surprised to find out that a new two story , 20 ’ x 22 ’ garage ( with living space on the 2 floor ) project , can cost between $ 100,000 and $ 150,000 . Q3 . Why does 2nd story work cost more per foot that adding new space on the ground ? Several reasons : There is more demolition ( of roof systems for example ) , there is a lot more interruption and re - working of the plumbing , electrical systems , and A / C gear in your attic and walls ; the addition of stairs in the house always requires significant changes in the downstairs space , a factor often overlooked in the beginning stages . Q4 . Are there exceptions to the rule where I can live in my house during the construction ? Yes – With some partial 2n story projects , the work area can sometimes be isolated , leaving a working kitchen , bathroom ( s ) and some bedroom living space relatively untouched . Also , you can almost always live in your home while a two story garage is being constructed . Q5 . How do I find a remodeler who has the experience and skill to do this sort of project ? This is no handyman project , that ’ s for sure ! You need a contractor with lots of experience knocking out structural walls and tying into existing mechanical systems . The most experienced contractors in town belong to the Greater Houston Builders Association Remodelers Council and N.A.R.I. Also , be sure he or she has certifications in remodeling and construction . Instead of wasting time parading several contractors through the house , use your time wisely to ask the right questions over the phone first , to narrow it down to 1 or 2 companies to come do site A custom Builder I know says he can do my remodel and has given me a cheap price . It seems too good to be true . Follow your gut instinct . Beware of custom builders who say they know how to do remodeling . Remodeling is a different discipline with more skilled crews that are used in new construction . Custom builders do not have enough experience knocking out structural walls and tying into existing mechanical systems , and perhaps more dangerous , do not know how to estimate and price these things . This increases the chances they I hope I am not depressing you with this information . These are the real facts about second story addition work . It is always good to go into these adventures with your eyes open , armed with realistic information . I have never regretted adding a second story to my home . I love and appreciate my house and the changes I made during the remodeling . I know you will feel the same way , especially if you work with a skilled remodeler . Feel free to reply or call me if you have any questions about second Legal Eagle Contractors is an award - winning full - service building and remodeling company for residents of Houston , TX with decades of experience in home and second story additions For more information : Contact Us | [
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http://legalhistorysources.com/Canon%20Law/ShortHistoryCanonLaw.htm | A Short History of Canon Law from Apostolic Times to 1917 Kenneth Pennington The Catholic University of America Washington DC The Apostolic and Conciliar Age Canonical Norms in the New Testament The First Collections of Canon Law within a United Christendom Greek Canonical Collections The Latin and Frankish Churches in the Ninth Century The Eleventh Century and the Reform of the Latin Church The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Gratian and Bologna Theodore Balsamon The Greek Gratian Canon Law in the West After Gratian The Age of the Decretists The Age of the Papal Decretal Papal Decretals and Codification from 1298 to 1582 Late Medieval and Early Modern Western Jurists Late Medieval Greek Canon Law Canon Law in the Protestant Churches Influence of Canon Law on Western Jurisprudence A Short Bibliography for the Study of Canon Law Canon law was born in communities that felt great ambivalence about the relationship of law and faith Custom governed early Christian communities not a body of written law It was custom informed by oral traditions and sacred scripture Christians did not arrange their lives according to a Christian law but according to the spiritual goals of the community and of individual Christians St Paul wrote to Roman Christians who knew and lived under the law created by the Roman state and reminded them that faith in Christ replaces secular law with a quest for salvation Romans 7112 and 10111 Law Christian communities lived without a comprehensive body of written law for more than five centuries Consequently in the early Church canon law as a system of norms that governed the Church or even a large number of Christian communities did not exist This is not surprising The Roman state regulated religious practice and quite naturally legislated for the Church after the Empire became Christian at the beginning of the fourth century The attitudes of the Christian emperors can be seen clearly in their legislation To take only the imperial statutes in Justinians Codex as a guide there are 41 imperial statutes dating between 313 and 399 that deal with ecclesiastical discipline and practice Titles 213 of the Codex The Roman emperors had exercised authority over Roma n religious institutions and it was only natural that Constantine would continue this assertion of imperial authority Gradually the Church in the West did begin to conceive of itself as a corporate body that had the authority to produce rules to govern itself and exercise a separate judicial role in society That separation of the church from the state would not begin in earnest until the second half of the eleventh century Caesaropapism was the primary norm followed by all early medieval Christian rulers In the East the Roman emperor who ruled over Greek Constantinople continued to legislate and regulate ecclesiastical institutions until its collapse in 1453 AD Byzantine canon law began to merge with civil law in the sixth century The first legal collections contained only ecclesiastical norms κανόνες canons or secular norms νόμοι laws In the late sixth and early seventh centuries Byzantine canonists combined these two sources these collections were named nomokanons νομοκάνονες although the name did not become common until the eleventh century The Apostolic and Conciliar Age In the first three centuries Christians drew their rules and norms from the Gospels and sacred scripture Some communities produced handbooks that provided guidance for various aspects of Christian life Only a few of these have survived One of the earliest was the Didaché that established rules governing the liturgy the sacraments and lay practices like fasting The Didaché was probably written in Greek for a Syrian community The book purported to contain the teachings of the Twelve Apostles and dealt with matters of liturgy and discipline In the early third century 218 AD Hippolytus is generally thought to have composed the Traditio apostolica another treatise in Greek that detailed the rites and practices of the Roman Christian community It contains instructions for the consecration of bishops priests and deacons and for administering baptism Slightly later ca 230 an unknown author wrote Didascalia apostolorum for Christian communities in Syria It was written in Syriac and was incorporated into later compilations especially a work of the late fourth century the Apostolic Constitutions These very early Christian texts share several characteristics Their authority derived from their apostolic origins not from ecclesiastical institutions They drew upon scripture and practice for their norms Their focus is Christian discipline worship and doctrine They were intended to serve as a manual of guidance for the clergy and to some extent for the laity These texts were not however a compilation of legal enactments Although Christians had the model and example of Roman law early Christian communities did not yet have institutional structures or a sense of corporate identity that would have encouraged them to produced legal norms governing themselves Return to Early Norms Canonical Norms in the New Testament The most important window into the structures and customs of Christian communities are the socalled Pastoral Epistles 1 Timothy and Titus It is most likely that the Apostle Paul did not write them Their unknown author used these letters as a vehicles to establish rules for early Christian communities and when he wrote he claimed Pauls authority At the beginning of Titus 15 the author reminded Titus that he had left him behind in Crete in order to correct those things that needed correcting He was to appoint elders presbyteri and bishops episcopi in each city to govern the community First Timothy gives more detail about the governance of early Christian communities He calls the church strikingly the house of God domus Dei that is the church of the living God ecclesia Dei vivi 1 Tim 315 The implication of these metaphors is that the church is organized like a Greek or Roman household The author of 1 Timothy states that he will instruct Christians how they should behave in the ecclesia scias quomodo oporteat te in domo Dei conversari As in Titus he rehearses the virtues that the steward Anyone who would become steward Si quis episcopatum desiderat oportet ergo episcopum inreprehensibilem esse 1 Tim 312 must have abilities to govern The ecclesia as a domus is also probably reflected in the status of diakonous in Pauls epistle to the Philippi Phil 11 and in 1 Tim 3113 At this early time the diaconi should be translated as servers and not deacons These servers were both male and female From the description of their duties in 1 Timothy they functioned in very much the same universe as servers in Hellenistic households As Raymond Collins puts it Hellenistic moralists from the time of Aristotle taught that some virtues were appropriate for men others for women In such a Hellenistic society it was important that the Pastor ie author of 1 Timothy have something to say about the qualities of women who would serve in Gods household So he stipulates that they should be serious not slanderers but temperate and faithful in all things By the time of course that the Church emerges into the clear light of day in the fourth century the role of women was confined to the home of the bishop or priest The Councils of Ancyra 314 and Nicaea 325 c 19 and c3 laid down rules governing women who lived in the homes of the clergy These women were now defined by their relationship to the cleric They were no longer privileged with titles that would have given them status in the church The author of 1 Timothy established norms for canonical procedure in cases when accusations were leveled against the clergy These rules would remain a part of the canonical tradition for centuries Christians could accuse elders presbyteri only when two or three witnesses could substantiate the charges 1 Tim 319 This passage is also an illustration of how Christians drew upon the Old Testament for procedural norms Deut 1915 had established that two or three witnesses were necessary for convicting a person of a crime In addition 1 Tim 320 used public humiliation to chastise sinners Wrongdoers should be publicly rebuked Their public humiliation would serve Return to Early Norms The New Testament epistles were a primary source for the earliest norms of canon law but they were thoroughly inadequate as guides for Christian communities as they began to evolve into more complicated and integrated organizational structures throughout the Mediterranean world If the GrecoRoman domus was a model for the organization of early Christian churches GrecoRoman public assemblies most likely provided procedural and institutional models for early Christian assemblies These ecclesiastical assemblies provided a forum for making doctrinal and disciplinary decisions for garnering consent of the community and for establishing norms for local communities These assemblies became a part of ecclesiastical governance very early Acts 15 modern scholars have concluded that the assembly described in Acts 15 at Jerusalem can not be described as a council or synod There is no evidence Christians of different communities gathered together to decide matters of discipline or doctrine until the late second century Nonetheless they undoubtedly regularly resolved questions inside their local communities with congregational assemblies The emergence of ecclesiastical assemblies that established canonical norms took place almost simultaneously in the East and West In the early third century Tertullian reported that councils concilia were held to decide questions and to represent the whole Christian name repraesentatio totius nominis Christiani The exact nature of these assemblies has been debated but there can be no doubt that they promulgated norms and made decisions for Christian communities There are references to assemblies in Asia Minor at Iconium Synnada Bostra and other localities in the early third century In the second half of the century these assemblies became more common The Council of Carthage that can be dated between 220 and 230 was the first Western assembly about which we are well informed Bishop Cyprian of Carthage provides information that the participants confronted issues surrounding the legal rules of baptism He also mentions another council that condemned Privatus the bishop of Lambaesis for his crimes Cyprian presided over a number of councils while bishop of Carthage and used Councils created tensions between the emerging office of the monarchical bishop and his freedom to govern his church There was an evolving conviction in Christian communities that there were norms and procedures that should be followed in all the local churches Nevertheless Cyprian believed that a bishop should have great freedom of action and forcefully stated that he was answerable only to God When he quarreled with Pope Stephen over the question of the validity of schismatic and heretical baptisms the inherent conflict between local episcopal control and general norms whether established by a centralized authority or councils raised an We are not forcing anyone in this matter we are laying down no law legem For every appointed leader has in his governance of the Church the freedom to exercise his own will and judgment while having one day to render an account of his conduct to the Lord Cyprian recognized no system of canon law and if he had been asked the question whether there should be a universal law for the Church anachronistically he would have probably opposed the idea that the Church should have an uniform system of law to which the clergy and laity would be subject Return to Councils and Synods By the fourth century bishops had established themselves as administrators of local churches They also recognized their role in governing the affairs of nearby churches in councils as well as their responsibility to confront questions that touched upon the interests of the universal Church In the East and the West councils became the main vehicles for promulgating norms that regulated the lives of clergy and the organization of the churches It is during this period that the enactments that these assemblies produced became generally called canons from the Greek word κανών or canon in Latin In Greek canon did not Elvira Iliberri a small town that once existed near Granada Spain This council produced canons that dealt with a wide range of matters from clerical celibacy to apostasy Although the 81 canons commonly attributed to the council may be the product of several Iberian councils from later in the century it is clear that the focus of the canons was on the sexual mores of the clergy and laity Elvira was the first Western council to dictate that priests should be celibate Its canons however did not circulate widely With the ascension of Constantine the Great to the imperial throne in the early fourth century the Christian churches began to produce canons that were publicly promulgated and that were recognized as authoritative by all the Christian communities Constantine also elevated the authority of bishops in Christian communities Although it is not clear how broad his mandate was he issued a law that bishops could hear legal cases between Christians Most scholars think that the episcopal court the audientia episcopalis orginated because of this legislation Constantine also used the church council to deal with doctrinal and disciplinary problems within the The first significant councils whose canons would become important in the canonical tradition were held in the East In 314 AD bishops from cities that were under the influence of the church in Antioch gathered in the Galatian city of Ancyra The council issued 25 canons that dealt with a variety of recent problems in the church These canons dealt with the discipline of the clergy the alienation of ecclesiastical property chastity sex with animals adultery murder and magic As can be seen from this list the bishops tried to resolve disparate problems of immediate concern to the Eastern churches Christian communities Another council was held at Neocaesarea between 315 and 319 AD a Christian community to the East of Ancyra near the Black Sea Like the canons of the Council of Ancyra they were not a systematic set of norms The canons covered random subjects priests can not marry after ordination c1 penance for bigamy c3 pregnant women are not to be excluded from baptism c6 a minimum age for priests of 30 years c11 restricting the number of deacons in one community to seven c15 These two early Eastern councils were never considered ecumenical but their canons were accepted as Constantine also convened a council in the West at the city of Arles in 314 It was a large council with 33 bishops present together with many lower clergy Arles was the first Western council that did not report that laymen had participated in its proceedings Elivira was the last to mention lay participants in its reports These two councils can be seen as mile markers on the road that led to the councils becoming assemblies in which the will of clergy constituted the only legitimate source of canonical norms In 325 Constantine decided to hold an imperial council in the East to settle the doctrinal controversies raised by the Arian heresy particularly the issue of the relationship of the Father and Son in the Trinity A number of local episcopal synods were held in the East in preparation for the council The emperor originally planned to hold the council in Ancyra but moved it to Nicaea He opened the council in June 325 Around 300 bishops attended Only a few Western clergy were present The twenty canons of the council very quickly became universal norms in the Christian church The council also drafted a definition of faith that became the fundamental statement of Christian belief the Nicene Creed The canons established a structure for the Church that paralleled the secular organization of the Roman Empire Rules were established for the appointment of bishops The primacy of the episcopal sees of Rome Antioch and Alexandria was established The customary prerogatives of other episcopal sees were also maintained c6 The bishops and clergy were mandated to remain in the churches in which they were ordained c15 and 16 A metropolitan bishop was to head each province He and the bishops of his province would hold synods twice a year to decide matters of ecclesiastical discipline c5 The synod would be the highest ecclesiastical court of the province Other canons of Nicaea established norms for ecclesiastical discipline Eunuchs were excluded from the clergy c1 Rapid promotion of converts in the hierarchy was forbidden c2 Bishops priests and deacons were not permitted to live with women unless they were relatives c3 Clergy could not practice usury c17 The early councils established a pattern of governance in the Church that lasted until the end of the ninth century Local synods met regularly in the East and the West They decided difficult and contentious problems in the church and they promulgated canons that regulated the affairs of the provinces Numerous local synods were supplemented by ecumenical councils that were held exclusively in the East until the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 Although rejected by the Greeks the Latin Church has traditionally recognized the Fourth Council of Constantinople of 869870 as ecumenical It was convened by Pope Nicolas I The First Collections of Canon Law within a United Christendom Until the fourth century the Old and New Testaments Apostolic traditions real and apocryphal custom and synodal canons constituted the four main sources of ecclesiastical norms During the course of the fourth century two other sources of authoritative norms emerged in the Christian Church the writings of the fathers of the church and the letters of the bishops of Rome In the Eastern church the Canons of the Fathers were recognized as norms sometime between 381 and 451 They consisted of letters or other writings directed to specific persons by the Eastern Fathers The most important were letters of Eastern In the Latin West a parallel development during the fourth and fifth centuries gave papal decretal letters that were often rescripts that is responses to questions an equal place with conciliar canons These decretal letters were responses to requests that asked for answers from the pope to problems of ecclesiastical doctrine discipline and governance The form of the requests was based on similar letters sent to the Roman emperors on specific questions of law In fourth century bishops in the Western church began to turn to Rome for answers to questions about discipline and doctrine Pope Siricius 384399 letter to Bishop Himerius of Tarragona is the earliest example we have of a letter of a pope responding to a series of questions Himerius had sent a letter to Siriciuss predecessor Pope Damasus 366384 He had posed questions about the validity of baptisms performed by heretics the rules for bestowing baptism the treatment of Christians who lapse into paganism and the punishment of monks and nuns who have fornicated Damasus had not yet answered Himerius letter by the time of his death but Siricius responded soon after he became pope Clerical celibacy and continence were issues in the Iberian There are several elements of the letter that will remain characteristic of papal decretals for centuries Siricius noted that the letter was read aloud before him and other clergy in conventu fratrum sollicitius legeremus and implied that he discussed the problems posed by Himerius openly with his clergy Papal consultation with his curia would become a standard practice in the papal curia By the twelfth century popes began to render decisions regularly with the phrase with the advice of our brothers the cardinals we ought to ordain de consilio fratrum nostrorum debemus statuere Pope Alexander III 11591181 or as Pope At the end of the decretal Pope Siricius asked Himerius to forward the decretal letter to all his fellow bishops on the Iberian peninsula Even at this early date the pope conceived of his letter as establishing authoritative norms for regions far outside Rome Almost immediately collections of papal letters began to circulate in the Western church and papal decretal letters took their place among conciliar canons as sources of norms for the Christian Church The fifth century was marked by the gradual acceptance of the Eastern conciliar canons in Rome Latin translations were made of the canons of the Greek councils and they began to circulate widely as authoritative texts By the pontificate of Pope Gelasius I 492496 the sources of canonical norms in the West were widely scattered in different languages and codices For the first time an attempt was made to compile a collection of canonical texts A Greek Dionysius Exiguus arrived in Rome at the end of the century He was fluent in Latin and Greek His first task was to give the texts of the Greek councils fresh and accurate translations He compiled three Corpus canonum that scholars have given the name Collectio Dionysiana It was not an official collection of canonical norms private collections would remain the only vehicles for preserving and disseminating canonical texts until the thirteenth century but it circulated widely A remarkable number of manuscripts 34 of the collection still exist in European libraries Later canonists supplemented the Collectio Dionysiana Even more importantly Pope Hadrian I 772795 sent an augmented copy of the Collectio Dionysiana to Charles the Great that is known as the Collectio DionysianaHadriana K öln Dombibliothek 115116 Although other collections of canonical texts were also used in the Carolingian period the DionysianaHadriana enjoyed enormous popularity in Northern Europe from the ninth to the eleventh century One hundred manuscripts of the work have been found to date The work of Dionysius Exiguus established the canons of the fourthcentury Eastern Greek councils and papal decretals as the foundation of Western Latin canon law An Italian cleric named Cresconius composed a canonical collection in the sixth or seventh century the date is not certain In contrast to Dionysius chronological organization Cresconius produced one of the first collections arranged systematically according to topics He began and ended with the sacrament of ordination but in between he covered marriage clerical discipline and other subjects In order that his collection would be more easily used he provided an index to the collection that listed the topics and the sources The ecumenical councils and papal decretals were his primary sources He also added a number of African councils to his collection Cresconius called Concordia canonum conciliorum K öln Dombibliothek 120 He brought concord to his collection by arranging and indexing them Five centuries later another canonist Gratian of Bologna would attempt to bring concord to canon law systematically In Cresconcius time the law was too young and the sources were too limited to require him to reconcile conflicting opinions and texts There were not yet significant conflicts with which he must struggle Canonical collections were made in various parts of Western Christendom The Iberian peninsula and the Roman province of Gaul were especially important During the sixth and seventh centuries Iberian bishops held numerous church councils These canons were collected and added to the received texts of the Eastern councils The most important collection of this extensive and frequent legislative activity was the Collectio Hispana It was compiled by an anonymous canonist although some attribute the work to St Isidore of Seville in the first half of the seventh century It circulated almost exclusively within the Iberian church and remained important until the twelfth century surviving in many manuscript copies The Collectio Hispana influenced canonical collections in the Carolingian realm In Gaul the bishops of Arles and others in the Southern Gaul also held many church councils The canons of these councils were collected and augmented by other councils and decretals The most important of the Gallican collections was the Collectio Vetus Gallica It was compiled in the early seventh century probably in the vicinity of Lyon A bishop of Lyon Etherius of Lyon might have been the author his authorship is not certain The collection was topically arranged and circulated far less widely than the Dionysiana or the Cresconius Concordia canonum conciliorum but was copied and used in lands North of the Alps Etherius chief concerns were the holding s synods clerical discipline the rights of metropolitan bishops and the protection of ecclesiastical property An Ilberian cleric Archbishop Martin of Braga compiled a collection of canons in the second half of the sixth century He relied on the canons of Eastern councils and divided his collection into two subject areas canons that dealt with the clergy and those that covered the laity Perhaps the most unusual preCarolingian collection was compiled in Ireland ca 700 AD Historians have named it the Collectio Hibernensis K öln Dombibliothek 210 Undoubtedly Irish missionaries carried it with them to the continent during the eighth and ninth centuries and it was copied extensively More than eighty complete or excerpts of the work are still extant Many of these date to the eighth and ninth centuries and many show clear signs of their insular origins in the handwriting of the text The author strove for a comprehensive catalogue of canonical norms arranged topically but he sacrificed accuracy and exactness in the process Very often his texts were severely abbreviated and altered versions of the original False attributions of sources were common The short version of the collection contained references to almost 1600 texts with almost 646 taken from the patristic fathers Because Greek was a language that was cultivated in Ireland at this time it is not surprising that the compiler included Eastern fathers as well as Western Fathers This collection functioned as a collection of canonical norms and as a guide to priests In an extensive section on theft for example not only did the compiler discuss the various types of theft but also the punishments that priests should inflict Greek Canonical Collections About fift y years after the Greek Dionysius worked in Rome a priest from Antioch John Scholastikos gathered canonical texts into a new collection John drew upon an earlier now lost collection the Collectio LX titulorum His principal sources were the established tradition of Greek conciliar canons from the early councils of Nicaea Ancyra Gangra to the later councils of Constantinople I and Chalcedon This part of the collection was very similar to Dionysius John added texts however to his collection that were not yet accepted as canonical in the West the writings of an Eastern Church Father St Basil the Great John divided two letters of St Basil that were written in 374375 into 68 chapters and arranged them systematically according to subject matter He also included texts from secular law and continued to blur When Justinian had compiled his great codification 530535 he had included legislation governing church government and clerical discipline at the beginning of his Codex Further after promulgating his Corpus iuris civilis he produced extensive legislation that dealt with ecclesiastical matters in his Novellae John Scholastikos canonized this material by including 87 excerpts from Justinians Novellae in his collection All of this material John placed under fifty titles that began with the honor due to the patriarch title one and ended with a title that dealt with the canon of prayers and the date of Easter title fifty John Scholastikos Synagoge of 50 Titles occupies a position in the Eastern church similar to that of Dionysius Exiguus collection in the West It is the oldest and first important collection of canon law in the East It was a private collection but all later Greek canonical collections were based on it or used it as a source Dionysius introduced papal letters as a source of canonical norms equal to conciliar canons John established the writings of the church fathers primarily the Eastern Church Fathers as an authoritative sources in canonical collections Later the Third Council of Constantinople in Trullo of 681 decreed that the writings Synagoge into Slavonic It then became the text upon which the Slavonic and Russian churches based their legal systems In the West compilers also began to include patristic writings into canonical collections during the sixth century During the ninth century Western collections began to include fragments of Roman law but these texts mainly dealt with procedural law Consequently by ca 900 AD all the sources for Eastern and Western canon law were the same to a greater or lesser extent with the significant exception that papal letters were not recognized as authoritative in the East The contentious issue of papal primacy clearly can be detected in the canonists choices of sources in the Latin and Greek canonical collections of The Latin and Frankish Churches in the Ninth Century In the very early years of his reign Charles the Great 771814 asked Pope Hadrian I to send a collection of canons to him in 774 Hadrian sent a much augmented Collectio Dionysiana that scholars have given the title Collectio DionysianaHadriana K öln Dombibliothek 115116 We can not know exactly what Charles expected to receive from the pope or what his purpose was He clearly wanted a compilation that had papal approval We can surmise that he wished to establish clear norms for the church based on Roman authority and precedents as he tried to fashion a Frankish church for his kingdom over the next forty years Charles considered himself to be a reformer in the ecclesiastical and the secular realm His reign was marked by extensive reworking copying and compilation of earlier canonical collections He also issued chapters called capitularies This legislation established norms for the secular and ecclesiastical worlds The result however was far from a system of canon law or a code of canon law The sources of canonical norms were still scattered and various Both ecclesiastical and secular authorities promulgated norms for their churches Although Charles the Great and his son Louis the Pious 814840 were deeply involved in ecclesiastical matters both legal and doctrinal they had no concept of canonical norms being established by any central authority As we have seen the compilers of canonical collections had a very broad view of the authoritative sources of the norms that regulated Christian society They did not look to the pope councils synods or kings for regular rulings on ecclesiastical matters Churchmen used earlier collections as quarries for canonical norms They expanded them and altered them withoutany notion that some authority within the church or The work of these clerics took an extraordinary turn in the ninth century In the second half of the century the political stability of the Carolingian realm was breaking down As Horst Fuhrmann has put it it was a world awash with legal uncertainty The church was struggling with its place in society and the canonical norms created in the late antique Mediterranean world were not adequate for a Northern European world that was fragmented tribal and local disintegrating within and attacked from without Carolingian governing structures and legal institutions were failing and the invasions of the Scandinavians Magyars and PseudoIsidorian Forgeries They have been called PseudoIsidorian because the most important collection of forgeries a canonical collection of councils and papal decretals arranged chronologically in a format similar to the Collectio DionysianaHadriana was often provided with a preface attributed to a certain Isidorus Mercator It was assumed that the writer was St Isidore of Seville 636 the famous theologian from the Iberian peninsula Although this collection of decretals contained many forged papal letters they were later universally accepted as genuine in the canonical tradition Forged documents were not unusual in the early Middle Ages A complex of forged texts was produced in the early sixth century as a result of the schism between Pope Symmachus and Laurentius in Rome These Symmachian Forgeries were based on putative papal documents especially the Constitutum Sylvestri that purported to demonstrate that the pope could be judged by no human authority Although forgers did work in the late antique period forgery was not as widespread as it became in the eighth and ninth centuries The forgers of PseudoIsidorian materials worked in the area around Reims in the Frankish realm Although scholars have put forward a number of conjectures about whom the forgers might be there has not been any consensus The purpose of the forgers was to protect the rights of clerics clerical property and bishops from lay control and judicial authority It had become common after the death of Charles the Great that bishops were deposed from their sees and that secular judges were rendering sentences upon clerics in their courts The forgers were particularly concerned to protect suffragan bishops from the jurisdiction There were four major collections produced by the forgers in the ninth century The PseudoIsidorian Decretals The Capitulary Collection of Benedictus Levita the Capitula Angilramni and the socalled Collectio Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis The Carolingians used short statements of norms called capitula to promulgate legislative and administrative orders in their realms These capitularies contained norms for the church and for the secular realm The forgers took their materials from secular collections of laws as well as canonical collections to accomplish their goals The PseudoIsidorian Decretals K öln Dombibliothek 113 and the Capitulary Collection of Benedictus Levita drew on similar sources The compilers of both had similar views on ecclesiastical governance The Capitulary Collection of Benedictus Levita was finished ca 847 and was used by the authors of the PseudoIsidorian Decretals which was finished ca 852 Of the four major collections only the PseudoIsidorian Decretals had influence on the development of canon law Its influence is paradoxical On the one hand manuscript copies of the Decretals were found all over Europe There is evidence that they were known in Rome by 863864 Many Italian libraries contained copies of the work We now understand that medieval men had a very different conception of falsification than we do today They falsified charters that preserved customary unwritten rights they were sure they possessed They created legends about the origins of families and principalities These granted legitimacy to political systems They produced relics to honor a Christian heroic past The PseudoIsidorian forgers created documents to justify the structures and norms of a Frankish church The paradox remains that the forgers lasting contribution to canon law was the justification of papal power authority and monarchical government As the long list of forged papal decretals entered The Greek Church in the Ninth Century The ninth century also marked an important stage in the development of Eastern canon law In Constantinople canon law began to merge with civil law in the sixth century The first legal collections contained only ecclesiastical norms κανόνες canons or secular norms νόμοι laws In the late sixth and early seventh centuries Byzantine canonists combined these two sources these collections were named nomokanons νομοκάνονες although the name did not become common until the eleventh century The most important Byzantine nomokanons are the Nomokanon of 50 Titles and the Nomokanon of 14 Titles For these new collections the canonists used John Scholastikos Synagoge of 50 Titles Nomokanon of 50 Titles and another collection the Syntagma of Canons in 14 Titles Nomokanon of 14 Titles as their main source of ecclesiastical norms They also added imperial laws taken from Justinians codification The Nomokanon of 50 Titles was put together by an anonymous compiler in Antioch during the reign of Justin II 565578 or of Maurice 582602 The first version of the Nomokanon of 14 Titles was compiled ca 612629 and was formed by combining the Syntagma of Canons of 14 Titles with the legislation of Justinian that touched upon the Church The work was probably produced in Constantinople but the compiler is unknown Because Patriarch Photios wrote a prologue to a new recension of the collection ca 882883 historians had long assumed that Photios compiled it The expanded collection with the endorsement of Photios became the most important collection of canon law in the Greek Church It shaped the content and the structure of canon law in the orthodox church Conciliar canons the writings of the Church Fathers and imperial legislation constituted the authoritative sources of canon law in the Greek church The Nomokanon of 14 Titles was revised in the eleventh century by Theodore Bestes and Theodore Balsamon added a prologue and commentary to the collection in the twelfth century The Nomokanon is divided into titles and chapters The titles contain canons and imperial laws It was the most complete summary of regulations for the Byzantine church The Greek canonists wrote commentaries on it The conciliar canons in the first part are basic texts of Greek Orthodox ecclesiastical law up to the present time The Nomokanon of 14 Titles was translated into Slavic during the patriarchate of Photios and became an important source of law in that tradition The contrast between the Eastern and Western churches is highlighted by their respective legal systems In the East imperial legislation conciliar canons and the Eastern Church Fathers formed the foundations of the legal system In the West papal decretals some authentic some forged supplemented by ecumenical and local councils governed ecclesiastical norms The two churches were moving in different directions Their two laws were becoming more and more isolated from each other The Eleventh Century and the Reform of the Latin Church After the Carolingian period the next great wave of canonistic activity began at the beginning of the eleventh century with the Decretum of Bishop Burchard of Worms between 1008 and 1012 and ended with the Italian and French collections that were influenced by principles of church reform that swirled through ecclesiastical and secular circles during the eleventh century The spirit of reform meant that churchmen searched the traditions of the Latin church for texts that justified their views These texts provided the auctoritates necessary for the resolution of differing views on such major issues as simony clerical concubinage and lay interference in the Church As they struggled to justify their vision of the Church the reformers realized that the Church needed a body of law that would be recognized throughout Christendom They also realized that there should be a central authority that had the power to modify and to change law when needed Ultimately they recognized that the papacy should be the center of that reform The canonical collections compiled between 10001100 are rich evidence of these developments Certain areas in Central and Northern Italy Southern and Central France Normandy the Rhineland and England emerged as important centers of canonistic activity but no one region including Rome dominated the production of texts The eleventhcentury collections remained private and lacked any official approval by the pope or by anyone else Canonical collections were used because they provided guidelines and norms not because they had been sanctioned by some authority Some collections circulated widely The manuscripts of the major collections like Bishop Burchard of Worms Decretum ca 10081023 The Collection in 74 Titles ca 10501075 Bishop Ivo of Chartres Panormia ca 10911096 are scattered all over Europe They demonstrate a wide reception that gave them canonical legitimacy Other collections like Bishop Anselm II of Luccas Collectio canonum and Lanfranc of Bec Archbishop of Canterburys canonical Collection generally referred to as the Collectio Lanfranci had a more limited circulation in Italy and the British Isles respectively As their titles indicate the major canonists of the age were bishops Pastoral care and canon law merged during the eleventh century These eleventhcentury collections share a number of common traits They are all systematic collections arranged topically The chronologically arranged collection was no longer attractive or useful to churchmen The reformers recognized that to achieve their goals meant that they needed compilations of law that provided texts for their positions and that emphasized the role of the pope in the governance of the church Although historians have debated whether certain collections reflect a papal or an episcopal agenda for church government or whether some collections were vehicles for and products of the reform movement these questions are difficult to answer The Two collections may be used to illustrate the importance and the characteristics of eleventhcentury collections The Collection in Seventyfour Titles whose medieval title was Diversorum patrum sententie was produced between ca 1066 to 1074 by an anonymous compiler Anselm of Luccas Collectio canonum was composed a little later ca 10811086 during the tempestuous reform pontificate of Pope Gregory VII 10731085 His collection has sometimes been used as an exemplar of a reform collection of the Gregorian Revolution Scholars have debated the purpose of the Collection in SeventyFour Titles Some scholars have described it as a Gregorian collection a product of the first years of Gregory VIIs pontificate They believe that the collection was designed to enhance the papal primacy Indeed the collection begins with the title De primatu Romane ecclesie and contains 20 papal decretals of which 8 chapters 29 are forgeries taken from PseudoIsidores Collection that extolled papal authority Other scholars have concluded that since Seventyfour Titles relied on PseudoIsidorian Decretals and since ca 90 chapters from PseudoIsidore concern the prosecution of the clergy the focus of the collection is clerical rights in the courts Accordingly they view the purpose of Seventyfour Titles as extending the accusatorial norms of PseudoIsidore that were limited to bishops to all clerics Both positions highlight important elements that are found in the canons of Seventyfour Titles The collection begins with a title devoted to papal authority Before the eleventh century no collection focused on papal power so precisely and prominently The collection also contains canons that protect the procedural rights of all clerics Titles 5 7 9 10 11 14 Typical of eleventhcentury collections it deals with unworthy and simonaical clerics Titles 1521 The author of Seventyfour Titles clearly wanted to establish strong papal authority the independence of the church and guidelines for a reformed clergy Although the compilers of eleventhcentury collections gathered their materials from a wide variety of sources they did not privilege contemporary papal letters Seventyfour Titles for example does not include one letter from a contemporary pope For reasons that we do not fully understand eleventhcentury canonists established the textual foundations of papal authority and the universality of papal jurisdiction but did not draw upon the decretals of contemporary popes Anselm of Lucca began his collection with a title on the authority of the Roman church Anselm more than the compiler of the Seventyfour Titles explicitly focused on papal power The first title De potestate et primatu apostolicae sedis is the only title of the first book of the collection twelve books in all and contains a remarkable 89 chapters As with Seventyfour Titles Anselm borrowed liberally from the forged decretals that he found in PseudoIsidore PseudoIsidore flourished in the collections of the period Of the 1149 chapters in Anselms collection some 260 came from PseudoIsidore Anselm of Luccas collection more than any other introduced PseudoIsidore to canon law Anselms collection assembled a rich collection of texts that supported reform of the clergy and of the church Book four dealt with ecclesiastical privileges Book five with tithes monks and monasteries and ecclesiastical property and Book seven with the clerical orders and discipline The final two books 11 and 12 treated excommunication and the doctrine of just punishment Although scholars might debate the purpose of Seventyfour Titles Anselm indisputably wished to advance the goals of Pope Gregory VII and the other reformers Yet if we look at Anselms canonical sources we find a startling statistic only ten of his canons are taken from eleventhcentury sources Of these ten canons Anselm took five from Gregory VIIs legislation But here too we have a puzzle one was a decretal letter and the others were conciliar canons from Roman councils over which Gregory had presided We could conclude that Anselm preferred the collective judgments of the pope in council to the decretals letters of the papal curia If we look The eleventhcentury canonists emphasized papal judicial and legislative primacy as it had never before in the canonical tradition They created a new petrine ecclesiology Yet by and large their canonical collections reflect a fiction that began with the PseudoIsidorian decretals the canonists could conclude that the ius antiquum of the Church provided more than enough evidence that popes had achieved judicial and doctrinal primacy in the first three centuries of the Christian era The men of the age fervently believed that old law was good law The compilers of the canonical collections endorsed this maxim They did not have to The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Gratian and Bologna Before the twelfth century canon law existed as a body of norms embedded in the sources The collections of canon law included conciliar canons papal decretals the writings of the church fathers and to a more limited extent Roman and secular law These collections did not contain any jurisprudence because they existed in a world without jurists There were no jurists to interpret the texts to place a text into the context of other norms of canon law and to point out conflicts in the texts written at various times Jurists arrived in the early twelfth century They began working and teaching in the city of Bologna in Northcentral Italy The first on the scene were the teachers of Roman law Pepo and Irnerius and they were succeeded by a cadre of teachers who raised the city to unprecedented intellectual heights Emperor Frederick Barbarossa visited Bologna in 1155 and promulgated the Authentica Habita with which the emperor took the masters and students at Bologna under imperial protection He ordered that his decree be placed in Justinians Codex a collection of Roman imperial constitutions The emperor recognized the teachers and students of a flourishing law school He also understood the importance of the school for his realm The Authentica Habita more than any other single piece of evidence calls into question recent suggestions that the teaching of Roman law at Bologna began only in the 1130s It is difficult to imagine that the emperor would have been concerned to protect a Studio still in its infancy and to issue important legislation for it Or conversely that in twenty years the studio would have reached maturity For the development of canon law Gratian of Bologna was the most significant canonist of the twelfth century Until recently the only secure fact that we knew about Gratian was that he compiled a collection of canons entitled the Concordia discordantium canonum later called the Decretum Very quickly it became the most important canonical collection of the twelfth century and later became the foundation stone of the entire canonical tradition It was not replaced as a handbook of canon law until the Codex iuris canonici of 1917 was promulgated Since the work of Anders Winroth in 1996 we have learned much more about Gratian Winroth discovered four manuscripts of Gratians collection that predated the vulgate text of the Decretum Since then another manuscript of this early recension has been discovered in the monastic library of St Gall Switzerland Although all five manuscripts must be studied in detail before we fully understand their significance some conclusions can already be made The first recension of Gratians work was much shorter than the last recension The differences between the recensions mean that Gratian must have been teaching at Bologna for a significant Gratian became the Father of Canon Law because his collection was encyclopedic and because he provided a superb tool for teaching His Decretum was a comprehensive survey of the entire tradition of canon law Gratian drew upon the canonical sources that had become standard in the canonical tradition and assembled a rich array of canons about 4000 in all His sources were four major eleventh and early twelfthcentury canonical collections that circulated in Italy Anselm of Luccas Collectio canonum and Ivo of Chartress Panormia were two of these four collections He included genuine and forged papal decretals local and ecumenical conciliar canons a rich collection of writings of the writings of the church fathers more than any other earlier canonical collection 1200 chapters in all Roman and law and many citations taken from the Old and New Testament Gratian introduced jurisprudence into canonical thought His first innovation was to insert his voice into his collection to mingle with those of the Fathers of Nicaea St Augustine and the popes of the first millennium He did this with dicta in which he discussed the texts in his collection He pointed to conflicts within the texts and proposed solutions His dicta made the Decretum ideal for teaching and the Decretum became the basic text of canon law used in the law schools of Europe for the next five centuries In addition to the novelty of his dicta Gratian created a collection of canon law that was organized differently than any earlier collection At the core of his collection he constructed 36 cases causae In each case he formulated a problem with a series of questions He then would answer each question by providing the texts of canons that pertained to it When the text of the canon did not answer the question without interpretation or when two canons seemed in conflict Gratian provided a solution in his dicta Gratians hypothetical cases were effective teaching tools that were ideally suited to the classroom Perhaps the most important parts of his work for the beginnings of European jurisprudence were the first twenty distinctions of the 101 distinctions distinctiones of the first section In these twenty distinctiones he treated the nature of law in all its complexity Justinians codification of Roman law that was being taught in Bologna at the time Gratian was working on his Decretum defined the different types of law but did not create a hierarchy of laws and did not discuss the relationship between the different types of law Gratian did that in his first twenty distinctions These twenty distinctions stimulated After he discussed law in the first twenty distinctions Gratian then turned to issues of ecclesiastical government and discipline For example distinctions 3136 treat the morals of the clergy 6063 ecclesiastical elections 64 and 65 episcopal ordination 77 and 78 the age of ordination 95 and 96 secular and ecclesiastical authority In the causae Gratian discussed the problem of simony causa 1 in causae 27 he treated procedural matters 1620 monks 23 war 27 to 36 marriage One important part of the Decretum was added later At the end of the book the long tract on sacraments de consecratione was Theodore Balsamon The Greek Gratian Theodore Balsamon was the most important canonist in Constantinople during the twelfth century He was born in the early decades of the century and died sometime after 1195 Unlike Gratian who probably never held an important ecclesiastical office Theodore Balsamon joined the ranks of the clergy quite early and was a highranking member of the ruling elite in Constantinople He was ordained a deacon of Hagia Sophia the most important church in Constantinople Afterwards he assumed the positions of nomophylax and chartophylax as well as that of protos of the church A nomophylax meant guardian of the law and was a prestigious post at the imperial court He was the president of the school of law and was given senatorial rank In the 1170s the Emperor Manuel I and the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael commissioned him to revise the Nomokanon in XIV Titles Balsamon carried out this task and also wrote a commentary on the Nomokanon The work has given him a reputation and a position in Greek Orthodox canon law similar to Gratian in Western canon law But there the similarity ends The emperor commissioned Balsamon to revise canon law Gratian worked well outside the circles of secular and ecclesiastical power Balsamon revised an earlier work that had become the authoritative book of canon law in the East Gratian fashioned a collection of canon law that was different from any prior collection Balsamon continued the Byzantine tradition of melding secular law with canon law He compared all the imperial law in the Nomokanon with those in the Basilika τὰ Βασιλικα a collection of imperial laws from the late ninth or early tenth century Those secular laws in the Nomokanon that were not in the Basilika were considered abrogated For the ecclesiastical canons in the collection Balsamon explained their place in the canonical tradition when he discussed them in his commentary He noted any that had been abrogated or derogated by subsequent legislation As we have seen Gratian used Roman law but took almost all his texts from earlier canonical collections It was Roman law that had been canonized There had been a practical reason that the emperor and patriarch asked Balsamon to work on the Nomokanon The metropolitan of Amaseia had not filled the vacant see of Amisos Patriarch Michael appointed a new bishop and argued that he had the authority to make the appointment because of a novella of Justinian The metropolitan appealed to the emperor who declared the patriarchal decision invalid Manuel noted that the novella was not in the Basilika and therefore was not valid law Because of this case Balsamon was ordered to study other the imperial legislation in the Nomokanon of Fourteen Titles Balsamon continued to work on his commentary on the Nomokanon for a long time possibly until he died He took later imperial and ecclesiastical legislation into account The last novella that he mentioned was issued by Isaac II after April 1193 A comparison of Gratians and Balsamons ecclesiology is revealing Gratian described a church that was centered in Rome and that had jurisdictional independence from secular rulers Although he did not emphasize papal authority to the same degree that the eleventhcentury canonical collections had he included all the fundamental papal decretals from PseudoIsidore as well as genuine papal decretals that established papal jurisdictional primacy In contrast Balsamons church was not independent The emperor had the authority to establish derogate and abrogate canonical norms Balsamon insisted that the emperor should exercise this power with caution and only in exceptional cases He did Balsamons significance was central in the Byzantine canonical tradition During both the late Byzantine as well as postByzantine periods canonists cited and used excerpts from his commentary He also influenced Slavic canonical literature His works were translated or were transmitted by canonists like Matthew Blastares who was influenced by him Canon Law in the West After Gratian The Age of the Decretists Although it was not a highly polished text Gratians Decretum quickly became the standard textbook of medieval canon law in the Italian and transmontane schools Its flaws were minor Gratian left repetitions and seams in his text that betrayed its long period of gestation The revisions of his work sometimes introduced confusion and ambiguity but the canonists were only rarely dismayed by his conclusions comments or organization In the formative age of canon law that age following Gratian when the study of canon law became a discipline in the schools in Italy Southern France and Spain the jurists began to fashion the first tools to construct a legal system that met the needs of twelfthcentury society Gratians Decretum surveyed the entire terrain of canon law but was only an introduction to the law of the past Although it provided a starting point for providing solutions it did not answer many contemporary problems directly The three most pressing areas in which the jurists used the new jurisprudence to The disciples and successors of Gratian at Bologna and elsewhere continued his work of bringing order to the new discipline of canon law in two ways Almost immediately they began to write summae and glosses on the Decretum and within several decades the work of the jurists evolved into standard apparatus which along with the Decretum formed the foundation of the teaching of canon law At the same time they experimented They modified Gratians text and to a lesser degree reorganized it Scholars call these jurists decretists because Gratians Decretum was the center of their universe The textual changes that the decretists made took three forms They added additional chapters of canon law and excerpts of Roman law to the Decretum They called these new texts palea To make Gratians book more accessible to a wider audience they composed abbreviations of the entire book and rarely reorganized Gratians material so completely that the result was a new work For the most part this work was done by anonymous jurists The earliest changes may have been the addition of chapters to Gratian They were inserted into the text itself or added to the margins Although the canonists of the twelfth century called them paleae they did not know from whence the term came Huguccio conjectured that the word meant chaff added to the good grain other authors thought that the term was derived from the name of Paucapalea one of the first commentators on the Decretum He they surmised had been responsible for the paleae added to Gratians text The canonists also produced many abbreviations of Gratians text some of them having been produced shortly after Gratian finished his work In France for example the first sign that Gratian had been received was an abbreviation of the text Quoniam egestas written ca 1150 The importance of such abbreviations was not limited to those who had no or little legal training There are seven manuscripts of Quoniam egestas and four of them are glossed The glosses are evidence that professional jurists also used abbreviations in their work The abbreviators sometimes shortened the texts rather mechanically but did at times added their own dicta that supplemented or replaced Gratians These abbreviations were for the most part composed in the twelfth century and the genre almost disappears by the beginning of the thirteenth Some of the abbreviations were the work of local jurists and were probably meant to serve the needs of local bishops In spite of its slightly cumbersome organization and large compass Gratians Decretum became the centerpiece of canonical jurisprudence and Bologna became the most important center for the study of that law in the second half of the twelfth century The city was perfectly suited to foster the new discipline Roman law was already a flourishing discipline there No matter what Gratians attitude or knowledge of Roman law was by the end of the twelfth century no canonist could practice his trade without a thorough mastery of Justinians codification At a very early stage the emperors and popes recognized the importance Many reasons compelled the papacy to take notice of the law school at Bologna The Church had become much more juridical during the course of the twelfth century St Bernards famous lament in his letter to Pope Eugenius III 1153 that the papal palace is filled with those who speak of the law of Justinian confirms what we can also detect in papal decretal letters The new jurisprudence influenced the arengae and the doctrine of decretals Canonists undoubtedly drafted these letters in the curia The rush to bring legal disputes to Rome became headlong in the second half of the twelfth century Litigants pressed the capacity of the curia to handle their numbers Popes delegated many cases to judgesdelegate but the curia was still overburdened Procedure presented problems in need of authoritative solutions As ecclesiastical courts began to render judgments on the basis of written and oral evidence judges litigants and jurists began to worry about correct judicial procedure The first notice we have that the papal curia asked for guidance from the law school at Bologna was ca 1140 when Aimeric the papal chancellor asked Bulgarus to compose a short treatise on procedure Bulgaruss tract has been preserved in several versions and had a rather wide circulation By the 1170s the papal chancery was organized and staffed by canonists A canonist Albert of Morra St Bernard was not the only churchman who had misgivings about these developments within the church Local bishops resented the growing centralization of the church and objected to their loss of prerogatives to the papacy Litigants were quick to seize the advantages that distant courts and faraway judges presented They used the appeal as an instrument of delay or even fraud In the late twelfth century popes Clement III and Celestine III countered these widespread abuses by attempting to restrict appeals to Rome But by this time the system was too entrenched Papal justice may have been imperfect but its Although papal decretal letters surpass the Decretum as the basic texts for the study and practice of canon law by the beginning of the thirteenth century Gratians Concordia reigned without significant rivals from ca 1140 to 1190 The jurists at Bologna and elsewhere produced commentaries on the Decretum and the jurists made it the central text of their teaching The earliest works on the Decretum fall into two types apparatus and summae The canonistic summae often synthesized and paid attention to detail at the same time To a certain extent one may distinguish these two literary types by examining the way in which a work was transmitted Apparatus were most often but not always written in the margins of the manuscripts of the law books while summae were apparatus and individual glosses In many respects these glosses to the Decretum can be considered the most important accomplishment of the Bolognese jurists in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries Bologna became the center of the world of canonical jurisprudence in the second half of the twelfth century but canon law was taught at many transmontane centers primarily at Paris but also at Tours Reims Oxford and other smaller cities neither the documentary nor the literary sources provide enough information with which we may write the history of a particular school We can distinguish between cismontane and transmontane works but we can rarely attribute an anonymous summae produced north of the Alps to a particular center with any certainty At Bologna however we are much firmer ground We know the Paucapalea was one of Gratians first successors at Bologna and taught in his shadow Unreliable testimony of some jurists credited him with introducing the distinctions in the first and third parts of the Decretum and with adding the paleae to Gratians text Almost nothing is known of his relationship to Gratian or of his public career The only certainty is that he wrote the oldest commentary on Gratians Decretum probably sometime between 1144 and 1150 Paucapaleas Summa is an impressive work One would not expect the first commentary on Gratian to dazzle with great sophistication The two most important teachers of the 1150s in Bologna were Rolandus and Rufinus The earliest notice of a Magister Rolandus in Bologna is dated 1154 Rolandus wrote many recensions of his Summa on the Decretum The earliest was finished ca 1150 the others in the next decade Rolandus composed his Sententiae after the third recension of his Summa ca 1155 Rolandus focused on the law of marriage in his work It was a topic of intense interest and importance for the jurists in the second half of the twelfth century Although Rolandus has attracted more attention from modern historians because they had erroneously identified him with Pope Alexander III Rufinus was the major figure at Bologna in the 1150s We know almost nothing about him but finished his Summa on the Decretum sometime around 1164 At the end of Rufinuss Summa an anonymous scribe dubbed him the first elegant commentator or interpreter of that golden book the Decretum Modern historians have concurred His personality was forceful education broad and opinions mordant The length and the detail of his Summa surpassed all his predecessors Almost immediately it became the most influential commentary on Gratian in Bologna After Rufinus a number of canonists wrote important commentaries on the Decretum Stephen of Tournai ca 11661170 developed several ideas in the prologue to his Summa that reflect developments in the evolution of canonistic jurisprudence since Gratian He introduced his Summa with an invitation to a jurist and a theologian to share a meal one that both could partake And he continued just as they had two different approaches to law the world was governed by dualities there are two people in Gods world clerics and laymen two principatus the sacerdotium and regnum and two orders of jurisdiction divine law and human law The reformers of the eleventh century had fought for Stephens vision Now it was a commonplace Sometime after 1171 Johannes Faventinus wrote a Summa that borrowed much from Rufinus and Stephen of Tournai Although large portions of the work are derivative and were copied word for word from the sources it enjoyed great popularity as is evident by the wide dispersal of the surviving manuscripts One of the last canonists whom we may place in the first generation after Gratian was Simon of Bisignano By his time the character of canonistic commentaries was changing The outpouring of papal decretals and the systematic application of Roman law to canonical jurisprudence was well underway Simons works reflected both trends and he cited papal decretals and Roman Huguccio was after Gratian the most important canonist of the twelfth century He wrote the most extensive most widely quoted and most influential commentary on Gratians Decretum in the history of canon law He worked at the end of the twelfth century ca 1190 taught at Bologna and later like so many canonists became the bishop of Ferrara His commentary on Gratian was detailed lucid and comprehensive Later jurists cited his ideas incorporated his opinions into their works and reacted to his positions After Huguccio with a few later exceptions eg Johannes Teutonicus Ordinary Gloss to the Decretum ca 1215 The Age of the Papal Decretal The main reason for Huguccios commentary marking the end of an age was the transformation of canon law from a discipline based on the explication of Gratians Decretum to a legal system based on papal decretals Bernard of Pavia also known as Bernardus Balbi inaugurated the age of the decretalists those jurists who concentrated on papal decretals in their teaching and writing He had glossed Gratians Decretum during the 1170s beginning his career at Bologna in the age of the Decretists Like his teacher Huguccio Bernard followed a cursus honorum that became a common pattern for jurists in the thirteenth century He studied and taught at Bologna became provost of Pavia in 1187 bishop of Faenza in 1191 where he succeeded Johannes Faventinus to the episcopal seat and then in 1198 he became bishop of Pavia As a canonist Bernards importance was that he gave form and organizational principles to the study and teaching of papal decretals that remained standard in the schools for the rest of Breviarium extravagantium Every later collection of papal decretals adopted Bernards organizational pattern After the compilation of Compilationes secunda and tertia after ca 1210 Bernards Breviarium was cited as Compilatio prima by the canonists Bernards Breviarium was a breakthrough for canonistic scholarship Papal decretals had begun to occupy an evermore important position in canon law since the 1160s but the canonists had not yet devised a way to deal with them Small unsystematic collections were first compiled and often attached as appendices to Gratians Decretum Gradually larger collections were made but since they were usually not arranged systematically they were difficult to use consult and impossible to teach Bernard compiled his Breviarium between 1189 and 1190 while he was provost of Pavia The new collection took the school at Bologna by storm Although like Gratians Decretum it was a private collection the canonists immediately used it in their classes and wrote glosses on it Bernards Brevariuum served as an introduction and as a blueprint for a new system of canon law In his prologue to the collection Bernard wrote that he had compiled decretales extravagantes from both new law and old law and organized them under titles Bernard was modest He revolutionized the study of the ius novum Earlier collections had been arranged according to titles but none as systematically as Bernards Roman law once again provided the canonists with a model If we compare the titles of Bernards collection in books one and two with Roman law collections we can see the clear influence of the structure of Justinians codification The following list of titles from books one and two Bernard 126 De pactis Dig 214 127 De transactionibus Dig 215 128 De postulando Dig 31 129 De procuratoribus Dig 33 130 De sindico Dig 345 131 De hiis que vi metusve causa Dig 42 132 De in integrum restitutione Dig 41 133 De alienatione iudicii mutandi causa facti 47 134 De arbitris Dig 48 21 De iudiciis Dig 51 25 De ordine cognitionum Cod 38 Cod 719 26 De plus petitionibus Cod 310 27 De feriis Cod 312 212 De probationibus Dig 223 Cod 419 213 De testibus Dig 225 Cod 420 215 De fide instrumentorum Dig 224 Cod 421 With the structure of his collection Bernard underlined the interdependence of Roman and canon law in the late twelfth century and reminded students of canon law that Roman law was essential for their studies Bernard did not imitate Digest by dividing his collection into a large number of books He divided his compilation into five books each with a general subject Later canonists used the mnemonic verse Iudex Iudicium clerus connubia crimen Judge Court Clergy Marriage and Crime to remember the contents of each book Bernards division into five books was used by almost every later collection Bernard collected more than recent papal legislation When he wrote that he had compiled a collection of extrauagantes he meant all materials that circulated independently of Gratian He included many canons from ancient councils and synods a large number of letters of Pope Gregory I and many letters of preGratian popes The bulk of his collection however consisted of the decretals of Pope Alexander III 11591181 Alexanders legislation had exercised an enormous influence on canon law and the canonists had recognized his importance Bernard included three texts of Pope Gregory VIII 1187 and three of Pope Clement III 11871191 These The jurists immediately began to teach Bernards Breviarium at Bologna and produced a number of commentaries on it In Northern Europe they also tinkered with his text by adding decretals to it Their innovations were not new Canonists had added material to established collections for centuries The PseudoIsidorian Decretals Burchard of Worms and Ivo of Chartress Panormia The Collection in 74 Titles and Gratians Decretum had all undergone minor changes in their texts introduced by anonymous jurists These collections were collectiones vivantes and their texts reflected their use In Bologna by the end of the twelfth century perhaps because the jurists commentaries on the collections froze them in the form in which they were received this practice of cheerfully altering canonical texts diminished but did not completely disappear In Northern Europe the practice continued until well into the thirteenth century In 12091210 Pope Innocent III 11981216 authenticated Petrus Beneventanuss collection of his own decretals This action marked the first time that a pope had endorsed a private canonical collection The canonists quickly adopted the text in the schools and called it Compilatio tertia The papal imprimatur helped to assure its success A short time later Johannes Galensis John of Wales compiled Compilatio secunda and although unaided by papal approval his collection became a received text in the law schools Their success was probably due as much to their timing as to their editorial skills The schools and the courts needed certainty Papal decretals were now providing that certainty The school of Bologna reached a high point in its history from ca 1210 to 1225 It almost swept away all competitors The canonists of the North almost ceased writing commentaries and the indications of their activities are scant They no longer wrote on Gratian they did not comment on the new compilations of papal decretals The Bolognese canonists glossed the two new compilations of papal decretals as well as Bernards Breviarium Their world was selfcontained and their horizons were limited They referred to their own works and the works of others who taught at Bologna A new group of canonists who had been students during the first decade of the thirteenth century reached intellectual maturity and after 1212 produced a remarkable body of work They witnessed a significant transformation of canon law In their student days most had studied Roman law intensively and almost all sat at the feet of the greatest Romanist of the time Azo The romanization of canon law had been underway for almost fifty years but they applied Justinians doctrines more completely and comprehensively than earlier generations They continued to gloss and teach Gratians Decretum and papal decretal legislation in the Compilationes antiquae as the first second and third compilations were called The great and the not so great threw themselves into writing apparatus on these collections The great were Laurentius Hispanus Vincentius Hispanus Johannes Teutonicus Tancred of Lombardy and Raymond de Pennafort the not so great were Albertus Johannes Galensis Damasus Ungarus Jacobus de Albenga and Zoën Many lesser figures are also known from very fragmentary sources and scattered glosses in the margins of manuscripts Johannes Garsias Hispanus Martinus Zamorensis Phillip of Aquileja Marcoaldus Petrus Hispanus Portugalensis and Ambrosius Petrus Beneventanuss Compilatio tertia sparked intense interest among the canonists and all the major figures in Bologna wrote apparatus on it Johannes Galensis had composed individual glosses on Compilationes secunda his own collection but did not write an entire apparatus We know his glosses to the Secunda primarily from their inclusion into the Ordinary Gloss of Tancred He was one of the earliest canonists however to gloss Compilatio tertia and his apparatus on the Tertia is preserved in two manuscripts Laurentius Hispanus wrote one of the first apparatus on Compilatio tertia and his work is characterized by subtlety wit and insight A small example of this can be seen from the opening gloss of his apparatus to Compilatio tertia Quoting Pauls letter to the Romans 125 Pope Innocent III had written in the arenga of the decretal that we are one body with Christ and each person shares the limbs of another a platitude Laurentius noted dryly I can not perceive how one man may be the limb of another Laurentius had a gift of placing old problems in new settings or of seeing a paradox in the proverbial Perhaps prodded by the outpouring of judicial decisions and decretal legislation from Rome he broke sharply with the traditional definitions of legislative power that the jurists held when he described Quanto personam Laurentius adopted a truly revolutionary idea the prince may make iniquitous law for the princes will is held to be reason Germanic and earlier learned conceptions of law confused the content of law that law must be just and reasonable with the source of the law the will of the prince Before Laurentius the jurists had accepted the idea that a law could not be valid unless it embodied reason By separating the princes will from reason Laurentius located the source of legislative authority in the will of the prince and laid the intellectual groundwork for a new conception of Johannes Teutonicus wrote commentaries on the Decretum and on Compilatio tertia A short time after the end of the Fourth Lateran Council 1215 he compiled a new collection of Innocents decretals into which he incorporated the Fourth Lateran conciliar canons Surprisingly Innocent refused to authenticate the collection but undaunted Johannes provided his collection with an apparatus Slowly in spite of the popes disapproval Compilatio quarta was accepted by the schools This was a significant sign that canon law was not yet under the control of Rome This would change during the course of the thirteenth century After 1217 the Studio in Bologna was dominated by one figure Tancred of Lombardy often referred to as Tancred of Bologna He studied at Bologna heard the lectures of Azo on Roman law and sat at the feet of his master Laurentius in canon law He became a canon and then in 1226 archdeacon of the cathedral chapter of Bologna Pope Honorius III selected him to compile a collection of his decretals sometime before 1226 By this time Tancreds stature was so great and his rivals so few that it is difficult to imagine whom Honorius might have chosen other Compilatio quinta the papacy took control of its law For the next century decretal collections were official compilations ordered by the papacy and sent to the law schools The age of the private decretal collection had passed The last major figure in the period before 1234 was the Catalan Dominican Raymond of Pennafort He studied at Bologna and then taught law between 1218 and 1221 After his return to Barcelona he entered the Dominican order in 1222 Pope Gregory IX summoned him to Rome in 1230 and asked him to compile a new codification that would replace all earlier collections of decretals with one volume We do not know if he worked alone or with other jurists in the curia In his bull Rex pacificus with which Gregory promulgated the new collection in 1234 he called Raymonds work a Compilatio but the canonists quickly adopted the name Decretales Gregorii noni Along with Gratians Decretum it became the most important collection of papal decretals in the schools and in the courts of Europe It was also known as the Liber extra The book outside Gratians Decretum Papal Decretals and Codification from 1298 to 1582 If he had seen the canon law curriculum at the Law School at Bologna ca 1300 Gratian would have been pleased and surprised He would have been pleased that his book still occupied a central place in the study of canon law Every student of law studied the Decretum He would have been surprised that Dante Aligheri placed him in Paradiso Not many poets have bestowed honors on jurists He would not have anticipated the complete triumph of the papal decretal Gratian understood canon law as being based on many different kinds of authoritative texts By the end of the Since the early thirteenth century when Pope Honorius III commissioned Tancred of Bologna to compile a collection of his decretals popes had followed his lead Pope Boniface VIII 12941303 who was not a jurist admired by Dante established a committee of canonists to compile a collection of his own decretals Pope Innocent IVs decretals conciliar canons from Lyon I and II and other papal decretals that had circulated in other private thirteenthcentury collections This collection of canon law was called the Liber Sextus Although it was divided into five books and organized like every collection since Bernardus Parmensis Breviarium it derived its name from being the sixth book added to the five books of Gregory IXs Decretals Boniface promulgated the new collection on 3 March 1298 and sent it to all the major schools of canon law Just as Gregory IX wanted his collection to be a comprehensive and exclusive collection of canonical norms from Gratian to 1234 Bonifaces collection was to be the sole witness of papal decretal legislation from 1234 to 1298 The canonists continued to cite decretals that had not been included in the collections but only rarely The papacy had put its firm stamp on During the fourteenth century two more papal collections appeared Pope Clement V 13051314 ordered a collection of his decretals be compiled that also included the canons of the Council of Vienne 13111312 He died before the collection could be properly promulgated His successor Pope John XXII 13161334 a distinguished jurist had the collection revised and issued the new collection on 25 October 1317 In the canonical literature this collection was named the Constitutiones Clementinae The Clementinae was the last official collection promulgated by the medieval papacy There were two more private collections that were accepted by the schools the Extravagantes Johannis XXII and the Extravagantes communes The Extravagantes Johannis XXII contained twenty decretals issued by Pope John XXII during his pontificate The Extravagantes communes evolved later It contained seventy canons from an array of late medieval popes The schools accepted these collections and the canonists wrote extensive commentaries on them These facts raise a question about Western canon law that are very difficult to answer Why did the popes stop promulgating decretal collections after 1317 It seemed as if the papacy had taken control of its legal system between 1226 and 1317 It promulgated its law officially following the model established long before by the Emperor Justinian During this period one might conclude that the popes perceived their legal role and their authority within the Church much as modern governments do when they exercise control of their legal systems within their territorial states Like modern governments the popes promulgated shaped Although a definitive answer can not be given several observations can be made First the question reflects our conception of how legal systems should be structured and not theirs No medieval or early modern jurist considered any institution state to be the sole producer and repository of law Second a new type of collection of papal judicial decisions arose in the fourteenth century the Decisiones Romanae Rotae It reported the cases of the papal Court of Audience that was known as the Rota This court began to carry the main case load of the papal curia at the end of the thirteenth century Scholars have attributed the collection to one of two Englishmen Thomas Falstaff and William Bateman Falstaff was an auditor for the Rota in the middle of the fourteenth century He also worked in the papal court at Avignon In either case it may not be by chance that an English jurist conceived of collecting the cases of a single court The English Year Books During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries popes participated less and less in the daily work of the papal court Whereas early papal decretals contained decisions in which the pope sometimes if not always heard the cases by the fourteenth century papal letters were no longer the primary vehicles for reporting the judicial activity of the papal curia It was during this time that the judicial office of the curia became known as the Roman Rota Papal auditors auditores commonly heard the cases that were appealed to Rome When Pope John XXII 13141334 promulgated the decretal Ratio iuris 1332 in which he granted auditors ordinary power to hear cases the pope confirmed a practice that had been in place for more than a century During the fourteenth century the Decisiones or Conclusiones of the Rota were gathered together and manuscripts of them circulated widely These decisions of the Rota became another source of authority within canon law By the fifteenth century the Sanctae Romanae Rotae Decisiones were published each year This practice continues until the present day A consequence of this institutional development was that collections of papal decretals became far less relevant for canon law The decretal collections of the thirteenth and early fourteenth century remained the cornerstones of canonical jurisprudence They were the libri legales law books that were used in the classrooms and the courtrooms of Europe In the second half of the sixteenth century the papacy decided to revise these standard texts of canon law In 1566 Pope Pius V convened a committee to examine the complicated textual basis of the libri legales especially Gratians Decretum They were called the Correctores Romani The committee was guided in part by one of the most brilliant scholars of the age the Spaniard Antonio Augustin Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a new Corpus iuris canonici in 1580 It was printed for the first time in Rome during 1582 Pope Gregorys revised and authenticated version of the standard texts of canon law remained in force until the Codex iuris canonici was promulgated in 1917 There were other unsuccessful and semisuccessful attempts to compile collections of decretals that would have supplemented and updated the standard collections The concept of adding a Liber septimus to the libri legales took different forms and experienced the vicissitudes of papal interest Pierre Matthieu produced a Liber septimus Frankfurt am Main 1590 that he considered to be a continuation of the Corpus iuris canonici The book never received official recognition and was placed on the Index librorum prohibitorum in 1623 With the encouragement of Pope Paul IV 15551559 Giovanni Paolo Lancelotti had already conceived of a collection of decretals to augment the libri legales canonici He published his Institutiones in 1563 It never received a papal endorsement Pope Paul V 16051621 did permit Lancelottis work to be published as an appendix to some editions of the Corpus iuris canonici Lyon 1606 1616 1661 Venice 1630 without the A manuscript in Toledo contains a Codex Gregorianus compiled by Celso Pasi It contained decretals and texts that reached as far back to the Church fathers and to the decretals of Boniface VIII but mainly contained the decrees of the Council of Trent and the fifteenth and sixteenthcentury popes The Liber septimus that came closest to finding an official place in canon law was begun during the pontificate of Pope Gregory XIII Work was begun under Gregory and continued under his successors A Liber septimus was printed at Rome in 15921593 and in 1598 with only a few exemplars In spite of its origins in the papal court no pope however gave it official approval Late Medieval and Early Modern Western Jurists The canonists who interpreted the Corpus iuris canonici in the later Middle Ages created an enormous body of literature From the middle of the thirteenth century the canonists began to write massive commentaries on the standard decretal collections Two jurists are particularly important in the thirteenth century Pope Innocent IV and Hostiensis Pope Innocent IV wrote a detailed and sophisticated commentary on the Decretals of Gregory IX ca 1245 Every jurist from his immediate contemporaries to Hugo Grotius in the seventeenth century cited his commentary He probably began writing it long before he became pope and continued revising it up to the time of his death He also wrote a commentary on the constitutions of the First Council of Lyon and on the additional decretals that were added to the constitutions in 1246 and 1253 The work was widely distributed in manuscripts and printed in a number of editions between 1477 and Innocent emphasized papal authority and power in his commentary His great predecessor Pope Innocent III had established the foundations of papal authority within the church and over secular affairs Innocent IV expanded and refined Innocent IIIs legislation in significant ways He claimed that the pope could choose between two imperial candidates could depose the emperor a power he exercised at the First Council of Lyon and could exercise imperial jurisdiction when the imperial throne was vacant Although he granted nonChristian princes the right to hold legitimate political power he tempered that right by asserting that they must permit Christian missionaries Ad apostolicae dignitatis apicem Liber sextus 2142 Innocent made remarkable claims for papal authority The pope did not need the council to validate the deposition of the emperor because only the pope not the council has fullness of power Innocent asserted that Christ had the power and authority to depose or condemn emperors by natural right ius naturale He concluded that the pope had the same authority since he held the office of the vicar of Christ It would be absurd he argued if after the death of St Peter human beings were left without the governance of one person regimen unius personae Few Hostiensis Henricus de Segusio ca 12001271 was a contemporary of Innocent IV These two jurists dominated the second half of the thirteenth century Hostiensis wrote a massive commentary on the Decretals of Gregory IX and on the Decretals of Innocent IV He also wrote a Summa on the Decretals of Gregory IX He worked on his commentary over his entire life and finished its final redaction just before his death His work circulated widely and became a touchstone for all later canonists Although the canonists continued to write commentaries on the libri legales during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries another literary genre emerged and became important consilia The jurists wrote consilia to advise litigants and judges in court cases We have consilia that date back to the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries but they become genre of great significance in the first half of the fourteenth century The purpose of the consilia was practical to advise litigants and judges on specific legal issues raised by a particular case Consilia quickly became a major source of canonical thinking and jurisprudence The fourteenth and fifteen centuries have been called the Age of Consilia The The typical canonist in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries wrote commentaries on the libri legales consilia and specialized tracts on various topics Their careers were seldom limited to the teaching and practice of law From the early thirteenth century many canonists were elevated to bishoprics Hostiensis was a bishop in several sees and later became a cardinal By the fifteenth century canonists taught practiced and held high ecclesiastical offices Johannes Andreae 1348 was the most prominent jurist of the midfourteenth century He taught at Bologna and also played a significant role in the secular affairs of the Bolognese city state He wrote an extraordinary large and varied body of writings commentaries on the libri legales consilia specialized tracts on marriage ecclesiastical elections benefices excommunication and other topics His influence on later canonists was pervasive In the fifteenth century Panormitanus Niccolò Tedeschi 13861445 was the most influential and important canonist He wrote a commentary on the Decretals of Gregory IX that was one of the most frequently printed texts by a medieval jurist in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries After teaching in Siena Bologna and Florence he participated in the Council of Basel as a representative of the pope Later Pope Eugenius IV appointed him the archbishop of Palermo He represented the Sicilian kings interests at the Council of Basel where he supported the councils prerogatives when they were threatened by papal authority By the seventeenth century the importance of canon law and the Ius commune had waned The Protestant Reformation tore the fabric of Christian unity asunder and most Protestant churches rejected the authority of canon law It was tainted with papal prerogatives One of the last great canonists was Emanuel Gonzalez Tellez 1649 He taught canon law at Salamanca Spain His major work was a long detailed commentary on the Decretals of Gregory IX Tellez commentary on the Decretals was one of the last largescale canonistic commentaries to enjoy European wide distribution Tellez lived in the last century that canon law and the Ius commune would dominate European law and legal education The age of national legal systems was dawning Late Medieval Greek Canon Law In the last two centuries of Byzantine canon law we do not have a continuation of the quality of jurisprudence that took place in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Nothing in Byzantine canon law can match the sophistication of the Latin jurists of the late medieval and early modern period The most important canonist of the late medieval Byzantium was Matthew Blastares ca 1280ca 1350 He compiled the Syntagma kata stoicheion or Alphabetical Syntagma He lived for most his life in the monastery of Kyr Isaac in Thessalonike His most important work the Syntagma is an alphabetically arranged encyclopedia of ecclesiastical law He produced the it ca1335 and incorporated the Nomokanon of Fourteen Titles and the commentary of Theodore Balsamon as well as other earlier canonists into his work For secular law which still played an important role in Byzantine canon law he used the Basilika and other collections of civil law The Syntagma circulated widely in Byzantium the Slavic countries and Romania It was translated into Serbian Bulgarian and Russian and became one of the fundamental sources of canon law in those regions Some late medieval Byzantine ecclesiastical court records have been preserved and these records give us some indication about the level of jurisprudence Two thirteenthcentury Byzantine judges John Apokaukos and Demetrios Chomatianos or Chomatenos have left records of the cases that they decided We also have some decisions from the patriarchal court in Constantinople These records contain information about cases dating from 1315 to 1402 Through these sources we have some evidence that canon law in the Byzantine Empire operated on a high level and that the jurists who heard cases had extensive libraries Although the work of Matthew Blastares and the court records represent a significant amount of material it pales in comparison to the sources that we have for Western canon law Consequently meaningful comparisons of Latin and Greek law in the last days of the Byzantine empire are difficult if not impossible to make Canon Law in the Protestant Churches Martin Luther and the other Protestant reformers rejected the body of canon law that had been established by the Latin Church Luther burned books of canon law as early as 1520 He saw the canonical libri legales symbols of papal power Most other continental reformers also rejected the authority of canonical jurisprudence England was the exception King Henry VIII proclaimed that he not the pope was the source of all canon law henceforward Further the validity of the Corpus iuris canonici did not rest upon papal authority but on its acceptance by the English people over many centuries Consequently the Anglican Church preserved the entire body of medieval canon law and converted it into a national legal system A consequence of this change was that episcopal authority within the Church of England was greatly diminished English bishops after 1534 could not exercise any legislative authority within the church Canon law in England began to resemble the law of the Greek Orthodox tradition The king and parliament became the sole source of canon law Sir Edward Coke summed up the relationship of Although the continental reformed churches rejected the Corpus iuris canonici they needed rules to guide their new churches In Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 each prince of the German states was considered a summus episcopus His authority was similar to the diocesan bishop Lay authorities promulgated necessary rules in a wide range of ecclesiastical matters Later private jurists brought order to this pastiche of norms in much the same way that Gratian brought harmony to medieval canon law In Germany for example Benedikt Carpzov published a complete statement of Lutheran law in De iurisprudentia ecclesiastica seu consistorialis 1645 A little later another distinguished jurist Justus Henning Böhmer wrote Ius ecclesiasticum Protestantium usum modernum iuris canonici juxta seriem decretalium ostendens 17141717 Both these jurists knew the texts sources and jurisprudence of medieval canon law very well and silently incorporated much of this earlier jurisprudence into their work Other Protestant churches established ecclesiastical law in various ways In Scandinavia the kings became the ultimate source of ecclesiastical norms but private jurists were also important for organizing law In Sweden for example the first Archbishop of Upsala Laurentius Petri wrote a book on Kyrkoordning Church Order in 1571 that laid down the norms of church government and detailed the relationship of the church to the Swedish king The Synod of Uppsala accepted his book in 1572 Later the king of Sweden confirmed Petris Kyrkoordning The Swiss reformed church under Huldrych Zwingli Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin established ecclesiastical regulations that were influential in other Protestant countries Zwingli encouraged the city council of Zurich to create an Order of the Matrimonial Tribunal in 1525 The court judged all matrimonial matters and later all cases of morality In 1532 Bullinger issued a set of regulations that governed preachers and synods John Calvin had written a tract on ecclesiastical discipline entitled Articles concernant lorganisation de lÉglise and convinced the city council of Geneva to adopt it in 1537 Although these norms were never accepted in Geneva Calvin did successfully establish his Ordannances ecclésiastiques in 1541 These Swiss statements of ecclesiastical law were models for Protestant law in France and the Low Countries Influence of Canon Law on Western Jurisprudence In the later Middle Ages canon law remained an independent legal system in Latin Christendom Canonists were in great demand Church courts could not function without them Even secular rulers used canonists in their courts Consequently canon law was part of the curriculum in every European law school The canonists did not however just study canon law They also studied ancient Roman law in the form in which it was rediscovered in Bologna during the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries The medieval jurists adaptation of Justinians Corpus iuris civilis became an essential part of canonical jurisprudence The jurisprudence created by the canonists and civilians professors of Roman law who commented on the standard canonical and Roman legal texts libri legales was called the Ius commune It became the universal law of Europe from the early twelfth to the seventeenth century During the reign of the Ius commune teachers in the law schools throughout Europe not only used the same libri legales in their classrooms they also used the same language of instruction Latin This lingua franca guaranteed that the focus of the law was universal and not particular The institutional structure of the law schools had profound effects on law Unlike today the schools and the jurists who taught in them were not isolated geographically linguistically and jurisdictionally from each other Although the law schools in Southern Europe were much more important and played a much larger role than the Northern schools during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the libri legales created a homogeneous curriculum that formed the foundation of every jurists training The jurists of the North read and taught the jurists of the South The jurists of the South especially those from the Iberian peninsula Southern and Central France and Italy produced an astounding amount of literature in several different genres The result of this work was the development of a common European jurisprudence that emerged during the thirteenth century This jurisprudence transcended local law the Ius proprium From the late twelfth century on the jurists of the Ius commune developed a jurisprudence in which they attempted to isolate norms that had general application Brian Tierney has recently demonstrated that these jurists explored rights of individuals systematically and developed a new language in which rights of human beings were discussed from many different perspectives In their commentaries and their teaching they created jurisprudential norms that protected those rights As these jurisprudential norms were received in the classrooms courts and commentaries they became more than legal maxims or legal rules they became statements of equity and justice that ruled the world of thought and the world of the courts The origin of the right to due process of law is a splendid example At the beginning of the thirteenth century a defendant did not have the absolute right of due process A judge or the prince could condemn a person without a trial During the thirteenth century the jurists began to explore and debate the rights of defendants By the end of the century they had reached a consensus that a defendants right to a trial was grounded in natural law and consequently was inviolable The most sophisticated and complete summing up of juristic thinking about the rights of Rem non novam he commented extensively on defendants rights He began by asking the question could the pope on the basis of this decretal proceed against a person if he had not cited him Johannes concluded that the pope was only above positive law not natural law Since a summons had been established by natural law the pope could not omit it He argued that no judge even the pope could come to a just decision unless the defendant was present in court When a crime is notorious the judge may proceed in a summary fashion in some parts of the process but After Johannes other canonists played with the idea of defendants rights They coined a proverb that God must even give the devil his day in court Johannes commentary on Rem non novam eventually became the Ordinary Gloss of a late medieval collection of canon law known as the Extravagantes communes This collection and its gloss circulated in hundreds of manuscripts and scores of printed editions until the seventeenth century Since his gloss was read by the jurists of the Ius commune until the eighteenth century it was a primary vehicle for transmitting the principle of due process to later generations of jurists In the jurisprudence of the Ius commune the maxim Innocent until proven guilty summarized a bundle of rights that every human being should have no matter what the persons status religion or citizenship The maxim protected defendants from being coerced to give testimony and to incriminate themselves It granted them the absolute right to be summoned to have their case heard in an open court to have legal counsel to have their sentence pronounced publicly and to present evidence in their defense The right to bear arms is another illustration of the canonists creative jurisprudence At the end of the eleventh century the church had moved broadly to forbid clerics from carrying arms A canon from the Council of Poitiers in 1079 banning clergy from bearing arms became part of the normative law of the church by the late twelfth century But from the beginning the absolute interdiction of clerical arms was tempered by the canonists notions of rights They immediately interpreted the canon as excepting a clerics right to selfdefense Between the thirteenth and the seventeenth centuries the jurists distinguished between The canonists crafted sophisticated theories of government in the high Middle Ages They created a juridical structure for the Church that regulated the relationships between the pope and bishops bishops and cathedral chapters and abbots and their monks In order to describe the structure of the church the canonists established rules governing corporations universitates They discussed the relationship of the head of the corporate body to its members laid down rules for the election of the pope bishops and abbots Perhaps one of the most lasting contributions of the canonists to constitutional thought was their doctrine of consent They argued Bibliography Older Histories of Canon Law and Reference Works Dictionnaire de droit canonique 7 Vols Paris 19241965 Fournier Paul and Le Bras Gabriel Histoire des collections canoniques en Occident depuis les fausses décrétales jusquau Décret de Gratien 2 vols Bibliothèque de lhistoire du droit 45 Paris 19311932 reprinted Aalen 1972 García y García Antonio Historia del derecho canonico 1 El primer Milenio Salamanca 1967 Maassen Frederick Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts im Abendland 1 Die Rechtssammlungen bis zur Mitte des 9 Jahrhunderts Graz 1870 reprinted Graz 1965 Schulte Johann Friedrich von Die Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts von Gratian bis auf die Gegenwart 3 Vols Stuttgart 18751880 reprinted Graz 1956 and Union NJ 2000 Stickler AM Historia iuris canonici latini 1 Historia fontium Torino 1950 Van Hove A Prolegomena 2 nd Ed Commentarium Lovaniense in Codicem iuris canonici MalinesRoma 1945 Recent General Histories of Canon Law Brundage James A Medieval Canon Law The Medieval World LondonNew York Longman 1995 A survey of medieval canon law that focuses on the period from 11001400 Cortese Ennio Il diritto nella storia medievale 1 LAlto medioevo 2 Il basso medioevo 2 Volumes Roma 1995 Although this book is a history of law rather than of canon law it contains much information about the origins of canon law and its development It is also provided with extraordinarily rich bibliographies Erdö Péter Storia della scienza del diritto canonico Una introduzione Roma Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana 2000 A broad and useful survey of canon law from the early church to the present Ferme Brian Edwin Introduzione alla storia del diritto canonico 1 Il diritto antico fino al decretum di Graziano Quaderni di Apollinaris1 Mursia Pontificia Università Lateranense 1998 An excellent uptodate history of canon law to Gratian Very good bibliography Gallagher Clarence Church Law and Church Order in Rome and Byzantium A Comparative Study Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs 8 Aldershot Ashgate 2002 A very good analysis of Western and Eastern Canon law in the Middle Ages Gaudemet Jean Sources du droit de léglise en occident du IIe au VIIe siècle Paris 1985 Gaudemet Jean Sources du droit de léglise en occident du VIIIe au XXe siècle Repères canoniques sources occidentales Paris 1993 Gaudemet Jean and Le Bras Gabriel Histoire du droit et des institutions de lEglise en Occident Vol 1 Gabriel Le Bras Prolégomènes Paris 1955 Vol 2 Jean Dauvillier Les Temps apostoliques 1er siècle Paris1970 Vol 3 Jean Gaudemet LÉglise dans lEmpire romain IVeVe siècles Paris 1958 Vol 5 Jean Imbert Les temps carolingiens 741891 Léglise les institutions 2 Volumes Paris 19941996 Vol 7 Gabriel Le Bras Charles Lefebvre Jacqueline Rambaud Lâge classique 11401378 Sources et théorie du droit Paris c1965 Vol 82 Jean Gaudemet Le Gouvernement de lÉglise à lépoque classique Le gouvernement local Paris 1979 Vol 10 Jean Hourlier Lâge classique 11401378 Les religieux Paris 1974 Vol 16 René Epp Charles Lefebvre and René Metz Le droit et les institutions de lEglise catholique latine de la fin du XVIIIe siècle à 1978 Sources communauté chrétienne et hiérarchie Paris 1981 Vol 18 JeanMarie Aubert et al Le Droit et les institutions de lEglise catholique latine de la fin du XVIIIe siècle à 1978 Eglise et sociétés Paris 1984 Hartmann and Pennington The History of Canon Law in the Classical Period 11401234 From Gratian to the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX edited by Wilfried Hartmann and Kenneth Pennington History of Medieval Canon Law Washington DC The Catholic University of America Press 2008 The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500 History of Medieval Canon Law Washington DC The Catholic University Press of America 2012 Kéry Lotte Canonical Collections of the Early Middle Ages ca 4001140 A Bibliographical Guide to the Manuscripts and Literature History of Medieval Canon Law Washington DC 1999 A comprehensive survey of all the canonical collections to Gratian Detailed bibliographies and complete listings of manuscripts for each collection Larrainzar Carlos Introduccion al derecho canonico 2nd Edition Instituto de Derecho Europeo Clasico Serie B Monografías Santa Cruz de Tenerife Idecsa 1991 Reynolds Roger Law Canon To Gratian Dictionary of the Middle Ages New York 1986 7 395413 Reynolds Roger The Organisation Law and Liturgy of the Western Church 700900 The New Cambridge Medieval History Cambridge 1991 2587621 Van de Wiel Constant History of Canon Law Louvain Theological and Pastoral Monographs 5 Louvain Peeters Press 1991 Selected Specialized Studies Aimone PV Le falsificazioni simmachiane Apollinaris 68 1995 205220 Bellomo Manlio LEuropa del diritto comune Roma Il Cigno Galileo Galilei 1989 A book that discusses the importance of the Ius commune for medieval and early modern legal thought Essential for understanding the context of canon law in the legal culture of the period Bellomo Manlio Medioevo edito e inedito 1 Scholae Universitates Studia 2 Scienza del diritto e società medievale 3 Profili di giuristi 3 Volumes Roma Il Cigno Galileo Galilei 19971998 A rich collection of essays that is very important for the history of the law schools the work of the jurists and the importance of law in society Bischof Burchard von Worms 10001025 Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte Mainz 2000 Brasington Bruce C Zur Rezeption des Prologs Ivos von Chartres in Süddeutschland Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 47 1991 167174 Chodorow Stanley Dishonest litigation in the church courts 114098 Law Church and Society Essays in Honor of Stephan Kuttner edd K Pennington and R Somerville Philadelphia 1977 18991 Cushing Kathleen G Papacy and Law in the Gregorian Revolution The Canonistic work of Anselm of Lucca Oxford 1998 Fögen MT Ein hei b es Eisen Rechtshistorische Journal 2 1983 8596 Fögen MTEin ganz gewöhnlicher Mord Rechtshistorische Journal 3 1984 7181 Gauthier OP Albert Roman Law and its Contribution to the Development of Canon Law Ottawa 1996 A synthesis of the penetration of Roman concepts and texts into canon law from the early medieval period to the present Gilchrist John The Reception of Pope Gregory VII into the Canon Law 10731141 and The Reception of Pope Gregory VII into the Canon Law 10731141 Part II Zeitschrift der SavignyStiftung für Rechtsgeschichte Kan Abt 59 1973 3582 and 66 1980 192229 Discusses the reception of eleventhcentury papal decretals into the collections of canon law Gilchrist John translator The Collection in Seventyfour Titles A Canon Law Manual of the Gregorian Reform Toronto1980 Gratian The Treatise on Laws Decretum DD 120 with the Ordinary Gloss Translated by Augustine Thompson and James Gordley with an Introduction by Katherine Christensen Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Canon Law 2 Washington DC 1993 Jasper Detlev and Fuhrmann Horst Papal Letters in the Early Middle Ages History of Medieval Canon Law Washington DC 2001 Helmholz Richard H Roman Canon Law in Reformation England Cambridge 1990 Illustrates the influence of medieval canonical jurisprudence in England after 1534 Helmholz Richard H ed Canon Law in Protestant Lands Berlin 1992 Honecker Martin Kirchenrecht II Evangelische Kirchen Theologische Realenzyklopädie 18 BerlinNewYork 1989 724749 A very useful survey of canon law in postReformation Europe Humfress Caroline A New Legal Cosmos Late Roman Lawyers and the Early Medieval Church In P Linehan and J Nelson eds The Medieval World London Routledge 2001 557573 Humfress Caroline Advocates Defensor Ecclesiae Heretics Laws on Law Courts and Law Schools In GW Bowersock P Brown and O Grabar eds Late Antiquity A Guide to the Postclassical World Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1999 277278 405406 490491 540541 Landau Peter Gefälschtes Recht in den Rechtssammlungen bis Gratian Fälschungen im Mittelalter Internationaler Kongreß der Monumenta Germaniae Historica München 1619 September 1986 Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae Historica 3316 Hannover Hahnsche Buchhandlung 1988 21149 Melloni Alberto Innocenzo IV La concezione e lesperienza della cristianità come regimen unius personae Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose 4 Genoa 1990 A fundamental study for understanding the importance of Pope Innocent IV Mordek Hubert Kirchenrecht und Reform im Frankenreich Die Collectio Vetus Vallica die älteste systematische Kanonessammlung des fränkischen Gallien Studien und Edition Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellen des Mittelalters 1 BerlinNew York 1975 A very important study of the most important early Gallican canonical collection whose introduction provides much information about early canon law Mortimer RC Western Canon Law London 1953 An introduction to the tradition of canon law in the Anglican Church Müller Wolfgang Peter Huguccio The Life Works and Thought of a TwelfthCentury Jurist Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Canon Law 3 Washington DC 1994 Discusses the life and works of the most important canonist of the late twelfth century Padoa Schioppa Antonio I limiti allappello nelle decretali di Alessandro III Proceedings San Diego Vatican City 1992 387406 Pennington Kenneth Pope and Bishops The Papal Monarchy in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1984 Illustrates the importance of canon law for the development of papal monarchy in the high Middle Ages Pennington Kenneth Popes Canonists and Texts 11501550 Collected Studies Series CS 412 Aldershot Variorum 1993 Essays on Hostiensis Johannes Andreae and Baldus de Ubaldis Pennington Kenneth The Prince and the Law Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition BerkeleyLos AngelesLondon 1993 Demonstrates that the canonists created a doctrine of due process of law in the late Middle Ages Pennington Kenneth Nicolaus de Tudeschis Panormitanus Niccolò Tedeschi Abbas Panormitanus e i suoi Commentaria in Decretales Ed Orazio Condorelli I libri di Erice 25 Roma Il Cigno Galileo Galilei 2000 936 Life and works of the most important canonist of the fifteenth century Pennington Kenneth The Growth of Church Law The Cambridge History of Christianity 2 Constantine to c 600 ed Frederick Norris and Augustine Casiday Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2007 386402 Somerville Robert and Brasington Bruce C Prefaces to Canon Law Books in Latin Christianity Selected Translations 5001245 New HavenLondon Yale University Press 1998 Sprandel R Ivo of Chartres und seine Stellung in der Kirchengeschichte Pariser Historische Studien 1 Stuttgart 1962 | [
"Canon Law",
"Apostolic Times to 1917"
] |
http://legalismdaoismconfucianism2014.weebly.com/ | Introduction to the Three Leading Philosophies Each philosophy of the three Chinese philosophies had a single founder who ’ s idea blossomed into a wide ranging religion . Ancient China was split into different regions , each with its own group that had their own beliefs . Confucianism was created by Confucius , a great philosopher . Daoism was founded by Laozi , a great writer . Legalism was followed and enforced by Shi - Huangdi , a great emperor of the Qin dynasty . Ancient China had the Yellow River , the Yangtze River , the Great Wall of China , and many other geographical features which made China have fertile land and protection from barriers . This caused people to settle in ancient China and create philosophies . Legalism symbol Many philosophies formed over the years of settlement , but one philosophy called Legalism focused on having strict legal control over all activities with rewards and punishments for all the classes and having an absolute monarchy . Confucianism symbol Another philosophy created and followed was Confucianism which focused on love for humanity , ancestor , and respecting their parents . It also believed that people should have harmony between their thoughts and actions . Daoism , also known as Taoism , symbol Soon a philosophy branching off of Confucianism formed called Daoism , and it focused on promoting a simple honest life and not tampering with the course of natural events . Studying the three Chinese philosophies helps people understand why ancient China is important to world history . | [
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http://legallandconverter.com/p37.html | National Topographic System NTS BC NTS to Latitude and Longitude Example C26F93K11 Series Number 93 Map Area K Map Sheet 11 Block F Unit 26 Quarter Unit C Latitude and Longitude to NTS GPS Location Latitude Longitude Example Latitude 5460625 Longitude 12532188 Latitude Longitude Degree Minute Second NS Degree Minute Second EW Example Latitude 54 36 22 N Longitude 125 19 18 W The NTS system is used to locate land anywhere in Canada in British Columbia BC to mark well and pipeline locations by Natural Resources Canada to provide topographic maps Becoming a Subscriber Purchase Credits Online Public Land Survey System US PLSS Batch Converter Military Grid Reference System National Topographic System NTS BC Universal Transverse Mercator Canada DLS ATS Canadian Batch Converter Canadian Batch Converter Help Fees Contact | [
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http://legallyblonde.wikia.com/wiki/Elle_Woods | in : Character Blondes Female characters Hero Elle Woods Elle Woods Elle Woods Gender Female Age 21 or 22 ( Legally Blonde ) Nationality United States Profession Lawyer Parents Mrs . Woods Mr . Woods Friends Vivan Kensington Emmett Richmond Bruiser Woods Paulette Bonafonté Brooke Taylor - Windham Margot Serena Love Interests Warner Huntington III ( ex - boyfriend ) Emmett Richmond ( husband ) First Appearance Legally Blonde Family Annie and Izzy Woods ( cousins twins ) Portrayed Reese Witherspoon , Laura Bell Bundy , and Sheridan Smith Elle " Ellie " Resse Woods is the main protagonist in the film Legally Blonde and its sequel Legally Blonde 2 : Red , White & Blonde , portrayed by Reese Witherspoon Contents show Personality Edit She is shown to be strongly affected by her emotions , such as when her undeserving ex - boyfriend , Warner Huntington III broke up with her and she attempted to win him back by attending his college , Harvard Law and when the lecherous Professor Callahan hired her as an intern only to make a sexual advance on her , leading her to believe that she was not a good lawyer after all until Emmett Richmond stopped her just in time from leaving . Elle is a girly , energetic , sweet , and thoughtful and persistent young woman . She loves the color pink along with her dog Bruiser . Although people do n ' t take her seriously and she can be quite ditzy at times , Elle has genius - level intellect and is cunning , aside from witty and open . Even so , she is very humble , recognizing her strength when needed but not making others feel inferior . She is very motherly to Bruiser , but also treats him like a little brother , confidant , and best friend , always being proud of him . Physical Appearance Edit Elle is an attractive young woman with long blonde hair ( often styled ) and clear blue eyes . She also possesses a curvaceous form and high cheekbones , further enhancing her beautiful but supposedly " revealing " appearance , applying to peoples ' strong opinion on her stereotype . She wears the color pink quite often , usually in the latest trends and fancy outfits . Some of these outfits are considered risque or revealing in Boston , but would be otherwise normal in California , where she is from . She carries her pet chihuahua , Bruiser , In her Capitol Barbie Outfit pink pillbox hat , pink dress and pink skirt , white long gloves , and purse . Trivia She attended UCLA for her Bachelor ' s degree in Fashion Merchandising . A perfect score on the LSAT exam is 180 therefore Elle ' s score of 179 puts her in the top 0.1 % . Elle wears 40 different hairstyles throughout the film . We see Elle Woods brushing her hair behind the opening credits . This is not Reese Witherspoon , as she was in England finishing The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) . Charlize Theron , Gwyneth Paltrow , Alicia Silverstone , Katherine Heigl , Christina Applegate , Milla Jovovich , and Jennifer Love Hewitt were all considered for Elle Woods . In the novel , Elle is a member of Delta Gamma , an international sorority which is part of the Panhellenic Conference . It was changed to Delta Nu to avoid problems with the real organization . Tori Spelling was considered for the role of Elle Woods . As mentioned in the musical , Elle is a gemini with a double capricorn moon . Gallery Categories Character Blondes Female characters Hero Add category | [
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http://legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.com/law-products/westlaw-legal-research/ | Legal Technology , Products and Services Products Westlaw Legal Research Thomson Reuters Westlaw The world ' s most preferred online legal research service Free trial Westlaw Westlaw Edge Features Plans and pricing Success stories Our experience . Your expertise . When being wrong is simply not an option , superior results matter . With Westlaw , you ’ ll find the reliable legal information you need quickly and confidently . Know your research is complete with access to the most comprehensive collection of legal information Rely on the most current version of the law with proprietary editorial enhancements Leverage AI - powered legal tools to research more efficiently and with greater confidence in your results Useful links Already using Westlaw ? Sign in Support and training Questions ? Call 1 - 800 - WESTLAW Award winning service and legal technology For the 7th straight year , Westlaw has been voted best online legal research service by readers of the National Law Journal leading the industry in legal research and innovation . See success stories Best online legal research service New York Law Journal 2018 Westlaw is preferred 2 : 1 over Lexis Advance 2018 ABA Legal Technology Survey See how Westlaw works Experienced attorney - editors get to work the moment a court opinion is issued or a law is passed to help ensure you do n ' t miss anything . 01 : 29 Why Westlaw ? Authoritative content Access the most comprehensive collection of legal information , backed by a rigorous editorial process . Editorial enhancements Headnotes , Notes of Decisions , and the Key Number System guide you to your answers quickly . Technological innovation Advanced legal technology helps you get the right information quickly . Dedicated attorney - editors Our bar - admitted attorney - editors track legal changes every day , so you can trust the law you get is accurate and up to date . Bar - admitted reference attorneys Access on - demand legal research support to help you whenever you need it . KeyCite citation service Make sure you ’ re citing good law with the industry ’ s most accurate , up - to - the - minute citation service . Hear from Westlaw customers 01 : 46 Quinn Murphy of Sandberg Phoenix & Von Gontard explains why Westlaw helps him win cases and establishes credibility in front of clients , courts , and judges . Ready to try Take the next step with a Westlaw free trial Free trial | [
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http://legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.com/law-products/westlaw-legal-research/small-law-firms | Legal Technology , Products and Services Products Westlaw Legal Research Westlaw for Small Law Firms Legal research Westlaw plans and pricing for solo and small firms Get the plan that ' s right for you and conduct lightning - fast legal research with rock - solid results . Find the perfect Westlaw plan for you . Free trial Westlaw Westlaw Westlaw Edge Features Plans and pricing Success stories Westlaw plans for solo and small law firms Explore legal research plans for solo and small law firms , customized to your needs . Buy a plan online today or talk to a sales representative to customize your plan . • Know your legal research is complete with access to the most comprehensive collection of legal information • Rely on the most current version of the law with proprietary editorial enhancements • Broaden your team with bar - admitted reference attorneys , the industry ' s premier legal research support professionals Explore Westlaw plans We offer a variety of plans to ensure you have the exact content you need to complete your legal research . Contact a Westlaw sales representative today to learn about specific plans and pricing options . Essentials Premium content Westlaw Edge with Premium Content Cases Case law for all 50 states and the District of Columbia , federal district and appellate courts . Bankruptcy , Tax , and Military courts are also covered . Case summaries address a point of law , including the relevant facts bearing on that point of law . The West Key Number System ® allows you to immediately find cases on your precise issue , in any jurisdiction . Coverage is based on the jurisdictions in your subscription . Your state Your circuit , your state Your circuit , your state Annotated statutes Full text of USC with annotations and state statutes with selected state annotations . Court rules coverage for all federal courts plus state and local court rules . Coverage is based on the jurisdictions in your subscription . Your state Regulations Full text of Federal Rules & Regulations , Proposed Rules , Executive Orders and Presidential Documents , released for publication in the Federal Register by administrative agencies of the United States . State coverage includes full text of proposed and recently adopted rules and regulations . Coverage is based on the jurisdictions in your subscription . Administrative Decisions and Guidance State , federal and agency administrative decisions as well as select federal agency staff letters and opinions . Coverage is based on the jurisdictions in your subscription . State Practice Guides and Series Authoritative , analytical law series covering many topics . Coverage is based on the jurisdictions in your subscription . State Forms Text forms , fillable PDF forms , clauses and checklists from numerous form sets , including legal and business , transactional , litigation and pleading and practice forms . Coverage is based on the jurisdictions in your subscription . Litigation Content Quickly draft or benchmark agreements , deals , filings , and more using precedents that feature expert guidance and can be downloaded and saved in Microsoft ® Word for easy editing . Litigation Analytics KeyCite Overruling Risk WestSearch Plus Statutes Compare Ready to take the next step ? Free trial Solo attorneys only Try Westlaw Edge Gain the edge Reduce research time and respond to clients even faster with artificial intelligence powered by more than 100 years of experience . Westlaw Edge elevates your legal research experience so you can work , think , and deliver even faster . Read more With Westlaw , we ' re assured that we ' re not missing key information or research . Ben Skjold Partner , Foley & Mansfield It helps me address my clients ' issues anytime , anywhere . Tim Johnson Attorney , Houston , Texas Best solo / small firm research vendor Year after year , Thomson Reuters Westlaw continues to be the most used online legal research service . Our continued investment provides you with the most advanced legal technology , built around the way you work . Ready to try Take the next step with a Westlaw free trial | [
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http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2013/12/dc-superior-court-senior-judges-challenge-salaries.html | The BLT : The Blog of Legal Times « Justice Dept . Sued Over Access to Non - Prosecution Agreement | Main | The Morning Wrap » December 02 , 2013 D.C. Superior Court Senior Judges Challenge Salaries Three senior judges in the District of Columbia Superior Court are suing the federal government over their retirement salaries , claiming their pay is too low . In a complaint filed today in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia , Superior Court senior judges Stephanie Duncan - Peters , Brook Hedge and Judith Retchin said the Secretary of the Treasury wrongly calculated their retirement salaries in light of recent court rulings approving raises for some federal judges . Under the D.C. Code , Superior Court judges are paid the same salary as U.S. district judges ; the local court system is funded by the federal government . Since 2008 , associate judges in Superior Court earned an annual salary of $ 174,000 , the same as U.S. district judges , according to data compiled by the National Center for State Courts In recent years , federal judges have challenged Congress ' decision to deny them cost - of - living raises . In 2012 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit found in Beer v . United States that Congress was wrong to deny the salary increases . A judge determined that the U.S. district judges who sued should be earning an annual salary of $ 197,100 , not $ 174,000 . In a separate case , Cornish v . United States , the U.S. Court of Federal Claims found this year that the Federal Circuit ' s ruling in Beer applied to judges — U.S. bankruptcy judges , in that case — whose pay was tied to salaries earned by judges appointed appointed under Article III of the U.S. Constitution , a group that included U.S. district judges . The government is appealing that ruling . The Superior Court judges ' retirement salaries are calculated based on a judge ' s pay when he or she retired , according to the complaint . Duncan - Peters , Hedge and Retchin argue the two court rulings in Beer and Cornish apply to them as well and that , as a result , their retirement pay was miscalculated . The complaint filed today did n ' t specify the salary the Superior Court judges earned after taking senior status or the amount they were seeking . The judges ' lawyer , local solo practitioner John McAvoy , declined to discuss salary details in a phone interview this afternoon . According to the complaint , the judges already have an administrative claim pending with the Secretary of the Treasury , which administers the D.C. Judicial Retirement and Survivors Annuity Fund . They said they filed the complaint now to avoid running up against the deadline for filing a lawsuit . Duncan - Peters , Hedge and Retchin could not immediately be reached today for comment . Duncan - Peters took senior status in 2011 and Hedge and Retchin became senior judges in 2010 . A Treasury spokesman declined to comment . Posted by Zoe Tillman on December 02 , 2013 at 04 : 53 PM in Current Affairs D.C. Courts and Government Other Courts Points of View Politics and Government Salaries | Permalink Digg This | Save to del . icio . us Comments The comments to this entry are closed . | [
"D.C. Superior Court",
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http://legend-quest.wikia.com/wiki/Alebrije | in : Stubs A to Z Characters and 8 more Alebrije Edit Comments ( 2 ) Share And the dead have much to say ! This article is a stub ! That means it ' s short and could use some serious improvement . Feel more than free to add to this article and help out the wiki . Character Gallery Kaiju Legend Quest La Nahuala First Film Last Film La Leyenda de la Nahuala La Leyenda del Chupacabras First Episode Last Episode The Prophecy The Serpent and the Egg General Information Status Alive Alignment Good Affiliation Brotherhood Epithets " The Parrot " Biographical Information Hometown Puebla Eye color Black Alebrije is an abstract magical creature , Alebrije is a Dragon & a core member of Team Legend . The creature belongs to the species , which effectively serves as his namesake ; his real name , as yet unknown , is supposedly difficult for humans to pronounce . Alebrije may appear monstrous , but is actually quite gentle and kind , albeit naive & air - headed . Contents show History Edit Appearance Alebrije ' s appearance changes depending on who sees him . To his friends , Alebrije appears as a vaguely horse - like entity with a long , almost reptilian neck and a similarly long , similarly reptilian appearing tail . Although the artstyle of Legend Quest depicts them as pointy ears of Blue , Alebrije also has mantis - like antennae . Alebrije also has red hair sported during the original movies . His legs are modeled after the webbed legs of Frogs and as such have a distinct shade of green . In Legend Quest , Alebrije yes longer has four legs & is now a being with muscular , green , semi - humanoid hands and reptilian legs . Alebrije ' s head Orange Mouth & Nose is rather Small & much of it is dominated by his two eyes , although in Legend Quest , his eyes are rather normal looking . Lastly , Alebrije has little , but ineffectual ladybug - like wings . Most notably about his appearance is his color scheme . Alebrije skin is a ringed pattern of pinks & blues / purples . This color scheme carries over into whatever anyone perceives Alebrije as , whether it be a supernatural creature or a common kitten . This becomes a running gag throughout the series , with various townsfolk remarking that Alebrije is an odd looking animal , with Alebrije has a tail himself sometimes getting upset that they do n ' t see him as a noble Magical creature . Personality and traits A kind and gentle soul , Alebrije is cheerful , upbeat , playful , friendly & caring . Good - natured and jovial , Abelrije is almost never upset , even in dire situations he retains a level of optimism and happiness unseen by his fellow members of Team Legend . Even though he can come off as dimwitted or even stupid , Alebrije occasionally dispatches sage - like wisdom and has been shown to truly understand his friends on a deeper , emotional level that the more technically inclined , logical minded Leo could not . Alebrije has a Good habit of assuming his fellow friends have the same abilities of him , such as being able to smell portals and such . Although his more carefree and easy going spirit often clashed with Leo ' s more head strong and sometimes reckless spirit , Alebrije never once showed ill will towards his friend , and only showed him kindness and good will , showing that Alebrije does n ' t like to hold grudges . Alebrije ' s personality in the La Leyenda series was radically different and completely opposite in many areas . While still a kindhearted soul , Alebrije was actually quite intelligent and studious , having read every book in the Manors library prior to meeting Leo . Cool , calm and collected , Alebrije was someone of the straight man of his circle of friends . Always calling out Xochitl Teodora & Don Andrés of Ghosts for their antics and playfully teasing the both of them . The most mature and level headed member of the team , Alebrije supplied the role of a caring older boy to much of his friends . He was quite protective over Finado & Moribunda & went out of his way to make sure the twins were safe and protected , but at the same time instilled them with vulgar advice , such as telling them to spot a Friend peeing while they were flying over Xochimilco . At the same time , he was quite caring over Teodora , despite his constant teasing of her . A trait he shares with his incarnation is his ability to see person for ho they really are underneath whatever rough exterior they may have , such as when he convinced Teodora that she was a good person . Alebrije has been shown to have a theatrical and slightly eccentric side . He energetically ran his own " quiz show " when forcing Leonardo to go through his trials . Despite this , Alebrije is more often then not a more quiet and laid back individual . Relationships To be written Alternate forms Main article : Kaiju ( Monster ) Alebrije ' s appearance changes depending on who views him . It ' s been implied multiple times that the form others view him as depends on their personality , but the specifics have n ' t been confirmed . Equipment and items To be written Appearances Movies La Leyenda de la Nahuala La Leyenda de la Llorona La Leyenda de las Momias La Leyenda del Chupacabras The Prophecy Jersey Devil The Mart Ghost of Medusa Vodnik Fenrir Tooth Fairy ( Mention ) Kaiju Nu Gui Mister Madera The Chilan Golem The Serpent and the Egg Trivia " Alebrije " is the name for numerous abstract creatures sculpted by the Oaxacan artist Pedro Linares , distinguishable by their bright and varied coloration and abstract anatomies This is most likely the inspiration for the Alebrije of Team Legend . His name is unable to be pronounced by the team and his real name has never been confirmed either . Though Alebrije has mentioned that holding your tongue makes it easier to pronounce it somehow . He has " tummy problems , " that involve him throwing up , mentioned randomly in A running gag is that Alebrije gets irritated if he is not seen as something " noble . " Citations ↑ Colorful , glutton , the chalupas left you for not stopping talking . He is : the Parrot ! ( El Charro Negro promotional , based in the mexican card game " Lotería " ) https : / / leyendadelcharronegro . com / # sec3 ↑ He ' s an ' Alebrije ' . We call him ' Alebrije ' because his real name is too hard to pronounce . — Leo San Juan Site navigation The many characters of La Leyenda Team Legend | Don Andrés | Evaristo Finado and Moribunda Leo San Juan Marcella Teodora Villavicencio Allies Adorables Auxilia Cohort 13 General Galeana Captain Mandujano Friar Godofredo Juanita Kika Mayor of Pompeii Nando San Juan Phineas Blackpulp Prince Akihito Rosa Thomas Decatur Valentina Vizier Xóchitl Puebla Aztec Men Blind Man Brother Sinfonolo Brown Haired Boy Brown Haired Girl Bullies Dark Brown Haired Boy Dionisia Dionisia ' s Brother Dusty Brown Haired Kid Mrs . Machorro Old Church Woman Peter | Short Brown Haired Boy Toñita San Juan Xochimilco Aztec Kid Aztec Kid ' s Mother Beto Families of Xochimilco La Llorona ' s Kidnapped Children Ollin Tonatiuh Yoltzin Human Antagonist & Evil Witches Baba Yaga Doctor Merolick General Torreblanca Nu Gui Santos Machorro Monsters Bactus Bactus Queen Basan Chupacabra Golem Horroroso Ittan Momen Jersey Devil Llarona Mister Madera Momias Nahuala Nicht Mart Puppets Terracotta Soldiers Tiro and Pujo Vodnik Historical / Mentioned Characters Aztec Priest Black Beard The Brothers Grimm Justin Bieber King Akihito | Mother Leeds ' s Children Mr . San Juan Mrs . San Juan Perseus Qin Shi Huang Queen Akihito Saint Fabiola Saint John Saint lsidore Stephen Decatur Vikings Animals Chichi Cocol Cuco Gaznate Horse Ghost Monkey Ghost Sheep Categories Stubs A to Z Characters Main Characters Males Supernatural Beings Good Characters Living Characters La Leyenda del Chupacabras Characters A Add category | [
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http://legendofdragoon.wikia.com/wiki/Dragoon_spirit | in : Dragoons Game mechanics Legends Unique items Dragoon Spirit Edit Share For more information about Dragoon history , powers and stats , see Dragoon Kongol inherits the Golden Dragoon Spirit from his brother Indora A Dragoon Spirit ( ドラグーンスピリット , Doragūn Supiritto ) is the essence of a Dragon that emanates its power from a crystallized colored stone . It allows a being of its choice to become a Dragoon . There are only eight Dragoon Spirits in existence – specifically , seven original spirits and one new spirit . Usually when its previous owner dies , although there is one other known circumstance , the stone glows brightly and rises into the air toward its new owner , then gently levitates downward to them . When the Dragoon Spirit does this , it is said to be choosing , or recognizing a prospective host . Contents show Mysterious Nature Edit Saddened by Lenus ' death , Meru is filled with pride as she is recognized as a new host by the Blue - Sea Dragoon Spirit For all we know about powers , the Spirits themselves remain an enigma that is more likely to draw out articles of faith and inventions of magical storytelling than factual reporting . So much the better for the story and for the player ' s involvement with their mystery . But first , what we know : Rose explains that war is not part of Human nature . Humans fight by making themselves enter insanity , and that " Battle Rage " is the source of power for the Dragoons . Thus transformation into Dragoon form outside of battle is extremely difficult . Measured with a Spirit Gauge , when enough Spirit Points have been accumulated , a Dragoon Transformation is possible . Dragoon Spirits merge with the host to create a fusion of Dragon and Human , with their strength and power webbed wings and resilient , heavy armor . They are subtle , too , having a different appearance with different people . For example , the Jade Dragoon Spirit , which chose ( or was claimed by ) the most Humans , each with a different appearance . The Red - Eyed Dragoon Spirit recognized Zieg and Dart The Jade Dragoon Spirit recognized Syuveil Greham Lavitz , and Albert The White - Silver Dragoon Spirit recognized Shirley Shana and Miranda The Dark Dragoon Spirit recognized Rose The Violet Dragoon Spirit recognized Kanzas Emperor Doel , and Haschel The Blue - Sea Dragoon Spirit recognized Damia Lenus , and Meru The Golden Dragoon Spirit recognized Belzac Kongol and presumably Indora The Divine Dragoon Spirit recognized Dart " As I expected , it does n ' t sparkle in my hands " Lloyd holds the Divine Dragoon Spirit Lloyd was not recognized by the Divine Dragoon Spirit . Although Lloyd obtained from the Divine Dragon the Divine Spirit Stone , it did not react to him , as he had expected , and himself said at the time . Strangely , despite the fact that the Wingly race was enemy to the dragoons ' cause during the Dragon Campaign , Winglies were chosen to be Dragoons . This would suggest the Dragoon Spirits hold no prejudice to race or alignment . Kongol ( A Giganto ) , Damia ( Half - Mermaid ) , Lenus ( Wingly ) , and Meru ( Wingly ) , are all non - humans who are also Dragoons . Greham , Doel , and Lenus are also villainous characters , implying the Dragoon Spirit does not hold itself to a heroic standard , either . The Blue - Sea Dragoon Spirit has never chosen a fully - human wielder . Damia , the original Blue As " The Legend of Dragoon " is similar to the sentai genre of anime in Japan , the Red - Eye Dragoon may be the destined leader of the seven Dragoons . The Divine Dragon Spirit never chooses a host other than Dart , although it had a great deal of opportunity to choose Lloyd . Even by the end of the game , it has not , making Dart the only wielder of the Divine Dragon Spirit . With Zieg , who has his Spirit already , in attendance , draws the Dark Dragoon Spirit from the Darkness Dragon . This happened over 11,000 years ago , at the time of the Dragon Campaign Dragoon Spirits are indestructible and eternal . The death of one wielder could be a time of renewal for the Spirit ' s source of energy , effectively giving birth to a new Spirit . But the Dark Dragoon Spirit never chooses a replacement for Rose . It is the only spirit whose wielder remains unchanged from the time of the Dragon Campaign until the present . Rose is also the only warrior that comes with her Dragoon Spirit when she joins the party . Clearly seen in the ending FMV after the Moon - That - Never - Sets exploded , killing Zieg and Rose , the Red - eyed and Dark Spirit Stones lie on the ground , apparently unharmed . There certainly seems to be similarities between the magics of the Dragoon hosts of a given Dragoon Spirit , but there are many differences also , leading to speculation about whether it is in the individual that the potential for the type of magic rests , or whether the Dragoon Spirit itself is changing to create new abilities of the host . For example , Greham ' s " Dragon Crucification " , Doel ' s " Judgment Storm " , and Lenus ' " Pillar Break " are abilities which none of the inheritors in the party have , Filled with the power drawn from others that dominated all of Endiness , Frahma / Zieg can steal the Red - Eyed Dragoon Spirit from Dart . Weakened by his 11,000 year sleep , the Spirit fell from him and would not allow Frahma to even pick it up Players may well be skeptical of the character ' s insistence that there is fate and destiny involved in the choosing of new Dragoons . As soon as one is released from an owner , it immediately chooses another person in the same room . Lloyd is a clear exception , though . We know for a fact that the developers authorized the Japanese version of the guidebook to state that , during the course of the there had been Dragoons and Dragoon Spirits other than the seven . [ 1 ] A translation from the guide : " In the era of the Dragon Campaign , it is said that there were many Dragoons , including the legendary seven , but they disappeared with the conclusion of the Dragon Campaign . When transforming , the consciousness of the subject and the Dragon are fused , and a dispute occurs as to which one dominates the body . Therefore , even though people of weak conscience can become a Dragoon , they will be dominated by the Dragon . The Dragon , which the Creator Soa believes not to have intelligence , is strongly destructive and the Dragoon dominated by the Dragon instinctively tries to destroy everything in the surrounding area . " [ 2 ] Shana ' s generous and resilient nature merges perfectly with the White Silver Dragoon Spirit ; together they simultaneously and instantly neutralized the poison in her system as she was chosen The discrepancies and contradictions between hypotheses entirely revolve around the motivation of the Dragoon Spirit entity and the nature of those upon whom it chooses to bestow its power . Every single hypothesis about Dragoon Spirits assumes that they have power and a will of their own with which to choose , or choose not to interfere with , the ways it is manifested . This , in the end , is the single most important fact about the Spirits , as it is the one and only utterly indisputable one . Melbu Frahma and the Red Spirit exemplify the power struggle between this will and evil . Filled with the power drawn from others that dominated all of Endiness , Frahma / Zieg could not only control the Red - Eyed Dragoon Spirit , but break its bond with Dart as well . While Melbu was still weakened by his 11,000 year sleep , though , the Spirit fell from him and would not even allow Frahma to so much as pick it up and carry it away . Dragoon Spirit Legend One thing is for certain about the legends : they bring forth contradictory elements that require nuance and elaboration and most importantly , a multiplicity of compatible explanations . Dragoon Spirits can not be simply one thing , because part of that thing must make way or it will be disproven by another thing . Explanations must be able to bend , or they will break . Most of these legends assume that there is something extraordinary about the Dragoon recipient . The Jade Dragoon Spirit passes to the responsible , erudite Albert after the hearty brash Lavitz ' death . Their common trait was honor The Dragoons Spirits were created through a method utilized by the humans of the . We may assume this method involves defeating the dragon , but no records survive of that time , so we can not be sure that the vanquishing of the Dragon is what summons the Spirit . In fact , we have evidence that that method does not work . The Divine Dragon Spirit allowed Dart to awaken and use his power immediately after it chose him . But , perhaps because Dart ' s father the original Red Dragoon was still alive , the spirit did n ' t recognize Dart willingly till Rose spurred them both into action . We are led to believe Lloyd ' s description of the nature of Dragoon Spirits , probably because he displayed perfect knowledge of where to find one and how to extract it . The Red - Eyed Dragoon Spirit awakens " This is the soul of the Divine Dragon . The flame of a soul that sparkles only at the last moment of a dragon ' s life . . .its crystal is the Dragoon Spirit ! " We are offered up a picture of " the flame of a soul " , when we later see the soul , part of a soul , or some unknown distinction of the Divine Dragon , in Mayfil . " Flame . . .that sparkles only at the last moment of a dragon ' s life " is a tantalizing concept . Perhaps it is the death of the Dragon that makes the Spirit : Dragoons rule over Dragons , and the Dragon ' s vanquishing creates a bond of servitude that is the Spirit . Not a mutually beneficial relationship , and definitely only speculation based on a somewhat unreliable source , but plausible . " Its ( the flame of a soul ' s ) crystal " implies that the energy itself creates the crystal , but since it is dug out of a Dragon ' s body , this need not be the case . Conversely , something in a living being is required to summon a Dragoon Spirit , as Shirley can not . " I do n ' t have an entity so I can not draw on the power of the Spirit " Dart , the new Red - Eyed Dragoon is not able to awaken the spirit immediately even after the spirit chose him . Possibly this is because he is too young ; he can not meld with it without a will to do so , but he learns how to wield the power once Rose awekens the spirit and him together . Perhaps we may find a little inertia here also ; the Spirits appear when the need is great and must be stirred from slumber to be made to bestow their power . The Spirit falls from Zieg in The Divine Dragoon Spirit is handed to Dart , right in front of Melbu Frahma , who wormed his way inside a Dragoon Spirit , and danced poor like a puppet the entire game , and yet was unable to even hold a Dragoon Spirit in his hands If we look to negative examples required for a proof , ie people of bad character being refused the Spirit , we find [ [ Shana and and Lloyd . This is somewhat confusing , since Shana is if anything too pure , Dart is a hero unblemished in any way , and even Lloyd is a perfect specimen of martial prowess and no dullard , with will and even honor enough to spare . Shana alongside Dart are the only Dragoons whose spirit left them and chose another wielder when they are still alive . The transfer of the Silver Dragoon Spirit from Shana to Miranda and the theft of the Red Dragoon Spirit from Dart bring forth a lot of questions . The Dragoon Spirits are said to choose those they bond with very carefully . If this is so , why did they choose Shana and then abandon her ? One explanation is that Shana is the only Dragoon who was n ' t truly the master of the Spirit that they used . Her mysterious powers allowed her to use the power , until the party met Miranda , when the Dragoon Spirit flowed to her from Shana . Although the same may be said about Dart , his was stolen by force , and the Dragoon Spirit of the Red - Eyed Dragon shined when he reclaimed it in the Home of Gigantos , thus recognizing him as the master . So the Spirits do not merely levitate once and then become like the Moon Objects ; paperweights filled with Magic Power to use . They choose their own destiny when they can . But on the other hand , they have agency in the material world , and can not necessarily prevent villains seizing them and snatching them away . Only when the need was great and the evil was weak did the Red Spirit cast itself out of Melbu Frahma ' s hand , and he was busy asserting his control over Zieg in any case . The White Silver Dragoon Spirit leaves the virtuous and kind but weak , vessel for the Soul of the Virage Embryo , for the stern battle hardened Sister of icy Mille Seseau Miranda Perhaps if we look at the Spirit leaving Zieg when he became Frahma ' s pawn and refusing Lloyd who is deluded by Frahma , it makes more sense . Spirits then would have the gift of Sight : they can " see " the influence of Frahma on Lloyd and see the suitability of Dart ' s companions equally well . The Divine Spirit seems to be as slow as the Red - Eyed Spirit to activate , allowing Lloyd to fall against its enemy Frahma but bestowing on Dart , who had once held a Spirit but has Despite his hatred towards other lifeforms especially Winglies and humans , the Divine Dragon actually wanted to ally himself with humans just to be able to avenge his imprisonment against the Winglies and end the conflict between the races which he more than likely had n ' t known ended 11,000 years ago but he did n ' t see anyone fit to use his power . Until his death at Dart ' s hand . However , Lloyd takes the soul before Dart can get it . This would conclude that Divine Dragon waited until someone worthy appeared to use him . The Violet Dragoon Spirit chooses Haschel . The Moon Trials are harsh and deceptive , but the War God ' s manifestation there when he struggles with Claire might evidence ambition in Haschel that makes him more akin to Doel than meets the eye Although Lloyd is evidence against the doubt cast on the selectivity of the Dragoon Spirit , there is another possibility . The Dragon eyes might be only the vessel for the spirits . The best evidence for this is that there is a Spirit of a Dragon that has nothing whatever to do with Dragoons or Dragoon Magic or glowing orbs or any of that : the Spirit in Mayfil . The Dragoon Spirit is a Spirit of any Dragon or ALL Dragons . It is an elemental force that draws its power from the rage and destructiveness of Dragons . But clearly , individual Dragons have Spirits of their own . However , this does not mean that the Divine Dragon Spirit was not present so Lloyd could not control it . The flash of light when Dart enters the chamber in the Tower of Flanvel proves the Spirit was clearly present in the Eye at that time , yet it chose neither Lloyd nor Though we know there were other Dragoon Spirits in the past , there might only ever be one Dragoon Spirit of each of the Elements we know . In this case , Greham ' s Spirit could not be duplicated by Feyrbrand ' s . At the moment of a Dragon ' s death the person who strikes the final blow cuts open the eye of the dragon and takes its power for itself . Perhaps for this reason , the Divine Dragon would not glow for Lloyd ; but for , who struck that final blow . The dragon ' s pride would only let it bestow its power on the one who was strong enough to defeat it . After the original wielder of the Spirit dies , the Spirit bestows its power on the one who defeated the preceding wielder . The traitor massacred the people of Basil ; perhaps we would prefer to think he stole the Jade Dragoon Spirit . When he dies , it passes to Lavitz , who like the next wielder Albert is virtuous to a fault It certainly does not only bestows its power on one with a similar outlook as the original . This is evidenced when the Red - Eyed Spirit gives itself over to Dart because of his similarity to the original owner , his father Zieg . We also see this when is killed and the Jade Spirit goes to , who was Lavitz ' s student and the person who got the most from his life . But it is contradicted many times . When the Jade Spirit gives itself over to Lavitz after he killed Greham , ruthless Doel to kindly , to a lesser extent uncouth brigand to bright curious . And even virtuous and honorable are , in two ways , polar opposites ; Shana is kind but weak and a vessel for the Soul of the Virage Embryo , while Miranda is a stern battle hardened Sister of the harsh land of Mille Seseau There were more than seven Dragoon Spirits . [ 3 ] The source is assumed to be Dragons . But the Dragons Humans , and all the Species , got their power from the Divine Tree . Might Soa ' s very first and most powerful creation have objected to its demise , and the death of all of its children ? Then the weaving of power between Dragons and Humans is not merely to overthrow the Wingly Dictator , but a grand plan to stop the God of Destruction eleven millennia after , also . Gallery Trivia For the discussion go to the forum page . The Golden Dragoon Spirit is the only Dragoon Spirit with more than one location , and is the only one that can be purchased . You can obtain this in Disc 2 at Lohan after obtaining Kongol , or near the end of the game in Disc 4 after defeating Dragoon Spirits are listed as key items , and from the beginning of the game until the events in Hoax , Dart ' s Red - Eye Dragoon Spirit is named " Father ' s Stone " . The Jade Dragoon Spirit has the most chosen wielders of any spirit , at 4 total ( Syviel , Greham , Lavitz , and Albert ) . Citations Categories Dragoons Game mechanics Legends Unique items Add category Recent Wiki Activity VvAnarchangelvV • 10 days ago Phantom Ship A FANDOM user • 14 days ago Dragon Buster DrewUniverse • February 16 Melbu Frahma Quinn1998 • February 8 Help us grow The Legend of Dragoon Wiki Get Started | [
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http://legendsgolf.com/ | Legends Golf Resort offers five of the best championship golf courses available in Myrtle Beach and the surrounding states of South Carolina and North Carolina . Centrally located just off Highway 501 in Myrtle Beach , the Heathland , Moorland , and Parkland courses are nestled within the Scottish - inspired Legends Golf Resort facility . Oyster Bay Golf Links is on the northern end of Myrtle Beach ’ s Grand Strand in Sunset Beach , N.C. , while The Heritage Club is on the southern end in Pawleys Island , S.C. Although their addresses indicate covering two states ( North and South Carolina ) the courses are all within the Myrtle Beach grand strand . Legends Golf Resort ’ s onsite accommodations give you the best option on the beach for the “ All Inclusive Golf Package ” . This is one of the few true stay and play facilities in the entire area . While staying and playing at The Legends Resort , receive unlimited use of the 30 - acre practice facility , driving range , Breakfast Buffet , Lunch and 2 Beers or Other Beverages . We encourage our golfers to book well in advance to get the best available accommodations and tee times . This is especially important for larger groups . With fewer courses in the Myrtle Beach area , and a growing number of golfers visiting each year , groups are booking a season in advance , and more and more are booking a year in advance . For help booking your next Legends Golf vacation , complete the form below . The five Legends courses are owned and operated by Century Golf Partners of Dallas , Texas , through its management vehicle , Arnold Palmer Golf Management Begin your Legends golf journey by completing this form . We ' ll be in touch shortly ! | [
"Legends Golf Resort",
"Myrtle Beach"
] |
http://legendsofthemultiuniverse.wikia.com/wiki/Sunset_Shimmer | in : Characters Characters that hail from the My Little Pony Universe Charismatic Characters and 97 more Sunset Shimmer Edit Comments ( 16 ) Share Sunset Shimmer Gender Female Affiliation ( s ) Mane Six , Sentinel Task Force The Children of BlackGarurumon ( formerly ) , Crystal Empire ' s Rebel Alliance ( B Team Storyline ) Fire Rebellion DigiDestined ( Fire Rebellion Storyline ) Status Active Armor Color ( s ) Black , Cyan , and Blue Occupation ( s ) Servant of BlackGarurumon ( formerly ) , Sentinel Operative , Leader of Crystal Empire ' s Rebel Alliance ( B Team Storyline ) DigiDeestined ( Fire Rebellion ) Weapon ( s ) Magic abilities , Atlas 45 Voice Actress Rebecca Shoichet Sunset Shimmer is a beautiful female unicorn from My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic . She ' s the main antagonist in My Little Pony : Equestria Girls . a tritagonist in Equestria Girls : Rainbow Rocks , a main protagonist Equestria Girls : Friendship Games , and deuteragonist Equestria Girls : Legend of Everfree Greatest Strength : Her magic , intelligence , and how much she cares for her friends . Greatest Weakness : Her greed and pride , gets frustrated when she ca n ' t figure something out . Main Allies : Twilight Sparkle , Human version of the Mane Six , Flash Sentry , David Talon , Epsilon - Church , Jack Mitchell , Gideon , Ilona , Cormack , Knox , Jon Snow , Drake , Riolu , Daenerys Targaryen , Derrick " Freeze " McCracken , Power Rangers Dino Charge , Heckyl , Power Rangers Ninja Steel , Mick Kanic , Worst Enemies : Midnight Sparkle , Adagio Dazzle , Zaheer , Locus , Malcolm Hargrove , Thugs - 4 - Less , Lady Van Tassel , Jonathan Irons , Sledge , Snide , Lord Arcanon , Salem , Voiced by : Rebecca Shoichet She was once apprentice of Princess Celestia , but she had a very troubled relationship with her , which explains her descent into evil . Like Twilight , Sunset is shown to be a magical prodigy . Unlike Twilight , however , she ' s quite boastful and condescending toward others , despite Celestia ' s lessons about humility . Celestia shows Sunset the magic mirror from the film ; in it , Sunset sees herself as an all - powerful alicorn — one who could rule Equestria . Sunset briefly sees something else in the mirror , but Celestia guides her away from it before she gets too curious . During the weeks that follow , the mirror is all Sunset can think about An undeterred Sunset Shimmer begins researching the mirror behind Celestia ' s back , but is soon caught by the princess and her royal guards . Sunset berates her teacher for hiding such magic from her and demands to be made a princess . Celestia refuses , saying that being a princess must be earned , and removes Sunset from her position as her student . She has the royal guards escort Sunset out of the castle , but Sunset overpowers the guards and escapes through the mirror . As Celestia has the mirror moved to her throne room hoping that she ' ll return back to Equestria , Sunset Shimmer emerges in the human world as a teenage girl . Sometime after she steals Twilight Sparkle ' s element of magic crown , and in a tussle with Twilight , the crown is thrown into a mirror that acts as a portal to another world , which Sunset goes through to get the crown . In this other world , she is depicted as a human who acts very disrespectful and mean to Twilight when they first encounter each other . She uses underhanded tactics to humiliate Twilight and keep her from becoming Princess of the Fall Formal , but Twilight still easily beats her in the competition . However Months later , Sunset Shimmer , having been fully reformed , has become friends with her former enemies and started showing much better respect towards Twilight the next time the latter came to the human world to the point where they became friends . She proves this when she helped Twilight and the others defeat the Sirens . A bit of time later , during the Friendship Games , she and her friends met the human world Twilight Sparkle when she was , without her knowledge , stealing the magic from them . When Twilight released all the magic and become a demon , much like Sunset was , Sunset under went a change herself , did battle with Twilight , saved both the human world and Equestria and become Twilight ' s friend . Contents show Personality Throughout the first film , Sunset Shimmer is shown to be self - absorbed , condescending , manipulative , and dishonest . She frequently insults and belittles others and thinks little of it . According to human Fluttershy , Sunset makes life miserable for " anyone who stands in her way . " As a result , most of the Canterlot High School student body is afraid of her . She is also not above making threats and blackmail in order to realize her goals . When Sunset puts on the element of magic , she transforms into a demonic visage of herself . While in this form , she becomes more ruthless , going so far as attempting to dispose of Twilight . After she is defeated , Sunset Shimmer becomes immediately repentant and apologizes for her actions , appearing to renounce her prior dishonest and unkind ways . In the second film , Sunset Shimmer has completely discarded her old self and starts believing in friendship , being kind toward others and befriending former enemies . She is also deeply repentant for her actions in the first film , referring to her transformed self as a " raging she - demon " . However , she suffers from a lack of confidence , keeping silent in situations she feels it is n ' t her place to speak up and falling prey to the Dazzlings ' taunting . During the final battle , she finally overcomes her insecurities By the third film , while Sunset has managed to fully integrate herself into the group and take mentions of what she did in the past with good humor , she also harbors a fear of losing her school ' s newly gained trust , and she becomes deeply depressed when she believes she has let them down , despite their assurances . She also becomes increasingly irritated and stressed by her struggles to understand how magic works in the human world , briefly snapping at her friends at one point . When the human Twilight Sparkle endangers her friends In the My Little Pony : Equestria Girls Holiday Special comic , Sunset Shimmer displays a forgiving and compassionate side when she forgives the Cutie Mark Crusaders for framing her as the rumormonger " Anon - a - Miss " . In Sunset Shimmer ' s Time to Shine , Sunset displays a considerable level of intelligence , being ahead of her friends and classmates in school and smart enough to develop various computer applications . Her affinity for science and research is also seen in The Science of Magic , where she explains she prefers a hands - on approach to studying magic over " studying ancient books " . In The Art of Friendship , Sunset has a fondness for sunflowers that she expresses through her painting in art class . Her artistic side is further shown in Display of Affection and Super Squad Goals . A Fine Line shows that she likes to play video games , and she is excited to get the new game Tirek ' s Revenge . Transformation The B Team Storyline LOTM : Next Gen Island Tour Sunset Shimmer works with BlackGarurumon again and planning her revenge in both Blue and Twilight Sparkle . She also helps Lord of Darkness to destroy Princess Celestia , Princess Luna and Twilight Sparkle ' s reputation as well as Discord . She arranged an attack on The Alpha Team and goes after them to eavesdrop with Birkin , Zemo and Mother Fucker on hand . The Sinisters of Evil come too which leads to a disagree and feud between them . Annoyed they call BlackGarurumon to leave them for death . Sunset and Soran note that two captives escaped from the castle . She hears of White Wolf ' s death by Soran and wants to know who caused her death , Brainiac tells her what happened . Sunset angered and figured as such begins planning payback on the heroes . Sunset finds out about Heloise being the direct part responsible for her partner ' s demise . To get revenge on The B Team and Slade ' s Ensemble she goes with the other magic users to that . When they run late , Sunset points out that ' s not Twilight knowing that they were both taken by Celestia . She and the magicians are brought into Lord of Darkness ' s party about his master plan to block out the sun . Evanora and her witches have their flying monkeys attack Heloise and Twilight Sparkle to fend off Lord of Darkness activated the disco ball to move with Sunset and that they wo n ’ t take risks . She engages is a duel with Ozymandias who uses his intelligence to win the Children of BlackGarurumon members led by Cronus make an ambush on the heroes such like Anarky knew would happen . Sunset and the members of BlackGarurumon prepare to relocate their base under Hans and Noah Cross . Sunset leaves with Unalaq and BlackMetalGreymon to guard an area . Where she is ambushed by Blue , following him unknowingly Isabella and Cadence with BlackMetalGreymon who is Future Warfare Her theme . Sunset Shimmer , having been revived by the Old Clock Shop Man somehow and reformed , appeared and was one of the protagonists after receiving a second chance at life . She is a member of Talon Laboratories . She also helped David Talon in hopes of straightening out her prior actions . In some parts , Sunset was in her human form . She first shows up in Book 2 where she helps The Omega League in the fight with Malcom Hargrove . In this time she has shown that she really has changed and everyone is proud to call her their friend . The New Multi - Universal War Fire Rebellion Storyline Fire Rebellion : The Search for Rarity A reformed Sunset Shimmer appears in Act III to help Twilight , Tucker , and Caboose stop O ' Malley from taking over Canterlot High . She is a member of both Blue Flare and the Blood Gulch Red Team Fire Rebellion : Chronicles Fire Rebellion : Halloween Special Sunset Shimmer appears here with the human versions of the Mane Six and joins Twilight and others in surviving a world of horror . Street Speedsters Fire Rebellion : Season 5 Fire Rebellion : Season 6 Sunset will appear , but will mostly be aboard the UNSC Infinity . She ' ll be the voice behind Infinity in Season 6 . Fire Rebellion : Season 7 Sunset returns before Freeze and his team were escorted to Sanghelios . After Freeze returned , Sunset kissed Freeze before running off in anxiety . FIre Rebellion : Season 8 Fire Rebellion : Season 9 Fire Rebellion : Season 10 Fire Rebellion : Season 12 Fire Rebellion : Season 13 Fire Rebellion : Season 14 Allies : Twilight Sparkle , The Mane Cast , Spike , Starlight Glimmer , Princess Celestia , Princess Luna , Flash Sentry ( Ex - boyfriend ) , Snip and Snails , Derrick " Freeze " McCracken , Power Rangers Dino Charge , Heckyl , Team Blood Gulch Epsilon Agent Carolina Agent Washington Agent Michigan Agent California , Atlas Corporation ( formerly ) , Talon Laboratories , Task Force 141 , Cormack and the Sentinel Task Force , Team RWBY and Team JNPR , The DigiDestined , Enemies : Adagio Dazzle Sonata Dusk Aria Blaze , Midnight Sparkle , Sinisters of Evil , Andrew Del Rio , Locus , Felix , Blood Gulch Teams ( formerly ) , Agent Carolina ( formerly ) , Omega / O ' Malley , The Meta , Charon Industries , Jonathan Irons and Atlas Corporation , Ragyo Kiryuin Nui Harime , Jasper , Salem Relationships Twilight Sparkle Before redemption , Sunset saw Twilight as a nuisance and threat to her plans . After redemption , Sunset became more open and caring to Twilight , and started to consider her as a mentor and friend . Princess Celestia Flash Sentry Blue White Wolf Black Garurumon Discord Christopher Aonuma Andrew Del Rio Order of the Just Although Sunset Shimmer is reformed , she is n ' t ready to join the Order , something she did , in fact , accept . She ' s currently still working on her new - found friendship lessons . After the events of The Search for Rarity Agent Washington recommended her to join , but has yet to be finalized . After redemption , Sunset looks up to Wash for advice . Epsilon Agent Carolina Derrick " Freeze " McCracken Sunset helped Freeze and Fireteam Mesa from the UNSC Infinity . In Season 7 , Sunset reveals that she had romantic feelings for him . Brody Romero Mick Kanic Gideon Sarge Red Team Sunset was offered to join the Red Team under Sarge Dark Miranda Blue Flare Malcolm Hargrove Gallery Categories Characters Characters that hail from the My Little Pony Universe Charismatic Characters Rivals Thieves Magic Users Traitors Animals Tricksters Teleporters Telekinetics Brainwashers Flyers Elementals Pyrotic Characters Partner Characters that are or have been in a love triangle Characters in LOTM : Next Gen Island Tour Enemies of The Sinisters of Evil Umbrakinetic Characters Femme Fatale Master Manipulator Fallen Hero Villains in LOTM : Next Gen Island Tour Reformed Main Villains Members of Blue Flare Pawns Characters in Future Warfare Members of Talon Laboratories Team Free Will ' s Villains Enemies of The Neo Umbrella Corporation Enemies of Sector 32 Characters debuting in LOTM : Next Gen Island Tour Blood Gulch Red Team Characters in the FR Halloween Special Characters favorite by Coolautiz Enemies of the Red Lotus Enemies of Charon Industries Enemies of Thugs - 4 - Less Enemies of the New Nightmare Forces Allies of Atlas Corporation Allies of Team RWBY Characters who break the 4th wall Enemies of the Earth Empire Characters favorite by FrederikPrime17 Members of Team Ironhide Heroes Fire Rebellion DigiDestined Enemies of Father and his Syndicate Reformed Villains Characters favorite by 22kingdomheartsfan Federal Army of Chorus Enemies of the Meta Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 5 Characters in LOTM : The New Multi - Universal War Returning Characters to appear in LOTM : The New Multi - Universal War Crystal Empire ' s Army Main Characters in LOTM : The New Multi - Universal War Main Heroes in LOTM : The New Multi - Universal War Characters who share a Leader Role Scientists Characters in Fire Rebellion Chronicles Order of the Just Members Knights of the Just Members Members of the Brotherhood of Steel Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 8 Heroes in Fire Rebellion Season 8 Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 9 Heroes in Fire Rebellion Season 9 Enemies of Divatox and her Pirates Characters liked by DestroyerSybjugator90 Characters in a Romantic Relationship Husband and Wife Members of The K Team Allies of Force of Hevenburg Heroes of Chronicles of Great New Empire Enemies of Great New Empire Characters hailing from the Hasbro Universe Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 12 Heroes in Fire Rebellion Season 12 Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 10 Heroes in Fire Rebellion Season 10 Characters voiced and / or played by Ami Koshimizu Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 13 Heroes in Fire Rebellion Season 13 Order of the Forgiven Members Leaders and Boss Yugo Friends Tomboys Animated characters Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 14 Heroes in Fire Rebellion Season 14 Order of the Just Scientists Characters in Fire Rebellion Season 15 Heroes in Fire Rebellion Season 15 Intelligent Characters Hevenburg Force scientist Characters who are brought back from the Dead Hammer Wielders Trash - Talking Characters | [
"Sunset Shimmer"
] |
http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100AB519 | SHARE THIS Assembly Bill No 519 CHAPTER 566 An act to amend Section 30681 of the Civil Code and to add Section 2265107 to the Vehicle Code relating to vehicles Approved by Governor September 30 2010 Filed with Secretary of State September 30 2010 LEGISLATIVE COUNSELS DIGEST AB 519 Solorio Vehicles Towing Fees and Access Notice 1 Existing law provides that every person has a possessory lien for the compensation to which he or she is legally entitled for the towing storage or labor associated with recovery or load salvage of any vehicle that has been authorized to be removed by a public agency a private property owner or a lessee operator or registered owner of the vehicle Existing law requires that a person requesting release of the vehicle present documentation establishing that he or she is entitled to possession of the vehicle and authorizes an inspection of the vehicle by the legal owner or lessor This bill would define documentation and agent for these purposes and would also provide that a lienholder is not liable for any claim or dispute arising out of the reliance on the documentation for purposes of releasing a vehicle 2 Existing law authorizes a peace officer or a regularly employed and salaried public employee who is engaged in directing traffic or enforcing parking laws and regulations to remove a vehicle located within the territorial limits in which the officer or employee is allowed to act under specified circumstances including among other things when a vehicle is illegally parked and blocks the movement of a legally parked vehicle A violation of this provision is an infraction This bill would establish and require a person that charges for towing or storage or both to post a specified copy of Towing Fees and Access Notice that contains specific information regarding a vehicle owners rights and responsibilities if his or her vehicle is towed and would require among other things that it be posted in the office area of the storage facility in plain view of the public with exceptions and would also require that copies be made readily available to the public The bill would require a person that charges for towing or storage or both to provide upon request a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice to any owner or operator of a towed or stored vehicle and would require the person to provide an itemized invoice for any towing and storage charges The bill would also provide that a registered automotive repair dealer that did not provide the tow and that passes along from the tower to the consumer any of the information required on the itemized invoice is not responsible for the accuracy of those items of By creating a new crime the bill would impose a statemandated local program The bill would also provide that a person who violates these provisions is civilly liable to a registered or legal owner of the vehicle or a registered owners insurer for up to 2 times the amount charged not to exceed 500 per vehicle 3 The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason Vote MAJORITY Appropriation NO Fiscal Committee YES Local Program YES The people of the State of California do enact as follows SECTION 1 Section 30681 of the Civil Code is amended to read 30681 a 1 Every person has a lien dependent upon possession for the compensation to which the person is legally entitled for towing storage or labor associated with recovery or load salvage of any vehicle subject to registration that has been authorized to be removed by a public agency a private property owner pursuant to Section 22658 of the Vehicle Code or a lessee operator or registered owner of the vehicle The lien is deemed to arise on the date of possession of the vehicle Possession is deemed to arise when the vehicle is removed and is in transit or when 2 Documentation that would entitle a person to possession of the vehicle includes but is not limited to a certificate of ownership vehicle registration information in the possession of the lienholder including ownership information obtained from the Department of Motor Vehicles or a facially valid registration found within the vehicle or a notarized letter or statement from the legal or registered owner providing authorization to release to a particular person with a governmentissued photographic identification card Documentation that establishes that a person is the owners insurance representative includes but is not limited to a faxed letter or other letter from b If the vehicle has been determined to have a value not exceeding four thousand dollars 4000 the lien shall be satisfied pursuant to Section 3072 Lien sale proceedings pursuant to Section 3072 shall commence within 15 days of the date the lien arises No storage shall accrue beyond the 15day period unless lien sale proceedings pursuant to Section 3072 have commenced The storage lien may be for a period not exceeding 60 days if a completed notice of a pending lien sale form has been filed pursuant to Section 3072 within 15 days after the lien arises Notwithstanding this 1 A Declaration of Opposition form is filed with the department pursuant to Section 3072 2 The vehicle has an outofstate registration 3 The vehicle identification number was altered or removed 4 A person who has an interest in the vehicle becomes known to the lienholder after the lienholder has complied with subdivision b of Section 3072 c If the vehicle has been determined to have a value exceeding four thousand dollars 4000 pursuant to Section 22670 of the Vehicle Code the lien shall be satisfied pursuant to Section 3071 The storage lien may be for a period not exceeding 120 days if an application for an authorization to conduct a lien sale has been filed pursuant to Section 3071 d 1 Any lien under this section shall be extinguished and a lien sale shall not be conducted if any one of the following occurs A The lienholder after written demand to inspect the vehicle made by either personal service or certified mail with return receipt requested by the legal owner or the lessor fails to permit the inspection by the legal owner or lessor or his or her agent within a period of time of at least 24 hours but not to exceed 72 hours after the receipt of that written demand during the normal business hours of the lienholder The legal owner or lessor shall comply with inspection and vehicle release policies of the impounding public agency B The amount claimed for storage exceeds the posted rates 2 Agent includes but is not limited to any person designated to inspect the vehicle by the request of the legal owner or lessor in writing or by telephone to the lienholder A lienholder is not responsible for determining the authenticity of documentation establishing a persons agency for the purposes of inspection of a vehicle e A lienholder shall not be liable for any claim or dispute directly arising out of the reliance on documentation specifically described in paragraph 2 of subdivision a for purposes of releasing a vehicle SEC 2 Section 2265107 is added to the Vehicle Code to read 2265107 a A person that charges for towing or storage or both except for storage unrelated to a tow shall do all of the following 1 A Except as provided in subparagraph B post in the office area of the storage facility in plain view of the public the Towing Fees and Access Notice and have copies readily available to the public B An automotive repair dealer registered pursuant to Article 3 commencing with Section 9884 of Chapter 203 of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code that does not provide towing services is exempt from the requirement to post the Towing Fees and Access Notice in the office area 2 Provide upon request a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice to any owner or operator of a towed or stored vehicle 3 Provide a distinct notice on an itemized invoice for any towing or storage or both charges stating Upon request you are entitled to receive a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice This notice shall be contained within a bordered text box printed in no less than 10point type b Prior to receiving payment for any towing recovery or storagerelated fees a person that charges for towing or storage or both shall provide an itemized invoice of actual charges to the vehicle owner or his or her agent If an automotive repair dealer registered pursuant to Article 3 commencing with Section 9884 of Chapter 203 of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code did not provide the tow and passes along from the tower to the consumer any of the information required on the itemized invoice pursuant to subdivision e the automotive repair dealer shall not be responsible c Prior to paying any towing recovery or storagerelated fees a vehicle owner or his or her agent shall have the right to all of the following 1 Receive his or her personal property at no charge during normal business hours Normal business hours are Monday through Friday from 800 am to 500 pm inclusive except state holidays 2 Retrieve his or her vehicle during the first 72 hours of storage and not pay a lien fee 3 Request a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice 4 Be permitted to pay by cash or a valid bank credit card Credit charges for towing and storage services shall comply with Section 17481 of the Civil Code Law enforcement agencies may include the costs of providing for payment by credit when agreeing with a towing or storage provider on rates d The Towing Fees and Access Notice shall be a standardized document plainly printed in no less that 10point type A person may distribute the form using its own letterhead but the language of the Towing Fees and Access Notice shall read as follows Towing Fees and Access Notice Note The following information is intended to serve as a general summary of some of the laws that provide vehicle owners certain rights when their vehicle is towed It is not intended to summarize all of the laws that may be applicable nor is it intended to fully and completely state the entire law in any area listed Please review the applicable California code for a definitive statement of the law in your particular situation How much can a towing company charge Rates for public tows and storage are generally established by an agreement between the law enforcement agency requesting the tow and the towing company to confirm the approved rates you may contact the law enforcement agency that initiated the tow additionally these rates are required to be posted at the storage facility Rates for private property tows and storage can not exceed the approved rates for the law enforcement agency that has primary jurisdiction for the property from which the vehicle was removed or the towing companys approved CHP rate Rates for owners request tows and storage are generally established by mutual agreement between the requestor and the towing company but may be dictated by agreements established between the requestors motor club and motor club service provider Where can you complain about a towing company For public tows Contact the law enforcement agency initiating the tow Your rights if your vehicle is towed Generally prior to paying any towing and storagerelated fees you have the right to Receive an itemized invoice of actual charges Receive your personal property at no charge during normal business hours Retrieve your vehicle during the first 72 hours of storage and not pay a lien fee Request a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice Pay by cash or valid bank credit card Inspect your vehicle or have your insurance carrier inspect your vehicle at the storage facility at no charge during normal business hours You have the right to have the vehicle released to you upon 1 payment of all towing and storagerelated fees 2 presentation of a valid photo identification 3 presentation of reliable documentation showing that you are the owner of the vehicle or that the owner has authorized you to take possession of the vehicle and 4 if applicable presentation of any required police or law enforcement release documents Prior to your vehicle being repaired You have the right to choose the repair facility and to have no repairs made to your vehicle unless you authorize them in writing Any authorization you sign for towing and any authorization you sign for repair must be on separate forms What if I do not pay the towing and storagerelated fees or abandon my vehicle at the towing company Pursuant to Sections 30681 to 3074 inclusive of the Civil Code a towing company may sell your vehicle and any moneys received will be applied to towing and storagerelated fees that have accumulated against your vehicle You are responsible for paying the towing company any outstanding balance due on any of these fees once the sale is complete Who is liable if my vehicle was damaged during towing or storage Generally the owner of a vehicle may recover for any damage to the vehicle resulting from any intentional or negligent act of a person causing the removal of or removing the vehicle What happens if a towing company violates the law If a tow company does not satisfactorily meet certain requirements detailed in this notice you may bring a lawsuit in court generally in small claims court The tower may be civilly liable for damages up to two times the amount charged not to exceed 500 and possibly more for certain violations e Itemized invoice as used in this section means a written document that contains the following information Any document that substantially complies with this subdivision shall be deemed an itemized invoice for purposes of this section 1 The name address telephone number and carrier identification number as required by subdivision a of Section 345075 of the person that is charging for towing and storage 2 If ascertainable the registered owner or operators name address and telephone number 3 The date service was initiated 4 The location of the vehicle at the time service was initiated including either the address or nearest intersecting roadways 5 A vehicle description that includes if ascertainable the vehicle year make model odometer reading license plate number or if a license plate number is unavailable the vehicle identification number VIN 6 The service dispatch time the service arrival time of the tow truck and the service completion time 7 A clear itemized and detailed explanation of any additional services that caused the total towingrelated service time to exceed one hour between service dispatch time and service completion time 8 The hourly rate or per item rate used to calculate the total towing and recoveryrelated fees These fees shall be listed as separate line items 9 If subject to storage fees the daily storage rate and the total number of days stored The storage fees shall be listed as a separate line item 10 If subject to a gate fee the date and time the vehicle was either accessed for the purposes of returning personal property or was released after normal business hours Normal business hours are Monday through Friday from 800 am to 500 pm inclusive except state holidays A gate fee shall be listed as a separate line item 11 A description of the method of towing 12 If the tow was not requested by the vehicles owner or driver the identity of the person or governmental agency that directed the tow This paragraph shall not apply to information otherwise required to be redacted under Section 22658 13 A clear itemized and detailed explanation of any additional services or fees f Person as used in this section has the same meaning as described in Section 470 g An insurer or insurers agent shall be permitted to pay for towing and storage charges by bank draft h A person who violates this section is civilly liable to a registered or legal owner of the vehicle or a registered owners insurer for up to two times the amount charged For any action brought under this section liability shall not exceed five hundred dollars 500 per vehicle i This section shall not apply to the towing or storage of a repossessed vehicle by any person subject to or exempt from the Collateral Recovery Act Chapter 11 commencing with Section 7500 of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code j This section does not relieve a person from the obligation to comply with the provision of any other law | [
"Towing Fees"
] |
http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120SB1055 | Bill Information > > Bill Search > > Text PDF2 Add To My Favorites | Version : SB - 1055 Landlord and tenant : payments . ( 2011 - 2012 ) Text Votes History Bill Analysis Today ' s Law As Amended Compare Versions Status Comments To Author SHARE THIS : Senate Bill No . 1055 CHAPTER 268 An act to amend Section 1947.3 of the Civil Code , relating to landlord and tenant . Approved by Governor September 07 , 2012 . Filed with Secretary of State September 07 , 2012 . LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL ' S DIGEST SB 1055 , Lieu . Landlord and tenant : payments . Existing law provides that a landlord or a landlord ’ s agent may not demand or require cash as the exclusive form of payment of rent or deposit of security , except as specified . This bill would provide that , except as specified , a landlord or landlord ’ s agent shall allow a tenant to pay rent and deposit of security by at least one form of payment that is neither cash nor electronic funds transfer . The bill would define the term “ electronic funds transfer ” for these purposes . Vote : MAJORITY Appropriation : NO Fiscal Committee : NO Local Program : The people of the State of California do enact as follows : SECTION 1 . Section 1947.3 of the Civil Code is amended to read : 1947.3 . ( a ) ( 1 ) Except as provided in paragraph ( 2 ) , a landlord or a landlord ’ s agent shall allow a tenant to pay rent and deposit of security by at least one form of payment that is neither cash nor electronic funds transfer . ( 2 ) A landlord or a landlord ’ s agent may demand or require cash as the exclusive form of payment of rent or deposit of security if the tenant has previously attempted to pay the landlord or landlord ’ s agent with a check drawn on insufficient funds or the tenant has instructed the drawee to stop payment on a check , draft , or order for the payment of money . The landlord may demand or require cash as the exclusive form of payment only for a period not exceeding three months following an attempt to pay ( 3 ) Paragraph ( 2 ) does not enlarge or diminish a landlord ’ s or landlord ’ s agent ’ s legal right to terminate a tenancy . ( b ) For the purposes of this section , the issuance of a money order or a cashier ’ s check is direct evidence only that the instrument was issued . ( c ) For purposes of this section , “ electronic funds transfer ” means any transfer of funds , other than a transaction originated by check , draft , or similar paper instrument , that is initiated through an electronic terminal , telephonic instrument , computer , or magnetic tape so as to order , instruct , or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account . “ Electronic funds transfer ” includes , but is not limited to , point - of - sale transfers , direct deposits or withdrawals of funds , transfers initiated by ( d ) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the tenant and landlord or agent to mutually agree that rent payments may be made in cash or by electronic funds transfer , so long as another form of payment is also authorized , subject to the requirements of subdivision ( a ) . ( e ) A waiver of the provisions of this section is contrary to public policy , and is void and unenforceable . | [
"Landlord",
"tenant",
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http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CCP§ionNum=1013. | California Law > > > > Code Section Code : Section : Code Search Text Search Up < < Previous Next > > cross - reference chaptered bills PDF | Add To My Favorites Code of Civil Procedure - CCP PART 2 . OF CIVIL ACTIONS [ 307 - 1062.20 ] ( Part 2 enacted 1872 . ) TITLE 14 . OF MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS [ 989 - 1062.20 ] ( Title 14 enacted 1872 . ) CHAPTER 5 . Notices , and Filing and Service of Papers [ 1010 - 1020 ] ( Chapter 5 enacted 1872 . ) 1013 . ( a ) In case of service by mail , the notice or other paper shall be deposited in a post office , mailbox , subpost office , substation , or mail chute , or other like facility regularly maintained by the United States Postal Service , in a sealed envelope , with postage paid , addressed to the person on whom it is to be served , at the office address as last given by that person on any document filed in the cause and served on the party making service by mail ; otherwise at that party ’ ( b ) The copy of the notice or other paper served by mail pursuant to this chapter shall bear a notation of the date and place of mailing or be accompanied by an unsigned copy of the affidavit or certificate of mailing . ( c ) In case of service by Express Mail , the notice or other paper must be deposited in a post office , mailbox , subpost office , substation , or mail chute , or other like facility regularly maintained by the United States Postal Service for receipt of Express Mail , in a sealed envelope , with Express Mail postage paid , addressed to the person on whom it is to be served , at the office address as last given by that person on any document filed in the cause and served on the party making service ( d ) The copy of the notice or other paper served by Express Mail or another means of delivery providing for overnight delivery pursuant to this chapter shall bear a notation of the date and place of deposit or be accompanied by an unsigned copy of the affidavit or certificate of deposit . ( e ) Service by facsimile transmission shall be permitted only where the parties agree and a written confirmation of that agreement is made . The Judicial Council may adopt rules implementing the service of documents by facsimile transmission and may provide a form for the confirmation of the agreement required by this subdivision . In case of service by facsimile transmission , the notice or other paper must be transmitted to a facsimile machine maintained by the person on whom it is served at the facsimile machine telephone number as last given by that person on any document which ( f ) The copy of the notice or other paper served by facsimile transmission pursuant to this chapter shall bear a notation of the date and place of transmission and the facsimile telephone number to which transmitted , or to be accompanied by an unsigned copy of the affidavit or certificate of transmission which shall contain the facsimile telephone number to which the notice or other paper was transmitted . ( g ) Electronic service shall be permitted pursuant to Section 1010.6 and the rules on electronic service in the California Rules of Court . ( h ) Subdivisions ( b ) , ( d ) , and ( f ) are directory . ( Amended by Stats . 2010 , Ch . 156 , Sec . 2 . ( SB 1274 ) Effective January 1 , 2011 . ) | [
"Code Section",
"subpost office",
"MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS"
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http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=EDC§ionNum=45103. | California Law Code Section Code Search Text Search Up crossreference chaptered bills PDF Add To My Favorites Education Code EDC TITLE 2 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION 33000 64100 Title 2 enacted by Stats 1976 Ch 1010 | [
"SECONDARY EDUCATION",
"California Law"
] |
http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PCC§ionNum=10105. | California Law Code Section Code Search Text Search Up crossreference chaptered bills PDF Add To My Favorites Public Contract Code PCC DIVISION 2 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1100 22355 Division 2 enacted by Stats 1981 Ch 306 | [
"PCC"
] |
http://legis.wisconsin.gov/assembly/87/edming | Friends and Neighbors Thank you for visiting my website I am honored to serve the people of the 87th Assembly District in Madison I hope that this website is a good resource for you on state government Here you can view my press releases read and sign up for my eupdates or learn about the various proposals I am working on this session Please take a look around and remember that my door is always open so please dont hesitate to contact me should you have any questions or if I can ever be of assistance Thanks for stopping by and for allowing me to serve as your voice in the Wisconsin State Assembly Sincerely James W Edming State Representative 87th Assembly District Press Releases Edming Excited to Serve as Chair of Labor and Integrated Employment Committee 12142018 Rep Edming Recognized with Working for Wisconsin Award 1122018 Rep Edming Receives Legislator of the Year Award 8232018 Rep Edming Congratulates Gilman on School Safety Grant Award 832018 EUpdates Merry Christmas from the 87th District Office 12212018 Extraordinary Session Wrap Up 12142018 A Budget Update Before Christmas 11292018 Laying the Groundwork 11162018 | [
"Assembly",
"Madison"
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http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2013/0060/latest/DLM1566106.html | Inquiries Act 2013 Reprint as at 26 November 2018 Inquiries Act 2013 Public Act 2013 No 60 Date of assent 26 August 2013 Commencement see section 2 Note Changes authorised by subpart 2 of Part 2 of the Legislation Act 2012 have been made in this official reprint Note 4 at the end of this reprint provides a list of the amendments incorporated This Act is administered by the Department of Internal Affairs Contents 1 Title 2 Commencement Part 1 Preliminary provisions 3 Purpose 4 Interpretation 5 Act binds the Crown Part 2 Establishment and membership of inquiry 6 Types of inquiry 7 Establishment instrument to establish inquiry 8 Removal from office 9 Vacancy in membership of inquiry Part 3 Duties powers immunities and privileges Duties and powers of inquiry generally 10 Inquiry must act independently impartially and fairly 11 Limits to scope of power of inquiry Reporting obligation 12 Reporting by inquiry Counsel assisting 13 Counsel to assist inquiry Powers and duties of inquiry relating to procedure 14 Regulation of inquiry procedure 15 Power to impose restrictions on access to inquiry 16 Power to postpone or temporarily suspend inquiry Persons participating in inquiry 17 Designation of core participants Legal assistance 18 Recommendation as to legal assistance Evidential matters 19 Evidence 20 Powers to obtain information 21 Delegation 22 Disclosure of evidence 23 Power to summon witnesses 24 Service of summons to witnesses 25 Expenses of witnesses and other participants Immunities and privileges 26 Immunity of inquiry 27 Other immunities and privileges of participants Part 4 Sanctions and miscellaneous matters Subpart 1Sanctions able to be imposed by or on behalf of inquiry Orders for award of costs 28 Award of costs Offences and penalties 29 Offences 30 Penalties Contempt against inquiry 31 Contempt proceedings Subpart 2Miscellaneous matters Official Information Act 1982 and Public Records Act 2005 32 Application of Official Information Act 1982 33 Application of Public Records Act 2005 Court proceedings 34 Reference of questions of law to High Court 35 Inquiry to be cited in judicial review proceedings Review required 36 Review of continuing application of Commissions of Inquiry Act 1908 Repeal transitional provisions and consequential amendments 37 Commissions of Inquiry Act 1908 38 Transitional provision 39 Consequential amendments to other Acts Acts under which entities have been or may be set up and to which Commissions of Inquiry Act 1908 applies Consequential amendments to other enactments Reprint notes The Parliament of New Zealand enacts as follows | [
"Inquiries Act 2013"
] |
http://lego-lord-of-the-rings.wikia.com/wiki/Mouth_of_Sauron | in : 2012 2013 Minifigure and 5 more Mouth of Sauron Edit Share Mouth of Sauron Alignment Race Man Weapons / Equipment Sword Cape Helmet Dead or Alive Alive Status Messenger of Mordor The is a fictional character in J . R . R . Tolkien ' s Middle - earth legendarium . He appears in The Lord of the Rings — specifically in the chapter " The Black Gate Opens " in the third volume , The Return of the King — as the chief emissary of Sauron He belonged to the race of the Black Númenóreans and briefly appeared in person when he haggled with the Army of the West in front of the Black Gate ( Morannon in Elvish ) , trying to convince Aragorn and Gandalf to give up and let Sauron win the war for Middle - earth . When Gandalf turned his proposal down , the Mouth of Sauron sets all the armies of Mordor to attack them . Also known as the Lieutenant of Barad - dûr , he had served Sauron for much of his life , learning great sorcery but forgetting his own name . As the Mouth of Sauron , " he entered the service of the Dark Tower when it first rose again " . There is some dispute over the length of time this implies . If it refers to Sauron ' s most recent return to Mordor , the Mouth of Sauron would have served Sauron for some 68 years when he encountered Aragorn and Gandalf . But some have theorized that since Mordor " first rose again " during Sauron The Mouth uses Sauron ' s name although Aragorn states earlier in the second volume , The Two Towers , that Sauron does not " use his right name , nor permit it to be spelt or spoken " . ( Similarly , in " The Council of Elrond " , Glóin describes a messenger who speaks of " Sauron the Great " . ) Christopher Tolkien conjectured that this inconsistency can be understood in terms of Aragorn ' s information being out of date , relating to Sauron ' s previously hidden identity . Contents show Concept and creation Edit The appearance and the specific arrogance of the Mouth of Sauron before the Army of the West has been described as showing Biblical influences . The character matches the description of Satan in the Book of Revelation , speaking arrogant words and blasphemies , and is reminiscent of Saint Paul ' s comments in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians where he describes his public humiliation by the enemy . War and analogies to World War II in particular are another theme that has been identified in the Mouth of Sauron . Gandalf ' s refusal to negotiate with the Mouth , a mere emissary of Sauron , has been seen as an echo of Churchill ' s position in World War II while the Mouth ' s offer of a peace in slavery has been compared to Vichy France under German occupation . Adaptations The Mouth of Sauron is featured in the 1980 animated version of The Return of the King produced by Rankin / Bass and was voiced by Don Messick . He rides out briefly with a single companion and makes no mention of Frodo ' s capture . In the 2001 - 2003 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy by Peter Jackson , the Mouth of Sauron does not appear in the theatrical cut of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , but he does appear in the extended version , riding out alone to meet Aragorn and his party . He is played by a virtually unrecognisable Bruce Spence , with the words lammen gorthaur ( Sindarin for " Voice of the Dread Abomination " i.e . " Voice of Sauron " ) in Cirth runes written on his helmet . His helmet covers his entire face except for his mouth ( which is inconsistent with the book , where Aragorn meets his gaze ) , which is horribly diseased and disfigured . His mouth is also disproportionately large , creating an unsettling effect . This change was made digitally , long after the footage had been shot . After Jackson rejected the idea of turning the mouth sideways to appear vertical on the face , the designers came up with the idea of rendering it twice as large as the When discussing Bruce Spence ' s costuming in the final version , the design team explained that their interpretation of the Mouth of Sauron was that he was something of a high - ranking priest in the Morgoth - worshiping cult that Sauron promoted in his domain . Therefore , combined with his role as an ambassador and herald , he has an ornate costume consisting of priest - like robes and stylized helmet which covers his entire face - including his eyes - except for his mouth . The design team speculates that he is probably blind , but According to designer Walter Mahy , the original design for the Mouth of Sauron ' s costume had the helmet hooked directly into the mouth , pulling it permanently open . This did not work out as it made it impossible for the actor to speak . However , Peter Jackson liked the idea of the robe flowing up into the helmet and this was retained for the final version . In another departure from the text , Aragorn refuses to believe the emissary ' s insinuation that Sauron has recovered the Ring , and decapitates him with Andúril ; whereas in the book , the Mouth of Sauron claims diplomatic immunity , saying " I am a herald and ambassador and may not be assailed ! " Gandalf observes pointedly that he has not been threatened . Jackson said that he had cut the encounter from the theatrical version due to its lack of effect ; he commented that in the book it was dramatic since the reader does not know Frodo Baggins ' fate , but in the film the audience knows that both Frodo and Samwise Gamgee are alive . Once the Mouth is beheaded , his horse and body are not visible in the following shot as Sauron ' s armies of Orcs march through the Black Gate , even though Aragorn ' s sword is visibly stained with his blood . Appearances 79007 The Black Gate LEGO The Lord of the Rings : The Video Game Lore Source http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Mouth_of_Sauron Categories 2012 2013 Minifigure Man Characters in The Lord of the Rings Antagonist Add category | [
"Mouth of Sauron",
"The Lord of the Rings",
"Lieutenant of Barad-dûr"
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http://lego.brickinstructions.com/lego_instructions/set/75094/Imperial_Shuttle_Tydirium | Instructions For LEGO 75094 Imperial Shuttle Tydirium Download These Instructions as PDF 75094_1pdf View which pieces you need to build this set | [
"Instructions For LEGO"
] |
http://lego.wikia.com/wiki/76025_Green_Lantern_vs._Sinestro | in : Class 2 articles Pages that link to Legopedia ( Russian ) 76000 sets and 5 more 76025 Green Lantern vs . Sinestro English Edit Share Class 2 LEGO → System → Super Heroes DC Comics 76023 < < 76025 > > 76026 Green Lantern vs . Sinestro Item № : 76025 Pieces : 174 Minifigures : Green Lantern Batman ( Space Suit ) Sinestro Price : $ 19.99 € 26.99 £ 19.99 $ 39.99 Additional prices : 26.99 € 699.99 Kč 26.99 € $ 49.99 Released : January 1 2015 Theme : Super Heroes DC Universe 76025 Green Lantern vs . Sinestro is a 174 piece DC Universe set that was released in January 2015 . It includes Green Lantern Batman , and Sinestro Contents show Description The main part of the set is the Green Lantern jet which is coloured mainly green , black and includes trans - green highlights . The front is in three main sections , one being the cockpit , and the others are curved sides where the wings end . The cockpit is set upfront with a white pilot chair . The jet features a rounded transparent green canopy with a Green Lantern logo printed on a black slope in front of the jet . The wings are green with a 1x3 slope piece and a new stud shooter element that seems to connect to another stud rather than have a handle . The back features an exhaust with 1x2 grilles that are black and lime green . The jet has two large flaps on the back which are trans green . Another section of the set is the Containment Tube . It features a transparent window and a holder for the Lantern to be put inside of it . The rest of the construct is yellow and black . It ' s feature is made by hitting the Sinestro Corps symbol on the top . When the symbol is hit , the front of the tube " breaks " off , revealing the Lantern . Green Lantern Jet Green Lantern has a dark brown hairpiece which was previously used on Commissioner Gordon , and Tor - An in the DC line . His face has nougat lines for cheekbones and a green domino mask with dark green highlights , and has a grinning expression . He wears a tight green shirt with black detailing depicting his muscles cut into his suit , his lantern symbol , and black sleeves . He has white gloves , black hips , and green legs that depict black printed boots on them . His appearance is based off of his New 52 design . Batman wears a new silver cowl over his face with openings over his orange eyes and mouth and chin . The brow is moulded into a permanent scowl and has two shorter bat - shaped ears poking up . The expression revealed through the opening over the mouth is a breathing mask . Batman wears a bulky costume with space gear , this time the suit is white . A yellow oval is one his chest with a black batsymbol inside . He wears a white utility belt with a hexagonal buckle and a high tech packet on either side Sinestro uses a black hairpiece that was also used on Joker , but in Green . His face is a dark pink and has purple cheekbones . Sinestro features a thin black mustache , yellow eyes and an angry expression . He wears a tight yellow shirt with black detailing , his lantern symbol and black sleeves . He has yellow gloves , black hips and yellow legs with black upper leg printing depicting yellow boots . Background The set depicts Sinestro capturing Green Lantern ' s power source in a Containment Tube of his own creation , and Batman aiding Green Lantern using a jet constructed from the power ring . LEGO . com Description This is a description taken from LEGO . com . Do not modify it . visit this item ’ s product page Zoom into orbit and recover Green Lantern ’ s lantern ! Sinestro has stolen Green Lantern ’ s lantern and whisked it away to his home planet of Korugar . Launch a recovery mission with Green Lantern , in his ultra - fast construct spaceship and super - jumping Space Batman ™ ! But evil Sinestro has built a cage around the lantern and is guarding it with his staff . Fire the 2 powerful stud shooters and turn the rear control to activate 2 devastating spring - loaded shooters . Spring into action with Space Batman ™ on the Super Jumper to topple Sinestro and explode the cage . With Includes 3 minifigures with accessories : Green Lantern , Space Batman and Sinestro Construct spaceship features an opening cockpit , 2 stud shooters , 2 spring - loaded shooters with rear control and translucent green elements Cage features a plinth for the lantern and explode function Accessories include Space Batman ’ s space wings and exclusive new Super Jumper and Sinestro ’ s translucent yellow power staff Green Lantern , Space Batman and Sinestro are all - new LEGO ® minifigures and exclusive to this set ! Place Green Lantern in the cockpit and launch into orbit Gear up Space Batman with the cool space wings Target Sinestro with the dual stud shooter Turn the rear control to activate the spring - loaded shooters Spring open the cage with Space Batman ™ on the Super Jumper ! Reclaim the lantern and place Sinestro in the cage Construct spaceship measures over 1 ” ( 4cm ) high , 7 ” ( 18cm ) long and 6 ” ( 16cm ) wide Cage measures over 4 ” ( 11cm ) high , 1 ” ( 4cm ) wide and 1 ” ( 4cm ) deep Notes Batman ' s variation is exclusive to this set , and also appears in the video game LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham is exclusive to this set . This is the first retail set to include . He first appeared in an exclusive Comic - Con giveaway , which only 1500 had been made making it even more rare than Mr . Gold In LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes and LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham and have extra accessories representing their power rings . However , the set does not include these accessories . This set was given away for free to first place winners of Super Jumper tournaments at the LEGO Store . This is the first set to include a translucent yellow part 30347 ( lightsaber blade / wand piece ) . Minifigures Included Batman ( Space Suit ) Gallery The set in it ' s entirety Green Lantern Jet Containment Tube All Minifigures Sources Eurobricks External links Brickset Lugnet Peeron LEGO Shop See a price and investment guide on BrickPicker . com view talk edit DC Super Heroes products 2012 6857 The Dynamic Duo Funhouse Escape | 6858 Catwoman Catcycle City Chase | 6860 The Batcave 6862 Superman vs . Power Armour Lex 6863 Batwing Battle Over Gotham City 6864 Batmobile and the Two - Face Chase 2013 10937 Batman : Arkham Asylum Breakout 76000 Arctic Batman vs . Mr . Freeze : Aquaman on Ice 76001 The Bat vs . Bane : Tumbler Chase 76002 Superman : Metropolis Showdown 76003 Superman : Battle of Smallville 76009 Superman : Black Zero Escape 2014 10543 Superman ' s Rescue 10544 The Joker Challenge 10545 Batcave Adventure | 10672 Batman : Defend the Batcave 76010 Batman : The Penguin Face Off 76011 Batman : Man - Bat Attack 76012 Batman : The Riddler Chase 76013 Batman : The Joker Steam Roller 76023 The Tumbler 76026 Gorilla Grodd Goes Bananas 76027 Black Manta Deep Sea Strike 76028 Darkseid Invasion 76034 Batboat Harbor Pursuit 76035 Jokerland 76040 Brainiac Attack 2016 76044 Clash of the Heroes 76045 Kryptonite Interception 76046 Heroes of Justice : Sky High Battle | 76053 Gotham City Cycle Chase 76054 Batman : Scarecrow Harvest Of Fear 76055 Batman : Killer Croc Sewer Smash 76061 Batman vs Catwoman 76062 Robin vs Bane 76063 The Flash vs Captain Cold 2017 76068 Mighty Micros : Superman vs . Bizarro 76069 Mighty Micros : Batman vs . Killer Moth 76070 Mighty Micros : Wonder Woman vs . Doomsday 76075 Wonder Woman Warrior Battle 76085 Battle of Atlantis 76086 Knightcrawler Tunnel Attack 76087 Flying Fox : Batmobile Airlift Attack 2018 76092 Mighty Micros : Batman vs . Harley Quinn 76093 Mighty Micros : Nightwing vs . The Joker 76094 Mighty Micros : Supergirl vs . Brainiac 76095 Black Manta Strike 76096 Superman & Krypto Team - Up 76097 Lex Luthor Mech Takedown 76098 Speed Force Freeze Pursuit 76110 Batman : The Attack of the Talons 76111 Batman : Brother Eye Takedown 76112 App - Controlled Batmobile 2019 76116 Batman Batsub and the Underwater Clash 76117 Batman Mech vs . Poison Ivy Mech 76118 Mr . Freeze Batcycle Battle 76119 Batmobile : Pursuit of the Joker 76120 Batman Batwing and the Riddler Heist 76122 Batcave Clayface Invasion 76137 Batman vs . the Riddler Robbery 76138 Batman and the Joker Escape Video Games LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes LEGO DC Super - Villains Ultrabuilds 4526 Batman 4527 The Joker 4528 Green Lantern 5000728 DC Universe Super Heroes Collection BrickHeadz 41490 Superman & Wonder Woman 41491 Batman & The Joker 41496 Supergirl & Martian Manhunter 41585 Batman 41586 Batgirl 41587 Robin 41588 The Joker 41598 The Flash 41599 Wonder Woman 41600 Aquaman 41601 Cyborg 41610 Tactical Batman & Superman Other : 71209 DC Wonder Woman Fun Pack 71210 DC Cyborg Fun Pack 71229 DC Team Pack 71236 DC Superman Fun Pack 71237 DC Aquaman Fun Pack 71240 DC Bane Fun Pack 71255 Teen Titans Go ! Team Pack 71287 Teen Titans Go ! Starfire Fun Pack Promotional Action Comics # 1 Superman Comic - Con Exclusive Batman Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Green Lantern Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Shazam ! Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Bizarro Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Superman Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Black Suit Superman Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Green Arrow Giveaway SDCC Arsenal Exclusive SDCC036 Batman of Zur - En - Arrh SDCC Atom Exclusive SDCC Vixen Exclusive 30160 Bat Jetski 30161 Batmobile 30164 Lex Luthor 30166 Robin and Redbird Cycle 30300 The Batman Tumbler 30301 Batwing 30303 The Joker Bumper Car 5001623 Jor - El 71340 Supergirl Polybag 71342 Green Arrow Polybag Key Chains 853429 Batman Key Chain 853430 Superman Key Chain 853433 Wonder Woman Key Chain 850815 Arctic Batman Key Chain Magnets 853431 Batman , Robin , The Joker Magnet Set 853432 Superman , Wonder Woman , Two - Face Magnet Set Pickable Models Batman and Robin Games 50003 Batman view talk edit Super Heroes products DC To see a full list of DC Comics based sets , go here Marvel To see a full list of Marvel Comics based sets , go here . Ultrabuild 4526 Batman 4527 The Joker 4528 Green Lantern 4529 Iron Man 4530 The Hulk 4597 Captain America 5000728 DC Universe Super Heroes Collection 5001135 Marvel Super Heroes Collection Video Games LEGO Marvel Super Heroes LEGO Marvel ' s Avengers LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 LEGO DC Super - Villains Promotional Comic - Con Exclusive Batman Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Green Lantern Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Shazam ! Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Bizarro Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Superman Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Black Suit Superman Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Green Arrow Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Phoenix Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Black Suit Spider - Man Giveaway Comic - Con Exclusive Amazing Spider - Man 2 Suit Spider - Man Giveaway | Comic - Con Exclusive Spider - Woman Giveaway New York Toy Fair Exclusive Captain America and Iron Man 30160 Bat Jetski 30161 Batmobile 30162 Quinjet 30163 Thor and the Cosmic Cube 30164 Lex Luthor 30165 Hawkeye with Equipment 30166 Robin and Redbird Cycle 30167 Iron Man vs . Fighting Drone 30168 Gun Mounting System 30300 The Batman Tumbler 30301 Batwing 30302 Spider - Man Glider 5001623 Jor - El ( Cont . ) : 5002145 Rocket Raccoon 6001095 The Hulk Key Chains 850507 Spider - Man Key Chain 850529 Loki Key Chain 853429 Batman Key Chain 853430 Superman Key Chain 853433 Wonder Woman Key Chain 850815 Arctic Batman Key Chain Books LEGO Batman : The Visual Dictionary LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Comic Book LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes : Prima Official Game Guide LEGO DC Comics Super Heroes : Build Your Own Adventure LEGO DC Superheroes : Comic Reader 1 LEGO DC Superheroes : Comic Reader 2 Magnets 850508 Captain America , Iron Man , Magneto Magnet Set 853431 Batman , Robin , The Joker Magnet Set 853432 Superman , Wonder Woman , Two - Face Magnet Set Pickable Models Batman and Robin Games 50003 Batman Categories Class 2 articles Pages that link to Legopedia ( Russian ) 76000 sets 2015 sets 70000 sets DC sets listed for ages 6 - 12 Languages : Français Polski Русский | [
"76025 Green Lantern vs . Sinestro",
"LEGO",
"DC Comics"
] |
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