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http://largspierhotel.com.au/accommodation-largs-pier-hotel/ | Accommodation HERITAGE ROOM 1 STARTING FROM 260 PER NIGHT Luxurious suite for that very special occassion Located on the sea facing Esplanade side of the hotel with direct access to the balcony via french doors and expansive sea views Enjoy a quiet cocktail on the balcony while taking in the shimmering sunset over the Bay Soak away your worries in the deep circular spa Bedroom features a king four poster bed Separate dining room which can seat up to 12 people suitable for our chef to fully cater for your corporate or family event DELUXE HERITAGE ROOMS STARTING FROM 199 PER NIGHT Spacious room with queen bed and high ceilings Elegant decor located on the first or second floor of the heritage hotel with sea views from the balcony including free high speed WiFi flat screen TV daily room service and balcony access MOTEL ROOMS STARTING FROM 164 PER NIGHT Fully refurbished motel queen room located on the ground floor consisting of queen bed Very convenient and stylish accommodation for corporate guests who are looking for ready access to Port Adelaide from a comfortable and restful base APARTMENTS STARTING FROM 125 PER NIGHT Two bedroom fully self contained apartment sea facing and located directly over Jetty Road from the Largs Pier Hotel Queen bed in the front bedroom and double bed with single bunk above in the other bedroom Fully functional kitchen separate lounge room with plasma TVDVD washing machine and dryer in bathroom on site designated parking STAY UPDATED | [
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http://larkinsrestaurant.wildwood.com/ | Jersey Shore The Jersey Shore is comprised of well established and unique vacation destinations . Famous for its beautiful coastlines , energetic boardwalks , and unique beach towns , there is a perfect location for everyone . Whether you want to enjoy the Victorian architecture and old town feel of Cape May , experience the excitement of the Wildwood boardwalk , test your luck at one of the many casinos in Atlantic City , or relax on the shores of Long Beach Island , there is a place for you . Cape May The sourthernmost Jersey Shore town is among the most charming coastal towns in the country . Wildwood Crest The quiet side of the island offers a family friendly atmosphere with a large beautiful beach . Wildwood The boardwalk , amusement piers , rides , and games make Wildwood one of the most popular destinations on the Jersey Shore . North Wildwood A party town with numerous hotels and motels populating the beach blocks . Stone Harbor Small town charm describes this beach town with a shopping district and outstanding restaurants . Avalon A relaxing upscale beach town at the southern end of the Jersey Shore . Sea Isle City A family destination with a thriving nightlife makes this the perfect vacation destination . Ocean City A famous boardwalk with many classic Jersey Shore favorites . Ventnor Margate Atlantic City The east coast ' s largest gambling destination with many casinos along the beach . Brigantine Longport Beach Haven Long Beach Ship Bottom Surf City Harvey Cedars Barnegat Light Seaside Park Seaside Heights Lavallette Mantoloking Bay Head Point Pleasant Manasquan Sea Girt Spring Lake Belmar Avon By The Sea Bradley Beach Ocean Grove Asbury Park Deal Long Branch Monmouth Beach Sea Bright © 2019 JerseyShore . com | [
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http://larrybrownsports.com/basketball/mia-khalifa-kobe-bryant-retire/284555 | Porn star Mia Khalifa really wants Kobe Bryant to retire December 11 , 2015 by Steve DelVecchio Kobe Bryant has already announced that he will retire following the 2015 - 2016 season . But if he changes his mind , an adult film star will be incredibly disappointed . Mia Khalifa , a porn star who keeps up with the happenings of the sports world and often tweets about it , shared a conversation she recently had with a friend that involved Bryant . Khalifa ’ s friend joked that Kobe not retiring would be enough to bring Mia to tears . When your friends know you too well # DeathToBlackMamba pic . twitter . com / SdmtdRkN0O — Mia Khalifa ( @ miakhalifa ) December 11 , 2015 It ’ s unclear why Khalifa hates Kobe so much , but we know she loves taking shots at athletes . Over the summer , she took a brutal shot at Brett Favre and exposed a Buffalo Bills player for sliding into her DMs all in a three - day span . Mia loves her sports and her … never mind . Filed Under : Basketball Kobe Bryant Tags : Kobe Bryant Mia Khalifa | [
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http://lasersafetygoggles.com/what-do-optical-density-and-wavelength-mean/ | You Are Here : Home Laser Safety Goggles What Do Optical Density and Wavelength Mean ? What Do Optical Density and Wavelength Mean ? Written on June 5 , 2013 by Kieran Hunt in Laser Safety Goggles When shopping for laser glasses , know the terminology , and you ’ ll have a good idea of what the protection rating on your glasses really means . Optical density and wavelength work together in laser protection to indicate the amount of protection you get from a given laser . While many facilities have a Laser Safety Officer ( LSO ) to help decide which laser glasses are appropriate for a laser , many do n ’ t . If you are curious about what optical density and wavelength mean , this will give you a good idea : Wavelength is the length of a wave from a given point on the wave to the next time that point repeats . In other words , if you ’ re looking at waves in the ocean , the wavelength can be measured from crest to crest ; it ’ s the distance between repetitions of the shape of the wave . In laser safety , wavelength corresponds to the light ( visible or invisible ) that is emitted from the laser . Wavelength corresponds inversely with frequency . The narrower the wavelength , the faster that wave will repeat itself ( since these waves are all traveling at the same speed , the speed of light ) . So , to go back to the ocean analogy , the closer the waves are together , the shorter the wavelength is , and the more frequently they will crash against the shore . When the waves are spaced far apart ( longer wavelength ) , they crash less frequently against the shore , assuming that all the waves are traveling at the same Optical density , or OD , is a logarithmic function that corresponds to the amount of light that a lens transmits at a specific wavelength . OD is specified for specific wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths . Transmittance , or the amount of light that passes through a lens , is a decimal fraction of the total light you started with . So if a lens transmits 0.01 % of the light at a specified wavelength , its decimal fraction transmittance , or T , would be 0.00001 . The equation that relates optical density to transmittance is : OD = log ( 1 / T ) . The logarithm is base 10 . An example of optical density would be : if you have an OD of 5 , your transmittance is 0.00001 , or 0.01 % . 5 = log ( 1 / 0.00001 ) . This can get a bit complicated if you are not familiar with log functions , but the main thing to notice is that , as OD goes up , Transmittance goes down . So , the higher your OD at a given wavelength ( or range of wavelengths ) , the less light will pass through at that wavelength . This goes for visible and invisible light . The important things to consider are the class of your laser , its operating wavelength , and what amount of light is safe to pass through your lens . Once you figure that out , it ’ s a simple matter of figuring out the OD you need at the laser ’ s operating wavelength , and you can shop for your lenses accordingly . Shop wisely for your laser safety goggles , and stay safe ! 2 Comments - Leave a comment ! Previous Post Next Post 2 Responses to What Do Optical Density and Wavelength Mean ? google . com September 2 , 2017 | 1 : 26 pm Hugely enjoyed this article , keep up the great authorship and I ’ ll keep coming back for more . Will be sharing this with my twitter followers and I ’ m sure they ’ ll enjoy it as well ! Reply daily proxy September 30 , 2017 | 1 : 58 am Hi , I check your blog named “ What Do Optical Density and Wavelength Mean ? | Laser Safety Goggles ” regularly . Your story - telling style is awesome , keep doing what you ’ re doing ! And you can look our website about daily proxy . Reply Leave a Reply Name ( required ) E - Mail Address ( required ) Website Comment Wanting to leave an < em > phasis on your comment ? Trackback URL http : / / lasersafetygoggles . com / what - do - optical - density - and - wavelength - mean / trackback / Written on June 5 , 2013 by Kieran Hunt in When shopping for laser glasses , know the terminology , and you ’ ll have a good idea of what the protection rating on your glasses really means . Optical density and wavelength work together in laser protection to indicate the amount of protection you get from a given laser . While many facilities have a Laser Safety Officer ( LSO ) to help decide which laser glasses are appropriate for a laser , many do n ’ t . If you are curious about what optical density and wavelength mean , this will give you a good idea : Wavelength is the length of a wave from a given point on the wave to the next time that point repeats . In other words , if you ’ re looking at waves in the ocean , the wavelength can be measured from crest to crest ; it ’ s the distance between repetitions of the shape of the wave . In laser safety , wavelength corresponds to the light ( visible or invisible ) that is emitted from the laser . Wavelength corresponds inversely with frequency . The narrower the wavelength , the faster that wave will repeat itself ( since these waves are all traveling at the same speed , the speed of light ) . So , to go back to the ocean analogy , the closer the waves are together , the shorter the wavelength is , and the more frequently they will crash against the shore . When the waves are spaced far apart ( longer wavelength ) , they crash less frequently against the shore , assuming that all the waves are traveling at the same Optical density , or OD , is a logarithmic function that corresponds to the amount of light that a lens transmits at a specific wavelength . OD is specified for specific wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths . Transmittance , or the amount of light that passes through a lens , is a decimal fraction of the total light you started with . So if a lens transmits 0.01 % of the light at a specified wavelength , its decimal fraction transmittance , or T , would be 0.00001 . The equation that relates optical density to transmittance is : OD = log ( 1 / T ) . The logarithm is base 10 . An example of optical density would be : if you have an OD of 5 , your transmittance is 0.00001 , or 0.01 % . 5 = log ( 1 / 0.00001 ) . This can get a bit complicated if you are not familiar with log functions , but the main thing to notice is that , as OD goes up , Transmittance goes down . So , the higher your OD at a given wavelength ( or range of wavelengths ) , the less light will pass through at that wavelength . This goes for visible and invisible light . The important things to consider are the class of your laser , its operating wavelength , and what amount of light is safe to pass through your lens . Once you figure that out , it ’ s a simple matter of figuring out the OD you need at the laser ’ s operating wavelength , and you can shop for your lenses accordingly . Shop wisely for your laser safety goggles , and stay safe ! 2 Comments - Leave a comment ! Previous Post Next Post 2 Responses to What Do Optical Density and Wavelength Mean ? google . com September 2 , 2017 | 1 : 26 pm Hugely enjoyed this article , keep up the great authorship and I ’ ll keep coming back for more . Will be sharing this with my twitter followers and I ’ m sure they ’ ll enjoy it as well ! daily proxy September 30 , 2017 | 1 : 58 am Hi , I check your blog named “ What Do Optical Density and Wavelength Mean ? | Laser Safety Goggles ” regularly . Your story - telling style is awesome , keep doing what you ’ re doing ! And you can look our website about daily proxy . Leave a Reply Name E - Mail Address Website Comment Wanting to leave an < em > phasis on your comment ? Trackback URL http : / / lasersafetygoggles . com / what - do - optical - density - and - wavelength - mean / trackback / Download Our Free Laser Protective Glasses eBook ! Recent Posts The Reason Why Pilots Need to Wear Laser Safety Glasses Are Laser Safety Glasses For Pilots a Necessity ? Are Safety Glasses Really Necessary for Laser Pointers ? Steadily Increasing Laser Light Incidents Increase Pilots ’ Need For Laser Protective Eyewear Laser Safety Glasses For Pilots Laser safety glasses wholesale Laser Safety Glasses for Use in Ophthalmology Glasses to Protect Eyes from Laser Laser Safety Glasses for Palomar Lasers Laser Safety Glasses for Holmium Lasers Laser Protective Eyewear for Pilots Laser Safety Glasses EN207 Uses of Laser in the Field of Medicine Where Can I Get Laser Safety Glasses ? What are Laser Safety Glasses ? 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Laser Hair Removal Safety Glasses Laser Safety Goggles for Red Laser Pointers Laser Safety Goggles for Medical Professionals How Does Optical Density Relate to Visible Light Transmission ? Laser Safety Goggles Should Be Comfortable ! Do My Laser Safety Goggles Ever Expire ? How Do I Get New Laser Safety Goggles Developed ? How Do I Know My Laser Safety Goggles Conform to ANSI Z136 ? Why Do Some Laser Glasses with Lower Optical Densities have Lower VLT ? Why Do Glass Laser Safety Goggles Have Better VLT ? Why Are My Laser Safety Goggles So Expensive ? Why Do You Need Laser Safety Goggles ? How do I Choose the Correct Laser Safety Goggles ? What is a Laser Safety Officer ( LSO ) ? Who Manufactures Laser Safety Goggles ? What Are Laser Safety Goggles ? Download Our Free Laser Protective Glasses eBook ! Recent Posts The Reason Why Pilots Need to Wear Laser Safety Glasses Are Laser Safety Glasses For Pilots a Necessity ? Are Safety Glasses Really Necessary for Laser Pointers ? Steadily Increasing Laser Light Incidents Increase Pilots ’ Need For Laser Protective Eyewear Laser Safety Glasses For Pilots Laser safety glasses wholesale Laser Safety Glasses for Use in Ophthalmology Glasses to Protect Eyes from Laser Laser Safety Glasses for Palomar Lasers Laser Safety Glasses for Holmium Lasers Laser Safety Glasses EN207 Uses of Laser in the Field of Medicine Where Can I Get Laser Safety Glasses ? What are Laser Safety Glasses ? What Happens if I Use a Dental Laser with No Protective Glasses ? Multi Range Laser Eye Protective Goggles Is It a Myth , or Can Wicked Lasers Cause Blindness ? Can all the Wavelengths of all the Lasers be Covered in One Pair of Eye Protection Goggles ? Does OD and Wavelength Need to be Posted on Goggles ? What Type of Glasses Do I Need for Holmium Laser ? Laser Safety Glasses 680nm Do I Need Safety Glasses for Laser Pointers ? How Do Laser Safety Glasses Work ? Laser Safety Glasses for 1W Blue Lasers Laser Protection Glasses Aviation Laser Goggles for Red , Green , Yellow Laser Safety Glasses When to Use Laser Protection Glasses 1064 and 532 nm Laser Safety Glasses Infrared Laser Safety Glasses Selection Laser Protection Acrylic Sheet Calculate Optical Density for Laser Safety Glasses Laser Safety Glasses While Flying a Plane Alignment Laser Safety Glasses Laser Safety Goggles for Dentists Safety Glasses for Laser Welding Laser Safety Glasses for Dermatology Multi Wavelength Laser Safety Glasses Laser Safety Goggles 532nm Laser Safety Glasses for Coast Guard Laser Glasses for Dentistry Can Laser Pointers Hurt Your Eyes ? When Do You Need Laser Safety Glasses ? Laser Safety Glasses 445nm How to Protect My Eyes from Laser Pointers How to Protect Yourself From Lasers Portable Laser Safety Barrier Will Laser Pointers Damage an Airplane Pilot ’ s Eyesight ? Can Laser Pointers Blind Pilots ? Laser Glasses for Border Control Can Laser Pointers Really Hurt Your Eyes ? Laser Safety Goggles for Red Laser Do I Need to Wear Laser Safety Glasses for Wicked Lasers ? Laser Protection for Pilots Green Laser Pointer Safety Glasses for Pilots How Laser Pointers Can Damage Eyes Can Laser Pointers Burn Skin ? Laser Pointer Safety for Pilots Laser Safety Glasses for Pilots Laser Pointer Safety : What Do I Need To Know ? Can Laser Pointers Blind You ? Where are Medical Laser Glasses Worn in a Hospital ? Do I Need to Wear Safety Glasses When Looking Indirectly at a Laser ? Laser Hair Removal Safety Glasses Laser Safety Goggles for Red Laser Pointers Laser Safety Goggles for Medical Professionals How Does Optical Density Relate to Visible Light Transmission ? Laser Safety Goggles Should Be Comfortable ! Do My Laser Safety Goggles Ever Expire ? How Do I Get New Laser Safety Goggles Developed ? How Do I Know My Laser Safety Goggles Conform to ANSI Z136 ? Why Do Some Laser Glasses with Lower Optical Densities have Lower VLT ? Why Do Glass Laser Safety Goggles Have Better VLT ? Why Are My Laser Safety Goggles So Expensive ? Why Do You Need Laser Safety Goggles ? How do I Choose the Correct Laser Safety Goggles ? What is a Laser Safety Officer ( LSO ) ? Who Manufactures Laser Safety Goggles ? What Are Laser Safety Goggles ? | [
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http://lasikcomplications.com/ghosting.htm | Ghosts / Multiple Images after LASIK After refractive surgeries like LASIK , LASEK , and PRK , some patients see multiple images , sometimes called ghost images or ghosts . The medical term is " monocular polyopia " , which literally means " one eye , many images . " Simulations Menu The Myth of 20 / 20 Starbursting Halos Ghosting Blurry Vision Reading Issues Driving Issues Ghosts are caused by corneal irregularities after LASIK . Some patients see a single ghost image , whereas other patients see many . Ghost images may be relatively transparent or so opaque that it is impossible to discern which is the ghost and which is the real image . Ghosting is more commonly seen at night , but it may occur in all lighting conditions depending on the nature of the corneal irregularity . Ghosting may be a result of induced astigmatism , decentered ablation , or large pupils . In patients with large pupils , light passes through both the treated and untreated areas of the cornea , resulting in a multi - focal cornea . The muti - focal cornea leads to multiple images . | [
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http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/MATH/AreaVolume.html | Areas and Volumes - A Lesson in Proportionality and the Value of Ratios In astronomy and planetary science we often need to consider areas and volumes . We might be interested in the light hitting the surface of a planet or the distribution of craters over the surface - how many craters per unit area , for example . Then , there are processes that depend on the volume - the amount of heat generated by radioactivity inside , for example . First , let ' s start with something easy - squares and cubes : Consider a square that is some distance " D " on a side - the area is D x D = D 2 ( with the appropriate units - meters 2 or km or feet ( if you can not handle metric ) ) Now , double the size of the square so that each side is 2D - the area is then 2D x 2D = ( 2D ) = 4 x D ( with same appropriate units ) . The ratio of sizes of the squares is ( Size Big ) / ( Size Small ) = ( 2D ) / ( D ) = 2 . The ratio of the areas of the squares is ( Area Big ) / ( Area Small ) = ( 2D ) / D = 2 = 4 . Next , let ' s look at volume . Consider a volume of a cube that is D on a side . The volume of the cube is D x D x D = D 3 ( with the appropriate units - meters 3 or km or feet ( if you can not handle metric ) ) Again , consider a cube that is twice the size - 2D on a side . The volume of the cube is then ( 2D ) = 2 D = 8 D Taking ratios we can summarize as follow ( labelling the square or cube that is of size of D as " small " and that the one that is twice the size , 2D , as " big " ) : ( Size Big ) / ( Size Small ) = ( 2D ) / D = 2 ( Area Big ) / ( Area Small ) = ( 2D ) / D = 2 x 2 = 4 = [ ( Size Big ) / ( Size Small ) ] ( Volume Big ) / ( Volume Small ) = ( 2D ) / D = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 = [ ( Size Big ) / ( Size Small ) ] OK - but planets and stars are spheres not cubes . But let ' s begin with a circle of radius R . The area = p R If we double the size of the circle - double the radius ( and / or double the diameter ) - Area = p ( 2R ) = = 2 R = 4 R Moving from 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions , let ' s thing about spheres . Remember the formula for the area of a sphere of radius R ? It is 4 Let ' s go for a sphere twice the size - radius = 2D . The area will then be 4 ( 2R ) = 4 2 R = 16 R Volume ? The volume of the smaller sphere is 4 / 3 Double the radius of the sphere and we have a volume of 4 / 3 ( 2R ) = 4 / 3 = 4 / 3 x 8 = 32 / 3 Taking ratios again , we get ( Area Big Circle ) / ( Area Small Circle ) = ( ( 2R ) ) / ( ) = 2 = 4 ( Area Big Sphere ) / ( Area Small Sphere ) = ( 4 ) / ( 4p ) = 2 = 4 ( Volume Big Sphere ) / ( Volume Small Sphere ) = ( 4 / 3 p ( 2R ) ) / ( 4 / 3 p = 8 OK - so , you have mastered squares , cubes , circles and spheres - let ' s move on to frogs . What ' s the formula for the area of a frog ? Area of a frog = " something " x H What if the frog is twice as big ? Area of big frog = " something " x ( 2H ) = " something " x 2 H = " something " x 4 H And , the volume of an frog ? Volume of a frog = " something else " x H But , while we might have no idea about the " something " or the " something else " , look what happens when we take ratios : ( Area Big Frog ) / ( Area Small Frog ) = ( something x ( 2H ) ) / ( something x H ( Volume Big Frog ) / ( Volume Small Frog ) = ( something else ( 2H ) ) / ( something else H = 8 So , What do we conclude from all this ? That if you are not interested in the actual formula for an area of volume of an object , whatever its shape , but interested in what happens when you consider an object of the same shape but some factor bigger or smaller , then all you need to think about is the ratio . Furthermore , if you look at the above , you will see a pattern . You will see that we can generalize . There are trends . You will notice that the ratio of areas is always ( Area Big ) / ( Area Small ) = [ ( Size Big ) ] / ( Size Small ) ] . And that ( Volume Big ) / ( Volume Small ) = [ ( Size Big ) ] / ( Size Small ) ] In the above cases we always doubled the size of the object ( to keep it simple ) - but the math would be the same if we multiplied by 3 or 8 or 42.456788 . The area would then increase by a factor of 3 or 8 or 42.456788 and the volume by a factor of 3 or 8 or 42.456788 We can say Area is proportional to Size Volume is proportional to Size This works for squares , this works spheres , this works for frogs , elephants , you name it . Furthermore - it means that if you are just looking at the same shape and scaling bigger or smller , you never need to plug into your calculator . In fact , you can probably do all the math in your head . It also means that you are less likely to hit the wrong key on your calculator . For example , the marbles problem . Jupiter is 10 times the size of Earth . So , if we model Jupiter with a volley ball and Earth with a marble , how many marbles fit into the Jupiter - volley ball ? The ratio of volumes is just ( Volume of Jupiter ) / ( Volume of Earth ) = [ ( radius of Jupiter ) / ( radius of earth ) ] = ( 10 ) = 1000 BUT . . . . IN REALITY . . . . . there will be space between the marbles so that we will probably not be able to get as much as 1000 marbles into the Jupiter ball - there will be gaps . How much ? You guess ! 10 % ? 20 % ? 30 % ? 50 % . . . . ? what do you think ? | [
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http://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/apr/16/actor-urich-dies-of-cancer-at-55/ | Actor Urich dies of cancer at 55 Tuesday , April 16 , 2002 | 11 : 11 a.m . Robert Urich , whose portrayal of Las Vegas private detective Dan Tanna in the hit television show " Vega $ " defined the modern though changing gambling center in the late ' 70s , died today . The Emmy Award - winning actor , also known for his portrayal of another sleuth in " Spenser : For Hire , " died of a rare form of cancer that he announced he had in 1996 . His courage in the face of death and optimistic outlook for recovery heightened awareness of all forms of cancer . Urich died at a hospital in Thousand Oaks , Calif . , surrounded by family members and friends , publicist Cindy Guagenti said . He was 55 . Today Las Vegans who worked with Urich remembered a fun - loving man who enjoyed his job and loved the city whose image he helped improve with his performance as a crime fighter . " He was a fine young man and a superb actor whose sincere , warm image came across to the public , " said former Desert Inn President Burton Cohen , whose resort was the main filming location for " Vega $ . " " There was not one ounce of temperament in him as an actor . He brought a sense of seriousness to his role as Dan Tanna but always appeared as though he had fun doing it . He was handsome , and the women loved him . " Aaron Spelling brought Cohen the idea for making the old DI the home for " Vega $ . " After Spelling asked Cohen what he thought of the pilot , Cohen said " it was the worst piece of junk " he had ever seen . The producers and Cohen then worked out the details for shooting future episodes at the DI . " I felt that it would be good public relations , not only for the DI but for Las Vegas , and it went over very well , " Cohen said . " We turned the hotel into a movie studio and production offices and used employees as extras . " JR Reid , owner of a film lighting and grip rental company , was a stagehand on " Vega $ " and remembered how much fun it was working with Urich . " Unlike a lot of actors , Bob was very cognizant of the crew and enjoyed cutting up with the guys on the set , " Reid said . " The show was a defining moment for Las Vegas that showed that the city , its glitz and glamour aside , was like any other in America that had problems like any other place . " Reid said the show also played an important role in the tourism industry , as people came to Las Vegas to visit the set and watch the shooting . It also set the stage for the shooting of many other TV and film productions , including the successful " Crime Story " series . Both Cohen and Reid said that the Dan Tanna character was so endearing that people would come to town and asked where Tanna lived . Urich announced in 1996 that he was suffering from synovial cell sarcoma , a rare cancer that attacks the body ' s joints . He underwent chemotherapy , radiation treatments and two operations in the mid - 1990s to combat the cancer , then returned to acting . He earned his first television role in the 1973 comedy series " Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice . " He also appeared in the TV series " S.W.A.T " before being cast as Peter Campbell in " Soap . " " Vega $ " ran on ABC from 1978 to 1981 . It was rated 23rd in the 1978 - 79 season . After the show ended , Urich signed a three - picture movie deal with MGM studios , but his small screen popularity never transferred to the big screen . Urich role as a crime - solver led , however , to his starring role in another ABC detective series " Spenser : For Hire , " which was based on Robert Parker ' s novels . That series aired from 1985 to 1988 . Urich won an Emmy in 1992 for his narration of the " National Geographic Explorer " film " U - Boats : Terror on Our Shores . " He also received the Cable Ace Award that year for hosting " National Geographic Explorer . " More recently Urich appeared as a wanderer suffering from amnesia in " The Lazarus Man , " as a cruise ship captain on " Love Boat : The Next Wave " and a wisecracking talent agent on the brief NBC sitcom " Emeril . " Urich sued Castle Rock Television , which produced " Lazarus Man , " for nearly $ 1.5 million two years ago , claiming the show was canceled by the production company because he had cancer . In July 1996 Urich told Castle Rock that he had cancer and would have to undergo treatment , but his lawsuit said he was able to perform under the agreement both parties signed . The breach of contract suit sought the amount , about $ 73,000 per episode , he would have received for the second season of " Lazarus Man . " Born in Toronto , Ohio , Urich won a football scholarship at Florida State University . He later earned a master ' s degree in broadcast research and management from Michigan State University . Urich briefly worked in Chicago as a radio sales agent and a television meteorologist . Burt Reynolds helped Urich land his first major role , as his younger brother in a stage production of " The Rainmaker . " Urich appeared in several television miniseries and cable specials . Other television credits include : " Crossroads , " " Lonesome Dove , " " Vital Signs , " " It Had to Be You , " and " Tabitha . " Among his film credits were starring roles in " Turk 182 ! " with Timothy Hutton and " Ice Pirates " with Anjelica Huston . After his bout with cancer , Urich became active in cancer research , with he and his wife establishing the Heather and Robert Urich Fund for Sarcoma Research to accelerate the pace of research into sarcoma . Earlier this year Urich donated the proceeds from his appearance on the game show " Who Wants to Be a Millionaire " to a fund at the University of Michigan , where he was treated for cancer . He received the Gilda Radner Courage Award from the Roswell Park Cancer Institute , named for the cancer - stricken comedic actress who starred on " Saturday Night Live " and , like Urich , made a comeback to television only to later die of the disease . " Charge forward with hope and get the best medical advice you can , " Urich urged an audience during a public speaking engagement last year in Wisconsin . " Talk to your friends , neighbors , family , and together you attack it . We ca n ' t always control what happens to us , but we can always control how we react to it . " He is survived by his wife ; three children , Allison , Ryan and Emily ; two brothers ; a sister ; and his mother . A memorial service was scheduled for Friday in Los Angeles . The Associated Press contributed to this report . archive | [
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http://lasvegassun.com/news/2011/jul/28/law-school-graduates-face-flooded-job-market/ | Law school graduates face flooded job market Chris Morris By Steve Kanigher Thursday , July 28 , 2011 | 2 a.m . Sun Archives Las Vegas unemployment at 13.8 percent ( 7 - 22 - 2011 ) Southern Nevada ’ s battered economy is taking a toll on young attorneys just as it is other professions , with graduates of UNLV ’ s Boyd School of Law entering a job market that has fewer openings and lower starting pay . A State Bar of Nevada survey published last month of members age 36 or under or who have practiced less than five years found that the most common base salary this year ranges from $ 80,001 to $ 85,000 , compared with $ 90,001 to $ 95,000 in 2007 . The latest survey ’ s preparers , Las Vegas attorney Ryan Works with the law firm McDonald Carano Wilson , and Layke Stolberg , Boyd ’ s career services director , said valley law firms are beginning to hire again after going through layoffs that reflected a steep drop - off in business . “ If you are talking about an uptick , it ’ s an uptick from a very low level , ” said Works , outgoing chairman of the bar ’ s young lawyers section . “ The folks who were coming in 2009 and 2010 to get employment were simply stonewalled . “ Now that things have leveled off in terms of the economy , people are starting to rehire , ” he said . “ I do n ’ t think we will see the rapid , wild growth in hiring that we saw three or four years ago when people were taking on many associates and a bunch of different litigation lawyers . ” But not everyone is on equal footing . Works and Stolberg say attorneys with expertise in bankruptcy law have a better chance of finding work than those who specialize in real estate deals , which have been pummeled by the recession . “ I ’ ve seen the bankruptcy practices in all the big firms grow , ” said Works , himself a bankruptcy specialist . Another phenomenon of the layoffs is that many newly graduated lawyers find themselves competing for jobs with others who have some experience but who lost their positions during the recession . “ In that market we ’ re seeing a lot of firms seeking attorneys with one to five years of experience , ” Stolberg said . “ The thinking might be that these attorneys can hit the ground running . ” But many recent graduates who are well - trained and likable stand as good a chance of getting hired as those attorneys seeking to switch employers , Works said . “ There is something to be said about hiring someone fresh out of law school who is going to probably come in at a lower salary level than a lateral transfer , ” he said . “ To be frank , there ’ s a lot of things that a first - or second - year lawyer will do that a lateral attorney wo n ’ t do or does n ’ t want to do , like legal research and original drafting . ” Despite the tighter job market , Stolberg said most new graduates are still finding employment , though not always in fields of law . Boyd , which had 153 first - year students last school year , saw 93.2 percent of its 2010 graduates get jobs within nine months of earning their degrees . Of those 136 graduates who got jobs , 73 landed positions in private practice , 27 became clerks for judges , 14 went into other businesses , 12 got other government jobs , seven accepted public - interest work and three took academic positions . Still Their average starting salary was $ 71,456 , according to the law school . But that was roughly $ 3,500 less on average than what Boyd ’ s 2007 graduates earned in their first year out of school . Likewise , Works said he is n ’ t surprised that starting salaries for recent graduates who get jobs in private practice are lower than they were before the recession . The most common salary range for those graduates last year was $ 60,001 to $ 65,000 , about on par with the national average for first - year attorneys . “ We ’ re not seeing the first - year salaries that lawyers saw coming through the door three , four , five years ago , ” he said . “ The folks who are employed at this time are lucky to have employment at all . For me it ’ s such a small job market in town . You have to look around and say that there are only so many legal jobs to go around , and there ’ s only so many clients to employ those law firms , and a lot of those clients are Law school graduates are not only facing a tight job market , but many are also saddled with enormous student - loan debt . The survey , which had 207 respondents , found that the median debt among them was $ 60,001 to $ 70,000 . Only 21 respondents said they had no debt . Stolberg , who grew up in Boulder City , actually thought the median debt would be higher because of her own experience . She attended law school at Boston University , a decision that earned her a degree but also a $ 90,000 debt , thanks in large part to out - of - state tuition . “ I certainly was n ’ t thinking very smartly at the time about what it would be like to pay that off , ” she said . It just so happens that programs and panel discussions Stolberg is preparing for Boyd students and graduates this fall include a speaker who will discuss ways to address student - loan debt . “ We ’ ll have panels with small and medium - size firms and we ’ ll have a speaker talking about starting your own solo practice out of law school , ” she said . “ We ’ ll also be talking about professional development and the importance of networking . ” Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari | [
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http://lasvegassun.com/news/2012/apr/03/why-nevada-offers-just-about-every-gambling-option/ | gaming : Why Nevada offers just about every type of gambling possible — except a lottery Steve Marcus People line up to buy Mega Millions lottery tickets at the Primm Valley Lotto Store across the state line at Primm Thursday , March 29 , 2012 . By David McGrath Schwartz Tuesday , April 3 , 2012 | 2 a.m . Mega Millions lottery fever Launch slideshow » Nevadans cross state lines for lottery KSNV coverage of why there is no lottery in Nevada , March 28 , 2012 . Sun archives Compared to winning the lottery , what are the chances of other things happening ? ( 03 - 30 - 2012 ) Hundreds of dreamers line up for nanoscale shot at $ 640 million lottery jackpot ( 03 - 30 - 2012 ) Watching Nevadans form long lines across the California border last week , hoping to strike it rich gambling , would seem akin to Idahoans emigrating for potatoes or Wisconsinites taking a road trip for cheese . Gambling is , more than anything else , supposed to be Nevada ’ s franchise . But California offers something Nevada does n ’ t : lottery tickets . Record lottery ticket sales of $ 1.5 billion last week for a jackpot of $ 640 million once again raises the question of why Nevada does n ’ t participate in a lottery . “ Nevada is sending people out of state to gamble , ” said Assemblyman Paul Aizley , D - Las Vegas , who authored a resolution in 2009 to change the state ’ s constitution . “ That , to me , is crazy . ” Casinos see it differently . A lottery in Nevada would be , in their mind , competition . The Nevada Constitution has prohibited lotteries since it was ratified in 1864 . Over the past 30 years , efforts to change that have been squashed by the gaming industry at the Legislature . ( Voters did change the constitution in 1990 to allow charitable groups and not - for - profits to hold small lotteries — think church raffles . ) Since 1975 , the Legislature has considered a lottery resolution almost every session to start the ball rolling on a five - year process to amend the constitution . It has yet to pass . A lottery in Nevada would bring in between $ 30 million and $ 50 million a year , according to one Legislative analysis done in 2005 . Another study , by the Governor Kenny Guinn ’ s Task Force on Tax Policy , estimated in 2002 that it would net the state $ 40 million to $ 70 million a year . Considering that the state has cut its budget four times since 2008 , that money would by no means solve the state ’ s budget problems . And gaming lobbyists said that it would cut into their business . During a 2009 hearing , when Aizley ’ s proposal was in front of the Assembly , lobbyists articulated their opposition . “ It would directly compete with our business , ” said Michael Alonso , a lobbyist representing Terrible Herbst , according to minutes of the hearing . “ We do not think the state should be directly competing with its largest industry . ” Lesley Pittman , a lobbyist representing Station Casinos , also pointed to the government competition . “ Now is not the time for the state Legislature to make a conscious choice to make it more difficult for our gaming industry to regain its financial health , ” she told the committee . Lawmakers asked if there was n ’ t a way that the local operators could figure out how to make money from lottery sales . But that math would be difficult . Retailers in California get 6 percent of lottery ticket sales . Education gets about 50 percent to 55 percent , according to a spokesman for California Lottery In Nevada , the gaming tax on its largest casinos ’ gambling wins is 6.75 percent . Gov . Brian Sandoval opposes a state lottery . “ It ’ s not appropriate for the state to compete with our No . 1 industry , ” his spokeswoman said . MGM Resorts International Chairman and CEO Jim Murren told KSNV Channel 3 last week that he also opposes a lottery . His company creates jobs , he said . “ How many jobs does a lottery create ? ” he asked . Lottery business on the other side of the border , meanwhile , is doing just fine . Forty - three states participate in lotteries , generating $ 17 billion in revenue for those states . The convenience store just across the California border at Primm is consistently the top seller of lottery tickets in California . “ And it was n ’ t close , ” said Alex Traverso , spokesman for California Lottery . Aizley said he does n ’ t like to see Nevada money going to buy California lottery tickets and helping fund their schools . But he has given up . “ It just does n ’ t pass , ” he said . “ It ’ s not a winner for me . ” | [
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http://lasvegassun.com/news/2013/sep/24/police-believe-16-year-old-may-have-stayed-house-a/ | Police believe 16 - year - old may have stayed in house after mother , brother were killed Henderson Police are still looking for Adrian Navarro - Canales , wanted in connection to deaths Henderson Police Department Henderson Police released these photos of Adrian Navarro - Canales . On Monday , a warrant was issued for the 16 - year - old , charging him as an adult with two counts of murder in the stabbing death of his mother , Elvira Canales - Gomez , 40 , and his 9 - year - old brother , Cesar Navarro . By Brian Nordli Tuesday , Sept . 24 , 2013 | 10 : 39 a.m . Mom , son found Sun coverage Arrest warrant issued for teen in deaths of mother , brother Relatives reeling after Henderson mom , son found dead ; neighborhood in shock Mother , boy found dead in Henderson apartment ; another son missing More breaking news Henderson Police discovered their bodies on Friday inside the bathroom — a 9 - year - old boy in the bathtub and his mother on the floor next to him . The mother , Elvira Canales - Gomez , 40 , had a large butcher ’ s knife in her chest and multiple stab wounds , and the boy , Cesar Navarro , had a stab wound in his chest . The officers smelled the odor of human decomposition , which filled the Summit at Sunridge apartment in the 11000 block of South Eastern Avenue , indicating they had been dead for a while . Missing from the apartment was Canales - Gomez ’ s 16 - year - old son Adrian Navarro - Canales , who is wanted in connection with their deaths . These were the details outlined in a Henderson Police arrest warrant for Navarro - Canales , who has been missing since Friday and is wanted on two charges of murder with use of a deadly weapon . The warrant details the events leading up to the discovery of the bodies : Earlier in the week , on Monday , the family and Canales - Gomez ’ s boyfriend held a small celebration for Navarro - Canales ’ birthday . Relatives described the boy as anti - social , often secluding himself inside the apartment to play video games . He wanted to return to Mexico and had stopped attending Coronado High School in November 2012 . The next day , a neighbor saw Canales - Gomez picking Cesar up at Lamping Elementary School and spoke briefly on the phone with her boyfriend on the way home . That was the last time she was heard from . The mother ’ s boyfriend tried reaching her at the family ’ s apartment multiple times . On Tuesday , the lights were off , so he assumed they were sleeping . The next day he noticed a kitchen light was on through a window , but no one answered the door . Henderson Police conducted their first welfare check Wednesday , but no one answered the door . On Wednesday , Navarro - Canales texted his father , Enrique Velasquez , who lived in Northern California , telling him everything was fine at the home . He said his mother and brother were sleeping so they could n ’ t answer the phone . Henderson Police conducted a second welfare check on Friday , at the behest of a family relative who said Canales - Gomez had n ’ t shown up for work and Cesar was n ’ t going school . Detectives believe Canales - Gomez and Cesar had been dead since Tuesday and that Navarro - Canales had lived in the home after they died . Police have been searching for Navarro - Canales since Friday . Police urge anyone with information regarding the incident or the whereabouts of Navarro - Canales to call Henderson Police at 267 - 4750 or , to remain anonymous , contact Crime Stoppers at 385 - 5555 or online at crimestoppersofnv . com Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari | [
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http://lasvegassun.com/news/breakingnews/ | Breaking News in Las Vegas « Older Today April 13 , 2019 2 a.m . Former White House counsel says Trump ' has different way of approaching decisions ' In event at UNLV , Don McGahn offers glimpse of what is was like to work with Trump By Bryan Horwath During a recent trip to Las Vegas , former White House counsel Don McGahn offered a glimpse of what is was like to work with President Donald Trump . McGahn , who last month returned to private practice with . . . Friday April 12 , 2019 3 : 20 p.m . Test taker pleads guilty in college admissions bribery scam By Alanna Durkin Richer , Associated Press A former Florida prep school administrator pleaded guilty Friday to taking college entrance exams for students in exchange for cash to help wealthy parents get their . . . 3 : 16 p.m . Students at Mormon - owned BYU urge honor code compassion By Brady McCombs , Associated Press Several hundred students at Mormon - owned Brigham Young University chanted " If God forgives me , why ca n ' t you ? " during a protest Friday aimed at pushing college officials to . . . 3 : 07 p.m . Child hurt , suspect arrested in Mall of America incident By Jeff Baenen , Associated Press A 5 - year - old boy plummeted three floors Friday after being pushed or thrown from a balcony at the Mall of America , according to witnesses , and police said a . . . 3 : 01 p.m . Fisher - Price recalls sleepers after more than 30 babies died Associated Press Fisher - Price recalled nearly 5 million infant sleepers on Friday , after more than 30 babies died in them over a 10 - year period . The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission said anyone who bought a Fisher - Price Rock ' n Play sleeper should . . . 2 : 24 p.m . Firefighters put out blaze at 2 mobile homes By Sun Staff A fire today spread from one mobile home to another before firefighters were able to put out the blaze , the Clark County Fire Department reported . A fire was reported about . . . 2 : 02 p.m . Tilman Fertitta may make another bet on Caesars Houston Chronicle Houston billionaire Tilman Fertitta is back in the game to potentially merge his hospitality , casino and restaurant holdings with . . . 12 : 08 p.m . As cashless stores grow , so does the backlash By Alexandra Olson and Ken Sweet , Associated Press Hembert Figueroa just wanted a taco . So he was surprised to learn the dollar bills in his pocket were no good at Dos Toros Taqueria in Manhattan , one of a small but growing number of establishments across the U.S. where customers can only pay by . . . 11 : 45 a.m . Diocese in Las Vegas identifies ' credibly accused ' priests Ricardo Torres - Cortez The Diocese of Las Vegas today released a list of 32 one - time Catholic priests and a church associate “ credibly accused ” of sexual misconduct involving . . . 11 : 17 a.m . Las Vegas gets $ 5 million grant to combat terrorism By Sun Staff The Department of Homeland Security has granted $ 5 million to the Las Vegas metro area to help prevent , respond to and . . . 10 : 43 a.m . New ' Star Wars ' called ' The Rise of Skywalker ' Associated Press No one is ever really gone , says Luke Skywalker in the first teaser for " Star Wars : Episode IX , " which fans got a first look at . . . 10 : 23 a.m . Station Casinos exec takes communications job with LVCVA Bryan Horwath The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority has hired longtime Station Casinos corporate communications executive Lori Nelson - Kraft . Nelson - Kraft , who will start her new job next month , will be . . . 10 : 03 a.m . Trump says he may send ' Illegal Immigrants ' to Dem districts By Jill Colvin and Colleen Long , Associated Press President Donald Trump said Friday he is considering sending " Illegal Immigrants " to Democratic strongholds to punish congressional foes for inaction on the border — just hours after . . . 9 : 09 a.m . It ' s not too late to dive into ' Game of Thrones , ' with help By John Carucci , Associated Press For seven seasons , you ' ve ignored the lure of " Game of Thrones . " The multiple awards did n ' t draw you in . Your friends debating plot twists each Sunday on social media did n ' t move you . The " Is Jon Snow really dead ? " storyline was n ' t . . . 9 : 07 a.m . GOP group sorry for email calling Ocasio - Cortez ' terrorist ' The president of a college Republican group in Ohio has apologized for a fundraising email that referred to Democratic congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio - Cortez as . . . 9 : 06 a.m . Suspect in crash that killed 3 Girl Scouts , mom due in court The man accused in a hit - and - run crash that killed three Girl Scouts and a mother as they collected trash along a highway in Wisconsin is . . . 9 : 04 a.m . Man angry about virginity pleads guilty to threatening women A man has pleaded guilty to a felony terroristic threat charge after authorities said he threating to target women in a mass shooting because he . . . 9 : 01 a.m . Sudanese army says it holds president , wo n ' t extradite him By Maggie Michael , Associated Press The Sudanese army will not extradite deposed President Omar al - Bashir but will put him on trial at home , the military said Friday as it defended its seizure of power after . . . 8 : 59 a.m . Chevron vaults into new league on $ 33B Anadarko acquisition By Michelle Chapman , Associated Press Chevron will buy Anadarko Petroleum for $ 33 billion in a cash - and - stock , energizing its deep water exploration in the gulf and in the energy - rich southwest region of Texas called . . . 8 : 48 a.m . Buttigieg goes from cordial to critical of Pence on campaign By Brian Slodysko and Michelle R . Smith , Associated Press On the campaign trail , Democratic presidential contender Pete Buttigieg blasts Vice President Mike Pence ' s cultural and religious conservatism . But as the mayor of Indiana ' s fourth largest city , his tone . . . 8 : 46 a.m . Stage set for epic extradition fight over WikiLeaks ' Assange By Gregory Katz , Associated Press What is expected to be an epic legal and political battle over whether to extradite Julian Assange to the U.S. began to take shape , with Britain ' s opposition Labour Party urging . . . 8 : 41 a.m . Wendy Williams files for divorce after 21 - year marriage Wendy Williams has filed for divorce after nearly 22 years of marriage to her husband and manager . Her attorney , Mary Vidas , says the papers were filed in Essex County , New Jersey , where the talk show diva has a home . Vidas would not comment further on . . . 2 a.m . Collective bargaining for state workers : What we know ( and do n ’ t ) about the cost John Sadler Nevada could be the next state to allow public sector collective bargaining , an issue supported by the Legislature ' s Democratic majority and Gov . Steve Sisolak . So , what exactly will the cost … Everything has become partisan Letter to the editor : By Paul Gary , Las Vegas Because Robert Mueller refused to indict the president or release his results and left it to others to draw conclusions , he should be … Let ’ s see what Barr is hiding Letter to the editor : By Thomas Mattingly , Las Vegas I am waiting to see what will transpire with this mess created and perpetuated by the president ’ s hired gun and … « Older | [
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http://lasvegassun.com/vegasdeluxe/2013/jul/03/celine-dion-shares-her-secrets-long-and-happy-mar/ | Celine Dion shares her secrets to a long and happy marriage Tom Donoghue / DonoghuePhotography . com Rene Angelil and Celine Dion arrive at the “ Veronic Voices ” premiere at Bally ’ s on Friday , June 28 , 2013 . By Robin Leach Wednesday , July 3 , 2013 | 6 : 30 p.m . ‘ Veronic Voices ’ Premiere at Bally ’ s Launch slideshow » 3 / 15 / 11 : Celine Dion at The Colosseum Launch slideshow » Love is grand ! Communication keeps love alive and well ! Celine Dion and Rene Angelil have one of the most tender of love stories and longest of marriages in show business . Their relationship began 26 years ago , and they became engaged 22 years ago in 1991 . To this day , they still smooch , sometimes unabashedly in public with a peck on the cheek or a full - on lip lock . They still hold hands and wrap their arms around each other ’ s waists . In fact , it was a mutual love tap or gentle pat on their backsides that prompted me to ask Celine a question about her secrets to a happy marriage . She had an instant , one - word answer : “ Communication . ” We were at the premiere night in Bally ’ s for their new singing discovery , impressionist Veronic DiCaire and her show “ Veronic Voices . ” I joked with Rene , who is co - producing Veronic ’ s show , that he could n ’ t run off with her because her voice is so incredibly identical to his wife ’ s . Their love story is now of legend : Rene and Celine met when she was 12 and he was 38 after her mom sent him a demo tape . That was in 1980 , and Celine was 19 before they had a first date . She was 23 when they became engaged . They married in December 1994 and will celebrate their 19th anniversary this December . In January 2000 , they renewed their wedding vows here . After many years failing to conceive , Celine underwent treatments for in - vitro fertilization . Their first son , Rene - Charles , was born in January 2001 and , in October 2010 , her fraternal twins Nelson and Eddy . Celine told me : “ Up until seven years ago , we were n ’ t communicating properly . A very good girlfriend talked to me about the real meaning of communication , the right way to communicate and really properly communicate on an equal and respectful level . “ It changed the way we related to each other . My husband is also my best friend . We trust each other with our lives . We live for each other . ” I complimented the two of them on their obvious long - lasting and intense affection for each other . Celine admitted : “ Before my girlfriend taught me fully about communication , Rene and I had our tough times . It was n ’ t always easy . We had tension between us . It ’ s never easy being husband and wife , but add to that we are in business together dealing with all the added pressures of shows , concerts , tours , traveling . It was hard — a lot of hard work . “ I was old school and kept it hidden . Forget about it , and it will go away . I talked about it with my best girlfriend , and she taught me it never goes away . It sits there and gets worse . She taught me how to say things the right way . It ’ s lessons that every married couple should know to hold their relationship together . ” Celine said that before learning from her girlfriend ’ s advice , she did n ’ t realize that things could be said differently — instead of nagging or being accusatory and instead of letting problems or differences fester by sweeping it under the carpet , as we do in England ! “ It ’ s sad that so many people break up , their loving relationships end and divorce happens when , if there was proper communication , they would be able to hold on to the beauty of their early years together . We made it through , so everybody else can , too . ” Celine says as a couple , Rene and she share everything . “ We made a commitment to each other not once but a second time here in Las Vegas . Those promises are for a lifetime together , and , because we respect each other , we will keep them forever . Talking openly together about everything might start out as a challenge , but , once you are through it the first time , it gets easier from then on . ” The loving couple spend time at their homes in Lake Las Vegas , Jupiter , Fla . , and back in their hometown of Montreal . Celine is now into the beginning of her third year of her second residency show at The Colosseum in Caesars Palace . Rene has said that he has extended the contract through 2019 . I asked Celine for the glue that holds a long happy marriage together . She summed up : “ We laugh . We joke . We kid each other . We want our marriage to last forever . Talk over everything , and you ’ ll find you are still on the honeymoon . We still miss each other when we are apart . We could n ’ t imagine life without each other . “ Communication — it ’ s the most important . It ’ s the secret . ” Robin Leach has been a journalist for more than 50 years and has spent the past decade giving readers the inside scoop on Las Vegas , the world ’ s premier platinum playground . Follow on Twitter at Twitter . com / Robin_Leach Follow Vegas DeLuxe on Twitter at Twitter . com / vegasdeluxe Follow VDLX Editor Don Chareunsy Twitter . com / VDLXEditorDon | [
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http://lasvegassun.com/weather/ | Current Conditions : Mostly Cloudy Temp : 56 ° High : 57 ° Two - week trends Avg . 58 ° Low : 40 ° Avg . 44 ° UV Index : 5 Humidity : 30 % Pressure : 30.0 in . – 4 Dew Point : 25.0 ° F Chance of precipitation : 10 % Three Day Outlook Today : Partly cloudy . Highs around 60 . Lows 39 to 42 . Tonight : Partly cloudy . Lows 34 to 39 . North winds up to 10 mph . Tomorrow : Sunny . Highs 52 to 55 on the west side of the valley . 55 to 58 on the east side . North winds up to 10 mph shifting to the northeast in the afternoon . Five Day Temperatures Today : ( 57 / 40 ) Sunday : ( 56 / 42 ) Monday : Rain ( 55 / 45 ) Tuesday : Rain Showers ( 54 / 45 ) Wednesday : Rain Showers ( 56 / 45 ) Thursday : Rain Showers ( 58 / 45 ) Records for JAN . 12 High : 71 ° F ( 1938 ) Low : 14 ° F ( 1963 ) Rain : 0.65 " ( 1949 ) Snow : 4.7 " ( 1949 ) Snow Accumulation : 7.0 " 2019 Precipitation Total Today : 0.0 " Week : 0.0 " Month : Year : Days without precipitation : 256 Lake conditions Lake Mead Water temp : 69 ° F Water level : 1084 ft . Lake Mohave Water temp : 74 ° F Water level : 633.9 ft . Lake Powell 3603.3 ft . Lake Havasu 446.3 ft . Monthly averages Month Avg . High Avg . Low Avg . Precip . Record High Record Low Jan . 57 ° 37 ° 0.59 " 77 ° 1 / 26 / 1975 8 ° 1 / 13 / 1963 Feb . 63 ° 41 ° 0.69 " 87 ° 2 / 26 / 1986 16 ° 2 / 7 / 1989 Mar . 70 ° 47 ° 0.59 " 92 ° 3 / 21 / 2004 19 ° 3 / 2 / 1939 Apr . 78 ° 54 ° 0.15 " 99 ° 4 / 27 / 2000 31 ° 4 / 2 / 1975 May 88 ° 63 ° 0.24 " 109 ° 5 / 28 / 2003 38 ° 5 / 3 / 1942 June 99 ° 72 ° 0.08 " 116 ° 6 / 15 / 1940 48 ° 6 / 6 / 1993 July 104 ° 78 ° 0.44 " 117 ° 7 / 19 / 2005 56 ° 7 / 21 / 1940 Aug . 102 ° 77 ° 0.45 " 116 ° 8 / 3 / 1979 54 ° 8 / 3 / 1937 Sep . 94 ° 69 ° 0.31 " 113 ° 9 / 1 / 1950 43 ° 9 / 27 / 1948 Oct . 81 ° 0.24 " 103 ° 10 / 1 / 1978 26 ° 10 / 30 / 1971 Nov . 66 ° 44 ° 0.31 " 87 ° 11 / 1 / 1988 15 ° 11 / 24 / 1938 Dec . 37 ° 0.40 " 78 ° 12 / 2 / 1940 11 ° 12 / 23 / 1990 Weather Guide For Want of Water : Quenching Las Vegas ' Thirst Desert dwellers find summer sizzle , little rainfall Desert oasis drying up Las Vegas weather can be a gamble An Unlucky Seven : When nature has lashed out in Nevada Notable Events Photo gallery Dec . 17 , 2008 A rare snowstorm blanketed the Las Vegas Valley , delaying flights , causing widespread fender - benders and canceling school . ( Complete Coverage Sept . 17 , 1961 One of the worst storms in Southern Nevada history , spawning a possible tornado on the Las Vegas Strip , struck the city at night . Nine people died , including four Nevada Power Company linemen and five Boy Scouts who drowned in their campground in Zion National Park in Southwestern Utah . The bodies of the Scouts were found floating in the Virgin River . ( Full Story Jan . 31 , 1979 : The last big snowfall in Las Vegas piled up 7.4 inches on the ground . National Weather Service records showed that snowfall that sticks around in the valley occurs on average every 20 years . ( Full Story July 19 , 2005 The official thermometer at McCarran International Airport hit 117 degrees , the hottest temperature ever recorded . This day also set a new minimum high temperature at 95 degrees . ( All wallpaper » Weather Wallpaper 800x600 1024x768 1280x800 1280x1024 1440x900 1680x1050 800x600 1024x768 1280x800 1280x1024 1440x900 1680x1050 Official weather data provided by the NOAA National Weather Service and is in the public domain . | [
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http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home_blog/2010/12/arne-jacobsen-egg-chair-reproductions.html | The Look for Less : Arne Jacobsen ' s Egg chair hatches imitations December 22 , 2010 | 9 : 47 am Designed for the Royal SAS Hotel in Copenhagen , Arne Jacobsen ' s 1958 Egg chair is perhaps the most sensuous and organic modern interpretation of the classic wing chair . To his upholstered foam and fiberglass , the Danish architect added functionality and comfort : a tilting mechanism and 360 - degree swivel base . Small wonder that the chair produced for more than 50 years by manufacturer Fritz Hansen has been so widely copied . In addition to the usual Internet knockoffs , Restoration Hardware has jumped on the Jacobsen bandwagon . It has reproduced the Egg chair as the 1950s Copenhagen chair and also has launched the Devon , a variation of the Swan chair , another Jacobsen design for the Royal SAS ( now the Radisson Blu Royal ) . One of the chairs below is the original Jacobsen Egg chair with a starting price of about $ 6,000 . The others are copycats selling for one - fourth to one - fifth of that price , available from Restoration Hardware and the website Infurn . How do you tell the difference ? What are you getting for your money ? Keep reading . . . The black chair , above left , is the official Jacobsen design manufactured by Fritz Hansen of Denmark . It is 43 inches high , almost 34 inches wide and about 31 inches deep . It is available in hundreds of colors in wool and blends for $ 5,934 from Hive Modern . With a matching ottoman , it ' s $ 7,929 . Leather upholstery costs significantly more , and for $ 171 you get an optional mechanism that returns the swivel to its starting position . Restoration Hardware ' s 1950s Copenhagen chair , above center , is slightly taller at 45 inches and comes in eight pale shades of cotton , linen and velvet , from $ 1,345 to $ 1,625 . Look closely and you will see that the chair , below left , has double tuck - and - roll seams with puckered fabric , whereas the two Jacobsen Egg chairs pictured below right have taut fabric and a clean , uniform , top - stitched single seam . Restoration Hardware ' s Copenhagen chair also comes in distressed leather for $ 1,695 to $ 1,995 . No matching ottomans are available . The Infurn website explains that factory - direct sales of its furniture helps cash - conscious consumers avoid the high licensing fees and marketing costs associated with designer originals . It does n ' t mention whether the company pays royalties to designers ' estates . In scale , Infurn ' s " Egg chair inspired by Arne Jacobson , " right , is nearly identical to the Jacobsen original . It sells for $ 1,199.95 in fabric and $ 1,579.95 to $ 1,799.95 for leather . Ottomans are $ 349.95 to $ 529.95 . The website advertises a five - year guarantee , which is not the norm for knockoffs . In an even more brazen move , Infurn has also produced a version of Fritz Hansen ' s 50th anniversary limited edition of Jacobsen ' s chair , nicknamed the Golden Egg and shown at the top of this post . It has a solid bronze base and is upholstered with a suede back and a smooth leather interior . Only 999 went on sale worldwide in February 2008 , price upon request . Infurn ' s version is $ 2,099.95 , but the upholstery is not the premium hides found on the Fritz Hansen edition , and the base is not bronze . - - David A . Keeps Photos : Fritz Hansen , Restoration Hardware , Infurn | [
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http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/07/captain-phil-harris-final-deadliest-catch-episode-sets-records.html | Captain Phil Harris ' final ' Deadliest Catch ' episode sets records July 14 , 2010 | 2 : 45 pm Captain Phil Harris died on last night ' s episode of " Deadliest Catch " and 8.5 million people tuned in to see how Discovery and the show ' s producers handled this delicate matter . That ' s not just a record audience for the series , but it also made the episode the third - most - watched telecast in Discovery history - - behind " Raising the Mammoth " and " Walking With Dinosaurs , " which both aired in 2000 . I know I ' m still thinking about Josh Harris ' sad call to his brother , Jake , in rehab to let him know their father had passed away . That the Cornelia Marie captain died Feb . 9 seemed an especially cruel turn of fate , since it appeared his health was improving . Viewers had just seen the beautiful goodbye scene with Josh and his father : Captain Phil kissed his hand and put it to his son ' s face , and then Josh leaned down and kissed his father ' s forehead . Josh Harris was n ' t expecting that to be their final goodbye , but it was . And it was the viewers ' final goodbye too . After Josh left , the cameras showed Captain Harris staring out the window at a beautiful view of Anchorage , and that was it . Whatever new health crisis erupted , viewers did n ' t see it . We just saw Josh Harris reacting to the news of it , returning to the hospital , praying for his father , and then his phone call to Jake . It was incredibly moving and , considering that this had never happened on a reality show before , executive producer Thom Beers should be commended for his respectful treatment of the Harris family and his viewers . Discovery will air a two - hour tribute to the famous fisherman next Tuesday at 9 p.m . You can watch the last seven minutes of Tuesday night ' s episode , " Redemption Day " below : - - Maria Elena Fernandez twitter . com / writerchica Video credit : YouTube RELATED : The family of Captain Phil Harris braces for the end of the " Deadliest Catch " season " Deadliest Catch " executive producer talks about the show ' s soaring sixth season | [
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http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/11/vivid-launches-adult-tv-channel-on-google-tv.html | Vivid launches sexually explicit channel on Google TV [ Updated ] November 7 , 2011 | 12 : 40 pm Vivid Entertainment is bringing porn to Google TV . The Los Angeles adult entertainment company launched its Vivid for Google TV channel on Monday as " the first TV app designed to make sexually explicit content available through the new Google TV set - top device . " Apple , one of Google ' s biggest rivals , has had a long standing policy of not allowing adult content on products such as its Apple TV , iTunes or the App Store for the iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad . However , Apple has made an exception for Playboy Until this point , Google has n ' t has any adult channels on Google TV though users can surf anything on the web through Google TV ' s built - in web browser . Steven Hirsch , Vivid ' s co - founder and co - chairman , said in a statement that the new Google TV channel is " a central part of our making Vivid available everywhere concept , which gives fans unified access to our content through their personal computers , mobile devices , tablets , television sets and DVD players . " Vivid ' s streaming channel will broadcast , in high definition " award - winning adult movies , celebrity sex tapes , XXX parodies of popular superheroes , educational videos and other content , " to those ages 18 and older who also subscribe to the company ' s website . Hirsch also noted that Vivid is looking to bring similar content to other Internet TV platforms , although he did n ' t name others . " We spent more than a year developing a code base for a robust , stand - alone Internet - TV channel with a friendly interface for the consumer that can be used with the current Google TV technology and other Internet protocol presentation methods now in development , " he said . Google TV has had a tough time catching on with consumers since its launch more than a year ago , and the online search giant is looking to reboot its efforts with a new platform based on its hugely successful Android operating system for phones and tablets . [ Updated 12 : 44 p.m. : A Google spokesman emailed this statement to the Technology blog regarding sexually explicit video on Google TV : We will respect the parental controls of devices connected to Google TV . So if you have controls set up through your set - top box or through a V - Chip , those controls will continue to work for TV content shown through Google TV . Users will also be able to implement Safe Search on the Google TV browser ( Chrome ) , and the Safe Search setting will extend to Internet content shown in Google TV search results . In addition , users will have the ability to lock out access to the browser on Google TV RELATED : Apple may be getting ready to reinvent TV Google rolling out new version of Google TV YouTube counting on former Netflix exec to help it turn a profit - - Nathan Olivarez - Giles twitter . com / nateog Image : A portion of a screen shot of the Vivid for Google TV channel on Google TV . Credit : Vivid Entertainment | [
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http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/05/eric-avila-is-an-associate-professor-of-chicano-studies-history-and-urban-planning-at-ucla-his-book-popular-culture-in-the.html | Chavez Ravine Revisited May 12 , 2009 | 8 : 00 am Photograph by George R . Fry Jr . / Los Angeles Times May 8 , 1959 : Councilman Edward R . Roybal meets with the Arechiga family at Curtis Street and Malvina Avenue , where they camped out in their fight against being evicted from Chavez Ravine . Photograph by Harry Chase / Los Angeles Times Sept . 16 , 1959 : Groundbreaking for Dodger Stadium . Eric Avila is an associate professor of Chicano studies , history and urban planning at UCLA . His book , " Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight , " deals in part with the Dodgers ’ decision to move to Los Angeles and the construction of Dodger Stadium in Chavez Ravine . He answered questions about the Dodgers and Chavez Ravine in an e - mail interview with Keith Thursby . 1 . How did you start studying Chavez Ravine and the Dodgers ' move ? I realized that Dodger Stadium was another component of this new suburban culture that was taking shape in L.A. during the postwar period . Along with shopping malls , television , theme parks , movies , Dodger Stadium emerged as one of the new cultural institutions that defined the identity of Los Angeles during the 1950s . Thus , I saw the need to include it in my book . 2 . There ' s a wonderful passage in your book from a former Chavez Ravine resident describing life there before many of the residents were moved out for a housing project that never happened : " There were dances in the churchyard . Pageants held in the streets . Weddings in which the whole community joyously participated . " Reading The Times ' coverage in 1958 - 59 provides no idea what the community was like at that point . Can you describe life for the remaining residents . How many people were still fighting the Dodgers ' planned Photograph by Hackley / Los Angeles Mirror - News Jan . 9 , 1952 : Homes being cleared from Chavez Ravine . It ' s not surprising to me that the Times did n ' t cover the conditions of community life in the Chavez Ravine during the 1950s , except to emphasize that the ravine was a worthless piece of land - - a " junkyard , " I think it called that neighborhood - - in need of redevelopment . But it ' s important to remember that by the time the Dodgers had agreed to move to Los Angeles , most of the residents of the ravine had already moved out , based on an earlier promise from the 3 . How would you describe the role of The Times ? The Los Angeles Times wholeheartedly endorsed the plan to build a stadium in Chavez Ravine , and mocked the plight of the Arechiga family as staged theatrics . Over and over again , the LAT emphasized the imperative to build Dodger Stadium in the ravine - - this was after it denounced public housing as a " socialist scheme " - - and it played upon local fears that if the public did not approve the construction of Dodger Stadium , that the Dodgers would pack up and go back to New York . Basically , The Times initially played 4 . The campaign for the stadium included the passage of Proposition B , which approved the Dodgers ' deal with the city . How did the city leaders approach that campaign and what did you think of the tactics that were used ? The city and The Times used scare tactics to the effect of " if you do n ' t vote for Proposition B , then the Dodgers will leave L.A. and find another city more willing to accommodate their interests . " No evidence of this , of course , but that ' s how The Times advocated its side of the controversy . What many people do n ' t realize is that Proposition B passed by a narrow margin : Many people did not approve of the deal between the city and the Dodgers , as they felt 5 . You linked the building of Dodger Stadium to the development of high culture in neighboring Bunker Hill . Can you explain the connection ? As far as I can tell , the Times - - historically a major proprietor of downtown real estate and business - - was invested in boosting the centrality of downtown , especially in light of the rapid suburbanization that was occurring in the larger urban region . Thus , both the Music Center and the stadium were central to downtown revitalization - - one would attract wealthy elites and the other would attract middle and working class consumers . It was all about their geographic proximity to the downtown core . 6 . We ' re approaching the anniversary of the Arechiga family evictions . What were the longer - term implications of those evictions , which many people outside Los Angeles saw on television ? The long - term reverberations of the evictions left a residue of bitterness among many local Mexican Americans , who remember a much longer history of displacement and dispossession in California and the U.S. West . For many of these people , the televised spectacle of this Mexican family being forcibly evicted from their homes resonated within a larger historical context of the American conquest of Mexico and the subordination of Mexican Americans within a new political , economic and racial order . 7 . How did the Dodgers ' move to Los Angeles fit in the cultural changes happening in the region in the late ' 50s and early ' 60s ? This essentially is what my book is about , so I ca n ' t recite the entire argument for you here , but basically , Dodger Stadium was another component of a new suburban culture that took shape in Southern California that catered to white middle class suburban consumers who sought safe , convenient and controlled cultural experiences that were removed from the historic diversity and perceived dangers of the city . Disneyland , shopping malls , freeways were all part of this new suburban culture . True , Dodger Stadium was in the heart of the city , Photograph by Steve Fontanini / Los Angeles Times May 2 , 1964 : A large crowd packs into Dodger Stadium for a Sunday afternoon game . It looks like every parking spot is taken . 8 . Let ' s talk about another scenario . What do you think the Dodgers would have done if they were somehow not able to play in Chavez Ravine ? What might have become of the area and the people still living there ? And would the Dodgers playing somewhere other than Chavez Ravine been better for the region in the long run ? Before Walter O ' Malley announced his decision to move his team to L.A. , he quietly purchased some 11 acres of land in South - Central L.A. which included , I believe , an old baseball diamond known as Wrigley Field . Initially , there was some speculation that O ' Malley would build his stadium there . And in fact , the African American community - - loyal fans of Jackie Robinson and the Dodgers - - expressed its great hope that the Dodgers would settle somewhere in the vicinity of South - Central L.A. The city , | [
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http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2008/04/obamaflagpinlap.html | Breaking News : Obama caves ! Flag pin returns to his coat lapel April 16 , 2008 | 2 : 19 am OMG , will you look at that ? Amazing what a protracted primary struggle amid bitter small towns will do to previously stated political positions . The flag pin is back on the lapel of Illinois Sen . Barack Obama No , really . Look closely at his left lapel in this photo from MSNBC on Tuesday . You may recall Obama removed the lapel flag pin last fall as something of a gesture of independence if you ' re an Obama fan - - or an act of defiant antiwar non - patriotism if you ' re not . At the time Obama removed the pin , which most politicians had worn on their suit coats since 9 / 12 as a sign of patriotism , solidarity with 9 / 11 victims and their families and national support for American troops . However , when a sharp - eyed local ABC - TV reporter in Iowa asked him , half - jokingly , about it in October , Obama went on to explain seriously at some length : " You know , the truth is that right after 9 / 11 , I had a pin . Shortly after 9 / 11 , particularly because as we ' re talking about the Iraq war , that became a substitute for , I think , true patriotism , which is speaking out on issues that are of importance to our national security , I decided I wo n ' t wear that pin on my chest . " Instead , " Obama added rather grandiosely , " I ' m going to try to tell . . . . the American people what I believe will make this country great , and hopefully that will be a testimony to my patriotism . " Of course , removal of the little symbol could also be framed as a statement of principle that usefully underlined his oft - stated and long - standing opposition to the Iraq war unlike , say , some other Democratic senators who wanted to be president and voted to authorize use of force in Iraq . The little flag ' s big disappearance aroused considerable controversy at the time . It was tied in with the fraudulent photo of Obama not placing his hand over his heart during the Pledge of Allegiance , thus publicly displaying a lack of patriotism . " It just shows you he ' s not ready for prime time , " said Laura Ingraham , the conservative commentator . Once the flames of controversy really got roaring , Obama reasonably explained , " I ' m less concerned with what you ' re wearing on your lapel than what ' s in your heart . You show your patriotism by how you treat your fellow Americans , especially those who serve . And you show your patriotism by being true to your values and ideals . And that ' s what we have to lead with , our values and ideals . " But it was too late by then . OK , he weathered that one and has done just fine on the delegate - collection side of things ever since , wearing naked lapels . Although the Rev . Jeremiah Wright ' s sermon about the chickens coming home to roost on American shores on 9 / 11 re - created some awkward moments for Obama . But , whoa , there he was Tuesday on national television at a Keystone State town hall meeting trying , with some success , according to recent polls , to play catch - up to Sen . Hillary Clinton in the next key Democratic primary state of Pennsylvania , which votes April 22 . And there , like a screaming eagle proclaiming Obama ' s patriotism for all the bitter , disgruntled voters of small - town America to see just days after he seemed to dis them to an elite crowd of donors at an allegedly closed fund - raiser in a San Francisco mansion , waving stiffly on the senator ' s left lapel was the old red - white - and - blue flag pin . Watch and see if it ' s still there in tonight ' s debate . According to a touching - possibly - true - but - then - again - you - never - know - in - big - time - politics report circulating on several blogs during the night , the pin was reportedly given to Obama Tuesday morning by a disabled veteran whose name nobody seems to know right now . So naturally not wanting to hurt the vet ' s feelings , how could the 46 - year - old Obama do anything other than immediately put the pin back on his public lapel for as long as necessary ? If we were cynical and had over the years seen even the most seemingly idealistic politicians sway with the winds in the face of political pressure just before a crucial election , we ' d write something about how convenient that no one caught the vet ' s name . But then , probably by lunchtime today someone will find a disabled Pennsylvania veteran who claims he ' s the one who proudly gave the little pin to the candidate . And Obama can then wear the minute flag until he himself turns 88 without having to explain an embarrassing but awfully convenient political flip - flop in the face of running against a Republican war veteran who spent nearly six years in a POW cell . And who , by the way , won his party ' s presidential nomination rather handily without any lapel pin . UPDATE : Thanks to loyal Ticket reader Ariane for steering us to video of Obama acknowledging the disabled vet . And it did n ' t even take until lunchtime . ) So we ' ll leave out all that cynical part . - - Andrew Malcolm Photo Credit : AP | [
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http://latimescrosswordanswers.com/129339/past-time-crossword-clue/ | Past time crossword clue In our website you will find the solution for Past time crossword clue Thank you all for choosing our website in finding all the solutions for La Times Daily Crossword Our page is based on solving this crosswords everyday and sharing the answers with everybody so no one gets stuck in any question We are a group of friends working hard all day and night to solve the crosswords Why do you need to play crosswords Because its the best knowledge testing game and brain teasing You need to exercise your brain everyday and this game is one of the best thing to do that In total the crossword has more than 80 LA Times October 25 2018 Crossword CLUE Past time crossword clue SOLUTION YORE Posted on October 25 2018 Publisher LA Times Did you find the solution of Past time crossword clue Check the other crossword clues of LA Times October 25 2018 Smudge crossword clue Union agreements crossword clue Download Todays Puzzle LA Times Crossword Puzzle December 25 2018 Print LA Times Daily Crossword Answers LA Times Crossword December 26 2018 Answers LA Times Daily Sudoku Solution LA Times Daily Sudoku December 25 2018 Answers LA Times Daily Word Search LA Times Daily Word Search December 25 2018 Answers La Times Crossword Clues Far from forward crossword clue Jinx crossword clue Vientiane language crossword clue Org with admirals crossword clue Oscar winner Minnelli crossword clue Nashville venue crossword clue Morks planet crossword clue Richard who played The Wiz in 1978 crossword clue City west of Daytona Beach crossword clue Make as beer crossword clue Odds and ends crossword clue Dust in the Wind band crossword clue Stone chips crossword clue Most sparsely populated Eur country crossword clue Owl or osprey crossword clue Any one of Bachs Brandenburgs crossword clue Acupuncture tool crossword clue Tough going crossword clue Crude shelter crossword clue Tough crowds crossword clue Why I Live at the PO author Welty crossword clue As a whole crossword clue Melodic passage crossword clue Auden Blake or Coleridge crossword clue Escorted to the exit crossword clue Web help pgs crossword clue Skirmish crossword clue Dave Brubeck classic Take __ crossword clue Took off crossword clue Exquisite trinket crossword clue Crosswords Crossword Solver Daily Crossword Clues An error has occurred which probably means the feed is down Try again later | [
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http://latindictionary.wikidot.com/adjective:aeternus | Aeternus Translation Eternal , immortal Main Forms : Aeternus , Aeterna , Aeternum Positive Degree Feminine Masculine Neuter Singular Nominative Aeterna Aeternus Aeternum Genitive Aeternae Aeterni Aeterni Dative Aeternae Aeterno Aeterno Accusative Aeternam Aeternum Ablative Aeterna Vocative Aeterne Plural Nominative Genitive Aeternarum Aeternorum Aeternorum Dative Aeternis Aeternis Accusative Aeternas Aeternos Ablative Vocative Comparative Degree Masculine / Feminine Neuter Singular Aeternior Aeternius Aeternioris Aeternioris Aeterniori Aeterniori Aeterniorem Aeternius Aeterniore Aeterniore Aeternior Plural Aeterniores Aeterniora Aeterniorum Aeterniorum Aeternioribus Aeternioribus Aeterniores Aeterniora Superlative Degree Feminine Masculine Aeternissima Aeternissimus Aeternissimum Aeternissimae Aeternissimi Aeternissimi Aeternissimae Aeternissimo Aeternissimo Aeternissimam Aeternissimum Aeternissima Aeternissime Aeternissimarum Aeternissimorum Aeternissimorum Aeternissimis Aeternissimis Aeternissimas Aeternissimos page revision : 1 , last edited : Edit Tags History Files Print Site tools + Options | [
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http://latindictionary.wikidot.com/noun:victoria | Navigation Home page Index Index Reverse Search Indexes Flashcards Latin Phrases English Phrases Portable Dictionary Victoria Translation Victory Main Forms Victoria Victoriae Gender Feminine Declension First Singular Plural Nominative Victoria Victoriae Genitive Victoriae Victoriarum Dative Victoriae Victoriis Accusative Victoriam Victorias Ablative Victoria Victoriis Vocative Victoria Victoriae | [
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http://latindictionary.wikidot.com/reference:adverbs | The Latin Dictionary Navigation Home page Index Index Reverse Search Indexes Flashcards Latin Phrases English Phrases Portable Dictionary Adverbs Positive 1 st 2 nd 3 rd e iter Comparative ius Superlative issimerime | [
"The Latin Dictionary"
] |
http://latindiscussion.com/forum/latin/negative-imperatives.17142/ | Latin D Latin Fora > Latin > Latin Grammar Questions Negative Imperatives By epaminondas , in ' Latin Grammar Questions ' , Mar 15 , 2013 Page 1 of 2 1 2 Next > epaminondas Member Location : Arkansas If you ' ve ever walked behind the Tate Modern in London , you ' ve seen Edgy Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . The inscription on the plinth is NON PLAUDITE MODO PECUNIAM JACITE . Granted , the word non is extremely versatile and can be placed almost anywhere for negation , but I ' ve never seen it used in a negative imperative . I would have used NOLITE PLAUDERE . Does anyone know if this is a Vulgar or Medieval usage ? I ' m just guessing based the J in JACITE Last edited by epaminondas , Mar 16 , 2013 CIVIS ROMANVS SVM stat . a.d. XV KAL DEC MMDCCXIX A.V.C . Mar 15 , 2013 # 1 Aurifex Aedilis Aedilis Patronus Location : England I believe there is an instance ( or two ? ) of non with the imperative in Ovid . Not that the person who dreamed up the present inscription knew anything about that . Aurifex # 2 Cinefactus Censor Censor Patronus litore aureo When I did my masterpiece on prohibitions I did n ' t find this usage . You could make a much better case for ne + imperative , or non + subjunctive ego meo sum promus pectori LatinDiscussion needs $ 100 per month to remain active . If we have helped you , please consider making a donation Please see our disclaimer with regards to the accuracy of any translations provided . Cinefactus # 3 Censor Censor litore aureo Not that I am suggesting either of these usages . . . noli + imperative would be conventional . Do you have the references in Ovid Aurifex ? I will add them to my collection . ego meo sum promus pectori LatinDiscussion needs $ 100 per month to remain active . If we have helped you , please consider making a donation Please see our disclaimer with regards to the accuracy of any translations provided . # 4 Aedilis Aedilis England All I ' ve got to go on at the moment is a note in Gildersleeve ' s Latin Grammar , section 270 . After discussing the already restricted use of ne with the first imperative , he goes on to say : " The use of with the actual imperative is found only in Ovid " . He supplies no references , so on this use of the negative it ' s sadly not very positive ; but I ' m going to get to the bottom of it , and I wo n ' t be taking non for an answer . ETA : And Roby , in his Latin Grammar , ( Vol . 2 , p467 ) , says : " Both and nec are occasionally found with an imperative or iussive subjunctive ( instead of ne ) . " But no examples from him either . Last edited by Aurifex , # 5 likes this . For non + subjunctive Andria 787 non te credas Davom ludere nec Andria 392 nec tu < ea > causa minueris haec quae facis # 6 Pacifica grammaticissima Civis Illustris Patrona Belgium Non + subj . in Petronius also : Suadeo , bonum tuum concoquas , milva , et me non facias ringentem , amasiuncula : alioquin experieris cerebrum meum . ( LXXV ) Non + imp . , I ' ve never seen it ( never read Ovid either ) . On the other hand , I think nec + subj . is pretty normal , if you say " do n ' t do that or that " . Quintus Ennius tria corda habere sese dicebat , quod loqui Graece et Osce et Latine sciret . — Aulus Gellius . σοῦ δὲ ποιοῦντος ἐλεημοσύνην μὴ γνώτω ἡ ἀριστερά σου τί ποιεῖ ἡ δεξιά σου — Matt . 6 : 3 . L ' humour est la politesse du désespoir . — Author uncertain . Life ’ s but a walking shadow , a poor player / That struts and frets his hour upon the stage / And then is heard no more . It is a tale / Told by an idiot , full of sound and fury , / Signifying nothing . — Macbeth Pacifica # 7 OK . A few examples . Ov . A.A. 3 , 129 vos quoque non caris aures onerate lapillis . Ov . Ep . 17 , 164 sed tu non ideo cuncta licere puta . Cat : 66 , 80 - 81 non prius unanimis corpora coniugibus tradite nudantes reiecta ueste papillas . According to Fordyce , this is the first occurrence in Latin of with 1st imp . . He adds : " it can be justified as being closely attached to prius . " # 8 LCF a.k.a. Lucifer Civis Illustris Apud Inferos Hmm . . . are we sure this are negative imperatives and not simply negative / excludatory objects ? Example of this is : da mihi aquam ! Noli dare mihi aquam = direct prohibition . da mihi aquam ( . . .sed vinum ) . Command to give me something else , not aquam Tagged So instead of prohibiting , you command to do something else . " Thou shall do not this , but something else " . . . Last edited by LCF , LCF # 9 LCF dixit : ↑ Hmm . . . are we sure this are negative imperatives and not simply negative / excludatory objects ? What are negative / excludatory objects ? LCF dixit : ↑ Example of this is : da mihi aquam ! Noli dare mihi aquam = direct prohibition . da mihi aquam ( . . .sed vinum ) . Command to give me something else , not aquam So instead of prohibiting , you command to do something else . " Thou shall do not this , but something else " . . . I see . I would n ' t say so . The Catullus example may be influenced by this kind of thing , but the Ovid examples are plainly negative commands without accompanying positives . I ' ve no doubt these readings are emended by certain commentators who do n ' t like the " impurity " of the Latin . The position of in the first Ovid quote might tempt some editors to want to take it closely with caris somehow , by fiddling with other parts of the sentence , and in the second quote by its position clearly puts emphasis on ideo , but as they stand I do n ' t think it ' s unreasonable to regard these as examples of + 1st imperative . Last edited by Aurifex , # 10 Aurifex dixit : OK . A few examples . Ov . A.A. 3 , 129 vos quoque non caris aures onerate lapillis . Ov . Ep . 17 , 164 sed tu non ideo cuncta licere puta . Cat : 66 , 80 - 81 non prius unanimis corpora coniugibus tradite nudantes reiecta ueste papillas . According to Fordyce , this is the first occurrence in Latin of with 1st imp . . He adds : " it can be justified as being closely attached to prius . " Thanks . I am always looking for different examples of prohibitions Mar 16 , 2013 # 11 a.k.a. Lucifer Apud Inferos Some good notes worth reading : http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = KV . . .oque non caris aures onerate lapillis&f = false # 12 Some good notes worth reading : http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = KVwKAAAAIAAJ&lpg = PA57&ots = eE3uonmLYD&dq = vos quoque non caris aures onerate lapillis&pg = PA54 # v = onepage&q = vos quoque non caris aures onerate lapillis&f = false What do they say exactly , because I ca n ' t access them ? # 13 Aurifex dixit : What do they say exactly , because I ca n ' t access them ? Attached . . . Start with PDF page 62 Attached Files : The_Journal_of_Philology . pdf File size : 8.8 MB Views : 237 Last edited by LCF , # 14 Pacis puella likes this . Attached . . . Start with PDF page 62 Thanks for that ! This seems to be the nub of his argument : " But first an important point in the usage of negatives must be noticed , which is too often lost sight of . There are two ways of using a negative . You may negative a whole clause , or part of a clause . . . . It will be found , probably , that all apparent instances of the confusion between and are mere regular examples of this universal rule . " I was expecting something a little more revelatory . It ' s somewhat hard to believe also that he can be seriously implying that Madvig , Zumpt , Heindorf and Dräger ( together with anyone at all who ' s more than scraped the surface of Latin grammar ) may not be aware of his " important point " about the two ways of using a negative . # 15 grammaticissima Patrona Belgium Is it not extremely probable that they ought all to be so explained , and may we not therefore be saved from the severe dislocating logical effort of trying to view them as commands of past actions , except of course where Cicero , as in ne poposcisses ( Att . 2 . 1 ) , out of mere wanton sport and buffoonery coins such an idea for the amusement of Atticus and the despair of schoolboys ? What is a command of past action supposed to be . . . ? " Do not have had done this " . . . ? How is it possible , what ' s done is done . . . How can you tell people " not to have done something " , they ca n ' t travel back in time . Like a wish " may you never have done this " , yes , I get it , but as a command . . . Is it really thought by some to exist , except in that Quintus Ennius tria corda habere sese dicebat , quod loqui Graece et Osce et Latine sciret . — Aulus Gellius . σοῦ δὲ ποιοῦντος ἐλεημοσύνην μὴ γνώτω ἡ ἀριστερά σου τί ποιεῖ ἡ δεξιά σου — Matt . 6 : 3 . L ' humour est la politesse du désespoir . — Author uncertain . Life ’ s but a walking shadow , a poor player / That struts and frets his hour upon the stage / And then is heard no more . It is a tale / Told by an idiot , full of sound and fury , / Signifying nothing . — Macbeth # 16 Member Arkansas He supplies no references , so on this use of the negative it ' s sadly not very positive ; but I ' m going to get to the bottom of it , and I wo n ' t be taking non for an answer . Love the humor ! CIVIS ROMANVS SVM stat . a.d. XV KAL DEC MMDCCXIX A.V.C . Mar 17 , 2013 # 17 Godmy A Monkey Bohemia Pacis puella dixit : On the other hand , I think + subj . is pretty normal , if you say " do n ' t do that or that " . No , in that case you have to use " neve " or " neu " , " nec / neque " to my knowledge can not be used to connect another " nē " clause . . . ( but good thinking ! ) Last edited by Godmy , Mar 17 , 2013 Fully Digital Forcellini + Attico - Latin / Lat - Att . dictionaries Live Latin Chat Latin IRC channel POST · NVBILA · PHOEBVS Godmy # 18 If a negative command follows a positive it is regular to connect with nec / neque . Cic . De Officiis , 1 , 92 : res familiaris augeatur ratione . . .nec libidini pareat On the other hand , connecting two negative commands using the sequence ne . . .neque / nec can not be regarded as " pretty normal " , being rare and largely confined to poetry and non - classical prose . Ter . Heaut . 975 : ne te admisce . . .nec tu aram tibi pararis Hor . Carm . 1 , 11 , 2 : tu ne quaesieris . . .nec Babylonios tentaris numeros Vitruvius 1 , 1 , 7 : ne sit cupidus . . .neque habeat # 19 A Monkey Bohemia Ah , thank you for the additional info . I had in my mind mainly " ne " + another " ne " where " neu / neve " is probably way more preferred ( with the exceptions that you show ) , but I had n ' t thought about the cases where it was bound to a positive command . . . Last edited by Godmy , Fully Digital Forcellini + Attico - Latin / Lat - Att . dictionaries Live Latin Chat Latin IRC channel POST · NVBILA · PHOEBVS # 20 ( You must log in or sign up to reply here . ) Page 1 of 2 1 2 Next > Share This Page Tweet | [
"Negative Imperatives",
"NON PLAUDITE MODO PECUNIAM JACITE"
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http://latinmeaning.com/what-does-the-latin-word-demo-mean/ | Posted on 2014 - 12 - 27 What does the Latin Word ‘ demo ’ mean ? Written by melyn Posted in D Tagged Latin explanation The English for the Latin word demo is to take away , subtract . Q : What ’ s the Latin word demo in English ? A : to take away , subtract . How do you say the Latin word demo in English ? To take away , subtract . The Latin word demo in English vocabulary . To take away , subtract . demo , English translation of this Latin word : to take away , subtract . The Latin word demo in English : to take away , subtract . How to say the Latin word demo in English . To take away , subtract . Say the Latin word demo in English . To take away , subtract . What is the English word for the Latin word demo ? To take away , subtract . What ’ s the English word for the Latin word demo ? It ’ s to take away , subtract . The Latin word demo in English translation . To take away , subtract . In English how do you say the Latin word demo ? To take away , subtract . Translation of the Latin word demo in English : to take away , subtract . The Latin word demo in English is to take away , subtract . In English , the translation of demo ( the Latin word ) . To take away , subtract . The Latin word demo in English vocab . To take away , subtract . The English translation of the Latin word demo is to take away , subtract . English word for the Latin word demo : to take away , subtract . What ’ s the English for the Latin word demo ? To take away , subtract . What does the Latin word demo mean ? English for the Latin word demo : to take away , subtract . Translate ‘ acclivius ’ from Latin to English . | [
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http://laundry.about.com/od/laundrybasics/a/washbeforewear.htm | Laundry Basics Laundry All About Washing New Clothes Prevent Allergic Reactions From Chemicals and Irritants By Mary Marlowe Leverette Updated 12 / 17 / 18 monkeybusinessimages / iStock Most of us love new clothes ! They are " perfect " – colors are bright , lines are crisp and pristine . So why would you ever wash them and risk changing the look before you even get a chance to wear them ? Why You Need to Wash New Clothes Before Wearing There are three good reasons to wash new clothes , especially pieces like underwear or t - shirts and shorts that are worn in direct contact with your skin before you wear them . One reason to wash new clothes is to wash out extra dye that can be transferred to your skin or other garments . Most fabrics made from synthetic fibers ( polyester acrylic ) are colored with azo - aniline dyes . These dyes can cause severe skin reactions for people , especially small children , who are allergic to them . If the allergy is severe , the rash will be similar to poison ivy . But even less severe reactions can cause dry , itchy inflamed patches of skin . It is possible to transfer lice , scabies , bacteria , and fungus from one person to another person when clothes are tried on . Dressing rooms can become breeding grounds for everything from viruses to athlete ' s foot . Why take that risk ? And , most importantly , new clothes should be washed to remove the chemical finishes like Urea formaldehyde that manufacturers put on clothes to enhance color or texture . The finishes wo n ' t bother everyone , but if you have sensitive skin , you can develop a rash especially in constant contact areas like armpits , collars , cuffs , and trouser waists and thighs . Urea formaldehyde is often the chemical used to prevent mildew from forming on clothes that have to be shipped long distances in hot , humid containers from Asia and South America to the United States . It has a very sharp odor that will remain in the fabric until the garment is washed . One washing will probably not remove all of the formaldehyde but you will reduce the resin significantly , and it will continue to be removed with each wash . It is especially important that children ' s clothing , especially clothes for babies , be washed before they are worn . Babies are particularly sensitive to chemicals , and skin rashes can occur . Select a detergent that is fragrance - free and dye free because detergent dyes and scents can also cause skin reactions . Plus , washing the new clothes for children will make them softer and more comfortable to wear . Washing new bed linens and bath towels is also important to remove applied chemicals since these come in direct contact with skin . Washing will also improve the absorbency of the fabric by removing surface fiber coatings . If you have a tag on the garment that reads " wash separately before wearing , " beware of dye transfer and color bleeding . Washing will help remove some of the excess dye but check the rinse water after each washing . If color remains in the water , you will continue to wash separately or with similar colors . It may take several washings to get rid of the excess dye and prevent damage to other fabrics . Jim Esposito / Getty Images What About Used or Secondhand Clothing ? Clothing from consignment or thrift stores should always be washed or dry - cleaned before wearing for hygienic purposes and to prevent skin irritation . Even though these clothes have probably been cleaned before being placed for sale , washing in your regular detergent will ensure better results for your family . This is particularly important if someone in your home has a sensitivity to fragrances like those in fabric softeners that so many people love . If the clothing has excessive odors from perfume or scented products , you should take extra steps beyond just washing . Wash as suggested and if the odor remains , use fresh air to help remove the scent . Or , soak the clothing overnight in a sink or bucket filled with lukewarm water and 1 cup of baking soda before washing . Add one cup of distilled white vinegar to the rinse cycle to help strip away any detergent or fabric softener residue in the fibers that may be holding onto the scent . Allow the freshly washed clothes to air dry in a breezy location and give the item a final sniff test before wearing . Richard Drury / Getty Images What Can I Do to Reduce Exposure to Chemicals on Clothing ? You can avoid some chemicals by shopping for organically produced natural fiber clothing . But be sure to read the care labels because not all cotton and linen and wool clothing is created equal . Manufacturers apply chemicals to prevent mildew , and natural fibers are particularly vulnerable to mildew if exposed to moisture . Choose clothing that can be washed at home to avoid any chemicals used in the dry - cleaning process | [
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http://laundry.about.com/od/laundrydetergents/qt/How-To-Use-Single-Dose-Laundry-Detergent-Packs-Correctly.htm | Laundry Products How to Use Laundry Detergent Pods Correctly By Mary Marlowe Leverette Updated 04 / 02 / 19 ssuaphoto / Getty Images Single dose detergent packs have taken the laundry detergent market by storm . The pods and packs promise to be effective , convenient , and simple to use . Then why are you having problems like streaking or spotting left on loads of laundry after using the pods ? How many pods or packs should you use for each load ? As with any cleaning product , it ' s important to learn how to use single dose laundry products correctly . In addition to laundry detergent single dose products , you can now find single dose scent boosters , stain removers , and laundry detergent boosters . Consult the product ' s packaging for usage directions or follow the same guidelines as these outlined for laundry detergent pods . How Many Laundry Detergent Pods Should I Use ? As you know , single dose laundry detergent pods cost more to use per load than liquid or powder detergent ; so , it is wise to use the correct number to save money . For a normal size load of laundry ( around 12 pounds ) , one detergent pod is all you need . If you have an extra large capacity washer like a front loader that can hold up to 20 pounds of laundry and you have it filled completely , use two pods . The cleaning ingredients in single dose detergent pods are concentrated and perform comparably with the specific brand ' s liquid counterpart in removing stains and soil . When you select a single dose product , consider the level of cleaning your family ' s laundry requires . When to Add Laundry Pods to Washing Machines The pods and packs work well in standard top load washers and high - efficiency ( HE ) top - loading and front - loading washers . If the washer has an automatic detergent or fabric softener dispenser , skip them . The pod must be placed directly in the drum ; NEVER in a dispenser drawer . The single dose pods should dissolve completely in both cold and hot water . During the winter , if the incoming cold water is extremely cold , the pod may not dissolve correctly . If you repeatedly experience the problem of the pod not dissolving , try dissolving the detergent pod in a quart jar of hot water first . Add the detergent water directly to your empty washer drum before adding the dirty laundry . Pod formulas are low - sudsing detergents ; which is a plus for washers that use low levels of water to get complete removal of soil and detergent in the final rinse . It is not necessary to have loads of suds to get clothes clean . Actually , lots of suds can redeposit soil on clothes . The number one rule to successful use is that the pods must be added to the empty washer drum BEFORE adding clothes and water . If the pod is placed on top of a load of clothes , it may not dissolve properly . This can result in streaks and spotting from deposits of detergent left on the wet clothes . Streaking can also happen if the washer is overloaded with clothes and the pod is n ' t exposed to enough water to dissolve . Illustration : © The Spruce , 2018 Troubleshooting Laundry Pods If a pod does not dissolve correctly and the laundry is streaked or spotted , immediately rewash the clothes with no added detergent . Choose the largest load capacity setting to make sure all of the clothes move freely through the water . Do not place clothes that are stained with detergent into a hot clothes dryer . The heat will make the product more difficult to remove . When using the pods it is essential that your hands are completely dry when handling them or the outer film will begin to dissolve . You should also keep the storage container sealed when not in use especially if you live in a high humidity area to prevent damage from moisture . Important Usage Notes Dishwasher pellets / single dose packs are also widely available in the marketplace . They are NOT interchangeable with laundry detergent packs . If you remove packs and pods from their original packaging to place in decorative containers , be certain to label each carefully so they do n ' t get mixed up with laundry pods . Many dishwasher pellets contain ingredients that can permanently bleach fabrics . Beware ! The pods are also cute and colorful and should always be kept away from children , vulnerable adults , and pets . They look a bit like candy , feel like silly putty , and can squirt into eyes or mouths if punctured . Call 911 or poison control immediately if a child swallows any of the product or the pod bursts and squirts into eyes or mouth . | [
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http://laurastanyer.blogspot.com/2011/05/importance-of-warm-up-and-cool-down-in.html | Laura Stanyer Monday , 2 May 2011 The Importance of Warm Up and Cool Down in Dance Practice It is essential to understand the importance of warm up and cool down to prevent injury and fatigue . It is important to be aware we are all unique and each of us responds to physical dance practice differently however fundamental training principles apply to everyone . It is essential that time is given to warm up and cool down as they will improve your physical ability and accelerate the recovery process after dance practice . During dance practice or any physical activity performance your body has to work hard to adapt to higher levels of stress . It is important to warm up your body in preparation for the increased energy demands . Also we focus the mind by using visualizations Why is it important to warm up for dance practice ? Warm up is very important it prepares the body for physical exertion , participating in fifteen minutes continuous movement that builds with intensity so you engage your cardiovascular system . Dance warm up aims to : Raise internal body temperature by 1 - 2 degrees Increase heart rate and blood flow to the muscles Mobilise joints to increase the synovial fluid Raise speed of transmission of nerve impulses Prepare mentally and physically for dance What is included in a dance warm up ? In power dance practice the first part of our warm up engages in continuous rhythmical activity that raises the body temperature and increases blood supply to the working muscles and is dance based activity that is very simple and rhythmical until your body is warm . Step 1 of a dance warm - up : Simple rhythmical movements for 10 minutes This raises internal body temperature 1 - 2 degrees Increase heart rate and the blood flow to the muscles We engage in mobilisations of the joints , small mobilisations gradually increase the range of motion ; an example of this is shoulders rolls that build up to arm circles . We mobilise all the major joints that we are going to be using . Step 2 of a dance warm - up : Mobilisations of the joints Gradually increase the range of motion Increase the synovial fluid in the joints Next we stretch using static stretches stretching the major muscle groups , hold each position for 10 seconds slowly breathe never feel pain and never bounce . Ideally we perform the stretch with each muscle group two or three times make sure we perform the stretch on both sides and the agonist and antagonist of each muscle group . These stretches are specifically designed for warm - up they are not there to increase your range of motion they are just there to prepare your body for the next section of your class , rehearsal or for performance . Step 3 of a dance warm - up : Gentle static stretches of major muscle groups Hold the position for 10 minutes breathe naturally Never bounce or feel any pain Another part of a dance warm - up is practicing specific skills ready for the dance practice ahead we practice movement that will be a part of our dance practice . What are the benefits of a dance warm - up ? The benefits for an effective power dance warm up ; the body will be prepared for strength , speed and neuromuscular coordination , complex moves . Oxygen reaches your muscles more efficiently this enhances muscle contraction . It can prevent muscle soreness after your dance practice or physical activity . Warm up is designed to prevent the risk of injury and also prepares the mind and body to concentrate on the task ahead . Benefits of an effective dance warm - up : Prepares body for complex movements Aids muscle contraction and relaxation Can reduce muscle soreness Prepares mind and body for dance May minimise the risk of injury In addition to the physiological effects , the warm up has the effect of preparing you psychologically by encouraging you to focus on the dance or physical activity to follow . Why is it important to cool down after dance practice ? It is equally important to cool down after each practice . The body must make a number of adaptations during the recovery period before it returns to normal , and this does not happen immediately . During vigorous physical activity the body ' ' s systems are put through extreme stresses . This leads to an increase in body temperature , heart rate and blood pressure . Your heart has been pumping blood around the body the muscles have been pumping the blood back to the heart if you suddenly stop the blood pools in the muscles this starves your heart and brain of blood supply and that is why you may feel lightheaded or dizzy . The body also releases hormones such as adrenaline and endorphins into the circulatory system . If a dancer just stops after an intensive class , the high levels of adrenaline and endorphins can cause a feeling of restlessness and even a sleepless night . Additionally , there is a build up of excess fluid and waste products in the muscles ; this causes stiffness or soreness . These can be prevented by continuing to work the major muscle groups in a gentle , rhythmic fashion , gradually slowing down , bringing down your breathing rate and your heart rate back to a normal state , reversing the warm up process . Due to the increase in tissue temperature straight after dance practice is an ideal time to stretch and improve or maintain joint range of movement and flexibility . Remobilise the major joint you have used and repeat your static passive stretches which you can hold for about 15 seconds each muscle group . Hopefully this will reduce the rick of injury and prevent muscle soreness . Ideally perform a cool - down straight after your activity before you have a shower , make sure you rehydrate drink water and put on layers of clothing on to keep warm . In Cool down for dance practice includes : Gradually reducing the intensity of activity for 10 minutes Remobilise joints help to flush out waste products ( Lactic Acid ) Perform static stretches of major muscle groups hold for 15 seconds normally performed on the floor ( never bounce or feel pain ) Benefits of cool down in dance practice : It decreases body temperature and remove waste products from the working muscles aids your recovery It prevents symptoms such as light - headedness and dizziness caused by the pooling of venous blood at the extremities It prevents muscle soreness and Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness ( DOMS ) It promotes relaxation We participate in a cool down as a part of our dance practice , it is important to always make sure you rehydrate after physical exertion and wear warm dry clothing so you are encouraged to bring water and extra layers of clothing . We also engage in massage to enhance recovery . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Disclaimer : The information contained on this web page is intended as general guidance and information only . Laurastanyer accepts no liability for any loss , injury or damage however incurred as a consequence , whether directly or indirectly , of the use this information . All advice on this web page should only be used under the supervision of a qualified dance / fitness / healthcare professional . Posted by Laura Stanyer at 02 : 12 Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : cool down dance dance practice warm up warm up cool down dance practice Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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http://laurathompson.weebly.com/ups-8-new-imperialism.html | Laura Thompson Lessons in American History Using Primary Sources A Series of Webquests By Laura Thompson UPS 8 : New Imperialism Historical Context – Between 1870 and 1920 , the rate of Western imperialism increased . This was due to economic , political , and social forces . The Industrial Revolution stirred ambitions of many nations . The advances in technology and need for more natural resources encouraged Western nations , including the US , to spread their sphere of influence over the less - developed areas of the world . Historians have studied this empire - building frenzy . They have offered a variety of perspectives on its causes . Driving Question : Which economic , political , and social forces were most responsible for American imperialism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ? Part A The following documents present information about the new American imperialism . Examine each document carefully . In the space provided , answer the question or questions that follow each document . Document 1 - Parker T . Moon , Imperialism and World Politics , Macmillan , 1936 , ( adapted ) . In this excerpt , author Parker T . Moon pointed out which groups were most interested in imperialism . The makers of cotton and iron goods have been very much interested in imperialism . This group of import interests has been greatly strengthened by the demand of giant industries for colonial ' s raw materials … Ship owners demand coaling stations for their vessels and naval bases for protection . To these interests may be added the makers of armaments and of uniforms . The producers of the telegraph and railway material and other supplies used by the government in its colony may also be included … Finally , the most powerful business groups are the bankers . Banks make loans to colonies and backward countries for building railways and steamship lines … Which groups were seeking colonies , according to this author ? Explain each group ' s reason . Document 2 - Mark C . Carnes , The American Nation : A History of the United States , Combined Volume ( 13th Edition ) , Longman , 2007 . This excerpt was written by American Senator A.J. Beveridge in 1898 . American factories are making more than the American people can use ; American soil is producing more than they can consume . Fate has written our policy for us ; the trade of the world must and shall be ours … We will establish trading posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products . We will cover the ocean with our merchant marines . We will build a navy to the measure of our greatness … According to Sen . Beveridge , why should America become imperialistic ? Document 3 - Raymond Aron The Century of Total War , Doubleday & Co . , 1954 , ( adapted ) . This excerpt suggests another cause for imperialism . … [ N ] one of the colonial undertakings was motivated by the quest for capitalist profits ; they all originated in political ambitions … the nations ' will to power … [ or ] glory or national greatness . What did the author say was the cause of imperialism ? Document 4 - Cecil Rhodes , Confession of Faith , originally written at Oxford , 1877 , ( adapted ) . Cecil Rhodes was a successful British imperialist in Africa . This excerpt is adapted from his position on imperialism . I contend that we [ British ] are the finest race in the world , and the more of the world we inhabit , the better it is for the human race … It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo - Saxon race , more of the best , the most human , most honorable race the world possesses . According to Rhodes , why should Britain pursue a policy of imperialism ? How would this be viewed in America ? Document 5 - William L . Langer , The Diplomacy of Imperialism , Knopf , 1935 , ( adapted ) . This excerpt suggests another cause for imperialism . But the economic side … must not be allowed to obscure the other factors . Psychologically speaking … evolutionary teaching was perhaps most crucial . It not only justified competition and struggle but introduced an element of ruthlessness . According to Langer , what was the non - economic reason ( s ) for the new imperialism ? Document 6 - Mark C . Carnes , The American Nation : A History of the United States , Combined Volume ( 13th Edition ) , Longman , 2007 . This is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling ' s poem , " The White Man ' s Burden " ( 1899 ) Take up the white man ' s burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives ' need ; To wait , in heavy harness , On fluttered folk and wild Your new - caught , sullen peoples , Half - devil and half - child According to the poem , what was the " white man ' s burden " ? Document 7 - General James Rusling , " Interview with President William McKinley , " The Christian Advocate , 1903 , ( adapted ) . In this excerpt , President William McKinley explains why the US took over the Philippines We could not leave them to themselves . They were unfit for self - government . There was nothing left for us to do but to take them over . Then we would be able to educate the Filipinos . We could uplift and civilize and Christianize them … How did President McKinley justify the US takeover of the Philippine Islands ? Document 8 Phan Thanh Gian , retranslation from Focus on World History : The Era of the First Global Age and Revolution Walch Publishing , 2002 , ( adapted ) . This excerpt gives another reason why Western countries were able to increase their colonial holdings . This is from a letter sent by Phan Thanh Gian , governor of a Vietnamese state , to his administrators in 1867 . Now , the French are come , with their powerful weapons of war , to cause dissension among us . We are weak against them ; our commanders and our soldiers have been vanquished … the French have immense warships , filled with soldiers and armed with huge cannons . No one can resist them . They go where they want , the strongest ramparts fall before them . How did this Vietnamese man explain the French imperialism in Indochina in 1867 ? Document 9 - Mark C . Carnes , , Longman , 2007 . This map details European Imperialism in Africa in 1914 What cause for imperialism is evident in this map of Africa ? Explain . Part B Which economic , political , and social forces were most responsible for American imperialism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ? | [
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http://laurelsguesthouseoswestry.co.uk/ | Book your room now Stay with us have an experience of a lifetime Check the room availability below En Suite En Suite Accommodation All of our rooms are equipped with En Suite facilities Bed Breakfast Full Breakfast included Locally sourced full English breakfast with a wide range of alternatives Welcome to Laurels Guesthouse A warm and friendly welcome awaits you at Laurels Built in 1899Laurels is conveniently situated in a tree lined street just a few minutes from Oswestry town centre Although with the relaxed feel of a family home Laurels provides quality accommodation in tastefully decorated well equipped ensuite rooms We offer a selection of cereals fresh fruit yogurts and fruit juices as well as a main breakfast which is cooked to order and served in the relaxing dining room Laurels is within easy walking distance of the centre of the historic market town of Oswestry which offers a good range of restaurants pubs and shops Oswestry is an ideal location for exploring unspoilt Welsh border countryside including Offas Dyke footpath splendid views of the Shropshire plain and National Trust properties including Chirk Castle Other historic towns such as Chester Shrewsbury and Ironbridge are all within easy reach as is Snowdonia and North Wales See where we are Laurels is an ideal base for visiting the area whether its for work seeing family and friends celebrating a special occasion or touring around the local visitor attractions Whatever your reason for visiting Oswestry we will try to make your stay a welcome and comfortable one Shropshire is one of Englands most beautiful counties and offers visitors an endless list of attractions and activities Come and visit us soon | [
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http://law.emory.edu/eilr/content/volume-25/issue-2/religious-theoretical-perspective/group-rights-legal-pluralism.html | Emory International Law Review Download as PDF Group Rights and Legal Pluralism Natan Lerner ∗ Introduction This Essay deals with a controversial issue in the area of group relations in democratic states , namely the place of group rights in democratic societies and the role of legal pluralism theories . Group rights are presently recognized as entitled to , if not a treatment equal to that of individual rights , at least the recognition of some form of legitimacy that justifies respect , consideration , and protection . Underlying such legitimacy is a view that looks to ensuring harmony between , and constructive coexistence of , the different components of democratic societies . This was not This is particularly the case with religious groups because the press has generally looked to religious groups when it deals with the trend of groups asserting their rights . 1 The claim that , given certain conditions , particular religious traditions should be incorporated into general state legislation and applied to individuals adhering to such traditions , is now being seriously discussed . It has already engendered vigorous opposition not only in secularist quarters , but also among scholars advocating some accommodation between the secular state and religious groups . Needless to say , the claim is that these religious norms should be applied to only persons sharing the same tradition . The interaction between minority groups and the state has developed several models based on different historical contexts . In some states , diverse religious communities enjoy wide legal and judicial autonomy , inherited from situations that evolved under the Ottoman Empire or Western colonialism . In addition , in recent decades , traditional forms of law and behavior of indigenous populations are finding their way into international instruments , although in a limited form and not readily accepted by all states . All this has supported the argument that legal pluralism — as described in Part III — should be 2 summarizes the current aspirations of legal pluralism , arguing that “ the main challenge must therefore be ceasing to assume that all are equal and acknowledging that all are different , that all conceive of law in different ways , and therefore demand different things and situation specific solutions . ” 3 I . The Evolution of Group Rights A short historical overview of religious rights is provided to aid in understanding modern group rights in relation to legal pluralism theories . A few treaties , starting with the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 , which granted religious rights to the Protestants in Germany , intended to protect members of dissenting religions . 4 The Treaty of Oliva ( 1660 ) contained provisions in favor of Roman Catholics in Livonia , ceded by Poland to Sweden ; the Treaty of Ryswick ( 1697 ) protected Catholics in territories ceded by France to Holland ; and the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , between France , Spain , and Great Britain , granted rights to Roman Catholics in the Canadian territories taken from France . 5 Later , the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , the Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ) , and the Constantinople Convention ( 1881 ) protected Christian religious minorities . 6 A loose system of humanitarian diplomatic intervention of major powers in favor of persecuted minorities also developed , producing measures that acknowledged and protected the rights of groups . In the twentieth century , in the interwar period , several treaties and unilateral declarations created the “ minorities system ” under the aegis of the League of Nations , an interesting but unsuccessful experiment that collapsed for political reasons during World War II and was considered undesirable by the international community after the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies . 7 The system ensured the enjoyment of rights by specific minorities and its failure was the result of the conditions prevailing in Europe on the eve of the 1939 war . 8 When the United Nations ( “ UN ” ) was established in 1945 in San Francisco , the majority of the founding members was not inclined to recognize the rights of groups . Their approach was that human rights , as proclaimed in the 1948 Universal Declaration , 9 and the application of the rule of nondiscrimination were enough to prevent crimes such as the Jewish Holocaust — the most brutal assault upon a group , community , or minority in modern times — or subsequent instances of genocide , a notion legally defined only after the war . While the UN Charter forbids discrimination 10 — and race and religion are clearly the main causes of discrimination and group persecution — the United Nations was not ready , in its early years , to consider group rights . An exception was the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide , which , by is own terms , is an instrument aimed at protecting the existence — the fundamental human right — of ethnic , religious , or linguistic groups . 11 The 1966 Covenants followed the line of the UN Charter and downplayed the group dimension . Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( “ ICCPR ” ) is considered a timid and reluctant recognition of rights emanating from the existence of collective entities . 12 However , by the early sixties , the United Nations had already started a process that took notice of the proliferation of attacks against racial and religious communities . This process resulted in the adoption in 1965 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , 13 and in 1981 , after many political difficulties , the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief . 14 These instruments evidence the start of a new trend that considers the weight of group rights and needs . The 1992 UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic , Religious , and Linguistic Minorities 15 somewhat ameliorated the criticism of the approach taken in Article 27 of the ICCPR by urging states to promote group identity . 16 The International Labor Organization Convention No . 169 on Indigenous Populations 17 and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People ( “ 2007 Declaration ” ) 18 will be discussed further below . 19 Against this background , it is necessary to establish which groups are likely to play a role in a society where legal pluralism is being advocated . II . The Relevant Groups Not every conglomerate , reunion , or association of persons , even if it is permanent and responds to an evident public interest , constitutes a group in the sense relevant to this Essay . The pertinent groups are also called communities 20 or minorities , 21 sometimes peoples , and are essentially different from associations or organizations created by the free will of their members to achieve some aim or defend some interests . There are essentially three relevant groups , communities , or minorities : ethnic , religious , and linguistic or cultural . 22 All these groups are spontaneous , as differentiated from voluntary ; relatively permanent , in the sense that it is very difficult and in some cases impossible to opt out of them ; and their members usually identify with the whole and share a feeling of belonging , of solidarity . 23 All of them have essentially a double aspiration : perfect equality with all other persons and the preservation of their distinct characteristics . 24 This Essay will deal mainly with one of these three groups in connection with the issue of legal pluralism — religious groups or communities . These three groups have rights , a fact which is today more or less acknowledged by international and state law . The catalog of those rights differs from group to group , but , as generally listed in several modern international instruments and summarized in Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law 25 such rights include : ( a ) The right to existence of the group as such , depending on the right to life of its individual members and protected by the 1948 Convention Against Genocide ; 26 ( b ) The right to nondiscrimination . UN covenants and instruments on racial and religious discrimination and intolerance , as well as the International Labor Organization ( “ ILO ” ) and UN Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( “ UNESCO ” ) antidiscrimination treaties , protect this right . The right to nondiscrimination , grounded in the principle of equality , is , like the right to existence , a basic human right granted to every individual person . Its violation , however , is also a denial of the rights of the group to which the individual belongs ; ( c ) The right to identity , namely the right of the group to preserve and develop its different group characteristics , in addition to its right to equality in the enjoyment of all general liberties ; ( d ) The right to special measures needed for the preservation of its identity and to ensure its equality within society . International law proclaims this right , provided it is necessary and temporary , until equality is achieved . Article 2 of the Convention Against Racial Discrimination determines the reach and limitations of this right , which is frequently described as affirmative action ; 27 ( e ) The right to regulate membership in the group . This may in some cases clash with the rights of the individual , including the right to opt out of or return to the group . The state or the international community may in some cases be called to decide complicated issues of group membership ; 28 ( f ) The right to establish and manage institutions , with due regard to the public law of the country ; ( g ) The rights to communicate federate , and cooperate with similar groups within the country or abroad . This right is of special importance for religious groups ; ( h ) In some legal systems , the right to representation in various governmental branches . Legal instruments on indigenous populations and minorities refer to such rights ; ( i ) The right to impose duties and taxes on members in order to maintain churches , institutions , or schools , according to the nature of the group . In several countries , the group may be entitled to receive a proportional share of public funds ; ( j ) Some groups may enjoy a right to legal personality , at the national and even international levels ; ( k ) Some groups , particularly those characterized as peoples , may enjoy the right to self - determination , strictly interpreted in accordance with international law and the public law of the country , and related to issues such as autonomy and regionalism . 29 Article 6 of the 1981 Declaration proclaims some rights particularly necessary for the life of religious institutions . 30 They include : ( a ) The freedom to worship and related rights ; ( b ) The freedom to make , acquire , and use the necessary articles and materials related to the rites of a particular religion ; ( c ) The freedom to teach a religion or belief and write and publish relevant materials ; ( d ) The right to solicit and receive voluntary financial support ; ( e ) The freedom to train and appoint religious leaders and functionaries ; ( f ) The right to observe and celebrate holy days and ceremonies in accordance with the precepts of the respective religion . 31 Special problems exist in connection with the freedom of association and the extent of autonomy to be enjoyed by religious groups . 32 The preceding list of rights reflects the present stage of development of international law and human rights law concerning group rights . This picture is far away from some of the aspirations referred to at the beginning of these pages . The following Part addresses the trends and arguments used to advocate a more diversified approach on the basis of the views voiced by spokespersons for legal pluralism , in its different expressions as resulting from the diverse stages of its evolution . III . Legal Pluralism Legal pluralism is a controversial notion that , since the 1970s , has penetrated not only the area of law , but also the fields of sociology , anthropology , and political science . It is presently an intensely disputed issue regarding relations between state and religion . According to scholar Anne Griffiths , the term encompasses “ diverse and often contested perspectives on law , ranging from the recognition of differing legal orders within the nation - state , to a more far reaching and open - ended concept of law that does not necessarily depend on state recognition 33 Legal pluralism , as described by the editors of a timely academic publication , disputes “ the legal - centralist notion that state law is exclusive ; legal pluralists assert and explore the proposition that non - state legal systems exist alongside state law and are not necessarily subordinate to it . ” 34 The authors of the preceding description add that research on multiculturalism “ challenges the legal - centralist notion of uniform nation - state law by debating the extent to which today ’ s multicultural states , inhabited by multiple national , religious or ethnic groups , should allow non - state ( often illiberal ) law to apply to the lives of their citizens . ” 35 Several stages can be seen in the evolution of legal pluralism theories . Some scholars distinguish between an early period , described as a weak , juristic , or classic form of legal pluralism , and a second stage of strong , deep , or new legal pluralism . 36 There seems to be a correlation between this development and that of the theories on multiculturalism . 37 However , they are different phenomena , and it is necessary to acknowledge that difference . Kymlicka , replying at a symposium on his 2007 book to criticism of that book , makes clear the differences . 38 A number of developments , empirical and theoretical , influenced the evolution of legal pluralism . Globalization , the growing body of law — in a broad sense — produced by interstate organizations , and the contribution of religious movements 39 played a role in the development of legal pluralism theories . The law of indigenous populations incorporated into state law in postcolonialist situations , as well as the preservation of autonomous community status in some countries that inherited the recognized communities system prevailing under Ottoman and colonialist law , are additional examples of the coexistence of a state legal regime with non - state legal regimes applicable to portions of the population , and are summarized later in this Essay . 40 Feminist theories , as well as migrations and the formation of new minorities — in either a strict sense or a flexible approach — also had an impact on the development of legal pluralism . Such impacts were influenced by the social and political conditions prevailing in the various , affected countries yet , in general , were instrumental in the consolidation of legal pluralism theories and practice . What is called the new , “ strong ” legal pluralism counteracts the idea that all legal ordering is rooted in state law . Its proponents speak about “ integral plurality , ” “ porous legality , ” or “ legal porosity ” and reorienting legal analysis away from the ideology of legal centralism , conducing to “ a framework of understanding the dynamics of the imposition of law and of resistance to it . ” 41 Legal pluralists refer to a process in which state law coexists with religious law , local normative orders , and customary law . 42 Christine Parker points out that , historically , customary and religious law existed before the modern nation - state . 43 Such law continues to exist side by side with the law of the state in postcolonial and multicultural societies like India and Israel . 44 In federal states like Australia and Canada , indigenous peoples ’ law coexists with state law , and local law may sometimes conflict with national law . 45 Legal pluralism is even more obvious in transnational communities , especially the European Union . 46 Beyond that , Parker argues that contemporary societies utilize a range of other legal “ systems , normative orderings and symbolic meaning systems ” that could also be described as “ law . ” 47 Such “ law ” is generated by bodies such as families , corporations , ethnic and religious groups , friendship groups , and other “ semi - autonomous social fields , ” and may have more influence on some people than the official law . 48 The issues discussed in this Essay are the reach and the limits of such an “ extended ” view of legal pluralism , particularly against the background of attempts to “ upgrade ” religious laws and make them mandatory under the law of the state , either by incorporating them into the state framework or otherwise attaching to them the authority of the state . Those attempts do not involve the claim that the voluntary use of religious law should be restricted , except when opposed to public order or basic human rights as part of state law . There The Economist in relation to Islamic law , comes “ where it pertains to family matters . ” 49 For the purposes of this Essay , legal pluralism dealing with corporate business or other social or economic organizational structures is not relevant ; it is the claim to recognize traditional religious or ethno - religious regulations as law , beyond purely voluntary arrangements , that constitutes the main issue of this Essay . This issue has become highly controversial in some countries and in some cases , as in Canada , it has produced legislative changes . 50 Ayelet Shachar refers to the demands in Canada “ to accommodate religious diversity in the public sphere . ” 51 She finds a new challenge in the request to “ privatize diversity ” through alternative dispute resolution processes that permit parties to move their disputes from public courts into the domain of religious or customary sources of law and authority . 52 Shachar concludes that “ a dual - status system with no communication between the two branches ” may come into operation , proving that the debate over the role of Sharia tribunals is not over . 53 John Witte , Jr . and Joel A . Nichols have dealt with the limits and lessons of accommodation between state law and faith - based family laws in the context of the debate launched by Anglican Archbishop Rowan Williams in 2008 on the possibilities of such accommodation between Muslim family law and the legal systems prevailing in Western democracies . 54 Witte and Nichols point out that the issue is not respect for religious freedom and rights , but Muslim demands for state enforcement of Muslim marriage contracts and religious arbitration of family law and other disputes . 55 For obvious historical and social reasons , the debate concerns primarily marriage law with all its complex implications , both in civil and in criminal law . 56 Marriage law in Western societies has undergone far - reaching changes in the direction of privatization , 57 and the present discussion regards the extent to which that process can be taken further . Although the issue affects several communities of faith , the discussion , as we have seen , deals mainly with Muslim communities that have immigrated into the West . 58 There are several reasons that caused Muslim immigrant communities to be at the forefront of this situation , including political reactions in some countries and dramatic events of terrorism involving Muslims that have been generalized to the larger Muslim population . 59 Witte and Nichols indicate that Muslim communities aspire to put Sharia laws and their voluntary use by Muslims on “ firmer constitutional and cultural ground in the West . ” 60 In liberal democracies there is considerable opposition to such aspirations . 61 Such opposition is based on the concern that state enforcement would result in cases where religious law may exceed purely voluntary arbitration and reach matters not concerning public order or basic human rights . 62 Witte and Nichols point out that “ [ r ] eligious groups in the West have long enjoyed corporate free exercise rights to legal personality , corporate property , collective worship , organized charity , parochial education , freedom of press , ” and many other legitimate rights . 63 They question why Muslim religious groups should not enjoy the right to govern the marital and family lives of their voluntary members when Christians and Orthodox Jews , as well as smaller groups , have developed their own voluntary courts and institutions . 64 Nobody is demanding “ exemptions from criminal laws against activities like polygamy , child marriage , female genital mutilation , or corporal discipline of wives . ” 65 Western Muslims enjoy general religious freedom , but some Muslims advocate special accommodations that are unacceptable to Western democracies . 66 No democratic state can delegate to a religious group the full legal power to govern the domestic affairs of their faithful in accordance with their own religious laws . 67 The Muslim claim that Sharia provides a comprehensive law governing sex , marriage , and family life makes accommodation more difficult . 68 A state can not give up its coercive power in this sphere . 69 Jewish law courts ’ easy acceptance of voluntary arbitration is grounded in Jewish disputants ’ acceptance of the supremacy of state law . 70 Muslims could obtain a similar result only after a prolonged adjustment to Western life , which would eventually dispel the current suspicions . A similar process took place in the area of education and religion . 71 Advocates of legal pluralism perceive a threefold structure of law — “ official law , ” “ unofficial law , ” and “ legal postulates ” — as more or less corresponding to Western conceptions of law — “ positive law , ” “ customary law , ” and “ natural law . ” 72 Official law is made or sanctioned by the state . Unofficial law is , in practice , sanctioned by a general consensus . 73 Legal postulates are systems of values or ideals that are related to the fundamental social structure . 74 Examples of legal postulates include the caste system , lineal descent , clan unity , exogamy , and philosophical and political ideologies . 75 Prakash Shah refers to “ diasporic legal cultures ” and a “ jurisprudence of difference . ” 76 He points out that “ people are often compelled to act against the ( official ) law when seeking to conform to their religious beliefs . ” 77 He claims that law can be generated by different sources , whether recognized by the state or not . 78 Modern states have tended “ to operate on the premise that , particularly in the realm of family law , the customary and religious law of the group concerned prevails , and should generally govern the relations among members of that group ” ; this is the result of continuing to maintain systems of personal law of Asian and African legal systems . 79 Such an evaluation may be too general . Historically , there are two areas where the ideas of legal pluralism have flourished . One area in which legal pluralism has been accepted and where its principles have even penetrated international norms is the rights of indigenous populations or peoples . A second area where there is an empirical example of legal pluralism is the situation concerning recognized religious communities . These two examples deserve to be treated separately . IV . Indigenous Populations Differences are often implied between the terms “ populations ” or “ peoples ” regarding the nature of the rights enjoyed by indigenous groups and their meaning in the definitions of such groups , particularly from an international law viewpoint . 80 Peoples are entitled to self - determination , as this term is understood presently in international law . It was only after the recognition of group rights in recent instruments , and active lobbying by spokespersons of indigenous groups , that international law abandoned its traditional approach to the problems of such populations and steps were taken , mainly by the ILO and the United Nations , to incorporate the subject in international legislative texts , albeit not to the full satisfaction of the interested groups . In the League of Nations era , under Article 22 of the League 81 Therefore , their well - being was considered a “ sacred trust of civilisation ” to be achieved by securing , in the words of Article 23 of the Covenant , “ just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control . ” 82 During this period , agreements concluded with indigenous groups were not reputed treaties according to international law , and the Permanent Court of International Justice denied international legal personality to aboriginal tribes . 83 In the UN era , Article 1 of the Charter and Articles 1 of both Human Rights Covenants referred to self - determination of “ peoples ” , but this notion was not elaborated . 84 Third World countries understood the right to self - determination to refer strictly to colonial situations . Early human rights instruments , at the global as well as the regional levels , did not refer to the indigenous issue . The ILO was an exception to this trend , and its legislative work reflects the relevant changes in approach . It was not until 1986 that the United Nations directly addressed the issue . 85 UN Special Rapporteur , Jose R . Martinez Cobo , defined indigenous communities , peoples , and nations as those having a historical continuity with pre - invasion and pre - colonial societies that developed on their territories , consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories or part of them . They form at present non - dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve , develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories , and their ethnic identity , as the basis of their continued existence as peoples , in accordance with their cultural patterns , social institutions and legal systems . 86 This definition already shows the relevance of legal pluralism to the condition of indigenous groups . As this Essay discusses below , this is also evident in the changes to the ILO conventions and in the United Nations ’ latest approach to the issue . Kymlicka indicates that the problem facing many indigenous peoples , particularly in Latin America , is that they have no self - governing power to amend their customary law : “ They have the right to follow indigenous law , but not to make indigenous law . They have the right to live according to 87 The ILO dealt with indigenous rights in two conventions , the 1957 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention ( No . 107 ) and the 1989 Convention ( No . 169 ) , which is a revision of the former . 88 The changes in the title and text of the 1989 Preamble are indicative of the prevailing spirit . 89 The word “ integration ” was dismissed from the preamble and reference is made to the need to adopt new international standards “ with a view to removing the assimilationist orientation of the earlier standards . ” 90 The 1989 Convention recognizes the aspirations of the indigenous peoples to exercise control over their own institutions , ways of life , and economic development and to develop their identities , languages , and religions “ within the framework of the States in which they live . ” 91 Their social and cultural identity , their customs and traditions , and their institutions should be respected . Article 8 , which caused substantial objections , determines that when applying national legislation to the peoples concerned , due regard shall be had for their customary law , which they will have the right to retain except when it is “ incompatible with fundamental rights defined by the national legal system and with internationally recognised human rights . ” 92 Articles 9 and 10 consider penal matters . 93 These articles indicate that the customs of indigenous peoples in such matters should be taken into consideration . 94 Furthermore , Article 17 , which provoked many controversies , provides that the rights of ownership and possession over the lands that the peoples concerned “ traditionally occupy ” shall be recognized and contains protective measures for the transfer of lands , the capacity to alienate them , and other related matters . 95 The 1989 Convention means that some rules concerning legal pluralism have been modestly accepted by positive international law . The United Nations followed a similar orientation in the 2007 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples . 96 The declaration recognizes in the preamble the need to respect and promote the “ inherent rights of indigenous peoples which derive from their political , economic and social structures and from their cultures , spiritual traditions , histories and philosophies , especially their rights to their lands , territories and resources . ” 97 The preamble also refers to the rights affirmed in treaties between states and indigenous peoples and to their collective rights ; the right to autonomy or self - government in matters related to their internal and local affairs and the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political , legal , economic , social , and cultural institutions ; the elimination of forced assimilation and destruction of indigenous culture ; the right to choose their representatives and participate in decision - making on matters that would affect their rights ; and respect for their customs , traditions , and land tenure systems . 98 Article 27 of the 2007 Declaration can be seen as reflecting legal pluralist theories . 99 States should give “ due recognition to indigenous peoples ’ laws , traditions , customs and land tenure systems . . . pertaining to their lands , territories and resources , ” establishing and implementing , to that effect , “ a fair , independent , impartial , open and transparent process , ” in which indigenous peoples shall have the right to participate . 100 They have the right — proclaims Article 33 — “ to determine their own identity or membership in accordance with their customs and traditions . ” 101 They have the right — states Article 34 — “ to promote , develop and maintain their . . . procedures , practices and , in the cases where they exist , juridical systems or customs , in accordance with international human rights standards . ” 102 Furthermore , Article 40 calls for “ due consideration to the customs , traditions , rules and legal systems of the indigenous peoples concerned . ” 103 It is needless to stress that the 2007 Declaration is not a mandatory treaty . 104 Still , several countries voted against it or abstained , and concerns were voiced with respect to its wording . 105 One significant example is the statement of Canada ’ s representative to the United Nations , Ambassador John McNee , during the General Assembly session that adopted the declaration . McNee denied the legal effect of the declaration , affirming that “ its provisions do not represent customary international law . ” 106 This lack of agreement indicates the restricted approach of international law with regard to the demands of legal pluralists . Forms of legal pluralism have been incorporated in some national legal systems rather than at the international level . Examples of such incorporation are laws that recognize religious communities as entitled to a large degree of legal autonomy , particularly with regard to family law , education , and linguistic rights . A special case is that of the Bedouin , a traditionally nomadic Muslim population that developed a system of law “ that emerged in the deserts of the Middle East to provide protection to individuals and nomadic society alike , ” in the absence of any other authority in the desert . 107 Such authority exists presently , but the Bedouin still turn to their own laws , which sometimes clash with state law . 108 Taking issue with the claim that Bedouin law is , in fact , lawless , Clinton Bailey argues “ that Bedouin in modern times still resort , with trust and hope for justice , to the legal system that their earliest ancestors bequeathed them speaks volumes for the soundness of its ways . ” 109 V . Recognized Communities with Separate Legal Systems States that were established as a consequence of the disruption of the Ottoman Empire or the end of colonial regimes have maintained the legal rights enjoyed formerly by minority religious communities , particularly with regard to family law . Such are the cases of Israel , India , and South Africa , 110 among others . The Ottoman rulers permitted non - Muslim religious communities to enjoy autonomy in legal matters , which were applied by their own courts . 111 The system was called Millet 112 The Mejelle , the Islamic civil law , governed the same issues for Muslims . 113 In the case of Israel , the British Mandate over Palestine , established under the League of Nations , maintained the Millet system by incorporating it into Article 83 of the Palestine Order in Council of 1922 . 114 After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 , no changes were introduced in this respect , and the new state recognized additional communities . 115 There are today thirteen recognized communities in Israel , several of which have their own courts for issues of personal status . 116 This does not mean that persons belonging to non - recognized communities do not enjoy religious freedom ; it means that some recognized religious communities enjoy the additional privilege of having their own tribunals and applying , with certain limitations , their own law , whether written or customary . 117 The Jewish community in Israel is ruled by state law , but family matters are reserved to rabbinical tribunals that have jurisdiction over all Jews and apply to them the Halakha , Jewish religious law . 118 A similar jurisdiction is granted to other recognized communities over their adherents . Still , the actions of all state institutions in the religious sphere are subject to review by the High Court of Justice , including matters pertaining to the application of religious law . 119 Religious courts exceed their jurisdiction if they issue judgments contrary to provisions of secular laws regarding equal rights for women , adoption , and spousal economic relations . 120 The system has been criticized for several reasons . Some criticize the fact that persons considered Jews for the purpose of the Population Register are automatically under the jurisdiction of the rabbinical courts regardless of the individual ’ s will or self - definition . Other criticisms include the strict application of Halakhic norms to individuals who consider themselves secular persons and do not wish to undergo religious ceremonies for the purpose of marriage or divorce . 121 The system of recognized religious communities also has implications for taxation and financial support because only recognized communities enjoy some benefits . 122 In India , the British colonial authorities introduced a general territorial law , but applied , in issues related to family law in the regular courts , the Quranic law to the Muslims and the Shastra law to the Hindus . 123 In time , distinctive bodies of Anglo - Hindu and Anglo - Muslim case law evolved , and the courts of British India and later the state courts of independent India applied these bodies of personal law . 124 Though the 1950 Constitution “ appears to envision the dissolution of the personal law system in favor of a Uniform Civil Code , ” 125 the personal law system has been preserved , and certain family law issues are still governed by separate Hindu , Muslim , Parsee , and Christian religious laws . 126 There has been , however , an evolution toward permitting the application of personal law on a voluntary basis . 127 VI . Legal Pluralism and Immigrant Communities An intense controversy is now taking place with regard to the application of the principles of legal pluralism to groups of new immigrants and their descendants , also described as “ new minorities . ” Resistance to considering groups of immigrants as new minorities was first expressed when the ICCPR was drafted . Spokespersons of immigrant - receiving countries claimed “ that persons of similar background who entered their territories voluntarily , through a gradual process of immigration , could not be regarded as minorities , as this would endanger the national integrity of the receiving States . ” 128 Although the newcomers would enjoy individual rights , including linguistic and religious rights , “ they were expected to become part of the national fabric . ” 129 In response , it was pointed out that dispersed religions may not receive the protection of Article 27 of the ICCPR and that “ the bias against the creation of new minorities , encapsulated by the requirement of pre - existence , indicates that recently formed religions could be treated differently than traditional ones under the provision . ” 130 Article 27 engendered many discussions as to its reach . 131 The 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic , Religious and Linguistic Minorities was written in a mildly more group - oriented language , but did not change the approach of the international community to the place and rights of minorities in democratic countries . 132 The issue today is not related to recently formed religious groups . Mostly , the controversy refers to Muslim communities , particularly in Europe , and focuses on the resort to Sharia norms instead of , or in addition to , general family law , on a mandatory basis . At the beginning of this Essay , reference was made to the impact of this discussion on general organs of the world press . 133 The discussion also involves politicians and legal commentators and has become a major issue in international life . 134 The issue is not so much legal pluralism as the present state and future of multiculturalism . The controversy reached a peak with a statement made in February 2011 by British Prime Minister David Cameron proclaiming the failure of multiculturalism in Great Britain , following similar pronouncements by German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy . 135 Such statements , seen against the background of dramatic international developments in parts of the Muslim world , led qualified observers to point out a higher level of Islamic extremism and that the “ advocacy of Muslim exceptionalism ( such as the use of Shariah ) ” was becoming “ more mainstream ” among Muslims . 136 As indicated , the problem is mainly European . In this respect , Kymlicka stresses the importance of size and proportion of the immigrant groups . 137 This explains the differences between North America and Europe . In the United States or Canada , no one equates the category of “ immigrant ” with the category of “ Muslim . ” 138 When “ bad ” immigrants are seen as the prime beneficiaries of multiculturalism — and the same would certainly apply to legal pluralism — public support for multiculturalism can “ dramatically diminish , leading to high - profile cases of retreat . ” 139 There has , however , been strong resistance in North America to attempts at establishing legal pluralism for Muslim groups , as shown by the cases in Ontario and Oklahoma . In Ontario , Canada , the acceptance of private arbitration for family disputes on the basis of Sharia was dropped , and in Oklahoma , United States , a “ Save Our State Amendment , ” preemptively banning Sharia law , was passed late in 2010 , although later blocked . 140 Conclusion In any case , it is with regard to immigrant groups , of a religious or an ethnic - religious nature , and specifically Muslims , that the main discussion on the applicability of legal pluralism is presently taking place . There are no objections to the use of Muslim religious law concerning family rights and duties on a purely voluntary basis , anywhere in the world , in a similar way to what is currently happing with the voluntary application of religious norms in some Catholic and Jewish communities . The difficulty is with voices arguing in favor of Manifestations of legal pluralism are present with regard to indigenous populations or peoples in some countries . State successors of former empires or colonial states have in some cases preserved forms of legal pluralism on the basis of communities recognized by the state as entitled to separate juridical structures , including bodies of legal norms and autonomous judicial systems . Such systems usually overlap with educational autonomy and frequently with linguistic separation . This often occurs with relatively new states that were part of the Ottoman Empire or the British Commonwealth . The degree to which former structures have been The issue of legal pluralism is related to the risk of a clash between too much religious autonomy — as legitimate as the claim that such autonomy is a right of religious communities may be — and the autonomy or the rights of the individual . A democratic state should not sponsor or support policies that abolish or excessively restrict the individual ’ s right to be left alone in the sphere of fundamental convictions . While religious groups are more affected than other groups , the issue is also of interest to ethnic and linguistic minorities . A very Such an option exists for members of indigenous minorities . It should also exist for members of recognized communities with a separate legal system . As to immigrants , they are certainly entitled to enjoy general group rights in accordance with international and constitutional law . But the demand to be subject to the legal system of their original countries or systems of law as a mandatory , state - sponsored , or imposed set of norms in some areas of life , as proponents of ambitious models of legal pluralism suggest , would probably lead to restrictions in immigration Footnotes ∗ Professor of Law , Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya . Many thanks to my research associate , Stav Cohen , for her most valuable help in the preparation of this Essay . 1 See , e.g . Sense About Sharia Economist , Oct . 16 , 2010 , at 16 – 18 ; Whose Law Counts Most ? Economist , Oct . 16 , 2010 , at 71 – 72 . 2 Prakash Shah Legal Pluralism in Conflict : Coping with Cultural Diversity in Law ( 2005 ) . On Great Britain and its Muslim minority , see also Javaid Rehman , Religion , Minority Rights and Muslims of the United Kingdom in Religion , Human Rights and International Law : A Critical Examination of Islamic State Practices 521 ( Javaid Rehman & Susan C . Breau eds . , 2007 ) . The author does not advocate legal pluralism but rather an intensified struggle for nondiscrimination . 3 Shah , supra note 2 , at 173 . There is an enormous collection of literature on legal pluralism . See , for example , William Kymlicka , Multicultural Odysseys : Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity ( 2007 ) , and former works of the same author . See also Ann Griffiths , Legal Pluralism in An Introduction to Law and Social Theory 289 ( Reza Banakar & Max Travers eds . , 2002 ) ; 9 Theoretical Inquiries L . ( 2008 ) ( containing several articles on the subject ) . 4 Natan Lerner , Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law 7 ( 2d ed . 2003 ) [ hereinafter Lerner 2003 ] . 5 Id . 6 Id . 7 See , e.g . , League of Nations Covenant art . 22 . 8 See Lerner 2003 supra note 4 , at 7 – 14 ( chronicling religious rights embodied in these treaties ) . On group rights , see generally Group Rights ( Peter Jones ed . , 2009 ) ; Group Rights ( Judith Baker ed . , 1994 ) . 9 Universal Declaration of Human Rights , G.A. Res . 217A ( III ) , U.N. Doc . A / 810 ( 1948 ) . 10 U.N. Charter art . 1 , para . 3 . 11 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide , G.A. Res . 260 ( III ) A ( Dec . 9 , 1948 ) [ hereinafter Convention on Genocide ] , available at http : / / www . hrweb . org / legal / genocide . html . Much literature exists discussing genocide and the convention . See , e.g . Adam Jones , Genocide : A Comprehensive Introduction ( 2d ed . 2011 ) ; Nehemiah Robinson , The Genocide Convention : Its Origins and Interpretation ( 1949 ) ; William Schabas , Genocide in International Law : The Crime of Crimes ( 2009 ) 12 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , Dec . 16 , 1966 , 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [ hereinafter ICCPR ] . On the discussion of the reach of Article 27 , see Lerner supra note 4 , at 14 – 15 . 13 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , Mar . 7 , 1966 , 660 U.N.T.S. 195 [ hereinafter Convention on Racial Discrimination ] ; see also Natan Lerner , The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ( 2d ed . 1980 ) ( providing commentary on the convention ) . 14 Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief , G.A. Res . 36 / 55 , U.N. GAOR , 36th Sess . , 73d plen . mtg . , Supp . No . 151 , U.N. Doc . A / RES / 36 / 55 ( Nov . 25 , 1981 ) [ hereinafter 1981 Declaration ] ; see also Natan Lerner , Religion , Secular Beliefs and Human Rights : 25 Years After the 1981 Declaration ( 2006 ) [ hereinafter Lerner 2006 ] ( commenting on the twenty - fifth anniversary of the declaration ) . 15 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic , Religious , and Linguistic Minorities , G.A. Res . 47 / 135 , Annex , U.N. Doc . A / RES / 47 / 135 / Annex ( Dec . 18 , 1992 ) [ hereinafter 1992 Declaration ] . 16 Although acknowledging that the 1981 Declaration might mean “ little change in reality , ” scholar Christian Joppke finds “ more multicultural diction ” in the declaration . Christian Joppke , Minority Rights for Immigrants ? Multiculturalism Versus Antidiscrimination , 43 Isr . L . Rev . 49 , 51 ( 2010 ) . Joppke claims that multiculturalism is in retreat , while antidiscrimination is going from strength to strength , but his focus is on minority rights for immigrants , the nucleus of which are alien rights . at 61 . He does not refer to religious and religious related rights . 17 Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries , June 27 , 1989 , 1650 U.N.T.S. 383 [ hereinafter 1989 Convention ] . 18 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , G.A. Res . 61 / 295 , 61st Sess . , 107th plen . mtg . , U.N. Doc . A / RES / 61 / 295 ( Sept . 3 , 2007 ) [ hereinafter Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ] . 19 See infra Part IV . 20 U.N. Secretary - General , Definition and Classification of Minorities , ¶ 4 , U.N. Doc . E / CN / 4 / Sub . 2 / 85 ( Dec . 27 , 1949 ) ( defining communities as “ groups based upon unifying and spontaneous ( as opposed to artificial or planned ) factors essentially beyond the control of the members of the group ” ) . 21 There are numerous definitions of the term “ minority . ” Francesco Capotorti , Special Rapporteur appointed by the Sub - Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the United Nations to prepare a study on the subject , suggests an authoritative definition . He describes a minority as “ a group which is numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a state and in a non - dominant position , whose members possess ethnic , religious or linguistic characteristics which differ from those of the rest of the population and who , if only Minorities Encyclopedia of Public International Law 385 , 390 ( 1985 ) . 22 See Minority Schools in Albania , Advisory Opinion , 1935 P.C.I.J. ( ser . A / B ) No . 64 , at 1 ( Apr . 6 ) , available at http : / / www . worldcourts . com / pcij / eng / decisions / 1935 . 04 . 06_albania . htm 23 See id . at 23 . 24 See id . 25 Lerner 2003 , supra note 4 . 26 Convention on Genocide , note 11 . 27 Convention on Racial Discrimination , note 13 , art . 2 . 28 See Lovelace v . Canada , Comm . No . R . 6 / 24 , U.N. Doc . Supp . No . 40 ( A / 36 / 44 ) at 166 ( 1981 ) ( discussing membership in an Indian group , which caused Canada to amend its Indian Act ) , available at http : / / www1 . umn . edu / humanrts / undocs / session36 / 6 - 24 . htm 29 See Lerner 2003 note 4 , at 39 – 41 . For rights of religious groups , see 1981 Declaration note 14 , art . 6 ; Lerner 2006 note 14 , at 32 – 33 . 30 1981 Declaration , note 14 , art . 6 . 31 See id . see also Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting 1996 of the Representatives of the Participating States of the Conference on Security and Co - operation in Europe , available at www . osce . org / mc / 40881 32 See Natan Lerner , Religion and Freedom of Association Religion and Human Rights : An Introduction ( John Witte , Jr . & M . Christian Green eds . , 2011 ) . 33 Griffiths , note 3 , at 289 . The book carries a comprehensive bibliography for “ an overview of the field . ” at 290 , n . 2 . 34 Introduction to 9 Theoretical Inquiries L . 343 , 343 ( 2008 ) . 35 Id . 36 Griffiths , note 3 , at 296 . 37 See generally Kymlicka note 3 ; Amnon Rubinstein , The Decline , But Not Demise , of Multiculturalism , 40 Isr . L . Rev 763 , 765 – 66 ( 2007 ) . 38 William Kymlicka , Reply , 2 Jerusalem Rev . Legal Stud . 91 , 95 ( 2010 ) . Kymlicka claims that in no case has multiculturalism “ been interpreted as a license for immigrant groups to maintain illiberal practices . . . . It has always been seen as part and parcel of a larger process of integrating immigrants into a liberal - democratic constitutional order . ” 39 Griffiths , note 3 , at 298 . 40 See infra Part IV . 41 Griffiths , note 3 , at 304 . Griffiths quotes from several authors pertaining to the “ new , strong , or deep legal pluralism . ” Id . at 302 . 42 Id . at 309 . Griffiths argues that this would provide “ a more detailed comprehension of the ways in which ethnonationalist movements work , as well as a more comprehensive understanding of the factors underlying religious movements which cut across national boundaries . ” 43 Christine Parker , The Pluralization of Regulation , 9 Theoretical Inquiries in L . 349 , 352 ( 2008 ) . 44 45 46 47 48 49 Sense About Sharia note 1 . 50 Family Statute Amendment Act , S.O. 2006 , c . 1 ( Can . ) ; Ayelet Shachar , Privatizing Diversity : A Cautionary Tale from Religious Arbitration in Family Law , 9 Theoretical Inquiries L . 573 ( 2008 ) . 51 Shachar , supra note 50 , at 573 . 52 53 at 607 . 54 John Witte , Jr . & Joel A . Nichols , Faith - Based Family Laws in Western Democracies ? , 2010 Fides et Libertas 122 . Professor Witte also discussed this issue at a workshop on Family , State , and Religion at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya , Israel , on May 28 , 2010 . 55 at 123 . 56 at 125 . 57 58 at 122 – 23 . 59 at 127 . 60 61 , John F . Burns , Prime Minister Criticizes British ‘ Multiculturalism ’ As Allowing Extremism N.Y. Times , Feb . 6 , 2011 , at 6 . 62 The subject attracted wide public attention while this Essay was being written in relation with British Prime Minister David Cameron ’ s statement opposing forms of cultural pluralism involving legal autonomy for minorities , in particular Muslim immigrants in Great Britain . See id . Political leaders of Germany and France made similar statements . See Nicolas Sarkozy Declares Multiculturalism Had Failed Telegraph ( Feb . 11 , 2011 , 1 : 32 AM ) , http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / france / 8317497 / Nicolas - Sarkozy - declares - multiculturalism - had - failed . html ; Matthew Weaver , Angela Merkel : German Multiculturalism Has ‘ Utterly Failed , ’ Guardian ( Oct . 17 , 2010 , 11 : 58 AM ) , http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / world / 2010 / oct / 17 / angela - merkel - german - multiculturalism - failed 63 Witte & Nichols , note 54 , at 127 . 64 65 at 129 . 66 at 129 – 30 . 67 68 at 130 . 69 at 131 . 70 at 132 – 33 . 71 at 133 – 34 . 72 Shah note 2 , at 3 . 73 74 75 76 at 7 , 13 . 77 Id . at 17 . 78 at 37 . 79 at 90 . 80 Lerner 2003 , supra note 4 , at 111 – 24 ; see also S . James Anaya , Indigenous Peoples in International Law ( 1996 ) 81 League of Nations Covenant , supra note 7 , art . 22 . 82 art . 22 , paras . ( 1 ) , 23 ( b ) . 83 Cf . Legal Status of Eastern Greenland ( Den . v . Nor . ) , 1933 P.C.I.J. ( ser . A / B ) No . 53 ( Apr . 5 ) ; Island of Palmas ( Neth . v . U.S. ) , 2 R.I.A.A. 829 ( Perm . Ct . Arb . 1928 ) . 84 ICCPR , note 12 ; International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights , Dec . 16 , 1966 , 993 U.N.T.S. 3 [ hereinafter ICESCR ] . 85 Special Rapporteur of the Sub - commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities , Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations , U.N. Doc . E / CN . 4 / Sub . 2 / 1986 / 7 / Add . 4 ( 1987 ) ( by J.R. Martinez Cobo ) . 86 at 4 . 87 Kymlicka note 3 , at 153 . 88 1989 Convention , note 17 ; Convention Concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi - Tribal Populations in Independent Countries , June 2 , 1957 , 328 U.N.T.S. 247 . 89 See 1989 Convention , note 17 . 90 pmbl . 91 92 art . 8 ( 2 ) . 93 arts . 9 , 10 . 94 95 art . 17 . 96 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , note 18 . 97 pmbl . 98 99 See id . art . 27 . 100 101 Id . art . 33 . 102 art . 34 . 103 art . 40 . 104 Canada Votes ‘ No ’ As UN Native Rights Declaration Passes CBC News ( Sept . 12 , 2007 , 4 : 07 PM ) , http : / / www . cbc . ca / news / canada / story / 2007 / 09 / 13 / canada - indigenous . html 105 106 John McNee , Ambassador , Permanent Representative of Can . to the United Nations , Statement to the 61st Session of the General Assembly on the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ( Sept . 13 , 2007 ) , http : / / www . ainc - inac . gc . ca / ap / ia / stmt / 2007 / undir - eng . asp 107 Clinton Bailey , Bedouin Law from Sinai and the Negev : Justice Without Government 1 ( 2009 ) . 108 109 at 301 . 110 See T W Bennett , Legal Pluralism and the Family in South Africa : Lessons from Customary Law Reform infra this issue , for a discussion of family law in South Africa . 111 Daphna Hacker , Religious Tribunals in Democratic States : Lessons from the Israeli Rabbinical Courts ( Tel Aviv Univ . , Working Paper No . 123 , 2011 ) , http : / / law . bepress . com / taulwps / fp / art123 / 112 at 5 . 113 Amira El - Azhary Sonbol , Women of Jordan : Islam , Labor and the Law 20 ( 2003 ) . 114 Hacker , note 111 , at 5 . 115 see Lerner 2006 note 14 , at 201 – 11 ; Hacker , note 111 , at 5 . 116 Hacker , note 111 , at 6 . 117 118 See Chief Rabbinate of Israel Law , 5740 - 1980 , 34 LSI 97 ( 1980 ) . 119 Initial Report of States Parties Due in 1993 , Human Rights Committees , Apr . 9 , 1998 , U.N. Doc . CCPR / C / 81 / Add . 13 at 171 ( June 2 , 1998 ) [ hereinafter Initial Report ] . 120 Chief Rabbinate Law of Israel , 34 LSI 97 ; Initial Report , note 119 , at 171 . 121 Marc Galanter & Jayanth Kriushnan , Personal Law and Human Rights in India and Israel , 34 Isr . L . Rev . 101 , 122 – 23 ( 2000 ) . 122 Initial Report , note 119 ( providing an authoritative description of the Israeli system ) . 123 Marc Galanter , The Displacement of Traditional Law in Modern India , 24 J . Soc . Issues , Oct . 1968 , at 65 . 124 Galanter & Kriushnan , note 121 , at 106 – 07 . 125 at 107 . 126 at 109 . 127 at 130 – 31 . 128 Marc Bossuyt , Guide to the “ Travaux Preparatoires ” of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 496 ( 1987 ) . 129 130 Bernardette Meyler , The Limits of Group Rights : Religious Institutions and Religious Minorities in International Law , 22 St . John ’ s J . Legal Comment . 535 , 548 – 49 ( 2007 ) . 131 note 4 , at 14 – 15 . Beyond that debate , Article 27 is the most important positive mandatory provision concerning minorities in international law . ICCPR , note 12 , art . 27 . 132 1992 Declaration , note 15 . 133 note 1 and accompanying text . 134 note 62 and accompanying text . 135 136 John Vinocur , Commentary , British Shift on Muslims Is Ominous Int ’ l Herald Trib . , Mar . 1 , 2011 , http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2011 / 03 / 01 / world / europe / 01iht - politicus01 . html . John Vinocur ( Politicus ) criticizes Cameron ’ s failure in making proposals to “ deal with the scale of the problem of Muslim immigration . ” The same day , in the same newspaper , Judy Dempsey wrote about the reaction to a speech made by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan during a visit to Dusseldorf calling upon “ our children , ” namely the children of Turkish immigrants , to learn Turkish prior to German . Judy Dempsey , German Politicians Assail Turkish Leader over Cultural Remarks Int ’ l Herald Trib . , Mar . 1 , 2011 , http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2011 / 03 / 01 / world / europe / 01iht - germany01 . html . He declared , “ [ n ] o one should be able to rip us away from our culture and civilization . ” According to Dempsey , Erdogan ’ s remarks “ touched a raw nerve in Berlin . ” 137 Kymlicka note 3 , at 125 – 26 . 138 139 at 125 – 26 , n . 41 . 140 McGuinty Rules out Use of Sharia Law in Ontario , CTV News ( Sept . 12 , 2005 , 11 : 31 PM ) , http : / / www . ctv . ca / CTVNews / TopStories / 20050912 / mcguinty_shariah_050911 / ( discussing Sharia in Ontario ) ; Roger Cohen , Commentary , Shariah at the Kumback Café Int ’ l Herald Trib . , Dec . 7 , 2010 , http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2010 / 12 / 07 / opinion / 07iht - edcohen . html ( discussing Sharia in Oklahoma ) . Emory International Law Review About Volumes Volume 32 Volume 31 Volume 30 Volume 29 Volume 28 Volume 27 Volume 26 Volume 25 Issue 1 Issue 3 Volume 33 Recent Developments Advisors Masthead Submissions Symposium Contacts TRANSLATE | [
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http://law.freeadvice.com/intellectual_property/patent_law/patent-lawyers.htm | Home Law Advice Intellectual Property Patent Law ARTICLE Patent Lawyers : What They Do , How They Differ & How to Choose the Right One by FreeAdvice staff When you ' re seeking to patent your invention , you need a patent lawyer . Patent law is a highly specialized area of the law and a good patent lawyer will make sure that your invention is protected . Russ Weinzimmer , a patent attorney whose practice works with individuals and small companies to help them protect their inventions and intellectual property , explained what patent lawyers do , how they differ and how to choose the right one for your situation . What Patent Lawyers Do Patent lawyers can help inventors research their invention , guide them through the patent application process and create a patent that will protect that invention . However , knowing how to do that the right way does n ' t mean just graduating from law school . Weinzimmer , who worked for one of the best patent firms in Boston for many years before starting his own practice , told us that when a person wants to become a patent attorney , they actually enter an apprenticeship . He explained : Just because a person has gone to law school does not mean that they know how to write a patent application . Just because they ’ ve actually passed the patent bar does not mean they know how to write a patent application . To learn how to write a patent application takes years of working as an apprentice with an experienced patent attorney . In fact , most lawyers do not understand patent law at all . There ’ s never been a successful company which has their engineers writing their own patent applications , according to Weinzimmer . They always either have a patent attorney in - house or they bring one in from the outside . It avoids compromising on quality . How Patent Lawyers Differ Patent lawyers are definitely nota dime a dozen . In fact , firms who decide to service individuals and small companies may not always provide them with the best service , according to Weinzimmer . He explained : Many times , patent law firms provide them with a very junior patent attorney with inadequate experience . If they do have a senior attorney involved , that attorney will generally not supervise the junior attorney adequately . Those are the big or medium patent firms who mostly focus on corporate clients . Their intention is to have a client base of corporate clients , so when individuals or very small companies approach them , they do n ’ t really get good attention . He says that this lack of attention can be disastrous . “ When a patent application is poorly written , it may be worthless and possibly harmful because it creates the illusion of protection . You might make mistakes in judgment and in how to conduct your business because you think you have that legal protection when in fact , you do n ’ t . ” How to Choose the Right Patent Lawyer Patent law is a highly specialized area of law . To do good patent work , you must have good technical insight . However , not every patent lawyer who is also an engineer or scientist has the capacity to write , teach , explain and clarify . Weinzimmer says that many patent attorneys are very inarticulate and simply ca n ’ t explain what they know . He told us that when choosing the right patent lawyer , it ' s important to make sure that he or she has the ability to deeply understand the invention and its technical aspects . He continued : A good patent lawyer must have the rare abilities of explaining , elucidating , clarifying and simplifying . Writing a good patent application takes legal knowledge , technical knowledge and then the ability to explain all of that in a clear , concise manner that can withstand attacks from some of the smartest patent attorneys in the country if the patent becomes litigated . Weinzimmer recently did just that on the Ellen DeGeneres show where he was invited to obtain a patent for a young boy who invented something to help his sister with her physical therapy . He said it was a wonderful experience to explain the patent law process , help this young man who was trying to help his own sister and to be on the Ellen show . Free Legal Advice – Get Informed Patent Basics How to Obtain , Maintain and Sell a Patent Patent Violations & Infringement Patents and Marketing Not what you need ? find your legal advice © 1995 - 2019 Advice Company , All Rights Reserved . 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http://law.howard.edu/content/student-financial-services | Admissions Financial Aid Student Financial Services Information about the Office of the Bursar What they do OFFICE OF STUDENT ACCOUNTS Phone Number 2028062610 Location Mordecai Wyatt Johnson Administration Building Room 115 Handles all refund and tuition adjustments Handles special billing ie the official billing or invoicing of embassies or other appropriate agencies or organizations responsible for paying the educational expenses of particular students Processes late charges etc to students accounts Processes EFT checks and credits to students accounts Validation to paid registrants OFFICE OF STUDENT FINANCIAL SERVICES Phone Number 2028062570 Location Mordecai Wyatt Johnson Administration Building Room 218 Processes promissory notes provided by the Office of Financial Aid for University Emergency loans Processes promissory notes for Direct Student Loans Perkins Federal Loans Health Professions Loans Medicine Dentistry Pharmacy Primary Care and Nursing Loans to Disadvantaged Students as well as longterm University loans Processes student deferment forms as well as repayment of University and Federal loans Loan Collection Recovery of monies owed to Howard University by students no longer enrolled Billing Bills are assessed when you are registered for a course andor clinic Inquiries about your bill should be directed to the Office of Student Accounts at 2028062600 Payment Payment in Full All charges must be paid in full by the due date Fall semester July 1st and Spring semester December 17th A 50 late fee will be assessed to all accounts with a missed payment later than 5 days Installment Plan Howard University offers a 5month installment plan for the fall and spring semesters You can enroll by watching the video below View the main Student Financial Services website httpswwwhowardedustudentfinancialservicesaccounts for more details Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 126 Payment Methods Payments may be made by credit card Visa American Express MasterCard Discover cash money order cashiers check certified check or wire transfer A 3500 fee will be charged for all reversed credit card payments and returned checks Subsequent checks will not be accepted Checks and money orders should include the students name and Howard University Identification Number Via BisonWeb ECashier video below Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 124 Howard University Office of Student Financial Services MSC 590501 Washington DC 20059 Send by Wire Transfer Bank of America 730 15th Street NW Washington DC 20005 ABA 026009593 For Credit to Howard University Account Number 1933194600 For Further Credit to Student Name Send by UPSDHLFedEx Howard University Student Financial Services Office of the Bursar 2400 Sixth St NW Ste 218 Washington DC 20059 ThirdParty SponsorsSpecial Billing ThirdParty Contracts must be submitted to the Office of Student Financial ServicesStudent Accounts by the appropriate sponsoring agency or organization The ThirdParty Agent is billed once a month Should the sponsor not submit payment the student is responsible for satisfying the student account Refunds Credit Balance Funds are created when a students account is overpaid These funds are refunded to the student as follows Credit Card Payments credited back to the credit card Direct Deposit funds transmitted directly to a specified bank account Direct Deposit is the most efficient way to receive your refund in a timely manner Student Refunds Refunds are only processed for students who have met their financial obligations Law students funds will disburse onto their accounts in midAugust Refunds processed via direct deposit will post to students bank accounts 4872 hours after the disbursement date Student refunds will resume its regular Tuesday and Thursday processing schedule beginning September 8 Direct Deposit For your convenience and in the interest of safety direct deposit is now offered for all Howard University student refunds This includes all student account credits resulting from studentparent loans scholarships grants etc If you havent done so you may sign up for direct deposit with an established bank of your choice or open a new checking account Once direct deposit is set up it is valid until graduation If any bank account changesclosures are made please update your account info online Follow the directions in the video below to enter you Direct Deposit information Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 126 If you have established a direct deposit account and would like to confirm receiptprocessing please follow up with the Assistant Treasurer via email at directdeposithowardedu The Office of Student Accounts and the Office of Financial Aid can not verify this information Holds When you have a financial andor medical hold on your account you should address it immediately Registration Financial Aid disbursements and refunds and Graduation can not occur until your holds is removed To resolve a Medical hold please visit the Student Health Center No office in the School of Law can resolve this for you We recommend that you retain proof of your removed hold once satisfied To resolve a Financial hold either join a payment plan BisonWeb steps below and send proof of enrollment to the Financial Aid Manager or pay your remaining balance online Bisonweb steps below If you prefer you can also visit the Office of Student Accounts to pay your balance in person Extraordinary issues should be brought to the attention of the Financial Aid Manager You can view holds via your BisonWeb account BisonWeb steps below Typically holds are placed towards the beginning JulyAugust and end DecemberMay of a semester However they can be placed at any time Please check regularly See the video below for instructions Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 107 Taxes Tax inquiries from US Resident Students Please visit the IRS website for information httpwwwirsgovIndividualsStudents Tax inquiries from International Students Please visit Howard Universitys website for information httpwwwhowardeduinternationalservicestaxeshtml 1098T How can I get a copy of my 1098T Heartland ECSI clients may direct their students to the Heartland ECSI 1098T Information Page httpwwwecsinettaxinfohtml for any questions related to their 1098T statement and to access an electronic copy of their 1098T statement on the Heartland ECSI portal To access their 1098T statement online students will need their School code WX Social Security Number Heartland ECSI PIN emailed to students w electronic consent mailed to students wo electronic consent If a student does not know their Heartland ECSI PIN clients may direct them to the Retrieve Credential Page httpscgiecsinetcgibinbcgiexebcgiu4 Students w Electronic Consent Students that have consented to receive their 1098T electronically will receive an email notification unless otherwise agreed upon within 24 48 hours Students wo Electronic Consent Students that have not consented to receive their 1098T electronically will have a paper 1098T statement mailed to them within 24 72 hours You will not be notified when the 1098T statements have been printed For specific questions about your 1098T form please contact the Office of Student Financial Services at 2028062570 Loans Where to find your Federal Student Loan Information Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 155 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式 按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題 000 207 The National Student Loan Data System NSLDS is the US Department of Educations EDs central database for student aid NSLDS provides a centralized integrated view of Title IV loans and grants so that recipients of Title IV Aid can access and inquire about their Title IV loans andor grant data You can view and ascertain data on Title IV loans that you have borrowed to help fund your education for both Undergraduate and Graduate levels Please log on to NSLDS wwwnsldsedgov and obtain a copy of your current aggregate loan amounts Federal Direct Stafford Loans While youre in repayment Generally youll have from 10 to 25 years to repay your loan depending on which repayment plan there are several you choose Your loan servicer will notify you of the date your first payment is due If you do not choose a repayment plan you will be placed on the standard repayment plan with fixed monthly payments for up to 10 years Most Direct Loan borrowers choose to stay with the standard repayment plan but there are other options for borrowers who may need more time to repay or who need to make lower payments at the beginning of the repayment period Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 221 Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 235 You can change repayment plans at any time by contacting your loan servicer Repayment Plans The Direct Loan Program offers loan repayment plans designed to meet the needs of most borrowers Direct Loans are funded by the US Department of Education through your school and are managed by a loan servicer under the supervision of the Department The Direct Loan Program allows you to choose your repayment plan and to switch your plan if your needs change To find out more about repayment options before receiving a Direct Loan borrowers may contact their schools financial aid office or the Federal Student Aid Information Center at 18004FEDAID 18004333243 If you currently have a Direct Loan and would like the exact payment amount on your loan you can find it out by contacting your loan servicer Standard Repayment With the standard plan youll pay a fixed amount each month until your loans are paid in full Your monthly payments will be at least 50 and youll have up to 10 years to repay your loans The standard plan is good for you if you can handle higher monthly payments because youll repay your loans more quickly Your monthly payment under the standard plan may be higher than it would be under the other plans because your loans will be repaid in the shortest time For the same reasonthe 10year limit on repaymentyou may pay the least interest Extended Repayment To be eligible for the extended plan you must have more than 30000 in Direct Loan debt and you must not have an outstanding balance on a Direct Loan as of October 7 1998 Under the extended plan you have 25 years for repayment and two payment options fixed or graduated Fixed payments are the same amount each month as with the standard plan while graduated payments start low and increase every two years as with the graduated plan below This is a good plan if you will need to make smaller monthly payments Because the repayment period will be 25 years your monthly payments will be less than with the standard plan However you may pay more in interest because youre taking longer to repay the loans Remember that the longer your loans are in repayment the more interest you will pay Graduated Repayment With this plan your payments start out low and increase every two years The length of your repayment period will be up to ten years If you expect your income to increase steadily over time this plan may be right for you Your monthly payment will never be less than the amount of interest that accrues between payments Although your monthly payment will gradually increase no single payment under this plan will be more than three times greater than any other payment Income Contingent Repayment not available for parent PLUS Loans This plan gives you the flexibility to meet your Direct Loan obligations without causing undue financial hardship Each year your monthly payments will be calculated on the basis of your adjusted gross income AGI plus your spouses income if youre married family size and the total amount of your Direct Loans Under the ICR plan you will pay each month the lesser ofthe amount you would pay if you repaid your loan in 12 years multiplied by an income percentage factor that varies with your annual income or20 of your monthly discretionary income If your payments are not large enough to cover the interest that has accumulated on your loans the unpaid amount will be capitalized once each year However capitalization will not exceed 10 percent of the original amount you owed when you entered repayment Interest will continue to accumulate but will no longer be capitalized The maximum repayment period is 25 years If you havent fully repaid your loans after 25 years time spent in deferment or forbearance does not count under this plan the unpaid portion will be discharged You may however have to pay taxes on the amount that is discharged Incomebased Repayment Under this plan the required monthly payment will be based on your income during any period when you have a partial financial hardship Your monthly payment may be adjusted annually The maximum repayment period under this plan may exceed 10 years If you meet certain requirements over a specified period of time you may qualify for cancellation of any outstanding balance of your loans Pay As You Earn Repayment This plan usually has the lowest monthly payment of the repayment plans that are based on your income Your payment amount may increase or decrease each year based on your income and family size To qualify for pay as you earn you must have a partial financial hardship You have a partial financial hardship if the monthly amount you would be required to pay on your eligible federal student loans under a 10year standard repayment plan is higher than the monthly amount under pay as you earn Once youve qualified for pay as you earn you may continue to make Subsidized and Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans Federal PLUS Loans made to graduate or professional students Federal Consolidation Loans that did not repay any PLUS loans for parents You also must be a new borrower as of Oct 1 2007 and must have received a disbursement of a Direct Loan on or after Oct 1 2011 You are a new borrower if you had no outstanding balance on a Direct Loan or FFE loan as of Oct 1 2007 or had no outstanding balance on a Direct Loan or FFE loan when you received a new loan on or after Oct 1 2007 IncomeSensitive Repayment Income Sensitive Repayment ISR is an alternative to income contingent repayment for loans serviced by lenders in the Federal Family Education Loan Program FFELP It is designed to make it easier for borrowers with lower paying jobs to make their monthly loan payments The monthly loan payment is pegged to a fixed percentage of gross monthly income between 4 and 25 The percentage is determined by the borrower and the resulting monthly payment must be greater than or equal to the interest that accrues Some lenders set a minimum threshold on the percentage of income based on your debttoincome ratio A debttoincome ratio is used by some lenders to ensure that the monthly payment is at least the interest that accrues The interest that accrues each month is the product of the interest rate and the loan principal divided by 12 Since the monthly payment must be at least this amount this means the income percentage must be at least the product of the interest rate divided by 12 and the ratio of the loan principal and the gross monthly income Thus the income percentage must be at least the debttoincome ratio multiplied by the interest rate and divided by Borrowers must reapply for income sensitive repayment each year Borrowers are usually required to provide a copy of their income tax returns andor W2 statements every time they apply for income sensitive repayment Because income sensitive repayment decreases the monthly payment as compared with standard repayment and is limited to a ten year repayment term it increases the size of the rest of the monthly payments to compensate This will also increase the total amount of interest paid over the lifetime of the loan may be higher than with standard repayment Students who believe they may need income sensitive repayment for more than a year should also consider extended or graduated repayment which reduce the size of the monthly payment by increasing the term of the loan Use this Income Sensitive Repayment Calculator to compare the ISR program with standard repayment Automated payments electronic debit When you receive your first bill youll learn how you can sign up for the electronic debit account EDA option and have your bank automatically make your monthly loan payments for you from your checking or savings account You wont have to write checks use stamps or worry if your payment will arrive by the due date In addition youll receive a 025 reduction in the interest rate on your loans during any period when your payments are made through EDA Trouble making payments If youre having trouble making payments on your loans contact your loan servicer as soon as possible Their staff will work with you to determine the best option for you Options include Changing repayment plans Deferment if you meet certain requirements A deferment allows you to temporarily stop making payments on your loan Forbearance if you dont meet the eligibility requirements for a deferment but are temporarily unable to make your loan payments A forbearance allows you to temporarily stop making payments on your loan temporarily make smaller payments or extend the time for making payments Read more about deferments and forbearance If you stop making payments and dont get a deferment or forbearance your loan could go into default which has serious consequencessee below Your loan first becomes delinquent if your monthly payment is not received by the due date If you fail to make a payment youll receive a reminder that your payment is late If your account remains delinquent youll receive warning notices reminding you of the consequences of default and of your obligation to repay your loans If you are delinquent on your loan payments contact your loan servicer immediately to find out how to bring your account current Late fees may be added and your delinquency will be reported to one or more national consumer reporting agencies credit bureaus but this is much better than remaining delinquent on your payments and going into default Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 132 Consequences of default If you default We will require you to immediately repay the entire unpaid amount of your loan We may sue you take all or part of your federal and state tax refunds and other federal or state payments andor garnish your wages so that your employer is required to send us part of your salary to pay off your loan We will require you to pay reasonable collection fees and costs plus court costs and attorney fees You may be denied a professional license You will lose eligibility for other federal student aid and assistance under most federal benefit programs You will lose eligibility for loan deferments We will report your default to national consumer reporting agencies credit bureaus For more information and to learn what actions to take if you default on your loans see the Departments Debt Resolution website Loan cancellation forgiveness or discharge Under certain conditions you can have all or part of your loan canceled or discharged Read more about loan cancellation Consolidation A direct Loan Consolidation allows you to consolidate combine multiple federal education loans into one loan The result is a single monthly payment instead of multiple payments Carefully consider whether loan consolidation is the best option for you Loan consolidation can greatly simplify loan repayment by centralizing your loans to one bill and can lower monthly payments by giving you up to 30 years to repay your loans You might also have access to alternative repayment plans you would not have had before and youll be able to switch your variable interest rate loans to a fixed interest rate However deferment or forbearance as options for shortterm payment relief needs Once your loans are combined into a Direct Consolidation Loan they can not be removed The loans that were consolidated are paid off and no longer exist Read more about consolidation Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 000 141 Deferment If you are having temporary problems repaying your federal student loans contact your loan servicer to see if you are eligible for deferment A deferment allows you to temporarily stop making payments on your federal student loans If you have Direct Subsidized Loans you are not charged interest on those loans during deferment You are never charged a fee for applying for a deferment on your federal student loans Note interest will continue to be charged during deferment on your Direct or FFEL Unsubsidized and PLUS Loans If you do not pay this interest during the deferment it will be You may qualify for a deferment if you are enrolled at least half time at an eligible postsecondary school in a fulltime course of study in a graduate fellowship programin an approved fulltime rehabilitation program for individuals with disabilities unemployed or unable to find fulltime employment for a maximum of three years experiencing an economic hardship including Peace Corps service as defined by federal regulations for a maximum of three years serving on active duty during a war or other military operation or national emergency and if you were serving on or after Oct 1 2007 for an additional 180day period following the demobilization date for your qualifying service performing qualifying National Guard duty during a war or other military operation or national emergency and if you were serving on or after Oct 1 2007 for an additional 180day period following the demobilization date for your qualifying service a member of the National Guard or other reserve component of the US armed forces current or retired and you are called or ordered to active duty while you are enrolled or within six months of having been enrolled at least half time at an eligible school Forbearance If you are having temporary problems repaying your federal student loans and are not eligible for a deferment contact your loan servicer to see if you are eligible for forbearance A forbearance is another method of temporarily postponing or reducing loan payments You are never changed a fee for applying for a forbearance on your federal student loans You may be granted a forbearance if you meet one of the following requirements You are unable to make your scheduled loan payments for reasons including but not limited to financial hardship and illness You are serving in a medical or dental internship or residency program and you meet specific requirements The total amount you owe each month for all of the Title IV student loans you received is 20 or more of your total monthly gross income for a maximum of three years You are serving in an approved AmeriCorps position You are performing a teaching service that would qualify for loan forgiveness under the requirements of the Teacher Loan Forgiveness Program You qualify for partial repayment of your loans under the Student Loan Repayment Program as administered by the Department of Defense You are called to active duty in the US armed forces Note Interest will continue to be charged during a forbearance on all types of loans If you do not pay this interest it will be capitalized at the end of the forbearance Whats next Stay in touch with your loan servicerlet them know if youve changed your name or permanent address and make sure that they know when youve completed your educational program or transferred to another school Howard University Loans Loans that are due after the loan borrower separates from the University No late fees are charged The only deferment provision is a student deferment for borrowers who attend school on at least a halftime basis The loan is reported to the 3three major credit bureaus upon disbursement This type of loan is not eligible for consolidation The specific term of the loans are stated in the promissory note and are indicated in the individual fund regulations Federal regulations do not apply to the Howard University Loan Program because the loan belongs to the institution Please contact the Office of Student Financial Services for details about your University loan at 2028062570 All borrowers of loans disbursed from this office must first have approval from the Financial Aid Office and must have an Entrance Interview and Exit Interview before Separation Graduation If the student drops below halftime student status | [
"Student",
"Financial",
"Services"
] |
http://law.jrank.org/pages/2195/Treason-Elements-offense.html | Treason Elements Of The Offense intent prove act enemy Three key elements are necessary for an offense to constitute treason an obligation of allegiance to the legal order and intent and action to violate that obligation Treason is a breach of allegiance and of the faithful support a citizen owes to the sovereignty within which he lives A citizen of the United States who is subject to the law of a foreign state may owe allegiance to that state at the same time he owes fealty to the United States But this dual nationality does not relieve him of obligation to refrain from volunteering aid or comfort to the Wrongful intent Wrongful intent is a necessary element of the crime of treason varying in character according to which of the two forms of the offense is in issue To be guilty of levying war against the United States the individual must intend to use organized force to overthrow the government Under older broad doctrines of treason in English law intent by group force to prevent or overcome enforcement of a particular statute or other lawful order or to obtain any particular group benefit contrary to law was treason A similar tendency was shown in two early American instances involving violent group Adhering to an enemy requires intent to render the enemy tangible support aid and comfort Longestablished doctrine has defined enemies as only those against whom a legally declared state of war exists However in the twentieth century the reality of such undeclared shooting hostilities as the Korean War raises questions about the older limitation That the accused may have acted with mixed purposes such as to make money by selling goods to the enemy does not rebut existence of the requisite intent for treason if one of his purposes was in fact to render performance useful to the enemy In many crimes the law holds an individual responsible as intending the foreseeable consequences of his conduct even though he pleads Overt act The commission of some overt act to effect a treasonable purpose is a distinct element of the crime that the government must prove in addition to proving wrongful intent The most striking restrictive feature of the Constitutions definition of treason was the omission of any analogue of that branch of old English law that punished one who would compass or imagine the death of our lord the King Treason Act 1351 25 Edw 3 stat 5 c 2 England The Crown had used this charge to suppress not only action likely to lead to the kings death but also the The calculated omission of this feature in the definition of the crime emphasized the need to show specific intent to prove treason as defined in the United States Moreover the omission underlines the need to prove substantial action by the accused The function of the overt act element said the Supreme Court in Cramer is to ensure that mere mental attitudes or expressions should not be treason the prosecution must show that the accused moved from the realm of thought plan or opinions into the world of action However the Supreme Courts treatment of the act element has clouded this requirement In Cramer the Court seemed to say that the act must itself be evidence of the treasonable intent a position apparently contrary to the general insistence that the intent and act elements are distinct In Haupt v United States 330 US 631 1947 the Court clarified the matter somewhat behavior proved by the required testimony of two witnesses need not indicate wrongful intent But where the charge was aiding the enemy if the proven overt act can be demonstrated to have given aid to the enemy only when appraised in light of evidence of other conduct of the accused then that other conductas well as the particular overt actmust be proved by two witnesses On the other hand to prove the offense it is not necessary to show that the accused succeeded in delivering aid to the enemy it Treason Application Of The Law In The United States Citing this material Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article Content on this website is from highquality licensed material originally published in print form You can always be sure youre reading unbiased factual and accurate information Highlight the text below rightclick and select copy Paste the link into your website email or any other HTML document a hrefhttplawjrankorgpages2195TreasonElementsoffensehtmlTreason Elements Of The Offensea User Comments 5 months ago H White Aspects of these elements are unclear the act of Treason especially aid and comfort to the enemy as opposed to an overt act of war against the state must occur during a time at war for an enemy to exist Therefore aid and comfort are not treasonous during peacetime although the same act may be treasonous during wartime The act itself may not be illegal but in furtherance of an overt act that leads to betrayal of allegiance treason as opposed to espionage seditious conspiracy or terrorism which do not require the state to be at war | [
"Overt act",
"Wrongful intent"
] |
http://law.jrank.org/pages/6350/Education-Law-Separation-Church-State.html | Education Law Separation Of Church And State religious schools public clause The First Amendment provides that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof The First Amendment has been incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment and applies to the states and their subdivisions The first provision is called the Establishment Clause the second the Free Exercise Clause Thus the guarantee of religious freedom has a double aspect The Establishment Clause prohibits laws requiring that anyone accept any belief or creed or the practice of any form of worship Courts have relied on the Establishment Clause to nullify numerous practices in public schools such as The Free Exercise Clause safeguards the freedom to engage in a chosen form of religion Again practices in the public schools have produced a host of litigation on this clause of the First Amendment Parents with strong religious convictions have brought numerous suits alleging that a part of the science health or reading curriculum included content that was contrary to the familys religious convictions and values thus restricting the familys right to engage in its chosen religion Likewise a series of state and federal statutes has been challenged on separationofchurchandstate grounds The courts have ruled that the following practices do not violate the First Amendment religion clauses Transportation of students to private sectarian schools at public expense Public purchase of secular textbooks for use in religious schools Use of school facilities by religious organizations pursuant to policies that allow nonreligious groups to use such facilities Release of students from public schools to attend religious instruction classes Provision of a signer at public expense for a deaf student in a religious school Permission for studentorganized religious clubs to meet on school property during the noninstructional part of the day Practices that have been prohibited by the courts include these Sending public school teachers into private sectarian schools to provide remedial instruction Providing a publicly funded salary supplement to teachers in religious schools Education Law Racial Segregation Education Law Searches Of Students And Lockers Citing this material Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article Content on this website is from highquality licensed material originally published in print form You can always be sure youre reading unbiased factual and accurate information Highlight the text below rightclick and select copy Paste the link into your website email or any other HTML document a hrefhttplawjrankorgpages6350EducationLawSeparationChurchStatehtmlEducation Law Separation Of Church And Statea User Comments 8 months ago isaac are you religeous 3 months ago Kim Its great that you provide the information to cite your article as a reference but from where is YOUR information specifically A quote directly from your site copied below seems to imply that the material in your articles is valid and current However I see absolutely no citations to support that claim Theres no authors name no date no publications or other reference material listed to support what is in this article Then adding to my hesitation to share much less cite your site at a reference I notice that when I copy ONLY the section starting with Citing this Citing this material Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article Content on this website is from highquality licensed material originally published in print form You can always be sure youre reading unbiased factual and accurate information | [
"Education Law"
] |
http://law.olemiss.edu/about/oxford-ms/ | ← Back to Events Oxford , MS There were no results found . Previous Events | [
"Oxford , MS"
] |
http://law.syr.edu/news_events/news/syracuse-university-college-of-law-new-york-bar-exam-pass-rate-is-highest | Syracuse University College of Law New York Bar Exam Pass Rate is Highest in Decades Posted on Tuesday 10242017 Syracuse University College of Law graduates who took the New York State Bar Exam for the first time in July 2017 achieved a 916 pass rate That mark represents the highest in decades and an increase of more than two percentage points over the Colleges 2016 pass rate It is also well above the statewide median pass rate of 85 for New York law schools We are pleased that our graduates continue to excel on the New York State Bar Exam says Dean Craig M Boise For the second year in a row our graduates have delivered the best results in decades and we are proud of their accomplishment Their hundreds of hours of study and preparation are complemented by our dedicated faculty supportive staff and welldesigned program of education In particular our new structured curriculum has proven to be a key to success on the bar exam passage of which is essential to the practice of law To sustain this kind of excellent performance continues Boise our faculty will continue to review our curriculum and our bar support programs to ensure we are employing instructional methodsfrom matriculation through graduationthat best prepare and support our students to launch successful professional careers Back to News and Events | [
"Syracuse University",
"New York",
"Law graduates"
] |
http://law2.umkc.edu/Faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/nurembergexecutions.html | The following note and letters come from Professor John Q . Barrett , St . John ’ s University School of Law , who frequently posts for the Jackson List interesting notes about the life and work of Robert Jackson . On Tuesday , October 1 , 1946 , the International Military Tribunal ( IMT ) at Nuremberg sentenced seven of the convicted men to terms of imprisonment and the other twelve to death by hanging . In Allied - occupied former Germany , the Allied Control Council declined to mitigate any convicted criminal ’ s sentence . On the evening of October 15 , death - sentenced war criminal Hermann Goering , recognizing that his hanging was imminent , somehow used cyanide to commit suicide in his prison cell . Shortly after 1 : 00 a.m. on October 16 , prison guards delivered the ten remaining condemned men to the custody of a U.S. Army team in a newly - constructed execution chamber . Before 3 : 00 a.m. , each criminal was hanged and pronounced dead . ( The final criminal By October 1946 , Whitney R . Harris , formerly an important junior prosecutor on Justice Jackson ’ s Nuremberg team , had moved to Berlin and begun working in the Office of Military Government for Germany ( U.S. ) ( OMGUS ) . On October 15 , Harris flew from Berlin to Nuremberg to represent Robert Jackson at the executions . Four days later , back in Berlin , Harris sent this report to his former boss : Mr . Justice Robert H . Jackson Supreme Court Washington D.C . Dear Chief : On Tuesday I flew to Nurnberg to be present at the final episode in the trial of the major war criminals . In spite of the efforts of General [ Lucius ] Clay to gain my admittance as a witness to the actual hangings , this proved impossible under a policy established by the Control Council which excluded members of prosecuting staffs from the execution chamber . However , familiarity with the scene and close contact with the newspaper men who were present was quite sufficient to enable me to report on the details . The executions took place in the prison gymnasium which you will remember as the small building about seventy - five yards from the door leading into the cell block where the “ Big Twenty - one ” were imprisoned . The secret that this building , which had been the workroom for the defendants who processed the thousands of affidavits submitted for the [ defense of the indicted ] organizations and had been used for a basketball game only the Saturday preceding , was to be the execution hall was kept so well that only two security officers knew the The members of the four - man committee in charge of the executions were all generals , Roy V . Rickard for the United States , Paton Walsh for Britain , Morel for France and Molkov for Russia . They handled the arrangements very efficiently , except , of course , for the Goering suicide which could scarcely be charged to their neglect . This remains at writing the great mystery of the executions . At nine - thirty [ on Tuesday night , October 15 ] , the correspondents were permitted to inspect the cell block and observe the condemned . Jodl was writing a letter ; Ribbentrop was in earnest conversation with a chaplain ; Sauckel nervously paced the floor , and Goering simulated sleep , his hands outside of the blankets . At the forty - five , the guard noticed Goering twitching . He called for the corporal of the guard and they rushed into the cell . They saw Goering writhing in agony . When the doctor arrived the death At eleven minutes past one o ’ clock in the morning of 16 October , the white - faced Joachim von Ribbentrop stepped through the door into the execution chamber and faced the gallows on which he and the others condemned to death by the Tribunal were to be hanged . Ribbentrop ’ s hands were unmanacled and bound behind him with a leather thong . He walked to the foot of the thirteen stairs leading to the gallows platform . He was asked to state his name . Flanked by two guards and followed by the Chaplain , he Germany . God have mercy on my soul . My last wish is that German unity be maintained , that understanding between East and West be realized and there be peace for the world ” . The trap was sprung and Ribbentrop died at 1 : 29 . In the same way , each of the remaining defendants to receive capital sentences approached the scaffold and met the fate of common criminals . All , except the wordy Nazi philosopher , Rosenberg , uttered final statements . Keitel spoke as a Prussian soldier : “ I call on the Almighty to be considerate of the German people , provide tenderness and mercy . Over 2,000,000 German soldiers went to their death for their Fatherland before me . I now follow my sons . All for ” . Gestapo Chief Kaltenbrunner declared apologetically : “ I served the German people and my Fatherland with willing heart . I did my duty according to its laws . I am sorry that in her trying hour she was not led only by soldiers . I regret that crimes were committed in which I had no part . Good luck ” . Frank said quietly : “ I am thankful for the kind treatment which I received during this incarceration and I pray God to receive me mercifully ” . Frick spoke only the phrase , “ Let live the eternal ” . Streicher shouted “ Heil Hitler ! ” as he climbed the stairs and followed with the words : “ Now I go to God , Purim Festival 1946 . And now to God . The Bolshevists will one day hang you . I am now by God my father ” . And his last words were , “ Adele , my dear wife ” . Sauckel protested : “ I die innocently . The verdict was wrong . Got protect and make great again . Let live and God protect my family ” . Jodl spoke in the manner of an officer addressing his troops : “ I salute you my ” . Seyss - Inquart climaxed the final statements when he said : “ I hope that this execution is the last act of the tragedy of the second world war and that a lesson will be learned so that peace and understanding will be realized among the nations . I believe in ” . Seyss - Inquart died at 2 : 57 less than two hours after von Ribbentrop had entered the execution chamber . It was over — the trial ended , evil requited , and as Dr . Hoegner said , “ Justice done ” . I am now at work in Berlin in the Legal Division , Office of Military Government ( U.S. ) , and my job is “ Legal advice ” , by which I am charged with answering any and all legal questions which may be referred by the Deputy Military Governor or departments of OMGUS . The Legal Division at present is primarily charged with the reinstitution of the legal basis for democratic government in the American Zone of . The laws of the dictatorship have been repealed , but there remains the task of reenacting codes covering each branch of substantive law and reestablishing workable procedures . I hope this task will have been completed by next summer and that when I leave the basis for a new democratic society will have been laid . … Faithfully yours , / s / Whitney When Justice Jackson wrote back to Harris , privately , nearly a month later , Jackson expressed disapproval of aspects of the execution events and some of his standards of good judgment and propriety in the use of power : November 18 , 1946 Mr . Whitney R . Harris , OMGUS , Legal Division APO 742 , C / o Postmaster , New York City My dear Whitney : I very much appreciated your report of the Nurnberg executions . Apparently the military crowd were a little vindictive . They were very sore , I understand , because those who were sent to take charge of the executions were not put in prominent [ courtroom ] places at the [ IMT ] rendering of the verdict . The impropriety of playing up the executioners before the judgment of guilt had been rendered or sentence imposed does not seem to occur to such mentalities , if that is what they can be called by courtesy . The photographs [ of the corpses of the hanged criminals and Goering ] which were released in this country have produced an extremely bad impression and with very few exceptions there is criticism , even in the papers that published them , of the fact that they were released . All in all , I am rather glad that the military people shut us out and made it their own performance . I am glad that you are comfortably situated in and are at the job of giving legal advice . You certainly are having a very interesting experience and you may decide to make foreign service a career . I hope you will let us hear from you from time to time and tell us the low - down on what goes on . Sincerely yours , / s / Robert H . Jackson Nuremberg Trials Homepage | [
"War Criminals"
] |
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/PROJECTS/FTRIALS/conlaw/thirteenthamendment.html | The Thirteenth Amendment : The Abolition of Slavery Introduction Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 hotly debated the issue of slavery . George Mason of Virginia argued eloquently against slavery , warning his fellow delegates : " Every master of slaves is born a petty tyrant . They bring the judgment of heaven on a country . As nations can not be rewarded or punished in the next world , they must be in this . By an inevitable chain of causes and effects , providence punishes national sins by national calamities . " Southern delegates , on the other hand , argued strenuously that the new government should not be allowed to interfere with the institution of slavery . Delegate John Rutledge of South Carolina , for example , told delegates that " religion and humanity have nothing to do with the questions " of whether the Constitution should protect slavery - - it was simply a question of property rights . The Constitution that the delegates proposed included several provisions that explicity recognized and protected slavery . Without these provisions , southern delegates would not support the new Constitution - - and without the southern states on board , the Constitution had no chance of being ratified . Provisions allowed southern states to count slaves as 3 / 5 persons for purposes of apportionment in Congress ( even though the slaves could not , of course , vote ) , expressly denied to Congress the power to prohibit importation of new slaves until 1808 , and prevented free states from enacting Slavery , as all students of history know , continued to be a divisive issue up through the Civil War . Southern states worried that the balance in Congress might tip against slavery , and so were anxious to extend slavery to new territories and states . The Missouri Compromise of 1820 ( enacted at a time when slave states and non - slave states had equal representation in the Senate ) permitted slavery in Missouri , but prohibited slavery in portions of the Louisiana purchase north of 36 ° 30 ' . The Supreme Court , in its infamous decision in Dred Scott v Sandford ( 1857 ) , ruled that Congress lacked the power to prohibit slavery in its territories . In so doing , Scott v Sandford invited slave owners to pour into the territories and pass pro - slavery constitutions . The decision made the Civil War inevitable . Chief Justice Roger Taney , writing for the majority in Scott , also concluded that people of African ancestry ( whether free or a slave , including Scott ) could never become " citizens " within the meaning of the Constitution , and hence lacked the ability to bring suit in federal court . Dred Scott Before the Civil War ended , Congress passed , and sent to the states for ratification , the Thirteenth Amendment which abolished " slavery " and " involuntary servitude " and authorized Congress to enact " appropriate legislation " implementing the abolition . The Amendment was understood to also make blacks citizens of the United States ( overruling Dred Scott on that point ) . The House vote to propose the Thirteenth Amendment followed the Senate vote , and barely made the 2 / 3 majority requirement . When the vote was announced the galleries cheered , congressmen embraced and wept , and Capitol cannons boomed a 100 - gun salute . Congressmena George Julian of Indiana wrote in his diary , " I have felt , ever since the vote , as if I were in a new country . " Ratification by the states quickly followed , and Secretary of State Seward proclaimed the Amendment adopted on December Less than a year after ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment , Congress used its newly conferred power to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , giving black citizens " the same right in every state . . .to make and enforce contracts , to sue , be parties , . . .to inherit , purchase , sell , and convey real and personal property ; and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens . " Supporters if the 1866 law argued that The Thirteenth Amendment , unlike most provisions in the Constitution , is self - executing , in that it directly reaches - even without action by Congress - conduct by private individuals ( slave holders ) . Because of this fact , Congress ' s power under the Thirteenth Amendment allows it to punish forms of private conduct when it might not be able to do so under an amendment such as the Fourteenth , which restricts the conduct of states ( prohibiting states from denying equal protection of the laws or due process ) . The Thirteenth Amendment has not produced nearly the volume of Supreme Court decisions as has the Fourteenth Amendment , or even the Fifteenth Amendment ( guaranteeing the vote to black citizens ) . In 1916 , in Butler v Perry , the Court rejected a challenge brought by a Florida man to a state law that required all able - bodied men between 21 and 45 , when called to do so , to work for up to 60 hours on maintaining public roads . The plaintiff , convicted of failing to put in his time on the roads and sentenced to jail , argued that the law mandated " involuntary servitude " in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment . Justice McReynolds , writing for the Court , concluded " the term ' involuntary servitude ' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which , in practical operation , would tend to produce like undesirable results . " Jones vs Alfred H . Mayer Co . ( 1968 ) arose when the developer of a surburban St . Louis subdivision refused to sell Joseph Jones a home because he was black . Jones sued the developer , alleging a violation of the 1866 Civil Rights Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1982 ) which granted " all citizens of the United States . . .the same right as is enjoyed by white citizens . . .to purchase . . .real property . " The Court rejected the developer ' s argument that Congress lacked the power under Section 2 of the 13th Amendment to ban private discrimination in Jones , so long as Congress could rationally conclude that private discrimination in the housing market was " a badge of slavery , " the statute should be upheld . Finally , in Memphis v Greene ( 1981 ) the Court reversed a 6th Circuit ruling that the closing of a road separating an all - white neighborhood from a predominately black neighborhood constituted a violation of the Thirteenth Amendment . The Court found that the modest inconvenience and speculative loss of property value to black residents was insufficient either to be considered " a badge of slavery " protected against by the Thirteenth Amendment , or a violation of the 1866 Civil Rights Act enacted under the power granted to Congress by Section 2 of the amendment . Four dissenting justices would have found the 42 U.S.C. 1982 : ( 1866 Civil Rights Act , which the Court found to be a constitutional exercise of Congress ' s power under Section 2 of the 13th Amendment - - even as it reaches private discrimination ) : " All citizens of the United States shall have the same right , in every State and Territory , as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit , purchase , lease , sell , hold , and convey real and personal property . " Links Landmark Cases : Background on the Dred Scott Decision Cases Dred Scott v Sandford ( 1857 ) Butler v Perry ( 1916 ) Jones v Alfred H . Mayer Co . ( 1968 ) Memphis v Greene ( 1981 ) The Constitution and Slavery : Provisions in the Original Constitution Article I , Section . 2 [ Slaves count as 3 / 5 persons ] Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons [ i.e. , slaves ] . Article I , Section . 9 , clause 1 . [ No power to ban slavery until 1808 ] The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person . Article IV , Section . 2 . [ Free states can not protect slaves ] No Person held to Service or Labour in one State , under the Laws thereof , escaping into another , shall , in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein , be discharged from such Service or Labour , but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due . Article V [ No Constitutional Amendment to Ban Slavery Until 1808 ] . . .No Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article . The Thirteenth Amendment Passed by Congress January 31 , 1865 . Ratified December 6 , 1865 . Section 1 . Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude , except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted , shall exist within the United States , or any place subject to their jurisdiction . Section 2 . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Was the Civil War about slavery ? The short answer is " yes . " One might consider , for example , Mississippi ' s 21 - paragraph declaration of reasons in 1861 for leaving the Union . Only two paragraphs , one introductory and the other conclusory , did not mention slavery . The state ' s principal complaints concerned the refusal of free states to return fugitive slaves and opposition of the extension of slavery into the territories . The election of Abraham Lincoln , on an anti - slavery platform , obviously had a lot to do with the decisions of southern states to The best evidence that " states ' rights " was a secondary interest of the southern states is the Confederate Constitution which forced states to accept central authority on the issue of slavery and required all new territories in the Confederation to become slave states , regardless of the popular will of the people of the new state . Lincoln ' s Three Proposed Constitutional Amendments of 1862 1 . Federal compensation provided for states agreeing to abolish slavery by January 1 , 1900 . 2 . Frees slaves who " enjoyed actual freedom by the chances of war " before " the end of the rebellion . " 3 . Congress authorized to provide for colonization outside of the United States of free blacks by their own consent . Chief Justice Roger Taney , author of the Court ' s opnion in Scott v Sandford Questions 1 . What does it tell us about constitutional interpretation when we observe that the seven justices in the majority in Scott v Sandford were from slave - holding southern states , and that the two diessenters were from northern states ? 2 . It is worth noting that was the only case in eight decades of pre - Civil War constitutional history in which the Supreme Court limited congressional power in any substantial way . What does it say about the Court ' s jurisprudence that the Court upheld the Fugitive Slave Act , finding it well within the powers of Congress ? 3 . Slavery laws have been applied to some private criminal enterprises , such as prostitution rings . When might states violate the Thirteenth Amendment ? Butler suggests that mandatory work requirements are generally not violations , but what if state law required all able - bodied adults to pick cotton for 100 hours a year ? If the same law applied only to African - Americans , it would undoubtedly violate the Equal Protection Clause - - would it also violate the Thirteenth Amendment ? 4 . Would a real estate agency that steered potential black buyers away from white neighborhoods violate the Thirteenth Amendment ? The 1866 Civil Rights Act ? 5 The 13th Amendment is unique in that by its own words it applies to private individuals as well as government . How far does Section 2 of the 13th Amendment go in allowing Congress to reach forms of private discrimination ? If discrimination in housing can be " a badge of slavery , " might also discrimination in the membership policies of a private club ? 6 Supreme Court decisions subsequent to Jones pointedly avoid assuming that Congress has unlimited discretion to call any private conduct it chooses " a badge of slavery , " and then regulate it . How should a court decide whether a particular form of private discrimination in reachable by Section 2 of the 13th Amendment ? 7 Should whites be protected by the Thirteenth Amendment against the same sorts of private discrimination as are African - Americans ? | [
"Thirteenth Amendment",
"self-enacting"
] |
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/takings.htm | Introduction The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment is one of the few provisions of the Bill of Rights that has been given a broader interpretation under the Burger and Rehnquist courts than under the Warren Court It is a clause near and dear to the heart of free market conservatives Only certain types of takings cases present serious interpretive questions It is clear that when the government physically seizes property as for a highway or a park for example that it will have to pay just compensation It is also clear that serious sustained physical invasions of property as in the case of low overflying aircraft for example require payment of compensation equal to the difference between the market value before and after the invasion The difficult cases are generally those where government regulations enacted to secure some sort of public benefit fall disproportionately on some property owners and cause The Court has had a difficult time articulating a test to determine when a regulation becomes a taking It has said there is no set formula and that courts must look to the particular circumstances of the case The Court has identified some relevant factors to consider the economic impact of the regulation the degree to which the regulation interferes with investorbacked expectations and the character of the government action Still as our cases suggest there is a lot of room for argument as to how these various factors should be weighed Cases Penn Central v New York City 1978 Dolan v City of Tigard 1994 Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Comn 1992 Tahoe Preservation Council v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 2002 Kelo v City of New London 2005 David Lucas on his South Carolina property that the Supreme Court concluded was taken Supreme Court Determines What is a Public Use Homes in a New London Conn neighborhood that stand to be torn down after the city won its case before the U S Supreme Court In June 2005 the Supreme Court decided an important case involving the meaning of public use in the Fifth Amendment In Kelo v City of New London the Court voting 5 to 4 upheld a city plan to condemn homes in a 90acre bluecollar residential neighborhood New London plans to give the land to a developer for 1 with a 99year lease to build a waterfront hotel office space and higherend housing Justice Stevens writing for the Court found this donation of property to a developer to be a public use Stevens said that the Courts jurisprudence gave government broad latitude to determine what uses might be public In a concurring opinion Justice Kennedy indicated that the Court still stood willing to review on constitutional grounds takings The Takings Clause Private property shall not be taken for a public use without just compensation New Yorks Grand Central Station the focus of attention in the Penn Central case Questions 1 Should affected individuals or corporations be compensated whenever the actions of government diminish property values If so should people whose property values have increased as the result of governmental action have to cough up the increase 2 What do you think about the desirability of a rule that requires the payment of just compensation whenever governmental action causes a dimunition in value greater than a certain amount say 10 50 3 Should the requirement of just compensation depend upon whether the government was taking action to prevent a harm or to secure a public benefit 4 Lucas contended that the action of the S C Coastal Commission rendered his property valueless Is this true What value might it have In oral argument Justice Blackmun asked the attorney for Lucas If the property has no value will you give it to me 5 What options does South Carolina have after the Courts decision in Lucas 6 Is Dolan just an exactions case or does it have significance for other types of takings cases 7 Does the rough proportionality test of Dolan strike you as one that courts will find easy to administer 8 What is the private property that government may not take without just compensation Does it include personal property such as a car Does it include intellectual property such as rights under copyright law in a song 9 Presumably if the use for which property is taken is not public the taking violates the Constitutioneven if compensation is paid What might be examples of nonpublic uses May the government condemn property and turn it over to a private developer 10 If a 32month moratorium on all development is not enough to be a per se taking see Tahoe Preservation Council what about a 10year moratorium Is the majority right is applying the Penn Central analysis to all bans on development called temporary by regulators Supreme Court Says When Government Adds More Beach It Can Claim the New Land The beachfront in Destin Florida at issue in Stop the Beach Nourishment vs Florida After the State of Florida spent millions widening beaches to protect against shoreline erosion a group of oceanfront owners in Destin sued arguing that the new 75foot strip of sand should be theirs and not the government The landowners argued that the Florida courts had redefined their land boundaries which used to extend all the way to the tide line in such a way as to constitute a taking of their property The Court 8 to 0 Justice Stevens not participating because he owned a Florida oceanfront condo held that the states actions were not a taking requiring compensation to property values The Court split 4 to 4 on the question of whether courts could ever be financially liable for a taking Stop the Beach Renourishment vs Florida Dept of Environmental Protection 2010 Most sites reflect the interests of property rights groups and endorse a broad interpretation of takings Protecting Private Property Cato Institute Regulatory Takings and Private Property Public Eye Endangered Species and Takings | [
"Fifth Amendment",
"The Takings Clause"
] |
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/thirteenthamendment.html | The Thirteenth Amendment : The Abolition of Slavery Introduction Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 hotly debated the issue of slavery . George Mason of Virginia argued eloquently against slavery , warning his fellow delegates : " Every master of slaves is born a petty tyrant . They bring the judgment of heaven on a country . As nations can not be rewarded or punished in the next world , they must be in this . By an inevitable chain of causes and effects , providence punishes national sins by national calamities . " Southern delegates , on the other hand , argued strenuously that the new government should not be allowed to interfere with the institution of slavery . Delegate John Rutledge of South Carolina , for example , told delegates that " religion and humanity have nothing to do with the questions " of whether the Constitution should protect slavery - - it was simply a question of property rights . The Constitution that the delegates proposed included several provisions that explicity recognized and protected slavery . Without these provisions , southern delegates would not support the new Constitution - - and without the southern states on board , the Constitution had no chance of being ratified . Provisions allowed southern states to count slaves as 3 / 5 persons for purposes of apportionment in Congress ( even though the slaves could not , of course , vote ) , expressly denied to Congress the power to prohibit importation of new slaves until 1808 , and prevented free states from enacting Slavery , as all students of history know , continued to be a divisive issue up through the Civil War . Southern states worried that the balance in Congress might tip against slavery , and so were anxious to extend slavery to new territories and states . The Missouri Compromise of 1820 ( enacted at a time when slave states and non - slave states had equal representation in the Senate ) permitted slavery in Missouri , but prohibited slavery in portions of the Louisiana purchase north of 36 ° 30 ' . The Supreme Court , in its infamous decision in Dred Scott v Sandford ( 1857 ) , ruled that Congress lacked the power to prohibit slavery in its territories . In so doing , Scott v Sandford invited slave owners to pour into the territories and pass pro - slavery constitutions . The decision made the Civil War inevitable . Chief Justice Roger Taney , writing for the majority in Scott , also concluded that people of African ancestry ( whether free or a slave , including Scott ) could never become " citizens " within the meaning of the Constitution , and hence lacked the ability to bring suit in federal court . Dred Scott Before the Civil War ended , Congress passed , and sent to the states for ratification , the Thirteenth Amendment which abolished " slavery " and " involuntary servitude " and authorized Congress to enact " appropriate legislation " implementing the abolition . The Amendment was understood to also make blacks citizens of the United States ( overruling Dred Scott on that point ) . The House vote to propose the Thirteenth Amendment followed the Senate vote , and barely made the 2 / 3 majority requirement . When the vote was announced the galleries cheered , congressmen embraced and wept , and Capitol cannons boomed a 100 - gun salute . Congressmena George Julian of Indiana wrote in his diary , " I have felt , ever since the vote , as if I were in a new country . " Ratification by the states quickly followed , and Secretary of State Seward proclaimed the Amendment adopted on December Less than a year after ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment , Congress used its newly conferred power to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , giving black citizens " the same right in every state . . .to make and enforce contracts , to sue , be parties , . . .to inherit , purchase , sell , and convey real and personal property ; and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens . " Supporters if the 1866 law argued that The Thirteenth Amendment , unlike most provisions in the Constitution , is self - executing , in that it directly reaches - even without action by Congress - conduct by private individuals ( slave holders ) . Because of this fact , Congress ' s power under the Thirteenth Amendment allows it to punish forms of private conduct when it might not be able to do so under an amendment such as the Fourteenth , which restricts the conduct of states ( prohibiting states from denying equal protection of the laws or due process ) . The Thirteenth Amendment has not produced nearly the volume of Supreme Court decisions as has the Fourteenth Amendment , or even the Fifteenth Amendment ( guaranteeing the vote to black citizens ) . In 1916 , in Butler v Perry , the Court rejected a challenge brought by a Florida man to a state law that required all able - bodied men between 21 and 45 , when called to do so , to work for up to 60 hours on maintaining public roads . The plaintiff , convicted of failing to put in his time on the roads and sentenced to jail , argued that the law mandated " involuntary servitude " in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment . Justice McReynolds , writing for the Court , concluded " the term ' involuntary servitude ' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which , in practical operation , would tend to produce like undesirable results . " Jones vs Alfred H . Mayer Co . ( 1968 ) arose when the developer of a surburban St . Louis subdivision refused to sell Joseph Jones a home because he was black . Jones sued the developer , alleging a violation of the 1866 Civil Rights Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1982 ) which granted " all citizens of the United States . . .the same right as is enjoyed by white citizens . . .to purchase . . .real property . " The Court rejected the developer ' s argument that Congress lacked the power under Section 2 of the 13th Amendment to ban private discrimination in Jones , so long as Congress could rationally conclude that private discrimination in the housing market was " a badge of slavery , " the statute should be upheld . Finally , in Memphis v Greene ( 1981 ) the Court reversed a 6th Circuit ruling that the closing of a road separating an all - white neighborhood from a predominately black neighborhood constituted a violation of the Thirteenth Amendment . The Court found that the modest inconvenience and speculative loss of property value to black residents was insufficient either to be considered " a badge of slavery " protected against by the Thirteenth Amendment , or a violation of the 1866 Civil Rights Act enacted under the power granted to Congress by Section 2 of the amendment . Four dissenting justices would have found the 42 U.S.C. 1982 : ( 1866 Civil Rights Act , which the Court found to be a constitutional exercise of Congress ' s power under Section 2 of the 13th Amendment - - even as it reaches private discrimination ) : " All citizens of the United States shall have the same right , in every State and Territory , as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit , purchase , lease , sell , hold , and convey real and personal property . " Links Landmark Cases : Background on the Dred Scott Decision Cases Dred Scott v Sandford ( 1857 ) Butler v Perry ( 1916 ) Jones v Alfred H . Mayer Co . ( 1968 ) Memphis v Greene ( 1981 ) The Constitution and Slavery : Provisions in the Original Constitution Article I , Section . 2 [ Slaves count as 3 / 5 persons ] Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons [ i.e. , slaves ] . Article I , Section . 9 , clause 1 . [ No power to ban slavery until 1808 ] The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person . Article IV , Section . 2 . [ Free states can not protect slaves ] No Person held to Service or Labour in one State , under the Laws thereof , escaping into another , shall , in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein , be discharged from such Service or Labour , but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due . Article V [ No Constitutional Amendment to Ban Slavery Until 1808 ] . . .No Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article . The Thirteenth Amendment Passed by Congress January 31 , 1865 . Ratified December 6 , 1865 . Section 1 . Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude , except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted , shall exist within the United States , or any place subject to their jurisdiction . Section 2 . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Was the Civil War about slavery ? The short answer is " yes . " One might consider , for example , Mississippi ' s 21 - paragraph declaration of reasons in 1861 for leaving the Union . Only two paragraphs , one introductory and the other conclusory , did not mention slavery . The state ' s principal complaints concerned the refusal of free states to return fugitive slaves and opposition of the extension of slavery into the territories . The election of Abraham Lincoln , on an anti - slavery platform , obviously had a lot to do with the decisions of southern states to The best evidence that " states ' rights " was a secondary interest of the southern states is the Confederate Constitution which forced states to accept central authority on the issue of slavery and required all new territories in the Confederation to become slave states , regardless of the popular will of the people of the new state . Lincoln ' s Three Proposed Constitutional Amendments of 1862 1 . Federal compensation provided for states agreeing to abolish slavery by January 1 , 1900 . 2 . Frees slaves who " enjoyed actual freedom by the chances of war " before " the end of the rebellion . " 3 . Congress authorized to provide for colonization outside of the United States of free blacks by their own consent . Chief Justice Roger Taney , author of the Court ' s opnion in Scott v Sandford Questions 1 . What does it tell us about constitutional interpretation when we observe that the seven justices in the majority in Scott v Sandford were from slave - holding southern states , and that the two diessenters were from northern states ? 2 . It is worth noting that was the only case in eight decades of pre - Civil War constitutional history in which the Supreme Court limited congressional power in any substantial way . What does it say about the Court ' s jurisprudence that the Court upheld the Fugitive Slave Act , finding it well within the powers of Congress ? 3 . Slavery laws have been applied to some private criminal enterprises , such as prostitution rings . When might states violate the Thirteenth Amendment ? Butler suggests that mandatory work requirements are generally not violations , but what if state law required all able - bodied adults to pick cotton for 100 hours a year ? If the same law applied only to African - Americans , it would undoubtedly violate the Equal Protection Clause - - would it also violate the Thirteenth Amendment ? 4 . Would a real estate agency that steered potential black buyers away from white neighborhoods violate the Thirteenth Amendment ? The 1866 Civil Rights Act ? 5 The 13th Amendment is unique in that by its own words it applies to private individuals as well as government . How far does Section 2 of the 13th Amendment go in allowing Congress to reach forms of private discrimination ? If discrimination in housing can be " a badge of slavery , " might also discrimination in the membership policies of a private club ? 6 Supreme Court decisions subsequent to Jones pointedly avoid assuming that Congress has unlimited discretion to call any private conduct it chooses " a badge of slavery , " and then regulate it . How should a court decide whether a particular form of private discrimination in reachable by Section 2 of the 13th Amendment ? 7 Should whites be protected by the Thirteenth Amendment against the same sorts of private discrimination as are African - Americans ? | [
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http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lincolnconspiracy/powell.html | LEWIS THORTON POWELL 1844 - 1865 Images of Lewis Powell Biographic Sketch of Lewis Powell Lewis Powell ' s Role in the Conspiracy Lewis Powell on Trial William Doster ' s Trial Summation in Defense of Lewis Powell Lincoln Assassination Conspiracy Trial Home Images of Lewis Powell Powell assaults Frederick Seward Harper ' s Powell stabs Secretary Seward Harper ' s Arrest of Powell at Surratt ' s house Police Gazette Powell manacled after capture Powell in his cell during trial Frank Leslie ' s Powell in death cell before execution Biographic Sketch of Lewis Powell Lewis Powell was the youngest boy in a family of eight children . He spent the first three years of his life in Randolph County , Alabama , the next twelve in two rural Georgia counties , and the two years before his departure to join the Confederate Army at age seventeen in Live Oak , Florida . Powell ' s father was a Baptist minister , school master , and farmer . Biographers describe Powell as a quiet , introverted youth who enjoyed fishing and caring for sick and injured animals . His fondness for nursing animals led his sisters to give Lewis the nickname " Doc . " In 1861 Powell joined the 2nd Florida Infantry . Wounded at Gettysburg on July 2 , 1863 , Powell was captured by Union troops and consigned as a POW nurse at Gettysburg Hospital . While at Gettysburg Hospital , Powell developed a relationship with a volunteer nurse named Margaret Branson . Transferred to West Buildings Hospital in Baltimore in September 1863 , Powell - - most likely with the help of Branson - - escaped within a week of his arrival . Powell fled Baltimore , finding his way behind lines to Virginia , where he met up with and joined a Confederate Calvary outfit known as Mosby ' s Rangers . Fellow rangers described young Powell as " chivalrous , generous , and gallant " and as " always keyed up for battle . " While serving in the Mosby ' s Rangers , it is likely that Powell began his involvement with the Confederate Secret Service . In January 1865 , Powell again crossed lines , claiming to have deserted his regiment . Powell signed the Oath of Allegiance to the Union using the alias " Paine . " He settled in Baltimore , where he stayed at the boarding house of Margaret Branson ' s . While in the Branson house , Powell violently assaulted a black maid who refused to promptly clean his room as he had ordered . According to a witness , Powell " threw her on the ground and stamped on her body , struck her on the forehead , and said Lewis Powell ' s Role in the Conspiracy A Confederate operative , David Parr , introduced Powell to John Surratt , who in turn introduced Powell to John Wilkes Booth . Booth recruited Powell , along with other conspirators , to participate in the kidnapping of President Lincoln . Booth planned to kidnap Lincoln on March 17 as he attended a play at the Seventh Street Hospital , then take him to Richmond where would be held in exchange for Confederate POWs . The plan collapsed , however , when Lincoln cancelled his appearance at the play . The kidnap conspiracy turned into an assassination conspiracy by April . Powell agreed to participate in Booth ' s plot to assassinate high government officials in the hopes of throwing the federal government into chaos . Powell ' s assigned role was to enter the home of Secretary of State William Seward and kill him as he lay on his bed recovering from a recent carriage accident . The conspiracy began to unfold around eight o ' clock on April 14 , when Powell met with Booth , who gave him weapons and a horse . At ten o ' clock Powell and David Herold arrived at Seward ' s home in Washington . Powell told the servant who answered the door , William Bell , that he had a prescription for Secretary Seward from his doctor . Over Bell ' s objections , Powell began walking up the steps toward the Secretary ' s room , when he was confronted by the Secretary ' s son , Powell at Trial Powell was arrested on April 17 after he showed up at Mary Surratt ' s home with a pick - axe while she was being questioned by a party of military investigators . Powell - - at the unlikely hour of eleven p.m. - - claimed to have been hired to dig a gutter . Mary Surratt refused to back up his story and he was arrested on suspicion of his involvement in the assassination plot . When William Bell identified Powell as Seward ' s attacker , Powell laughed . Further confirmation of Powell ' s guilt came in Louis Weichmann , a boarder at Mary Surratt ' s home , identified Powell as the man who called himself " Wood " and who frequently called at Surratt ' s , where he would sometimes engage in two or three hour private conversations with Booth and John Surratt . Weichmann said Wood claimed to be a Baptist preacher , but - - suspiciously - - wore a large false moustache . At the military trial , Powell ' s attorney , W . E . Doster , argued not that Powell was innocent , but that his life should be spared because he suffered from a fanaticism that bordered on insanity . " I say he is the fanatic , and not the hired tool , " Doster told the Commission . " He lives in that land of imagination where it seems to him legions of southern soldiers wait to crown him as their chief commander . " Doster said that when he asked Powell why he did it , LINK TO DOSTER ' S SUMMATION Unlike the other conspirators , Powell maintained an appearance of indifference to the trial proceedings . Doster said Powell would " sit like a statue " and " smile as one who fears no earthly terrors . " After attempting suicide by banging his head against his cell wall , Powell was forced to wear an uncomfortable padded hood . He told his guard , John Hubbard , in mid - May that he was " tired of life " and would " rather be hung " than forced to " come back into the courtroom . " Adding to his discomfort through much of the trial was his severe constipation - - Powell had no bowel movements from April 29 to June 2 . The Commission found Powell guilty and sentenced him to death . Powell died on the gallows in the courtyard of the Old Arsenal Building along with three of his fellow conspirators on July 7 , 1865 . In 1992 , Powell ' s skull turned up in the Anthropology Department of the Smithsonian Institution among a collection of Native American skulls . The skull was returned to a Powell relative who buried it in a cemetery in Geneva , Florida . | [
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http://lawbrain.com/wiki/Defense_of_property | What is LawBrain ? It ' s a living legal community making laws accessible and interactive . Click Here to get Started » Defense of property Civil Law - > Criminal Law - > Legal Term Stubs The defense of property is a defense generally used in a civil or criminal context regarding property damage cases . Many jurisdictions permit the use of reasonable force to protect their property from theft or damage . This LawBrain entry is a stub . Please help us expand it ! Click the ' Edit ' tab above to add to this page . Contents hide 1 Overview 2 References 3 External Links 4 Related Resources on FindLaw 5 Related Blogs on FindLaw 6 See Also Overview The defense of property is regarded as an affirmative defense for civil and criminal cases . Generally , the defendant accepts the elements of the crime but argues that their actions were justified or excused based on this defense . The privilege to defend property is more limited than the privilege of self - defense because our society values human life more than material possessions . Deadly force is generally never justified for the defense of property . In a few jurisdictions , deadly force is permitted to prevent or stop a felony The defense of property permits individuals to use a reasonable amount of force to protect their property . Such property can include personal items or real property and jurisdictions differ on the extent of force permissible in defending distinct categories of property . The justifiable use of force must be reasonable and courts have traditionally applied a liberal approach to the use of force to protect one ' s home . References ↑ http : / / public . findlaw . com / abaflg / flg - 15 - 3d - 1 . html ↑ http : / / law . jrank . org / pages / 4484 / Assault - Battery - Defenses . html http : / / www . usacarry . com / forums / new - hampshire - discussion - firearm - news / 3495 - new - hampshire - deadly - force - laws - well - laws - none - deadly - force . html External Links Emmanuel Law Outlines : Defense of Property Defense of Property Defense of Property - New Jersey State Judiciary Accident and Injury Center ABA Legal Guide - Intentional Wrongs Related Blogs on FindLaw Failed to load RSS feed from http : / / search . yahooapis . com / WebSearchService / rss / webSearch . xml ? appid = yahoosearchwebrss&query = torts % 20site : blogs . findlaw . com ! Web Services by Yahoo ! See Also Personal Property Criminal Law Torts Necessity Assault and Battery Affirmative Defense Self - defense Contributors FindLaw Sarah Categories Stubs Legal Term Civil Law | [
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http://lawbrain.com/wiki/Fraud | Fraud A false representation of a matter of fact — whether by words or by conduct , by false or misleading allegations , or by concealment of what should have been disclosed — that deceives and is intended to deceive another so that the individual will act upon it to her or his legal injury . Fraud is commonly understood as dishonesty calculated for advantage . A person who is dishonest may be called a fraud . In the U.S. legal system , fraud is a specific offense with certain features . Fraud is most common in the buying or selling of property , including real estate , personal property , and intangible property , such as stocks , bonds , and copyrights . State and federal statutes criminalize fraud , but not all cases rise to the level of criminality . Prosecutors have discretion in determining which cases to pursue . Victims may also seek redress in civil court . Fraud must be proved by showing that the defendant ' s actions involved five separate elements : ( 1 ) a false statement of a material fact , ( 2 ) knowledge on the part of the defendant that the statement is untrue , ( 3 ) intent on the part of the defendant to deceive the alleged victim , ( 4 ) justifiable reliance by the alleged victim on the statement , and ( 5 ) injury to the alleged victim as a result . These elements contain nuances that are not all easily proved . First , not all false statements are fraudulent . To be fraudulent , a false statement must relate to a material fact . It should also substantially affect a person ' s decision to enter into a contract or pursue a certain course of action . A false statement of fact that does not bear on the disputed transaction will not be considered fraudulent . Second , the defendant must know that the statement is untrue . A statement of fact that is simply mistaken is not fraudulent . To be fraudulent , a false statement must be made with intent to deceive the victim . This is perhaps the easiest element to prove , once falsity and materiality are proved , because most material false statements are designed to mislead . Third , the false statement must be made with the intent to deprive the victim of some legal right . Fourth , the victim ' s reliance on the false statement must be reasonable . Reliance on a patently absurd false statement generally will not give rise to fraud ; however , people who are especially gullible , superstitious , or ignorant or who are illiterate may recover damages for fraud if the defendant knew and took advantage of their condition . Finally , the false statement must cause the victim some injury that leaves her or him in a worse position than she or he was in before the fraud . A statement of belief is not a statement of fact and thus is not fraudulent . Puffing , or the expression of a glowing opinion by a seller , is likewise not fraudulent . For example , a car dealer may represent that a particular vehicle is " the finest in the lot . " Although the statement may not be true , it is not a statement of fact , and a reasonable buyer would not be justified in relying on it . The relationship between parties can make a difference in determining whether a statement is fraudulent . A misleading statement is more likely to be fraudulent when one party has superior knowledge in a transaction , and knows that the other is relying on that knowledge , than when the two parties possess equal knowledge . For example , if the seller of a car with a bad engine tells the buyer the car is in excellent running condition , a court is more likely to find fraud if the seller is an auto mechanic as opposed to a sales trainee A statement need not be affirmative to be fraudulent . When a person has a duty to speak , silence may be treated as a false statement . This can arise if a party who has knowledge of a fact fails to disclose it to another party who is justified in assuming its nonexistence . For example , if a real estate agent fails to disclose that a home is built on a toxic waste dump , the omission may be regarded as a fraudulent statement . Even if the agent does not know of the dump , the omission Fraud is an independent criminal offense , but it also appears in different contexts as the means used to gain a legal advantage or accomplish a specific crime . For example , it is fraud for a person to make a false statement on a license application in order to engage in the regulated activity . A person who did so would not be convicted of fraud . Rather , fraud would simply describe the method used to break the law or regulation requiring the license . Fraud resembles theft in that both involve some form of illegal taking , but the two should not be confused . Fraud requires an additional element of false pretenses created to induce a victim to turn over property , services , or money . Theft , by contrast , requires only the unauthorized taking of another ' s property with the intent to permanently deprive the other of the property . Because fraud involves more planning than does theft , it is punished more severely . Federal and state criminal statutes provide for the punishment of persons convicted of fraudulent activity . Interstate fraud and fraud on the federal government are singled out for federal prosecution . The most common federal fraud charges are for mail and wire fraud . Mail and wire fraud statutes criminalize the use of the mails or interstate wires to create or further a scheme to defraud ( 18 U.S.C.A. § § 1341 , 1342 ) . Tax fraud against the federal government consists of the willful attempt to evade or defeat the payment of taxes due and owing ( I.R.C. § 7201 ) . Depending on the defendant ' s intent , tax fraud results in either civil penalties or criminal punishment . Civil penalties can reach an amount equal to 75 percent of the underpayment . Criminal punishment includes fines and imprisonment . The degree of intent necessary to maintain criminal charges for tax fraud is determined on a case - by - case basis by the Internal Revenue Service and federal prosecutors . There are other federal fraud laws . For example , the fraudulent registration of aliens is punishable as a misdemeanor under federal law ( 8 U.S.C.A. § 1306 ) . The " victim " in such a fraud is the U.S. government . Fraud violations of banking laws are also subject to federal prosecution ( 18 U.S.C.A. § § 104 et seq . ) . The Federal Sentencing Guidelines recommend consideration of the intended victims of fraud in the sentencing of fraud defendants . The guidelines urge an upward departure from standard sentences if the intended victims are especially vulnerable . For example , if a defendant markets an ineffective cancer cure , that scheme , if found to be fraudulent , would warrant more punishment than a scheme that targets persons generally , and coincidentally happens to injure a vulnerable person . Federal courts may require persons convicted of fraud to give notice and an explanation of the conviction to the victims of the All states maintain a general criminal statute designed to punish fraud . In Arizona , the statute is called the fraudulent scheme and artifice statute . It reads , in pertinent part , that " [ a ] ny person who , pursuant to a scheme or artifice to defraud , knowingly obtains any benefit by means of false or fraudulent pretenses , representations , promises or material omissions " is guilty of a felony ( Ariz . Rev . Stat . Ann . § 13 - 2310 ( A ) ) . States further criminalize fraud in a variety of settings , including trade and commerce , securities , taxes , real estate , gambling , insurance , government benefits , and credit . In Hawaii , for example , fraud on a state tax return is a felony warranting a fine of up to $ 100,000 or three years of imprisonment , or both , and a fraudulent corporate tax return is punished with a fine of $ 500,000 ( Haw . Rev . Stat . § 231 - 36 ) . Other fraud felonies include fraud in the manufacture or distribution of a controlled substance ( § 329 - 42 ) and fraud in government elections In civil court , the remedy for fraud can vary . In most states , a plaintiff may recover " the benefit of the bargain . " This is a measure of the difference between the represented value and the actual value of the transaction . In some states , a plaintiff may recover as actual damages only the value of the property lost in the fraudulent transaction . All states allow a plaintiff to seek punitive damages in addition to actual damages . This right is exercised most commonly in cases where the fraud is extremely dangerous or costly . Where the fraud is contractual , a plaintiff may choose to cancel , or rescind , the contract . A court order of rescission returns all property and restores the parties to their precontract status . Fraud is also penalized by administrative agencies and professional organizations that seek to regulate certain activities . Under state statutes , a professional may lose a license to work if the license was obtained with a false statement . One particularly well publicized area of fraud is corporate fraud . Corporate fraud cases are largely governed by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ( 15 USCA § § 78a et seq . ) , along with other rules and regulations propagated by the securities and exchange commission . These laws were a response to the market turmoil during the 1930s and well - publicized corporate fraud cases . The Securities Exchange Act and the SEC regulate anything having to do with the trading or selling of securities and stocks . They govern fraudulent behavior ranging from stock manipulation to insider trading . They also provide for civil and criminal penalties for corporate fraud . Despite the act and the SEC , in the early part of the twenty - first century , corporate fraud began to seem endemic . Such well - known companies as energy trader Enron , Telecommunications company WorldCom , cable provider Adelphia , and other lesser - known firms went into bankruptcy as a result of corporate fraud . In light of these events , Congress decided to tighten up corporate fraud requirements with the passages of the sarbanes - oxley act of 2002 ( U.S. PL 107 - 204 ) . Among other features , Sarbanes - Oxley required expanded and more frequent disclosure by public companies of their finances to prevent fraud . It created a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to register and regulate accounting firms and accounting practices . It also enhanced the SEC ' s power to monitor and investigate compliance with securities laws , adding stiff penalties for fraudulent behavior by corporations , their officers , and their accountants . | [
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http://lawbrain.com/wiki/Nonfeasance | Nonfeasance The intentional failure to perform a required duty or obligation . Nonfeasance is a term used in tort law to describe inaction that allows or results in harm to a person or to property . An act of nonfeasance can result in liability if ( 1 ) the actor owed a duty of care toward the injured person , ( 2 ) the actor failed to act on that duty , and ( 3 ) the failure to act resulted in injury . Originally the failure to take affirmative steps to prevent harm did not create liability , and this rule was absolute . Over the years courts have recognized a number of situations in which a person who does not create a dangerous situation must nevertheless act to prevent harm . Generally a person will not be held liable for a failure to act unless he or she had a preexisting relationship with the injured person . For example , if a bystander sees a stranger drowning and does not attempt a rescue , he can not be liable for nonfeasance because he had no preexisting relationship with the drowning person . The bystander would not be liable for the drowning even if a rescue would have posed no risk to him . However , if the victim is drowning in a public pool and the bystander is a lifeguard employed by the city , and if the lifeguard does not act to help , she may be held liable for the drowning because the lifeguard ' s employment places her in a relationship with swimmers in the pool . Because of this relationship , the lifeguard owes a duty to take affirmative steps to prevent harm to the swimmers . Courts have found a preexisting relationship and a duty to act in various relationships , such as the relationship between husband and wife , innkeeper and guest , employer and employee , jailer and prisoner , carrier and passenger , parent and child , school and pupil , and host and guest . A person who renders aid or protection to a stranger also may be found liable if the rescuer does not act reasonably and leaves the stranger in a more dangerous position , even if the rescuer had nothing to do with the initial cause of the stranger ' s dilemma . Courts have found a duty to act if a person does something innocuous that later poses a threat and then fails to act to prevent harm . For example , assume that Johnny loans a powerful circular saw to Bobby . If Johnny later remembers that the bolt securing the blade is loose and that the blade will dislodge in a dangerous manner when the saw is used , Johnny must try to warn Bobby . If Bobby is injured because Johnny failed to act , Johnny can be held liable for nonfeasance . In theory nonfeasance is distinct from misfeasance and malfeasance . Malfeasance is any act that is illegal or wrongful . Misfeasance is an act that is legal but improperly performed . Nonfeasance , by contrast , is a failure to act that results in harm . In practice the distinctions between the three terms are nebulous and difficult to apply . Courts in various jurisdictions have crafted different rules relating to the terms . The most difficult issue that faces courts is whether to imply a duty to act and find liability for the failure to act . Originally courts used the term nonfeasance to describe a failure to act that did not give rise to liability for injuries . The meaning of the term reversed direction over time , and most courts now use it to describe inaction that creates liability . Further Readings Kionka , Edward J . 1999 . Torts in a Nutshell . 3d ed . St . Paul , Minn . : West Group . Rowe , Jean Elting , and Theodore Silver . 1995 . " The Jurisprudence of Action and Inaction in the Law of Tort : Solving the Puzzle of Nonfeasance and Misfeasance from the Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Centuries . " Duquesne Law Review 33 ( summer ) . Failed to load RSS feed from http : / / search . yahooapis . com / WebSearchService / rss / webSearch . xml ? appid = yahoosearchwebrss&query = nonfeasance % 20site : blogs . findlaw . com ! See Also Good Samaritan Doctrine Contributors Admin FindLaw dave | [
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http://lawcasesummaries.com/knowledge-base/codelfa-construction-v-state-rail-authority-of-new-south-wales-1982-149-clr-337/ | Contract Law Codelfa Construction v State Rail Authority of New South Wales 1982 149 CLR 337 KB Home Contract Law Codelfa Construction v State Rail Authority of New South Wales 1982 149 CLR 337 Codelfa was contracted to build tunnels for the Rail Authority of NSW 247 so it would be finished in time They believed the Rail Authority had permission to do so Part way into the contract an injunction was granted against the work following complaints from the neighbours Codelfa agreed to only work at day time Extra costs were incurred by this and the State Rail Authority refused to pay saying they didnt act according to the contract Codelfa argued that either there was an implied term in the contract for this circumstance OR that they should be paid on quantum meruit What is the Australian perspective on the parol evidence rule and implied terms Held Mason J Rectification contains a term actually agreed on Based on actual intention Implication by contrast is a term that was not agreed but is said would have been there Based on presumed intention Courts are reluctant to imply terms In order to imply a term it must give business efficacy go without saying doesnt contradict other terms etc Parol evidence rule outside evidence only accepted when face value is confusing Outside evidence can resolve ambiguity but not raise it A term can not be implied because there are too many ways the parties may have chosen to resolve the issue Frustration however can succeed Codelfa is entitled to be paid Download Codelfa Construction v State Rail Authority of New South Wales 1982 149 CLR 337 as PDF | [
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http://lawcollegedehradun.com/ | LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN ( FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY ) Law College Dehradun commands the enviable position of being in the league of leading law college in Dehradun and India . The college has earned many laurels to its credit . It has pioneered the 5 - years BA . LL . B integrated under graduate course in northern region of India , it is the first independent Law College and the first college in the state of Uttarakhand to get Bar Council of India ’ s approval to run LL . M degree course . Law College Dehradun has glorious past and promising future prospects . A large number of its alumni occupy distinguished positions in the legal professions in the country and abroad . The students of Law College Dehradun have been consecutively scoring top most positions in the university examinations and securing Gold Medals . Law College Dehradun was founded in the year 2002 with the aim of providing quality education in law . We pioneered the five year BA . LL . B integrated degree course in Uttarakhand . Read More > > QUICK APPLY B . A . LL . B . ( H ) 5 YEARS COURSE APPLY NOW BBA . LL . B . ( H ) 5 YEARS COURSE APPLY NOW LL . B . ( H ) 3 YEARS COURSE LL . M 1 YEAR COURSE B . A . LL . B . ( Hons . ) BBA . LL . B . ( Hons . ) LL . B . ( Hons . ) LL . M B . A . LL . B . ( Hons . ) It is integrated course of law where students get the opportunity to simultaneously study law and humanities . The allied subjects offered under this course are English , Political Science , History , Sociology , business studies and management . It is a five year course comprising ten semesters on completion of which a student earns a graduate degree in law . Read More > > AWARDS Ranked No . 5 in India Uttaranchal University Ranked No . 5 Among Top 10 Universities of India in 2017 ( By Sarvgyan India ' s leading education portal . ) Most Promising Institute Award Uttaranchal University is listed among Best Colleges for Placements in India 2017 ( By Career Connect New Delhi ) . Best College for placements in india 2017 Uttaranchal University is listed among Best Colleges for Placements in India 2017 ( By Career Connect New Delhi ) . WHY LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN LCD has a unique learning environment that encourages intellectual and creative growth . Value - driven and industry - need centric programmes . Faculty with proven academic and industry credentials . Value - driven and industry - need centric programmes . Evolving methodology to make it industry - compliant . Wide variety of study program of long duration and short duration . Wide variety of study program of long duration and short duration . Our special focus is on student career , hence we subject our students to rigorous career resources . IMAGE & VIDEO GALLERY All of the images have failed to load . This is most likely a TimThumb permissions error . Go to the Justified Image Grid settings , TimThumb & CDN tab . Click check permissions then click 0755 or 0777 to see if that works ( or do it manually via FTP , on the files and folders it lists there in case chmod fails ) . You can disable TimThumb with the ' Use TimThumb ' setting and the option ' No ' . Also read the troubleshooting guide in the documentation on what else to do , especially if you are using Hostgator If you are using a Better WP Security plug - in go to the Better WP Security settings , System Tweaks , Filter Suspicious Query Strings : Disable Tip : Install the official WP plugin ' Jetpack ' by Automattic and enable ' Photon ' . Jetpack enables you to connect your blog to a WordPress . com account to use the powerful features normally only available to WordPress . com users . It ' s an excellent TimThumb alternative and will make your images load faster . Note that you wo n ' t be able to use special effects due to cross - domain security limitations . Read more at : jetpack . me Uttaranchal University for the excellence within " U " Arijit Singh at Uttaranchal Yuva Fest 2014 | [
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http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-3.3/section-248.html | Income Tax Act ( R.S.C . , 1985 , c . 1 ( 5th Supp . ) ) Full Document : HTML ( Accessibility Buttons available ) | XML [ 10999 KB ] | PDF [ 19337 KB ] Act current to 2019 - 03 - 12 and last amended on 2019 - 01 - 01 . Previous Versions Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page Definitions 248 ( 1 ) In this Act , active business , in relation to any business carried on by a taxpayer resident in Canada , means any business carried on by the taxpayer other than a specified investment business or a personal services business ; ( entreprise exploitée activement additional voluntary contribution to a registered pension plan means a contribution that is made by a member to the plan , that is used to provide benefits under a money purchase provision ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 147.1 ( 1 ) ) of the plan and that is not required as a general condition of membership in the plan ; ( cotisation facultative adjusted cost base has the meaning assigned by section 54 ; ( prix de base rajusté adjustment time [ Repealed , 2016 , c . 12 , s . 63 ] aggregate investment income has the meaning assigned by subsection 129 ( 4 ) ; ( revenu de placement total allowable business investment loss has the meaning assigned by section 38 ; ( perte déductible au titre d ’ un placement d ’ entreprise allowable capital loss has the meaning assigned by section 38 ; ( perte en capital déductible alter ego trust means a trust to which paragraph 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) would apply if that paragraph were read without reference to subparagraph 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) ( iii ) and clauses 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) ( iv ) ( B ) and ( C ) ; ( fiducie en faveur de soi - même amateur athlete trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 143.1 ( 1.2 ) ; ( fiducie au profit d ’ un athlète amateur amortized cost of a loan or lending asset at any time to a taxpayer means the amount , if any , by which the total of ( a ) in the case of a loan made by the taxpayer , the total of all amounts advanced in respect of the loan at or before that time , ( b ) in the case of a loan or lending asset acquired by the taxpayer , the cost of the loan or lending asset to the taxpayer , ( c ) in the case of a loan or lending asset acquired by the taxpayer , the part of the amount , if any , by which ( i ) the principal amount of the loan or lending asset at the time it was so acquired exceeds ( ii ) the cost to the taxpayer of the loan or lending asset that was included in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for any taxation year ending at or before that time , ( c . 1 ) the total of all amounts each of which is an amount in respect of the loan or lending asset that was included in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for a taxation year that ended at or before that time in respect of changes in the value of the loan or lending asset attributable to the fluctuation in the value of a currency of a country other than Canada relative to Canadian currency , ( d ) where the taxpayer is an insurer , any amount in respect of the loan or lending asset that was deemed by reason of paragraph 142 ( 3 ) ( a ) of the Income Tax Act , chapter 148 of the Revised Statutes of Canada , 1952 , as it read in its application to the 1977 taxation year , to be a gain for any taxation year ending at or before that time , and ( e ) the total of all amounts each of which is an amount in respect of the loan or lending asset that was included under paragraph 12 ( 1 ) ( i ) in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for any taxation year ending at or before that time exceeds the total of ( f ) the part of the amount , if any , by which ( i ) the amount referred to in subparagraph ( c ) ( ii ) exceeds ( ii ) the amount referred to in subparagraph ( c ) ( i ) that was deducted in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for any taxation year ending at or before that time , ( f . 1 ) the total of all amounts each of which is an amount in respect of the loan or lending asset that was deducted in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for a taxation year that ended at or before that time in respect of changes in the value of the loan or lending asset attributable to the fluctuation in the value of a currency of a country other than Canada relative to Canadian currency , ( g ) the total of all amounts that , at or before that time , the taxpayer had received as or on account or in lieu of payment of or in satisfaction of the principal amount of the loan or lending asset , ( h ) where the taxpayer is an insurer , any amount in respect of the loan or lending asset that was deemed by reason of paragraph 142 ( 3 ) ( b ) of the Income Tax Act , chapter 148 of the Revised Statutes of Canada , 1952 , as it read in its application to the 1977 taxation year , to be a loss for any taxation year ending at or before that time , and the total of all amounts each of which is an amount in respect of the loan or lending asset deducted under paragraph 20 ( 1 ) ( p ) in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for any taxation year ending at or before that time ; ( coût amorti amount means money , rights or things expressed in terms of the amount of money or the value in terms of money of the right or thing , except that , ( a ) notwithstanding paragraph ( b ) , in any case where subsection 112 ( 2.1 ) , 112 ( 2.2 ) or 112 ( 2.4 ) , or section 187.2 or 187.3 or subsection 258 ( 3 ) or 258 ( 5 ) applies to a stock dividend , the amount of the stock dividend is the greater of the amount by which the paid - up capital of the corporation that paid the dividend is increased by reason of the payment of the dividend , and the fair market value of the share or shares paid as a stock dividend at the time of payment , ( b ) in any case where section 191.1 applies to a stock dividend , the of the stock dividend for the purposes of Part VI . 1 is the greater of the amount by which the paid - up capital of the corporation that paid the dividend is increased by reason of the payment of the dividend , and the fair market value of the share or shares paid as a stock dividend at the time of payment , and for any other purpose the amount referred to in subparagraph ( i ) , and ( b . 1 ) [ Repealed , 2013 , c . 34 , s . 358 ] ( c ) in any other case , the of any stock dividend is the amount by which the paid - up capital of the corporation that paid the dividend is increased by reason of the payment of the dividend ; ( montant annuity includes an amount payable on a periodic basis whether payable at intervals longer or shorter than a year and whether payable under a contract , will or trust or otherwise ; ( rente appropriate percentage , for a taxation year , means the lowest percentage referred to in subsection 117 ( 2 ) for the taxation year ; ( taux de base pour l ’ année assessment includes a reassessment ; ( cotisation authorized foreign bank has the meaning assigned by section 2 of the Bank Act ; ( banque étrangère autorisée automobile means a motor vehicle that is designed or adapted primarily to carry individuals on highways and streets and that has a seating capacity for not more than the driver and 8 passengers , but does not include an ambulance , ( b . 1 ) a clearly marked emergency - response vehicle that is used in connection with or in the course of an individual ’ s office or employment with a fire department or the police ; ( b . 2 ) a clearly marked emergency medical response vehicle that is used , in connection with or in the course of an individual ’ s office or employment with an emergency medical response or ambulance service , to carry emergency medical equipment together with one or more emergency medical attendants or paramedics , a motor vehicle acquired primarily for use as a taxi , a bus used in a business of transporting passengers or a hearse used in the course of a business of arranging or managing funerals , ( d ) except for the purposes of section 6 , a motor vehicle acquired to be sold , rented or leased in the course of carrying on a business of selling , renting or leasing motor vehicles or a motor vehicle used for the purpose of transporting passengers in the course of carrying on a business of arranging or managing funerals , and ( e ) a motor vehicle of a type commonly called a van or pick - up truck , or a similar vehicle , that has a seating capacity for not more than the driver and two passengers and that , in the taxation year in which it is acquired or leased , is used primarily for the transportation of goods or equipment in the course of gaining or producing income , of a type commonly called a van or pick - up truck , or a similar vehicle , the use of which , in the taxation year in which it is acquired or leased , is all or substantially all for the transportation of goods , equipment or passengers in the course of gaining or producing income , or ( iii ) of a type commonly called a pick - up truck that is used in the taxation year in which it is acquired or leased primarily for the transportation of goods , equipment or passengers in the course of earning or producing income at one or more locations in Canada that are ( A ) described , in respect of any of the occupants of the vehicle , in subparagraph 6 ( 6 ) ( a ) ( i ) or ( ii ) , and ( B ) at least 30 kilometres outside the nearest point on the boundary of the nearest population centre , as defined by the last census dictionary published by Statistics Canada before the year , that has a population of at least 40,000 individuals as determined in the last census published by Statistics Canada before the year ; ( automobile balance - due day of a taxpayer for a taxation year means , if the taxpayer is a trust , in the case where the time at which the taxation year ends is determined under paragraph 249 ( 4 ) ( a ) , the day that is ( A ) in the case where that time occurs in a calendar year after the end of the trust ’ s particular taxation year that ends on December 15 of that calendar year because of an election made under paragraph 132.11 ( 1 ) ( a ) , the balance - due day of the trust for the particular taxation year , ( B ) in the case where clause ( A ) does not apply and the trust ’ s particular taxation year that begins immediately after that time ends in the calendar year that includes that time , the balance - due day of the trust for the particular taxation year , and ( C ) in any other case , 90 days after the end of the calendar year that includes that time , and in any other case , the day that is 90 days after the end of the taxation year , where the taxpayer is an individual who died after October in the year and before May in the following taxation year , the day that is 6 months after the day of death , in any other case where the taxpayer is an individual , April 30 in the following taxation year , and where the taxpayer is a corporation , the day that is three months after the day on which the taxation year ( in this subparagraph referred to as the “ current year ” ) ends , if an amount was deducted under section 125 in computing the corporation ’ s tax payable under this Part for the current year or for its preceding taxation year , the corporation is , throughout the current year , a Canadian - controlled private corporation , and ( C ) either ( I ) in the case of a corporation that is not associated with another corporation in the current year , its taxable income for its preceding taxation year ( determined before taking into consideration the specified future tax consequences for that preceding taxation year ) does not exceed its business limit for that preceding taxation year , or ( II ) in the case of a corporation that is associated with one or more other corporations in the current year , the total of the taxable incomes of the corporation and of those other corporations for their last taxation years that ended in the last calendar year that ended before the end of the current year ( determined before taking into consideration the specified future tax consequences for those last taxation years ) does not exceed the total of the business limits of the corporation and of those other corporations for those last taxation years , and the day that is two months after the day on which the taxation year ends , in any other case ; ( date d ’ exigibilité du solde bank means a bank within the meaning assigned by section 2 of the Bank Act ( other than a federal credit union ) or an authorized foreign bank ; ( banque bankrupt has the meaning assigned by the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act ; ( failli benefit under a deferred profit sharing plan received by a taxpayer in a taxation year means the total of all amounts each of which is an amount received by the taxpayer in the year from a trustee under the plan , minus any amounts deductible under subsections 147 ( 11 ) and 147 ( 12 ) in computing the income of the taxpayer for the year ; ( prestation en vertu d ’ un régime de participation différée aux bénéfices bituminous sands means sands or other rock materials containing naturally occurring hydrocarbons ( other than coal ) which hydrocarbons have a viscosity , determined in a prescribed manner , equal to or greater than 10,000 centipoise , or a density , determined in a prescribed manner , equal to or less than 12 degrees API ; ( sables bitumineux borrowed money includes the proceeds to a taxpayer from the sale of a post - dated bill drawn by the taxpayer on a bank ; ( argent emprunté business includes a profession , calling , trade , manufacture or undertaking of any kind whatever and , except for the purposes of paragraph 18 ( 2 ) ( c ) , section 54.2 , subsection 95 ( 1 ) and paragraph 110.6 ( 14 ) ( f ) , an adventure or concern in the nature of trade but does not include an office or employment ; ( commerce business limit of a corporation for a taxation year means the amount determined under section 125 to be its business limit for the year ; ( plafond des affaires business number means the number ( other than a Social Insurance Number or trust account number ) used by the Minister to identify a corporation or partnership , or any other association or taxpayer that carries on a business or is required by this Act to deduct or withhold an amount from an amount paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited under this Act and of which the Minister has notified the corporation , partnership , association or taxpayer ; ( numéro d ’ entreprise Canadian banking business means the business carried on by an authorized foreign bank through a permanent establishment ( as defined by regulation ) in Canada , other than business conducted through a representative office registered or required to be registered under section 509 of the entreprise bancaire canadienne Canadian - controlled private corporation has the meaning assigned by subsection 125 ( 7 ) ; ( société privée sous contrôle canadien Canadian corporation has the meaning assigned by subsection 89 ( 1 ) ; ( société canadienne Canadian development expense has the meaning assigned by subsection 66.2 ( 5 ) ; ( frais d ’ aménagement au Canada Canadian exploration and development expenses has the meaning assigned by subsection 66 ( 15 ) ; ( frais d ’ exploration et d ’ aménagement au Canada Canadian exploration expense has the meaning assigned by subsection 66.1 ( 6 ) ; ( frais d ’ exploration au Canada Canadian field processing means , except as otherwise prescribed , the processing in Canada of raw natural gas at a field separation and dehydration facility , the processing in Canada of raw natural gas at a natural gas processing plant to any stage that is not beyond the stage of natural gas that is acceptable to a common carrier of natural gas , the processing in Canada of hydrogen sulphide derived from raw natural gas to any stage that is not beyond the marketable sulphur stage , the processing in Canada of natural gas liquids , at a natural gas processing plant where the input is raw natural gas derived from a natural accumulation of natural gas , to any stage that is not beyond the marketable liquefied petroleum stage or its equivalent , the processing in Canada of crude oil ( other than heavy crude oil recovered from an oil or gas well or a tar sands deposit ) recovered from a natural accumulation of petroleum to any stage that is not beyond the crude oil stage or its equivalent , and ( f ) prescribed activities and for the purposes of paragraphs ( b ) to ( d ) , ( g ) gas is not considered to cease to be raw natural gas solely because of its processing at a field separation and dehydration facility until it is received by a common carrier of natural gas , and ( h ) where all or part of a natural gas processing plant is devoted primarily to the recovery of ethane , the plant , or the part of the plant , as the case may be , is considered not to be a natural gas processing plant ; ( traitement préliminaire au Canada Canadian oil and gas property expense has the meaning assigned by subsection 66.4 ( 5 ) ; ( frais à l ’ égard de biens canadiens relatifs au pétrole et au gaz Canadian partnership has the meaning assigned by section 102 ; ( société de personnes canadienne Canadian real , immovable or resource property means a property that would , if this Act were read without reference to the definition real or immovable property in subsection 122.1 ( 1 ) , be a real or immovable property situated in Canada , a Canadian resource property , a timber resource property , a share of the capital stock of a corporation , an income or a capital interest in a trust or an interest in a partnership — other than a taxable Canadian corporation , a SIFT trust ( determined without reference to subsection 122.1 ( 2 ) ) , a SIFT partnership ( determined without reference to subsection 197 ( 8 ) ) or a real estate investment trust ( as defined in subsection 122.1 ( 1 ) ) — if more than 50 % of the fair market value of the share or interest is derived directly or indirectly from any right to or interest in — or , for civil law , any right to or in — any property described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( d ) ; ( bien canadien immeuble , réel ou minier Canadian resident partnership means a partnership that , at any time in respect of which the expression is relevant , is a Canadian partnership , would , if it were a corporation , be resident in Canada ( including , for greater certainty , a partnership that has its central management and control in Canada ) , or was formed under the laws of a province ; ( société de personnes résidant au Canada Canadian resource property has the meaning assigned by subsection 66 ( 15 ) ; ( avoir minier canadien capital dividend has the meaning assigned by section 83 ; ( dividende en capital capital gain for a taxation year from the disposition of any property has the meaning assigned by section 39 ; ( gain en capital capital interest of a taxpayer in a trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 108 ( 1 ) ; ( participation au capital capital loss for a taxation year from the disposition of any property has the meaning assigned by section 39 ; ( perte en capital capital property has the meaning assigned by section 54 ; ( immobilisation cash method has the meaning assigned by subsection 28 ( 1 ) ; ( méthode de comptabilité de caisse cemetery care trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 148.1 ( 1 ) ; ( fiducie pour l ’ entretien d ’ un cimetière common - law partner , with respect to a taxpayer at any time , means a person who cohabits at that time in a conjugal relationship with the taxpayer and has so cohabited throughout the 12 - month period that ends at that time , or would be the parent of a child of whom the taxpayer is a parent , if this Act were read without reference to paragraphs 252 ( 1 ) ( c ) and ( e ) and subparagraph 252 ( 2 ) ( a ) ( iii ) , and , for the purpose of this definition , where at any time the taxpayer and the person cohabit in a conjugal relationship , they are , at any particular time after that time , deemed to be cohabiting in a conjugal relationship unless they were living separate and apart at the particular time for a period of at least 90 days that includes the particular time because of a breakdown of their conjugal relationship ; ( conjoint de fait common - law partnership means the relationship between two persons who are common - law partners of each other ; ( union de fait common share means a share the holder of which is not precluded on the reduction or redemption of the capital stock from participating in the assets of the corporation beyond the amount paid up on that share plus a fixed premium and a defined rate of dividend ; ( action ordinaire controlled foreign affiliate has , except as expressly otherwise provided in this Act , the meaning assigned by subsection 95 ( 1 ) ; ( société étrangère affiliée contrôlée corporation includes an incorporated company ; ( société corporation incorporated in Canada includes a corporation incorporated in any part of Canada before or after it became part of Canada ; ( société constituée au Canada cost amount to a taxpayer of any property at any time means , except as expressly otherwise provided in this Act , where the property was depreciable property of the taxpayer of a prescribed class , the amount that would be that proportion of the undepreciated capital cost to the taxpayer of property of that class at that time that the capital cost to the taxpayer of the property is of the capital cost to the taxpayer of all property of that class that had not been disposed of by the taxpayer before that time if subsection 13 ( 7 ) were read without reference to paragraph 13 ( 7 ) ( e ) and if paragraph 13 ( 7 ) ( b ) were read as follows : “ ( b ) where a taxpayer , having acquired property for some other purpose , has commenced at a later time to use it for the purpose of gaining or producing income , the taxpayer shall be deemed to have acquired it at that later time at a capital cost to the taxpayer equal to the fair market value of the property at that later time ; ” , and subparagraph 13 ( 7 ) ( d ) ( i ) were read as follows : “ ( i ) if the use regularly made by the taxpayer of the property for the purpose of gaining or producing income has increased , the taxpayer shall be deemed to have acquired at that time depreciable property of that class at a capital cost equal to the proportion of its fair market value at that time that the amount of the increase in the use regularly made by the taxpayer of the property for that purpose is of the whole of the use regularly made of the property , and ” where the property was capital property ( other than depreciable property ) of the taxpayer , its adjusted cost base to the taxpayer at that time , where the property was property described in an inventory of the taxpayer , its value at that time as determined for the purpose of computing the taxpayer ’ s income , ( c . 1 ) where the taxpayer was a financial institution in its taxation year that includes that time and the property was a mark - to - market property for the year , the cost to the taxpayer of the property , [ Repealed , 2016 , c . 12 , s . 63 ] ( d . 1 ) where the property was a loan or lending asset ( other than a net income stabilization account or a property in respect of which paragraph ( b ) , ( c ) , ( c . 1 ) or ( d . 2 ) applies ) , the amortized cost of the property to the taxpayer at that time , ( d . 2 ) where the taxpayer was a financial institution in its taxation year that includes that time and the property was a specified debt obligation ( other than a mark - to - market property for the year ) , the tax basis of the property to the taxpayer at that time , where the property was a right of the taxpayer to receive an amount , other than property that is a debt the amount of which was deducted under paragraph 20 ( 1 ) ( p ) in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for a taxation year that ended before that time , a net income stabilization account , ( iii ) a right in respect of which paragraph ( b ) , ( c ) , ( c . 1 ) , ( d . 1 ) or ( d . 2 ) applies , or ( iv ) a right to receive production ( as defined in subsection 18.1 ( 1 ) ) to which a matchable expenditure ( as defined in subsection 18.1 ( 1 ) ) relates , the amount the taxpayer has a right to receive , ( e . 1 ) where the property was a policy loan ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 138 ( 12 ) ) of an insurer , nil , ( e . 2 ) where the property is an interest of a beneficiary under a qualifying environmental trust , nil , and in any other case , the cost to the taxpayer of the property as determined for the purpose of computing the taxpayer ’ s income , except to the extent that that cost has been deducted in computing the taxpayer ’ s income for any taxation year ending before that time ; and , for the purposes of this definition , financial institution mark - to - market property and specified debt obligation have the meanings assigned by subsection 142.2 ( 1 ) , and tax basis has the meaning assigned by subsection 142.4 ( 1 ) ; ( coût indiqué credit union has the meaning assigned by subsection 137 ( 6 ) , except for the purposes of Part XV . 1 ; ( caisse de crédit cumulative eligible capital death benefit means the total of all amounts received by a taxpayer in a taxation year on or after the death of an employee in recognition of the employee ’ s service in an office or employment minus where the taxpayer is the only person who has received such an amount and who is a surviving spouse or common - law partner of the employee ( which person is , in this definition , referred to as the “ surviving spouse or common - law partner ” ) , the lesser of the total of all amounts so received by the taxpayer in the year , and the amount , if any , by which $ 10,000 exceeds the total of all amounts received by the taxpayer in preceding taxation years on or after the death of the employee in recognition of the employee ’ s service in an office or employment , or where the taxpayer is not the surviving spouse or common - law partner of the employee , the lesser of the total of all amounts so received by the taxpayer in the year , and that proportion of the amount , if any , by which $ 10,000 exceeds the total of all amounts received by the surviving spouse or common - law partner of the employee at any time on or after the death of the employee in recognition of the employee ’ s service in an office or employment that the amount described in subparagraph ( i ) is of the total of all amounts received by all taxpayers other than the surviving spouse or common - law partner of the employee at any time on or after the death of the employee in recognition of the employee ’ s service in an office or employment ; ( prestation consécutive au décès deferred amount at the end of a taxation year under a salary deferral arrangement in respect of a taxpayer means in the case of a trust governed by the arrangement , any amount that a person has a right under the arrangement at the end of the year to receive after the end of the year where the amount has been received , is receivable or may at any time become receivable by the trust as , on account or in lieu of salary or wages of the taxpayer for services rendered in the year or a preceding taxation year , and in any other case , any amount that a person has a right under the arrangement at the end of the year to receive after the end of the year , and , for the purposes of this definition , a right under the arrangement shall include a right that is subject to one or more conditions unless there is a substantial risk that any one of those conditions will not be satisfied ; ( montant différé deferred profit sharing plan has the meaning assigned by subsection 147 ( 1 ) ; ( régime de participation différée aux bénéfices depreciable property has the meaning assigned by subsection 13 ( 21 ) ; ( bien amortissable derivative forward agreement , of a taxpayer , means an agreement entered into by the taxpayer to purchase or sell a capital property if the term of the agreement exceeds 180 days or the agreement is part of a series of agreements with a term that exceeds 180 days , in the case of a purchase agreement , the difference between the fair market value of the property delivered on settlement , including partial settlement , of the agreement and the amount paid for the property is attributable , in whole or in part , to an underlying interest ( including a value , price , rate , variable , index , event , probability or thing ) other than revenue , income or cashflow in respect of the property over the term of the agreement , changes in the fair market value of the property over the term of the agreement , or any similar criteria in respect of the property , if the purchase price is denominated in the currency of a country other than Canada , changes in the value of the Canadian currency relative to that other currency , or an underlying interest that relates to a purchase of currency , if it can reasonably be considered that the purchase is agreed to by the taxpayer in order to reduce its risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency in which a purchase or sale by the taxpayer of a capital property is denominated , in which an obligation that is a capital property of the taxpayer is denominated or from which a capital property of the taxpayer derives its value , and in the case of a sale agreement , the difference between the sale price of the property and the fair market value of the property at the time the agreement is entered into by the taxpayer is attributable , in whole or in part , to an underlying interest ( including a value , price , rate , variable , index , event , probability or thing ) other than revenue , income or cashflow in respect of the property over the term of the agreement , changes in the fair market value of the property over the term of the agreement , or any similar criteria in respect of the property , if the sale price is denominated in the currency of a country other than Canada , changes in the value of the Canadian currency relative to that other currency , or an underlying interest that relates to a sale of currency , if it can reasonably be considered that the sale is agreed to by the taxpayer in order to reduce its risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency in which a purchase or sale by the taxpayer of a capital property is denominated , in which an obligation that is a capital property of the taxpayer is denominated or from which a capital property of the taxpayer derives its value , and the agreement is part of an arrangement that has the effect — or would have the effect if the agreements that are part of the arrangement and that were entered into by persons or partnerships not dealing at arm ’ s length with the taxpayer were entered into by the taxpayer instead of non - arm ’ s length persons or partnerships — of eliminating a majority of the taxpayer ’ s risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the property for a period of more than 180 days ; ( contrat dérivé à terme designated insurance property has the meaning assigned by subsection 138 ( 12 ) ; ( bien d ’ assurance désigné designated stock exchange means a stock exchange , or that part of a stock exchange , for which a designation by the Minister of Finance under section 262 is in effect ; ( bourse de valeurs désignée disposition of any property , except as expressly otherwise provided , includes any transaction or event entitling a taxpayer to proceeds of disposition of the property , any transaction or event by which , where the property is a share , bond , debenture , note , certificate , mortgage , hypothecary claim , agreement of sale or similar property , or interest , or for civil law a right , in it , the property is in whole or in part redeemed , acquired or cancelled , where the property is a debt or any other right to receive an amount , the debt or other right is settled or cancelled , where the property is a share , the share is converted because of an amalgamation or merger , ( iv ) where the property is an option to acquire or dispose of property , the option expires , and ( v ) a trust , that can reasonably be considered to act as agent for all the beneficiaries under the trust with respect to all dealings with all of the trust ’ s property ( unless the trust is described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e . 1 ) of the definition trust in subsection 108 ( 1 ) ) , ceases to act as agent for a beneficiary under the trust with respect to any dealing with any of the trust ’ s property , where the property is an interest in a life insurance policy , a disposition within the meaning of section 148 , any transfer of the property to a trust or , where the property is property of a trust , any transfer of the property to any beneficiary under the trust , except as provided by paragraph ( f ) or ( k ) , and where the property is , or is part of , a taxpayer ’ s capital interest in a trust , except as provided by paragraph ( h ) or ( i ) , a payment made after 1999 to the taxpayer from the trust that can reasonably be considered to have been made because of the taxpayer ’ s capital interest in the trust , but does not include any transfer of the property as a consequence of which there is no change in the beneficial ownership of the property , except where the transfer is from a person or a partnership to a trust for the benefit of the person or the partnership , from a trust to a beneficiary under the trust , or from one trust maintained for the benefit of one or more beneficiaries under the trust to another trust maintained for the benefit of the same beneficiaries , any transfer of the property as a consequence of which there is no change in the beneficial ownership of the property , where the transferor and the transferee are trusts that are , at the time of the transfer , resident in Canada , [ Repealed , 2013 , c . 34 , s . 358 ] the transferee does not receive the property in satisfaction of the transferee ’ s right as a beneficiary under the transferor trust , the transferee held no property immediately before the transfer ( other than property the cost of which is not included , for the purposes of this Act , in computing a balance of undeducted outlays , expenses or other amounts in respect of the transferee ) , ( v ) the transferee does not file a written election with the Minister on or before the filing - due date for its taxation year in which the transfer is made ( or on such later date as is acceptable to the Minister ) that this paragraph not apply , ( vi ) if the transferor is an amateur athlete trust , a cemetery care trust , an employee trust , a trust deemed by subsection 143 ( 1 ) to exist in respect of a congregation that is a constituent part of a religious organization , a related segregated fund trust ( in this paragraph having the meaning assigned by section 138.1 ) , a trust described in paragraph 149 ( 1 ) ( o . 4 ) or a trust governed by an eligible funeral arrangement , an employees profit sharing plan , a registered disability savings plan , a registered ( vii ) the transfer results , or is part of a series of transactions or events that results , in the transferor ceasing to exist and , immediately before the time of the transfer or the beginning of that series , as the case may be , the transferee never held any property or held only property having a nominal value , [ Repealed , 2005 , c . 30 , s . 17 ] where the property is part of a capital interest of a taxpayer in a trust ( other than a personal trust or a trust prescribed for the purpose of subsection 107 ( 2 ) ) that is described by reference to units issued by the trust , a payment after 1999 from the trust in respect of the capital interest , where the number of units in the trust that are owned by the taxpayer is not reduced because of the payment , where the property is a taxpayer ’ s capital interest in a trust , a payment to the taxpayer after 1999 in respect of the capital interest to the extent that the payment is out of the income of the trust ( determined without reference to subsection 104 ( 6 ) ) for a taxation year or out of the capital gains of the trust for the year , if the payment was made in the year or the right to the payment was acquired by the taxpayer in the year , or is in respect of an amount designated in respect of the taxpayer by the trust under subsection 104 ( 20 ) , ( j ) any transfer of the property for the purpose only of securing a debt or a loan , or any transfer by a creditor for the purpose only of returning property that had been used as security for a debt or a loan , ( k ) any transfer of the property to a trust as a consequence of which there is no change in the beneficial ownership of the property , where the main purpose of the transfer is to effect payment under a debt or loan , to provide assurance that an absolute or contingent obligation of the transferor will be satisfied , or to facilitate either the provision of compensation or the enforcement of a penalty , in the event that an absolute or contingent obligation of the transferor is not satisfied , ( l ) any issue of a bond , debenture , note , certificate , mortgage or hypothecary claim , ( m ) any issue by a corporation of a share of its capital stock , or any other transaction that , but for this paragraph , would be a disposition by a corporation of a share of its capital stock , and ( n ) a redemption , an acquisition or a cancellation of a share or of a right to acquire a share ( which share or which right , as the case may be , is referred to in this paragraph as the “ security ” ) of the capital stock of a corporation ( referred to in this paragraph as the “ issuing corporation ” ) held by another corporation ( referred to in this paragraph as the “ disposing corporation ” ) if the redemption , acquisition or cancellation occurs as part of a merger or combination of two or more corporations ( including the issuing corporation and the disposing corporation ) to form one corporate entity ( referred to in this paragraph as the “ new corporation ” ) , the merger or combination is an amalgamation ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 1 ) ) to which subsection 87 ( 11 ) does not apply , is an amalgamation ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 1 ) ) to which subsection 87 ( 11 ) applies , if the issuing corporation and the disposing corporation are described by subsection 87 ( 11 ) as the parent and the subsidiary , respectively , is a foreign merger ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 8.1 ) ) , or ( D ) would be a foreign merger ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 8.1 ) ) if subparagraph 87 ( 8.1 ) ( c ) ( ii ) were read without reference to the words “ that was resident in a country other than Canada ” , and either the disposing corporation receives no consideration for the security , or in the case where the merger or combination is described by clause ( ii ) ( C ) or ( D ) , the disposing corporation receives no consideration for the security other than property that was , immediately before the merger or combination , owned by the issuing corporation and that , on the merger or combination , becomes property of the new corporation ; ( disposition dividend includes a stock dividend ( other than a stock dividend that is paid to a corporation or to a mutual fund trust by a non - resident corporation ) ; ( dividende dividend rental arrangement , of a person or a partnership ( each of which is referred to in this definition as the person ) , means any arrangement entered into by the person where it can reasonably be considered that the main reason for the person entering into the arrangement was to enable the person to receive a dividend on a share of the capital stock of a corporation , other than a dividend on a prescribed share or on a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition term preferred share in this subsection or an amount deemed by subsection 15 ( 3 ) to be received as a dividend on a share of the capital stock of a corporation , and under the arrangement someone other than that person bears the risk of loss or enjoys the opportunity for gain or profit with respect to the share in any material respect , for greater certainty , any arrangement under which a corporation at any time receives on a particular share a taxable dividend that would , if this Act were read without reference to subsection 112 ( 2.3 ) , be deductible in computing its taxable income or taxable income earned in Canada for the taxation year that includes that time , and the corporation or a partnership of which the corporation is a member is obligated to pay to another person or partnership an amount that is compensation for ( I ) the dividend described in subparagraph ( i ) , ( II ) a dividend on a share that is identical to the particular share , or ( III ) a dividend on a share that , during the term of the arrangement , can reasonably be expected to provide to a holder of the share the same or substantially the same proportionate risk of loss or opportunity for gain as the particular share , and that , if paid , would be deemed by subsection 260 ( 5.1 ) to have been received by that other person or partnership , as the case may be , as a taxable dividend , any synthetic equity arrangement , in respect of a DRA share of the person , and one or more agreements or arrangements ( other than agreements or arrangements described in paragraph ( c ) ) entered into by the person , the connected person referred to in paragraph ( a ) of the definition synthetic equity arrangement or , for greater certainty , by any combination of the person and connected persons , if the agreements or arrangements have the effect , or would have the effect if each agreement or arrangement entered into by a connected person were entered into by the person , of eliminating all or substantially all of the person ’ s risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of a DRA share of the person , as part of a series of transactions that includes these agreements or arrangements , a tax - indifferent investor , or a group of tax - indifferent investors each member of which is affiliated with every other member , obtains all or substantially all of the risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the DRA share or an identical share ( as defined in subsection 112 ( 10 ) ) , and it is reasonable to conclude that one of the purposes of the series of transactions is to obtain the result described in subparagraph ( ii ) ; ( mécanisme de transfert de dividendes DRA share , of a person or partnership , means a share that is owned by the person or partnership , in respect of which the person or partnership is deemed to have received a dividend under subsection 260 ( 5.1 ) and is provided with all or substantially all of the risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit under an agreement or arrangement , that is held by a trust under which the person or partnership is a beneficiary and in respect of which the person or partnership is deemed to have received a dividend as a result of a designation by the trust under subsection 104 ( 19 ) , in respect of which the person or partnership is deemed to have received a dividend under subsection 82 ( 2 ) , or in any other case , in respect of which the person or partnership is ( or would be in the absence of subsection 112 ( 2.3 ) ) entitled to a deduction under subsection 112 ( 1 ) in respect of dividends received on the share ; ( action de mécanisme de transfert de dividendes ou AMTD eligible capital amount eligible capital expenditure eligible capital property eligible dividend has the meaning assigned by subsection 89 ( 1 ) ; ( dividende déterminé eligible funeral arrangement has the meaning assigned by subsection 148.1 ( 1 ) ; ( arrangement de services funéraires eligible relocation means a relocation of a taxpayer in respect of which the following apply : the relocation occurs to enable the taxpayer to carry on a business or to be employed at a location ( in section 62 and this definition referred to as “ the new work location ” ) that is , except if the taxpayer is absent from but resident in Canada , in Canada , or to be a student in full - time attendance enrolled in a program at a post - secondary level at a location of a university , college or other educational institution ( in section 62 and this definition referred to as “ the new work location ” ) , the taxpayer ordinarily resided before the relocation at a residence ( in section 62 and this definition referred to as “ the old residence ” ) and ordinarily resided after the relocation at a residence ( in section 62 and this definition referred to as “ the new residence ” ) , except if the taxpayer is absent from but resident in Canada , both the old residence and the new residence are in Canada , and the distance between the old residence and the new work location is not less than 40 kilometres greater than the distance between the new residence and the new work location ; ( réinstallation admissible emissions allowance means an allowance , credit or similar instrument that represents a unit of emissions that can be used to satisfy a requirement under the laws of Canada or a province governing emissions of a regulated substance , such as greenhouse gas emissions ; ( droit d ’ émissions emissions obligation means an obligation to surrender an emissions allowance , or an obligation that can otherwise be satisfied through the use of an emissions allowance , under a law of Canada or a province governing emissions of a regulated substance ; ( obligation d ’ émissions employed means performing the duties of an office or employment ; ( employé ( être ) ) employee includes officer ; ( employé employee benefit plan means an arrangement under which contributions are made by an employer or by any person with whom the employer does not deal at arm ’ s length to another person ( in this Act referred to as the “ custodian ” of an employee benefit plan ) and under which one or more payments are to be made to or for the benefit of employees or former employees of the employer or persons who do not deal at arm ’ s length with any such employee or former employee ( other than a payment that , if section 6 were a fund , plan or trust referred to in subparagraph 6 ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) or paragraph 6 ( 1 ) ( d ) or ( f ) , a trust described in paragraph 149 ( 1 ) ( y ) , an employee trust , a salary deferral arrangement , in respect of a taxpayer , under which deferred amounts are required to be included as benefits under paragraph 6 ( 1 ) ( a ) in computing the taxpayer ’ s income , ( c . 2 ) a retirement compensation arrangement , an arrangement the sole purpose of which is to provide education or training for employees of the employer to improve their work or work - related skills and abilities , or a prescribed arrangement ; ( régime de prestations aux employés employee life and health trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 144.1 ( 2 ) ; ( fiducie de soins de santé au bénéfice d ’ employés employee trust means an arrangement ( other than an employees profit sharing plan , a deferred profit sharing plan or a plan referred to in subsection 147 ( 15 ) as a “ revoked plan ” ) established after 1979 under which payments are made by one or more employers to a trustee in trust solely to provide to employees or former employees of the employer , or a person with whom the employer does not deal at arm ’ s length , benefits the right to which vests at the time of each such payment and the amount of which does not depend on the individual ’ s position , performance or compensation as an employee , under which the trustee has , since the commencement of the arrangement , each year allocated to individuals who are beneficiaries thereunder , in such manner as is reasonable , the amount , if any , by which the total of all amounts each of which is an amount received under the arrangement by the trustee in the year from an employer or from a person with whom the employer does not deal at arm ’ s length , the amount that would , if this Act were read without reference to subsection 104 ( 6 ) , be the income of the trust for the year ( other than a taxable capital gain from the disposition of property ) from a property or other source other than a business , or a capital gain of the trust for the year from the disposition of property exceeds the total of all amounts each of which is the loss of the trust for the year ( other than an allowable capital loss from the disposition of property ) from a property or other source other than a business , or a capital loss of the trust for the year from the disposition of property , and the trustee of which has elected to qualify the arrangement as an employee trust in its return of income filed within 90 days from the end of its first taxation year ; ( fiducie d ’ employés employees profit sharing plan has the meaning assigned by subsection 144 ( 1 ) ; ( régime de participation des employés aux bénéfices employer , in relation to an officer , means the person from whom the officer receives the officer ’ s remuneration ; ( employeur employment means the position of an individual in the service of some other person ( including Her Majesty or a foreign state or sovereign ) and servant or employee means a person holding such a position ; ( emploi estate has the meaning assigned by subsection 104 ( 1 ) and includes , for civil law , a succession ; ( succession estate of the bankrupt has the same meaning as in the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act actifs du failli excessive eligible dividend designation désignation excessive de dividende déterminé exempt income means property received or acquired by a person in such circumstances that it is , because of any provision of Part I , not included in computing the person ’ s income , but does not include a dividend on a share or a support amount ( as defined in subsection 56.1 ( 4 ) ) ; ( revenu exonéré farming includes tillage of the soil , livestock raising or exhibiting , maintaining of horses for racing , raising of poultry , fur farming , dairy farming , fruit growing and the keeping of bees , but does not include an office or employment under a person engaged in the business of farming ; ( agriculture farm loss has the meaning assigned by subsection 111 ( 8 ) ; ( perte agricole federal credit union has the meaning assigned by section 2 of the coopérative de crédit fédérale filing - due date for a taxation year of a taxpayer means the day on or before which the taxpayer ’ s return of income under Part I for the year is required to be filed or would be required to be filed if tax under that Part were payable by the taxpayer for the year ; ( date d ’ échéance de production fiscal period [ Repealed , 1996 , c . 21 , s . 60 ] fishing includes fishing for or catching shellfish , crustaceans and marine animals but does not include an office or employment under a person engaged in the business of fishing ; ( pêche flow - through share action accréditive foreign accrual property income has the meaning assigned by section 95 ; ( revenu étranger accumulé , tiré de biens foreign affiliate has the meaning assigned by subsection 95 ( 1 ) ; ( société étrangère affiliée foreign currency means currency of a country other than Canada ; ( monnaie étrangère foreign currency debt has the meaning assigned by subsection 111 ( 8 ) ; ( dette en monnaie étrangère foreign exploration and development expenses frais d ’ exploration et d ’ aménagement à l ’ étranger foreign resource expense has the meaning assigned by subsection 66.21 ( 1 ) ; ( frais relatifs à des ressources à l ’ étranger foreign resource pool expenses of a taxpayer means the taxpayer ’ s foreign resource expenses in respect of all countries and the taxpayer ’ s foreign exploration and development expenses ; ( frais globaux relatifs à des ressources à l ’ étranger foreign resource property has the meaning assigned by subsection 66 ( 15 ) , and a foreign resource property in respect of a country means a foreign resource property that is a right , licence or privilege to explore for , drill for or take petroleum , natural gas or related hydrocarbons in that country , a right , licence or privilege to store underground petroleum , natural gas or related hydrocarbons in that country , or prospect , explore , drill or mine for minerals in a mineral resource in that country , an oil or gas well in that country or real or immovable property in that country the principal value of which depends on its petroleum or natural gas content ( but not including depreciable property ) , any right to a rental or royalty computed by reference to the amount or value of production from an oil or gas well in that country , or from a natural accumulation of petroleum or natural gas in that country , if the payer of the rental or royalty has an interest in , or for civil law a right in , the well or accumulation , as the case may be , and 90 % or more of the rental or royalty is payable out of , or from the proceeds of , the production from the well or any right to a rental or royalty computed by reference to the amount or value of production from a mineral resource in that country , if the payer of the rental or royalty has an interest in , or for civil law a right in , the mineral resource and 90 % or more of the rental or royalty is payable out of , or from the proceeds of , the production from the mineral resource , a real or immovable property in that country the principal value of which depends upon its mineral resource content ( but not including depreciable property ) , a right to or an interest in — or for civil law a right to or in — any property described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e ) , other than a right or an interest that the taxpayer has because the taxpayer is a beneficiary under a trust or a member of a partnership , or an interest in real property described in paragraph ( f ) or a real right in an immovable described in that paragraph , other than an interest or a right that the taxpayer has because the taxpayer is a beneficiary under a trust or a member of a partnership ; ( avoir minier étranger foreign retirement arrangement means a prescribed plan or arrangement ; ( mécanisme de retraite étranger former business property , in respect of a taxpayer , means a capital property of the taxpayer that was used by the taxpayer or a person related to the taxpayer primarily for the purpose of gaining or producing income from a business , and that was real or immovable property of the taxpayer , an interest of the taxpayer in real property , a right of the taxpayer in an immovable or a property that is the subject of an election under subsection 13 ( 4.2 ) , but does not include a rental property of the taxpayer , land subjacent to a rental property of the taxpayer , land contiguous to land referred to in paragraph ( b ) that is a parking area , driveway , yard or garden or that is otherwise necessary for the use of the rental property referred to in that paragraph , or a leasehold interest in any property described in paragraphs ( a ) to ( c ) , and for the purpose of this definition , rental property of a taxpayer means real or immovable property owned by the taxpayer , whether jointly with another person or otherwise , and used by the taxpayer in the taxation year in respect of which the expression is being applied principally for the purpose of gaining or producing gross revenue that is rent ( other than property leased by the taxpayer to a person related to the taxpayer and used by that related person principally for any other purpose ) , but , for greater certainty , does not include a property leased by the taxpayer or the related person to ancien bien d ’ entreprise functional currency [ Repealed , 2009 , c . 2 , s . 76 ] general rate income pool compte de revenu à taux général goods and services tax means the tax payable under Part IX of the Excise Tax Act taxe sur les produits et services graduated rate estate , of an individual at any time , means the estate that arose on and as a consequence of the individual ’ s death if that time is no more than 36 months after the death , the estate is at that time a testamentary trust , the individual ’ s Social Insurance Number ( or if the individual had not , before the death , been assigned a Social Insurance Number , such other information as is acceptable to the Minister ) is provided in the estate ’ s return of income under Part I for the taxation year that includes that time and for each of its earlier taxation years that ended after 2015 , the estate designates itself as the graduated rate estate of the individual in its return of income under Part I for its first taxation year that ends after 2015 , and no other estate designates itself as the graduated rate estate of the individual in a return of income under Part I for a taxation year that ends after 2015 ; ( succession assujettie à l ’ imposition à taux progressifs grandfathered share a share of the capital stock of a corporation issued after 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 pursuant to an agreement in writing entered into before that time , a share of the capital stock of a corporation issued after 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 and before 1988 as part of a distribution to the public made in accordance with the terms of a prospectus , preliminary prospectus , registration statement , offering memorandum or notice filed before 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 with a public authority pursuant to and in accordance with the securities legislation of the jurisdiction in which the shares are distributed , a share ( in this paragraph referred to as the “ new share ” ) of the capital stock of a corporation that is issued after 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 in exchange for a share of a corporation that was issued before 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 or is a grandfathered share , or a debt obligation of a corporation that was issued before 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 , or issued after 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 under an agreement in writing entered into before that time , or after that time and before 1988 as part of a distribution to the public made in accordance with the terms of a prospectus , preliminary prospectus , registration statement , offering memorandum or notice filed before that time with a public authority under and in accordance with the securities legislation of the jurisdiction in which the debt obligation is distributed , where the right to the exchange and all or substantially all the terms and conditions of the new share were established in writing before that time , and a share of a class of the capital stock of a Canadian corporation listed on a designated stock exchange that is issued after 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 on the exercise of a right that was issued before that time , that was issued after that time under an agreement in writing entered into before that time or that was issued after that time and before 1988 as part of a distribution to the public made in accordance with the terms of a prospectus , preliminary prospectus , registration statement , offering memorandum or notice filed before that time with a public authority under and in accordance with the securities legislation of the jurisdiction in which the rights were distributed , and was listed on a designated stock exchange , where all or substantially all the terms and conditions of the right and the share were established in writing before that time , except that a share that is deemed under the definition short - term preferred share taxable preferred share or term preferred share in this subsection or under subsection 112 ( 2.22 ) to have been issued at any time is deemed after that time not to be a grandfathered share for the purposes of that provision ; ( action de régime transitoire gross revenue of a taxpayer for a taxation year means the total of all amounts received in the year or receivable in the year ( depending on the method regularly followed by the taxpayer in computing the taxpayer ’ s income ) otherwise than as or on account of capital , and all amounts ( other than amounts referred to in paragraph ( a ) ) included in computing the taxpayer ’ s income from a business or property for the year because of subsection 12 ( 3 ) or ( 4 ) or section 12.2 of this Act or subsection 12 ( 8 ) of the , chapter 148 of the Revised Statutes of Canada , 1952 ; ( revenu brut group term life insurance policy means a group life insurance policy under which the only amounts payable by the insurer are amounts payable on the death or disability of individuals whose lives are insured in respect of , in the course of or because of , their office or employment or former office or employment , and policy dividends or experience rating refunds ; ( police d ’ assurance - vie collective temporaire highest individual percentage , for a taxation year , means the highest percentage referred to in subsection 117 ( 2 ) for the taxation year ; ( taux d ’ imposition supérieur pour l ’ année home relocation loan means a loan received by an individual or the individual ’ s spouse or common - law partner in circumstances where the individual has commenced employment at a location in Canada ( in this definition referred to as the “ new work location ” ) and by reason thereof has moved from the residence in Canada at which , before the move , the individual ordinarily resided ( in this definition referred to as the “ old residence ” ) to a residence in Canada at which , after the move , the individual ordinarily resided ( in this definition the distance between the old residence and the new work location is at least 40 kilometres greater than the distance between the new residence and the new work location , the loan is used to acquire a dwelling , or a share of the capital stock of a cooperative housing corporation acquired for the sole purpose of acquiring the right to inhabit a dwelling owned by the corporation , where the dwelling is for the habitation of the individual and is the individual ’ s new residence , the loan is received in the circumstances described in subsection 80.4 ( 1 ) , or would have been so received if subsection 80.4 ( 1.1 ) had applied to the loan at the time it was received , and the loan is designated by the individual to be a home relocation loan , but in no case shall more than one loan in respect of a particular move , or more than one loan at any particular time , be designated as a home relocation loan by the individual ; ( prêt à la réinstallation income - averaging annuity contract of an individual means , except for the purposes of section 61 , a contract that is an income - averaging annuity contract within the meaning assigned by subsection 61 ( 4 ) , and in respect of which the individual has made a deduction under section 61 in computing the individual ’ s income for a taxation year ; ( contrat de rente à versements invariables income bond income debenture of a corporation ( in this definition referred to as the “ issuing corporation ” ) means a bond or debenture in respect of which interest or dividends are payable only to the extent that the issuing corporation has made a profit before taking into account the interest or dividend obligation and that was issued before November 17 , 1978 , after November 16 , 1978 and before 1980 pursuant to an agreement in writing to do so made before November 17 , 1978 ( in this definition referred to as an “ established agreement ” ) , or by an issuing corporation resident in Canada for a term that may not , in any circumstances , exceed 5 years , as part of a proposal to or an arrangement with its creditors that had been approved by a court under the at a time when all or substantially all of its assets were under the control of a receiver , receiver - manager , sequestrator or trustee in bankruptcy , or at a time when , by reason of financial difficulty , the issuing corporation or another corporation resident in Canada with which it does not deal at arm ’ s length was in default , or could reasonably be expected to default , on a debt obligation held by a person with whom the issuing corporation or the other corporation was dealing at arm ’ s length and the bond or debenture was issued either wholly or in substantial part and either directly or indirectly in exchange or substitution for that obligation or a part thereof , and , in the case of a bond or debenture issued after November 12 , 1981 , the proceeds from the issue may reasonably be regarded as having been used by the issuing corporation or a corporation with which it was not dealing at arm ’ s length in the financing of its business carried on in Canada immediately before the bond or debenture was issued , and , for the purposes of this definition , where the terms or conditions of an established agreement were amended after November 16 , 1978 , the agreement shall be deemed to have been made after that date , and where at any particular time the terms or conditions of a bond or debenture issued pursuant to an established agreement or of any agreement relating to such a bond or debenture have been changed , under the terms or conditions of a bond or debenture acquired in the ordinary course of the business carried on by a specified financial institution or a partnership or trust ( other than a testamentary trust ) or under the terms or conditions of any agreement relating to any such bond or debenture ( other than an agreement made before October 24 , 1979 to which the issuing corporation or any person related thereto was not a party ) , the owner thereof could at any particular time after November 16 , 1978 require , either alone or together with at any particular time after November 16 , 1978 , the maturity date of a bond or debenture was extended or the terms or conditions relating to the repayment of the principal amount thereof were changed , at a particular time a specified financial institution ( or a partnership or trust of which a specified financial institution or a person related to the institution is a member or beneficiary ) acquires a bond or debenture that was issued before November 17 , 1978 or under an established agreement , was issued to a person other than a corporation that was , at the time of issue , described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e ) of the definition specified financial institution , or a corporation that was controlled by one or more corporations described in subclause ( I ) and , for the purpose of this subclause , one corporation is controlled by another corporation if more than 50 % of its issued share capital ( having full voting rights under all circumstances ) belongs to the other corporation , to persons with whom the other corporation does not deal at arm ’ s length , or to the other corporation and persons with whom the other corporation does not deal at arm ’ s length , was acquired from a person that was , at the time the person last acquired the bond or debenture and at the particular time , a person other than a corporation described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( f ) of that definition , and ( D ) was acquired otherwise than under an agreement in writing made before October 24 , 1979 , or at a particular time after November 12 , 1981 , a specified financial institution ( or a partnership or trust of which a specified financial institution or a person related to the institution is a member or beneficiary ) acquires a bond or debenture that was not a bond or debenture referred to in paragraph ( c ) , was acquired from a person that was , at the particular time , a corporation described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( f ) of the definition specified financial institution , and was acquired subject to or conditional on a guarantee agreement ( within the meaning that would be assigned by subsection 112 ( 2.2 ) if the reference in that subsection to a “ share ” were read as a reference to an “ income bond ” or “ income debenture ” ) that was entered into after November 12 , 1981 , the bond or debenture shall , for the purposes of determining at any time after the particular time whether it is an income bond or income debenture , be deemed to have been issued at the particular time otherwise than pursuant to an established agreement ; ( obligation à intérêt conditionnel income interest of a taxpayer in a trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 108 ( 1 ) ; ( participation au revenu indexed debt obligation means a debt obligation the terms or conditions of which provide for an adjustment to an amount payable in respect of the obligation for a period during which the obligation was outstanding that is determined by reference to a change in the purchasing power of money ; ( titre de créance indexé individual means a person other than a corporation ; ( particulier insurance corporation means a corporation that carries on an insurance business ; ( compagnie d ’ assurance insurance policy includes a life insurance policy ; ( police d ’ assurance insurer has the meaning assigned by this subsection to the expression insurance corporation assureur international shipping means the operation of a ship owned or leased by a person or partnership ( in this definition referred to as the “ operator ” ) that is used , either directly or as part of a pooling arrangement , primarily in transporting passengers or goods in international traffic — determined as if , except where paragraph ( c ) of the definition international traffic in this subsection applies , any port or other place on the Great Lakes or St . Lawrence River is in Canada — including the chartering of the ship , provided that one or more persons related to the operator ( if the operator and each such person is a corporation ) , or persons or partnerships affiliated with the operator ( in any other case ) , has complete possession , control and command of the ship , and any activity incident to or pertaining to the operation of the ship , but does not include the offshore storing or processing of goods , fishing , laying cable , salvaging , towing , tug - boating , offshore oil and gas activities ( other than the transportation of oil and gas ) , including exploration and drilling activities , dredging , or leasing a ship by a lessor to a lessee that has complete possession , control and command of the ship , unless the lessor or a corporation , trust or partnership affiliated with the lessor has an eligible interest ( as defined in subsection 250 ( 6.04 ) ) in the lessee ; ( transport maritime international international traffic means , in respect of a person or partnership carrying on the business of transporting passengers or goods , a voyage made in the course of that business if the principal purpose of the voyage is to transport passengers or goods from Canada to a place outside Canada , from a place outside Canada to Canada , or from a place outside Canada to another place outside Canada ; ( transport international inter vivos trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 108 ( 1 ) ; ( fiducie non testamentaire inventory means a description of property the cost or value of which is relevant in computing a taxpayer ’ s income from a business for a taxation year or would have been so relevant if the income from the business had not been computed in accordance with the cash method and includes with respect to a farming business , all of the livestock held in the course of carrying on the business , and an emissions allowance ; ( inventaire investment corporation has the meaning assigned by subsection 130 ( 3 ) ; ( société de placement investment tax credit has the meaning assigned by subsection 127 ( 9 ) ; ( crédit d ’ impôt à l ’ investissement joint spousal or common - law partner trust means a trust to which paragraph 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) would apply if that paragraph were read without reference to subparagraph 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) ( iii ) and clause 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) ( iv ) ( A ) ; ( fiducie mixte au profit de l ’ époux ou du conjoint de fait lawyer has the meaning assigned by subsection 232 ( 1 ) ; ( avocat legal representative of a taxpayer means a trustee in bankruptcy , an assignee , a liquidator , a curator , a receiver of any kind , a trustee , an heir , an administrator , an executor , a liquidator of a succession , a committee , or any other like person , administering , winding up , controlling or otherwise dealing in a representative or fiduciary capacity with the property that belongs or belonged to , or that is or was held for the benefit of , the taxpayer or the taxpayer ’ s estate ; ( représentant légal lending asset means a bond , debenture , mortgage , hypothecary claim , note , agreement of sale or any other indebtedness or a prescribed share , but does not include a prescribed property ; ( titre de crédit LIA policy means a life insurance policy ( other than an annuity ) where a particular person or partnership becomes obligated after March 20 , 2013 to repay an amount to another person or partnership ( in this definition referred to as the “ lender ” ) at a time determined by reference to the death of a particular individual whose life is insured under the policy , and the lender is assigned an interest in the policy , and an annuity contract the terms of which provide that payments are to continue for a period that ends no earlier than the death of the particular individual ; ( police RAL licensed annuities provider has the meaning assigned by subsection 147 ( 1 ) ; ( fournisseur de rentes autorisé life insurance business includes an annuities business , and the business of issuing contracts all or any part of the issuer ’ s reserves for which vary in amount depending on the fair market value of a specified group of assets , carried on by a life insurance corporation or a life insurer ; ( entreprise d ’ assurance - vie life insurance capital dividend has the meaning assigned by subsection 83 ( 2.1 ) ; ( dividende en capital d ’ assurance - vie life insurance corporation means a corporation that carries on a life insurance business that is not a business described in paragraph ( a ) or ( b ) of the definition life insurance business in this subsection , whether or not the corporation also carries on a business described in either of those paragraphs ; ( compagnie d ’ assurance - vie life insurance policy has the meaning assigned by subsection 138 ( 12 ) ; ( police d ’ assurance - vie life insurance policy in Canada police d ’ assurance - vie au Canada life insurer has the meaning assigned by this subsection to the expression life insurance corporation assureur sur la vie limited partnership loss has the meaning assigned by subsection 96 ( 2.1 ) ; ( perte comme commanditaire limited - recourse amount means an amount that is a limited - recourse amount under section 143.2 ; ( montant à recours limité listed international agreement the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters , concluded at Strasbourg on January 25 , 1988 , as amended from time to time by a protocol , or other international instrument , as ratified by Canada , or a comprehensive tax information exchange agreement that Canada has entered into and that has effect , in respect of another country or jurisdiction ; ( accord international désigné listed personal property biens meubles déterminés low rate income pool compte de revenu à taux réduit majority - interest partner , of a particular partnership at any time , means a person or partnership ( in this definition referred to as the “ taxpayer ” ) whose share of the particular partnership ’ s income from all sources for the last fiscal period of the particular partnership that ended before that time ( or , if the particular partnership ’ s first fiscal period includes that time , for that period ) would have exceeded 1 / 2 of the particular partnership ’ s income from all sources for that period if the taxpayer had held throughout that period each interest in the partnership that the taxpayer or a person affiliated with the taxpayer held at that time , or whose share , if any , together with the shares of every person with whom the taxpayer is affiliated , of the total amount that would be paid to all members of the particular partnership ( otherwise than as a share of any income of the partnership ) if it were wound up at that time exceeds 1 / 2 of that amount ; ( associé détenant une participation majoritaire mineral includes ammonite gemstone , bituminous sands , calcium chloride , coal , kaolin , oil shale and silica , but does not include petroleum , natural gas or a related hydrocarbon not expressly referred to in this definition ; ( minéral mineral resource a base or precious metal deposit , a coal deposit , a bituminous sands deposit or oil shale deposit , or a mineral deposit in respect of which the Minister of Natural Resources has certified that the principal mineral extracted is an industrial mineral contained in a non - bedded deposit , the principal mineral extracted is ammonite gemstone , calcium chloride , diamond , gypsum , halite , kaolin or sylvite , or the principal mineral extracted is silica that is extracted from sandstone or quartzite ; ( matières minérales ressource minérale minerals [ Repealed , 1994 , c . 21 , s . 109 ] mining reclamation trust [ Repealed , 1998 , c . 19 , s . 66 ] Minister means the Minister of National Revenue ; ( ministre money purchase limit for a calendar year has the meaning assigned by subsection 147.1 ( 1 ) ; ( plafond des cotisations déterminées mortgage investment corporation has the meaning assigned by subsection 130.1 ( 6 ) ; ( société de placement hypothécaire motor vehicle means an automotive vehicle designed or adapted to be used on highways and streets but does not include a trolley bus , or a vehicle designed or adapted to be operated exclusively on rails ; ( véhicule à moteur mutual fund corporation has the meaning assigned by subsection 131 ( 8 ) ; ( société de placement à capital variable mutual fund trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 132 ( 6 ) ; ( fiducie de fonds commun de placement net capital loss has the meaning assigned by subsection 111 ( 8 ) , except as otherwise expressly provided ; ( perte en capital nette net corporate income tax rate in respect of a SIFT trust or SIFT partnership for a taxation year means the amount , expressed as a decimal fraction , by which the percentage rate of tax provided under paragraph 123 ( 1 ) ( a ) for the taxation year the total of the percentage that would , if the SIFT trust or SIFT partnership were a corporation , be its general rate reduction percent - age , within the meaning assigned by subsection 123.4 ( 1 ) , for the taxation year , and the percentage deduction from tax provided under subsection 124 ( 1 ) for the taxation year ; ( taux net d ’ imposition du revenu des sociétés net income stabilization account means an account of a taxpayer under the net income stabilization account program under the Farm Income Protection Act , or that is a prescribed account ; ( compte de stabilisation du revenu net Newfoundland offshore area has the meaning assigned to the expression offshore area by the Canada – Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act , chapter 3 of the Statutes of Canada , 1987 ; ( zone extracôtière de Terre - Neuve NISA Fund No . 2 means the portion of a taxpayer ’ s net income stabilization account that is described in paragraph 8 ( 2 ) ( b ) of the Farm Income Protection Act or is a prescribed fund , and that can reasonably be considered to be attributable to a program that allows the funds in the account to accumulate ; ( second fonds du compte de stabilisation du revenu net non - capital loss perte autre qu ’ une perte en capital non - portfolio property has the same meaning as in subsection 122.1 ( 1 ) ; ( bien hors portefeuille non - resident means not resident in Canada ; ( non - résident non - resident - owned investment corporation has the meaning assigned by subsection 133 ( 8 ) ; ( société de placement appartenant à des non - résidents Nova Scotia offshore area has the meaning assigned to the expression offshore area by the Canada - Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation Act , chapter 28 of the Statutes of Canada , 1988 ; ( zone extracôtière de la Nouvelle - écosse office means the position of an individual entitling the individual to a fixed or ascertainable stipend or remuneration and includes a judicial office , the office of a minister of the Crown , the office of a member of the Senate or House of Commons of Canada , a member of a legislative assembly or a member of a legislative or executive council and any other office , the incumbent of which is elected by popular vote or is elected or appointed in a representative capacity and also includes the position of a corporation director , and officer means a person holding such an office ; ( charge oil or gas well means any well ( other than an exploratory probe or a well drilled from below the surface of the earth ) drilled for the purpose of producing petroleum or natural gas or of determining the existence , location , extent or quality of a natural accumulation of petroleum or natural gas , but , for the purpose of applying sections 13 and 20 and any regulations made for the purpose of paragraph 20 ( 1 ) ( a ) in respect of property acquired after March 6 , 1996 , does not include a well for the extraction of material puits de pétrole ou de gaz OSFI risk - weighting guidelines means the guidelines , issued by the Superintendent of Financial Institutions under the authority of section 600 of the , requiring an authorized foreign bank to provide to the Superintendent on a periodic basis a return of the bank ’ s risk - weighted on - balance sheet assets and off - balance sheet exposures , that apply as of August 8 , 2000 ; ( lignes directrices du BSIF sur la pondération des risques overseas Canadian Forces school staff means personnel employed outside Canada whose services are acquired by the Minister of National Defence under a prescribed order relating to the provision of educational facilities outside Canada ; ( personnel scolaire des Forces canadiennes d ’ outre - mer paid - up capital capital versé Part VII refund has the meaning assigned by subsection 192 ( 2 ) ; ( remboursement de la partie VII Part VIII refund has the meaning assigned by subsection 194 ( 2 ) ; ( remboursement de la partie VIII passenger vehicle means an automobile acquired after June 17 , 1987 ( other than an automobile acquired after that date pursuant to an obligation in writing entered into before June 18 , 1987 ) and an automobile leased under a lease entered into , extended or renewed after June 17 , 1987 ; ( voiture de tourisme past service pension adjustment of a taxpayer for a calendar year in respect of an employer has the meaning assigned by regulation ; ( facteur d ’ équivalence pour services passés pension adjustment of a taxpayer for a calendar year in respect of an employer has the meaning assigned by regulation ; ( facteur d ’ équivalence person , or any word or expression descriptive of a person , includes any corporation , and any entity exempt , because of subsection 149 ( 1 ) , from tax under Part I on all or part of the entity ’ s taxable income and the heirs , executors , liquidators of a succession , administrators or other legal representatives of such a person , according to the law of that part of Canada to which the context extends ; ( personne personal or living expenses includes the expenses of properties maintained by any person for the use or benefit of the taxpayer or any person connected with the taxpayer by blood relationship , marriage or common - law partnership or adoption , and not maintained in connection with a business carried on for profit or with a reasonable expectation of profit , the expenses , premiums or other costs of a policy of insurance , annuity contract or other like contract if the proceeds of the policy or contract are payable to or for the benefit of the taxpayer or a person connected with the taxpayer by blood relationship , marriage or common - law partnership or adoption , and expenses of properties maintained by an estate or trust for the benefit of the taxpayer as one of the beneficiaries ; ( frais personnels ou de subsistance personal services business has the meaning assigned by subsection 125 ( 7 ) ; ( entreprise de prestation de services personnels personal trust means a trust ( other than a trust that is , or was at any time after 1999 , a unit trust ) that is a graduated rate estate , or a trust in which no beneficial interest was acquired for consideration payable directly or indirectly to the trust , or any person or partnership that has made a contribution to the trust by way of transfer , assignment or other disposition of property ; ( fiducie personnelle personal - use property biens à usage personnel pooled pension plan has the same meaning as in subsection 147.5 ( 1 ) ; ( régime de pension collectif pooled registered pension plan PRPP has the same meaning as in subsection 147.5 ( 1 ) ; ( régime de pension agréé collectif ou RPAC post - 1971 spousal or common - law partner trust means a trust that would be described in paragraph 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) if that paragraph were read without reference to subparagraph 104 ( 4 ) ( a ) ( iv ) ; ( fiducie au profit de l ’ époux ou du conjoint de fait postérieure à 1971 preferred share means a share other than a common share ; ( action privilégiée prescribed in the case of a form , the information to be given on a form or the manner of filing a form , authorized by the Minister , ( a . 1 ) in the case of the manner of making or filing an election , authorized by the Minister , and in any other case , prescribed by regulation or determined in accordance with rules prescribed by regulation ; ( prescrit principal amount , in relation to any obligation , means the amount that , under the terms of the obligation or any agreement relating thereto , is the maximum amount or maximum total amount , as the case may be , payable on account of the obligation by the issuer thereof , otherwise than as or on account of interest or as or on account of any premium payable by the issuer conditional on the exercise by the issuer of a right to redeem the obligation before the maturity thereof ; ( principal private corporation société privée private foundation has the meaning assigned by section 149.1 ; ( fondation privée private health services plan a contract of insurance in respect of hospital expenses , medical expenses or any combination of such expenses , or a medical care insurance plan or hospital care insurance plan or any combination of such plans , except any such contract or plan established by or pursuant to a law of a province that establishes a health care insurance plan as defined in section 2 of the Canada Health Act an Act of Parliament or a regulation made thereunder that authorizes the provision of a medical care insurance plan or hospital care insurance plan for employees of Canada and their dependants and for dependants of members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the regular force where such employees or members were appointed in Canada and are serving outside Canada ; ( régime privé d ’ assurance - maladie professional corporation means a corporation that carries on the professional practice of an accountant , dentist , lawyer , medical doctor , veterinarian or chiropractor ; ( société professionnelle profit sharing plan régime de participation aux bénéfices property means property of any kind whatever whether real or personal , immovable or movable , tangible or intangible , or corporeal or incorporeal and , without restricting the generality of the foregoing , includes a right of any kind whatever , a share or a chose in action , unless a contrary intention is evident , money , a timber resource property , the work in progress of a business that is a profession ; and the goodwill of a business , as referred to in subsection 13 ( 34 ) ; ( biens provincial SIFT tax factor [ Repealed , 2008 , c . 28 , s . 34 ] provincial SIFT tax rate of a SIFT trust or a SIFT partnership for a taxation year means the prescribed amount determined in respect of the SIFT trust or SIFT partnership for the taxation year ; ( taux d ’ imposition provincial des EIPD public corporation société publique public foundation has the meaning assigned by section 149.1 ; ( fondation publique public market has the same meaning as in subsection 122.1 ( 1 ) ; ( marché public qualified donee has the meaning assigned by subsection 149.1 ( 1 ) ; ( donataire reconnu qualifying environmental trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 211.6 ( 1 ) ; ( fiducie pour l ’ environnement admissible qualifying share has the meaning assigned by subsection 192 ( 6 ) ; ( action admissible qualifying trust annuity has the meaning assigned by subsection 60.011 ( 2 ) ; ( rente admissible de fiducie recognized derivatives exchange means a person or partnership recognized or registered under the securities laws of a province to carry on the business of providing the facilities necessary for the trading of options , swaps , futures contracts or other financial contracts or instruments whose market price , value , delivery obligations , payment obligations or settlement obligations are derived from , referenced to or based on an underlying interest ; ( bourse reconnue en instruments financiers dérivés recognized stock exchange a designated stock exchange , and any other stock exchange , if that other stock exchange is located in Canada or in a country that is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co - operation and Development and that has a tax treaty with Canada ; ( bourse de valeurs reconnue record includes an account , an agreement , a book , a chart or table , a diagram , a form , an image , an invoice , a letter , a map , a memorandum , a plan , a return , a statement , a telegram , a voucher , and any other thing containing information , whether in writing or in any other form ; ( registre refundable Part VII tax on hand has the meaning assigned by subsection 192 ( 3 ) ; ( impôt de la partie VII en main remboursable refundable Part VIII tax on hand has the meaning assigned by subsection 194 ( 3 ) ; ( impôt de la partie VIII en main remboursable registered Canadian amateur athletic association means a Canadian amateur athletic association within the meaning assigned by subsection 149.1 ( 1 ) that has applied to the Minister in prescribed form for registration , that has been registered and whose registration has not been revoked ; ( association canadienne enregistrée de sport amateur registered charity at any time means a charitable organization , private foundation or public foundation , within the meanings assigned by subsection 149.1 ( 1 ) , that is resident in Canada and was either created or established in Canada , or a branch , section , parish , congregation or other division of an organization or foundation described in paragraph ( a ) , that is resident in Canada and was either created or established in Canada and that receives donations on its own behalf , that has applied to the Minister in prescribed form for registration and that is at that time registered as a charitable organization , private foundation or public foundation ; ( organisme de bienfaisance enregistré registered disability savings plan RDSP has the same meaning as in subsection 146.4 ( 1 ) ; ( régime enregistré d ’ épargne - invalidité REEI registered education savings plan RESP has the same meaning as in subsection 146.1 ( 1 ) ; ( régime enregistré d ’ épargne - études REEE registered investment has the meaning assigned by subsection 204.4 ( 1 ) ; ( placement enregistré registered labour - sponsored venture capital corporation means a corporation that was registered under subsection 204.81 ( 1 ) , the registration of which has not been revoked ; ( société agréée à capital de risque de travailleurs registered national arts service organization , at any time , means a national arts service organization that has been registered by the Minister under subsection 149.1 ( 6.4 ) , which registration has not been revoked ; ( organisme enregistré de services nationaux dans le domaine des arts registered pension plan means a pension plan ( other than a pooled pension plan ) that has been registered by the Minister for the purposes of this Act and whose registration has not been revoked ; ( régime de pension agréé registered retirement income fund RRIF have the same meaning as registered retirement income fund in subsection 146.3 ( 1 ) ; ( fonds enregistré de revenu de retraite FERR registered retirement savings plan RRSP have the same meaning as registered retirement savings plan in subsection 146 ( 1 ) ; ( régime enregistré d ’ épargne - retraite REER registered securities dealer means a person registered or licensed under the laws of a province to trade in securities , in the capacity of an agent or principal , without any restriction as to the types or kinds of securities in which that person may trade ; ( courtier en valeurs mobilières inscrit registered supplementary unemployment benefit plan has the meaning assigned by subsection 145 ( 1 ) ; ( régime enregistré de prestations supplémentaires de chômage regulation means a regulation made by the Governor in Council under this Act ; ( réglementaire relevant factor for taxation years that end before 2010 , 3 , and for taxation years that end after 2009 , the amount determined by the formula 1 / ( A – B ) where A is the percentage set out in paragraph 123 ( 1 ) ( a ) , and B is the percentage that is the corporation ’ s general rate reduction percentage ( as defined by section 123.4 ) for the taxation year ; ( facteur de référence restricted farm loss has the meaning assigned by subsection 31 ( 1.1 ) ; ( perte agricole restreinte restricted financial institution a bank , a corporation licensed or otherwise authorized under the laws of Canada or a province to carry on in Canada the business of offering to the public its services as trustee , a credit union , an insurance corporation , a corporation whose principal business is the lending of money to persons with whom the corporation is dealing at arm ’ s length or the purchasing of debt obligations issued by such persons or a combination thereof , ( e . 1 ) a corporation described in paragraph ( g ) of the definition financial institution in subsection 181 ( 1 ) , or a corporation that is controlled by one or more corporations described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e . 1 ) ; ( institution financière véritable retirement compensation arrangement means a plan or arrangement under which contributions ( other than payments made to acquire an interest in a life insurance policy ) are made by an employer or former employer of a taxpayer , or by a person with whom the employer or former employer does not deal at arm ’ s length , to another person or partnership ( in this definition and in Part XI . 3 referred to as the “ custodian ” ) in connection with benefits that are to be or may be received or enjoyed by any person on , after or in a registered pension plan , ( a . 1 ) a pooled registered pension plan , a disability or income maintenance insurance plan under a policy with an insurance corporation , a deferred profit sharing plan , an employees profit sharing plan , a registered retirement savings plan , an employee trust , ( f . 1 ) an employee life and health trust , a group sickness or accident insurance plan , a supplementary unemployment benefit plan , a vacation pay trust described in paragraph 149 ( 1 ) ( y ) , ( j ) a plan or arrangement established for the purpose of deferring the salary or wages of a professional athlete for his services as such with a team that participates in a league having regularly scheduled games ( in this definition referred to as an “ athlete ’ s plan ” ) , where the plan or arrangement would , but for paragraph ( j ) of the definition salary deferral arrangement in this subsection , be a salary deferral arrangement , and in the case of a Canadian team , the custodian of the plan or arrangement carries on business through a fixed place of business in Canada and is licensed or otherwise authorized under the laws of Canada or a province to carry on in Canada the business of offering to the public its services as trustee , ( k ) a salary deferral arrangement , whether or not deferred amounts thereunder are required to be included as benefits under paragraph 6 ( 1 ) ( a ) in computing a taxpayer ’ s income , ( l ) a plan or arrangement ( other than an athlete ’ s plan ) that is maintained primarily for the benefit of non - residents in respect of services rendered outside Canada , ( m ) an insurance policy , or ( n ) a prescribed plan or arrangement , and , for the purposes of this definition , where a particular person holds property in trust under an arrangement that , if the property were held by another person , would be a retirement compensation arrangement , the arrangement shall be deemed to be a retirement compensation arrangement of which the particular person is the custodian ; ( convention de retraite retirement income fund has the meaning assigned by subsection 146.3 ( 1 ) ; ( fonds de revenu de retraite retirement savings plan has the meaning assigned by subsection 146 ( 1 ) ; ( régime d ’ épargne - retraite retiring allowance means an amount ( other than a superannuation or pension benefit , an amount received as a consequence of the death of an employee or a benefit described in subparagraph 6 ( 1 ) ( a ) ( iv ) ) received on or after retirement of a taxpayer from an office or employment in recognition of the taxpayer ’ s long service , or in respect of a loss of an office or employment of a taxpayer , whether or not received as , on account or in lieu of payment of , damages or pursuant to an order or judgment of a competent tribunal , by the taxpayer or , after the taxpayer ’ s death , by a dependant or a relation of the taxpayer or by the legal representative of the taxpayer ; ( allocation de retraite RRSP deduction limit has the meaning assigned by subsection 146 ( 1 ) ; ( maximum déductible au titre des REER RRSP dollar limit plafond REER salary deferral arrangement , in respect of a taxpayer , means a plan or arrangement , whether funded or not , under which any person has a right in a taxation year to receive an amount after the year where it is reasonable to consider that one of the main purposes for the creation or existence of the right is to postpone tax payable under this Act by the taxpayer in respect of an amount that is , or is on account or in lieu of , salary or wages of the taxpayer for services rendered by the taxpayer in the year or a registered pension plan , a pooled registered pension plan , a disability or income maintenance insurance plan under a policy with an insurance corporation , a deferred profit sharing plan , an employees profit sharing plan , an employee life and health trust , a group sickness or accident insurance plan , a supplementary unemployment benefit plan , a vacation pay trust described in paragraph 149 ( 1 ) ( y ) , a plan or arrangement the sole purpose of which is to provide education or training for employees of an employer to improve their work or work - related skills and abilities , a plan or arrangement established for the purpose of deferring the salary or wages of a professional athlete for the services of the athlete as such with a team that participates in a league having regularly scheduled games , a plan or arrangement under which a taxpayer has a right to receive a bonus or similar payment in respect of services rendered by the taxpayer in a taxation year to be paid within 3 years following the end of the year , or a prescribed plan or arrangement ; ( entente d ’ échelonnement du traitement salary or wages , except in sections 5 and 63 and the definition death benefit in this subsection , means the income of a taxpayer from an office or employment as computed under subdivision a of Division B of Part I and includes all fees received for services not rendered in the course of the taxpayer ’ s business but does not include superannuation or pension benefits or retiring allowances ; ( traitement ou salaire scientific research and experimental development means systematic investigation or search that is carried out in a field of science or technology by means of experiment or analysis and that is basic research , namely , work undertaken for the advancement of scientific knowledge without a specific practical application in view , applied research , namely , work undertaken for the advancement of scientific knowledge with a specific practical application in view , or experimental development , namely , work undertaken for the purpose of achieving technological advancement for the purpose of creating new , or improving existing , materials , devices , products or processes , including incremental improvements thereto , and , in applying this definition in respect of a taxpayer , includes work undertaken by or on behalf of the taxpayer with respect to engineering , design , operations research , mathematical analysis , computer programming , data collection , testing or psychological research , where the work is commensurate with the needs , and directly in support , of work described in paragraph ( a ) , ( b ) , or ( c ) that is undertaken in Canada by or on behalf of the taxpayer , but does not include work with respect to market research or sales promotion , quality control or routine testing of materials , devices , products or processes , research in the social sciences or the humanities , prospecting , exploring or drilling for , or producing , minerals , petroleum or natural gas , the commercial production of a new or improved material , device or product or the commercial use of a new or improved process , style changes , or routine data collection ; ( activités de recherche scientifique et de développement expérimental scientific research and experimental development financing contract has the meaning assigned by subsection 194 ( 6 ) ; ( contrat de financement pour des activités de recherche scientifique et de développement expérimental scientific research and experimental development tax credit of a taxpayer for a taxation year has the meaning assigned by subsection 127.3 ( 2 ) ; ( crédit d ’ impôt pour des activités de recherche scientifique et de développement expérimental securities lending arrangement has the meaning assigned by subsection 260 ( 1 ) ; ( mécanisme de prêt de valeurs mobilières self - contained domestic establishment means a dwelling - house , apartment or other similar place of residence in which place a person as a general rule sleeps and eats ; ( établissement domestique autonome separation agreement includes an agreement by which a person agrees to make payments on a periodic basis for the maintenance of a former spouse or common - law partner , children of the marriage or common - law partnership or both the former spouse or common - law partner and children of the marriage or common - law partnership , after the marriage or common - law partnership has been dissolved , whether the agreement was made before or after the marriage or common - law partnership was dissolved ; ( accord de séparation share , except as the context otherwise requires , means a share or a fraction of a share of the capital stock of a corporation and , for greater certainty , a share of the capital stock of a corporation includes a share of the capital of a cooperative corporation ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 136 ( 2 ) ) , a share of the capital of an agricultural cooperative corporation ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 135.1 ( 1 ) ) and a share of the capital of a credit union ; ( action shareholder includes a member or other person entitled to receive payment of a dividend ; ( actionnaire share - purchase tax credit of a taxpayer for a taxation year has the meaning assigned by subsection 127.2 ( 6 ) ; ( crédit d ’ impôt à l ’ achat d ’ actions short - term preferred share of a corporation at any particular time means a share , other than a grandfathered share , of the capital stock of the corporation issued after December 15 , 1987 that at that particular time is a share where , under the terms and conditions of the share , any agreement relating to the share or any modification of those terms and conditions or that agreement , the corporation or a specified person in relation to the corporation is or may , at any time within 5 years after the date of its issue , be required to redeem , acquire or cancel , in whole or in part , the share ( unless the requirement to redeem , acquire or cancel the share arises only in the event of the death of the shareholder an agreement in respect of a share of the capital stock of a corporation shall be read without reference to that part of the agreement under which a person agrees to acquire the share for an amount in the case of a share ( other than a share that would , but for that part of the agreement , be a taxable preferred share ) the agreement in respect of which provides that the share is to be acquired within 60 days after the day on which the agreement was entered into , that does not exceed the greater of the fair market value of the share at the time the agreement was entered into , determined without reference to the agreement , and the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition that does not exceed the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition , determined without reference to the agreement , or for an amount determined by reference to the assets or earnings of the corporation where that determination may reasonably be considered to be used to determine an amount that does not exceed the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition , determined without reference to the agreement , and shareholder includes a shareholder of a shareholder , or is a share that is convertible or exchangeable at any time within 5 years after the date of its issue , unless it is convertible into or exchangeable for another share of the corporation or a corporation related to the corporation that , if issued , would not be a short - term preferred share , a right or warrant that , if exercised , would allow the person exercising it to acquire only a share of the corporation or a corporation related to the corporation that , if issued , would not be a short - term preferred share , or both a share described in clause ( A ) and a right or warrant described in clause ( B ) , and all the consideration receivable for the share on the conversion or exchange is the share described in clause ( A ) or the right or warrant described in clause ( B ) or both , as the case may be , and for the purposes of this subparagraph , where a taxpayer may become entitled on the conversion or exchange of a share to receive any particular consideration ( other than consideration described in any of clauses ( A ) to ( C ) ) in lieu of a fraction of a share , the particular consideration shall be deemed and , for the purposes of this definition , where at any particular time after December 15 , 1987 , otherwise than pursuant to a written arrangement to do so entered into before December 16 , 1987 , the terms or conditions of a share of the capital stock of a corporation that are relevant to any matter referred to in any of paragraphs ( a ) , ( b ) , ( f ) and ( h ) are established or modified , or any agreement in respect of any such matter to which the corporation or a specified person in relation to the corporation is a party where at any particular time after December 15 , 1987 a particular share of the capital stock of a corporation has been issued or its terms or conditions have been modified or an agreement in respect of the share is modified or entered into , and it may reasonably be considered , having regard to all the circumstances , including the rate of interest on any debt obligation or the dividend provided on any short - term preferred share , that but for the existence at any time of such a debt obligation or such a short - term preferred share , the particular share would not have been issued or its terms or conditions modified or the agreement in respect of the share would not have been modified or entered into , and one of the main purposes for the issue of the particular share or the modification of its terms or conditions or the modification or entering into the agreement in respect of the share was to avoid or limit the tax payable under subsection 191.1 ( 1 ) , the particular share shall be deemed after that particular time to have been issued at that particular time and to be a short - term preferred share of the corporation , where at any particular time after December 15 , 1987 , otherwise than pursuant to a written arrangement to do so entered into before December 16 , 1987 , the terms or conditions of a share of the capital stock of a corporation are modified or established or any agreement in respect of the share has been changed or entered into , and as a consequence thereof the corporation or a specified person in relation to the corporation may reasonably be expected to redeem , acquire or cancel ( otherwise than by reason of the death of the shareholder or an agreement in respect of a share of the capital stock of a corporation shall be read without reference to that part of the agreement under which a person agrees to acquire the share for an amount in the case of a share ( other than a share that would , but for that part of the agreement , be a taxable preferred share ) the agreement in respect of which provides that the share is to be acquired within 60 days after the day on which the agreement was entered into , that does not exceed the greater of the fair market value of the share at the time the agreement was entered into , determined without reference to the agreement , and the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition that does not exceed the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition , determined without reference to the agreement , or for an amount determined by reference to the assets or earnings of the corporation where that determination may reasonably be considered to be used to determine an amount that does not exceed the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition , determined without reference to the agreement , and includes a shareholder of a shareholder , if a share of the capital stock of a corporation was issued after December 15 , 1987 and at the time the share was issued the existence of the corporation was , or there was an arrangement under which it could be , limited to a period that was within five years from the date of its issue , the share is deemed to be a short - term preferred share of the corporation unless the share is a grandfathered share and the arrangement is a written arrangement entered into before December 16 , 1987 , or the share is issued to an individual after April 14 , 2005 under an agreement referred to in subsection 7 ( 1 ) , if when the individual last acquired a right under the agreement to acquire a share of the capital stock of the corporation , the existence of the corporation was not , and no arrangement was in effect under which it could be , limited to a period that was within five years from the date of that last acquisition , where a share of the capital stock of a corporation is acquired at any time after December 15 , 1987 by the corporation or a specified person in relation to the corporation and the share is at any particular time after that time acquired by a person with whom the corporation or a specified person in relation to the corporation was dealing at arm ’ s length if this Act were read without reference to paragraph 251 ( 5 ) ( b ) , from the corporation or a specified person in relation to the corporation , the share shall where at any particular time after December 15 , 1987 , otherwise than pursuant to a written arrangement to do so entered into before December 16 , 1987 , as a result of the terms or conditions of a share of the capital stock of a corporation or any agreement entered into by the corporation or a specified person in relation to the corporation , any person ( other than the corporation or an individual other than a trust ) was obligated , either absolutely or contingently and either immediately or in the future , to effect any undertaking within to ensure that any loss that the shareholder or a specified person in relation to the shareholder may sustain , by reason of the ownership , holding or disposition of the share or any other property is limited in any respect , and as part of a transaction or event or series of transactions or events that included the issuance of the share , the share shall be deemed after that particular time to have been issued at the particular time and to be at and immediately after the particular time a short - term preferred share , and for the purposes of this paragraph , where a guarantee agreement in respect of a share is given at any particular time after December 15 , 1987 , otherwise than pursuant to a written arrangement to do so entered into before December 16 , 1987 , the share shall be deemed to have been issued at the particular time and the guarantee agreement shall be a share that is , at the time a dividend is paid thereon , a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection during the applicable time period referred to in that paragraph or a prescribed share shall , notwithstanding any other provision of this definition , be deemed not to be a short - term preferred share at that time , and specified person has the meaning assigned by paragraph ( h ) of the definition taxable preferred share in this subsection ; ( action privilégiée à court terme SIFT partnership has the meaning assigned by section 197 ; ( société de personnes intermédiaire de placement déterminée SIFT partnership balance - due day , in respect of a taxation year of a SIFT partnership , means the day on or before which the partnership is required to file a return for the taxation year under section 229 of the Income Tax Regulations date d ’ échéance du solde SIFT trust has the meaning assigned by section 122.1 ; ( fiducie intermédiaire de placement déterminée SIFT trust wind - up event means a distribution by a particular trust resident in Canada of property to a taxpayer in respect of which the following conditions are met : the distribution occurs before 2013 , there is a resulting disposition of all of the taxpayer ’ s interest as a beneficiary under the particular trust , the particular trust is a SIFT wind - up entity , a trust whose only beneficiary throughout the period ( referred to in this definition as the “ qualifying period ” ) that begins on July 14 , 2008 and that ends at the time of the distribution is another trust that throughout the qualifying period is resident in Canada , and is a SIFT wind - up entity or a trust described by this subparagraph , or a trust whose only beneficiary at the time of distribution is another trust that throughout the qualifying period is resident in Canada , is a SIFT wind - up entity or a trust described by subparagraph ( ii ) , and is a majority interest beneficiary ( within the meaning that would be assigned by section 251.1 if the references in the definition majority interest beneficiary in subsection 251.1 ( 3 ) to “ 50 % ” were read as references to “ 25 % ” ) of the particular trust , the particular trust ceases to exist immediately after the distribution or immediately after the last of a series of SIFT trust wind - up events ( determined without reference to this paragraph ) of the particular trust that includes the distribution , and the property was not acquired by the particular trust as a result of a transfer or an exchange that is a qualifying exchange as defined in subsection 132.2 ( 1 ) or a qualifying disposition as defined in subsection 107.4 ( 1 ) , made after February 2 , 2009 , and from any person other than a SIFT wind - up entity , or to which any of sections 51 , 85 , 85.1 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 107.4 or 132.2 applies , of another property acquired as a result of a transfer or an exchange described by subparagraph ( i ) or this subparagraph ; ( fait lié à la conversion d ’ une EIPD - fiducie SIFT wind - up corporation , in respect of a SIFT wind - up entity , means at any particular time a corporation that , at any time that is after July 13 , 2008 and before the earlier of the particular time and January 1 , 2013 , owns all of the equity in the SIFT wind - up entity , or shares of the capital stock of which are at or before the particular time distributed on a SIFT trust wind - up event of the SIFT wind - up entity ; ( société de conversion d ’ EIPD SIFT wind - up entity means a trust or partnership that at any time in the period that began on October 31 , 2006 and that ends on July 14 , 2008 is a SIFT trust ( determined without reference to subsection 122.1 ( 2 ) ) , a SIFT partnership ( determined without reference to subsection 197 ( 8 ) ) , or a real estate investment trust ( as defined in subsection 122.1 ( 1 ) ) ; ( EIPD convertible SIFT wind - up entity equity , or equity in a SIFT wind - up entity , means if the SIFT wind - up entity is a trust , a capital interest ( determined without reference to subsection ( 25 ) ) in the trust , and if the SIFT wind - up entity is a partnership , an interest as a member of the partnership where , by operation of any law governing the arrangement in respect of the partnership , the liability of the member as a member of the partnership is limited , except that if all of the interests described in paragraph ( a ) or ( b ) , as the case may be , in the SIFT wind - up entity are described by reference to units , it means the part of the interest represented by such a unit ; ( intérêt dans une EIPD convertible small business bond has the meaning assigned by section 15.2 ; ( obligation pour la petite entreprise small business corporation , at any particular time , means , subject to subsection 110.6 ( 15 ) , a particular corporation that is a Canadian - controlled private corporation all or substantially all of the fair market value of the assets of which at that time is attributable to assets that are used principally in an active business carried on primarily in Canada by the particular corporation or by a corporation related to it , shares of the capital stock or indebtedness of one or more small business corporations that are at that time connected with the particular corporation ( within the meaning of subsection 186 ( 4 ) on the assumption that the small business corporation is at that time a payer corporation within the meaning of that subsection ) , or assets described in paragraphs ( a ) and ( b ) , including , for the purpose of paragraph 39 ( 1 ) ( c ) , a corporation that was at any time in the 12 months preceding that time a small business corporation , and , for the purpose of this definition , the fair market value of a net income stabilization account shall be deemed to be nil ; ( société exploitant une petite entreprise small business development bond has the meaning assigned by section 15.1 ; ( obligation pour le développement de la petite entreprise specified employee of a person means an employee of the person who is a specified shareholder of the person or who does not deal at arm ’ s length with the person ; ( employé déterminé , at any time , means a bank , a corporation licensed or otherwise authorized under the laws of Canada or a province to carry on in Canada the business of offering to the public its services as trustee , a credit union , an insurance corporation , a corporation whose principal business is the lending of money to persons with whom the corporation is dealing at arm ’ s length or the purchasing of debt obligations issued by such persons or a combination thereof , a corporation described in paragraph ( g ) of the definition in subsection 181 ( 1 ) , a corporation that is controlled by one or more corporations described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e . 1 ) and , for the purpose of this paragraph , one corporation is controlled by another corporation if more than 50 % of its issued share capital ( having full voting rights under all circumstances ) belongs to the other corporation , to persons with whom the other corporation does not deal at arm ’ s length , or to the other corporation and persons with whom the other corporation does not deal at arm ’ s a corporation that is related to a particular corporation described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( f ) , other than a particular corporation described in paragraph ( e ) or ( e . 1 ) the principal business of which is the factoring of trade accounts receivable that the particular corporation acquired from a related person , arose in the course of an active business carried on by a person ( in this paragraph referred to as the “ business entity ” ) related at that time to the particular corporation , and at no particular time before that time were held by a person other than a person who was related to the business entity ; ( institution financière déterminée specified future tax consequence for a taxation year means the consequence of the deduction or exclusion of an amount referred to in paragraph 161 ( 7 ) ( a ) , the consequence of a reduction under subsection 66 ( 12.73 ) of a particular amount purported to be renounced by a corporation after the beginning of the year to a person or partnership under subsection 66 ( 12.6 ) or 66 ( 12.601 ) because of the application of subsection 66 ( 12.66 ) , determined as if the purported renunciation would , but for subsection 66 ( 12.73 ) , have been effective only where the purported renunciation occurred in January , February or March of a calendar year , the effective date of the purported renunciation was the last day of the preceding calendar year , the corporation agreed in that preceding calendar year to issue a flow - though share to the person or partnership , the particular amount does not exceed the amount , if any , by which the consideration for which the share is to be issued exceeds the total of all other amounts purported by the corporation to have been renounced under subsection 66 ( 12.6 ) or 66 ( 12.601 ) in respect of that consideration , paragraphs 66 ( 12.66 ) ( c ) and 66 ( 12.66 ) ( d ) are satisfied with respect to the purported renunciation , and ( vi ) the form prescribed for the purpose of subsection 66 ( 12.7 ) in respect of the purported renunciation is filed with the Minister before May of the calendar year , and the consequence of an adjustment or a reduction described in subsection 161 ( 6.1 ) ; ( conséquence fiscale future déterminée specified individual has the meaning assigned by subsection 120.4 ( 1 ) ; ( particulier déterminé specified investment business entreprise de placement déterminée specified member of a partnership in a fiscal period or taxation year of the partnership , as the case may be , means any member of the partnership who is a limited partner ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 96 ( 2.4 ) ) of the partnership at any time in the period or year , and any member of the partnership , other than a member who is actively engaged in those activities of the partnership business that are other than the financing of the partnership business , or carrying on a similar business as that carried on by the partnership in its taxation year , otherwise than as a member of a partnership , on a regular , continuous and substantial basis throughout that part of the period or year during which the business of the partnership is ordinarily carried on and during which the member is a member of the partnership ; ( associé déterminé specified mutual fund trust , at any time , means a mutual fund trust other than a mutual fund trust for which it can reasonably be considered , having regard to all the circumstances , including the terms and conditions of the units of the trust , that the total of all amounts each of which is the fair market value , at that time , of a unit issued by the trust and held by a person exempt from tax under section 149 is all or substantially all of the total of all amounts each of which is the fair market value , fiducie de fonds commun de placement déterminée specified pension plan means a prescribed arrangement ; ( régime de pension déterminé specified proportion , of a member of a partnership for a fiscal period of the partnership , means the proportion that the member ’ s share of the total income or loss of the partnership for the partnership ’ s fiscal period is of the partnership ’ s total income or loss for that period and , for the purpose of this definition , where that income or loss for a period is nil , that proportion shall be computed as if the partnership had income for that period in the amount of $ 1,000,000 ; ( proportion déterminée specified shareholder of a corporation in a taxation year means a taxpayer who owns , directly or indirectly , at any time in the year , not less than 10 % of the issued shares of any class of the capital stock of the corporation or of any other corporation that is related to the corporation and , for the purposes of this definition , a taxpayer shall be deemed to own each share of the capital stock of a corporation owned at that time by a person with whom the taxpayer does not deal at arm ’ s length , each beneficiary of a trust shall be deemed to own that proportion of all such shares owned by the trust at that time that the fair market value at that time of the beneficial interest of the beneficiary in the trust is of the fair market value at that time of all beneficial interests in the trust , each member of a partnership shall be deemed to own that proportion of all the shares of any class of the capital stock of a corporation that are property of the partnership at that time that the fair market value at that time of the member ’ s interest in the partnership is of the fair market value at that time of the interests of all members in the partnership , an individual who performs services on behalf of a corporation that would be carrying on a personal services business if the individual or any person related to the individual were at that time a specified shareholder of the corporation shall be deemed to be a specified shareholder of the corporation at that time if the individual , or any person or partnership with whom the individual does not deal at arm ’ s length , is , or by virtue of any arrangement may become , entitled , directly or indirectly , to not less than 10 % of the notwithstanding paragraph ( b ) , where a beneficiary ’ s share of the income or capital of the trust depends on the exercise by any person of , or the failure by any person to exercise , any discretionary power , the beneficiary shall be deemed to own each share of the capital stock of a corporation owned at that time by the trust ; ( actionnaire déterminé specified synthetic equity arrangement , in respect of a DRA share of a person or partnership , means one or more agreements or other arrangements that have the effect of providing to a person or partnership all or any portion of the risk of loss or opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the DRA share and , for greater certainty , opportunity for gain or profit includes rights to , benefits from and distributions on a share , and can reasonably be considered to have been entered into in connection with a synthetic equity arrangement , in respect of the DRA share , or in connection with another specified synthetic equity arrangement , in respect of the DRA share ; ( arrangement de capitaux propres synthétiques déterminé specified unitholder , of a partnership or trust ( referred to in this definition as the “ entity ” ) , the interests in which are described by reference to units , means a taxpayer who would be a specified shareholder of the entity if the entity were a corporation and each unit of the entity were a share of a class of the corporation having the same attributes as the unit ; ( détenteur d ’ unité déterminé split income has the meaning assigned by subsection 120.4 ( 1 ) ; ( revenu fractionné stock dividend includes any dividend ( determined without reference to the definition dividend in this subsection ) paid by a corporation to the extent that it is paid by the issuance of shares of any class of the capital stock of the corporation ; ( dividende en actions subsidiary controlled corporation means a corporation more than 50 % of the issued share capital of which ( having full voting rights under all circumstances ) belongs to the corporation to which it is subsidiary ; ( filiale contrôlée subsidiary wholly - owned corporation means a corporation all the issued share capital of which ( except directors ’ qualifying shares ) belongs to the corporation to which it is subsidiary ; ( filiale à cent pour cent superannuation or pension benefit includes any amount received out of or under a superannuation or pension fund or plan ( including , except for the purposes of subparagraph 56 ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) , a pooled registered pension plan ) and , without restricting the generality of the foregoing , includes any payment made to a beneficiary under the fund or plan or to an employer or former employer of the beneficiary under the fund or plan in accordance with the terms of the fund or plan , resulting from an amendment to or modification of the fund or plan , or resulting from the termination of the fund or plan ; ( prestation de retraite ou de pension supplementary unemployment benefit plan has the meaning assigned by subsection 145 ( 1 ) ; ( régime de prestations supplémentaires de chômage synthetic disposition arrangement , in respect of a property owned by a taxpayer , means one or more agreements or other arrangements that are entered into by the taxpayer or by a person or partnership that does not deal at arm ’ s length with the taxpayer , have the effect , or would have the effect if entered into by the taxpayer instead of the person or partnership , of eliminating all or substantially all the taxpayer ’ s risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the property for a definite or indefinite period of time , and can , in respect of any agreement or arrangement entered into by a person or partnership that does not deal at arm ’ s length with the taxpayer , reasonably be considered to have been entered into , in whole or in part , with the purpose of obtaining the effect described in paragraph ( b ) ; ( arrangement de disposition factice synthetic disposition period , of a synthetic disposition arrangement , means the definite or indefinite period of time during which the synthetic disposition arrangement has , or would have , the effect described in paragraph ( b ) of the definition synthetic disposition arrangement in this subsection ; ( période de disposition factice synthetic equity arrangement in respect of a DRA share of a person or partnership ( referred to in this definition as the particular person ) , means one or more agreements or other arrangements that are entered into by the particular person , by a person or partnership that does not deal at arm ’ s length with , or is affiliated with , the particular person ( referred to in this definition as a connected person ) or , for greater certainty , by any combination of the particular person and connected persons , with one or more persons or partnerships ( referred to in this definition as a counterparty and in subsection 112 ( 2.32 ) as a counterparty or an affiliated counterparty as appropriate ) , have the effect , or would have the effect , if each agreement entered into by a connected person were entered into by the particular person , of providing all or substantially all of the risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the DRA share to a counterparty or a group of counterparties each member of which is affiliated with every other member and , for greater certainty , opportunity for gain or profit includes rights to , benefits from and distributions on a share , and if entered into by a connected person , can reasonably be considered to have been entered into with the knowledge , or where there ought to have been the knowledge , that the effect described in subparagraph ( ii ) would result , and does not include an agreement that is traded on a recognized derivatives exchange unless it can reasonably be considered that , at the time the agreement is entered into , the particular person or the connected person , as the case may be , knows or ought to know that the agreement is part of a series of transactions that has the effect of providing all or substantially all of the risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the DRA share to a tax - indifferent investor , or a group of tax - indifferent investors each member of which is affiliated with every other member , or one of the main reasons for entering into the agreement is to obtain the benefit of a deduction in respect of a payment , or a reduction of an amount that would otherwise have been included in income , under the agreement , that corresponds to an expected or actual dividend in respect of a DRA share , one or more agreements or other arrangements that , but for this subparagraph , would be a synthetic equity arrangement , in respect of a share owned by the particular person ( in this subparagraph referred to as the synthetic short position ) , if the particular person has entered into one or more other agreements or other arrangements ( other than , for greater certainty , an agreement under which the share is acquired or an agreement or arrangement under which the particular person receives a deemed dividend and is provided with all or substantially all of the risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the share ) that have the effect of providing all or substantially all of the risk of loss and opportunity for gain or profit in respect of the share to the particular person ( synthetic long position ) , the synthetic short position has the effect of offsetting all amounts included or deducted in computing the income of the particular person with respect to the synthetic long position , and the synthetic short position was entered into for the purpose of obtaining the effect referred to in clause ( B ) , and an agreement to purchase the shares of a corporation , or a purchase agreement that is part of a series of agreements to purchase the shares of a corporation , under which a counterparty or a group of counterparties each member of which is affiliated with every other member acquires control of the corporation that has issued the shares being purchased , unless the main reason for establishing , incorporating or operating the corporation is to have this subparagraph apply ; ( arrangement de capitaux propres synthétiques synthetic equity arrangement chain , in respect of a share owned by a person or partnership , means a synthetic equity arrangement — or a synthetic equity arrangement in combination with one or more specified synthetic equity arrangements — where no party to the synthetic equity arrangement or a specified synthetic equity arrangement , if any , is a tax - indifferent investor , and each other party to these agreements or arrangements is affiliated with the person or partnership ; ( chaîne d ’ arrangements de capitaux propres synthétiques tar sands means bituminous sands or oil shales extracted , otherwise than by a well , from a mineral resource , but , for the purpose of applying sections 13 and 20 and any regulations made for the purpose of paragraph 20 ( 1 ) ( a ) in respect of property acquired after March 6 , 1996 , includes material extracted by a well from a deposit of bituminous sands or oil shales ; ( sables asphaltiques taxable Canadian corporation société canadienne imposable taxable Canadian property of a taxpayer at any time in a taxation year means a property of the taxpayer that is real or immovable property situated in Canada , property used or held by the taxpayer in , property included in Class 14.1 of Schedule II to the Income Tax Regulations in respect of , or property described in an inventory of , a business carried on in Canada , other than property used in carrying on an insurance business , and where the taxpayer is non - resident , ships and aircraft used principally in international traffic and personal or movable property pertaining to their operation if the country in which the taxpayer is resident does not impose tax on gains of persons resident in Canada from dispositions of such property , if the taxpayer is an insurer , its designated insurance property for the year , a share of the capital stock of a corporation ( other than a mutual fund corporation ) that is not listed on a designated stock exchange , an interest in a partnership or an interest in a trust ( other than a unit of a mutual fund trust or an income interest in a trust resident in Canada ) , if , at any particular time during the 60 - month period that ends at that time , more than 50 % of the fair market value of the share or interest , as the case may be , was real or immovable property situated in Canada , Canadian resource properties , timber resource properties , and options in respect of , or interests in , or for civil law rights in , property described in any of subparagraphs ( i ) to ( iii ) , whether or not the property exists , a share of the capital stock of a corporation that is listed on a designated stock exchange , a share of the capital stock of a mutual fund corporation or a unit of a mutual fund trust , if , at any particular time during the 60 - month period that ends at that time , 25 % or more of the issued shares of any class of the capital stock of the corporation , or 25 % or more of the issued units of the trust , as the case may be , were owned by or belonged to one or any combination of the taxpayer , persons with whom the taxpayer did not deal at arm ’ s length , and partnerships in which the taxpayer or a person referred to in clause ( B ) holds a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships , and more than 50 % of the fair market value of the share or unit , as the case may be , was derived directly or indirectly from one or any combination of properties described under subparagraphs ( d ) ( i ) to ( iv ) , or an option in respect of , or an interest in , or for civil law a right in , a property described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e ) , whether or not the property exists , and , for the purposes of section 2 , subsection 107 ( 2.001 ) and sections 128.1 and 150 , and for the purpose of applying paragraphs 85 ( 1 ) ( i ) and 97 ( 2 ) ( c ) to a disposition by a non - resident person , includes a Canadian resource property , an income interest in a trust resident in Canada , a right to a share of the income or loss under an agreement referred to in paragraph 96 ( 1.1 ) ( a ) , and a life insurance policy in Canada ; ( bien canadien imposable taxable capital gain gain en capital imposable taxable dividend dividende imposable taxable income has the meaning assigned by subsection 2 ( 2 ) , except that in no case may a taxpayer ’ s taxable income be less than nil ; ( revenu imposable taxable income earned in Canada means a taxpayer ’ s taxable income earned in Canada determined in accordance with Division D of Part I , except that in no case may a taxpayer ’ s taxable income earned in Canada be less than nil ; ( revenu imposable gagné au Canada taxable net gain from dispositions of listed personal property has the meaning assigned by section 41 ; ( gain net imposable at any particular time means a share issued after December 15 , 1987 that is a short - term preferred share at that particular time , or a share ( other than a grandfathered share ) of the capital stock of a corporation issued after 8 : 00 p.m Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 where , at that particular time by reason of the terms or conditions of the share or any agreement in respect of the share or its issue to which the corporation , or a specified person in relation to the corporation , is a party , it may reasonably be considered , having regard to all the circumstances , that the amount of the dividends that may be declared or paid on the share ( in this definition referred to as the “ dividend entitlement ” ) is , by way of a formula or otherwise fixed , limited to a maximum , or established to be not less than a minimum ( including any amount determined on a cumulative basis ) and with respect to the dividend that may be declared or paid on the share there is a preference over any other dividend that may be declared or paid on any other share of the capital stock of the corporation , it may reasonably be considered , having regard to all the circumstances , that the amount that the shareholder is entitled to receive in respect of the share on the dissolution , liquidation or winding - up of the corporation or on the redemption , acquisition or cancellation of the share ( unless the requirement to redeem , acquire or cancel the share arises only in the event of the death of the shareholder or by reason only of a right to convert or exchange the share ) or on a reduction of the paid - up capital of the fixed , limited to a maximum , or established to be not less than a minimum , and , for the purposes of this subparagraph , includes a shareholder of a shareholder , the share is convertible or exchangeable at any time , unless it is convertible into or exchangeable for another share of the corporation or a corporation related to the corporation that , if issued , would not be a taxable preferred share , a right or warrant that , if exercised , would allow the person exercising it to acquire only a share of the corporation or a corporation related to the corporation that , if issued , would not be a taxable preferred share , or ( III ) both a share described in subclause ( I ) and a right or warrant described in subclause ( II ) , and all the consideration receivable for the share on the conversion or exchange is the share described in subclause ( I ) or the right or warrant described in subclause ( II ) or both , as the case may be , and , for the purposes of this clause , where a taxpayer may become entitled on the conversion or exchange of a share to receive any particular consideration ( other than consideration described in any of subclauses ( I ) to ( III ) ) in lieu of a fraction of a share , the particular consideration shall be any person ( other than the corporation ) was , at or immediately before that particular time , obligated , either absolutely or contingently , and either immediately or in the future , to effect any undertaking ( in this subparagraph referred to as a “ guarantee agreement ” ) , including any guarantee , covenant or agreement to purchase or repurchase the share , and including the lending of funds to or the placing of amounts on deposit with , or on behalf of , the shareholder or any specified person in relation to the shareholder given to ensure that any loss that the shareholder or a specified person in relation to the shareholder may sustain by reason of the ownership , holding or disposition of the share or any other property is limited in any respect , or to ensure that the shareholder or a specified person in relation to the shareholder will derive earnings by reason of the ownership , holding or disposition of the share or any other property , and the guarantee agreement was given as part of a transaction or event or a series of transactions or events that included the issuance of the share and , for the purposes of this paragraph , where a guarantee agreement in respect of a share is given at any particular time after 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 , otherwise than pursuant to a written arrangement to do so entered into before 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 , the share shall be deemed to have but does not include a share that is at the particular time a prescribed share or a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection during the applicable time period referred to in that paragraph and , for the purposes of this definition , the dividend entitlement of a share of the capital stock of a corporation shall be deemed not to be fixed , limited to a maximum or established to be not less than a minimum where all dividends on the share are determined solely by reference to the dividend entitlement of another share of the capital stock of the corporation or of another corporation that controls the corporation that would not be a taxable preferred share if this definition were read without reference to paragraph ( f ) , the other share were issued after June 18 , 1987 , and the other share were not a grandfathered share , a prescribed share or a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection , the liquidation entitlement of a share of the capital stock of a corporation shall be deemed not to be fixed , limited to a maximum or established to be not less than a minimum where all the liquidation entitlement is determinable solely by reference to the liquidation entitlement of another share of the capital stock of the corporation or of another corporation that controls the corporation that would not be a taxable preferred share if this definition were read without reference to paragraph ( f ) , the other share were issued after June 18 , 1987 , and the other share were not a grandfathered share , a prescribed share or a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection , where at any particular time after 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 , otherwise than pursuant to a written arrangement to do so entered into before 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 , the terms or conditions of a share of the capital stock of a corporation that are relevant to any matter referred to in any of subparagraphs ( b ) ( i ) to ( b ) ( iv ) are established or modified or any agreement in respect of any such matter , the share is a share described in paragraph ( b ) of the definition grandfathered share in this subsection , and the particular time is before December 16 , 1987 and before the time at which the share is first issued , in the case of a share the agreement in respect of which provides that the share is to be acquired within 60 days after the day on which the agreement was entered into , that does not exceed the greater of the fair market value of the share at the time the agreement was entered into , determined without reference to the agreement , and the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition , determined without reference to the agreement , or that does not exceed the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition , determined without reference to the agreement , or for an amount determined by reference to the assets or earnings of the corporation where that determination may reasonably be considered to be used to determine an amount that does not exceed the fair market value of the share at the time of the acquisition , determined without reference to the agreement , where it may reasonably be considered that the dividends that may be declared or paid to a shareholder at any time on a share ( other than a prescribed share or a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection during the applicable time period referred to in that paragraph ) of the capital stock of a corporation issued after December 15 , 1987 or acquired after June 15 , 1988 are derived primarily from dividends received on taxable preferred shares of the capital stock of another corporation , and it may reasonably be considered that the share was issued or acquired as part of a transaction or event or series of transactions or events one of the main purposes of which was to avoid or limit the application of Part IV . 1 or VI . 1 , the share shall be deemed at that time to be a taxable preferred share , and specified person , in relation to any particular person , means another person with whom the particular person does not deal at arm ’ s length or any partnership or trust of which the particular person or the other person is a member or beneficiary , respectively ; ( action privilégiée imposable taxable RFI share at any particular time means a share of the capital stock of a corporation issued before 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 or a grandfathered share of the capital stock of a corporation , where at the particular time under the terms or conditions of the share or any agreement in respect of the share , it may reasonably be considered , having regard to all the circumstances , that the amount of the dividends that may be declared or paid on the share ( in this definition referred to as the “ dividend entitlement ” ) is , by way of a formula or otherwise established to be not less than a minimum , or it may reasonably be considered , having regard to all the circumstances , that the amount that the shareholder is entitled to receive in respect of the share on the dissolution , liquidation or winding - up of the corporation ( in this definition referred to as the “ liquidation entitlement ” ) is , by way of formula or otherwise established to be not less than a minimum , but does not include a share that is at the particular time a prescribed share , a term preferred share , a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection during the applicable time period referred to in that paragraph or a taxable preferred share and , for the purposes of this definition , the dividend entitlement of a share of the capital stock of a corporation shall be deemed not to be fixed , limited to a maximum or established to be not less than a minimum where all dividends on the share are determined solely by reference to the dividend entitlement of another share of the capital stock of the corporation or of another corporation that controls the corporation that would not be a taxable preferred share if the definition in this subsection were read without reference to paragraph ( f ) of that definition , the liquidation entitlement of a share of the capital stock of a corporation shall be deemed not to be fixed , limited to a maximum or established to be not less than a minimum where all the liquidation entitlement is determinable solely by reference to the liquidation entitlement of another share of the capital stock of the corporation or of another corporation that controls the corporation that would not be a taxable preferred share if the definition in this subsection were read without reference to paragraph ( f ) of that definition , in this subsection , and it may reasonably be considered that the dividends that may be declared or paid to a shareholder at any time on a share ( other than a prescribed share or a share described in paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection during the applicable time period referred to in that paragraph ) of the capital stock of a corporation issued after December 15 , 1987 or acquired after June 15 , 1988 are derived primarily from dividends received on taxable RFI shares of the capital stock of another corporation , and it may reasonably be considered that the share was issued or acquired as part of a transaction or event or series of transactions or events one of the main purposes of which was to avoid or limit the application of Part IV . 1 , the share shall be deemed at that time to be a taxable RFI share ; ( action particulière à une institution financière tax - indifferent investor , at any time , means a person or partnership that is at that time a person exempt from tax under section 149 , a non - resident person , other than a person to which all amounts paid or credited under a synthetic equity arrangement or a specified synthetic equity arrangement may reasonably be attributed to the business carried on by the person in Canada through a permanent establishment ( as defined by regulation ) in Canada , a trust resident in Canada ( other than a specified mutual fund trust ) if any of the interests as a beneficiary under the trust is not a fixed interest ( as defined in subsection 251.2 ( 1 ) ) in the trust ( in this definition referred to as a discretionary trust a partnership more than 10 % of the fair market value of all interests in which can reasonably be considered to be held , directly or indirectly through one or more trusts or partnerships , by any combination of persons described in paragraphs ( a ) to ( c ) , or a trust resident in Canada ( other than a specified mutual fund trust or a discretionary trust ) if more than 10 % of the fair market value of all interests as beneficiaries under the trust can reasonably be considered to be held , directly or indirectly through one or more trusts or partnerships , by any combination of persons described in paragraph ( a ) or ( c ) ; ( investisseur indifférent relativement à l ’ impôt taxpayer includes any person whether or not liable to pay tax ; ( contribuables tax shelter has the meaning assigned by subsection 237.1 ( 1 ) ; ( abri fiscal tax treaty with a country at any time means a comprehensive agreement or convention for the elimination of double taxation on income , between the Government of Canada and the government of the country , which has the force of law in Canada at that time ; ( traité fiscal 10 / 8 policy means a life insurance policy ( other than an annuity ) where an amount is or may become payable , under the terms of a borrowing , to a person or partnership that has been assigned an interest in the policy or in an investment account in respect of the policy , or payable ( within the meaning assigned by the definition amount payable in subsection 138 ( 12 ) ) under a policy loan ( as defined in subsection 148 ( 9 ) ) made in accordance with the terms and conditions of the policy , and the return credited to an investment account in respect of the policy is determined by reference to the rate of interest on the borrowing or policy loan , as the case may be , described in paragraph ( a ) , and would not be credited to the account if the borrowing or policy loan , as the case may be , were not in existence , or the maximum amount of an investment account in respect of the policy is determined by reference to the amount of the borrowing or policy loan , as the case may be , described in paragraph ( a ) ; ( police 10 / 8 of a corporation ( in this definition referred to as the issuing corporation ) means a share of a class of the capital stock of the issuing corporation if the share was issued or acquired after June 28 , 1982 and , at the time the share was issued or acquired , the existence of the issuing corporation was , or there was an arrangement under which it could be , limited or , in the case of a share issued after November 16 , 1978 if under the terms or conditions of the share , any agreement relating to the share or any modification of those terms or conditions or that agreement , the owner thereof may cause the share to be redeemed , acquired or cancelled ( unless the owner of the share may cause the share to be redeemed , acquired or cancelled by reason only of a right to convert or exchange the share ) or cause its paid - up capital to be reduced , the issuing corporation or any other person or partnership is or may be required to redeem , acquire or cancel , in whole or in part , the share ( unless the requirement to redeem , acquire or cancel the share arises by reason only of a right to convert or exchange the share ) or to reduce its paid - up capital , the issuing corporation or any other person or partnership provides or may be required to provide any form of guarantee , security or similar indemnity or covenant ( including the lending of funds to or the placing of amounts on deposit with , or on behalf of , the holder thereof or any person related thereto ) with respect to the share , or the share is convertible or exchangeable unless another share of the issuing corporation or a corporation related to the issuing corporation that , if issued , would not be a term preferred share , a right or warrant that , if exercised , would allow the person exercising it to acquire only a share of the issuing corporation or a corporation related to the issuing corporation that , if issued , would not be a term preferred share , or both a share described in subclause ( I ) and a right or warrant described in subclause ( II ) , and all the consideration receivable for the share on the conversion or exchange is the share described in subclause ( A ) ( I ) or the right or warrant described in subclause ( A ) ( II ) or both , as the case may be , and , for the purposes of this clause , where a taxpayer may become entitled on the conversion or exchange of a share to receive any particular consideration ( other than consideration described in any of subclauses ( A ) ( I ) to ( A ) ( III ) ) in lieu the owner thereof acquired the share after October 23 , 1979 and is a corporation described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e . 1 ) of the definition a corporation that is controlled by one or more corporations described in subparagraph ( i ) , a corporation that acquired the share after December 11 , 1979 and is related to a corporation referred to in subparagraph ( i ) or ( ii ) , or a partnership or trust of which a corporation referred to in subparagraph ( i ) or ( ii ) or a person related thereto is a member or a beneficiary , that ( either alone or together with any of such corporations , partnerships or trusts ) controls or has an absolute or contingent right to control or to acquire control of the issuing corporation , but does not include a share of the capital stock of a corporation that was issued after November 16 , 1978 and before 1980 pursuant to an agreement in writing to do so made before November 17 , 1978 ( in this definition referred to as an “ established agreement ” ) , that was issued as a stock dividend before April 22 , 1980 on a share of the capital stock of a public corporation that was not a term preferred share , or after April 21 , 1980 on a share that was , at the time the stock dividend was paid , a share prescribed for the purposes of paragraph ( f ) , ( d . 1 ) that is listed on a designated stock exchange in Canada and was issued before April 22 , 1980 by a corporation referred to in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( d ) of the definition a corporation whose principal business is the lending of money or the purchasing of debt obligations or a combination thereof , or an issuing corporation associated with a corporation described in subparagraph ( i ) or ( ii ) , for a period not exceeding ten years and , in the case of a share issued after November 12 , 1981 , for a period not exceeding five years , from the date of its issuance , which share was issued by a corporation resident in Canada , as part of a proposal to , or an arrangement with , its creditors that had been approved by a court under the at a time when all or substantially all of its assets were under the control of a receiver , receiver - manager , sequestrator or trustee in bankruptcy , or at a time when , by reason of financial difficulty , the issuing corporation or another corporation resident in Canada with which it does not deal at arm ’ s length was in default , or could reasonably be expected to default , on a debt obligation held by a person with whom the issuing corporation or the other corporation was dealing at arm ’ s length and the share was issued either wholly or in substantial part and either directly or indirectly in exchange or substitution for that obligation or a part thereof , and , in the case of a share issued after November 12 , 1981 , the proceeds from the issue may reasonably be regarded as having been used by the issuing corporation or a corporation with which it was not dealing at arm ’ s length in the financing of its business carried on in Canada immediately before the share was issued , that is a prescribed share , or that is a taxable preferred share held by a specified financial institution that acquired the share before December 16 , 1987 , or before 1989 pursuant to an agreement in writing entered into before December 16 , 1987 , other than a share deemed by paragraph ( c ) of the definition in this subsection or by paragraph ( i . 2 ) to have been issued after December 15 , 1987 or a share that would be deemed by paragraph ( e ) of the definition in this subsection to have been issued after December 15 , 1987 if the references therein to “ 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time , June 18 , 1987 ” were read as references to “ December 15 , 1987 ” , where the terms or conditions of an established agreement were amended after November 16 , 1978 , the agreement shall be deemed to have been made after that date , at any particular time the terms or conditions of a share issued pursuant to an established agreement or of any agreement relating to such a share have been changed , under the terms or conditions of a share of a class of the capital stock of the issuing corporation issued before November 17 , 1978 ( other than a share that was listed on November 16 , 1978 on a prescribed stock exchange in Canada ) , a share issued pursuant to an established agreement , any agreement between the issuing corporation and the owner of a share described in clause ( A ) or ( B ) , or any agreement relating to a share described in clause ( A ) or ( B ) made after October 23 , 1979 , the owner thereof could at any particular time after November 16 , 1978 require , either alone or together with one or more taxpayers , the redemption , acquisition , cancellation , conversion or reduction of the paid - up capital of the share otherwise than by reason of a failure or default under the terms or conditions of the share or any agreement that related to , and was entered into at the time of , the issuance of the share , in respect of a share issued before November 17 , 1978 , at any particular time after November 16 , 1978 the redemption date was extended or the terms or conditions relating to its redemption , acquisition , cancellation , conversion or reduction of its paid - up capital were changed , at a particular time after October 23 , 1979 and before November 13 , 1981 , a specified financial institution ( or a partnership or trust of which a specified financial institution or a person related to the institution is a member or beneficiary ) acquired a share that was issued before November 17 , 1978 or under an established agreement , was issued to a person other than a corporation that was , at the time of issue , described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( e ) of the definition a corporation that was controlled by one or more corporations described in subclause ( I ) and , for the purpose of this subclause , one corporation is controlled by another corporation if more than 50 % of its issued share capital ( having full voting rights under all circumstances ) belongs to the other corporation , to persons with whom the other corporation does not deal at arm ’ s length , or to the other corporation and persons with whom the other corporation does not deal at arm ’ s length , was acquired from a person that was , at the particular time , a person other than a corporation described in subclause ( B ) ( I ) or ( II ) , and was acquired otherwise than under an agreement in writing made before October 24 , 1979 , at any particular time after November 12 , 1981 in respect of a share ( other than a share referred to in paragraph ( e ) or a share listed on November 13 , 1981 on a prescribed stock exchange in Canada ) issued after November 16 , 1978 and before November 13 , 1981 , or a share issued after November 12 , 1981 and before 1983 pursuant to an agreement in writing to do so made before November 13 , 1981 ( in this definition referred to as a “ specified agreement ” ) the owner thereof could require , either alone or together with one or more taxpayers , the redemption , acquisition , cancellation , conversion or reduction of the paid - up capital of the share otherwise than by reason of a failure or default under the terms or conditions of the share or any agreement that related to , and was entered into at the time of , the issuance of the share , or the redemption date of a share issued after November 16 , 1978 and before November 13 , 1981 or a share issued pursuant to a specified agreement was extended or the terms or conditions relating to its redemption , acquisition , cancellation , conversion or reduction of its paid - up capital were changed , or at a particular time after November 12 , 1981 , a specified financial institution ( or a partnership or trust of which a specified financial institution or a person related to the institution is a member or beneficiary ) acquired a share ( other than a share referred to in paragraph ( e ) ) that was issued before November 13 , 1981 or under a specified agreement , was acquired from a partnership or person , other than a person that was , at the particular time , a corporation described in any of paragraphs ( a ) to ( f ) of the definition was acquired in an acquisition that was not subject to nor conditional on a guarantee agreement , within the meaning assigned by subsection 112 ( 2.2 ) , entered into after November 12 , 1981 , and was acquired otherwise than under an agreement in writing made before October 24 , 1979 or a specified agreement , the share shall , for the purposes of determining at any time after the particular time whether it is a term preferred share , be deemed to have been issued at the particular time otherwise than pursuant to an established or specified agreement , where the terms or conditions of a share of the capital stock of the issuing corporation are modified or established after June 28 , 1982 and as a consequence thereof the issuing corporation , any person related thereto or any partnership or trust of which the issuing corporation or a person related thereto is a member or a beneficiary may reasonably be expected at any time to redeem , acquire or cancel , in whole or in part , the share or to reduce its paid - up capital , the share shall be deemed as from the date of ( i . 1 ) it may reasonably be considered that the dividends that may be declared or paid at any time on a share ( other than a prescribed share or a share described in paragraph ( e ) during the applicable time period referred to in that paragraph ) of the capital stock of a corporation issued after December 15 , 1987 or acquired after June 15 , 1988 are derived primarily from dividends received on term preferred shares of the capital stock of another corporation , and it may reasonably be considered that the share was issued or acquired as part of a transaction or event or series of transactions or events one of the main purposes of which was to avoid or limit the application of subsection 112 ( 2.1 ) or 138 ( 6 ) , the share shall be deemed at that time to be a term preferred share acquired in the ordinary course of business , ( i . 2 ) where at any particular time after December 15 , 1987 , otherwise than pursuant to a written arrangement to do so entered into before December 16 , 1987 , the terms or conditions of a taxable preferred share of the capital stock of a corporation relating to any matter referred to in subparagraphs ( a ) ( i ) to ( iv ) have been modified or established , or any agreement in respect of the share relating to any such matter has been changed or entered into by the corporation or a specified person ( within the meaning assigned in this subsection ) in relation to the corporation , the share shall be deemed after that particular time to have been issued at that particular time , and , where a particular share of the capital stock of a corporation has been issued or its terms and conditions have been modified and it may reasonably be considered , having regard to all circumstances ( including the rate of interest on any debt or the dividend provided on any term preferred share ) , that but for the existence at any time of the debt or the term preferred share , the particular share would not have been issued or its terms or conditions modified , and one of the main purposes for the issue of the particular share or for the modification of its terms or conditions was to avoid a limitation provided by subsection 112 ( 2.1 ) or 138 ( 6 ) in respect of a deduction , the particular share shall be deemed after December 31 , 1982 to be a term preferred share of the corporation ; ( action privilégiée à terme testamentary trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 108 ( 1 ) ; ( fiducie testamentaire TFSA , being a tax - free savings account , has the meaning assigned by subsection 146.2 ( 5 ) ; ( compte d ’ épargne libre d ’ impôt timber resource property has the meaning assigned by subsection 13 ( 21 ) ; ( avoir forestier total pension adjustment reversal of a taxpayer for a calendar year has the meaning assigned by regulation ; ( facteur d ’ équivalence rectifié total Treasury Board means the Treasury Board established by section 5 of the Financial Administration Act Conseil du Trésor treaty - protected business of a taxpayer at any time means a business in respect of which any income of the taxpayer for a period that includes that time would , because of a tax treaty with another country , be exempt from tax under Part I ; ( entreprise protégée par traité treaty - protected property of a taxpayer at any time means property any income or gain from the disposition of which by the taxpayer at that time would , because of a tax treaty with another country , be exempt from tax under Part I ; ( bien protégé par traité trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 104 ( 1 ) and , unless the context otherwise requires , includes an estate ; ( fiducie trust account number means the number ( other than a business number ) used by the Minister to identify a trust , and of which the Minister has notified the trust ; ( numéro de compte en fiducie undepreciated capital cost to a taxpayer of depreciable property of a prescribed class has the meaning assigned by subsection 13 ( 21 ) ; ( fraction non amortie du coût en capital unit trust has the meaning assigned by subsection 108 ( 2 ) ; ( fiducie d ’ investissement à participation unitaire unused RRSP deduction room of a taxpayer at the end of a taxation year has the meaning assigned by subsection 146 ( 1 ) ; ( déductions inutilisées au titre des REER unused scientific research and experimental development tax credit of a taxpayer for a taxation year has the meaning assigned by subsection 127.3 ( 2 ) ; ( partie inutilisée du crédit d ’ impôt pour des activités de recherche scientifique et de développement expérimental unused share - purchase tax credit of a taxpayer for a taxation year has the meaning assigned by subsection 127.2 ( 6 ) . ( partie inutilisée du crédit d ’ impôt à l ’ achat d ’ actions Non - disposition before December 24 , 1998 ( 1.1 ) A redemption , an acquisition or a cancellation , at any particular time after 1971 and before December 24 , 1998 , of a share or of a right to acquire a share ( which share or which right , as the case may be , is referred to in this subsection as the “ security ” ) of the capital stock of a corporation ( referred to in this subsection as the “ issuing corporation ” ) held by another corporation ( referred to in this subsection as the “ disposing corporation ” ) is not a disposition ( in section 54 as that section read in its application to transactions and events that occurred at the particular time ) of the security if the redemption , acquisition or cancellation occurred as part of a merger or combination of two or more corporations ( including the issuing corporation and the disposing corporation ) to form one corporate entity ( referred to in this subsection as the “ new corporation ” ) ; the merger or combination is an amalgamation ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 1 ) as it read at the particular time ) to which subsection 87 ( 11 ) if in force , and as it read , at the particular time did not apply , is an amalgamation ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 1 ) as it read at the particular time ) to which subsection 87 ( 11 ) if in force , and as it read , at the particular time applies , if the issuing corporation and the disposing corporation are described by subsection 87 ( 11 ) ( if in force , and as it read , at the particular time ) as the parent and the subsidiary , respectively , occurred before November 13 , 1981 and is a merger of corporations that is described by subsection 87 ( 8 ) ( as it read in respect of the merger or combination ) , or occurred after November 12 , 1981 and is a foreign merger ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 8.1 ) as it read in respect of the merger or combination ) , or all of the following conditions are met : the merger or combination is not a foreign merger ( within the meaning assigned by subsection 87 ( 8.1 ) as it read in respect of the merger or combination ) , subsection 87 ( 8.1 ) , as it read in respect of the merger or combination , contained a subparagraph ( c ) ( ii ) , and the merger or combination would be a foreign merger ( within the meaning of subsection 87 ( 8.1 ) , as it read in respect of the merger or combination ) if that subparagraph 87 ( 8.1 ) ( c ) ( ii ) were read as follows : “ ( ii ) if , immediately after the merger , the new foreign corporation was controlled by another foreign corporation ( in this subsection referred to as the “ parent corporation ” ) , shares of the capital stock of the parent corporation , ” ; and the disposing corporation received no consideration for the security , or in the case where the merger or combination is described by subparagraph ( b ) ( iv ) , the disposing corporation received no consideration for the security other than property that was , immediately before the merger or combination , owned by the issuing corporation and that , on the merger or combination , became property of the new corporation . Tax payable ( 2 ) In this Act , the tax payable by a taxpayer under any Part of this Act by or under which provision is made for the assessment of tax means the tax payable by the taxpayer as fixed by assessment or reassessment subject to variation on objection or on appeal , if any , in accordance with the provisions of that Part . Property subject to certain Quebec institutions and arrangements ( 3 ) For the purposes of this Act , if property is subject to an institution or arrangement that is described by this subsection and that is governed by the laws of the Province of Quebec , the following rules apply in respect of the property : if at any time property is subject to a usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , the usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , as the case may be , is deemed to be at that time a trust , and where the usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , as the case may be , is created by will , a trust created by will , the property is deemed where the usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , as the case may be , arises on the death of a testator , to have been transferred to the trust on and as a consequence of the death of the testator , and not otherwise , and where the usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , as the case may be , arises otherwise , to have been transferred ( at the time it first became subject to the usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , as the case may be ) to the trust by the person that granted the usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , and the property is deemed to be , throughout the period in which it is subject to the usufruct , right of use or habitation , or substitution , as the case may be , held by the trust , and not otherwise ; an arrangement ( other than a partnership , a qualifying arrangement or an arrangement that is a trust determined without reference to this paragraph ) is deemed to be a trust and property subject to rights and obligations under the arrangement is , if the arrangement is deemed by this paragraph to be a trust , deemed to be held in trust and not otherwise , where the arrangement is established before October 31 , 2003 by or under a written contract that is governed by the laws of the Province of Quebec , and provides that , for the purposes of this Act , the arrangement shall be considered to be a trust , and creates rights and obligations that are substantially similar to the rights and obligations under a trust ( determined without reference to this subsection ) ; if the arrangement is a qualifying arrangement , the arrangement is deemed to be a trust , any property contributed at any time to the arrangement by an annuitant , a holder or a subscriber of the arrangement , as the case may be , is deemed to have been transferred , at that time , to the trust by the contributor , and property subject to rights and obligations under the arrangement is deemed to be held in trust and not otherwise ; a person who has a right ( whether immediate or future and whether absolute or contingent ) to receive all or part of the income or capital in respect of property that is referred to in paragraph ( a ) or ( b ) is deemed to be beneficially interested in the trust ; and notwithstanding that a property is at any time subject to a servitude , the property is deemed to be beneficially owned by a person at that time if , at that time , the person has in relation to the property the right of ownership , a right as a lessee under an emphyteusis , or a right as a beneficiary in a trust . Gift of bare ownership of immovables ( 3.1 ) Subsection ( 3 ) does not apply in respect of a usufruct or a right of use of an immovable in circumstances where a taxpayer disposes of the bare ownership of the immovable by way of a gift to a qualified donee and retains , for life , the usufruct or the right of use . Qualifying arrangement ( 3.2 ) For the purposes of paragraphs 248 ( 3 ) ( b ) and ( c ) , an arrangement is a qualifying arrangement if it is entered into with a corporation that is licensed or otherwise authorized under the laws of Canada or a province to carry on in Canada the business of offering to the public its services as trustee ; established by or under a written contract that is governed by the laws of the Province of Quebec ; presented as a declaration of trust or provides that , for the purposes of this Act , it shall be considered to be a trust ; and presented as an arrangement in respect of which the corporation is to take action for the arrangement to become a registered disability savings plan , a registered education savings plan , a registered retirement income fund , a registered retirement savings plan or a TFSA . Interest in real property ( 4 ) In this Act , an interest in real property includes a leasehold interest in real property but does not include an interest as security only derived by virtue of a mortgage , agreement for sale or similar obligation . Real right in immovables ( 4.1 ) In this Act , a real right in an immovable includes a lease but does not include a security right derived by virtue of a hypothec , agreement for sale or similar obligation . Substituted property ( 5 ) For the purposes of this Act , other than paragraph 98 ( 1 ) ( a ) , where a person has disposed of or exchanged a particular property and acquired other property in substitution therefor and subsequently , by one or more further transactions , has effected one or more further substitutions , the property acquired by any such transaction shall be deemed to have been substituted for the particular property ; and any share received as a stock dividend on another share of the capital stock of a corporation shall be deemed to be property substituted for that other share . “ Class ” of shares issued in series ( 6 ) In its application in relation to a corporation that has issued shares of a class of its capital stock in one or more series , a reference in this Act to the “ class ” shall be read , with such modifications as the circumstances require , as a reference to a “ series of the class . ” Receipt of things mailed ( 7 ) For the purposes of this Act , anything ( other than a remittance or payment described in paragraph 248 ( 7 ) ( b ) ) sent by first class mail or its equivalent shall be deemed to have been received by the person to whom it was sent on the day it was mailed ; and the remittance or payment of an amount deducted or withheld , or payable by a corporation , as required by this Act or a regulation shall be deemed to have been made on the day on which it is received by the Receiver General . Occurrences as a consequence of death ( 8 ) For the purpose of this Act , a transfer , distribution or acquisition of property under or as a consequence of the terms of the will or other testamentary instrument of a taxpayer or the taxpayer ’ s spouse or common - law partner or as a consequence of the law governing the intestacy of a taxpayer or the taxpayer ’ s spouse or common - law partner shall be considered to be a transfer , distribution or acquisition of the property as a consequence of the death of the taxpayer or the taxpayer ’ s spouse or common - law partner , as the case may a transfer , distribution or acquisition of property as a consequence of a disclaimer , release or surrender by a person who was a beneficiary under the will or other testamentary instrument or on the intestacy of a taxpayer or the taxpayer ’ s spouse or common - law partner shall be considered to be a transfer , distribution or acquisition of the property as a consequence of the death of the taxpayer or the taxpayer ’ s spouse or common - law partner , as the case may be ; and a release or surrender by a beneficiary under the will or other testamentary instrument or on the intestacy of a taxpayer with respect to any property that was property of the taxpayer immediately before the taxpayer ’ s death shall be considered not to be a disposition of the property by the beneficiary . Definitions ( 9 ) In subsection 248 ( 8 ) , disclaimer includes a renunciation of a succession made under the laws of the Province of Quebec that is not made in favour of any person , but does not include any disclaimer made after the period ending 36 months after the death of the taxpayer unless written application therefor has been made to the Minister by the taxpayer ’ s legal representative within that period and the disclaimer is made within such longer period as the Minister considers reasonable in the circumstances ; ( renonciation release or surrender a release or surrender made under the laws of a province ( other than the Province of Quebec ) that does not direct in any manner who is entitled to benefit therefrom , or a gift inter vivos made under the laws of the Province of Quebec of an interest in , or right to property of , a succession that is made to the person or persons who would have benefited if the donor had made a renunciation of the succession that was not made in favour of any person , and that is made within the period ending 36 months after the death of the taxpayer or , where written application therefor has been made to the Minister by the taxpayer ’ s legal representative within that period , within such longer period as the Minister considers reasonable in the circumstances . ( abandon How trust created ( 9.1 ) For the purposes of this Act , a trust shall be considered to be created by a taxpayer ’ s will if the trust is created under the terms of the taxpayer ’ s will ; or by an order of a court in relation to the taxpayer ’ s estate made under any law of a province that provides for the relief or support of dependants . Vested indefeasibly ( 9.2 ) For the purposes of this Act , property shall be deemed not to have vested indefeasibly in a trust under which a taxpayer ’ s spouse or common - law partner is a beneficiary , where the trust is created by the will of the taxpayer , unless the property vested indefeasibly in the trust before the death of the spouse or common - law partner ; and in an individual ( other than a trust ) , unless the property vested indefeasibly in the individual before the death of the individual . Series of transactions ( 10 ) For the purposes of this Act , where there is a reference to a series of transactions or events , the series shall be deemed to include any related transactions or events completed in contemplation of the series . Compound interest ( 11 ) Interest computed at a prescribed rate under any of subsections 129 ( 2.1 ) and ( 2.2 ) , 131 ( 3.1 ) and ( 3.2 ) , 132 ( 2.1 ) and ( 2.2 ) , 133 ( 7.01 ) and ( 7.02 ) , 159 ( 7 ) , 160.1 ( 1 ) , 161 ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 11 ) , 161.1 ( 5 ) , 164 ( 3 ) to ( 4 ) , 181.8 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ( as those two subsections read in their application , chapter 148 of the Revised Statutes of Canada , 1952 ( as that subsection read in its application to taxation years beginning before 1986 ) and subsection 191 ( 2 ) of that Act ( as that subsection read in its application to the 1984 and earlier taxation years ) shall be compounded daily and , where interest is computed on an amount under any of those provisions and is unpaid or unapplied on the day it would , but for this subsection , have ceased to be computed under that provision , interest at the prescribed rate shall Identical properties ( 12 ) For the purposes of this Act , one bond , debenture , bill , note or similar obligation issued by a debtor is identical to another such obligation issued by that debtor if both are identical in respect of all rights ( in equity or otherwise , either immediately or in the future and either absolutely or contingently ) attaching thereto , except as regards the principal amount thereof . Interests in trusts and partnerships ( 13 ) Where after November 12 , 1981 a person has an interest in a trust or partnership , whether directly or indirectly through an interest in any other trust or partnership or in any manner whatever , the person shall , for the purposes of the definitions income bond income debenture and in subsection 248 ( 1 ) , paragraph ( h ) of the definition in that subsection , subsections 84 ( 4.2 ) and 84 ( 4.3 ) and 112 ( 2.6 ) and section 258 , be deemed to be a beneficiary of the trust or a member of the partnership , as the case may be . Related corporations ( 14 ) For the purpose of paragraph ( g ) of the definition in subsection 248 ( 1 ) , where in the case of 2 or more corporations it can reasonably be considered , having regard to all the circumstances , that one of the main reasons for the separate existence of those corporations in a taxation year is to limit or avoid the application of subsection 112 ( 2.1 ) or 112 ( 2.2 ) or 138 ( 6 ) , the 2 or more corporations shall be deemed to be related to each other and to each other corporation to which any such corporation is related . Goods and services tax — change of use ( 15 ) For the purposes of this Act , where a liability for the goods and services tax is incurred in respect of a change of use at any time of a property , the liability so incurred shall be deemed to have been incurred immediately after that time in respect of the acquisition of the property . Goods and services tax — input tax credit and rebate ( 16 ) For the purposes of this Act , other than this subsection and subsection 6 ( 8 ) , an amount claimed by a taxpayer as an input tax credit or rebate with respect to the goods and services tax in respect of a property or service is deemed to be assistance from a government in respect of the property or service that is received by the taxpayer where the amount was claimed by the taxpayer as an input tax credit in a return under Part IX of the Excise Tax Act for a reporting period under that Act , at the particular time that is the earlier of the time that the goods and services tax in respect of the input tax credit was paid and the time that it became payable , if the particular time is in the reporting period , or if , the taxpayer ’ s threshold amount , determined in accordance with subsection 249 ( 1 ) of the , is greater than $ 500,000 for the taxpayer ’ s fiscal year ( within the meaning assigned by that Act ) that includes the particular time , and the taxpayer claimed the input tax credit at least 120 days before the end of the normal reassessment period , as determined under subsection 152 ( 3.1 ) , for the taxpayer in respect of the taxation year that includes the particular time , at the end of the reporting period , if subparagraph ( i ) does not apply , and the taxpayer ’ s threshold amount , determined in accordance with subsection 249 ( 1 ) of the , is $ 500,000 or less for the fiscal year ( within the meaning assigned by that Act ) of the taxpayer that includes the particular time , and in any other case , on the last day of the taxpayer ’ s earliest taxation year that begins after the taxation year that includes the particular time , and for which the normal reassessment period , as determined under subsection 152 ( 3.1 ) , for the taxpayer ends at least 120 days after the time that the input tax credit was claimed ; or where the amount was claimed as a rebate with respect to the goods and services tax , at the time the amount was received or credited . Quebec input tax refund and rebate ( 16.1 ) For the purpose of this Act , other than this subsection and subsection 6 ( 8 ) , an amount claimed by a taxpayer as an input tax refund or a rebate with respect to the Quebec sales tax in respect of a property or service is deemed to be assistance from a government in respect of the property or service that is received by the taxpayer where the amount was claimed by the taxpayer as an input tax refund in a return under An Act respecting the Québec sales tax , R.S.Q. , c . T - 0.1 , for a reporting period under that Act , at the particular time that is the earlier of the time that the Quebec sales tax in respect of the input tax refund was paid and the time that it became payable , if the particular time is in the reporting period , or if , the taxpayer ’ s threshold amount , determined in accordance with section 462 of that Act is greater than $ 500,000 for the taxpayer ’ s fiscal year ( within the meaning assigned by that Act ) that includes the particular time , and the taxpayer claimed the input tax refund at least 120 days before the end of the normal reassessment period , as determined under subsection 152 ( 3.1 ) , for the taxpayer in respect of the taxation year that includes the particular time , at the end of the reporting period , if subparagraph ( i ) does not apply , and the taxpayer ’ s threshold amount , determined in accordance with section 462 of that Act is $ 500,000 or less for the fiscal year ( within the meaning assigned by that Act ) of the taxpayer that includes the particular time , and in any other case , on the last day of the taxpayer ’ s earliest taxation year that begins after the taxation year that includes the particular time , and for which the normal reassessment period , as determined under subsection 152 ( 3.1 ) , for the taxpayer ends at least 120 days after the time that the input tax refund was claimed ; or where the amount was claimed as a rebate with respect to the Quebec sales tax , at the time the amount was received or credited . Application of subsection ( 16 ) to passenger vehicles and aircraft ( 17 ) If the input tax credit of a taxpayer under Part IX of the in respect of a passenger vehicle or aircraft is determined with reference to subsection 202 ( 4 ) of that Act , subparagraphs ( 16 ) ( a ) ( i ) to ( iii ) are to be read as they apply in respect of the passenger vehicle or aircraft , as the case may be , as follows : “ ( i ) at the beginning of the first taxation year or fiscal period of the taxpayer commencing after the end of the taxation year or fiscal period , as the case may be , in which the goods and services tax in respect of such property was considered for the purposes of determining the input tax credit to be payable , if the tax was considered for the purposes of determining the input tax credit to have become payable in the reporting period , or if no such tax was considered for the purposes of determining the input tax credit to have become payable in the reporting period , at the end of the reporting period ; or ” Application of subsection ( 16.1 ) to passenger vehicles and aircraft ( 17.1 ) If the input tax refund of a taxpayer under An Act respecting the Québec sales tax , R.S.Q. , c . T - 0.1 , in respect of a passenger vehicle or aircraft is determined with reference to section 252 of that Act , subparagraphs ( 16.1 ) ( a ) ( i ) to ( iii ) are to be read as they apply in respect of the passenger vehicle or aircraft , as the case may be , as follows : at the beginning of the first taxation year or fiscal period of the taxpayer that begins after the end of the taxation year or fiscal period , as the case may be , in which the Quebec sales tax in respect of such property was considered for the purposes of determining the input tax refund to be payable , if the tax was considered for the purposes of determining the input tax refund to have become payable in the reporting period , or if no such tax was considered for the purposes of determining the input tax refund to have become payable in the reporting period , at the end of the reporting period ; or ” . Input tax credit on assessment ( 17.2 ) An amount in respect of an input tax credit that is deemed by subsection 296 ( 5 ) of the to have been claimed in a return or application filed under Part IX of that Act is deemed to have been so claimed for the reporting period under that Act that includes the time when the Minister makes the assessment referred to in that subsection . Quebec input tax refund on assessment | [
"Income Tax Act",
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http://laws.flrules.org/node/5105 | Electronic Health Records Year 2009 Session Regular Session Bill Number S 162 Chapter Law Number Size Ch_2009172pdf 114 KB | [
"Electronic Health Records"
] |
http://lawsondna.org/Media/virginiacounties/NewKent.html | Lawsons Named Date County in Virginia Documentation 1654 New Kent New Kent County , VA was formed from York County in the year 1654 . See map 1651 - 1660 Nicholas 1689 New Kent The Vestry Book and Register of St . Peter ’ s Parish , New Kent and James City Counties , Virginia 1684 - 1786 , page 10 . At a vestry held at St . Peters Parish Church on 4 May 1689 – It was ordered by the vestry , in obedience to an order of New Kent County Court dated 28 February 1689 , that a Procession and Remarking of the bounds of each person land be done in the Parish between 10 May and 10 June 1689 . In the list of names of Processioner were Nick Lossen and Thomas Moorman . Note : Thomas Moorman ’ s son Andrew Moorman was listed in the above Register as being baptized 4 November 1689 . Andrew Moorman later owned land next to Jonas Lawson in Goochland County , VA . John & John 8 May 1690 Register of St . Peter ' s Parish , Volume I , page 19 - New Kent County , Virginia . John , a son to John Lawson , baptized 8 May 1690 . John , Judith & Elenor 10 Jul 1698 Register of St . Peter ' s Parish , Volume I , page 19 - New Kent County , Virginia . Elenor , a daughter of John Lawson and Judith his wife , baptized 10 July 1698 . Nicholas & John 1704 Early Virginia Families Along the James River Vol . I & II , Henrico & Goochland Counties . New Kent County Rent Rolls – Rent Roll of the Lands held of Her Majestic in the Parish of St . Peters and St . Paul ’ s , anno . 1704 : - Nicholas Lawson 200 acres John Lawson 50 acres Richard & John 1704 Virginia Tax Records – From the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , the William and Mary College Quarterly , and Tyler ’ s Quarterly . Virginia Quit Rent Rolls , 1704 . During the colonial period all landowners in Virginia paid to the King an annual “ quit rent ” of one shilling for every fifty acres . It is singular that , as lists must have been sent annually , only one , that of 1704 , has been discovered . Quit Rent for New Kent County list Richard Lawson with 200 acres and John Lawson 50 acres Note : is this a mistake when it was written or when it was read or is Nicholas full name Richard Nicholas or Nicholas Richard Lawson ? Nicholas 20 Apr 1704 Nicholas Lawson was listed in the Act that divided St . Peter ’ s Parish , 20 April 1704 . The dividing line of the two parishes would be from the mouth of Maccadecun Creed , then up the said creek to Mr . John Lewis ’ s mill , thence down the Queens high road to the Rowlling road that went from Edward Moors to George Turners , thence along the road ( which would put Moor in the upper parish ) to the plantation of John Baughan Sr . who was to be in the upper parish , See Document Vestry Book St . Paul ' s Parish John 22 Jul 1706 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 22 . Vestry held at the Lower Church for St . Paul ’ s Parish in New Kent County , 22 July 1706 . Ordered that Elizabeth Williams a Parish Child , which is at John Lawson ’ s be forthwith bound out to Thomas Carr , of King William County by the Churchwardens . John 12 Aug 1706 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 24 . Vestry held at the Lower Church for St . Paul ’ s Parish in New Kent County , 12 August 1706 . To John Lawson for keeping Elizabeth Williams 8 months , 400 lbs . Tobacco . 14 Feb 1707 / 08 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 33 . Vestry held at the Lower Church for St . Paul ’ s Parish in New Kent County , 14 February 1707 / 08 . Ordered that the following Tithables shall be added to and belong to the Precincts of Mr . John White – Mark Anthony ’ s , John Hall ’ s , Elizabeth Burnett ’ s , Edward Bullock ’ s , Frances Esther ’ s and Elizabeth Evins , ( which lately belonged to the Jonas 14 Mar 1708 / 09 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 168 . Returns of the Processioning made to the Vestry of St . Paul ’ s Parish 14 March 1708 / 09 from the Surveyor of the 39 Precincts . Listed in Precinct 23 , the lands of Richard Brooks , Thomas Foster , Jonas Lawson , John Medlock , Peter Plantine , Abraham Venable , Charles Lovell , George Lovell and Samuel Hill , lying adjacent to each other being made one precinct , of which the said Abraham 14 Mar 1708 / 09 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 169 . Returns of the Processioning made to the Vestry of St . Paul ’ s Parish 14 March 1708 / 09 from the Surveyor of the 39 Precincts . Listed in Precinct 25 , the lands of Robert Bumpass , Mary Sandige , Thomas Tharp , Thomas Gibson , Henry Crumpton and Nicholas Lawson lying adjacent to each other , being made one precinct , of which the said Robert Bumpass and Henry Crumpton were appointed overseers , they The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 170 . Returns of the Processioning made to the Vestry of St . Paul ’ s Parish 14 March 1708 / 09 from the Surveyor of the 39 Precincts . Listed in Precinct 28 , the lands of Rowland Horsley , Charles Brian , William Freeman , Robert Horsley , John Bostick and John Lawson lying adjacent to each other , being made one precinct , of which the said Rowland Horsley and Charles Brian were appointed overseers , who Jonas 24 Sep 1711 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 177 . Returns of the Processioning made to the Vestry of St . Paul ’ s Parish 17 March 1711 / 12 . Listed in Precinct 14 , the lands of Robert Horsley , John Matlock , Peter Plantine , Jonas Lawson , William Talley , John Talley , Mark Anthony , Margaret Via , Widow Thomson , Widow Burnet , John Peece and Widow Crawford , being made one precinct , whereof the said Robert Horsley and John Matlock 1715 or 1716 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 187 . Returns of the Processioning made to the Vestry of St . Paul ’ s Parish 3 April 1716 . Listed in Precinct 14 , the lands of Robert Horsley , John Matlock , Peter Plantine , Jonas Lawson , William Talley , John Talley , Mark Anthony , Margaret Vin , Widow Thomas , Widow Burnet , John Peece , and Widow Crawford being made one precinct , whereof the said Robert Horsley , and John Matlock were 3 Apr 1716 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 194 . Returns of the Processioning made to the Vestry of St . Paul ’ s Parish 3 April 1716 . Listed in Precinct 14 , the lands of Robert Horsley , John Matlock , Peter Plantine , Jonas Lawson , William Talley , John Talley , Mark Anthony , Vary Via , Widow Tomson , Widow Burnet , Widow Peace and Widow Crawford being made one precinct , whereof Robert Horsley and John Matlock were overseers and made this 10 Aug 1719 The Vestry Book , St . Paul ’ s Parish , Hanover County , Virginia 1706 - 1786 , page 205 . Returns of the Processioning made to the Vestry of St . Paul ’ s Parish 10 August 1719 . Listed in Precinct 34 , the lands of Mr . George Alves , Richard Anderson , William Clopton , John Lawson , Cicilia Anderson and Thomas Gibson , being one precinct of which Mr . George Alves and Richard Anderson were overseers , who made this return the above Order performed . George Alves , Richard Anderson . 1721 Hanover Hanover County , VA was formed from New Kent County in the year 1721 ( see map 1721 - 1730 ) . | [
"County in Virginia",
"Lawsons"
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http://lawyerbuchanan.blogspot.com/2014/04/forgiveness-of-odsp-overpayments.html | The Buchanan Ontario Workplace Law Blog Thursday , April 3 , 2014 Forgiveness of ODSP Overpayments A little different from my usual content , but there ' s a really interesting new decision out of the Ontario Court of Appeal dealing with ODSP overpayments . Back in my days as a law student , I did a fair bit of ODSP - related work . Background : ODSP and Overpayments ODSP is the " Ontario Disability Support Program " . Basically , it ' s social assistance for the disabled - the differences being that it gives them more money than Ontario Works ( though still not a whole lot ) , and they are n ' t expected to look for work . Whereas OW is designed as a short - term stop - gap measure for people who are out of work , ODSP is a longer - term measure for people who ca n ' t work . ( Though , strictly speaking , that is n ' t the test , but that ' s another matter . ) There are a number of ways that an overpayment can arise , but it usually deals with a retroactive reassessment of entitlements based on the government getting new information . For example , if you ' re collecting ODSP benefits , then you get a full - time job but do n ' t tell the government , they ' ll still pay you cheques until they find out about your employment status , and then they ' ll say " We need you to pay that back . " Most overpayments can be collected against future benefits - so if you ' re an ongoing ODSP recipient , and you ' ve gotten an overpayment , then the government will typically just claw back your ongoing benefits to make up the difference . However , when you ' re no longer eligible for benefits at all , they need to look at other options . The Surdivall Case The new decision , Surdivall , deals with an individual who received ODSP benefits until he turned 65 ( at which point ODSP is no longer available ) . For a period of time while receiving benefits , Mr . Surdivall shared an apartment with a friend . His share of the rent was $ 444 , and ODSP reimbursed him for that by way of a " shelter allowance " . He then received an offer of public housing at a rate of only $ 139 per month . . .but his friend asked him not to move out until he found a new roommate , because the friend could n ' t handle the full rent on his own . So Mr . Surdivall stayed with his When MCSS found out , they took the position that , over those 10 months , he should only have received $ 139 per month for the shelter allowance instead of $ 444 , and this generated an overpayment of $ 3050 . The Social Benefits Tribunal agreed . However , the SBT also felt for Mr . Surdivall : By this time , he was over 65 , no longer receiving ODSP benefits , and instead relying on CPP , OAS , and Guaranteed Income Supplement benefits ( still not a lot of money ) , and having to pay a three thousand dollar debt would create hardship for him . And it was an honest mistake , thinking that he did n ' t have to inform MCSS of the new circumstances until he actually moved . . .and it was So the SBT decided to order him to repay only half of the amount . The government appealed to the Divisional Court , which found that the SBT erred in reducing the debt , and then Surdivall appealed to the Ontario Court of Appeal . The Court of Appeal Decision There were two central issues : Firstly , does the Director of ODSP have any discretion at all to forgive all or part of an overpayment ? Secondly , does the SBT have the authority to restrict the Director ' s recovery ? The Court looked at the overall language of the ODSPA ( the statute enabling ODSP ) , and found that there was an intention to give broad discretion to the Director , and concluded that the SBT was implicitly given the authority to make any decision the Director could . Accordingly , the SBT was empowered to forgive part of a debt , and the Court of Appeal restored the SBT ' s original decision . Unless there ' s an appeal to the Supreme Court ( which could happen ) , that ' s the final word . Consequences It ' s hard to predict exactly how this will play out . On the one hand , Surdivall was in the relatively unique position of relying on other minimalistic income , so if that turns out to be an essential precondition for applying this precedent , then it will be relatively rare . On the other hand , by the very nature of the ODSP program , recovery of a significant overpayment will almost always cause hardship to a recipient . Since the Director has discretion to forgive part of the overpayment , the question is going to arise very quickly as to exactly when and to what extent that discretion should be applied , and I suspect that we ' re going to start seeing a lot of these cases at the SBT , to figure out what factors need to be looked at - likely factors like the reason for the overpayment , the good faith of the recipient in failing to notify the Director of the new circumstances , the amount of the overpayment , and the hardship to result from collecting It may well be that , in cases where the recipient can show good faith , partial forgiveness will become the norm , not the exception . But that ' s not so unusual , either . I ' ve spent a bit of time in bankruptcy court at discharge hearings , and I was initially surprised by some of the conditional discharges - basically , it ' s not uncommon for the Master presiding to calculate the amount he could order the bankrupt to pay , and then to reduce that figure by a fairly arbitrary percentage depending on The trouble with the decision is this : Who has the discretion ? If the Director has the discretion , then one would hope that - once the principles are worked out - the SBT would defer to the Director so long as the decision falls within a certain reasonable range . However , knowing a few things about the system , I ' m concerned that the Director may err on the side of denying any request to forgive part of the debt , and require SBT appeals of these decisions . That is how the adjudication of disability entitlements works in the first place . Unless you ' re dying or have obvious objective disabilities ( say , amputations ) , then you ' re likely to get denied at first . You can then appeal to the SBT to try to get that decision reversed . Every legal aid clinic I ' ve seen is inundated with these appeals , and gets very high success rates ( the one I most worked with had success rates well into the 90 % range ) . Which is a problem : These both paid with taxpayer money , most of the time ) is a significant drain of tax dollars . Success rates that high suggest that there is a disconnect between the criteria for accepting or denying applicants at first instance , and the criteria applied by the Social Benefits Tribunal . It also suggests that we could loosen the criteria and seriously reduce the need for hearings without significantly increasing the number of improper applications that make it through . Likewise here : There have been appeals to the SBT , the Divisional Court , and the Court of Appeal . The cost is immense , most or all of which falls to the taxpayer , over whether or not the SBT was right to waive a relatively small debt to taxpayers . As a taxpayer , I ' m less concerned about the thought of losing a number of ODSP overpayment recoveries than I am about the public money to be expended on having to regularly fight about it . * * * * * This blog is not intended to and does not provide legal advice to any person in respect of any particular legal issue , and does not create a solicitor - client relationship with any readers , but rather provides general legal information . If you have a legal issue or possible legal issue , contact a lawyer The author is a lawyer practicing in Newmarket , primarily in the areas of labour and employment law and civil litigation . If you need legal assistance , please contact him for information on available services and billing . Posted by Dennis Buchanan at 9 : 36 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest No comments : Post a Comment Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"ODSP",
"Ontario"
] |
http://lawyers.findlaw.com/lawyer/practicestate/traffic-violations/massachusetts | FindLaw Lawyer Directory Traffic Ticket Massachusetts Massachusetts : Traffic Ticket Lawyers Please select a city , county , or metro to find local Massachusetts Traffic Ticket lawyers . Traffic Ticket Lawyers in Common Massachusetts Cities Acton Allston Amesbury Amherst Andover Arlington Attleboro Auburndale Barnstable Bedford Belmont Beverly Billerica Boston Braintree Bridgewater Brighton Brockton Brookline Burlington Buzzards Bay Cambridge Canton Centerville Charlestown Chatham Chelmsford Chelsea Chestnut Hill Chicopee Clinton Concord Danvers Dedham Dracut Duxbury East Longmeadow Easthampton Edgartown Everett Fall River Falmouth Fitchburg Foxboro Framingham Franklin Gardner Gloucester Great Barrington Greenfield Groton Hanover Harvard Haverhill Hingham Holden Holliston Holyoke Hopkinton Hull Hyannis Ipswich Jamaica Plain Lawrence Leominster Lexington Lincoln Longmeadow Lowell Lynn Lynnfield Malden Mansfield Marblehead Marlborough Marshfield Mashpee Mattapan Medfield Medford Melrose Methuen Middleboro Milford Milton Nantucket Natick Needham Needham Heights New Bedford Newburyport Newton Newton Center Newton Highlands Newton Upper Falls Newtonville North Adams North Andover North Attleboro North Reading Northampton Northborough Norwell Norwood Orleans Osterville Oxford Peabody Pembroke Pittsfield Plymouth Quincy Randolph Raynham Reading Revere Rockland Roslindale Salem Sandwich Saugus Scituate Sharon Shrewsbury Somerville South Easton South Hadley Southbridge Springfield Stoneham Stoughton Sudbury Swampscott Taunton Tewksbury Topsfield Vineyard Haven Wakefield Walpole Waltham Watertown Wayland Webster Wellesley Wellesley Hills West Bridgewater West Newton West Roxbury West Springfield West Yarmouth Westborough Westfield Westford Weston Westwood Weymouth Wilbraham Williamstown Wilmington Winchester Winthrop Woburn Worcester Wrentham Yarmouth Port All Massachusetts Cities » Common Massachusetts Counties Barnstable County , MA Berkshire County , MA Bristol County , MA Dukes County , MA Essex County , MA Franklin County , MA Hampden County , MA Hampshire County , MA Middlesex County , MA Nantucket County , MA Norfolk County , MA Plymouth County , MA Suffolk County , MA Worcester County , MA All Massachusetts Counties » Common Massachusetts Metros Barnstable - Yarmouth Metro , MA Boston Metro , MA Pittsfield Metro , MA Springfield Metro , MA Worcester Metro , MA All Massachusetts Metros » Did you get a Traffic Ticket ? If you ' ve been pulled over and issued a ticket for an offense - - like speeding , running a stop sign or red light , mechanical violation , or reckless driving - - a traffic ticket attorney can help . Hiring a traffic ticket attorney can make the difference between getting a warning and paying fines or having your drivers license suspended . Use FindLaw to hire a local traffic ticket attorney to help you evaluate the charges against you and come up with a plan to challenge or defend the charges . Need an attorney in Massachusetts ? FindLaw ' s Lawyer Directory is the largest online directory of attorneys . Browse more than one million listings , covering everything from starting a business to divorce to dealing with debt Detailed law firm profiles have information like the firm ' s area of law , office location , office hours , and payment options . Attorney profiles include the biography , education and training , and client recommendations of an attorney to help you decide who to hire . Use the contact form on the profiles to connect with a Massachusetts attorney for legal advice . How do I choose a lawyer ? Consider the following : Comfort Level - Are you comfortable telling the lawyer personal information ? Does the lawyer seem interested in solving your problem ? Credentials - How long has the lawyer been in practice ? Has the lawyer worked on other cases similar to yours ? Cost - How are the lawyer ' s fees structured - hourly or flat fee ? Can the lawyer estimate the cost of your case ? City - Is the lawyer ' s office conveniently located ? | [
"Massachusetts",
"Traffic Ticket Lawyers"
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http://lawyers.findlaw.com/lawyer/state/Maryland | FindLaw Lawyer Directory Maryland Maryland Lawyers and Law Firms Near You Please select a city , county , or metro Annapolis Baltimore Bel Air Beltsville Bethesda Bowie Burtonsville Cambridge Catonsville Chestertown Chevy Chase Cockeysville College Park Columbia Crofton Crownsville Cumberland Denton Derwood Dundalk Easton Elkton Ellicott City Essex Fort Washington Frederick Gaithersburg Germantown Glen Burnie Greenbelt Hagerstown Halethorpe Hunt Valley Hyattsville Kensington La Plata Lanham Largo Laurel Leonardtown Lexington Park Linthicum Heights Lutherville Timonium Nottingham Oakland Ocean City Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Pasadena Pikesville Potomac Prince Frederick Reisterstown Riverdale Rockville Salisbury Severna Park Silver Spring Suitland Sykesville Takoma Park Towson Upper Marlboro Waldorf Westminster All Maryland Cities » Common Maryland Counties Allegany County , MD Anne Arundel County , MD Baltimore City County , MD Baltimore County , MD Calvert County , MD Caroline County , MD Carroll County , MD Cecil County , MD Charles County , MD Dorchester County , MD Frederick County , MD Garrett County , MD Harford County , MD Howard County , MD Kent County , MD Montgomery County , MD Prince Georges County , MD Queen Annes County , MD Saint Marys County , MD Somerset County , MD Talbot County , MD Washington County , MD Wicomico County , MD Worcester County , MD All Maryland Counties » Common Maryland Metros Baltimore Metro , MD Cumberland Metro , MD Hagerstown Metro , MD All Maryland Metros » Maryland Lawyers , Attorneys and Law Firms Need an attorney in Maryland ? FindLaw ' s Lawyer Directory is the largest online directory of attorneys . Browse more than one million listings , covering everything from criminal law to divorce to dealing with debt Detailed law firm profiles have information like the firm ' s area of law , office location , office hours , and payment options . Attorney profiles include the biography , education and training , and client recommendations of an attorney to help you decide who to hire . Use the contact form on the profiles to connect with a Maryland attorney for legal advice . How do I choose a lawyer ? Consider the following : Comfort Level - Are you comfortable telling the lawyer personal information ? Does the lawyer seem interested in solving your problem ? Credentials - How long has the lawyer been in practice ? Has the lawyer worked on other cases similar to yours ? Cost - How are the lawyer ' s fees structured - hourly or flat fee ? Can the lawyer estimate the cost of your case ? City - Is the lawyer ' s office conveniently located ? | [
"Maryland Lawyers",
"Law Firms"
] |
http://lawyers.lawyerlegion.com/idaho/dennis-s-voorhees-43000375 | Home Find a Lawyer Idaho Lawyers » Dennis S Voorhees Is this you ? Improve your profile for free « Back to search results Dennis S Voorhees 208 - 736 - 6000 The Voorhees Law Firm 112 Shoshone Street East P.O. Box Z Twin Falls ID 83303 Phone : 208 - 736 - 6000 Get Contact Card National Association of Estate Planners & Councils Dennis S Voorhees Estate Planning Law Specialist National Elder Law Foundation Certified Elder Law Attorney Overview | [
"Dennis S Voorhees",
"Lawyers",
"Twin Falls , ID"
] |
http://lawzilla.com/content/car-towing.html | California Towing Laws Quick Summary New California towing laws started January 1 2011 and checked as still valid for 2018 California consumers have the right to know facts about their towed car or vehicle and potential charges Tow companies that violate the law can be sued for up to 500 There is another law setting strict requirements for tows from private property If the tow company follows the law they are off the hook If the tow company violates the law easy to do they owe the vehicle owner four times the amount of the tow and storage fees The tow company could also be liable to pay attorney fees EXCLUSIVE SMALL CLAIMS TOWING KIT To sue the towing company in small claims court a towing expert attorney has prepared an exclusive Small Claims Towing Kit In it you will get Shortcut guide to the exact and specific statutes you need to refer to prove your claim This handy reference also includes the penalties you get for each specific violation How to avoid mistakes made by most small claims plaintffs and how to max out the damages you are entitled to in small claims court It is a lot more than just the penalties listed in the towing statute The other law no one know about which says the tow company has to forfeit their storage and fees If you paid them this is how you get your money back plus getting the penalties stated in the towing statute How to confirm with the DMV you are naming the right defendant and have their address This should be a simple task but it is the DMV we are talking about This also gets you their license number If there is a pending lien sale of your car how you can stop it from happening without paying anything to the tow company This is crucial information for selfrepresentation you will not get elsewhere It is not publicly available by searching on the Internet A great deal and you can get more information here including a lot more information about Californias towing laws and how to sue the who stole your car When Can a Car be Towed On private property held open to the public such as a restaurant there is a grace period of one hour before a vehicle can be towed There are exceptions The vehicle can be immediately towed if it is parked In a disabled handicapped parking space In a way that interferes with an entrance or exit to the property In a fire lane Within fifteen feet of a fire hydrant The one hour rule does not apply to residential property The one hour rule also does not apply to a motel or hotel where the parking slots are clearly marked for certain rooms The one hour period begins when the vehicle is parked It does not start when a particular person first notices the vehicle or when a call is made to the tow company Example 1 a restaurant says parking in its public lot is only available for customers Joe parks at the restaurant at 200 and goes shopping elsewhere The restaurant can not tow Joes car until 300 Example 2 At 200 Joe parks in the fire lane at a restaurant and goes into the restaurant to have dinner Joes car can be immediately towed at 200 If the one hour rule is violated the person requesting the tow is liable for twice the amount of the towing and storage charges to the owner of the vehicle There is a 24hour grace period before a vehicle can be towed from a parking lot If you overstay your time in a parking lot then you can be towed 24hours after your time limit expires Note this does not mean you get to park for free for 24hours Parking rates continue The 24hours starts when your time limit to park expires Example Joe pays 20 to park his car for 4 hours in a lot He then abandons his car After 28 hours 4 hours paid plus 24 hours the parking lot can tow his car The parking lot for the 24 hour rule is a parking facility Does is not the parking lot of a local business for which the onehour rule applies How Much Can a Tow Company Charge The towing fee for tows from private property can not exceed the rate the towing company charges the CHP California Highway Patrol Okey Dokey Now you are probably asking what is the dollar amount Answer who knows Each tow company can have a different towing rate with the CHP The rate is not posted by the CHP anywhere Good luck contacting anyone at CHP or in local government to find out After you car has been towed and after you find out where it has been towed to you will find the towing charge posted at the storge facility Wondering if the rate is too high Good luck confirming with the CHP what the rate should be If you think this is a little insane it is Please ask your legislator to change the law for better tow rate transparency Review and FAQ Anyone can tow a car No state license or registration is required However licensing may be required at the local or city level to operate a towing business The law originally began as a consumer bill of rights But after changes were made as requested by insurance companies the towing industry and auto clubs the original author of the law withdraw and was replaced and the law was changed from referring to the California Consumer Bill of Rights for Towed Vehicles to simply Towing Fees and Access Notice The disclosures do not apply to repossessed vehicles For repossessed cars contact your lender about getting your car or personal information out of your car The disclosures also do not apply to auto dealers who do not provide towing services The law applies to anyone privately towing a vehicle or storing a towed vehicle Before any towing or storage fees are paid a car owner is entitled to Get their personal property that was in the car For free Request and receive all information required by the law including a Towing Fees and Access Notice and receive an itemized statement of actual charges If a person retrieves their car from storage within 72 hours no lien fee can be charged A car owner is also entitled to pay by cash or credit card A violation of the notice rules can require a payment of 500 There are additional rules to have a valid tow from private commercial property Violating these rules could require that the tow company pay four times the amount of the tow and storage fees The laws below are ridiculously long so here is a quick list of common violations for private property tows 1 Signage Notice About Tows There must be appropriate signs on the property about towing A Is there is sign at all entrances to the property with a tow notice B Is each sign in plain view C Is the sign at least 17 inches by 22 inches in size D Is the lettering on the sign prohibiting public parking at least one inch high E Does the sign say public parking is prohibited F Does the sign say vehicles will be removed at the owners expense G Does the sign have the telephone number of the local law enforcement agency H Does the sign have the name of the towing company I Does the sign have the telephone number of the towing company 2 Towing Authorization Form The tow company will receive a form authorizing the tow A vehicle owner must be give a copy of this form at the time their claim their vehicle and before they pay for it Does the form have all of the following A Is the property owner or their agent present and authorizing the tow presence not required for residential property with less than 15 units B Did the person requesting the tow sign the authorization form C Is the name of the person authorizing the tow on the form D Is the signature of the person authorizing the tow on the form E Is the job title of the person authorizing the tow on the form F Is the business or residential address of the person authorizing the tow on the form G Is the telephone number of the person authorizing the tow on the form H Does the form have the make of the towed vehicle I Does the form have the model of the towed vehicle J Does the form have the vin vehicle identification number of the towed vehicle K Does the form have the license plate number of the towed vehicle L Is the reason for the tow on the form M Is the time the vehicle was first observed parked on the property on the form N Is the time that authorization was given to tow the vehicle on the form If there is a violation four times the amount of the tow and storage fees may be owed One Hour Delay Before Towing Vehicle Code Section 22953 a An owner or person in lawful possession of private property that is held open to the public or a discernible portion thereof for parking of vehicles at no fee or an employee or agent thereof shall not tow or remove or cause the towing or removal of a vehicle within one hour of the vehicle being parked b Notwithstanding subdivision a a vehicle may be removed immediately after being illegally parked within 15 feet of a fire hydrant in a fire lane in a manner that interferes with an entrance to or an exit from the private property or in a parking space or stall legally designated for disabled persons c Subdivision a does not apply to property designated for parking at residential property or to property designated for parking at a hotel or motel where the parking stalls or spaces are clearly marked for a specific room d It is the intent of the Legislature in the adoption of subdivision a to avoid causing the unnecessary stranding of motorists and placing them in dangerous situations when traffic citations and other civil remedies are available thereby promoting the safety of the general public e A person who violates subdivision a is civilly liable to the owner of the vehicle or his or her agent for two times the amount of the towing and storage charges 24Hour Delay Before Towing Vehicle Code Section 22952 Every person engaged in the operation of offstreet parking facilities is guilty of a violation who a Tows or removes or authorizes the towing and removal of any vehicle within 24 hours of the expiration of the period for which a particular fee is charged This subdivision shall not affect or limit any parking lot operator from charging parking fees in accordance with his posted schedule for the additional time such vehicle is parked b Tows or removes or authorizes the towing and removal of any vehicle when such parking facilities are held open for public use and there was no attendant on duty or other facilities permitting the patron to pay or remit the parking charges at the time such vehicle was first parked This subdivision shall not affect or limit any parking lot operator from charging parking fees in accordance with his posted schedule for the time such vehicle is parked California Towing Law Consumer Notice for Private Towing Vehicle Code Section 2265107 a A person that charges for towing or storage or both except for storage unrelated to a tow shall do all of the following 1 A Except as provided in subparagraph B post in the office area of the storage facility in plain view of the public the Towing Fees and Access Notice and have copies readily available to the public B An automotive repair dealer registered pursuant to Article 3 commencing with Section 9884 of Chapter 203 of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code that does not provide towing services is exempt from the requirement to post the Towing Fees and Access Notice in the office area 2 Provide upon request a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice to any owner or operator of a towed or stored vehicle 3 Provide a distinct notice on an itemized invoice for any towing or storage or both charges stating Upon request you are entitled to receive a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice This notice shall be contained within a bordered text box printed in no less than 10point type b Prior to receiving payment for any towing recovery or storagerelated fees a person that charges for towing or storage or both shall provide an itemized invoice of actual charges to the vehicle owner or his or her agent If an automotive repair dealer registered pursuant to Article 3 commencing with Section 9884 of Chapter 203 of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code did not provide the tow and passes along from the tower to the consumer any of the information required on the itemized invoice pursuant to subdivision e the automotive repair dealer shall not be responsible c Prior to paying any towing recovery or storagerelated fees a vehicle owner or his or her agent shall have the right to all of the following 1 Receive his or her personal property at no charge during normal business hours Normal business hours are Monday through Friday from 800 am to 500 pm inclusive except state holidays 2 Retrieve his or her vehicle during the first 72 hours of storage and not pay a lien fee 3 Request a copy of the Towing Fees and Access Notice 4 Be permitted to pay by cash or a valid bank credit card Credit charges for towing and storage services shall comply with Section 17481 of the Civil Code Law enforcement agencies may include the costs of providing for payment by credit when agreeing with a towing or storage provider on rates d The Towing Fees and Access Notice shall be a standardized document plainly printed in no less that 10point type A person may distribute the form using its own letterhead but the language of the Towing Fees and Access Notice shall read as follows e Itemized invoice as used in this section means a written document that contains the following information Any document that substantially complies with this subdivision shall be deemed an itemized invoice for purposes of this section 1 The name address telephone number and carrier identification number as required by subdivision a of Section 345075 of the person that is charging for towing and storage 2 If ascertainable the registered owner or operators name address and telephone number 3 The date service was initiated 4 The location of the vehicle at the time service was initiated including either the address or nearest intersecting roadways 5 A vehicle description that includes if ascertainable the vehicle year make model odometer reading license plate number or if a license plate number is unavailable the vehicle identification number VIN 6 The service dispatch time the service arrival time of the tow truck and the service completion time 7 A clear itemized and detailed explanation of any additional services that caused the total towingrelated service time to exceed one hour between service dispatch time and service completion time 8 The hourly rate or per item rate used to calculate the total towing and recoveryrelated fees These fees shall be listed as separate line items 9 If subject to storage fees the daily storage rate and the total number of days stored The storage fees shall be listed as a separate line item 10 If subject to a gate fee the date and time the vehicle was either accessed for the purposes of returning personal property or was released after normal business hours Normal business hours are Monday through Friday from 800 am to 500 pm inclusive except state holidays A gate fee shall be listed as a separate line item 11 A description of the method of towing 12 If the tow was not requested by the vehicles owner or driver the identity of the person or governmental agency that directed the tow This paragraph shall not apply to information otherwise required to be redacted under Section 22658 13 A clear itemized and detailed explanation of any additional services or fees f Person as used in this section has the same meaning as described in Section 470 g An insurer or insurers agent shall be permitted to pay for towing and storage charges by bank draft h A person who violates this section is civilly liable to a registered or legal owner of the vehicle or a registered owners insurer for up to two times the amount charged For any action brought under this section liability shall not exceed five hundred dollars 500 per vehicle i This section shall not apply to the towing or storage of a repossessed vehicle by any person subject to or exempt from the Collateral Recovery Act Chapter 11 commencing with Section 7500 of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code j This section does not relieve a person from the obligation to comply with the provision of any other law Vehicle Code Section 226511 Persons operating or in charge of any storage facility where vehicles are stored pursuant to Section 22651 shall accept a valid bank credit card or cash for payment of towing and storage by the registered owner legal owner or the owners agent claiming the vehicle A credit card shall be in the name of the person presenting the card Credit card means credit card as defined in subdivision a of Section 174702 of the Civil Code except for the purposes of this section credit card does not include a credit card issued by a retail seller A person operating or Credit charges for towing and storage services shall comply with Section 17481 of the Civil Code Law enforcement agencies may include the costs of providing for payment by credit when agreeing with a towing or storage provider on rates Towing Law When a Private Business Tows There are strict requirements which must be met before a private business can tow a vehicle Two of the most common towing situations are from apartment complexes and retail stores like restaurants If the exact requirements are met the towing company has no liability If they are not met the vehicle owner can be owed some money Vehicle Code Section 22658 a The owner or person in lawful possession of private property including an association of a common interest development as defined in Sections 4080 and 4100 or Sections 6528 and 6534 of the Civil Code may cause the removal of a vehicle parked on the property to a storage facility that meets the requirements of subdivision n under any of the following circumstances 1 There is displayed in plain view at all entrances to the property a sign not less than 17 inches by 22 inches in size with lettering not less than one inch in height prohibiting public parking and indicating that vehicles will be removed at the owners expense and containing the telephone number of the local traffic law enforcement agency and the name and telephone number of each towing company that is a party to a written general towing authorization agreement with the owner or person in lawful possession of the property The sign may also indicate that a citation 2 The vehicle has been issued a notice of parking violation and 96 hours have elapsed since the issuance of that notice 3 The vehicle is on private property and lacks an engine transmission wheels tires doors windshield or any other major part or equipment necessary to operate safely on the highways the owner or person in lawful possession of the private property has notified the local traffic law enforcement agency and 24 hours have elapsed since that notification 4 The lot or parcel upon which the vehicle is parked is improved with a singlefamily dwelling b The tow truck operator removing the vehicle if the operator knows or is able to ascertain from the property owner person in lawful possession of the property or the registration records of the Department of Motor Vehicles the name and address of the registered and legal owner of the vehicle shall immediately give or cause to be given notice in writing to the registered and legal owner of the fact of the removal the grounds for the removal and indicate the place to which the vehicle has been removed If the vehicle is stored in a storage facility a c This section does not limit or affect any right or remedy that the owner or person in lawful possession of private property may have by virtue of other provisions of law authorizing the removal of a vehicle parked upon private property d The owner of a vehicle removed from private property pursuant to subdivision a may recover for any damage to the vehicle resulting from any intentional or negligent act of a person causing the removal of or removing the vehicle e 1 An owner or person in lawful possession of private property or an association of a common interest development causing the removal of a vehicle parked on that property is liable for double the storage or towing charges whenever there has been a failure to comply with paragraph 1 2 or 3 of subdivision a or to state the grounds for the removal of the vehicle if requested by the legal or registered owner of the vehicle as required by subdivision f 2 A property owner or owners agent or lessee who causes the removal of a vehicle parked on that property pursuant to the exemption set forth in subparagraph A of paragraph 1 of subdivision l and fails to comply with that subdivision is guilty of an infraction punishable by a fine of one thousand dollars 1000 f An owner or person in lawful possession of private property or an association of a common interest development causing the removal of a vehicle parked on that property shall notify by telephone or if impractical by the most expeditious means available the local traffic law enforcement agency within one hour after authorizing the tow An owner or person in lawful possession of private property an association of a common interest development causing the removal of a vehicle parked on that property or the tow truck operator who removes the vehicle shall state the grounds for the removal of the 1 Damage to the vehicle in the transit and subsequent storage of the vehicle 2 The removal of a vehicle other than the vehicle specified by the owner or other person in lawful possession of the private property g 1 A Possession of a vehicle under this section shall be deemed to arise when a vehicle is removed from private property and is in transit B Upon the request of the owner of the vehicle or that owners agent the towing company or its driver shall immediately and unconditionally release a vehicle that is not yet removed from the private property and in transit C A person failing to comply with subparagraph B is guilty of a misdemeanor 2 If a vehicle is released to a person in compliance with subparagraph B of paragraph 1 the vehicle owner or authorized agent shall immediately move that vehicle to a lawful location h A towing company may impose a charge of not more than onehalf of the regular towing charge for the towing of a vehicle at the request of the owner the owners agent or the person in lawful possession of the private property pursuant to this section if the owner of the vehicle or the vehicle owners agent returns to the vehicle after the vehicle is coupled to the tow truck by means of a regular hitch coupling device drawbar portable dolly or is lifted off the ground by means of a conventional trailer and before it is removed from i 1 A A charge for towing or storage or both of a vehicle under this section is excessive if the charge exceeds the greater of the following i That which would have been charged for that towing or storage or both made at the request of a law enforcement agency under an agreement between a towing company and the law enforcement agency that exercises primary jurisdiction in the city in which is located the private property from which the vehicle was or was attempted to be removed or if the private property is not located within a city then the law enforcement agency that exercises primary jurisdiction in the county in which the private property is located ii That which would have been charged for that towing or storage or both under the rate approved for that towing operator by the Department of the California Highway Patrol for the jurisdiction in which the private property is located and from which the vehicle was or was attempted to be removed B A towing operator shall make available for inspection and copying his or her rate approved by the Department of the California Highway Patrol if any within 24 hours of a request without a warrant to law enforcement the Attorney General district attorney or city attorney 2 If a vehicle is released within 24 hours from the time the vehicle is brought into the storage facility regardless of the calendar date the storage charge shall be for only one day Not more than one days storage charge may be required for a vehicle released the same day that it is stored 3 If a request to release a vehicle is made and the appropriate fees are tendered and documentation establishing that the person requesting release is entitled to possession of the vehicle or is the owners insurance representative is presented within the initial 24 hours of storage and the storage facility fails to comply with the request to release the vehicle or is not open for business during normal business hours then only one days storage charge may be required to be paid until after the first business day A business day is any day in which the lienholder is open j 1 A person who charges a vehicle owner a towing service or storage charge at an excessive rate as described in subdivision h or i is civilly liable to the vehicle owner for four times the amount charged 2 A person who knowingly charges a vehicle owner a towing service or storage charge at an excessive rate as described in subdivision h or i or who fails to make available his or her rate as required in subparagraph B of paragraph 1 of subdivision i is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than two thousand five hundred dollars 2500 or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than three months or by both that fine and imprisonment k 1 A person operating or in charge of a storage facility where vehicles are stored pursuant to this section shall accept a valid bank credit card or cash for payment of towing and storage by a registered owner the legal owner or the owners agent claiming the vehicle A credit card shall be in the name of the person presenting the card Credit card means credit card as defined in subdivision a of Section 174702 of the Civil Code except for the purposes of this section credit card does not include a credit card issued by a retail seller 2 A person described in paragraph 1 shall conspicuously display in that portion of the storage facility office where business is conducted with the public a notice advising that all valid credit cards and cash are acceptable means of payment 3 A person operating or in charge of a storage facility who refuses to accept a valid credit card or who fails to post the required notice under paragraph 2 is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than two thousand five hundred dollars 2500 or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than three months or by both that fine and imprisonment 4 A person described in paragraph 1 who violates paragraph 1 or 2 is civilly liable to the registered owner of the vehicle or the person who tendered the fees for four times the amount of the towing and storage charges 5 A person operating or in charge of the storage facility shall have sufficient moneys on the premises of the primary storage facility during normal business hours to accommodate and make change in a reasonable monetary transaction 6 Credit charges for towing and storage services shall comply with Section 17481 of the Civil Code Law enforcement agencies may include the costs of providing for payment by credit when making agreements with towing companies as described in subdivision i l 1 A A towing company shall not remove or commence the removal of a vehicle from private property without first obtaining the written authorization from the property owner or lessee including an association of a common interest development or an employee or agent thereof who shall be present at the time of removal and verify the alleged violation except that presence and verification is not required if the person authorizing the tow is the property owner or the owners agent who is not a tow operator of a residential rental property of 15 or fewer units that does not have an B The written authorization under subparagraph A shall include all of the following i The make model vehicle identification number and license plate number of the removed vehicle ii The name signature job title residential or business address and working telephone number of the person described in subparagraph A authorizing the removal of the vehicle iii The grounds for the removal of the vehicle iv The time when the vehicle was first observed parked at the private property v The time that authorization to tow the vehicle was given C i When the vehicle owner or his or her agent claims the vehicle the towing company prior to payment of a towing or storage charge shall provide a photocopy of the written authorization to the vehicle owner or the agent ii If the vehicle was towed from a residential property the towing company shall redact the information specified in clause ii of subparagraph B in the photocopy of the written authorization provided to the vehicle owner or the agent pursuant to clause i iii The towing company shall also provide to the vehicle owner or the agent a separate notice that provides the telephone number of the appropriate local law enforcement or prosecuting agency by stating If you believe that you have been wrongfully towed please contact the local law enforcement or prosecuting agency at insert appropriate telephone number The notice shall be in English and in the most populous language other than English that is spoken in the jurisdiction D A towing company shall not remove or commence the removal of a vehicle from private property described in subdivision a of Section 22953 unless the towing company has made a good faith inquiry to determine that the owner or the property owners agent complied with Section 22953 E i General authorization to remove or commence removal of a vehicle at the towing companys discretion shall not be delegated to a towing company or its affiliates except in the case of a vehicle unlawfully parked within 15 feet of a fire hydrant or in a fire lane or in a manner which interferes with an entrance to or exit from the private property ii In those cases in which general authorization is granted to a towing company or its affiliate to undertake the removal or commence the removal of a vehicle that is unlawfully parked within 15 feet of a fire hydrant or in a fire lane or that interferes with an entrance to or exit from private property the towing company and the property owner or owners agent or person in lawful possession of the private property shall have a written agreement granting that general authorization 2 If a towing company removes a vehicle under a general authorization described in subparagraph E of paragraph 1 and that vehicle is unlawfully parked within 15 feet of a fire hydrant or in a fire lane or in a manner that interferes with an entrance to or exit from the private property the towing company shall take prior to the removal of that vehicle a photograph of the vehicle that clearly indicates that parking violation Prior to accepting payment the towing company shall keep one copy of the photograph taken pursuant to this paragraph and shall present that photograph 3 A towing company shall maintain the original written authorization or the general authorization described in subparagraph E of paragraph 1 and the photograph of the violation required pursuant to this section and any written requests from a tenant to the property owner or owners agent required by subparagraph A of paragraph 1 for a period of three years and shall make them available for inspection and copying within 24 hours of a request without a warrant to law enforcement the Attorney General district attorney or city attorney 4 A person who violates this subdivision is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than two thousand five hundred dollars 2500 or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than three months or by both that fine and imprisonment 5 A person who violates this subdivision is civilly liable to the owner of the vehicle or his or her agent for four times the amount of the towing and storage charges m 1 A towing company that removes a vehicle from private property under this section shall notify the local law enforcement agency of that tow after the vehicle is removed from the private property and is in transit 2 A towing company is guilty of a misdemeanor if the towing company fails to provide the notification required under paragraph 1 within 60 minutes after the vehicle is removed from the private property and is in transit or 15 minutes after arriving at the storage facility whichever time is less 3 A towing company that does not provide the notification under paragraph 1 within 30 minutes after the vehicle is removed from the private property and is in transit is civilly liable to the registered owner of the vehicle or the person who tenders the fees for three times the amount of the towing and storage charges 4 If notification is impracticable the times for notification as required pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 shall be tolled for the time period that notification is impracticable This paragraph is an affirmative defense n A vehicle removed from private property pursuant to this section shall be stored in a facility that meets all of the following requirements 1 A Is located within a 10mile radius of the property from where the vehicle was removed B The 10mile radius requirement of subparagraph A does not apply if a towing company has prior general written approval from the law enforcement agency that exercises primary jurisdiction in the city in which is located the private property from which the vehicle was removed or if the private property is not located within a city then the law enforcement agency that exercises primary jurisdiction in the county in which is located the private property 2 A Remains open during normal business hours and releases vehicles after normal business hours B A gate fee may be charged for releasing a vehicle after normal business hours weekends and state holidays However the maximum hourly charge for releasing a vehicle after normal business hours shall be onehalf of the hourly tow rate charged for initially towing the vehicle or less C Notwithstanding any other provision of law and for purposes of this paragraph normal business hours are Monday to Friday inclusive from 8 am to 5 pm inclusive except state holidays 3 Has a public pay telephone in the office area that is open and accessible to the public o 1 It is the intent of the Legislature in the adoption of subdivision k to assist vehicle owners or their agents by among other things allowing payment by credit cards for towing and storage services thereby expediting the recovery of towed vehicles and concurrently promoting the safety and welfare of the public 2 It is the intent of the Legislature in the adoption of subdivision l to further the safety of the general public by ensuring that a private property owner or lessee has provided his or her authorization for the removal of a vehicle from his or her property thereby promoting the safety of those persons involved in ordering the removal of the vehicle as well as those persons removing towing and storing the vehicle 3 It is the intent of the Legislature in the adoption of subdivision g to promote the safety of the general public by requiring towing companies to unconditionally release a vehicle that is not lawfully in their possession thereby avoiding the likelihood of dangerous and violent confrontation and physical injury to vehicle owners and towing operators the stranding of vehicle owners and their passengers at a dangerous time and location and impeding expedited vehicle recovery without wasting law enforcements limited resources p The remedies sanctions restrictions and procedures provided in this section are not exclusive and are in addition to other remedies sanctions restrictions or procedures that may be provided in other provisions of law including but not limited to those that are provided in Sections 12110 and 34660 q A vehicle removed and stored pursuant to this section shall be released by the law enforcement agency impounding agency or person in possession of the vehicle or any person acting on behalf of them to the legal owner or the legal owners agent upon presentation of the assignment as defined in subdivision b of Section 75001 of the Business and Professions Code a release from the one responsible governmental agency only if required by the agency a governmentissued photographic identification card and any one of the following as determined by the legal owner or the legal owners agent a Towing Law When Police Can Tow a Car There are many laws allowing the police to tow a car This is but one covering the most common situations when a vehicle may be towed Vehicle Code Section 22651 A peace officer as defined in Chapter 45 commencing with Section 830 of Title 3 of Part 2 of the Penal Code or a regularly employed and salaried employee who is engaged in directing traffic or enforcing parking laws and regulations of a city county or jurisdiction of a state agency in which a vehicle is located may remove a vehicle located within the territorial limits in which the officer or employee may act under the following circumstances a When a vehicle is left unattended upon a bridge viaduct or causeway or in a tube or tunnel where the vehicle constitutes an obstruction to traffic b When a vehicle is parked or left standing upon a highway in a position so as to obstruct the normal movement of traffic or in a condition so as to create a hazard to other traffic upon the highway c When a vehicle is found upon a highway or public land and a report has previously been made that the vehicle is stolen or a complaint has been filed and a warrant thereon is issued charging that the vehicle was embezzled d When a vehicle is illegally parked so as to block the entrance to a private driveway and it is impractical to move the vehicle from in front of the driveway to another point on the highway e When a vehicle is illegally parked so as to prevent access by firefighting equipment to a fire hydrant and it is impracticable to move the vehicle from in front of the fire hydrant to another point on the highway f When a vehicle except highway maintenance or construction equipment is stopped parked or left standing for more than four hours upon the rightofway of a freeway that has full control of access and no crossings at grade and the driver if present can not move the vehicle under its own power g When the person in charge of a vehicle upon a highway or public land is by reason of physical injuries or illness incapacitated to an extent so as to be unable to provide for its custody or removal h 1 When an officer arrests a person driving or in control of a vehicle for an alleged offense and the officer is by this code or other law required or permitted to take and does take the person into custody 2 When an officer serves a notice of an order of suspension or revocation pursuant to Section 13388 or 13389 i 1 When a vehicle other than a rented vehicle is found upon a highway or public land or is removed pursuant to this code and it is known that the vehicle has been issued five or more notices of parking violations to which the owner or person in control of the vehicle has not responded within 21 calendar days of notice of citation issuance or citation issuance or 14 calendar days of the mailing of a notice of delinquent parking violation to the agency responsible for processing notices of parking violations or the registered owner of the vehicle is known A Evidence of his or her identity B An address within this state at which he or she can be located C Satisfactory evidence that all parking penalties due for the vehicle and all other vehicles registered to the registered owner of the impounded vehicle and all traffic violations of the registered owner have been cleared 2 The requirements in subparagraph C of paragraph 1 shall be fully enforced by the impounding law enforcement agency on and after the time that the Department of Motor Vehicles is able to provide access to the necessary records 3 A notice of parking violation issued for an unlawfully parked vehicle shall be accompanied by a warning that repeated violations may result in the impounding of the vehicle In lieu of furnishing satisfactory evidence that the full amount of parking penalties or bail has been deposited that person may demand to be taken without unnecessary delay before a magistrate for traffic offenses or a hearing examiner for parking offenses within the county in which the offenses charged are alleged to have been committed and who has jurisdiction of the offenses and is nearest or most accessible with reference to 4 A vehicle shall be released to the legal owner as defined in Section 370 if the legal owner does all of the following A Pays the cost of towing and storing the vehicle B Submits evidence of payment of fees as provided in Section 9561 C Completes an affidavit in a form acceptable to the impounding law enforcement agency stating that the vehicle was not in possession of the legal owner at the time of occurrence of the offenses relating to standing or parking A vehicle released to a legal owner under this subdivision is a repossessed vehicle for purposes of disposition or sale The impounding agency shall have a lien on any surplus that remains upon sale of the vehicle to which the registered owner is or may be entitled as security for the full amount of the parking penalties for all notices of 5 The impounding agency that has a lien on the surplus that remains upon the sale of a vehicle to which a registered owner is entitled pursuant to paragraph 4 has a deficiency claim against the registered owner for the full amount of the parking penalties for all notices of parking violations issued for the vehicle and for all local administrative charges imposed pursuant to Section 228505 less the amount received from the sale of the vehicle j When a vehicle is found illegally parked and there are no license plates or other evidence of registration displayed the vehicle may be impounded until the owner or person in control of the vehicle furnishes the impounding law enforcement agency evidence of his or her identity and an address within this state at which he or she can be located k When a vehicle is parked or left standing upon a highway for 72 or more consecutive hours in violation of a local ordinance authorizing removal l When a vehicle is illegally parked on a highway in violation of a local ordinance forbidding standing or parking and the use of a highway or a portion thereof is necessary for the cleaning repair or construction of the highway or for the installation of underground utilities and signs giving notice that the vehicle may be removed are erected or placed at least 24 hours prior to the removal by a local authority pursuant to the ordinance m When the use of the highway or a portion of the highway is authorized by a local authority for a purpose other than the normal flow of traffic or for the movement of equipment articles or structures of unusual size and the parking of a vehicle would prohibit or interfere with that use or movement and signs giving notice that the vehicle may be removed are erected or placed at least 24 hours prior to the removal by a local authority pursuant to the ordinance n Whenever a vehicle is parked or left standing where local authorities by resolution or ordinance have prohibited parking and have authorized the removal of vehicles Except as provided in subdivision v a vehicle shall not be removed unless signs are posted giving notice of the removal o 1 When a vehicle is found or operated upon a highway public land or an offstreet parking facility under the following circumstances A With a registration expiration date in excess of six months before the date it is found or operated on the highway public lands or the offstreet parking facility B Displaying in or upon the vehicle a registration card identification card temporary receipt license plate special plate registration sticker device issued pursuant to Section 4853 or permit that was not issued for that vehicle or is not otherwise lawfully used on that vehicle under this code C Displaying in or upon the vehicle an altered forged counterfeit or falsified registration card identification card temporary receipt license plate special plate registration sticker device issued pursuant to Section 4853 or permit 2 When a vehicle described in paragraph 1 is occupied only a peace officer as defined in Chapter 45 commencing with Section 830 of Title 3 of Part 2 of the Penal Code may remove the vehicle 3 For the purposes of this subdivision the vehicle shall be released to the owner or person in control of the vehicle only after the owner or person furnishes the storing law enforcement agency with proof of current registration and a currently valid drivers license to operate the vehicle 4 As used in this subdivision offstreet parking facility means an offstreet facility held open for use by the public for parking vehicles and includes a publicly owned facility for offstreet parking and a privately owned facility for offstreet parking if a fee is not charged for the privilege to park and it is held open for the common public use of retail customers p When the peace officer issues the driver of a vehicle a notice to appear for a violation of Section 12500 14601 146011 146012 146013 146014 146015 or 14604 and the vehicle is not impounded pursuant to Section 226555 A vehicle so removed from the highway or public land or from private property after having been on a highway or public land shall not be released to the registered owner or his or her agent except upon presentation of the registered owners or his or her agents currently valid drivers license to operate the vehicle and proof of current vehicle q When a vehicle is parked for more than 24 hours on a portion of highway that is located within the boundaries of a common interest development as defined in subdivision c of Section 1351 of the Civil Code and signs as required by paragraph 1 of subdivision a of Section 22658 of this code have been posted on that portion of highway providing notice to drivers that vehicles parked thereon for more than 24 hours will be removed at the owners expense pursuant to a resolution or ordinance adopted by the local authority r When a vehicle is illegally parked and blocks the movement of a legally parked vehicle s 1 When a vehicle except highway maintenance or construction equipment an authorized emergency vehicle or a vehicle that is properly permitted or otherwise authorized by the Department of Transportation is stopped parked or left standing for more than eight hours within a roadside rest area or viewpoint 2 Notwithstanding paragraph 1 when a commercial motor vehicle as defined in paragraph 1 of subdivision b of Section 15210 is stopped parked or left standing for more than 10 hours within a roadside rest area or viewpoint 3 For purposes of this subdivision a roadside rest area or viewpoint is a publicly maintained vehicle parking area adjacent to a highway utilized for the convenient safe stopping of a vehicle to enable motorists to rest or to view the scenery If two or more roadside rest areas are located on opposite sides of the highway or upon the center divider within seven miles of each other then that combination of rest areas is considered to be the same rest area t When a peace officer issues a notice to appear for a violation of Section 25279 u When a peace officer issues a citation for a violation of Section 11700 and the vehicle is being offered for sale v 1 When a vehicle is a mobile billboard advertising display as defined in Section 3955 and is parked or left standing in violation of a local resolution or ordinance adopted pursuant to subdivision m of Section 21100 if the registered owner of the vehicle was previously issued a warning citation for the same offense pursuant to paragraph 2 2 Notwithstanding subdivision a of Section 22507 a city or county in lieu of posting signs noticing a local ordinance prohibiting mobile billboard advertising displays adopted pursuant to subdivision m of Section 21100 may provide notice by issuing a warning citation advising the registered owner of the vehicle that he or she may be subject to penalties upon a subsequent violation of the ordinance that may include the removal of the vehicle as provided in paragraph 1 A city or county is not required to provide further notice for a subsequent violation prior to the enforcement of penalties for a | [
"California towing laws"
] |
http://lazermazers.com/faqs/ | Frequently Asked Questions About Laser Mazes WHAT IS A LASER MAZE ? WHY SHOULD I CONSIDER A LASER MAZE ? WHY A LAZER MAZERS ’ LASER MAZE ? HOW MUCH ROOM DO I NEED TO INSTALL A MAZE ? HOW MANY PLAYERS PLAY AT A TIME ? HOW LONG DOES A GAME LAST ? HOW MUCH DO LOCATIONS CHARGE FOR A GAME OF LASER MAZE ? ARE THERE DIFFERENT DIFFICULTY LEVELS WHAT KIND OF MAINTENANCE ISSUES DO I NEED TO ANTICIPATE ? HOW MUCH DOES A TYPICAL COMPLETE MAZE COST ? WHAT ARE YOUR PAYMENT TERMS ? DO YOU OFFER FINANCING ? HOW MUCH CAN I MAKE ? DO YOU OFFER A POINT - OF - SALE KIOSK OR SELF - SERVE AUTO ATTENDANT ? HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FROM TIME OF ORDER TO BE FULLY OPERATIONAL ? WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE PRIOR TO A LAZER MAZERS INSTALLATION ? | [
"Laser Mazes"
] |
http://lazyjvranch.com/hay_rack.html | BIG BALE Round Bale Hay Feeder with 4X4 Wire Mesh Northeast Gate Company brand Hay Racks These racks are ideal for feeding large bales of hay . Keeps hay off of the ground . They will fold up flat when not in use for easy storage during the summer . Holds up to 1800 lb bales , round or square bales . Included safety roll bars on ends prevent hay from tipping or rack folding shut when no hay is on rack . Made of 1 3 / 8 X 14 gauge tubing . Powder Coated " Wheel Grey " unless another color is requested . ( Item # HRISER ) Hay Riser Hay Rack - Price : $ 250.00 ( includes side safety bars ) Hay Riser Hay Rack ( # FHR4 . W ) Wire mesh - Price : $ 185.00 Item # ( WMHR4 ) 4 ft . SL Wall Mount Hay Rack - 12 " wide at top , 18 " tall , 4 ' long ) $ 90.00 8 ft . Standing Hay Rack * Let us know if you prefer the vertical bar , or the 4x4 wire mesh in the hay holding area . Both versions pictured above . Item # GFHD4W - 4ft long Heavy Duty Wire Hay Rack ( with 4x4 wire ) $ 305.00 Item # GFHD4B - 4ft long Heavy Duty Bar Hay Rack ( with bars ) $ 305.00 Item # GFHD6W - 6ft long Heavy Duty Wire Hay Rack ( with 4x4 wire ) $ 369.00 Item # GFHD6B - 6ft Heavy Duty Bar Hay Rack ( with bars ) $ 369.00 Item # GFHD8W - 8ft long Heavy Duty Wire Hay Rack ( with 4x4 wire ) $ 420.00 Item # GFHD8B - 8ft long Heavy Duty Bar Hay Rack ( with bars ) $ 420.00 Let us know your color preference from chart . Shipped by freight truck . ( Add a Rain Canopy to protect your hay , see below ) This feeder is ideal to use in stalls , kidding pens , or at shows . Hooks in back for easy attachment to fence or gate . Hooks can be removed and feeder mounted to the wall . Has section for hay and grain . Ideal for all smaller sized livestock such as alpacas , llamas , goats , sheep , etc . Feeders made with galvanized metal and POWDER COATED " Wheel Grey " unless another color listed is requested . White Rain Canopy and Frame Add to your 4ft and 8ft Free Standing OR 4ft , 6ft , or 8ft Heavy Duty with Trough Hay Racks listed above and below . Easy access to open for filling with hay . Will open from both sides for adding flakes of hay or canopy will lift off to add entire bale . Clamp attachment with slide in holder for canopy top . Canopy can be attached to frame with rope or zip ties . The cover is waterproof , UV resistant , and will not crack or become brittle in cold weather . White is the standard color of the canopy , other colors available for $ 10.00 more . Item # ( CAN4 ) WHITE 4ft Rain Canopy $ 103.00 Item # ( CAN6 ) WHITE 6ft Rain Canopy $ 130.00 Item # ( CAN8 ) WHITE 8ft Rain Canopy $ 156.00 Small Livestock Wall Mount Hay Racks Hanging Stall or Kidding Pen Feeder Bar Style Hay Area ( Pictured above ) Item # GFKP . B - Hanging Stall / Kidding Pen Feeder with bars ( 20 " wide ) $ 84.00 Item # GFKPL . B Hanging Stall / Kidding Pen Feeder with bars ( 40 " wide ) $ 177.00 Wire Mesh Style Hay Area ( Pictured below ) Item # GFKP . W - Hanging Stall / Kidding Pen Feeder with 4 " x4 " wire mesh ( 20 " wide ) $ 84.00 Item # GFKPL . W Hanging Stall / Kidding Pen Feeder with 4 " x4 " wire mesh ( 40 " wide ) $ 177.00 Free Standing Hay Racks - Available with wire mesh or bar hay area . Just drop a square bale in these feeders and cut the strings . Easy to disassemble and move . Breaks down into 3 pieces for easy moving . Made with galvanized metal and Powder Coated . Let us know your color preference . ( Add a Rain Canopy to protect your hay , see below ) Heavy Duty Hay Racks with Trough for small sized livestock CLICK HERE TO RETURN TO MAIN PAGE OF CATALOGUE Lazy JV Ranch Equipment Sales 305 Hewey Lane Central City , Kentucky 42330 ( 270 ) - 525 - 9977 22 This is the new mini hay and grain feeder . It is half the width of our current Hanging Stall Feeder pictured above and works much better for miniature horses and donkeys . There is more distance between the hay and the pan so livestock with heads larger than sheep or goats can get their head in and out better to eat grain . Item # : GFMINI Price : Mini Feeder is $ 68.00 Mini Feeder ( For miniature / small sized animals ) Measurements : Overall Height : 20 " Hay Manger : 12 " Width : 12 1 / 2 " Deep : 14 " LAZY JV RANCH Equipment Sales Online Catalogue Equipment sized for goats , sheep , mini horses , and other livestock Located in Bremen , Kentucky SEND EMAIL Phone : 270 - 525 - 9977 BIG BALE Round Bale Hay Feeder Item # BB1000 = Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder $ 439.00 - Item # BB1000R = Big Bale Roof frame $ 259.00 $ 698.00 for Big Bale Feeder and Big Bale Roof Frame ( customer supplies roofing material for roof frame . Wood , metal , or tarp can be used . ) Heavy Duty 6ft tall Hay Rack with Trough for larger sized livestock Available in 4ft , 6ft , and 8ft lengths Item ( # HF4 ) - 4ft long Heavy Duty Bar Hay Rack $ 305.00 Item ( # HF6 ) - 6ft Heavy Duty Bar Hay Rack $ 369.00 Item ( # HF8 ) - 8ft long Heavy Duty Bar Hay Rack $ 420.00 ( 192lbs ) Hay Racks made with Galvanized Metal and Powder Coated BIG BALE Round Bale Hay Feeder with added Trough Item # BB1000T = Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder with Trough $ 624.00 Item # BB1000R = Big Bale Roof frame $ 259.00 # BB1000T + # BB1000R - Big Bale Feeder with trough and Big Bale Roof Frame Price : $ 883.00 ( customer supplies roofing material for roof frame . Wood , metal , or tarp can be used . ) Item # ( WMHR6 ) 6 ft . SLWall Mount Hay Rack - ( new design ) 18 " wide at top , 24 " tall , 6 ' long $ 120.00 Hanging Large / Regular Size Horse Hay and Grain Feeders # HHF - Hanging horse stall feeder : Price $ 135.00 ( Add a Rain Canopy to protect your hay , see above Items # CAN4 , CAN6 , CAN8 ) Wall Mount Hay Rack with 4 " x4 " wire , ideal to use with goats , sheep , mini horses , alpacas , llamas , etc . Let us know your color choice from our color chart . Hay racks made with galvanized steel and powder coated , with wall mount brackets Large Livestock Wall Mount Hay Racks Wall Mount Hay Rack with bars pictured , ideal to use with larger sized livestock like horses , cattle , etc . Bars set on 5 inch centers , with a 4 inch opening between the bars . Brackets at each corner for mounting to wall . 30 inches tall , 5 inch wide at the bottom , 24 inches wide at the top . In 4ft and 8ft lengths . Hay racks made with galvanized steel and powder coated in your color choice Item # ( LGWM4 ) Large 4 ft . Wall Mount Hay Rack ( 24 " wide at top , 5 " wide at bottom , 30 " tall , 4 ' long - 50lbs ) $ 140.00 Item # ( LGWM6 ) Large 6ft Wall Mount Hay Rack - ( 24 " wide at top , 5 " wide at bottom , 30 " tall , 6 ' long - 65lbs ) $ 168.00 Item # ( LGWM8 ) Large 8 ft . Wall Mount Hay Rack ( 24 " wide at top , 5 " wide at bottom , 30 " tall , 8 ' long - 90lbs ) $ 193.00 Note : Feeder can be mounted on the wall , or attach included hooks for hanging on board , pipe , etc . F eeders come with hooks to hang on a board of fence . If hooks are unbolted the feeder can be placed on a wall . When ordering specify if you prefer wall mount brackets , or hooks to hang on board or fence . This Round Bale Hay feeder is 4 ' tall by 6 ' x 6 ' wide . Height from the ground to the roof top is 7 ' 8 " tall . The # BB1000 weighs @ 200lbs , and and with added roof frame @ 290 lbs . Built with galvanized steel , 1 5 / 8 " round tube on the outer frame . 1 3 / 8 " round tube curved bars . And 1 " round tube vertical bar ends . All Big Bale Feeders are now Powder Coated for durable use , Choose any color from our color chart . The spacing between the feeder bars is 6 1 / 2 ' . Feeder Bars are set on 8 " centers . 15 " from the ground to the bottom of the hay section . Customer supplies roofing material for roof frame . Wood , Metal , or a tarp can be used . Door has a spring loaded latch to prevent livestock from opening . Bale weight limit 2500lbs . Are you looking for a feeder or hay rack that is not pictured on our site ? Do you have an animal with special needs that you just ca n ' t find the right type of feeder for ? Contact us to get a quote for Custom Built feeders or hay racks . We will build to suit your needs ! Giraffe Feeders Pictured Item # BB1000W = Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder with 4x4 wire mesh hay area . $ 439.00 Item # BB1000R = Big Bale Roof frame $ 259.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $ 698.00 for Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder with 4x4 wire mesh hay area and Big Bale Roof Frame ( customer supplies roofing material for roof frame . Wood , metal , or tarp can be used . ) This feeder is also available with ( 6 gauge ) 4 X 4 wire mesh instead of bars in the hay area for the same price as the - Bar Style - Stall / Kidding Pen Feeders . Do you want your feeder in another color other than the standard Powder coated " Wheel Grey " color ? No extra charge to choose a color from the color chart Hay Feeders that will hang on a pipe gate or board . Sized for the Average Sized horse . Remove hanging brackets to mount feeder to the wall . These feeders are made of galvanized steel and powder coated in your color choice from our color chart . Dimensions : 47 lbs . , 36 " tall , 24 " wide , 19 " deep . 1 3 / 8 " ( 16 gauge ) tubing frame . 1 " ( 16 gauge ) hay area . 18 gauge sheet metal . 8ft Rain Canopy and frame pictured on the # GFHD8B hay rack , with special ordered red cover ( 32lbs ) Canopy frame will be powder coated the same color as hay rack . Change the basic white rain canopy to another color for $ 10.00 more . Galvanized Hay Rack with trough and top cover , painted silver : 40 " wide x 22 " tall x 15 " front to back . Hay area is 15 " at top and 4 " at bottom . Single bar in middle of hay area . Top rack can be built to hinge from front or back . Item # GF40 - Price : $ 189.00 Corner Feeder ( 18 " corner to end ) # GFC - Price : $ 199.00 Galvanized Hay Rack with trough and top cover painted silver : 42 " wide x 24 " tall x 18 " front to back . Hay area is 18 " at top and 12 " at bottom . Double bars in middle of hay area . Top rack can be built to hinge from front or back . Item # GF42 - Price : $ 200.00 Galvanized Hay Rack with trough and top cover , Powder coated Wheel Gray unless another color is requested : 44 " wide x 33 " tall x 20 " front to back . Hay area is 20 " at top and 12 " at bottom . Double bars in hay area . Top rack can be built to hinge from front or back . Item # GF44 - Price : $ 220.00 HAY BASKET Item # HB101 - $ 37.00 Let us know your color preference from our color chart Measurements of Hay Basket 19.5 " wide at top 16.5 " wide at bottom 10 " front to back at top 2 " front to back at bottom 20 " tall Fence Mount Hay Rack like the Wall Mounts pictured above is available with hooks instead of wall mount brackets , to hang on a board or pipe fence ( specify size of hooks needed ) . Solid metal back added to the open back area and sides to prevent hay from falling out of the back side of the hay rack . Item # ( LGWM4 . HB ) Large 4 ft . Wall Mount Hay Rack with mounting hooks and solid back and sides 24 " wide at top , 5 " wide at bottom , 30 " tall , 4 ' long $ 194.00 Item # ( LGWM8 . HB ) Large 8 ft . Wall Mount Hay Rack with mounting hooks solid back and sides 24 " wide at top , 5 " wide at bottom , 30 " tall , 8 ' long $ 310.00 Hay Racks with Trough and Bar Top # BB1000 # BB1000 # BB1000R and # BB1000R and spring loaded door latch GFHD4 GFHD8B # GFHD8B Pictured with Rain Canopy Frame ready to add the Rain Canopy Cover to . See below for Rain Canopies ( # FHR8 . W ) wire mesh - Price : $ 259.00 Do you have really small miniature animals ? Reduce leg height to make the feeder lower to the ground for your very small animals at no extra charge . GFHD8 # GFHD DIMENSIONS 34 " wide at skids 29 " wide at trough 26 " wide at top of hay rack 18 " from ground to top of trough 44 " from ground to top of hay rack 6 " deep trough Bottom of hay rack sits at top of trough Bars on 4 " centers ( 3.25 " between bars ) 4 ' hay rack = 48 " long feeder ; ( 54 " long skids ) 6 ' hay Rack = 72 " long feeder ( 78 " long skids ) 8 ' hay rack = 96 " long feeder ; ( 102 " long skids ) Skids and legs - 16 gauge , 1 5 / 8 " tubing Top frame - 16 gauge , 1 3 / 8 " tubing Hay area bars - 16 gauge , 3 / 4 " tubing # HF ( 4 ' , 6 ' , 8 ' ) HAY RACK DIMENSIONS 36 " wide at skids 29 " wide at trough 26 " wide at top of hay rack 36 " from ground to top of trough 72 " from ground to top of hay rack 6 " deep trough Bottom of hay rack sits 6 " above trough Bars on 5 " center ( 4.25 " between bars ) 4 ' Hay Rack = 48 " long feeder ( 54 " long skids ) 6 ' hay Rack = 72 " long feeder ( 78 " long skids ) 8 ' Hay Rack = 96 " long feeder ( 102 " long skids ) Skids and legs - 16 gauge , 1 5 / 8 " tubing Top frame - 16 gauge , 1 3 / 8 " tubing Hay area bars - 16 gauge , 3 / 4 " tubing # LGWM4 # LGWM8 BIG SQUARE BALE HAY FEEDER LGWM4 . HB LGWM4 . HB Hay racks made with galvanized steel and powder coated in your color choice LARGE LIVESTOCK FENCE MOUNT HAY RACK Big Square Bale feeder pictured in use as a deer feeder Customer added tarp to protect hay from rain . Item # SB2000 Outside dimensions : 72 " wide , 100 " long , 48 " tall . Outside Pipe 1 5 / 8 " - 16 gauge . Inside pipe 1 3 / 8 " - 16gauge . Bottom point of hay is 8 " off the ground . Hay area bars set in 8 " centers . 6.5 " opening between bars . Made to fit 4 ' x 8 ' large square bales of hay . No assembly , ready to use when it arrives Price : $ 525.00 each If you have questions about any products , or if you would like to check on shipping cost for items you are interested in , send us an email of your list , with your City , State , and zip code , or call office phone at 270 - 525 - 9977 . When you are ready to place an order , call our Office , Monday thru Friday 10 : 00am - 2 : 00pm Central Time . Office is Closed on Saturday , Sunday , and Holidays . ALL ORDERS placed by phone call only . Sorry , due to the size of our products , we are unable to offer ordering by internet . Measurements : Width : 20 inches or 40 inches Height : 21 inches Front to back depth : 13 inches Bottom tray depth : 2 inches Hay area : 3 1 / 2 inches between bars Mesh hay area is 4 " square opening Customized 40 " Wide feeder with bar sides and wire mesh front hay area . Customized feeder with hinged bar top . Add a hinged bar top to the 20 " wide feeders for + $ 20.00 more . 1 5 / 8 inch ( 18 gauge ) tubing frame Wire hay area , 6 gauge welded wire with 4 " x 4 " openings . * Available with vertical bar hay area 3 / 4 " ( 16 gauge ) tubing on 4 inch centers WHEEL GRAY BROWN BLACK FENCE GREEN RED 49 GRAY BLUE WHEEL GRAY BROWN BLACK FENCE GREEN RED 49 GRAY BLUE 6ft tall - BIG BALE Round Bale Hay Feeder Ideal for large / tall sized livestock , available with or without trough , bar hay area . 40 " from the ground to bottom area of round bale . Item # BB6000 - 6ft Tall Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder - bar hay area = $ 519.00 Item # BB6000T - 6ft Tall Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder - bar hay area with Trough = $ 704.00 ( Add roof frame to any Hay Feeder ) # BB1000R - Roof Frame = $ 259.00 # BB6000 # BB6000T # BB6000T # WMHR4 Item # ( LGWM6 . HB ) Large 6 ft . Wall Mount Hay Rack with mounting hooks solid back and sides 24 " wide at top , 5 " wide at bottom , 30 " tall , 6 ' long ( 95lbs ) $ 248.00 # SB2000T - Big Bale Square Bale Hay Feeder with trough ( trough pictured on the # BB1000T Big round bale feeder ) $ 815.00 Item # ( WMHR8 ) 8 ft . SLWall Mount Hay Rack - ( new design ) 18 " wide at top , 24 " tall , 8 ' long $ 150.00 # BB6000W # BB6000W # BB1000W Item # BB6000W - 6ft Tall Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder - 4 " x 4 " mesh hay area = $ 519.00 Item # BB6000T - 6ft Tall Big Bale Round Bale Hay Feeder - 4 " x 4 " mesh hay area with Trough = $ 704.00 BB6000W big bale feeder and the BB1000W big bale feeder showing height difference . # SB2000 . A - Big Square Bale Feeder with Assembly Required . ( Freight Shipping cost is less on this model that is made to be broken down to a smaller size , for shipment ) $ 595.00 each FHR4 . B - 4ft Free Standing Hay Rack with bar hay area = $ 185.00 FHR8 . B - 8ft Free Standing hay Rack with bar hay area = $ 259.00 # FHR4 . B Hay Racks Pictured ( # HF8 ) ( # HF4 ) # HHF .C - Hanging Corner horse stall feeder : Price $ 2 75 .00 ADD a Hinged Bar Top to this feeder for $ 20.00 more # HHF . CT - Hanging Corner Horse Stall Feeder with Hinged Bar Top added : Price $ 310.00 # HHF - Hanging horse stall feeder : Price $ 135.00 Black feeder pictured with custom ' added item ' horizontal rod . | [
"Northeast Gate Company",
"Round Bale Hay feeder",
"Kidding Pen Feeder"
] |
http://lazzergraphics.com/embroidery.html | Basic Embroidery Pricing Caseys custom embroidery is an eligant way to express your pride The attention to detail in our sew outs are second to none youre being pleased with the results is our main concern We specialize in making a plan that will work for any budget from getting everyone at the office on the same page with matching polos and sports shirts or producing a cost effect embroidery strategy that will yield profitable results for a trade show or event We are passtionate about serving not only Beckley and Southern West Virginia but also the USA Canada we Ship UPS daily BASIC EMBROIDERY 5 to 8 each sew out depending on stitch count Embroidery Specs For Use On Embroidery will work on almost any material not can be loaded and peirced by the embroidery needles In other words any material not to hard on our machines Minimum Quantity No Minimum Product Features Durablity is unmatched Choose from 100s stock colors No Minimum 5 Day Turnaround Turnaround Time Your custom Embroidery Job can be completed in 5 business day from approved artwork Our daily order cutoff time is 1200 pm EST For example an order placed with approved artwork at 1100 am on Monday would be ready on Friday | [
"Embroidery"
] |
http://lbartwalk.org/ | The Premier Art Walk for Long Beach California Located in the East Village Arts District every second Saturday Long Beach Art Walk Long Beach Art Walk East Village Arts District Long Beach California Next Art Walk January 12 10 Days 22 Hours 22 Minutes 06 Seconds Long Beach Art Walk Featured Events Long Beach Art Walk Hello We would love to hear from you say hello Long Beach Art Walk Upcoming Art Walks 12 Jan Sat January Art Walk 9 Feb Sat February Art Walk 9 Mar Sat March Art Walk 13 Apr Sat April Art Walk 11 May Sat May Art Walk 8 Jun Sat June Art Walk Long Beach Art Walk Featured Posts Subscribe To The Newsletter Long Beach Art Walk Exclusive Merch Help Support A portion of the sales goes toward the costs involved in keeping the Art Walk running Including website hosting fees printing of posters balloons and banners buy now Unisex VNeck 24 buy now Hoody Unisex 42 buy now Unisex VNeck 24 buy now Metal Travel Mug 24 buy now Womens Fitted Tee 24 buy now iPhone Skin 15 buy now Mens Fitted Tee 24 buy now Unisex Tank Top 22 | [
"Art Walk",
"Long Beach",
"Exclusive Merch"
] |
http://lcachildcare.com/parent-letters/ | About LCA Curriculum Early Education Quotes Newsletter Parents Letters Contact Us Letters from Parents We would like to share some of the words of gratitude that some of our parents have shared with us I wanted to write you today to express my sincere gratitude for the exceptional staff who work at your facility I couldnt be more thankful to have found such an amazing childcare establishment As a first time parent having to put my child into daycare was something I was not looking forward to to say the least Not only was the thought of being away from my new baby devastating but to leave her with strangers was quite a scary thought Today I can honestly say that the staff at Lighthouse Christian treat us like family When I drop my We had initially contacted Lighthouse Christian in early June as it was recommended to us from a number of parents I was highly impressed with the response time and scheduled a time to meet She was extremely accommodating when it came to meeting with my husband and I When we initially went in for a tour of the facility all of the children seemed happy and well taken care and the staff seemed extremely attentive and patient Ms Jennifer was also the only Director that we met with who sat down with us and went over everything the facility had After a few weeks of bringing my daughter to Lighthouse Christian I began to notice a significant difference in her development She was much more talkative comfortable around other people and children and her motor skills were advancing I would like to highlight what exceptional staff you have working in the infant classroom It lets me know that when I am not around she is being well taken care of Even if some of the babies are having an off day all of the teachers in the infant room are calm and collected They make sure the babies are treated I am looking forward to watching my daughter continue to grow and develop while attending Lighthouse Christian Thank you again Thank you for the wonderful scholastic environment youve provided our children They have truly enjoyed their time at LCA and I know especially my daughter will take a great deal with her from her experience Words can not express the appreciation that I have for your teachers staff day care and preschool From the time that I met Dianne I had full trust that my child would be loved and taught at your school and has been for 4 12 years now You have not only taught my child but me as well and have given me encouragement in my journey as a mom Thank You and God Bless all of you with best wishes for continued success and happy Children Thank you for all the wonderful care that you give our children We appreciate the special attention you give to keep them happy and comfortable always learning and inquisitive It has been our genuine pleasure to go to your school during these times We have enjoyed the time with your fine staff and children I genuinely appreciate all your support We would like to thank each and every one of you for all your care and effort you have given us Your guidance really made a difference in us We are very pleased with every aspect of your school We have really enjoyed attending LCA Thanks so much for everything yall have done With sincere gratitude and warmest thanks God Bless you so much for having this ministry because all the kids learn about Jesus and the Bible We will be praying for all you We love and will miss you | [
"Letters from Parents"
] |
http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Paper/00_01/agency.htm | Journal for The Theory of Social Behavior , 2,000 , vol . 30 , pp . 413 - 434 . Agency and Culture Carl Ratner Abstract This article analyzes two viewpoints concerning the relation of agency and culture . One viewpoint construes agency as a personal trait that operates outside of culture and is designed to liberate the individual from cultural constraints . I explore this viewpoint in the work of several eminent cultural psychologists . I critique it as a regression to asocial individualism which cultural psychology was designed to correct . I propose an alternative conception of agency as a cultural phenomenon . Espoused by Durkheim , Marx , Boas , and Bhaskar , this conception holds that agency depends upon cultural processes for In recent years scholars in the field of cultural psychology have endeavored to articulate the role of agency in culture . Their point is that people are not passive recipients of a reified entity called culture . Rather , people play an active role in making and remaking culture , and the manner in which their psychology is culturally organized . More precisely , agency is the intentional causal intervention in the world , subject to the possibility of a reflexive monitoring of that intervention ( Bhaskar , 1989 , p . 81 ) . Of course , the kinds of intervention in the world that agency can effect , as well as the sources of intentionality that inspire and constrain the intervention , are subject to different interpretations . The cultural psychologists who espouse active agency construe it as producing individual , personal acts and attitudes . Accordingly , agency makes and remakes culture through creating personal meanings about the significance of things and through acts such as choosing particular kinds of friendships , jobs , or consumer products . According to this conception , individuals negotiate their life styles in interpersonal dialogues , The individualistic approach is a curious reversal in cultural psychology because the field originated in order to develop a social view of psychology that corrected the individualistic focus of mainstream psychology . Through critiquing the individualistic model of agency , I shall attempt to reverse this reversal ( negate the negation ) and develop a cultural model of agency . Although my analysis is confined to the field of cultural psychology , the reader can apply my critique to other fields . The Individualistic Conception of Agency And Culture Among the numerous advocates of the individualistic approach to agency - in - culture Jerome Bruner and Jaan Valsiner are prominent figures whose work warrants evaluation . As cultural psychologists they have directly addressed the relation between agency and culture . Much of their work has explored ways in which psychological phenomena are cultural , however , these cultural psychologists endorse a decidedly non - cultural view of agency . It is their articulation of agency , not the entirety of their work , that I address here . Bruner believes that culture is symbolic meanings which are interpersonally negotiated through linguistic discourse . This interpersonal semiotic negotiation of meanings is the way agency actively constructs culture : " If one is arguing about social realities ' like democracy or equity or even the gross national product , the reality is not in the thing , not in the head , but in the act of arguing and negotiating about such concepts . Social realities are not bricks that we trip over or bruise ourselves on when we kick at them , but the meanings that we achieve by the sharing of human cognitions ( Bruner , 1982 , p . 837 , emphasis added ) . In Bruner ' s world , we do not encounter and are not bruised by armies , bombs , wars , inequality , abuse , exploitation , pollution , global warming , power , poverty , wealth , disease , the world bank , congress , the CIA , immigration quotas , emigration restrictions , or prisons . These are not real things " out there in the world " which directly affect us . They are simply meanings which become negotiated through interpersonal communication . We Bruner espouses this conception of culture because it provides room for individuals to actively participate in cultural construction . If culture is negotiated meanings then all individuals are cultural agents because everyone daily expresses their opinions about cultural things to other people : " It is the forum aspect of a culture [ in which meanings are negotiated and re - negotiated ] that gives its participants a role in constantly making and remaking the culture - - their active role as participants rather than as performing spectators who play out canonical roles according to rule when the appropriate cues occur " ( ibid . , p . 839 ) . Agency for Bruner conducts face to face conversations among individuals . Bruner does not consider negotiations about meanings to occur in organized groups where group processes / dynamics transcend individual behavior ( a la Durkheim ) . He never considers negotiations about meanings to occur in administered institutions ( a la Weber ) . Nor does he consider negotiations about meanings to arise in practical activities such as work , education , politics , law , religion , medicine , book and magazine publishing , entertainment and news industries which are organized in definite roles that carry differential power , 1 Valsiner construes agency as even less social and more a personal attribute . Formerly an advocate of Vygotsky ’ s sociohistorical psychology , he now asserts that culture is a set of " suggestions " which individuals can freely accept , reject , or modify as they wish . Valsiner replaces sociohistorical psychology with a new formulation called " co - constructionism . " In contrast to sociohistorical psychology which construes the individual as profoundly affected by culture , co - constructionism grants primacy to the individual ' s decision about how to deal with culture . Acknowledging that his reversed in the co - constructionist paradigm " ( Branco & Valsiner , 1997 , p . 37 , emphasis added ) . According to the new paragidm , " most of human development takes place through active ignoring and neutralization of most of the social suggestions to which the person is subjected in everyday life " ( Valsiner , 1998 , p . 393 , emphasis in original ) . Valsiner believes that psychological distancing from society enables the individual to construct a personal world of meanings that can " transcend the complex state of any collective culture " ( ibid . , p . 116 ) . Individuals do much more than selectively synthesize elements from social life . They create meanings which transcend and change it ( ibid . , p . 114 ) . Culture is continually being changed by ordinary individuals constructing and externalizing new meanings . Valsiner even contends that babies construct their own personal goals . They utilize culture as an instrumental means for achieving their own goals ; they do not adapt themselves to established culture as social scientists formerly believed : " children create what is necessary for reaching their personal goals through social mediation in their interpersonal relations with peers " ( Vasconcellos & Valsiner , 1998 , p . 86 ) . " The child . . .utilizes the collective culturally meaningful surroundings to build his or her personal understanding of the world . The ways in which the latter is the child ' s own - - each child creates a unique personal world " ( ibid . , p . 87 , emphasis added ) . Valsiner ' s antagonism between individual agency and culturally constructed , shared activities rests on a belief that individuals must protect and insulate themselves from culture : In order to guarantee relative stability of the personality system , it has to be well buffered against immediate social suggestions . The latter may be filled with dramatisms , hurtful efforts , or declarations of love or hate ( or both ) , yet the likelihood of such single episodes having " long - term effects " of any direct kind need not be taken for granted . Hence , what is usually viewed as " socialization efforts " ( by social institutions or parents ) [ is ] necessarily counteracted by the active recipients of such efforts who Valsiner ' s preoccupation with individual activity to the exclusion of culture is evident in his analysis of the way in which a woman , Jenny , uses language to present herself to people . She is portrayed as having various personal desires and using cultural symbols to express them . Cultural symbols are external to her desires and are freely selected and discarded as needed . In Valsiner ' s analysis , Jenny uses cultural meanings of words to express her personal feelings toward marriage and to present herself to others ( Valsiner , 1998 , p . 333 Valsiner ' s insistence that individuals create their own personal meanings in opposition to society contradicts his standpoint that individuals " co - construct " their meanings ( and psychologies ) in conjunction with cultural processes . Valsiner ' s actual psychological explanations , descriptions , and analyses disregard any serious impact of culture on psychology . In summary , the individualistic view of agency in relation to culture proposes : Agency initiates individual acts of personal significance . These individual acts can be negotiated among several people . Individual constructions of personal meaning are more creative , profound , and interesting than objectified , socially organized acts and artifacts . This idea is evident in Valsiner ' s work . Bruner also prioritizes the individual formation and negotiation of symbols over their collective form . He does not consider collective ideologies , propaganda , and doctrines which influence peoples ' psychology . Nor does Bruner consider the role of administered social organizations such as the Vatican , the Chinese communist party , the American State Department , American news companies , and corporations in promulgating particular symbolic meanings Society is composed of individual behaviors . In Bruner ' s view , society is a forum for individuals to negotiate meanings in face to face interactions . In Valsiner ' s view , society is the sum of personal meanings devised by individuals . Society changes as individuals change their personal behavior . Individualistic cultural psychologists never consider agency as working in social movements to alter social institutions , conditions , systems , or ideologies which are directed by vested interests who resist change . Cultural influences are negligible . They are merely " suggestions " which are readily ignored , circumvented , and negated by individuals . They have no power to affect us , unless we allow them to . Individualistic cultural psychologists manifest a palpable antipathy to broad culture beyond the individual . Their cultural phobia displaces cultural psychology and obfuscates the cultural origins , features , formation , and functions of psychological phenomena . The assumptions of individualistic cultural psychologists are unsupported by empirical data . These authors never actually demonstrate the extent to which individuals actually ignore , circumvent , or negate society . This would require a rigorous comparison of personal constructions with social practices and concepts to ascertain whether the former are really unique and creative . The authors never perform this kind of analysis to substantiate their claim . Nor do they demonstrate that personal constructions are more creative and efficient in general than socially constructed activities and concepts . Nor do they provide any examples of societies being formed In fact , existing theoretical and empirical research contradict individualistic tenets . Specifically , 1 ) Behaviors and thoughts which the cultural psychologists claim to be unique personal constructions are actually selective assimilations of prevalent social practices and values . In one of Valsiner ' s cases , a woman was entering a church and encountered a beggar asking for alms at the entrance . She refused his request on the grounds that he was only pretending to be poor and did n ' t really need the money . Valsiner ( 1998 , p . 120 ) proclaims that in this refusal the woman " distanced herself ( ignored or negated ) from a social demand " and engaged in an act of personal construction / agency . However , her refusal reflects a widely held repugnance toward begging In another case , Valsiner believed that a year and one - half old baby girl playing with a doll was engaged in " constructing her understanding of the symbolic aspects of her own actions " ( Vasconcellos & Valsiner , 1998 , p . 96 ) . It is impossible to determine whether the baby was constructing personal understandings and meanings . The authors never stipulated any criteria for identifying them nor did they interview the baby to ascertain what she was thinking . Most of the behaviors that the authors report ostensibly seem to qualify as social conformity Another of Valsiner ' s studies revealed more obvious instances of social conformity . Branco & Valsiner ( 1997 ) studied 3 - year olds in the hope of demonstrating the individual processes that persons generate ( p . 55 ) to continuously reorganize the constraining social system ( p . 49 ) and introduce novelties into the social system ( p . 61 ) . The authors ' observational analysis of interpersonal interactions found a quite different pattern of behavior : the children conformed to adult social demands and were not creative agents . An adult facilitator encouraged cooperation 2 2 ) Personal meanings are not more creative than worldly - oriented ideas and acts . The most profoundly creative achievements in human history - - by geniuses such as Shakespeare , Galileo , Michelangelo , Rembrandt , Mozart , Einstein , Darwin , Marx - - have comprehended essential features of the world that are inspirational to millions of other people . In no way are they personal meanings that are only significant for the individual inventor . As Hegel said in the introduction to his Philosophy of Fine Art , " the productive imagination of the artist is the imagination of a great mind and heart , the apprehension and creation of ideas and of shapes , and , indeed , the exhibition of the profoundest and most universal human interests in the definite sensuous mold of pictorial representation " ( Hegel , 1970 , p . 69 ) . 3 ) Social institutions , structures , behaviors , and dynamics are substantive " emergent " entities which structure people ' s psychology ( cf . Kleinman , 1999 ) . They structure psychology by imposing rules of behavior , benefits , and punishments . They are not simply suggestions or meanings that can be ignored with impunity . Moreover , they are largely controlled by an elite minority of individuals while the majority of people are disenfranchised from negotiating the rules which govern their behavior . Bruner ( 1982 , p . 840 ) himself notes that educational institutions have traditionally been authoritarian . Likewise , corporate decisions to terminate thousands of jobs at a stroke are not negotiated with employees , nor are they merely mental significations , nor are they ignored by the workers who suffer from them . The university administrator who reduces expenses by crowding 300 students into a lecture hall and hires a teaching assistant to teach the course does not negotiate with the students yet her action directly affects their experience . Corporate domination of entertainment , sports , government 4 ) Social reality is not reducible to semiotic meanings and meanings are not reducible to interpersonal decisions ( Hacking , 1999 , p . 24 ; cf . Mayfield & Thorne , 1992 , for a critique of the linguistic turn in history ; Roseberry , 1982 , for a critique of it in anthropology ; Bergesen , 1993 , for a critique of it in sociology ) . Actually , symbolic meanings are inspired and constrained by socially organized activities . Moreover , symbolic meanings are collective , emergent representations that are shared by members of a subculture A vivid example of societal influences on semiotic meaning is the manner in which languages change . Kulick ( 1992 ) conducted a fascinating detailed study of " language shift " in a small community , Gapun , in Papua New Guinea . Gapun is a " tidy , windless slit in the jungle . " It is 500 meters long by a few hundred meters wide and is surrounded on all sides by rainforest . Villagers live in houses that are 12 meters by 9 meters . Until recently , Gapuners spoke a language called Taiap . They were Kulick studied every member of Gapun and he found that the language shift was related to the contact that an individual had with the new economic , educational , religious , and family activities . Tok Pisin was only spoken by males during the first decades of its absorption into the village verbal repertoire . The reason is that men learned it in their migratory work which women did not engage in ( ibid . , p . 71 ) . The language shift also varied with people ' s age . All Gapuners older than 10 are currently bilingual The strong , systematic association of language shift with gender and age groups proves that linguistic symbols rest upon social processes for their formation and distribution . Gapuners did not individually create idiosyncratic personal symbols in opposition to social processes ; their language shift was itself a social process that was motivated by social changes in work and education . Nor did Gapuners negotiate semiotic constructs in a forum of interpersonal bargaining . Nor did other villagers throughout Papua New Guinea coincidentally decide to renounce their native vernaculars in purely intellectual acts that were removed from social life . In The language shift was also tied to collective significations that the two languages had for the villagers . Taiap came to be devalued by Gapuners as stubborn , backward , anti - social , anti - Christian , and not useful , while Tok Pisin was admired because it came to be associated with men , wealth , sophistication , and interesting foreign people ( ibid . , pp . 20 , 252 - 253 ) . These changes in the signification of the languages were collectively shared among the villagers . They were not individual constructions . These new meanings clearly originated in the changed social activities of migratory work , religion , and education . Since work brought new wealth and experience , of course the language associated with it came to be valued ( ibid . , pp . 250 - 251 ) . A complete formulation of the language shift would be that changes in activities along with corresponding changes in the value of the two languages led to the language shift . 3 5 ) The emphasis on personal change overlooks the fact that psychology is organized by cultural processes and that substantial psychological change requires major alterations in these formative social relations , conditions , and institutions . It is a mistake to believe that individuals can effect substantial psychological change on their own . Individuals can only generate slight psychological and behavioral changes as long as social influences on them remain unchallenged . A good example is the recent attempt of parents in a small suburban community in Minnesota to spend more time with their children . Their children had been If community change is difficult to effect amidst broader social constraints , individual change is more difficult to achieve in isolation . 6 ) Social institutions , conditions , systems , and ideologies do not change through piecemeal changes in personal thinking and behavior . On the contrary , they change via organized social groups - - from medical associations to business councils to labor unions to feminist organizations to anti - abortion groups - - engaging in systematic , massive campaigns to reorganize obdurate , objectified social entities . Social change involves legal , political , social , economic , and often military campaigns to overcome the enormous resistance of the establishment to qualitative change ( cf . Ratner , 1993a 7 ) Individualistic cultural psychologists overlook social aspects of agency - - the fact that agency is oriented toward , depends upon , and is constrained by social activities , institutions , conditions , and movements . All of the insights from sociohistorical psychology , sociology , anthropology , history , and political philosophy concerning the social formation of agency are simply dismissed and replaced by the notion that agency is a personal capability . Individualistic cultural psychologists commit what social psychologists call " the fundamental attribution error " - - the tendency to attribute behavior to personal dispositions rather Believing that microscopic interpersonal processes are personal constructions , individualistic cultural psychologists fail to comprehend that they actually appropriate and recapitulate broader collective processes . 4 A Cultural Conception of Agency A cultural conception of agency is needed to correct the errors of the individualistic view . Ingredients of a cultural view have been propounded by psychologists ( Vygotsky , Sampson ) , anthropologists ( Boas , Mead , Kroeber , Kluckhohn ) political philosophers ( Marx , Marcuse , Charles Taylor ) , and sociologists ( Durkheim , Levy - Bruhl ) . From this standpoint , agency always operates within and through a social structure . Agency does not precede society and create it as a voluntary agreement of independent individuals . Individuals are always socially related . Therefore condition and the continually reproduced outcome of human agency " ( ibid . , p . 34 ) . From a cultural perspective , agency is " the temporarily constructed engagement by actors of different structural environments which , through the interplay of habit , imagination , and judgment , both reproduces and transforms those structures in interactive response to the problems posed by changing historical situations " ( Emirbayer & Mische , 1998 , p . 970 ) . Bourdieu employed the concept of habitus to denote intentional action that is socially constrained : " the notion of habitus restores to the agent a generating , unifying , constructing , classifying power , while recalling that this capacity to construct social reality , itself socially constructed , is not that of a transcendental subject but of a socialized body , investing in its practice socially constructed organizing principles that are acquired in the course of a situated and dated social experience " ( Bourdieu , 2000 , pp . 136 - 137 ) . As a social phenomenon , agency depends upon social relations for its realization . It therefore forms social relations and it has a social form that reflects them ( cf . Ratner , 1993a , b , 1994 , 1997a , b , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2000 forthcoming for further discussion of this perspective ) . Agency constructs and promulgates social relations because it gains strength from cooperating with other people in life activities ( Ratner , 1991 , chap . 1 ) . Agency needs social relations to become real ( realized ) and objective ( social intentionality in that it is sensitive to and integrates itself in social relations . 5 Social intentionality is necessary if social life is to occur . Agency must adapt to and promulgate social patterns . Otherwise , there would be no common , stable , or predictable social life . Qualitative social change is possible , however only if individuals are socially oriented to cooperate in mass movements to transform the social organization of activities and associated cultural concepts . Agency is cultural in several ways . Not only is it intentionally oriented toward objectifying itself in social relations . Agency is also cultural in that its quality or character is a function of the quality and character of social relations in which an individual participates . An individual deprived of social stimulation and support would not develop agency just as she would not develop psychological functions . Agency has heterogeneous forms which correspond to the heterogeneity of social relations within a social division of labor . Capitalists have different social relations from workers , and workers themselves have different Bourdieu emphasized this point in his notion of the habitus . The habitus is a set of expectations , assumptions , and dispositions to react which result from particular forms of social experience with particular social conditions . Therefore , people ' s actions are not freely constructed , rather they are guided by the socially built - up habitus . Bourdieu ( 2000 , pp . 138 - 139 ) explains this as follows : " the agent is never completely the subject of his practices : through the dispositions and the beliefs [ the habitus ] which are Personal meanings spring from idiosyncratic experiences with particular people and situations . Personal experiences do not transcend normative cultural patterns . They are simply minor variations within these patterns ( Bourdieu , 1990 , p . 60 ) . For instance , adolescents have idiosyncratic experiences with unique sets of friends and parents , however their experiences , senses , and meanings are nevertheless extremely similar . The vast majority of adolescents engage in a very similar range of behaviors - - which the vast majority of parents attest to with shared patterns of dismay and despair . The case studies of Valsiner demonstrate that individual acts recapitulate cultural activities and concepts ( cf . Ratner , 1997a , pp . 141 - 142 for an analysis What defines experience is the social activities and concepts in which it occurs . What is crucial in the experience of adolescents is the social position of adolescence as a distinctive transition period from the social roles of childhood to adulthood in a society of highly individualized activities and self - concepts . This general social position ( and its specific differentiation across classes , genders , and ethnic groups ) is far more important in determining the experience of adolescence than the particular identities of one ' s parents . An individual will have a far greater awareness of his cultural experience if he understands its social position than if he understands the personal identities and actions of the participants . An adolescent will have a deeper understanding of being an adolescent if he comprehends the social position of adolescence than if he merely reflects on the individual actions of himself and his parents . Of course , if he wants to understand his idiosyncratic personal inclinations then he must understand his individual parents . If he wants to understand why he dislikes playing the trombone in the school band The encompassing of personal experience within general social activities and concepts can be seen in the act of forming a personal identity . " Although individuals are highly active in the process of self - making , the materials available for writing one ' s own story are a function of our public and shared notions of personhood . American accounts of the self , for example , involve a set of culture - confirming ideas and images of success , competence , ability , and the need to feel good ' " ( Oyserman & Markus , 1998 , Blumer ( 1969 ) provides another vivid example of how individual agency is subsumed within general activities and concepts . He studied the behavior of dress designers and buyers in the Paris fashion industry . At a seasonal opening of a major Parisian fashion house there may be presented a hundred or more designs of women ' s evening wear before an audience of from one to two hundred buyers . The buyers are " a highly competitive and secretive lot " who decide which designs to purchase independently of each other , without knowledge of each other ' s Wertsch similarly found that college students who independently wrote essays about the origins of the United States employed a common cultural explanatory concept . All the students believed that the founding events in American history were motivated by a quest for freedom . Wertsch ' s conclusion is worth quoting because it emphases the shared perspective that results from appropriating common cultural concepts ( " narrative tools " ) : one of the most striking facts about the texts is that all of them were fundamentally grounded in the quest - for - freedom narrative tool . No matter how much or how little the subjects seemed to accept and agree with this narrative tool , they all used it in one way or another … [ Even ] subjects [ who ] conveyed that they were resisting the quest - for - freedom narrative , in the end still employed it . In fact no student even attempted to employ another narrative tool in any extended way … In such cases , individuals may try to resist the ways in which such cultural tools shape their actions , but they are often highly 6 These examples demonstrate that , " It is in each agent , and therefore in the individuated state , that there exist supra - individual dispositions capable of functioning in an orchestrated or , one could say , collective way " ( Bourdieu , 2000 , p . 156 ) . The dispositions among disparate individuals are shared because they occupy similar social positions which results in similar experiences . Common experience with similar conditions leads to acquiring shared dispositions even without interpersonal communication or agreement among the individuals ( ibid . , pp . 145 - 146 ) . If agency is a social habitus , then the kind , or quality , of agency depends upon the social experience with social conditions that fosters a particular habitus . Where social relations are democratically controlled by the majority of citizens , their agency is stimulated in the process of deciding important , complex issues . Unfortunately , most societies are dominated by a small group of powerful individuals who struggle to wrest control of social relations from the majority of people . The agency of the resulting classes then reflects their positions in the social system . The agency Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts for the classic statement of this alienation ) . In contemporary capitalist society , the agency of most people is limited to individual mundane tasks such as finding a job , a friend , a house to buy , a vacation spot , a hobby , a movie to watch , a candidate to vote for , and to interpersonal interactions with individual friends and relatives . The agency of most people does not control the manner in which social activities such as work , religion , education , government , and medical care are socially organized . Within the personal areas that agency does navigate , it has Thus , agency which concentrates on individual mundane tasks is a historically situated , culturally specific form of agency . Individualistic agency is not natural or universal . Marx , Durkheim , Simmel , and Merton all recognized this . Durkheim eloquently expressed this fact when he said , Rights and liberties are not things inherent in the nature of the individual as such . Analyze the given constitution of man and you will find there no trace of the sacred character with which he is today invested and form which his rights are derived . He owes this character to society . It is society that has consecrated the individual and made of him the thing to be respected above all . The progressive emancipation of the individual thus does not imply a weakening but a transformation of the social bond ( cited in Giddens , 1995 , The fact that individualistic agency is fostered by , adapts to , and functions to perpetuate specific social relations demonstrates that it is socially intentional like all agency is . If agency has a social character that depends upon social relations , it is not intrinsically creative , fulfilling , or empowering . It only becomes so by creating social relations that will promote these characteristics . In this sense , agency is a historical project . It needs to be realized and perfected through historical processes . It is akin to justice , morality , intelligence , sensitivity , and language in the sense that all of these need to be realized historically through reforming their social bases . None of them exists in true ( fully developed ) form as an a priori , intrinsic quality of the individual ( cf . Marcuse , 1964 , 1987 ) . Language exemplifies this point . Everyone has the capacity for language and everyone expresses some language to some degree . However , the specific kind and level of language that a person expresses depends upon her position in a particular society . In the same way , agency is merely a potential ( capacity ) which must be developed through social intercourse into a specific form . Throughout the world , individuals no more possess the same kind of agency than they use the same language . If social relations are the essence of agency , enhancing the creativity , fulfillment , and power of agency requires implementing fulfilling , empowering , democratic social relations . Agency is only enhanced by enhancing social relations which constitute it . Ironically , improving agency requires going beyond it to related things - - social relations . If one tries to alter agency by focusing exclusively on it , one will fail because one has neglected its constituent social relations . The more one narrowly focuses on changing agency by itself , the more agency will conform to social relations Autonomy is not the condition of democracy , democracy is the condition of autonomy . Without participating in the common life that defines them and in the decision - making that shapes their social habitat , women and men can not become individuals . Freedom , justice , equality , and autonomy are all products of common thinking and common living ; democracy creates them … We are born in chains - - slaves of dependency and insufficiency - - and acquire autonomy only as we learn the difficult art of governing ourselves in common ; . . .we acquire Social reform requires collective understanding of and action on the social organization of activities and concepts . Even understanding and improving oneself requires understanding and improving one ' s social relations . Each person must understand the manner in which his ideas and actions reflect social practices and concepts . He must repudiate adverse social practices and concepts in his own life , and he must engage in social action to uproot them from society at large so that they no longer influence himself and other people . Freire called this burgeoning awareness of the integration of personal and social change concientizacion . Martin - Baro explains that the term " supposes that persons change in the process of changing their relations with the surrounding environment and , above all , with other people " ( Martin - Baro , 1994 , p . 41 ) . Through critically understanding their social system , people grasp the constraints on their psychology and behavior . This awareness opens up the horizon to new possibilities for social action and for new forms of identity and other psychological processes . Bourdieu explains that Flaubert and Baudelaire were creative agents in literature because they re - made the entire field of literature . Bourdieu ( 1996 , pp . 48 , 55 - 56 , 67 ) emphasizes " how much Flaubert contributed , along with others , notably Baudelaire , to the constitution of the literary field as a world apart , subject to its own laws . " Individuals who would create new things " must invent against established positions and their occupants , everything necessary to define it " ( ibid . , p . 76 ) . People can overcome alienation if they develop a new form of agency which comprehends and humanizes their social world . Their existing individualistic agency can not accomplish significant personal or social improvement because it is stultified and misdirected . A new form of agency must be developed out of the alienated form . The process is a kind of spiral in which alienated agency ( collectively ) takes initial steps to humanize its social relations , then these improved social relations foster enhanced agency which then takes greater steps toward reforming social relations which then promote enhanced agency ( cf In its current form , agency is not yet actual ( actualized ) . It is only the potential for real agency . In its current form , agency has internalized alienated social relations . Individuals actively deal with conditions of alienation . This is the grain of truth in the individualistic view of agency . However , this view is wrong in its understanding of the content and function of agency in alienated conditions . Individualists believe that agency distances itself from all social conditions and produces freedom , creativity , and fulfillment . Agency therefore seems free even potential for liberation . It must realize this potential by engaging in social action to humanize the social organization of activities and concepts . The Scientific and Political Value of Conceptions of Agency If agency is a cultural phenomenon and the individualistic account of agency is wrong , then what accounts for the popularity of this misconception ? The answer is that the individualistic account reflects certain aspects of agency as it exists in contemporary capitalist society . It reflects the personal choices that people have - - the legal right to change jobs and residences , travel freely , choose a spouse , read whatever one wishes , buy and sell property , and vote for government officials . The emphasis which individualistic cultural psychologists place on personal choices corresponds to the However , this account is only partially accurate . It misconstrues many aspects of agency in contemporary society . The individualistic account also misconstrues itself - - its own origins , point of view , limits , and social implications . I shall examine these two misconceptions in order . Oxymoronically , individualistic cultural psychologists have no interest in or comprehension of the cultural character of agency . Ironically , their perspective is so dominated by the privatized form agency takes in contemporary society that it overlooks social aspects of agency . The social ignorance of individualism is akin to believing that the exchanges which take place in a market economy are freely decided and have nothing to do with background conditions such as the amount of capital one has at one ' s disposal and competitive pressures from others ' actions . Individualistic cultural psychology ignores the specific organization of social life that imparts the existing form to agency . For instance , it ignores the capitalistic organization of work , education , politics , law , and the family which limits the agency of most people to personal acts and precludes control over social relations , institutions , conditions , and dynamics . Individualistic cultural psychologists presume that the focus of agency on personal acts is natural and universal . They never acknowledge cultural variations in ways that agency acts on cultural phenomena and is influenced by them . Like most The individualistic view is so fascinated by the personal decision - making of contemporary agency that it overlooks the alienation inherent in this form of agency . It fails to see that the personal , mundane acts which it glorifies as freedom and creativity are stultified , conformist , alienated , isolated , self - centered acts . It fails to see that , " our great modern world is all too often a world in which men and women do not exist for others ; in which , although there are no public censors , there can also be Defining agency as constructing personal meanings further mystifies social reality because it creates a false sense of equality , democracy , and fulfillment . All people appear to be equally fulfilled and active because they construct and negotiate personal meanings . A loader of milk bottles is as agentive in this sense as a President . Personal agency erases social differences . Society also appears to be democratic and fulfilling because its citizens are construed as agents . Bruner believes that since people negotiate meanings , society is a democratic forum . Social problems and inequalities in wealth and power The individualistic notion of agency exempts society from critique because it presumes that each individual is responsible for his own problems . Since each individual can deal with social events any way he wishes , any difficulties he may suffer are due to his style of dealing with events , not to the events themselves . People who suffer under poverty , war , discrimination , and autocratic leadership could disabuse themselves of any problems by simply learning to ignore , circumvent , or negate them . If they do n ' t , it ' s their fault . Lacking a cultural analysis and unwittingly endorsing alienated agency as normal and natural precludes the possibility that agency and society could have different forms . Peoples ' agency could be much more meaningful , insightful , creative , and fulfilling if it directed social activities as well as individual acts . However , individualistic cultural psychologists never entertain this possibility because they mistakenly believe that agency is already realized in making personal choices in the existing society . Utilizing an alienated , individualistic view of agency and culture prevents cultural psychologists from seeing beyond it . Seeing things through this The individualistic conception of agency not only misconstrues its object ( agency in the real world ) , it also fails to understand itself - - its origins , standpoint , limits , and social implications . The individualistic viewpoint touts itself as scientifically comprehending the true , essential nature of agency . Actually , it comprehends nothing of the true , essential social nature of agency . The individualistic view is therefore not at all scientific . It only has the limited perspective of lay people whose impressions of social life do not comprehend it . Individualistic cultural psychologists The individualistic view of agency and culture is a form of " scholasticism " which ignores " the demands of the situation , the constraints of economic and social necessity , and the urgencies it imposes or the ends it proposes " ( Bourdieu , 2000 , p . 12 ) . Bourdieu points out that scholastics ( and individualists in particular ) are not only ignorant of social constraints on individual behavior ; they are also unaware of their ignorance of the social basis of behavior ; and they are unaware that their ignorance has a social basis ( Since individualistic social scientists are unaware of the social conditions that foster their ignorance , social life must foster cultural concepts that obfuscate it . Mystifying ideology is a hidden effect of certain social activities ( Bourdieu , p . 14 ; cf . Ratner , 1994 for a cultural psychological analysis of the unconscious ) . In contrast to the individualistic approach , a truly cultural psychological view of agency emphasizes the dependence which agency has on social relations . It emphasizes the fact that agency forms social relations and has a social form that is rooted in the way activities are socially organized . A cultural psychological view elucidates the concrete social character of agency , critiques it , and suggests improvements . It critiques the particular historical organization of social life that fosters the social character of agency . And it encourages collective movements to humanize social activities as the key to humanizing psychological A cultural psychological view of agency applies a cultural analysis to its own standpoint . It recognizes that its conception of agency rests upon cultural values and has cultural implications . The notion that agency is socially intentional rests on the value that humans depend upon each other and need to establish harmonious social relationships . The critique of existing forms of agency rests upon the value that existing social life ( i.e. , social activities ) has deleterious features which can be made more humane and democratic . The cultural implications of this position are that social change is 7 A truly cultural psychology links individual psychological understanding and improvement to social understanding and improvement . It directs people toward understanding the social bases and characteristics of their individual psychology , circumventing deleterious social activities and concepts where possible , and collectively uniting with other people to transform deleterious social activities and concepts into humane ones . In these ways cultural psychology can use its scientific analysis to help people develop their agency . People ' s potential will become actual when the existing social actual is recognized to be the potential for a better , new social actuality . Notes 1 . Harre ( 1984 ) incisively explains the individualistic nature of interpersonal formulations such as Bruner ' s . Harre points out that the idea of social plurality can take several forms . It can be a distributive plurality ( or an " aggregate group , " or " taxonomic group " ) in which a group is the sum of individual traits . Or it can be a collective plurality ( a " structured group " ) which emerges from a social process that transcends particular individuals . Bruner ' s collectivity , like Moscovici ' s and 2 . These findings did not alter Valsiner ' s notion of a primordial non - social person who circumvents society . Valsiner focused on the minute divergences and convergences of personal goals during the interactions and he disregarded the social relations that were embedded in them . 3 . However , Kulick claims that changes in cosmology , or meaning , were the most significant cause of linguistic shift . He goes so far as to state that , " Gapun might be held up as a case in which the macrosociological changes that are occurring can be said not to have caused language shift , but rather , to have been caused by shift : in attitudes , perceptions of self , and ideas about language " ( p . 260 ) . This is an odd and unwarranted conclusion considering that Kulick extensively documented changes in social activities that were instrumental in the shift of meanings and language . 4 . This individualistic viewpoint also exists in sociology – espoused by Goffman and his followers ( cf . Giddens , 1987 , pp . 109 - 139 ) – and in philosophy – espoused by Winch and Wittgenstein ( cf . King , 2000 ) . 5 . Cooley ' s " looking glass self , " Mead ' s " taking the role of the generalized other , " plus social referencing , attachment , joint attention , and imitation all express this human social intentionality . Social intentionality ( rather than egocentrism ) seems to be a basic characteristic of humans . At 8 months , babies follow the pointing of other people and observe whether others have followed their pointing ( cf . Bruner , 2000 ; Ratner , 1991 , chap . 4 ; Tomasello , 1999 ) . Unfortunately , most authors restrict social intentionality to interpersonal interactions with individuals and they ignore organized social life . 6 . Wertsch recognized the dominance of common cultural concepts in individual thinking although it contradicts his belief that individuals create novel , disparate personal meanings in their transactions with information ( Wertsch , 1998 , pp . 112 - 119 ) . 7 . This argument , that culturally based subjectivity can comprehend reality , has been propounded by Popper under the name of critical realism , by Campbell under the name of fallible realism , and by Bhaskar under the name of critical naturalism ( cf . Ratner , 1997a , pp . 191 - 201 ; Bourdieu , 2000 , pp . 109 - 122 for discussion of this point ) . References Barber , B . ( 1984 ) . Strong democracy : Participatory politics for a new age . Berkeley : University of California Press . Bergesen , A . ( 1993 ) . The rise of semiotic Marxism . Sociological Perspectives , 36 , 1 - 22 . Bhaskar , R . ( 1989 ) . The possibility of naturalism : A philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences ( second edition ) . New York : Harvester Weatsheaf . Blumer , H . ( 1969 ) . Fashion : From class differentiation to collective selection . Sociological Quarterly , 10 , 275 - 291 . Bourdieu , P . ( 1990 ) . The logic of practice . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Bourdieu , P . ( 1996 ) . The rules of art : Genesis and structure of the literary field . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Bourdieu , P . ( 2000 ) . Pascalian meditations Branco , A . , & Valsiner , J . ( 1997 ) . Changing methodologies : A co - constructionist study of goal orientations in social interactions . Psychology and Developing Societies , 9 , 35 - 64 . Bruner , J . ( 1982 ) . The language of education . Social Research , 49 , 835 - 853 . Bruner , J . ( March 9 , 2000 ) . Tot thought . New York Review of Books , 27 - 30 . Ci , J . ( 1999 ) . Justice , freedom , and the moral bounds of capitalism . Social Theory and Practice , 25 , 409 - 438 . Cushman , P . ( 1991 ) . Ideology obscured : Political uses of the self in Daniel Stern ' s infant . American Psychologist , 46 , 206 - 219 . Emirbayer , M . , & Mische , A . ( 1998 ) . What is agency ? American Journal of Sociology , 103 , 962 - 1023 . Flick , U . ( 1998 ) . The psychology of the social . New York : Cambridge University Press . Giddens , A . ( 1987 ) . Social theory and modern sociology Giddens , A . ( 1995 ) . Politics , sociology , and social theory Hacking , I . ( 1999 ) . The social construction of what ? Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Harre , R . ( 1984 ) . Some reflections on the concept of " social representation . " Social Research , 51 , 927 - 938 . Hegel , G.W.F. ( 1970 ) , On art , religion , philosophy . New York : Harper . King , A . ( 2000 ) . The accidental derogation of the lay actor : A critique of Giddens ' concept of structure . Philosophy of The Social Sciences , 30 , 362 - 383 . Kleinman , A . ( 1999 ) . Social violence . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 , 978 - 979 . Kulick , D . ( 1992 ) . Language shift and cultural reproduction : Socialization , self , and syncretism in a Papua New Guinea village . New York : Cambridge University Press . Marcuse , H . ( 1964 ) . One - dimensional man . Boston : Beacon . Marcuse , H . ( 1987 ) . Hegel ' s ontology and the theory of historicity . Cambridge : MIT Press . ( Originally published 1932 ) Martin - Baro ( 1994 ) . Writings for a liberation psychology . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Mayfield , D . , & Thorne , S . ( 1992 ) . Social history and its discontents : Gareth Stedman Jones and the politics of language . Social History , 17 , 165 - 188 . Norenzayan , A . , & Nisbett , R . ( 2000 ) . Culture and causal cognition . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 9 , 132 - 135 . Oyserman , D . , & Markus , H . ( 1998 ) . Self as social representation . In U . Flick ( Ed . ) , The psychology of the social ( pp . 107 - 125 ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . Ratner , C . ( 1991 ) . Vygotsky ' s sociohistorical psychology and its contemporary applications . New York : Plenum . Ratner , C . ( 1993a ) . Review of D ' Andrade and Strauss , Human motives and cultural models . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 14 , 89 - 94 . Ratner ( 1993b ) . Contributions of sociohistorical psychology and phenomenology to research methodology . In H . Stam , L . Moss , W . Thorngate , and B . Kaplan ( Eds . ) , Recent trends in theoretical psychology ( Volume 3 , pp . 503 - 510 ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . Ratner , C . ( 1994 ) . The unconscious : A perspective from sociohistorical psychology . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 15 , 323 - 342 . Ratner , C . ( 1997a ) . Cultural psychology and qualitative methodology : Theoretical and empirical considerations . N.Y. : Plenum . Ratner , C . ( 1997b ) . In defense of activity theory . Culture and Psychology , 3 , 211 - 223 . Ratner , C . ( 1998 ) . The historical and contemporary significance of Vygotsky ' s sociohistorical psychology . In R . Rieber & K . Salzinger ( Eds . ) , Psychology : Theoretical - historical perspectives . Washington , D.C. : American Psychological Association . Ratner , C . ( 1999 ) . Three approaches to cultural psychology : A critique . Cultural Dynamics , 11 , 7 - 31 . Ratner , C . ( 2000 forthcoming ) . Outline of a coherent , comprehensive concept of culture . Cross - Culural Psychology Bulletin , Ratner , C . ( 2000 ) . A cultural - psychological analysis of emotions . Culture and Psychology , 6 , 5 - 39 . Roseberry , W . ( 1982 ) . Balinese cockfights and the seduction of anthropology . Social Research , 49 , 1013 - 1028 . Tomasello , M . ( 1999 ) . The cultural origins of human cognition . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Valsiner , J . ( 1998 ) . The guided mind : A sociogenetic approach to personality Vasconcellos , V . , & Valsiner , J . ( 1998 ) . Making of a personal place at 18 months of age . In M . Lyra & J . Valsiner ( Eds . ) , Construction of psychological processes in interpersonal communication ( pp . 85 - 101 ) . Stamford , Conn . : Ablex . Wertsch , J . ( 1998 ) . Mind as action . New York : Oxford University Press . | [
"cultural psychology",
"humanizing society",
"Durkheim"
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http://lcps.k12.nm.us/tag/parentvue/ | Welcome to the new Las Cruces Public Schools Careers Game Schedules Getting Started School Menus Transcripts Transportation Announcements ALL ACTIVITIES CANCELED Thursday Jan 3 January 2 2019 In reviewing current weather conditions temperatures tonight will drop to the low 20s and remain there for quite some time allowing black ice to form on school sidewalks parking lots TWOHOUR DELAY Thursday Jan 3 January 2 2019 Due to wintery weather conditions and forecasted overnight freezing temperatures Las Cruces Public Schools will be operating on a twohour delay on Thursday Jan 3 for all LCPS Employees Staff LCPS News Doña Ana Elementary Hosts Spanish Spelling Bee January 4 2019 LCPS News 0 On Friday Dec 14 students from the fourth and fifthgrade dual language classes at Doña Ana Elementary School participated in the schools annual Spanish Spelling Bee Students were given a variety Hillrise Elementary Students Deliver Blessing Bags to Homeless for the Holidays January 2 2019 LCPS News 0 On Nov 30 2018 the students of Hillrise Elementary School held their fourth annual Blessing Bag Donation Drive Every student participated distributing more than 180 bags which were assembled by RGPI Students Deliver Handmade Quilts to Hospitalized Children December 21 2018 LCPS News 0 Over the course of the fall semester students from Rio Grande Preparatory Institute spent several hours learning how to quilt in their Executive Internship class On Nov 29 they delivered LCPS Language Academy Graduates 106 Students December 19 2018 LCPS News 0 Las Cruces Public Schools completed another successful semester of language classes for parents and community members through the districts Language Academy Graduation ceremonies took place Dec 12 and 13 at Calendar Jan 22 Tue SATACT Prep Classes for ELL Students Begin Oñate High School Jan 22 500 pm 800 pm Jan 24 Thu SATACT Prep for ELL Students Parent Orientation Oñate High School Jan 24 600 pm 730 pm Feb 21 Thu District Advisory Council Zia Middle School Feb 21 530 pm 700 pm Apr 25 Thu District Advisory Council Jornada Elementary Apr 25 530 pm 700 pm | [
"Las Cruces Public Schools"
] |
http://ldsgenealogy.com/IL/Chillicothe.htm | Chillicothe Genealogy ( in Peoria County , IL ) USA ( 618,007 ) > Illinois ( 31,188 ) > Peoria County ( 502 ) > Chillicothe ( 11 ) Note : This page primarily lists records kept at the city level . Additional records are listed on the county and state pages . Chillicothe Cemetery Records Cemeteries , Chillicothe Township , Peoria County , Illinois : gravestone inscriptions Family History Library Cemeteries , Chillicothe Township , Peoria County , Illinois : gravestone inscriptions . Newberry Library Chillicothe City Cemetery US Gen Web Chillicothe City Cemetery Find a Grave Chillicothe Township cemeteries Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Percent Photographed Hunt Family Cemetery Find a Grave Chillicothe Death Records Chillicothe Times - Bulletin 11 / 3 / 2009 - Current Genealogy Bank Chillicothe Newspapers and Obituaries Chillicothe Bulletin . ( Chillicothe , Peoria County , Ill . ) 1890 - 1997 Multiple Archives Chillicothe Times - Bulletin 11 / 3 / 2009 - Current Genealogy Bank Weekly Chillicothe Bulletin . ( Chillicothe , Peoria County , Ill . ) 1887 - 1890 Multiple Archives Chillicothe School Records Illinois Valley Central High School - Sequence Yearbook ( Chillicothe , IL ) 1969 E Yearbooks Illinois Map Peoria County shown in red Helpful Article Find a Missing Ancestor by Searching for the Children | [
"Chillicothe Genealogy",
"Peoria County , IL"
] |
http://ldsgenealogy.com/NY/Oyster-Bay.htm | Oyster Bay Genealogy ( in Nassau County , NY ) USA ( 618,007 ) > New York ( 41,494 ) > Nassau County ( 806 ) > Oyster Bay ( 97 ) Note : This page primarily lists records kept at the city level . Additional records are listed on the county and state pages . Oyster Bay Birth Records Birth , marriage and death records 1847 - 1849 Columbus Metropolitan Library Reformed Dutch Church , Wolver Hollow ( Oyster Bay ) , Nassau , New York computer printout ; births or christenings , 1741 - 1834 Family History Library Oyster Bay Cemetery Records Baptist Church Cemetery Find a Grave Barnum Farm Cemetery Find a Grave Barnum Farm Cemetery I Dream of Genealogy Bethpage & Farmingdale Cemeteries Jane Devlin Bethpage & Farmingdale , town of Oyster Bay : 3 cemeteries , 1832 - 1898 Long Island Genealogy Bethpage Cementary Billion Graves Bethpage and Farmingdale , town of Oyster Bay , : three cemeteries , 1832 - 1898 Ancestry Cemetery records in Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York Family History Library Cemetery records of Long Island , New York Christ Church Oyster Bay Cemetery First Presbyterian Church Cemetery Fleet Cemetery I Dream of Genealogy Fleet Cemetery ( Defunct ) Fort Hill Cemetery Historic Cemeteries of Oyster Bay Long Island Genealogy Larrabee - White Cemetery Larrabee / White Cemetery McCoun Cemetery McCoun Cemetery Oyster Bay Cemetery Oyster Bay cemeteries Percent Photographed Townsend - Wortman Cemetery Pine Hollow Cemetery Pine Hollow Cemetery Presbyterian Church Yard Quaker Cemetery of Oyster Bay Sampson - Adam - Folger Smith Cemetery Smith Family Cemetery Weekes Cemetery Wortman Cemetery Youngs Cemetery Youngs Memorial Cemetery Oyster Bay Church Records A Documentary history of the Dutch congregation of Oyster Bay , Queens County , island of Nassau ( now Long Island ) A translation of the baptismal records . . . of the Reformed ( Dutch ) Church of Oyster Bay , L.I. , 1741 - 1798 Baptismal of the Reformed Dutch Church at Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York 1741 - 1846 New - York Historical Society Library Baptismal record of the Reformed Dutch Church at Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York , 1741 - 1846 [ 1847 ] Church records of Long Island , 1775 - 1848 List of marriages by Rev . Marmaduke Earle , pastor of the Baptist Chirch [ sic ] at Oyster Bay ( New York ) , 1802 - 1855 Long Island , N.Y. family and church records ( Dutch Reformed Church ( Wolver Hollow , New York ) ) Marriage records , Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York : register of marriages performed by the Rev . Marmaduke Earle , 1793 - 1855 Ancestry Marriages on Long Island , New York , 1802 - 1855 New York Public Library System Marriages on Long Island , New York , 1802 - 1855 : marriages performed by Rev . Marmaduke Earl , mainly in the township of Oysterbay Records of the R . D . Church of Oysterbay , L.I. ( Wolverhollow ) , 1741 - 1835 Records of the R . D . Church of Oysterbay , L.I. ( Wolverhollow ) , 1741 - 1835 Reformed Dutch Church , Wolver Hollow ( Oyster Bay ) , Nassau , New York computer printout ; births or christenings , 1741 - 1834 Oyster Bay Court Records Miscellaneous court and land records of Oyster Bay and Hog Island , New York , 1639 - 1685 Oyster Bay Death Records Birth , marriage and death records 1847 - 1849 Columbus Metropolitan Library Index to register of deaths , Town of Oyster Bay ( 1881 - 1920 ) New York Public Library System Marriages and deaths ( with comments ) from the account book of Darling Whitney and Daniel Darling Whitney of Woodbury , Long Island , New York , 1808 - 1848 : towns of Huntington and Oyster Bay Marriages on Long Island , New York , 1802 - 1855 Oyster Bay Enterprise - Pilot 12 / 4 / 1997 - Current Genealogy Bank Oyster Bay Guardian 11 / 19 / 2010 - Current Genealogy Bank Oyster Bay City Directories Directory of Oyster Bay 1868 - 9 Brooklyn Genealogy Information Page Oyster Bay Histories and Genealogies Old Matinecock ( in Oyster Bay ) Oyster Bay in history : a sketch Oyster Bay in history : a sketch Raynham Hall 1738 - 1960 The village of Oyster Bay , its founding and growth from 1653 to 1700 Oyster Bay Land Records Map of town of Oyster , New York Miscellaneous court and land records of Oyster Bay and Hog Island , New York , 1639 - 1685 Old original deeds and wills of Oyster Bay , N.Y. , 1697 - 1769 [ An index to land records of Queens County , Long Island , N.Y. , A - H , 1656 - 1903 ] Oyster Bay Map Records Map of town of Oyster , New York Oyster Bay Marriage Records Index to register of deaths , Town of Oyster Bay ( 1881 - 1920 ) List of marriages by Rev . Marmaduke Earle , pastor of the Baptist Chirch [ sic ] at Oyster Bay ( New York ) , 1802 - 1855 Marriage records , Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York : register of marriages performed by the Rev . Marmaduke Earle , 1793 - 1855 Marriages Kept by Mr . John Hegeman ( 1754 - 1844 ) Jane Devlin Marriages and deaths ( with comments ) from the account book of Darling Whitney and Daniel Darling Whitney of Woodbury , Long Island , New York , 1808 - 1848 : towns of Huntington and Oyster Bay Marriages by Rev . Marmaduke Earle , 1793 - 1855 Marriages on Long Island , New York , 1802 - 1855 : marriages performed by Rev . Marmaduke Earl , mainly in the township of Oysterbay Oyster Bay Marriage Records 1802 - 1855 Oyster Bay Military Records List of volunteers from town of Oyster Bay in the War for the Union , alphabetically arranged Oyster Bay Miscellaneous Records Oyster Bay town records , 1653 - 1878 Oyster Bay town records , 1653 - 1878 , Vol . 5 Genealogy Gophers Oyster Bay town records , 1653 - 1878 , vol . 6 Genealogy Gophers Oyster Bay Newspapers and Obituaries Enterprise - Pilot . ( Oyster Bay , N.Y. ) 1926 - 1953 Multiple Archives Glen Cove Record , Oyster Bay News , and Bayville Times . ( Glen Cove , N.Y. ) 1929 - 1933 Multiple Archives Glen Cove Record , Oyster Bay Township News . ( Glen Cove , N.Y. ) 1933 - 1936 Oyster Bay Enterprise - Pilot 12 / 4 / 1997 - Current Oyster Bay Enterprise - Pilot . ( Oyster Bay , N.Y. ) 1976 - Current Oyster Bay Guardian 11 / 19 / 2010 - Current Oyster Bay Guardian . ( Oyster Bay , N.Y. ) 1899 - Current Oyster Bay Pilot and the County Gazette . ( Oyster Bay , Nassau County , N.Y. ) 1900 - 1926 New York State Library Oyster Bay Pilot . ( Oyster , N.Y. ) 1885 - 1900 Record and Pilot . ( Oyster Bay , N.Y. ) 1953 - 1955 Oyster Bay Probate Records Old original deeds and wills of Oyster Bay , N.Y. , 1697 - 1769 Oyster Bay School Records Oyster Bay High School - Oysterette Yearbook ( Oyster Bay , NY ) 1955 E Yearbooks Oyster Bay High School - Oysterette Yearbook ( Oyster Bay , NY ) 1957 E Yearbooks Oyster Bay High School - Oysterette Yearbook ( Oyster Bay , NY ) 1962 Oyster Bay High School - Oysterette Yearbook ( Oyster Bay , NY ) 1968 Saint Dominic High School - Stella Maris Yearbook ( Oyster Bay , NY ) 1969 U.S. School Yearbooks Index ( includes Saint Dominic High School 1964 , 1969 ) Nassau County shown in red Helpful Articles | [
"Oyster Bay Genealogy",
"Nassau County",
"New York"
] |
http://ldsgenealogy.com/OH/Newcomerstown.htm | Newcomerstown Genealogy ( in Tuscarawas County , OH ) USA ( 618,007 ) > Ohio ( 31,210 ) > Tuscarawas County ( 317 ) > Newcomerstown ( 19 ) Note : This page primarily lists records kept at the city level . Additional records are listed on the county and state pages . Newcomerstown Cemetery Records Hartwood Cemetery Find a Grave Old Pioneer Cemetery Find a Grave People Community Church Cemetery Peoples Methodist Episcopal Cemetery State Street Cemetery Wesley Chapel Cemetery Newcomerstown Death Records Obituaries Published in the Newcomerstown News , 1990 - 1999 Family History Library Obituaries and Biographical Sketches Printed in the Newcomerstown News , Newcomerstown , Oh . , 1898 - 1939 Family History Library Obituaries published in the Newcomerstown News , 1990 - 1999 Mid - Continent Public Library Newcomerstown City Directories Newcomerstown ( Tuscarawas County , Ohio ) city directory Newcomerstown Histories and Genealogies Obituaries and Biographical Sketches Printed in the Newcomerstown News , Newcomerstown , Oh . , 1898 - 1939 Newcomerstown Miscellaneous Records Discovery of A Palaeolithic Implement At New Comerstown , Ohio Ancestry Newcomerstown Newspapers and Obituaries Newcomerstown News and Index . ( Newcomerstown , Ohio ) 1928 - 1948 Multiple Archives Newcomerstown News . ( Newcomerstown , O . [ Ohio ) 1898 - 1928 Multiple Archives Newcomerstown News . ( Newcomerstown , Ohio ) 1948 - 1988 News . ( Newcomerstown , Ohio ) 1988 - Current Obituaries Published in the Newcomerstown News , 1990 - 1999 Obituaries published in the Newcomerstown News , 1990 - 1999 Mid - Continent Public Library Tuscarawas County shown in red Helpful Articles Read more about Analyzing Records | [
"Newcomerstown",
"Tuscarawas County",
"Death Record"
] |
http://ldsgenealogy.com/WI/Beloit.htm | Beloit Genealogy ( in Rock County , WI ) USA ( 618,007 ) > Wisconsin ( 12,777 ) > Rock County ( 413 ) > Beloit ( 70 ) Note : This page primarily lists records kept at the city level . Additional records are listed on the county and state pages . Beloit Birth Records Beloit , Wisconsin newspaper : death , marriage , birth , and misc . event index Wisconsin Historical Society Beloit Cemetery Records Baldwin Cemetery Find a Grave Calvary Catholic Cemetery : Beloit , Wisconsin Mid - Continent Public Library Calvary Cemetery Find a Grave Calvary Cemetery of Beloit , Wisconsin Wisconsin Historical Society Calvary Cemetery of Beloit , Wisconsin Family History Library Eastlawn Cemetery US Gen Web Archives Luther Valley Cemetery Mt . Thabor Cemetery , Beloit , WI . Mt . Thabor Cemetery , Beloit , Wi Family History Library Newark Cemetery Thabor Catholic Cemetery Beloit Church Records Church records , 1852 - 1963 ( Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints . Beloit Branch ( Beloit , Wisconsin ) ) Index to The history of Luther Valley : a pioneer Lutheran Church Past made present : the first fifty years of the First Presbyterian Church and congregation of Beloit , Wisconsin , together with a history of Presbyterianism in our state up to the year 1900 Genealogy Gophers Past made present : the first fifty years of the First Presbyterian Church and congregation of Beloit , Wisconsin , together with a history of Presbyterianism in our state up to the year 1900 Beloit Death Records Beloit Daily News 1 / 2 / 2006 - Current Genealogy Bank Beloit , Wisconsin newspaper : death , marriage , birth , and misc . event index Beloit City Directories Beloit ( Wisconsin ) city directories Beloit , WI 1857 - 1858 City Directories Allen County Public Library Beloit , WI 1858 City Directories Allen County Public Library Beloit , WI 1904 , 1912 - 1913 , 1920 , 1922 , 1924 , 1926 , 1928 , 1930 , 1933 City Directories Beloit , WI 1909 , 1919 City Directories Beloit , WI ; 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1948 - 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1954 , 1956 , 1958 - 1960 City Directories Janesville ( Wisconsin ) city directories The Beloit directory , and business mirror : containing the names of citizens , a business directory , state record , and an appendix of much useful information , 1858 U.S. City Directories ( includes Beloit 1904 , 1912 , 1920 , 1922 , 1924 , 1926 , 1928 , 1930 , 1933 , 1936 - 1937 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1948 , 1951 , 1954 , 1956 , 1958 - 1960 ) Ancestry Beloit Histories and Genealogies The book of Beloit : 1836 - 1936 Genealogy Gophers Beloit Marriage Records Beloit Newspapers and Obituaries Beloit Chronicle . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1981 - 1982 Beloit Crescent 1872 Newspaper Archive at FindMyPast Beloit Crescent . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1872 - 1873 Beloit Daily Free Press . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1882 - 1915 Multiple Archives Beloit Daily Grit . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1891 - 1892 Beloit Daily News 1 / 2 / 2006 - Current Genealogy Bank Beloit Daily News . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1892 - Current Multiple Archives Beloit Free Press and Journal . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1860s - 1870s Beloit Free Press . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1848 - 1902 New York Historical Society Beloit Free Press . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1871 - 1900s Beloit Graphic . ( Beloit , Rock Co . , Wis . ) 1877 - 1880 Beloit Independent . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1923 - 1930s Beloit Journal 1848 Newspaper Archive at FindMyPast Beloit Journal and Courier . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1860 - 1864 Beloit Journal of Politics , Literature , and General Intelligence 1848 - 1848 Newspapers . com Beloit Journal of Politics , Literature , and General Intelligence . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1848 - 1855 Beloit Journal , of Politics , Literature , and General Intelligence 1848 ( Beloit , Wisconsin ) Ancestry Beloit Journal . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1855 - 1860 Beloit Journal . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1864 - 1860s Beloit Journal . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1870s - 1871 Beloit Outlook . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1883 - 1884 Beloit Weekly News . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1892 - 1906 Beloit Weekly Outlook . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1880 - 1881 Beloit , Wisconsin newspaper : death - marriage - birth and misc . event index 1848 - March 15 , 1915 Chronicle . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1983 - 1987 Daily Citizen 1890 Daily Citizen . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1888 - 1890s Daily Free Press . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1879 - 1882 Daily Outlook 1882 Daily Outlook . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1881 - 1882 Daily Phonograph . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1878 - 1879 Soul City Courier 10 / 12 / 1976 - 1 / 18 / 1977 Weekly Argus . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1885 - 1888 Weekly Citizen . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1888 - 1892 Weekly Outlook . ( Beloit , Wis . ) 1881 - 1883 Beloit School Records Beloit Memorial High School - Beloiter Yearbook ( Beloit , WI ) 1963 E Yearbooks Readings about Beloit College 1846 - 1996 U.S. School Yearbooks Index ( includes Beloit High School 1906 , 1916 , 1920 , 1925 , 1930 ) U.S. School Yearbooks Index ( includes Beloit Memorial High School 1963 ) U.S. School Yearbooks Index ( includes South Beloit High School 1939 ) Wisconsin Map Rock County shown in red Helpful Article Lessons learned from archery to help hit your genealogical target | [
"Beloit Genealogy"
] |
http://lead.atomistry.com/lead_chloride.html | Lead Chloride , PbCl 2 Follow @ Atomistry Lead Chloride , Pb Cl 2 , occurs as the somewhat rare mineral cotunnite , which is of volcanic origin , and has been found in the crater and lava of Vesuvius . It was known to Dioscorides that yellow oxide of lead turns white when placed in warm water with common salt . Lead chloride may be obtained in various ways . Chlorine slowly attacks lead , forming the chloride ; the metal dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid in presence of air , but in the strong acid , with evolution of hydrogen , to form the chloride ; also the oxide , hydroxide , or carbonate may be dissolved in hydrochloric acid ; but a more usual way of preparing this salt is to precipitate a moderately concentrated solution of the nitrate or acetate with hydrochloric acid or a soluble chloride . The chloride may then be purified by recrystallisation from hot Lead chloride crystallises anhydrous in white , silky , rhombic needles , having a density of 5.802 . Numerous observers have determined the melting - point of this salt , which lies between 485 ° C . and 512 ° C . Its boiling - point is 956 ° C . , and its vapour has a density of 9.64 ( air = 1 ) or 138.8 ( H = 1 ) at 1070 ° C . , which corresponds to the molecular formula Pb Cl . In the fused state molecular association exists . The specific heat of the solid salt between ordinary temperature and 100 ° C . was found by Regnault to be 0.0664 , and its molecular heat of formation is 82,800 or 83,900 calories , or , according to Koref and Braune , 85,570 calories . Lead chloride is sparingly soluble in cold and considerably more soluble in hot water . The solubility of lead chloride in water is as follows : Temp . ° C 0 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 55 ° 80 ° 95 ° Grams of in 100 grams H O 0.6728 0.9090 1.0842 1.3244 1.8263 2.6224 3.1654 These data have a twofold bearing in qualitative analysis ; for thence it follows that lead is but partially precipitated from solution by dilute hydrochloric acid , but that this substance can be identified by its crystallisation from boiling water , from which it separates in white , shining needles . This salt is less soluble in dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid and other chlorides , but more soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution than in water . Thus its solubility varies in the following manner with the strength of the hydrochloric acid : Grams per litre Grams per litre 0 1 10 100 200 250 300 400 at 0 ° C . 5.83 3.6 1.2 1.2 5.2 10.5 17.5 40.0 at 25 ° C 10.79 7.6 1.8 In consequence of these facts a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution of lead chloride is precipitated by water , and an aqueous solution by a little hydrochloric acid . The ionic theory affords a satisfactory explanation of these solubilities . First , the addition of a little hydrochloric acid to the saturated aqueous solution increases the concentration of the chloride ions so that the solubility product of lead chloride is exceeded and precipitation takes place ; secondly , the presence of much hydrochloric acid promotes the formation of complex ions , so that more lead chloride dissolves . The fact that The state of ionisation of lead chloride in aqueous solution has been investigated by Noyes , Fernan , and von Ende . Contrary to the opinions of the two former observers , the lafter has concluded that this salt is ionised in two stages , thus : ⇔ + ⇔ • • + and has estimated the condition of a saturated solution at 25.2 ° C . , which is 0.0388 normal , to be as follows : Undissociated - 6.2 per cent . • • ions – 50.1 per cent . ions – 43.7 per cent . The following results have been obtained by Bottger for the ionic concentration in equivalents per litre of a saturated solution of lead chloride at 19.95 ° C . : 0.0168 ; 0.0109 ; ' 0.0444 ; and undissociated 0.00127 . Lead chloride solution is hydrolysed to a very small extent ; Ley found , by its power of inverting cane - sugar , that a 0.01 normal solution of this salt is hydrolysed to the extent of 0.6 per cent , at 100 ° C . Lead chloride may be distilled in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide , but it is reduced by hydrogen below its melting - point , and decomposed by water - vapour at 110 ° C . and above into a basic chloride and hydrogen chloride gas . The reaction between lead chloride and anhydrous sulphuric acid , S 04 ⇔ S 04 + 2 ( gas ) , has been studied by Schreinermakers , who finds the pressure of hydrogen chloride gas evolved reaches 1 atmosphere at 27.2 ° C . | [
"Lead Chloride",
"Vesuvius",
"Dioscorides"
] |
http://leadchangegroup.com/are-you-on-mission-have-a-leadership-creed/ | Are You On Mission ? Have a Leadership Creed Leadership May 28 , 2013 Deborah Parker Chief Inspirer of The DPJ Training Group Topics mission Values Duty , honor , country … Those three hallowed words reverently dictate what you ought to be , what you can be , what you will be . They are your rallying point to build courage when courage seems to fail , to regain faith when there seems to be little cause for faith , to create hope when hope becomes forlorn . General Douglas MacArthur When we lead , what is our duty ? How do we find honor in the legwork of leadership ? What value does it provide to our organizations , families , communities , or the world we all share ? These questions illustrate the importance of what it means to have , live , and operate by a creed – a system of your fundamental beliefs , values , or guiding principles that keeps us on course . Particularly in our mission as leaders , employees , parents , and all the other roles we have in our lives . If we are true to it , can others see our creed in action ? I tend to glean some of my leadership concepts from my service in the Army , a steadied model of what it means to be in charge , particularly on the battlefield . With clarity of the ultimate mission to support and defend this country for freedom , all who serve or have served commit to this effort . To further cement the Army ’ s mission and values , creeds are integrated into training programs and trickled down to the subcultures based on mission expertise . So for example , Rangers have a creed that keeps them bonded and focused . They acknowledge the dangers and , with their elite mental and physical abilities , pledge to go into hazardous areas . They also agree to look out for each other and will give all in support of the mission , going before and beyond . So how does this army model with all its traditions and procedures play out in the workplaces of today ? Particularly in tough economic and organizational times , leaders have to stay on what may seem to be a battlefield . There are similar concepts of motivation , sacrifice , communication , training , and a purpose larger than oneself for all organizational leaders . All leaders , then , should have a creed , an operating philosophy . How can these attributes be applied to today ’ s leadership challenges ? They , too , should be prepared , cemented , visualized , committed , and acted upon . Individually , we should have a creed , borne out of our values , culture , family background , and experiences . I asked the question earlier if others should be able to see our creed in action . The other way in which I speak about leadership is through observations in the family . My late and favorite uncle Harris L . Parker also served in the army , a Vietnam Veteran , Airborne Ranger and in the community as a Chief Magistrate and Honorable Chair of the Sussex County Virginia Board of Supervisors . He had rules he lived by that were constant in each environment . His voice and value commanded attention . The following is just part of When times are tough , you still have to keep moving , putting them down and picking them back up . Always be organized and have a plan . Be firm in your character . Check in with young people and see how they ’ re thinking . Take the time to do things right . A creed can provide clarity and consistency to ourselves and others . I ’ ve adapted some of my uncle ’ s operating guidelines to fit my life too . His creed also established boundaries as a way to draw the lines of operation in crisis or calm . In the family , we knew what to expect if we needed something from him , whether it was an opinion or support . There was no need to guess his reaction , his mission to family was unfailing and hardcore , the same for service and duty . Bearing all this in mind , what is your creed ? Excerpted from my book , Hardcore Leadership : 11 Master Lessons from My Airborne Ranger Uncle ’ s “ Final Jump ” http : / / www . amazon . com / dp / 1479324760 # leadchange Lead Change Group 3h # Audibility is a crucial quality during presentations , while mastering tonal variation can be useful in improving your persuasion skills in your quest of how to develop your communication skills as a leader . # LeadChange @ SanderRiya https : / / t . co / b0wH5GFEBH Twitter Lead Change Group 3h Research shows the self - enhancement effect is most pronounced with # moral characteristics . Learn more from Learn more from @ thehrgoddess via # LeadChange – > https : / / t . co / 9Du7LodZO7 Twitter 6h Navigate Your Way Through Relationships https : / / t . co / VEx7Pg9Ss6 1 1 7h Check out The Politics of Promotion : How High - Achieving Women Get Ahead and Stay Ahead by our sponsor , @ selfpromote , now available on @ Amazon . Learn more https : / / t . co / 8NeUlZ1CT6 # Sponsor Marion M . Chamberlain 17h Are you an emerging leader who wants to make a difference ? # leadership # leadchange https : / / t . co / n4k91fxwuT Load More . . . | [
"Leadership Creed",
"operating philosophy"
] |
http://leaderhelps.com/2015/01/23/friday-fives-five-rock-musicians-who-became-ministers/ | Brian January 23 , 2015 Friday Fives : Five Rock Stars Who Became Ministers We all know the stories of secular music stars who committed to Christ . In this edition of Friday Fives , five who went one step further , becoming ministers . # 5 Dave Ellefson ( Megadeth ) If you were into 80 ’ s head banging metal then you know the name Megadeth – one of the least uplifting band names in the history of music . The good news is that the band ’ s bassist is pursuing mega - life in his preparation to become a pastor . Famous For : Feuds with other heavy metal bands . Biggest Hit Symphony of Destruction Trivia : A second Megadeth member , Dave Mustaine , also has become a believer . Caution : Do n ’ t let this post spur you to listen to any Megadeath music . Not a note . Dave Ellefson # 4 Alice Cooper His real name is Vincent Furnier and he ’ s been the subject of many rumors over the years . “ Alice Cooper is Dead , ” “ Alice Cooper is a Satanist , ” “ Alice Cooper is in Prison . ” Meanwhile , he not only is serious about his faith , he is a Bible study leader and has led other rockers to the Lord – see Dave Mustaine above . Famous For : Biting the head off a bat on stage – which he claims he never did . Biggest Hit School ’ s Out Trivia : He ’ s an outstanding golfer , with a 2 handicap . The title of his autobiography is Alice Cooper – Golf Monster Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . # 3 Kerry Livgren ( Kansas ) Even while Livgren was a member of the secular 70 ’ s rock group , Kansas , he says that the Lord was influencing his music . He wrote many of the group ’ s biggest hits , including Dust in the Wind , on which he played the acoustic guitar . He ’ s the worship minister at Topeka Bible Church and teaches a Sunday School class . : That acoustic guitar intro . Carry On Wayward Son : The song , Dust in the Wind , started as a simple guitar exercise that Livgren ’ s wife suggested he expand into a song . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . # 2 Al Green Also known as “ The Reverend Al Green , ” the singer is one of those who ’ s won both Grammy Awards and souls . He ’ s the pastor of the Full Gospel Tabernacle in Memphis and has been in that position since 1976 . : His soulful sound , one of the most recognized voices in America . Let ’ s Stay Together : The suicide of his girlfriend , Mary White , in 1974 led him to commit his life to Christ and to the ministry . # 1 Keith Green The late Keith Green did n ’ t start his career as a music minister and head of Last Days Ministries . He signed a contract with Decca records at the age of 11 , intent on becoming a teen rock sensation . In fact , Keith was raised Jewish . : His uncompromising and passionate pursuit of Christ . You Put This Love In My Heart : He appeared on the television game show I ’ ve Got A Secret Follow @ leaderhelps Filed Under : Church and Culture Tagged With : Rock music Rock stars who became Christians Rockers who became ministers Trackbacks Weekend Links | Worship Links says : January 30 , 2015 at 5 : 02 pm [ … ] From Leader Helps , a list of five rock stars who went on to share the gospel : [ … ] | [
"Friday Fives",
"Rock Stars"
] |
http://leadertoday.org/faq/charisma.htm | New And Featured How To Help People Understand The Meaning of Organizational Values Reduce the gap between espoused values and enacted ones to reduce employee cynicism and drift . Managers and Leaders CAN Increase Employee Confidence : Here ' s How Leading When the Path Is Foggy Or Obscured Most Popular Features Main Page : Leadership Resource Center Leadership Library Leadership Articles Workplace New Article Series : Why Employee Engagement Has Been A MASSIVE Failure And What To Do Instead The Future Of Performance Management And Employee Reviews : Comprehensive Resources The One Thing , And One Thing ONLY That We Know About Leadership Leadership Questions and Answers General Leadership Questions and Principles Leadership Challenges and Their Solutions Developing Your Leadership Capabilities Leadership Myths and Mistakes Leadership Skills , Actions and Behaviors Responsiveness - The Key To Manager / Leader Success ? The Busy Learner ' s Kit For Making Performance Management & Appraisal VALUABLE - Walking The Path Together Search our Network Sites We have more than ten content filled sites , including this one . You have the ability to search them using the box below . Is Charismatic Leadership Essential ? Charismatic leadership is leadership based on the leader ' s ability to communicate and behave in ways that reach followers on a basic , emotional way , to inspire and motivate . We often speak of some sports and political leaders as charismatic ( or not ) - - an example being John F . Kennedy . It ' s difficult to identify the characteristics that make a leader " charismatic " , but they certainly include the ability to communicate on a very powerful emotional level , and probably include some personality traits . Developing " charisma " is difficult , if not impossible for many people , but luckily charismatic leadership is not essential to be an effective leader . Many other characteristics are involved in leading effectively , and there is significant evidence to indicate that it simply is not necessary to have this elusive charisma to lead others well . Relying on charisma to lead also can be problematic . For example , there have been many charismatic leaders who lack other leadership characteristics and skills ( e.g. integrity ) and lead their followers into situations that turn out horribly - - think political leaders such as Stalin , Hitler , and even business leaders ( Enron ) . Finally , in organizations lead by charismatic leaders , there is a major problem regarding succession . What happens when a leader who relies on charisma leaves ? Often the organization founders because the ability to lead rested with one person ' s charisma . | [
"Charismatic Leadership"
] |
http://leaguelineup.com/welcome.asp?url=serrc | LOCAL SPORTS Find a Web Site Tournaments Team Tryouts Sports Photographers FUNDRAISERS LeagueLineup Elite Custom Fan Shop Create your own site Welcome to the Southeast Regional Recreation Center Website Southeast Regional Recreation Center Login MyLeagueLineup Administration Login MyLeagueLineup Administration Welcome About Inclement Weather Policy Contact Info Links Teams & Rosters Division / Leagues Teams / Rosters Schedules Schedules Calendar Directions Results Game Results Standings Forms Handouts More Search Articles Weather Pages SERRC Soccer Rules Post Season Tournament Brackets Welcome Subscribe to our Newsletter News Spring Youth Soccer Spring Indoor Soccer Leagues are currently being formed to play at the Southeast Regional Recreation Center , 4021 North Point Boulevard , through the Dundalk - Eastfield Rec Council . It will be OPEN league beginning the weekend of April 7 th Priority will be given to Region 4 Area Programs and then if room remains outside programs / clubs will be permitted . ALL TEAMS GUARANTEED AT LEAST 8 GAMES AND A CHAMPIONSHIP GAME FOR EACH AGE GROUP Registration - You must turn in a team entry form AND league fee before your team is secured a spot in league . You MUST have both form and paid in full to secure spot , NO EXCEPTIONS ! ! ! Space in leagues is on a “ First Come First Serve Basis ” . Depending on the amount of entries , there may be a limit of teams imposed in each age group . ( Limit TBD later , if needed ) To sign up please contact Mike Hohman at mhohmansoccer @ gmail . com or on his cell phone at 443 - 801 - 6590 Important Dates ALL FORMS AND MONEY DUE Monday March 26th ( NO EXCEPTIONS Schedules Ready no later than March 30 th Spring Session Begins ( tentative ) Weekend of April 7 Memorial Day Weekend ( No games ) Friday May 25 – Monday May 28 Sand Soccer Weekend ( No games ) Friday June 8 – Sunday June 10 Days that Age Groups may play are posted below and are PRELIMINARY and could change without notice ! An additional day of the week could be added if necessary ! ( Once schedule is released its final , you must indicate on team entry form if you have any scheduling requests even if it ’ s a day that is not listed for your age group on list below ) Boys Under 8 Saturday Afternoon Under 10 Saturday Afternoon Under 12 Saturday Evenings Under 14 Saturday Evenings Under 16 Sat . mornings / early afternoons Under 19 Sat . mornings / early afternoons Girls Under 12 Sunday afternoons Under 14 Friday Evenings / Sunday pm Under 18 Sunday Mornings League Cost - $ 500 per team ( Checks made payable to Dundalk Rec ) League fee includes Referee Fees For the most up to date information on Spring Session please check SERRC website at http : / / www . leaguelineup . com / serrc Should you require special accommodations ( i.e. , sign language interpreter , large print , etc ) , please give as much notice as possible by calling the Therapeutic office 410 - 887 - 5370 ( voice ) or 410 - 887 - 5319 ( TTY / DEAF ) Dundalk Adult Soccer Spring Session MEN ’ S OVER 30 - WOMEN ’ S OVER 30 - COED The Dundalk - Eastfield Rec Council is conducting three Spring Adult Indoor Soccer Recreational Leagues ; Men ’ s Over 30 , COED ( 18 + ) , and Women ’ s Over 30 . Detailed information for each age group is listed below . The entry fee per team is $ 650.00 , which includes referee fees . LEAGUE FEES MUST BE PAID IN FULL TO BE REGISTERED FOR LEAGUE ! ! ! ! ( League fees must be paid by check or money order payable to Dundalk Eastfield Rec Council ) . All team registration forms and team entry fee must be turned in by March 18th . Spring session will begin the week of March 25th . REMEMBER FULL LEAGUE FEE IS REQUIRED TO BE REGISTERED IN LEAGUE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! All teams must provide their own numbered shirts . Each team is guaranteed 8 games , and post - season tournament . Men ’ s Over 30 All players must be at least 30 years of age when they sign the roster to play . Games will be played primarily on Sundays and some Monday evenings , day / time requests WILL NOT BE accepted . Adult COED All players must be at least 18 years of age when they sign the roster to play . Captain must be at least 21 years of age . Games will be played on primarily on Tuesdays and some Monday evenings , day / time requests WILL NOT BE accepted . Women ’ s Over 30 All players must be at least 30 years of age when they sign the roster to play . Games will be played on Wednesdays and Thursdays , IF WE DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH TEAMS IN EACH DIVISION THEN IT WILL BE COMBINED WITH GAMES PLAYING ON WEDNESDAYS AND THURSDAYS , WITH NO GUARANTEES ON DAY REQUESTS ! ! To sign up please contact Mike Hohman at : mhohmansoccer @ gmail . com or on his cell phone at 443 - 801 - 6590 All team registration forms and team entry fee must be turned in by March 21 st by 5pm League starts the week of March 25th , 2018 . Any questions or comments please do not hesitate to ask . Registration is first come first served . For more information contact Concussion Information for Players , Coaches , and Parents can be found at the link below http : / / www . cdc . gov / headsup / Upcoming Games / Practices Nov 18 Adult CO - ED Fall League 2018 Quarterfinals @ Quarterfinals 8 : 00pm SERRC Men ' s Over 30 Fall League 2018 Wii Not Fit @ Sporting Celtics 9 : 00pm SERRC Nov 19 Adult CO - ED Fall League 2018 Semi Finals @ Semi Finals 9 : 00pm Semi Finals @ Semi Finals 10 : 00pm Nov 20 Women ' s Over 30 Fall League 2018 Dirty Divas @ That ' s What She said Semi - Final # 1 Baby Got Back @ Bee ' z 10 : 00pm Semi - Final 2 Nov 27 CHAMPIONSHIP GAME @ GOOD LUCK TEAMS ! Women ' s Over 30 Fall League 2018 CHAMPIONSHIP @ CHAMPIONSHIP View Full Schedule | [
"Spring Youth Soccer",
"Southeast Regional Recreation Center"
] |
http://leagueoflegends.wikia.com/wiki/Bard | in : FANDOM Video Bard Ranged champion and 16 more Bard English Edit Comments ( 1k ) Share Please do not use the above video for critical in - game information ! It may contain old video footage as well as outdated or incorrect information . This video was placed here by FANDOM without input from the League Wiki community and is pending removal . For more information , please check Category : FANDOM Video Base Statistics Edit Health 535 + 89 Attack damage 52 + 3 Health regen . 7.5 + 0.55 Attack speed [ * ] 0.625 ( + 0 + 2 % ) Mana 350 + 50 Armor 34 + 4 Mana regen . 6 + 0.45 Magic resist . 30 + 0.5 Range 500 + 0 Move . speed 330 + 0 the Wandering Caretaker Price : 6300 975 Ratings Damage Toughness 1 / 3 1 / 3 Control Mobility 3 / 3 2 / 3 Utility Difficulty 3 / 3 Secondary Bar : Mana Release Date : 2015 - 03 - 12 Last Changed : V8 . 24 Secondary Attributes : Ranged Style : Difficulty : Abilities Strategy Biography Quotes Development History Skins Trivia ↑ Bard ' s profile page at LeagueOfLegends . com List of champions Cancelled Champions Ao Shin Avasha Averdrian CeeCee Cyborg Cowboy Eagle Rider Gavid Husk Iron Engineer Ivan Omen Rob Blackblade Seth Tabu Tiki Urf Well Categories FANDOM Video Ranged champion 6300 BE champion 975 RP champion 2015 release Released champion Catcher champion Support champion Season 2015 champion release Map specific balancing Dash champion Haste champion Healer champion Mana Heal champion Pet champion Slow champion Stasis champion Stun champion Languages : Česky Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português do Brasil Русский | [
"BARD",
"THE WANDERING CARETAKER"
] |
http://leagueoflegends.wikia.com/wiki/Hand_of_Baron | in : Summoner ' s Rift buffs Hand of Baron English Edit Comments ( 54 ) Share Hand of Baron v e Description Grants Empowered Recall 12 − 48 ( based on minutes ) bonus attack damage and 20 − 80 ( based on minutes ) ability power and nearby allied minions are greatly empowered . Stats Duration 210 Source Baron Nashor Affect Team is a team - wide neutral buff granted by the Baron Nashor . It is available only on Summoner ' s Rift It can be identified by swirling violet runes around the champion . The buff is lost upon death and can not be transferred from champion to champion , unlike the Crest of Insight and Crest of Cinders buffs . How to obtain By being alive while your team lands the killing blow on Effects The value of the bonus AD and AP is set at the moment your team kills and does not increase over time . Empowered Recall - halved casting time , and restored health , mana and bonus movement speed upon recalling . Empowered minions : Gain bonus movement speed equal to 90 % of the averaged movement speed of all nearby champions , capped at 500 . Gain slow resist All minions , except for super minions , receive 75 % reduced damage from area of effect and damage over time abilities and attacks . Minion Effects Melee minion 50 % movement speed when within 800 units of enemy minions or turrets . 75 attack range . Increased size . 50 % − 70 % ( based on minutes ) damage reduction from champions . 75 % damage reduction from minions . Caster minion 20 attack damage 100 attack range . 50 % missile speed . 50 % − 70 % ( based on minutes ) damage reduction from champions . Siege minion 50 600 50 % reduced attack speed 100 % damage to turrets . Basic attacks deal damage in a 200 - units area of effect . Increased size . Super minion movement speed when within 800 units of enemy minions or turrets . 25 % attack speed Notes Cannon minions buffed by will never enter turret range while attacking a turret and will instead remain outside of it . Super minions do not receive 75 % reduced damage from area of effect and damage over time abilities and attacks . Trivia Its icon was recycled from Astral Beam , an ability of the scrapped champion Averdrian , and was also used by Kassadin ' s Null Sphere in the past . Patch History V9 . 2 Scaling for bonus attack damage , ability power and damage reduction on minions now accelerates over time and increments every second . Bonus attack damage reduced to 12 − 48 ( based on minutes ) from 24 − 48 ( based on minutes ) Ability power reduced to 20 − 80 ( based on minutes ) from 40 − 80 ( based on minutes ) Melee and caster minion damage reduction against champions reduced to from 70 % at all times . V8 . 23 Melee minion incoming champion damage reduction reduced to 70 % from 75 % . Removed : Melee minion no longer take 30 % reduced damage from turrets . Caster minion incoming champion damage reduction increased to 70 % from 50 % . V8 . 4 Bonus attack damage changed to 24 − 48 ( based on minutes ) 26 − 40 ( based on minutes ) Ability power increased to 40 − 80 ( based on minutes ) 26 − 40 ( based on minutes ) Bug Fix : Fixed a bug where bonus attack damage ( e.g . Hand of Baron ' s + 50 and Banner of Command ' s + 100 ) was n ' t affecting empowered siege minion attacks against structures at all . New Effect : Caster minions now take 50 % less damage from champions . Bug Fix : Area - of - effect damage reduction buff on minions now properly reduces damage from Runaan ' s Hurricane bolts . V6 . 9 Duration increased to 210 seconds from 180 . V4 . 21 Duration reduced to 180 seconds from 240 . V4 . 20 Reworked Renamed to Exalted with Baron Nashor Health and mana regeneration removed . Now grants an aura that empowers nearby minions : All minions have their movement speed set to 90 % of your own up to 500 movement speed and are resistant to slows . Non - super minions take 75 % reduced damage from area of effect damage and damage over time . Melee and super minions gain 50 % bonus movement speed when within 800 units of enemy minions or turrets . Melee minions gain increased size , 75 % damage reduction versus champions and minions , and 30 % damage reduction from turrets . Caster minions gain 100 attack range , 20 attack damage , and + 50 % missile speed . Cannon minions gain 600 attack range , 50 attack damage , 100 % splash damage over a 200 - radius area , and 100 % bonus damage to turrets , but their attack speed is halved . Super minions gain 25 % attack speed . Recall is upgraded , reducing its channel time to 4 seconds . Successfully recalling will restore 50 % of your maximum health and mana and grant 50 % bonus movement speed for 8 seconds . V1 . 0 . 0 . 63 Maximum bonus attack damage reduced to 40 from 50 . Maximum ability power reduced to 40 from 50 . V1 . 0 . 0 . 61 No longer granted to dead players . No longer absorbed by Black Shield Maximum bonus attack damage reduced to 50 from 60 . Maximum ability power reduced to 50 from 60 . Bonus damage / ability power reduced by 5 for the first 35 minutes . Health regeneration per 5 reduced to 3 % from 3 . 5 % . Mana regeneration per 5 reduced to 15 from 17 . 5 V0 . 9 . 25 . 34 New particle . V0 . 9 . 22 . 15 New Effect : Now increases your health regeneration by 5 % per 5 seconds . Now increases mana regeneration by 25 per 5 seconds . Bonus attack damage reduced to 50 from 90 . Ability power reduced to 50 from 90 . V0 . 8 . 22 . 115 Bonus attack damage increased to 90 from 60 . Ability power increased to 90 from 60 . V0 . 8 . 21 . 110 Duration increased to 240 seconds from 180 . April 25 , 2009 Patch Removed Exalted with Baron Nashor from the Dragon April 18 , 2009 Patch Added Global buff that lasts for 180 seconds granted upon killing Grants 60 attack damage and 60 ability power . References v e Neutral buffs Summoner ' s Rift Large monsters Crest of Cinders Crest of Insight Epic monsters Aspect of the Dragon Eye of the Herald Dragon Slayer Twisted Treeline Crest of Crushing Wrath Removed content Blessing of the Lizard Elder Crest of Nature ' s Fury Crest of Flowing Water Doom ' s Eve Gift of Heavy Hands Crest of the Ancient Golem Gift of the Toadstool Mark of the Conqueror Razor Sharp Storm Shield Categories Summoner ' s Rift buffs Languages : Deutsch Français Polski 中文 | [
"LEAGUE OF LEGENDS",
"Hand of Baron"
] |
http://leanproduction.com/oee.html | OEE ( Overall Equipment Effectiveness ) What Is OEE ? OEE ( Overall Equipment Effectiveness ) is a “ best practices ” metric that identifies the percentage of planned production time that is truly productive . An OEE score of 100 % represents perfect production : manufacturing only good parts , as fast as possible , with no downtime . OEE is useful as both a benchmark and a baseline : As a benchmark it can be used to compare the performance of a given production asset to industry standards , to similar in - house assets , or to results for different shifts working on the same asset . As a baseline it can be used to track progress over time in eliminating waste from a given production asset . From our sponsor … OEE Benchmarks So as a benchmark , what is considered a “ good ” OEE score ? An OEE score of 100 % is perfect production : manufacturing only good parts , as fast as possible , with no stop time . An OEE score of 85 % is considered world class for discrete manufacturers . For many companies , it is a suitable long - term goal . An OEE score of 60 % is fairly typical for discrete manufacturers , but indicates there is substantial room for improvement . An OEE score of 40 % is not at all uncommon for manufacturing companies that are just starting to track and improve their manufacturing performance . It is a low score and in most cases can be easily improved through straightforward measures ( e.g. by tracking stop time reasons and addressing the largest sources of downtime – one at a time ) . Benchmark your OEE score against industry standards for discrete manufacturing and strive for world class results . Calculating OEE – Simple So how is the OEE score calculated ? In simplest terms , OEE is the ratio of Fully Productive Time to Planned Production Time . In practice this is calculated as : OEE = ( Good Count × Ideal Cycle Time ) / Planned Production Time Let ’ s define some terms : Good Count ( pieces that are manufactured without any defects ) Ideal Cycle Time ( the theoretical fastest possible time to manufacture one piece ) Planned Production Time ( the total time that the production asset is scheduled for production ) Fully Productive Time ( producing only good pieces , as fast as possible , with no stop time ) Calculating OEE – Preferred The preferred way to calculate OEE is mathematically equivalent to the simple formula described above , but provides a much richer understanding of waste in the manufacturing process by breaking it down into three loss factors : Availability Loss Performance Loss Quality Loss OEE is the ratio of Fully Productive Time to Planned Production Time . Schedule Loss is not included in OEE calculations since there is no intention of running production . Availability Availability takes into account Availability Loss , which includes all events that stop planned production for an appreciable length of time ( typically several minutes or longer ) . Availability Loss includes Unplanned Stops ( such as equipment failures and material shortages ) , and Planned Stops ( such as changeover time ) . It is calculated as the ratio of Run Time to Planned Production Time , where Run Time is simply Planned Production Time less Stop Time : Availability = Run Time / Planned Production Time Where Run Time = Planned Production Time − Stop Time Performance Performance takes into account Performance Loss , which includes all factors that cause the production asset to operate at less than the maximum possible speed when running ( including Slow Cycles and Small Stops ) . It is calculated as the ratio of Net Run Time to Run Time . In practice , it is calculated as : Performance = ( Ideal Cycle Time × Total Count ) / Run Time Ideal Cycle Time is the theoretical fastest possible time to manufacture one piece . Therefore , when it is multiplied by Total Count the result is Net Run Time – the theoretical fastest possible time to manufacture the total quantity of pieces . Here is a simple example of a Performance calculation : Item Value Explanation Ideal Cycle Time 1 minute Theoretical fastest time to produce this part . Total Count 300 Total quantity of pieces manufactured during this shift . Run Time 330 minutes Run time of this shift ( planned production time less stop time ) . 90.9 % ( Ideal Cycle Time × Total Count ) / Run Time = ( 1 × 300 ) / 330 Quality Quality takes into account Quality Loss , which factors out manufactured pieces that do not meet quality standards , including pieces that are later reworked . It is calculated as the ratio of Fully Productive Time ( only Good Count manufactured as fast as possible with no Stop Time ) to Net Run Time ( fastest possible time for Total Count ) . In practice it is calculated as : Quality = Good Count / Total Count OEE OEE takes into account all losses ( Stop Time Loss , Speed Loss , and Quality Loss ) , resulting in a measure of truly productive manufacturing time . It is calculated as the ratio of Fully Productive Time to Planned Production Time . In practice , it is calculated as : = Availability × Performance × Quality If the equations for Availability , Performance , and Quality are substituted in the above equation and then reduced to their simplest terms the result is : = ( Good Count × Ideal Cycle Time ) / Planned Production Time This is the “ simplest ” OEE calculation described earlier . With a bit of reflection , it can be seen that multiplying Good Count by Ideal Cycle Time results in Fully Productive Time ( manufacturing only good parts , as fast as possible , with no stop time ) . Perfect Production Earlier , an OEE score of 100 % was described as perfect production : manufacturing only good parts , as fast as possible , with no stop time . Let ’ s tie this notion of perfect production to the OEE calculation : Manufacturing only good parts … means a Quality score of 100 % As fast as possible … means a Performance score of 100 % With no stop time … means an Availability score of 100 % Working through real - world examples is a great way to master the OEE calculation . For free worked examples , templates , spreadsheets , and other tools visit : www . oee . com / resource - center Plant Floor Metrics OEE is a great tool for managers , but for plant floor employees it can be a bit abstract . Plant floor employees will perform best when they are given goals that are real - time , easily interpreted and highly motivational . A good example of an effective set of plant floor metrics is TAED : Target ( a real - time production target driven by the planned rate of production ) Actual ( the actual production count ) Efficiency ( the ratio of Target to Actual ; how far ahead or behind production is running in terms of a percentage ) Downtime ( accumulated unplanned stop time for the shift updated in real - time ; this keeps a strong focus on a key actionable improvement area ) Download Free Tools > | [
"Overall Equipment Effectiveness",
"Planned Production Time",
"Performance Loss"
] |
http://leappad-owners-sa.blogspot.com/2011/12/connecting-your-leappad-to-more-than-1.html | Home About Me Retail and Repair My Reviews The LeapPad Sugar Bugs app Pet Pals Ultra eBook Toy Story 3 Alphabet Stew app Tinkerbell and the lost Treasure How to ' s How to save your LeapPad from a watery grave ! . Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure glitch fix . Set up your LeapPad Get To Pearent Settings Remove " Sneak peeks " Remove Apps Conect to a 2nd computer Buy Apps Fix the Touch screen re - set Curricular Customize curriculum SA App Center Metric or Imperial ? ? Download card ' s Mystery solved . Best Buy Download Cards in SA . SA App Center Content Update . Apps that Come with your LeapPad eBook Apps Cartridge games available as Apps 5 LF Dollar Game Apps 7.50 LF Dollar Game Apps 10 LF dollar Game apps 10 LF Dollar Video Apps Discovery Videos Apps Word World Videos Apps Other Video Apps Creative Apps Just for Fun Apps Expansion Apps Cartrige Game ' s Penguins of Madagascar Cars 2 Pixar Pals Wolverine and the X - Men Star Wars Clone Wars Spongebob Clam Prix Leapschool Reading Globe Earth Adventures Pet Pals 2 Toy Story 3 Disney Princesses Disney Fairies Disney Tangled Mr Pencil Ben Ten Disney The Princess and the Frog Scooby - Doo ! Pirate Ghost of the Barbary Coast Dora the Explorer Digging for Dinosaurs Freebies Super Awsome Stuff eBook Alphabet Stew Game Saturday , December 10 , 2011 Connecting your LeapPad to more than 1 computer . You will need to download the LeapFrog Connect application to all computers you want to connect your LeapPad to In order to access your child ' s Leaplets , rewards , and Learning Path info , you will need to sign in using the same LeapFrog Parent Account on each computer . To change the LeapFrog Parent Account associated with your handheld : - Click the " Parent Account " tab in the top navigation . - Click Set Up My LeapFrog Account . - Log in with the email address and password that redeemed the Leaplet , and then indicate who plays with each player name on the handheld . Labels : How To Set Up Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Pageviews | [
"LeapPad",
"LeapFrog",
"download"
] |
http://learn-networking.com/network-design/configure-a-router-with-packet-tracer | Home Network Design Configure A Router With Packet Tracer Configure A Router With Packet Tracer Alison Quine January 8 , 2010 Network Design Packet Tracer Tutorials Router Configuration 51 Comments Computer networking professionals getting started with Packet Tracer may find the interface to be flustered . Being a development program , this is only natural . However , learning how to configure a router with Packet Tracer will put professionals on the right track to mastering the program in about half an hour . By this time , you should already have the Packet Tracer download and have it installed on your computer . Open the program and select the router from the lower left - hand corner , and drag it into the center of the sandbox screen as seen below . ( Click for larger picture ) We will be setting up a very basic network that allows two computers to communicate , so the next step is to select end devices from the bottom left - hand corner and drag it to the sandbox screen . Do this twice to make two computers appear below the router . Now select connections from the same bottom left - hand corner . When you connect like - devices ( Such as a router and computer ) you use a crossover cable , so you should select copper cross - over cable from the second menu to the immediate right . Click on Router0 , and connect the cable via FastEthernet0 / 0 as seen below : Now click the PC0 and select FastEthernet . You will notice that although a link is established , it is not functional . You can tell by the red dots that are present on both ends of the connection . Once the router is configured correctly , the red dots will turn green to indicate the devices are able to communicate . Do the same operation to PC1 , only this time connect the cable to FastEthernet0 / 1 since FastEthernet0 / 0 is already taken by PC0 . Your network should be similar to the one below at this point : Configuring The Router In Packet Tracer A router that is turned off does n ’ t work very well ! Click on your router to bring up the configuration menu and verify that it is turned on . When on , there will be a small green light below the switch as seen in the diagram . Next we have to open the Ethernet ports to allow communication . Although they are physically connected , they are in a state that is known as being in administrative shut down . Now click on the CLI tab to access the configuration menu . If you ’ ve used the Cisco IOS before , you will notice it looks and acts the same way . 1 . Press RETURN to start the session 2 . Type enable to get to privileged mode ( this gives you more options in configuring the router ) 3 . Type config terminal ( or config t for short ) to access the configuration menu . 4 . Type interface fastethernet0 / 0 to access Ethernet0 / 0 5 . Type ip address 192 . 168 . 10 . 1 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 to assign an IP address and subnet mask to the interface . 6 . Type no shutdown to open the interface up for business . That ’ s it ! You should now see a message similar to the following : % LINK - 5 - CHANGED : Interface FastEthernet0 / 0 , changed state to up % LINEPROTO - 5 - UPDOWN : Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0 / 0 , changed state to up Now we have to do the same thing for fastethernet0 / 1 . If you do n ’ t , there still wo n ’ t be a connection to PC1 ! Make sure to enter the IP address carefully as seen below : 1 . Press Ctrl + Z to go back to the previous mode . 1 . Type interface fastethernet0 / 1 2 . Type ip address 192 . 168 . 20 . 1 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 3 . Type no shutdown At this point our router is configured properly . If you test out a ping , you will notice that the computers still do n ’ t communicate , however ! Configuring The Gateway In Packet Tracer Our last step is to configure the gateway on each desktop computer . The gateway is the address we assigned to the Ethernet port that the desktop is connected to . It will allow the computer to interface with another network , so our ping wo n ’ t work without it ! Click on PC0 to bring up the configuration menu . Under global settings you will find a field for the gateway . Enter the corresponding IP address of the router ’ s interface , which is 192 . 168 . 10 . 1 . Then click the FastEthernet tab on the left column to set the actual computer ’ s IP address to be on the network . Use 192 . 168 . 10 . 2 for the IP address , and 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 for the subnet mask . Do the same thing for PC1 , only use 192 . 168 . 20 . 1 for the gateway address , 192 . 168 . 20 . 2 for the IP address , and 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 for the subnet mask . You can confirm that your network works by sending out a packet of information from PC0 to PC1 , and vice versa . Click the packet icon on the right menu as seen below : Click on PC0 and then click PC1 . On the lower right of the screen you will see a message box that says “ Successful . ” If it does n ’ t , you may have had a syntax error when putting in an IP address or router configuration command . Review your work or ask for help among the community if you are stuck . Closing Comments Congratulations ! You have a small working network . A real - world application of this very network would be to have two computers connected to the Internet , whereas the router would then be connected to your telecommunications company . ( Or what we would call the “ cloud ” ) More advanced devices and topologies wo n ’ t be so easy , but you ’ re now on the right path to becoming qualified for the CCNA certification exam . About The Author Alison Quine | [
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http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/fight_flight/ | Home Amazing Cells How Cells Communicate During Fight or Flight How Cells Communicate During Fight or Flight When our senses perceive an environmental stress such as danger or a threat , cells in the nervous and endocrine systems work closely together to prepare the body for action . Often referred to as the fight or flight or stress response , this remarkable example of cell communication elicits instantaneous and simultaneous responses throughout the body . Initiating the Response Sensory nerve cells pass the perception of a threat , or stress , from the environment to the hypothalamus in the brain . Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus transmit a signal to the pituitary gland inciting cells there to release a chemical messenger into the bloodstream . Simultaneously , the hypothalamus transmits a nerve signal down the spinal cord . Both the chemical messenger and nerve impulse will travel to the same destination , the adrenal gland . Read a Play - by - Play of the Movie Specialized nerve cells descend down from the hypothalamus into the pituitary gland . Illustration not drawn to scale . Keeping the Signal Going Sitting atop the kidneys , the adrenal glands receive nerve and chemical signals initiated by cells in the hypothalamus . Nerve signals activate the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream . When chemical messengers arrive via the bloodstream , they dock on to receptors and begin a cell signaling cascade that results in the production of cortisol . Cortisol is released into the blood stream where it begins signaling cascades in several cell types , resulting in an increase in blood pressure , increase in blood sugar levels , and suppression of the immune system . In Detail : The Cortisol Production Signaling Cascade When nerve cells in the hypothalamus fire , corticotrope cells in the pituitary gland are stimulated to release ACTH , a chemical messenger , into the bloodstream . The ACTH chemical messengers , sent from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream , arrive at the adrenal cortical cells . When the splanchnic nerve in the hypothalamus fires , a signal is sent down the spinal cord directly to the adrenal gland . A Boost of Energy Signaling molecules from several origins work to provide an energetic boost in a variety of ways . When epinephrine binds to receptors on liver cells , it triggers a signaling cascade that produces glucose from larger sugar molecules . Circulating cortisol sets fatty acids free to be transformed into energy . These molecules are rapidly excreted into the bloodstream , supplying a boost of readily available energy for muscles throughout the body , priming them for exertion . In Detail : The Glycogenolysis Signaling Cascade The splanchnic nerve stimulates chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland to release epinephrine , a chemical messenger , into the bloodstream . Proteins in Real Life Often , it is necessary to take some artistic license when creating images of proteins and other molecules . So what do they really look like ? Molecular models provide a glimpse into their tiny world and help us understand how they work . Take a look at some scientifically accurate models of the molecules and proteins from the movie . Stylized phosphorylase kinase and activated glycogen phosphorylase ( orange ) from The Fight or Flight Response movie What phosphorylase kinase really looks like ( purple ) , its lobes decorated with inactive glycogen phosphorylase ( green ) . Image courtesy Catherine Vénien - Bryan , PhD , University Research Lecturer , University of Oxford . Reproduced from Structure , 2002 , Vol . 10 , No . 1 , 9 . © 2002 with permission from Elsevier . One Messenger , Many Reactions Epinephrine is an important cell signaling molecule in the fight or flight response . Also known as adrenaline , epinephrine is an efficient messenger that signals many cell types throughout the body with many effects . In the lungs , epinephrine binds to receptors on smooth muscle cells wrapped around the bronchioles . This causes the muscles to relax , dilating the bronchioles and allowing more oxygen into the blood . At the sino - atrial node of the heart , epinephrine stimulates pace maker cells to beat faster . This increases the rate at which other chemical signals , Epinephrine , a chemical messenger . A Complicated Orchestration The fight or flight response is a complicated systemic reaction . These are just some of the instantaneous messengers and physiologic changes involved . In fact , the initial perception of a threat or danger is also received by an area in the brain stem that begins yet another axis of communication and response involving the release of the messenger norepinephrine . Like cortisol and epinephrine , norepinephrine travels throughout the body , triggering cell signaling cascades in a number of cell types . Regardless of their kind , or point of origin , cell signaling molecules involved in the fight or flight response work closely together . Their overall effect is an increase in circulation and energy to certain body systems and a downshift of less important ones into maintenance mode . In this way , the fight or flight response prepares the body for extreme action . References | [
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http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/ | Gene Therapy explore What Is Gene Therapy ? Explore the what ' s and why ' s of gene therapy research , includingan in - depth look at the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis and how gene therapy could potentially be used to treat it . interactive explore Gene Delivery : Tools of the Trade Explore the methods for delivering genes into cells . interactive explore Space Doctor You are the doctor ! Design and test gene therapy treatments with ailing aliens . learn more Challenges In Gene Therapy Researchers hoping to bring gene therapy to the clinic face unique challenges . learn more Approaches To Gene Therapy Beyond adding a working copy of a broken gene , gene therapy can also repair or eliminate broken genes . Gene Therapy Successes The future of gene therapy is bright . Learn about some of its most encouraging success stories . Gene Therapy Case Study : Cystic Fibrosis Funding | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Cosmetic_Dermatology_Degree_and_Course_FAQs.html | Education and Career FAQs Cosmetology and Beauty . . . Skin Care and Makeup FAQs Cosmetic Dermatology . . . Cosmetic Dermatology Degree and Course Facts Becoming a physician and completing your residency in dermatology could prepare you for a career as a cosmetic dermatologist . Read on to learn about degree , residency and certification requirements . Schools offering Esthetics degrees can also be found in these popular choices What You Need to Know Cosmetic dermatology is a specialization within the medical field and is often studied after completing standard pre - med and medical programs . You ' ll be exposed to a wide range of medical settings , treatments and conditions as you prepare for licensure as a physician . Programs Pre - med studies , Doctor of Medicine degree Training Clinic and hospital experience , residency in dermatology Courses The Brain , Scientific Foundations of Medicine , Introduction to Clinical Reasoning , Skin / Endocrine Systems , The Nervous System , Microbiology Sources : Tufts University , Stanford University What Degree Do I Need to Be a Cosmetic Dermatologist ? To become a cosmetic dermatologist , you ' ll need to complete medical school and earn a Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) degree . Afterward , you can specialize by focusing on training in dermatology during your 4 - year residency . Starting your academic career as an aspiring cosmetic dermatologist requires you to obtain a minimum of three years of pre - med college education to qualify for medical school . You can apply for your residency in dermatology once you ' ve earned your M.D. from a program accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education and Which Courses Might I Take ? As an undergraduate student planning on applying to medical school , you ' ll want to focus on pre - medical subjects . The first two years of medical school are usually spent in laboratories and classrooms . You may expect to take classes in subjects like : Math Biology Chemistry Anatomy Immunology Human physiology Pathology Genetics Medical ethics The last two years of medical school include rotations between clinics and hospitals , where you gain hands - on experience from supervising physicians . How Will My Residency Training Progress ? If you plan on being board certified , the American Board of Dermatology stipulates that your first year of residency needs to be accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education ( www . abderm . org ) . The first year of your 4 - year program needs to cover clinical instruction in a broad - based program of medical specialties followed by three years of training in the direct care of patients . Based on your career goals , you might consider applying to dermatology residencies that offer specific training in cosmetic dermatology . What Will I Learn in My Residency ? While completing your residency , you ' ll observe and participate in such clinical responsibilities as performing cosmetic or surgical dermatological procedures . You could also learn how to treat various skin conditions as well as perform injections and laser treatments . How Do I Become Board Certified ? When you have obtained licensure as a physician and finished your residency , you can qualify to become a board - certified dermatologist . The American Board of Dermatology requires you to pass an 8 - hour exam to earn the designation . The exam involves 300 multiple - choice questions as well as a series of questions using glass histopathologic slides . Certification is valid for ten years , and you can renew your credential by passing the recertification exam . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Esthetics Nail Technology View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Schools with Cosmetic Surgery Training Programs and Courses Cosmetic Laser Training Schools for Aspiring Prosthodontists | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Dental_Hygiene_Become_a_Dental_Hygienist_in_5_Steps.html | Educational Roadmaps By Career Becoming a Dental . . . How to Become a Dental Hygienist in 5 Steps How to Become a Dental Hygienist in 5 Steps Research what it takes to become a dental hygienist . Learn about job duties , education requirements , licensure and job outlook to find out if this is the career for you . Schools offering Dental Hygiene degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Does a Dental Hygienist Do ? A dental hygienist cleans the teeth of dental patients using a variety of tools . They see patients for regular cleaning check - ups and are responsible for checking the teeth for any new problems to report to the dentist . They may administer x - rays to look for cavities or other issues and keep a record of a patient ' s dental history . Much of their work involves cleaning patients ' teeth , and they use a variety of tools to remove stains and polish teeth . The following chart gives you an overview about a career Degree Required Associate ' s degree is most common ; bachelor ' s degree available Education Field of Study Dental hygiene Key Responsibilities Clean and polish patient teeth ; apply fluoride and sealant ; take dental x - rays ; teach patient proper dental hygiene Licensure All states require licensure Job Growth ( 2014 - 2024 ) 19 % * Median Salary ( 2015 ) $ 72,330 * Source : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics What Is a Dental Hygienist ? Some of the job duties you will perform as a dental hygienist include examining the teeth and gums , noting the presence of disease or other abnormalities and removing tartar and plaque . You may also take x - rays , record patient histories , educate patients in good oral hygiene and apply fluoride treatments . In some states , you may be allowed to perform additional duties , such as administering anesthetics , removing sutures and placing fillings . Step 1 : Research Program Types and Career Options To become a dental hygienist , you may enroll in a certificate , associate ' s degree or bachelor ' s degree program . When deciding which type of program to enroll in , you should consider your career goals . While a certificate or associate ' s degree is usually sufficient to obtain employment in a private dental office , a bachelor ' s or master ' s degree may be required if you are interested in public health , research or teaching . You may also want to consider that some programs have prerequisites . According to the www . bls . gov ) . Step 2 : Complete a Dental Hygienist Program Once you have an idea about your career goals , you can choose an appropriate dental hygiene program . Your education will consist of classroom , laboratory and clinical components . Courses may include chemistry , microbiology , anatomy and physiology . Programs may also include classes in pathology , pharmacology , nutrition , radiology and periodontology . If you enroll in a bachelor ' s degree program , you will also gain skills in teaching and conducting research . Step 3 : Earn a License You must become licensed in your state before you may begin working as a dental hygienist . To earn a license , you must generally graduate from an approved program and pass an examination that includes both written and clinical components . Each state administers its own clinical examination , while the Joint Commission on National Dental Examinations of the American Dental Association ( ADA ) administers the written examination . The BLS notes that Alabama is the only state that does not require this written exam and administers its own exam . In most states , you will need Step 4 : Find Employment After earning your license , you may obtain employment . If you wish to work full - time , you may need to find employment with more than one dentist . The BLS states that many dentists schedule dental hygienists to work 2 - 3 days per week . If you have a bachelor ' s degree , you may also find employment in teaching or research . The BLS predicted that job opportunities for dental hygienists would grow by 19 % between 2014 and 2024 . This growth was credited to population growth and an increasing number of dentists who hire dental hygienists . In May 2015 dental hygienists earned an annual median salary of $ 72,330 , according to the BLS . Step 5 : Consider Earning an Advanced Degree If you ' re interested in advancing your career and obtaining employment outside of a dentist ' s office , you may want to consider earning a master ' s degree . Earning your master ' s degree may give you more opportunities to work in research , teaching or the sales and marketing of oral health products . Some programs allow you to choose an emphasis depending on your career goals , such as management , education or research . If you are interested in research , you may also want to consider earning a doctoral degree . If What Are Some Related Alternative Careers ? If you have a strong interest in oral health and hygiene , you could also consider a job as a dental assistant , which can perform many of the same duties as a dental hygienist but typically works alongside a dentist during more complicated procedures . If you are interested in the field of medicine outside of dentistry , you could work as a medical assistant alongside a doctor . These careers require a postsecondary diploma or certificate . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Dental Hygiene Dental Assisting Dental Technician View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Where Can I Receive Training to Become a Dental Hygienist in Oregon ? Which Schools Offer Dental Hygiene Degrees in San Diego , CA ? Which Schools Offer Dental Hygiene Programs in California ? 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/How_Do_I_Become_a_Youth_Minister.html | Education and Career FAQs Liberal Arts and . . . Christian Studies and . . . How Do I Become a . . . How Do I Become a Youth Minister ? Research what it takes to become a youth minister . Learn about education requirements , job duties , median wages and job outlook to find out if this is the career for you . Schools offering Youth Ministry degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Does a Youth Minister Do ? A youth minister is in a position to make a difference in the lives of children and teenagers by creating environments for religious and spiritual worship , as well as providing guidance and support . Youth ministers prepare sermons and talks for the youth of their congregation , which often includes reading from sacred texts . They will organize and lead various educational programs , as well as fun , community - building programs to foster friendships . Youth ministers meet with individuals and groups of adolescence to discuss spiritual issues , help resolve conflicts or provide emotional support during Degree Required Bachelor ' s or master ' s degree Education Field of Study Ministry , seminary studies or divinity Key Responsibilities Providing guidance and support for youth congregations , engaging in conflict resolution and team building , presenting motivational speeches , recruiting volunteers , planning lessons and activities targeted at youth populations Projected Job Growth ( 2014 - 2024 ) 6 % for all clergy * Median Salary ( 2016 ) $ 34,940 * * Source : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , * * PayScale . com . What Is a Youth Minister ? While the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) does n ' t have a specific entry for youth ministers , they do provide a brief summary on clergy ( www . bls . gov ) . In general , clergy , or ministers , create environments for religious and spiritual worship as well as providing guidance and support . O * Net OnLine ' s summary report indicates ministers may also be referred to as directors of religious activities and education , and they may provide counseling as well as religious instruction ( www . onetonline . org ) . You may also see youth ministers referred to as children ' s ministers or pastors , according to O * Net OnLine . Other position titles include Christian education director , children ' s ministries director , youth ministry director , and youth director . What Responsibilities Might I Have ? O * Net OnLine indicates that as a youth minister , you would typically need a skill set that enables you to address the needs of your congregation . You may be responsible for leading prayer sessions , writing and presenting sermons , organizing services , providing instruction on religious and spiritual tenets , conducting research and writing articles , and offering counsel and practical advice to those in need . Other responsibilities you may have , according to O * Net OnLine , include creating cooperative work relationships , engaging in conflict resolution and team building , presenting motivational speeches , and recruiting volunteers . You may also need to focus on creating programs , planning lessons and activities , and working toward common goals with community and congregation members . What Undergraduate Educational Programs Are Available ? If you ' re not sure whether you want to pursue a degree at this time and are already involved with a specific church or religious organization , you may want to consider a certificate program such as a Certificate in Youth and Theology . Some programs might require you to attend a retreat as part of this curriculum . Your courses would usually include such subjects as adolescent culture , practical applications to theological teachings , Bible literacy , historical foundations of Christianity , and world religions . You would usually be required to participate in mentoring and other If you ' re interested in pursuing a bachelor ' s degree , there are a variety of programs intended to prepare you for church work or postgraduate study . Some of these programs may consist of small classes where you ' re able to form close relationships with your fellow students and faculty members . These tend to include mentoring programs as well as fellowships and interaction with other denominations . You may also have the opportunity to study abroad . What Master ' s Degree Programs Are Available ? If you already have a bachelor ' s degree , you may want to explore master ' s degree options . There are a few programs that focus on youth ministry leadership , some of which may be available online . In general , these programs tend to focus on both theory and practice and provide networking and other career enhancement activities , such as conferences , conventions , and special programs . In some cases , if the school believes you embody a strong adherence to Christian principles , a bachelor ' s degree may not be required . You may also want to explore programs that culminate in a Master of Divinity or a Master of Theological Studies . Master of Divinity programs tend to be designed to prepare students to become an ordained minister . A Master of Theological Studies program , however , tends to prepare students for other career paths . These may include social work , publishing , public policy , and other leadership or service - oriented positions . Other available programs at this level include a Master of Arts in Youth Ministry as well as various dual - degree programs . A typical master ' s degree program lasts two years , while a dual degree program , which combines the Master of Arts in Youth Ministry with a Master of Divinity program , tend to consist of four years of study . You might also be interested in a service - based program , such as the Master of Arts in Urban Studies . This type of program emphasizes a holistic approach to practical theology and mission work in addition to social sciences , community development , and youth leadership . What Doctoral Programs Are Available ? If you ' re interested in pursuing a doctoral degree , you may like to know that some emphasize missional theology , or the practical as well as philosophical aspects of missionary work . In order to qualify for a Doctor of Ministry degree , you may be required to be a clergy member with a Master of Divinity Degree along with a minimum of three years of experience as a minister . Programs of this nature tend to stress transformational leadership , systems analysis , and the revision of church programs to reflect current societal and community - based What Are Some Related Alternative Careers ? A couple related careers that require a bachelor ' s degree include middle school teachers and social and community service managers . Middle school teachers typically educate students who are in the 6th to 8th grades in a variety of subjects . Social and community service managers oversee various community resource organizations and social service programs . Mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists are also similar careers , but require a master ' s degree . These professionals counsel families , couples and / or individuals on an array of personal and interpersonal difficulties , as well as To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Youth Ministry Christian Ministry Christian Studies View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Minister : Career and Salary Facts How Can I Become a Christian Minister ? Theology Schools and Programs 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/How_Much_Does_an_Anesthesia_Technician_Make.html | Education and Career FAQs Medical and Health FAQs Anesthesia Technology . . . How Much Does an . . . How Much Does an Anesthesia Technician Make ? Anesthesia technicians help anesthetists by preparing patients for anesthesia administration . Read on to learn about the factors that affect how much you can make in this field , as well as what the job outlook is like . Schools offering Anesthesia Technology degrees can also be found in these popular choices Career Information As an anesthesia technician , you ' ll assist the anesthesiologist in the operating room . All your work will be done under direct supervision . You may set up the operating room with the necessary equipment and supplies before surgery and clean up after surgery . During surgery , you may monitor the patient ' s vital signs and report any issues to the anesthesiologist . You may also help prepare the patient before a procedure and monitor their recovery . According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) , surgical technicians are usually trained through formal college programs ( www . bls . gov ) . Programs will typically include classroom study and clinical work experience . Continuing education may be required to maintain your knowledge of current technical advances within the field . There are no licensing or certification requirements , but you may seek voluntary certification through professional organizations . Important Facts About Anesthesia Technicians Required Education Completion of certificate program or associate ' s degree Professional Certification Required through the American Society of Anesthesia Technologists and Technicians ( ASATT ) Key Skills Attention to detail , active listening , observation , organization , critical thinking , reading comprehension , good judgment and decision making , time management Similar Occupations Anesthesiologists ; biomedical equipment technicians ; nurse anesthetists ; oral surgery assistants ; registered dental hygienists Salary Overview According to a September 2015 PayScale . com report , the median annual salary for anesthesia technicians was $ 37,072 . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported that surgical technologists in general earned an average salary of $ 45,010 as of May 2014 ( www . bls . gov ) . Salary by Years of Experience The hourly earnings for anesthesia technicians varied by experience . According to PayScale . com , in September 2015 , those with 0 - 5 years of experience earned $ 10.69 - $ 20.50 an hour . Salary by Industry In May 2014 , the BLS reported average annual wages for surgical technologists working for various industries . Those employed by general medical and surgical hospitals made an average wage of $ 44,620 a year . Those working for physicians ' offices averaged $ 45,730 , while those working for outpatient care centers made an average wage of $ 46,090 . Those working for dentists ' offices averaged $ 42,920 a year . Home health care services paid the highest average wage of $ 62,420 . Job Outlook According to the BLS , surgical technologist employment will grow very quickly at a rate of 15 % over the period spanning 2014 through 2024 . An increase in surgeries and the growth of the aging generation both contribute to this change in employment . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Anesthesia Technology Medical Assisting Allied Health View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles How to Become an Anesthesia Technician in 5 Steps Anesthesia Technician : Career , Outlook and Education Requirements Anesthesia Technician Training Programs and Schools 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Lab_Animal_Technician_Your_Career_and_Salary_Questions_Answered.html | Education and Career FAQs Medical and Health FAQs Veterinary Medicine FAQs Lab Animal Technician : . . . Lab Animal Technician : Salary and Career Facts Lab animal technicians provide day - to - day care for the rodents , primates or other animals used in medical and scientific research . Learn about the salary , duties , training and certification for this entry - level job . Schools offering Animal Care degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Does a Lab Animal Technician Do ? A lab animal technician prepares and sterilizes laboratory equipment , oversees the feeding and care of lab animals , disinfects cages , prepares work areas and prepares samples . They are typically supervised by a scientist as they monitor animals in the lab . Other duties you might be required to complete as a lab animal technician include keeping track of animals ' histories , developing radiographs , administering medications to animals , monitoring an animal ' s weight and size and preparing tissue samples . Check out the chart below for important information on working as lab animal technician Degree Required High school diploma or GED ; 2 - year degree programs available Education Field of Study Veterinary technology , animal care Key Duties Care for animals used in laboratories or for research Certification Multiple certifications available ; requirements vary by employer Job Growth ( 2014 - 2024 ) 19 % * ( for all veterinary technologists and technicians Median Salary ( 2015 ) $ 31,800 * ( for all veterinary technologists and technicians Source : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . What Is a Lab Animal Technician ? As a lab animal technician , you are responsible for providing care to animals used for research in medical or scientific laboratories . The position is not to be confused with an animal lab technician , who acts as an assistant to licensed veterinarians . You might find work in an independent scientific research agency , a university or a medical testing facility . Some social advocacy organizations also hire technicians to work with animals in a laboratory setting . What Education and Training Do I Need ? No one educational path can prepare you to become a lab animal technician . You may obtain a job as a lab animal assistant with just a high school diploma , complete on - the - job training and work your way up in the field . Alternatively , you might complete a 2 - year associate ' s degree program in veterinary technology , offered through a community college or university and accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association ( AVMA ) . You learn how to work with animals in a clinical environment . Common courses offered include veterinary pharmacology , anatomy and physiology of animals , veterinary surgery , veterinary anesthesia , radiology and hematology . You are typically required to complete a clinical practicum before graduation . Lastly , a bachelor ' s degree in animal science may also prepare you for the position . What Certifications are Available ? The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science offers three levels of certification for lab animal assistants . You may become an Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician ( ALAT ) , a Laboratory Animal Technician ( LAT ) or a Laboratory Animal Technologist ( LATG ) . Some employers may require you to have one of these certifications before hiring you . Requirements for certification include passing an examination and showing proof of required education and experience . What Salary Could I Expect to Earn ? Veterinary technologists as well as technicians held 95,790 jobs across the country in 2015 , the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported ( www . bls . gov ) . The median annual salary for technologists and technicians in 2015 was $ 31,800 . What Are Some Related Alternative Careers ? Animal care and service workers are related positions that require a high school diploma or equivalent . These workers can do a variety of tasks to care for animals , including bathing , feeding and exercising them . Radiologic and MRI technologists also perform similar jobs , but require an associate ' s degree . Radiologic technologists create diagnostic images for patients , such as x - rays . MRI technologists also produce diagnostic images , but by using magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) scanners . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Animal Care Health Science Health Studies View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles How to Become a Certified Lab Technician in 5 Steps What are the Job Duties of a Lab Technician ? How to Become a Medical Lab Technician in 5 Steps 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Legal_Secretary_Associates_Degree.html | Associate ' s Degrees in Law and Security Legal Secretary Associate ' s Degree Legal Secretary Associate ' s Degree Legal secretary programs teach the administrative and clerical support skills needed to work in a law office . Learn about associate ' s degree requirements , common courses , professional certification and salary info for legal secretaries . Schools offering Legal Administrative Assistant degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Is a Legal Secretary Associate ' s Degree Program Like ? An associate ' s degree program for legal secretaries gives you the training necessary for entry - level employment at a law firm . Some programs also prepare you to become a paralegal or legal assistant . You learn about preparing legal documents and managing a legal office . The curriculum will also teach you how to use the software commonly found in legal offices and how to calculate billing hours . It ' s also important to gain a working knowledge of basic legal terms and principles , transcription skills and research methods . If you ' re looking for a flexible learning option , there are many for - profit schools that offer online legal secretary associate ' s degree programs . Additionally , some non - profit schools offer many of your required courses through the Internet . You can also take online training courses sponsored by the National Association of Legal Secretaries , Inc . ( NALS ) , which prepare you to sit for their Accredited Legal Professional certification exam . Online Availability Fully online and hybrid programs are available Common Courses Office management , law terminology , case analysis , business math , keyboarding Certifications NALS ' s Accredited Legal Professional certification recommended ; other voluntary certifications are available Median Salary ( 2014 ) $ 42,770 * Source : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics What Courses Will I Take ? Aside from the electives commonly required in an associate ' s degree program , as a legal secretary student , you take courses that discuss office management , law terminology , keyboarding , business math and communication . Your coursework helps you develop your writing and critical thinking skills . Case analysis , workplace diversity and law practice management are also covered . You also take classes that give you an in - depth understanding of common law office software , including the Microsoft Office suite , Adobe InDesign and Web design programs . Do I Need Certification ? While you do n ' t need certification for employment as a legal secretary , the NALS ' s Accredited Legal Professional certification shows employers that you ' re ready for the job . The Professional Legal Secretary and Professional Paralegal designations can help you advance in your career . Legal Secretaries International , Inc . offers the Certified Legal Secretary Specialist credential for those who work in specialized areas , such as criminal law , probate , civil litigation and intellectual property law . Some certifications , especially advanced certifications , require you to have some work experience . What Will My Career Be Like ? The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) projected that employment of legal secretaries would decrease by 4 % from 2014 - 2024 ( www . bls . gov ) . The median yearly salary of legal secretaries in 2014 was $ 42,770 , the BLS reported . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Legal Administrative Assistant Legal Transcriptionist Administrative Assistant View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Legal Secretary : Career Summary , Employment Outlook , and Educational Requirements What are the Training Requirements to Become a Legal Secretary ? What Education is Helpful to Land a Legal Secretary Job ? | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Medical_Technician_5_Steps_to_Becoming_a_Certified_Medical_Tech.html | Educational Roadmaps . . . Becoming a Medical . . . How to Become a Certified Medical Tech in 5 Steps How to Become a Certified Medical Tech in 5 Steps Research what it takes to become a medical technician and gain certification . Learn about the educational requirements , job outlook and certification process , as well as advanced education options for career enhancement , to find out if this is the career for you . Schools offering Clinical Laboratory Science degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Does a Certified Medical Tech Do ? Certified medical technicians process specimens and perform laboratory tests ordered by physicians and medical technologists . Many specialize in cytotechnology , hematology or microbiology . As a medical technician , you may perform tests on saliva , blood , and tissue samples and then be responsible for recording and sharing the results with the physician . Performing these tests often requires the ability to operating various medical machines and equipment . You may also at times be responsible for the training of other technicians . The following chart gives an overview of this field . Degree Required Associate ' s Education Field of Study Medical laboratory technology Key Skills Collecting samples , performing tests , analyzing results , maintaining equipment Certification Preferred by employers Job Growth ( 2014 - 24 ) 18 % ( much faster than average ) * Median Salary ( May 2015 ) $ 38,970 * Source : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . What Is a Certified Medical Tech ? Certified medical technicians ' work is essential in the diagnosis of medical conditions , the prevention of diseases and the treatment of patients . Your primary duties as a certified medical tech would include examining samples of bodily fluids , cells and tissue . Supporting duties include maintaining cell counters , microscopes and other lab equipment . Some certified medical technicians , such as phlebotomists , also collect specimens from patients . To become a certified medical technician , you must earn an Associate of Science or an Associate of Applied Science degree in medical laboratory technology and become certified through a professional organization . Step 1 : Earn Your High School Diploma For starters , you ' ll need a high school diploma to enroll in an associate ' s degree program . Classes in English , biology , chemistry and mathematics are considered best for preparation for further studies in medical laboratory technology . Some schools may require such courses among the prerequisites . Step 2 : Earn an Associate ' s Degree Associate ' s degree programs in medical laboratory technology develop the skills you ' ll need to perform competently in a medical lab . Programs accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences ( www . naacls . org ) ensure that you receive the right mix of academic and lab training . Academic courses cover such topics as clinical chemistry , bacteriology , hematology and microbiology . Lab courses show you how to collect specimen samples , perform tests on cells , blood and other bodily fluids , analyze the results and maintain lab equipment . Some programs have internship or practicum courses that provide real - world work experience . Step 3 : Find a Medical Tech Job According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , a majority of medical lab techs worked in hospitals , with the remainder spread among physicians ' offices , medical and diagnostic labs , educational institutions and ambulatory healthcare services ( www . bls . gov ) . The number of jobs in this field is expected to increase 18 % from 2014 - 2024 , which is much faster than average . Step 4 : Obtain Certification Medical technicians who ' ve earned certification through a professional organization , such as the Board of Registry of the American Society for Clinical Pathology ( www . ascp . org ) , may find more and better job opportunities . Certification also is available in some specialty areas . For example , the American Board of Internal Medicine ( www . abim . org ) offers certification in hematology . Step 5 : Continue Your Education Pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree in medical technology or clinical laboratory science from a 4 - year institution can increase your earning potential and career options . This or a comparable bachelor ' s degree can also qualify you to work as clinical laboratory scientist or medical laboratory technologist . Many accept transfer credits from associate ' s degree programs in medical lab technology . Lab management , molecular diagnostics and advanced microbiology are among topics covered in medical technology courses . What Are Some Related Alternative Careers ? An associate ' s degree in medical laboratory technology generally will only qualify you to work as a technician or technologist . However there are other similar associate ' s degree programs that would take the same amount of time and prepare you to work in related fields . For example , you could pursue an associate ' s degree in applied science or chemical technology and become a chemical technician . If you have an interest in running specific types of medical equipment and administering specific treatment , you could pursue an associate ' s program to become a To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Clinical Laboratory Science Medical Laboratory Professions Biomedical Engineering Technology View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Which Schools Offer Medical Training in Michigan ? What are the Allied Medical Professions ? What Does a Medical Consultant Do ? 1 2 3 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Orthopedic_Surgeon_Degree_Programs_Your_Questions_Answered.html | Education and Career FAQs Medical and Health FAQs Surgical Technology FAQs Orthopedic Surgeon . . . Orthopedic Surgeon Degree Programs Orthopedic surgeons perform invasive procedures on the musculoskeletal system . Learn about the required education , training and licensure for this profession . Schools offering Surgical Technology degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Does an Orthopedic Surgeon Specialize in ? Orthopedic surgeons specialize in preventing , diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the musculoskeletal system . As an orthopedic surgeon , you ' ll be trained in the surgical repair of bones , joints , muscles and tendons . If you want to specialize your practice even further , you can choose from subspecialties in sports medicine or hand surgery . In addition to performing surgeries , you ' ll also be responsible for conducting patient exams and providing follow - up care . Specializations Sports medicine , hand surgery Education Requirements Bachelor ' s degree with prerequisite courses , medical school , appropriate clinical rotations Residency Information After medical school , you will need to complete an orthopedic surgery residency Other Qualifications You will have to pass the USMLE exam or COMLEX exam depending on what medical school you attended ; can also opt for board certification How Much Education Do I Need ? You ' ll need extensive education to work as an orthopedic surgeon . Most medical schools require that you complete at least a bachelor ' s degree program to be accepted . While your undergraduate degree does n ' t have to be in a specific subject , you ' ll need to take science prerequisites , including inorganic and organic chemistry , biology and physics . Once in a medical school program , you ' ll spend your first two years taking basic science courses , such as anatomy , physiology , biochemistry , pharmacology and pathology . You What Happens After Medical School ? After you graduate from medical school , you ' ll need to enter a residency program in orthopedic surgery . These programs are usually around five years in length . While you are enrolled in an orthopedic surgery residency program , you ' ll be required to complete training in general surgery your first year before you begin your orthopedic surgery training . As a resident , you ' ll attend lectures and conferences , conduct research and complete clinical rotations in areas such as hand , spine , trauma and shoulder surgery . If you would like to further Do I Need Any Additional Qualifications ? You must earn a medical license in order to practice . If you graduate from an allopathic medical school , you ' ll need to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination ( USMLE ) . If you graduate from an osteopathic medical school , you must pass the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Exam ( COMLEX ) . As an allopathic surgeon , you may also opt to earn board certification in orthopedic surgery through the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery ( www . abos . org ) . You can apply to take the certification exams after graduating from an accredited medical school , earning your medical license and completing at least five years of residency training . You ' ll need to first pass a written exam , then go into practice for at least 22 months and undergo a peer review , after which you can take the oral examination to become board certified . You need to complete 120 hours of continuing education every three years and pass a recertification exam every ten years to maintain your certification . If you have completed If you are an osteopathic surgeon , you may earn optional board certification through the American Osteopathic Board of Surgery , which entails a similar process and similar eligibility requirements ( www . aobos . org ) . However , in addition to written and oral examinations , you ' ll need to pass a clinical exam . Osteopathic board certification is good for ten years , after which time you ' ll need to pass an exam to recertify . As with allopathic surgeons , you ' ll also need to complete 120 hours of continuing education every three years . The AOBOS does not offer subspecialty certification . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Surgical Technology Allied Health Allied Health Teaching and Leadership View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles How Can I Become an Orthopedic Surgeon ? What Are the Education Requirements to be an Orthopedic Surgeon ? Orthopedic Surgeon : Career and Salary Facts 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Pathologist_Job_Duties_Occupational_Outlook_and_Education_Requirements.html | Career Profiles General Medical Career . . . Pathologist : Job Duties , Occupational Outlook , and . . . Pathologist : Job Duties , Occupational Outlook , and Education Requirements Explore the career requirements for pathologists . Get the facts about education and licensure requirements , salary and potential job growth to determine if this is the right career for you . Schools offering Anatomy & Physiology degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Is a Pathologist ? Pathologists are specialty physicians that use bodily fluids and tissues to help study , diagnose , and treat diseases . They work in various medical settings , performing research and patient tests , and often collaborating with other professionals in their field . Pathologists must be licensed , certified , and hold a doctoral degree . The following chart is an overview of a career in pathology . Degree Required Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathy Training Required 4 - year pathology residency ; 1 - 2 year optional pathology fellowship Licensure Required State medical license ; pathology board certification Job Growth ( 2014 - 2024 ) * 14 % for all physicians and surgeons Median Annual Salary ( 2016 ) * * $ 191,945 Sources : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , * * PayScale . com What Education Do I Need to Become a Pathologist ? The road to becoming a pathologist can take 12 years or more , and begins with earning your bachelor ' s degree in a program with a pre - medical curriculum . After your undergrad studies are complete , you must attend an accredited medical school and earn either a Medical Doctor ( M.D. ) degree or a Doctor of Osteopathy ( D.O. ) degree . Both M.D. and D.O programs are four years in length and can include studies in pathology , emergency medicine , cardiology and medical ethics . After receiving your M.D. or D.O. degree you are eligible to perform a pathology residency , which generally last three to four years . During your residency you may have opportunities to conduct research and teach other medical students . Most residencies focus on anatomic or clinical pathology , or a combination of both . Following the residency , you may opt to specialize further through a 1 - 2 year pathology fellowship . You can choose to work in subspecialties such as hematology , pediatric pathology , transfusion medicine and genetic pathology . What License and Certification Do I Need ? Upon finishing a residency you can become licensed by passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination to become a medical doctor or the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Exam to become an osteopathic doctor . You must also acquire a license in the state where you plan to practice . To practice as a pathologist , you must pass a national board certification exam in your specialty . Board certification is offered by the American Board of Pathology , which also provides subspecialty certification in : Chemical pathology Cytopathology Blood banking and transfusion Hematology Medical microbiology Molecular genetic pathology Neuropathology Pediatric pathology Dermatopathology Forensic pathology What Would My Job Responsibilities Be ? As a pathologist , you might examine and diagnose bodily fluids , such as blood and urine , or tissues from biopsies and Pap smears , to diagnose disease . You may possibly perform autopsies to determine a cause of death . You also could be the physician in charge of a laboratory with the responsibility of managing other physicians and lab technicians . You are also required to stay abreast of research and development in the field of pathology and to keep current on existing data in medical practices and disease . What Is the Job Outlook ? According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , career opportunities for all physicians and surgeons are very good and are expected to grow by about 14 % from 2014 through 2024 . You might find jobs in large hospitals , medical centers and private practices , and could have more opportunities in rural or underserved communities . What Are Some Related Alternative Careers ? Aside from specializing in general pathology , one can further concentrate on other areas such as oral , pediatric , and anatomic pathology . Other medical careers that require doctorates include those of chiropractors , optometrists , and podiatrists . Chiropractors typically work independently , and their specialty is examining and treating human anatomy , particularly the locomotor system . Optometrists are concerned with visual health . They examine patients ' eyesight and provide prescriptions for eyeglasses and contacts if needed . A podiatrist is an expert in feet and the lower legs , a common place people suffer from To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Anatomy & Physiology Allied Health Allied Health Teaching and Leadership View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles What Certifications are Needed to Become a Forensic Pathologist ? What Does a Forensic Pathologist Do ? What Colleges Offer Lab Pathologist Degree Programs ? | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Professional_Dancer_Career_Profile_Occupational_Outlook_and_Education_Prerequisites.html | Career Profiles Art and Design Career . . . Professional Dancer : Career Profile , Occupational . . . Professional Dancer : Career Profile , Occupational Outlook , and Education Prerequisites Research what it takes to become a professional dancer . Learn about training requirements , job outlook and salary to find out if this is the career for you . Schools offering Acting degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Is a Professional Dancer ? Little girls may dream of one day being a ballerina . Some young men spend hours on the streets practicing break dancing . Careers in dancing exist in a variety of venues throughout the entertainment field . From professional sports entertainment teams to Broadway and motion pictures , dancers can be found everywhere there ' s a stage or a field they can perform on . Professional dancers find work in theaters , films and music videos , and they may eventually become dance instructors or choreographers . This career requires extensive physical strength and training . Read on to find out more about professional dance training through the information provided in the table below . Training Required Typically starts at a young age and continues into teenage years ; formal dance company program Key Skills Physical stamina , persistence , athleticism , creativity Job Growth ( 2014 - 2024 ) 5 % * Mean Wage ( 2015 ) $ 18.14 per hour * Source : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics What Do Professional Dancers Do ? Dancers perfect their body movements in order to evoke a certain feeling or convey a story or idea . Professional dancers perform choreographed dances in musical productions , musical theater , television , movies and a number of other performance outlets . As a dancer , you rehearse daily in order to master choreographed movements required for a performance . Most professional dancers work very long and strenuous hours to perfect their craft . This puts a lot of physical strain on your body . During rehearsal dancers consult with nutritionists and trainers to keep in top form . What Educational Prerequisites Do I Need ? You might be interested in attending a dance academy to begin training for your dance career . Or , you may obtain a bachelor ' s degree in performing arts with a major in dance . Educational prerequisites vary according to the type of dance you want to perform ; however , most professional dancers begin training at a young age . Typically , girls begin to train between the ages of 5 - 8 and boys between the ages of 10 - 15 . During training , you may spend upwards of eight hours a day in class and What Are My Career Options ? Not all professional dancers perform regularly . Due to the physical demands of dancing , you and your colleagues may retire from dance performance in your early 30s , and you may choose to supplement your income in related careers . One career option is to become a teacher in a dance academy or university , where you ' ll instruct young dancers and offer courses on dance nutrition and health . If you develop an accomplished performance portfolio , you might open your own dance studio . Another possibility is to develop your individual techniques and become a choreographer What Is the Outlook for My Job and Salary ? Dancers face intense competition . A limited number of positions are available , and only the most talented find employment on a regular basis . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) projected a 5 % rise in the employment of dancers between 2014 and 2024 . The bureau stated that dancers who ' ve completed training affiliated with a dance company would have better employment opportunities . According to the BLS , dancers earned a mean hourly salary of $ 18.14 as of May 2015 . What Are Some Related Alternative Careers ? Most dancers know their dancing career has a limited time span . Their bodies just ca n ' t stand up to the pace and stamina needed for long - term practice and performance . Most dancers look to alternative career choices as they age . Some turn to acting roles , especially if they are working in musical theater . Others love the dance so much they choose to become instructors or choreographers , which will require additional training and maybe even a degree . Some of the more visionary dancers seek careers as directors or producers of productions To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Acting Art View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles How Can I Become a Professional Dancer ? What Is the Job Description of a Professional Dancer ? Which Orlando Schools Offer Music Courses ? | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Recording_Arts_Salary_and_Career_FAQs.html | Education and Career FAQs Art and Design FAQs Musical Arts FAQs Recording Arts Career and . . . Recording Arts Career and Salary Facts Find out about the types of jobs you could pursue in recording arts . Read on to learn more about career options along with potential salaries and job outlook information . Schools offering Music Production degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Options Exist in a Recording Arts Career ? A career in recording arts may mean working as a sound engineering technician , a broadcast technician , or an audio and video technician . Some of the common elements of these professionals involve working with audio equipment , and knowing how to set this equipment up , troubleshoot problems and make small repairs . They are all also involved in the maintenance of equipment . Their work involves recording audio content or audio and visual content . They may use computers and mixers to combine tracks . Common work venues for sound engineering and audio and visual technicians include Sound Engineering Technician Broadcast Technician Audio & Video Equipment Technician Degree Required Postsecondary certificate Associate ' s degree Postsecondary certificate Training Required On - the - job training On - the - job training On - the - job training Key Responsibilities Choose microphones , adjust mix levels , edit sound recordings Mix sound effects , operate transmitters , maintain audio / video equipment Add and sync sound to game scenarios , setup cables and mixing boards Certification Optional Optional Not applicable Job Growth ( 2014 - 2024 ) 8 % * - 6 % * 12 % * Average Salary ( 2015 ) $ 52,870 ( for all sound engineering technicians in the sound recording industry ) $ 44,050 * $ 46,630 * Source : * U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Recording Arts Programs U.S. schools offer certificate , associate ' s , bachelor ' s and master ' s degree programs in the recording arts . Programs at each level aim to develop your competence with recording technology , your aural discernment and your aesthetic judgment , although certificate and associate ' s programs tend to place more emphasis on technology . Music is a primary focus of many programs , with video sound and broadcasting providing other areas of exploration . Courses might include basic electronics , analog and digital audio , recording techniques , multi - track recording , mixing and Career Options You could become a recording engineer or any of its subcategories and sub - subcategories . Possible alternative job titles include assistant engineer , mix engineer , sound designer , sound effects editor , mastering engineer , broadcast technician , audio and video equipment technician or music producer . Positions are available in the music , gaming , movie , TV and video production industries . Jobs tend to be more available in urban areas , particularly cities with active music scenes such as New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Nashville or Austin . According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) , approximately 117,200 broadcast and sound engineering technicians were employed in the U.S. in 2014 . Employment in this category overall was projected to grow 7 percent from 2014 - 2024 , according to the BLS . Audio and video equipment technicians will provide the most growth in the category , with a 12 % increase . Broadcast technician www . bls . gov ) . Job Duties Your duties will vary depending on what phase of an audio production you ' re managing , what your specialty is and what industry you ' re working in . During an actual recording session you will choose and position microphones , run lines or set up wireless receivers , configure mixing boards and analog or digital recorders and keep logs of each performance or ' take . ' In the music industry , you might edit and mix audio tracks after a recording session until you achieve a desired master mix . In the movie , video and video Salary May 2015 figures from the BLS showed that sound and recording engineers working in the sound recording industry earned an average salary of $ 52,870 . Those working as broadcast technicians earned a mean income of $ 44,050 per year , and audio and video equipment technicians earned an average wage of $ 46,630 . What Are Some Related Alternative Careers ? Electrical and electronics engineering technicians design and develop electronic equipment . Like broadcast technicians , they need an associate ' s degree . The equipment they work on would include the equipment used by recording arts professionals , which means they need to know how to set it up and operate it and how this equipment would ideally function . Electrical and electronics installers and repairers also perform some tasks that are similar to recording arts professionals . They install electronic equipment and they may perform repairs on electrical systems and cables when the equipment is n ' t working properly . They need postsecondary training , but do not necessarily need an associate ' s degree . Film and video editors and camera operators also perform some similar tasks , but they are required to have a bachelor ' s degree . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Music Production Recording Arts Audio & Video Production View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Recording Arts Bachelor ' s Degree Best Recording Arts Programs What Schools Offer Recording Arts Diplomas in Chicago , IL ? 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/Robotics_Engineering_Become_a_Robotics_Engineer_in_5_Steps.html | Educational Roadmaps By Career Becoming an . . . How to Become a Robotics Engineer in 5 Steps How to Become a Robotics Engineer in 5 Steps Research what it takes to become a robotics engineer . Learn about the job duties , education requirements , salary , and job outlook to find out if this is the right career for you . Schools offering Computer & Electronics Engineering Technology degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Does a Robotics Engineer Do ? Robotics engineers are responsible for the design and creation of robots . Anything you have fantasized about as a child might be realized in the form of an automated system and synchronization with other devices that interact with a robot . In the process of design , you will also be responsible for system diagnostics , troubleshooting , and the supervision of mechanical maintenance and repair . Engineers typically work in groups , so it will help to have a collaborative mindset . The table below provides an outline of the general requirements for this career . Degree Required Bachelor ' s degree , master ' s degree Education Field of Study Electronics engineering , mechanical engineering Key Responsibilities Reviewing designs and calculations , debugging programs , calibrating and servicing robots , integrating robots with other devices Job Growth ( 2014 - 2024 ) 2 % to 4 % * Median Salary ( 2015 ) $ 95,900 * * Source : O * NET OnLine What is a Robotics Engineer ? Robotics engineers are engineering technologists who apply principles from mechanical , manufacturing and electrical engineering to design and test robots , automated systems and new applications . If you work as a robotics engineer , your duties might include reviewing designs and calculations , debugging programs , calibrating and servicing robots , integrating robots with other mechanical devices and supervising other technicians and engineers . This occupation requires that you be adept with hand tools and knowledgeable in mathematics , computer programming and computer - aided design and drafting . You ' ll usually work as part of a team because of the collaborative nature of this field . Step 1 : Take Advanced Math and Science Courses in High School If you ' re in high school , taking advanced placement classes in algebra and trigonometry , computer science , computer - aided design and physics are good options to prepare yourself for an engineering career . Participating in your school ' s robotics club and entering robotics competitions provide you with practical experience working with robots , as well as demonstrates your interest in them to college admissions officers . Step 2 : Earn a Bachelor ' s Degree Bachelor ' s degree programs in electronics engineering or mechanical engineering are among the most widely available in colleges and universities and many offer concentrations in robotics . Electronics engineering programs teach you the fundamentals of electronics components and common electronic circuits . You ' ll learn how electronics are used in computing , radio communications , industrial control systems and power management applications . Mechanical engineering programs teach you to apply concepts from physics , mathematics and materials science to create machinery used in transportation , manufacturing , communication and other uses . These programs may also cover electronic , hydraulic and pneumatic systems . You should look for programs approved by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology ( ABET ) . Step 3 : Complete an Internship Take advantage of internships offered at engineering and robotics companies . You could arrange one yourself with smaller companies that may not have a high industry profile . An internship can provide you with work experience and help you network within the industry . Your internship might entail no more than observing work or you may be actively involved in a project . Step 4 : Find a Job as a Robotics Engineer According to O * NET Online , approximately 137,000 people worked as robotics engineers in 2014 ( www . onetonline . org ) . Most were employed in the government and manufacturing sectors . Between 2014 and 2024 , this field is projected to provide about 33,000 job openings due to a combination of growth , retirement and turnover in the industry . O * NET Online reports the projected job growth is slower than average at 2 % to 4 % for 2014 to 2024 . The same source reported the median salary for robotics engineers in May 2015 was $ 95,900 . Step 5 : Earn a Master ' s Degree You can advance your career and earn a higher salary with a master ' s degree in robotics engineering . More schools have begun to offer master ' s programs that draw upon the mechanical , electrical and computer engineering concepts you learned at the undergraduate level to create and use intelligent mobile mechanical devices . Your courses will explore topics such as control systems , sensors and navigation systems , robotic simulations , human - machine interaction and machine learning . Some programs require the completion of a capstone or research project . What Are Some Alternative Careers ? If robotics is n ' t your thing , there are plenty of other options with a master ' s degree in engineering . You can take your talents and apply them to other branches of engineering , such as mechanical , computer , or industrial . Should you be interested in exposing other people to your passion and sharing your knowledge , you could also take what you have learned through a Ph . D . program and become a teacher at the university level . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Computer & Electronics Engineering Technology Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Online Robotics Engineering Degree Programs PhD in Robotics Engineering Robotics Engineering Majors : Salary and Career Facts | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_Are_the_Different_Types_of_Teaching_Degrees.html | Education and Career FAQs Teaching and School . . . What Are the Different Types of Teaching . . . What Are the Different Types of Teaching Degrees ? If you want to teach but are n ' t sure what degree options are available , continue reading to discover the variety of teaching degree possibilities . It ' s up to you to decide what grade level , subject area or specialty you ' d like to teach . Schools offering Teaching & Learning degrees can also be found in these popular choices Overview of Teaching Degrees Becoming a teacher requires completing a minimum of a 4 - year bachelor ' s degree program . Opportunities exist to be trained to teach a particular grade , subject area or specialty . In order to work for public schools , your state requires you to be licensed . As a part of the licensing process , you ' ll take competency exams , which vary by state . In addition to licensure , most states require a background check , as well as continuing education coursework for maintenance of the license . All teacher education programs require an on - site student - teaching internship , which is typically completed through a local public school . Important Facts About These Programs Online Availability Programs are available for each level . Prerequisites Most programs require a high school diploma / GED , official test score submission , and ( depending on your state ) English proficiency , health insurance information , and immunization records Possible Careers Outside of teaching , education majors can be employed as training and development managers , personal trainers , education directors , and instructional designers . Degree Levels Master ' s programs in education can focus on areas such as human development , teacher education , counseling , and school leadership . At the doctoral level , one can earn a degree in educational leadership . Early Childhood Education Degrees Early childhood education teaching programs are available for those who want to work with children from birth to grade three . Some programs offer specific tracks in pre - primary education or primary education . The coursework within such programs includes professional education and human development classes . In addition to curriculum development and assessment classes , the program focuses on teaching methods for multiple subjects . Elementary Education Degrees Elementary , or multiple - subject , teacher education programs prepare you for teaching children in grades K - 6 , K - 7 or K - 8 , depending on the program . You are introduced to teaching methods and techniques for the multiple subjects taught in these grade levels , such as mathematics , reading and science . Elementary education programs also expose you to topics in child development , learning assessment , curriculum building and education technology . High School Education Degrees High school , or single - subject , teacher programs typically train you to teach students in grades 8 - 12 . You can choose to major in the subject you decide to teach , such as English , science , physical education , history , music or art . As you ' re completing your major , you can enter into a high school teacher education program . Much like elementary education programs , in these programs , you ' ll be introduced to professional teaching methods and techniques , educational technology and curriculum development . You may also complete courses in adolescent development . For subjects such as art and music , it ' s common to find teacher education degree programs that cover K - 12 grade levels . Special Education Degrees Special education degree programs that focus on a specific grade , age range , disability level or disability type are available . You may choose to learn how to connect with students who have autism spectrum disorders or speech and language impairments . Each program varies in its offerings ; for instance , you might pursue a degree that trains you to teach K - 6 children with low - level learning disabilities . Most commonly offered , however , are K - 12 special education degree programs . Special education coursework combines curriculum development and classroom management with assessment and evaluation of disabilities . Additionally , you ' ll be exposed to topics in behavior and social interaction . You learn to effectively communicate to meet the needs of both special education students and their parents . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Teaching & Learning Teaching - Multiple Subject Teaching - Single Subject View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Teaching Students to Watch Critically Teaching Tools for the iPhone Teaching Innovation : The 30 Goals Challenge 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_Careers_Does_an_Associate_of_Science_Degree_in_Business_Management_Prepare_Students_For.html | Education and Career FAQs Business FAQs Business Management . . . What Can I Do With a . . . What Can I Do With a Business Management Degree ? An Associate of Science degree program in business management covers a broad range of business principles and concepts . Keep reading to learn more about career opportunities available to you with an associate ' s degree in business management . Schools offering Business Management degrees can also be found in these popular choices Career Options for Graduates with an Associate of Science in Business Management With the knowledge of basic business principles and practices you acquire through an associate degree program in business management , you can pursue an array of entry - level management positions within a variety of industries . Job opportunities can be found in banking , sales , insurance and government , just to name a few . Specific careers include : Office manager Sales supervisor Human resources manager Entrepreneur Important Facts About These Occupations Office Managers Sales Supervisors Human Resources Managers Similar Occupations Cost Estimator , Purchasing Manager , Purchasing Agent Advertising Sales Agent , Market Research Analyst , Public Relations Specialist Compensation and Benefits Manager , Labor Relations Specialist , Training / Development Manager Key Skills Detail oriented , leadership , and analytical skills Communication , customer service , and analytical skills Decision - making , leadership , and interpersonal skills Required Education High school diploma / GED , bachelor ' s degree preferred , but not required Some have bachelor ' s degrees , but work experience is more important Usually a bachelor ' s degree in business administration Work Environment Usually an office setting Often traveling between national and regional offices Typically in an office setting Office Managers As an office manager , you ' ll oversee the day - to - day operations and productivity of administrative support workers . Individual tasks could include training staff , evaluating employee performance , delegating job responsibilities and monitoring project deadlines . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) projected employment opportunities for administrative services managers to increase by 12 % between 2012 and 2022 ( www . bls . gov ) . However , according to the BLS , there are far fewer office management positions than there are qualified individuals applying for those positions . As of May 2014 , supervisors of office and administrative professionals in the U.S. earned an annual median salary of $ 50,780 ( www . bls . gov ) . Sales Supervisors In this position , you ' ll supervise a sales staff , which includes cashiers , customer service representatives and retail sales employees . You could set sales goals , prepare budgets or create sales promotion plans . You might hire new staff , approve merchandise returns or help your sales associates resolve customer issues . According to the BLS , sales supervisors within the retail industry earned a median annual salary of $ 37,860 as of May 2014 , while those in non - retail industries earned $ 71,600 , annually . Employment of sales managers was projected by the BLS to increase by only eight percent between 2012 and 2022 , growing at an average rate compared with other occupations ( Human Resource Managers If you ' re good with people , you may consider pursuing a position as a human resource manager . The main responsibilities of this position include overseeing the compiling , verifying and maintaining of personal documents for company personnel . You also manage the recruiting , hiring , training and retaining staff . With an increase of 13 % in employment opportunities projected for human resource managers between 2012 and 2022 , the BLS reported that applicants experienced in basic office functions who possess strong interpersonal and computing skills could be given preference in a competitive market . According to the BLS , the median annual salary among human resource managers as of May 2014 was $ 102,780 . Entrepreneurship With the business knowledge you acquire through an associate degree program in business management , you may choose to be self - employed and pursue entrepreneurial opportunities . According to the BLS , small business ownership is the most common way to get your feet wet , develop ideas and identify customer needs in order to expand and perfect your business plan . Entrepreneurship can be a rewarding but challenging path to choose . Skills Acquired in a Business Management Program An associate degree in business management can help you develop valuable skills in decision making , problem solving , organization and leadership . Associate degree programs introduce you to accounting , human resources , management , finance , marketing and entrepreneurship , among other topics . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Business Management Management Operations Management View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles What Schools Have Business Management Degrees in Detroit , MI ? Where Can I Find Business Management Courses in MA ? What Can I Do with a Minor in Business Management ? 1 2 3 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_Does_a_Clinical_Lab_Technician_Do.html | Education and Career FAQs Medical and Health FAQs Laboratory Technology . . . What Does a Clinical . . . What Does a Clinical Lab Technician Do ? A clinical lab technician performs simple laboratory tests and procedures under the supervision of a clinical lab technologist . Here , you ' ll find more information on the career duties of a clinical lab technician , work environment , and educational requirements . Schools offering Clinical Laboratory Science degrees can also be found in these popular choices Job Description Clinical laboratory technicians , also known as medical lab technicians , do simple lab tests and procedures , such as examining and analyzing tissue samples and body fluids . Lab tests performed by such technicians look for bacteria , microorganisms , abnormal cells , or other signs of infection or disease . Clinical lab technicians operate laboratory equipment to run tests . They also conduct lab tests without the use of equipment by following detailed directions . Technicians prepare samples for the tests they run and may prepare samples for more complex lab tests run by a specialist or lab technologist . Some clinical lab technicians specialize in a particular type of test , working only with blood samples , for instance . All technicians must be accurate in their work and able to communicate clearly with their supervisors . Important Facts About Clinical Lab Technicians On - the - Job Training Training and work experience required for specializations Key Skills Technologically savvy , attention to detail , manual dexterity , physically fit Professional Certification Not required , but available through accredited organizations Similar Occupations Biological technicians , chemical technicians , chemists , material scientists , veterinary technologists and technicians Work Environment There were approximately 160,460 medical and clinical lab technicians in the U.S. , as of May 2014 , reports the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS , www . bls . gov ) . The majority of lab technicians work in hospitals . Technicians may also find employment in doctor ' s offices , diagnostic laboratory facilities , or universities . Large hospitals and laboratories that operate around the clock require clinical lab technicians to work all shifts . The BLS predicts that the employment of all types of clinical laboratory technologists and technicians should grow by about 22 % between 2012 and 2022 . Educational Requirements Entry - level clinical lab technicians should have an associate ' s degree . Those interested in training for the career should enroll in a community college that offers an associate ' s degree program for clinical lab technicians accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences ( NAACLS ) . Schools accredited by the NAACLS include : Community College of Baltimore County Miami Dade College Illinois Central College Individual states may require lab technicians to be licensed or registered . Taking the national certification exam from the Board of Registry of the American Society for Clinical Pathology also demonstrates an individual ' s proficiency . Salary Information According to the BLS , the median annual salary earned by medical and clinical lab technicians was $ 38,370 in May 2014 . PayScale . com indicated that as recently as September 2015 , the majority of such technicians earn between $ 25,623 and $ 50,234 a year . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Clinical Laboratory Science Medical Laboratory Professions Biomedical Engineering Technology View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Clinical Lab Technician Certification and Training Programs What ' s the Job Description of a Clinical Lab Technician ? Clinical Lab Technician : Career Profile , Job Outlook , and Training Requirements 1 2 3 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_Does_a_Medical_Consultant_Do.html | Education and Career FAQs Business FAQs Operations Management . . . What Does a Medical . . . What Does a Medical Consultant Do ? Healthcare providers need medical consultants to take care of business - related issues so they can focus on the priority of treating patients . As a medical consultant , you ' ll help improve the efficiency of physicians and healthcare facilities by solving some of their most complex business problems . Schools offering Business degrees can also be found in these popular choices The Job of a Medical Consultant While many doctors are highly skilled in their healthcare roles , they might need assistance in the business aspects of running a healthcare facility . As a medical consultant , you could help professionals and companies in the healthcare industry make financial and operational business decisions . You ' d lend your advice on a wide range of company matters , including salary , staffing , budgeting , and advertising . You could also advise on regulatory issues , like safety and insurance plan compliance , patient confidentiality , hazardous waste , and lawsuits . Medical consultants often work with healthcare start - ups or medical companies looking to revamp their businesses . In these cases , you ' d assist with many different issues involved in starting or rebuilding a business . Along with providing your expertise , you could supply your clients with the business contacts and legislative information they need to establish a strong healthcare company . Important Facts About Medical Consultants Similar Occupations Medical health managers , health service managers , medical technicians On - the - Job Training No training on the job is necessarily required , but many facilities prefer to hire applicants with specialized healthcare experience as well as administrative . Key Skills Analytical skills , communication ability , problem - solving skills , technical aptitude Licensure As medical professionals , consultants may need various licenses and HIPAA training to handle sensitive medical records Work Environment While you could be a self - employed medical consultant , you might also find jobs with firms that offer healthcare consulting services . These firms vary in size , structure , and focus . You could work for a large consulting firm in the healthcare department or a smaller firm that employs only a few consultants and focuses only on healthcare . Although many medical consultants work typical , 40 - hour weeks , some might be required to work overtime and on weekends , especially when consulting for a new business or overhauling an existing business . Your billing structure could require you to keep careful track of your consulting hours . Job Prospects and Salary The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics anticipated employment in the consulting industry as a whole would increase 40 % from 2012 - 2022 ; consultants working as support for the healthcare industry should see employment growth of about the same during the decade . In spite of this considerable growth , strong competition for employment was expected due to the desirability of the career . According to September 2015 salary figures on PayScale . com , the median salary among healthcare consultants was $ 72,956 . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Business Business Management Management View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Best Medical Schools for Surgery : List of Colleges for Aspiring Surgeons Consultant : Job Description & Salary Which Schools Offer Medical Training in Michigan ? 1 2 3 4 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_Does_an_Account_Executive_Do.html | Education and Career FAQs Business FAQs Sales FAQs What Does an Account Executive Do ? What Does an Account Executive Do ? Account executives work in a variety of industries , gaining clients and making sales . A background in sales , advertising , or marketing can be beneficial to candidates for this career . Keep reading to find out more about what account executives do . Schools offering Sales & Marketing degrees can also be found in these popular choices Career Overview Account executives can be found working in every type of industry , from advertising and marketing to technology and fashion . They ' re responsible for looking after the company ' s clients and keeping the company - client relationship in good standing . This can involve working with one or more clients while simultaneously trying to increase the amount of business a company does with those clients . An account executive must therefore be familiar with all the company ' s services and products and have the ability to sell them . Generally , an account executive has a selling quota that must be met or exceeded within a certain period , which can require significant time communicating with clients . Important Facts About Account Executives Similar Occupations Advertising sales agents , market research analysts , buyers Work Environment Office setting Key Skills Analytical skills , communication ability , customer service aptitude , leadership skills On - the - Job Training Formal sales training programs are common Duties and Responsibilities In addition to working on existing accounts , account executives may also be responsible for finding and obtaining new customers and clients , typically within an assigned territory . Expanding business can involve cold - calling or prospecting , as well as attending seminars , conventions , and trade shows or making in - person presentations to potential customers . Not only can these activities lead to signing up additional clients but they can result in learning new skills that may benefit the company as a whole . A job search on Monster . com in January 2014 found that account executives may also examine financial information and trends , study competitors ' business strategies and practices , track sales , develop operating procedures , and train new team members . Preferred Skills and Qualifications Many employers require applicants for account executive positions to have at least a bachelor ' s degree in business or marketing and some level of experience . Some employers also give preference to those with additional abilities , such as strong computer skills and experience with social networking . According to job listings on Monster . com , a number of companies look for candidates who : Work well under pressure Are well organized Are self - motivated Communicate skillfully Work adeptly with others Salary Info and Job Outlook According to PayScale . com , the majority of account executives earn between $ 34,010 and $ 96,810 per year , as of 2015 . Although the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) does not provide information specific to the field of account management , the BLS did project that the employment of sales representatives will likely grow by about 10 % between 2012 and 2022 , a rate consistent with the average predicted for all occupations . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Sales & Marketing Sales Management Business View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Public Relations Account Executive : Salary and Career Facts Executive Accounting Associate ' s Degree Executive PhD Programs 1 2 3 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_Training_and_Education_is_Required_to_Become_a_Chaplain.html | Education and Career FAQs Liberal Arts and . . . Christian Studies and . . . What Training is . . . What Training Is Required to Become a Chaplain ? Chaplains can be found in many environments , including hospitals and military bases . The training and education to become a chaplain varies based on the particular field you want to work in . Schools offering Pastoral Ministry degrees can also be found in these popular choices The Role of a Chaplain When you work as a chaplain , your job is to provide counseling and religious or spiritual services to people on - site in many different types of settings , such as military installations , hospitals and prisons . While chaplains historically have been tied to the Christian faith , it ' s not unusual for today ' s chaplains to be associated with other religious and spiritual traditions , such as Buddhism . Important Facts About Chaplains Median Salary ( 2014 ) $ 43,950 for all clergy Key Skills Interpersonal communication , empathy , analytical ability Top Industries for Clergy Religious organizations , hospitals , home health care services Similar Occupations Director of Religious Education , Director of Pastoral Care Source : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Required Education Although many chaplains are ordained ministers , you do n ' t have to be ordained to work as a chaplain , but you do have to have an endorsement or commission from your faith group . An endorsement may be obtained after satisfying specific education and training objectives outlined by an authority in your faith group . Chaplaincy training programs can be found at a colleges and universities ; many of these programs are master ' s degree programs designed to train you to work in businesses , crisis centers , hospices and schools . Courses may include counseling You may find that educational requirements vary depending on the type of work you choose to pursue . For example , military chaplains need a master ' s degree with a minimum of 72 hours in theology and ministry , while an entry - level chaplain may only require a bachelor ' s degree , according to the National Association of Catholic Chaplains . Training and Experience Requirements You may also need experience as a religious leader before you apply for a chaplain position . Some organizations require prospective chaplains to have between two and four years of religious leadership experience , and some require ordination . Requirements in training and experience can vary depending on the type of chaplaincy you ' re seeking or your religion . For instance , military chaplains are not required to go through basic training in the same way that a new recruit would . Certification There are many professional chaplaincy organizations that offer certification , the largest of which is the Association of Professional Chaplains ( APC ) . The APC ' s Board Certified Chaplain program provides you with the opportunity to become a certified or provisionally certified chaplain or an associate certified chaplain . Each certification requires that you complete graduate - level coursework in theology and pastoral care . Although certification is not always required , it demonstrates that you have education , training and experience in chaplaincy . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Pastoral Ministry Christian Ministry Christian Studies View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Hospital Chaplain : Salary and Career Facts What is the Average Salary of a Chaplain ? Online Degree and Training Programs for Aspiring Chaplains 1 2 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_Type_of_Degree_Do_I_Need_to_Become_a_Medical_Examiner.html | Education and Career FAQs Medical and Health FAQs What Type of Degree Do I Need to Become a . . . What Type of Degree Do I Need to Become a Medical Examiner ? Medical examiners are typically licensed doctors , and they need to have backgrounds in pathology and forensic science . Read on to learn more about the job duties of medical examiners and the educational requirements needed to enter this profession . Schools offering Anatomy & Physiology degrees can also be found in these popular choices Career Defined Medical examiners - sometimes called forensic pathologists - are responsible for inspecting deceased bodies and analyzing findings to determine the time and cause of death . As a medical examiner , you may use a corpse ' s body tissue , bodily fluids , and organs to gather relevant information . This job requires advanced knowledge of pathology and physiology ; you must study and train for a number of years in order to become qualified to practice as a medical examiner . Education M.D . General Pathology Residency Forensic Pathology Residency Perquisites Medical school degree Medical school degree , USMLE scores M.D. or D.O. degree Online Availability Yes Nature of program does n ' t allow for distance learning Nature of program does n ' t allow for distance learning Common Courses Brain & behavior , body & disease Dermatopathology , electron microscopy Forensic photography , chain of custody , postmortem interpretation Possible Careers Physician , Postsecondary Professor Clinical pathologist , laboratory director Forensic pathologist , medical examiner Education In order to qualify for the advanced education needed for this profession , you must first complete a bachelor ' s degree program . As an undergraduate student , you do not necessarily need to major in science . In fact , many medical schools encourage applicants to pursue a major in the liberal arts , such as English literature or history . Regardless of your major , most medical schools require that you complete coursework in biology , chemistry , organic chemistry , and calculus in order to qualify for admission . Medical School While there are exceptions , most states require that medical examiners hold a Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) degree . In order to earn an M.D. or D.O. degree , you must complete four years at an accredited medical school . You ' ll be introduced to topics like human anatomy , pharmacology , pathology , anesthesiology , and immunology . You can expect to spend the first two years completing intensive , in - class coursework . The final two years are typically devoted to hands - on , clinical General Pathology Residency After completing medical school , you can continue training for this career by pursuing a general pathology residency . These programs usually last four years and will introduce you to more specialized pathology topics , including surgical pathology and cytopathology . The first two years typically focus on the methodology of clinical and anatomic pathology . You ' ll likely spend the final two years taking part in clinical pathology rotations . Forensic Pathology Residency In order to specialize as a medical examiner , you ' re usually required to complete an additional residency program . A forensic pathology residency program generally lasts one year and often takes place in the office of a certified medical examiner . You may conduct forensic autopsies under the supervision of a medical examiner and help complete death certificates . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Anatomy & Physiology Allied Health Allied Health Teaching and Leadership View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles How to Become a Medical Examiner in 5 Steps Online Medical Examiner Degree Programs What Does a Medical Examiner Do ? | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_are_the_3_Top_Cyber_Security_Schools.html | Education and Career FAQs Computer Science FAQs Computer and . . . What are the 3 Top Cyber . . . What Are the 3 Top Cyber Security Schools ? If you have a strong interest in maintaining national , corporate or institutional information security , you may find some good program options in cyber security at one of the following top schools . Schools offering Computer Forensics degrees can also be found in these popular choices What Should I Look for in a Top Cyber Security School ? You ' ll probably want a school highly rated for computer science . The best schools receive project or research funding from businesses and government security agencies . They also offer cyber security - related interdisciplinary centers to facilitate advanced research and interaction among government and industry practitioners , computer scientists and electrical engineers . Top programs also offer internship and research opportunities . Some have international study options . What Are Three Top Cyber Security Schools ? Carnegie Mellon University ( CMU ) in Pittsburgh , PA CMU ' s graduate program in computer science tied for first place in a 2014 national rankings list from U.S. News & World Report ( www . usnews . com ) . The following year , the graduate program ranked sixth in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( www . arwu . org ) . A campus - wide Meeting of the Minds symposium , an undergraduate research journal , independent study options and senior thesis projects encourage undergraduate research . The College of Computer Science offers international student exchange programs or study abroad in France or Germany . CMU ' s CyLab was created to advance graduate training and research in computer security . Students can participate in research funded by the National Science Foundation ' s ( NSF ) CyberTrust grant . You can also help businesses solve their data security problems through the CyLab Usable Privacy and Security ( CUPS ) Laboratory and Data Privacy Laboratory . CyLab graduate students may select Master of Science in Information Technology programs through the College of Engineering ' s Information Networking Institute ( INI ) . You may choose mobility , information security or software management degree concentrations . The information security program could involve study in Japan or Portugal . Related degrees follow . Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Master of Science in Information Technology - - Mobility Master of Science in Information Technology - - Information Security Master of Science in Information Networking Master of Science in Information Security Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in Cambridge Along with CMU , MIT also tied for first in U.S. News & World Report ' s 2014 rankings for graduate computer science programs . In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities , MIT was second for computer science . If you ' d like to combine studies with intervals of sponsored work , you could join the Master of Engineering Thesis Program . Students partner with industry mentors to participate in summer internships with the Lincoln Laboratory . This lab was established with federal funding to focus on national security issues , such as cyber and communications systems security . Lincoln also maintains a U.S. Department of Defense networking library . You might also join the lab ' s research projects , internships and technical seminars as an undergraduate . Other campus facilities include the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . Some of the available degree programs follow . Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Doctor of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Maryland ( UM ) in College Park UM tied for 15th among graduate computer science programs , according to U.S. News & World Report ' s rankings for 2014 . The school ranked 16th for computer science in the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities . As an undergraduate , you could qualify for the Honors College ' s Gemstone program or Computer Science Honors program . Gemstone is a collaborative learning community requiring additional coursework and submission of a multidisciplinary team project . The Honors program requires an honors research thesis and offers access to faculty computer science research projects and undergraduate research grants . The Maryland Cybersecurity Center is an interdepartmental initiative designed to prepare students for cyber careers . The center uses undergraduate and graduate internships , scholarship programs and corporate partnerships to educate students in areas ranging from network and software security to forensics , cryptography , attacker behavior analysis and supply chain security . Research opportunities are also available to you at the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies . The following degrees are available : Bachelor of Science in Computer Networks and Security Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity Management and Policy Master of Science in Cybersecurity Master of Science in Cybersecurity Management and Policy Ten Top Cyber Security Schools College / University Institution Type Location University of Texas at San Antonio 4 - year , Public San Antonio , TX Norwich University 4 - year , Private Northfield , VT Mississippi State University 4 - year , Public Mississippi State , MS Syracuse University 4 - year , Private Syracuse , NY Purdue University West Lafayette , IN University of Southern California Los Angeles , CA University of Pitsburgh Pittsburgh , PA George Mason University Fairfax , VA West Chester University of Pennsylvania West Chester , PA United States Military Academy West Point , NY To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Computer Forensics Information Assurance & Security Information Security & Forensics View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles Cyber Security Career and Salary Facts Cyber Security Colleges and Courses Cyber Security Master ' s Degrees : Online and Campus - Based Programs 1 2 3 4 Next » | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_is_the_Average_Salary_for_Entry-Level_Diesel_Mechanic_Jobs.html | Education and Career FAQs Installation , Repair , . . . Automotive Technology . . . What is the Average . . . What Is the Average Salary for Entry - Level Diesel Mechanic Jobs ? Diesel mechanics maintain and repair large trucks , buses , bulldozers , cranes and farming equipment . If you think this sounds like an interesting job description , read on to learn more about possible salaries , job duties and training requirements for an entry - level diesel mechanic . Schools offering Diesel Mechanics degrees can also be found in these popular choices Job Duties Entry - level diesel mechanics usually perform basic maintenance procedures . You may perform more complicated tasks as you gain experience , such as diagnose and repair engine problems , replace worn out components of braking and cooling systems , or troubleshoot electrical problems . Important Facts About Entry - Level Diesel Mechanics On - the - Job Training Apprenticeship programs available Key Skills Customer focused , manual dexterity , physical strength and stamina , problem solving , critical thinking , mechanical knowledge Work Environment Truck transportation ; wholesale trade ; state and local government ; automotive repair and maintenance Similar Occupations Small engine mechanics ; heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians ; automotive service technicians and mechanics ; aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians Education Requirements Many aspiring diesel mechanics learn the skills they need by enrolling in a community or technical college ' s training program . The length of your training might vary depending on whether you ' re earning a certificate , diploma or associate ' s degree in diesel mechanics or a related field , but most programs can be completed in six months to two years . Your classes will likely include hands - on and classroom instruction in electrical systems , air conditioning systems and brake systems . You ' ll also learn how to properly diagnose , repair and Salary Overview The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported that the mean annual salary for bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists as of May 2014 was $ 45,160 ( www . bls . gov ) . The bottom 10 percent of these workers earned $ 28,130 a year or less , and the top 10 percent earned $ 65,350 a year or higher . When you first start out , your earnings may be less than the average . PayScale . com reported that most diesel mechanics with 0 - 5 years of experience earned between $ 11.67 and $ 22.77 per hour as of September 2015 . Salary by Industry In May 2014 , the BLS reported that the top employers of bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists were general freight trucking and local government , with average wages of $ 41,170 and $ 52,420 , respectively . Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers had annual average wage of $ 45,580 , while the automotive repair and maintenance industry had an average wage of $ 42,260 . Employing just 50 workers in May 2014 , the federal executive government paid these workers the highest average salaries of $ 72,320 . Salary by Location According to May 2014 data from the BLS , bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists made the highest average wages in Alaska ( $ 59,080 ) , Hawaii ( $ 55,340 ) , Connecticut ( $ 54,360 ) , Nevada ( $ 53,960 ) and Washington ( $ 53,570 ) . Workers made below - average wages of $ 25,560 - $ 40,550 in several states , including South Carolina , Montana , Indiana , Arkansas , Oklahoma , Iowa , Alabama and West Virginia . Salary by Certification As a diesel mechanic , you may earn higher wages if you ' re certified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence ( ASE ) . Diesel technicians with the ASE Master Technician certification earned hourly wages of $ 16.84 - $ 30.37 in December 2015 , according to PayScale . com Job Outlook According to the BLS , diesel service technician and mechanic employment should grow at a fast rate of twelve percent over the 2014 - 2024 decade . This growth will be caused due to more freight being shipped across the country . Overall , the BLS expects good prospects for qualified mechanics who possess formal education and training . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Diesel Mechanics Automobile Repair Technical Management View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles What are Some Well - Known Diesel Mechanic Colleges in the U.S. ? How Do I Earn My Diesel Mechanic License ? How Can I Become a Diesel Mechanic ? | [
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http://learn.org/articles/What_is_the_Average_Salary_for_a_Beginning_Administrative_Assistant.html | Education and Career FAQs Business FAQs Office Administration . . . What ' s the Salary for a . . . What ' s the Salary for a Beginning Administrative Assistant ? Administrative assistants are highly organized professionals who perform many tasks in an office environment . Keep reading to find out what your entry - level salary might be for this career . Schools offering Administrative Assistant degrees can also be found in these popular choices Administrative Assistant Defined If you ' re just starting out as an administrative assistant , you ' ll usually work under the guidance of experienced executive assistants . You ' ll help organize meetings for your company and deliver important information to customers and other staff members . Clerical duties include making copies , organizing files , writing e - mails , handing out mail and taking phone calls . You ' ll need to be familiar with various office technologies in order to succeed in this career . Administrative assistants should be comfortable using scanners , fax machines and photocopiers . Special projects might be delegated to you individually or to a team of assistants . These assignments could be as simple as creating a spreadsheet of information , or they could require you to create and organize an entire presentation . Important Facts about this Occupation Required Education High school diploma Training Mostly on - the - job ; usually a few weeks , specialized positions ( ex . legal secretaries ) may require training lasting several months Work Environment Majority worked in health care and social assistance in 2014 ; most work in office , possible to work from home Similar Occupations Bookkeeping and auditing clerks , court reporters , general office clerks , medical transcriptionists , paralegals and legal assistants , receptionists Salary Information Salary . com reported that entry - level administrative assistants earned a median yearly income of $ 38,022 as of December 2015 . The top - paid ten percent of entry - level workers took in $ 47,974 or more per year , while the bottom - paid ten percent earned $ 30,225 or less annually . If you choose a particular specialization as an administrative assistant or secretary , then you might earn a higher starting salary . According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) , legal secretaries earned a median annual wage of $ 42,770 as of May 2014 ( www . bls . gov ) . The top - paid ten percent of these secretaries made $ 70,950 or more each year . Job Outlook Administrative assistant positions were expected to increase 3 % from 2014 - 2024 , reported the BLS , which was slower than average compared to other jobs . Medical secretaries , however , were projected to increase at a much faster rate than other specialties , according to the BLS . With growing technologies , administrative assistants are also expected to take on more computer - related duties . Your job prospects might be heightened if you hold strong typing and computer skills . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Administrative Assistant Office Management Business & Health View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles How to Become an Administrative Assistant in 5 Steps How Do I Become a Certified Administrative Assistant ? What Can I Do with an Administrative Assistant Degree ? 1 2 3 Next » | [
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"Salary"
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http://learn.org/articles/What_is_the_Average_Salary_for_a_Legal_Nurse_Consultant.html | Education and Career FAQs Legal and Law FAQs What is the Average Salary for a Legal Nurse . . . What Is the Average Salary for a Legal Nurse Consultant ? Legal nurse consultants assist and advise attorneys on medical - related cases . Read on to learn about the average salary and job outlook for legal nurse consultants . Schools offering Juris Doctor degrees can also be found in these popular choices Salary Overview As of September 2015 , PayScale . com reported a salary range for legal nurse consultants in the 10th - 90th percentiles as $ 50,192 - $ 95,430 . The median wage at that time was $ 71,355 . Salaries can vary based on a number of factors , including previous experience . Important Facts About Legal Nurse Consultants Key Skills Analyzing medical records , advise attorneys regarding medical issues and how they relate to the law , and formulate medical - legal case theories Concentrations Medical malpractice , product liability , worker ' s compensation , wrongful death Work Environments Law firms , insurance companies , hospitals , independent firms Similar Occupations Certified medical assistant , paralegals , clinical coordinator , director of operations Salary by Experience Typically , you can expect your salary to increase with experience . As of September 2015 , according to PayScale . com , legal nurse consultants with 5 - 10 years of experience earned a median of $ 77,000 . Those with 10 - 20 years of experience earned median salaries of $ 81,000 , while those with more than two decades experience saw their salary rise to $ 88,000 . Job Outlook The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) groups legal nurse consultants with other registered nurses , and it expects a faster - than - average employment growth of 19 % for these workers over the 2012 - 2022 decade ( www . bls . gov ) . Some factors that can improve job prospects in the nursing field include possessing a bachelor ' s degree and having work experience . The continued demand for health care will result in good job opportunities overall . Job Description Legal nurse consultants assist attorneys , paralegals and other legal professionals by interpreting and analyzing complex medical data related to legal issues involving the medical field . Specific duties vary widely but often include screening new cases , preparing case theories , researching medical literature and analyzing plaintiffs ' medical records . Legal nurse consultants help in the investigation of medical malpractice , workers ' compensation , wrongful death and other areas . You can work for law firms , insurance companies , consulting firms and hospitals , as well as be self - employed . You can be a nurse with experience in surgery , obstetrics , intensive care or any number of settings before deciding to move into this profession . All legal nurse consultants must be registered nurses , and though not required , certification is also available from several organizations , including the American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants ( AALNC ) . Through AALNC ' s American Legal Nurse Consultant Certification Board , you can earn the LNCC ( Legal Nurse Consultant Certified ) credential , which recognizes a level of accomplishment for the LNC with at least two years of experience . To continue researching , browse degree options below for course curriculum , prerequisites and financial aid information . Or , learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below : 1 . Degree Options : Juris Doctor Public Health Policy Health Policy View All Degree Options 2 . More Articles What Does a Legal Nurse Consultant Do ? What Schools Offer Legal Nurse Consultant Programs ? How Do I Become a Legal Nurse ? 1 2 Next » | [
"Legal Nurse Consultant",
"Average Salary"
] |
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