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56dfc2707aa994140058e14c
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
{ "text": [ "Brantford" ], "answer_start": [ 541 ] }
56dfc2707aa994140058e14d
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
{ "text": [ "Alexander Graham Bell Gardens" ], "answer_start": [ 508 ] }
56dfc3097aa994140058e15d
Alexander_Graham_Bell
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorating stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?
{ "text": [ "First" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
56dfc3097aa994140058e15e
Alexander_Graham_Bell
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorating stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
What was created in Bell's image in 1940?
{ "text": [ "commemorative stamp" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
56dfc3097aa994140058e15f
Alexander_Graham_Bell
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorating stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
Bell's stamp is part of which line?
{ "text": [ "Famous Americans Series" ], "answer_start": [ 196 ] }
56dfc3097aa994140058e160
Alexander_Graham_Bell
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorating stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
On what date was the stamp officially released?
{ "text": [ "October 28" ], "answer_start": [ 266 ] }
56dfc3097aa994140058e161
Alexander_Graham_Bell
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorating stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
In which city was the stamp officially released?
{ "text": [ "Boston" ], "answer_start": [ 280 ] }
56dfc400231d4119001abdba
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorating £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?
{ "text": [ "geese" ], "answer_start": [ 477 ] }
56dfc400231d4119001abdbb
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorating £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?
{ "text": [ "genetics" ], "answer_start": [ 567 ] }
56dfc400231d4119001abdbc
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorating £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?
{ "text": [ "C$100 gold coin" ], "answer_start": [ 644 ] }
56dfc400231d4119001abdbd
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorating £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?
{ "text": [ "2009" ], "answer_start": [ 749 ] }
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcd
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scots scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?
{ "text": [ "57th" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdce
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scots scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?
{ "text": [ "10" ], "answer_start": [ 48 ] }
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcf
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scots scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?
{ "text": [ "Scottish Science Hall of Fame" ], "answer_start": [ 349 ] }
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdd0
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scots scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?
{ "text": [ "National Library of Scotland" ], "answer_start": [ 317 ] }
56dfc5307aa994140058e183
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his retentive illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?
{ "text": [ "diabetes" ], "answer_start": [ 40 ] }
56dfc5307aa994140058e184
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his retentive illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
On what day and month did Bell die?
{ "text": [ "August 2" ], "answer_start": [ 52 ] }
56dfc5307aa994140058e186
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his retentive illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
Who was the last person to see Bell alive?
{ "text": [ "Mabel" ], "answer_start": [ 336 ] }
56dfc5307aa994140058e187
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his retentive illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
In what Province did Bell die?
{ "text": [ "Nova Scotia" ], "answer_start": [ 106 ] }
56dfc5897aa994140058e18d
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the like red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?
{ "text": [ "Beinn Bhreagh pine" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
56dfc5897aa994140058e18f
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the like red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?
{ "text": [ "red" ], "answer_start": [ 97 ] }
56dfc5897aa994140058e190
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the like red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?
{ "text": [ "black" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
56dfc5897aa994140058e191
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the like red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?
{ "text": [ "Jean MacDonald" ], "answer_start": [ 305 ] }
56dfc6087aa994140058e197
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.
Where was Bell buried?
{ "text": [ "atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
56dfc6087aa994140058e19a
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.
Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?
{ "text": [ "Marian" ], "answer_start": [ 245 ] }
56dfc6087aa994140058e19b
Alexander_Graham_Bell
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.
Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?
{ "text": [ "35" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf1
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honour outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
What unit is named after Bell?
{ "text": [ "The bel" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf2
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honour outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
What does the bel and decibel measure?
{ "text": [ "sound intensity" ], "answer_start": [ 69 ] }
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf3
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honour outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
What lab invented the term "bel."
{ "text": [ "Bell Labs" ], "answer_start": [ 97 ] }
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf4
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honour outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?
{ "text": [ "telecommunications" ], "answer_start": [ 253 ] }
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf5
Alexander_Graham_Bell
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honour outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?
{ "text": [ "1976" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
56dfb9227aa994140058e079
Internet_service_provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may exist organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
What does ISP stand for?
{ "text": [ "Internet service provider" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56dfb9227aa994140058e07a
Internet_service_provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may exist organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
what does an isp do?
{ "text": [ "provides services for accessing, using, the Internet" ], "answer_start": [ 59 ] }
56dfb9227aa994140058e07b
Internet_service_provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may exist organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
What forms can an isp be organized in?
{ "text": [ "commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned" ], "answer_start": [ 183 ] }
56dfb9837aa994140058e083
Internet_service_provider
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.
What type of organization provides internet access?
{ "text": [ "ISPs" ], "answer_start": [ 40 ] }
56dfb9837aa994140058e084
Internet_service_provider
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.
What are some services provided by an isp?
{ "text": [ "Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation" ], "answer_start": [ 53 ] }
56dfba2a7aa994140058e097
Internet_service_provider
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the later 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.
Why was the internet developed?
{ "text": [ "a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
56dfba2a7aa994140058e098
Internet_service_provider
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the later 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.
when was the internet developed?
{ "text": [ "1980s" ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
56dfba2a7aa994140058e099
Internet_service_provider
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the later 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.
what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?
{ "text": [ "a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet" ], "answer_start": [ 147 ] }
56dfba2a7aa994140058e09a
Internet_service_provider
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the later 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.
When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?
{ "text": [ "1995" ], "answer_start": [ 265 ] }
56dfba2a7aa994140058e09b
Internet_service_provider
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the later 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.
how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?
{ "text": [ "4 years" ], "answer_start": [ 271 ] }
56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a1
Internet_service_provider
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.
Where were the first isps established?
{ "text": [ "Australia and the United States" ], "answer_start": [ 44 ] }
56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a2
Internet_service_provider
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.
where was the first commercial isp in the us located?
{ "text": [ "Brookline, Massachusetts" ], "answer_start": [ 80 ] }
56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a3
Internet_service_provider
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.
when was the first commercial isp customer served?
{ "text": [ "November 1989" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a4
Internet_service_provider
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.
when were the first commercial isps established?
{ "text": [ "1989" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a5
Internet_service_provider
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.
what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
{ "text": [ "The World" ], "answer_start": [ 106 ] }
56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3b
Internet_service_provider
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to exist considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may exist municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.
What would the absence of net neutrality permit?
{ "text": [ "ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content" ], "answer_start": [ 126 ] }
56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3c
Internet_service_provider
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to exist considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may exist municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.
what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns?
{ "text": [ "municipal broadband" ], "answer_start": [ 298 ] }
56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3d
Internet_service_provider
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to exist considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may exist municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.
how did president obama recommend to classify the internet?
{ "text": [ "a telecommunications service" ], "answer_start": [ 788 ] }
56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3e
Internet_service_provider
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to exist considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may exist municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.
what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet?
{ "text": [ "Title II (common carrier)" ], "answer_start": [ 1240 ] }
56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3f
Internet_service_provider
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to exist considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may exist municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.
what would the internet be classified as based on title ii?
{ "text": [ "telecommunications" ], "answer_start": [ 790 ] }
56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bd
Internet_service_provider
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of nett neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."
When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
{ "text": [ "February 2015" ], "answer_start": [ 6 ] }
56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0be
Internet_service_provider
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of nett neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."
How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
{ "text": [ "in favor" ], "answer_start": [ 35 ] }
56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bf
Internet_service_provider
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of nett neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."
what did the FCC adopt for the internet?
{ "text": [ "Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c0
Internet_service_provider
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of nett neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."
what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to?
{ "text": [ "the First Amendment" ], "answer_start": [ 301 ] }
56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c1
Internet_service_provider
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of nett neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."
what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
{ "text": [ "free speech" ], "answer_start": [ 343 ] }
56dfbcec231d4119001abd54
Internet_service_provider
On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the nett neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.
When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?
{ "text": [ "13 April 2015" ], "answer_start": [ 88 ] }
56dfbd5e231d4119001abd57
Internet_service_provider
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to link users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.
What do ISPs provide?
{ "text": [ "Internet access" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
56dfbd5e231d4119001abd58
Internet_service_provider
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to link users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.
how do isps provide internet access?
{ "text": [ "a range of technologies to connect users to their network" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
56dfbd5e231d4119001abd59
Internet_service_provider
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to link users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.
what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet?
{ "text": [ "television cable (CATV)" ], "answer_start": [ 202 ] }
56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5a
Internet_service_provider
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to link users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.
what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly?
{ "text": [ "wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)" ], "answer_start": [ 227 ] }
56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5b
Internet_service_provider
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to link users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.
what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet?
{ "text": [ "telephone lines" ], "answer_start": [ 182 ] }
56dfbdc9231d4119001abd61
Internet_service_provider
For users and little businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.
what traditional options were available for users and small businesses?
{ "text": [ "copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
56dfbdc9231d4119001abd62
Internet_service_provider
For users and little businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.
what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
{ "text": [ "Fiber To The Home" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
56dfbdc9231d4119001abd63
Internet_service_provider
For users and little businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.
who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
{ "text": [ "users and small businesses" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
56dfbe7c231d4119001abd70
Internet_service_provider
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can utilize higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).
What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements?
{ "text": [ "medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs" ], "answer_start": [ 56 ] }
56dfbe7c231d4119001abd71
Internet_service_provider
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can utilize higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).
what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers?
{ "text": [ "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" ], "answer_start": [ 280 ] }
56dfbe7c231d4119001abd72
Internet_service_provider
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can utilize higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).
what is high-speed dsl used for?
{ "text": [ "customers with more demanding requirements" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
56dfbe7c231d4119001abd73
Internet_service_provider
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can utilize higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).
what is SONET?
{ "text": [ "synchronous optical networking" ], "answer_start": [ 312 ] }
56dfbedb7aa994140058e0e9
Internet_service_provider
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.
What is a mailbox provider?
{ "text": [ "an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes" ], "answer_start": [ 22 ] }
56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ea
Internet_service_provider
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.
What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains?
{ "text": [ "A mailbox provider" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56dfbedb7aa994140058e0eb
Internet_service_provider
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.
what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?
{ "text": [ "It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ed
Internet_service_provider
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.
how does a user store electronic mail?
{ "text": [ "A mailbox provider" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56dfbf91231d4119001abd83
Internet_service_provider
many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
What is SMTP?
{ "text": [ "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol" ], "answer_start": [ 390 ] }
56dfbf91231d4119001abd84
Internet_service_provider
many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
What is IMAP?
{ "text": [ "Internet Message Access Protocol" ], "answer_start": [ 477 ] }
56dfbf91231d4119001abd85
Internet_service_provider
many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
How is access to mail provided?
{ "text": [ "implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol." ], "answer_start": [ 377 ] }
56dfbf91231d4119001abd86
Internet_service_provider
many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
what are most mailbox providers as well?
{ "text": [ "access providers" ], "answer_start": [ 32 ] }
56dfbf91231d4119001abd87
Internet_service_provider
many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
who possibly controls their own mail servers?
{ "text": [ "companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals" ], "answer_start": [ 232 ] }
56dfc016231d4119001abd8d
Internet_service_provider
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or on-line storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.
What do internet hosting services provide?
{ "text": [ "email, web-hosting, or online storage services" ], "answer_start": [ 34 ] }
56dfc016231d4119001abd8e
Internet_service_provider
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or on-line storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.
Who provides a virtual server service?
{ "text": [ "Internet hosting services" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56dfc016231d4119001abd8f
Internet_service_provider
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or on-line storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.
who provides cloud services?
{ "text": [ "Internet hosting services" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56dfc0ae231d4119001abd95
Internet_service_provider
Just as their customers give them for Internet access, ISPs themselves give upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
Who does an ISP pay for internet access?
{ "text": [ "upstream ISPs" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
56dfc0ae231d4119001abd96
Internet_service_provider
Just as their customers give them for Internet access, ISPs themselves give upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?
{ "text": [ "An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP" ], "answer_start": [ 109 ] }
56dfc0ae231d4119001abd97
Internet_service_provider
Just as their customers give them for Internet access, ISPs themselves give upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
{ "text": [ "access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
56dfc0ae231d4119001abd99
Internet_service_provider
Just as their customers give them for Internet access, ISPs themselves give upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
{ "text": [ "upstream ISPs" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
56dfc22f7aa994140058e13f
Internet_service_provider
In the simplest case, a individual connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP?
{ "text": [ "transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
56dfc22f7aa994140058e140
Internet_service_provider
In the simplest case, a individual connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
what do transit ISPs provide?
{ "text": [ "large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs" ], "answer_start": [ 573 ] }
56dfc22f7aa994140058e141
Internet_service_provider
In the simplest case, a individual connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
{ "text": [ "a tier 1 carrier" ], "answer_start": [ 240 ] }
56dfc22f7aa994140058e142
Internet_service_provider
In the simplest case, a individual connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
What is a PoP?
{ "text": [ "point of presence" ], "answer_start": [ 331 ] }
56dfc22f7aa994140058e143
Internet_service_provider
In the simplest case, a individual connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
{ "text": [ "Transit ISPs" ], "answer_start": [ 552 ] }
56dfc2de231d4119001abdaf
Internet_service_provider
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitory local exchange carriers for voice communications.
What is a VISP?
{ "text": [ "virtual ISP" ], "answer_start": [ 2 ] }
56dfc2de231d4119001abdb1
Internet_service_provider
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitory local exchange carriers for voice communications.
What do VISPs resemble?
{ "text": [ "mobile virtual network operators" ], "answer_start": [ 275 ] }
56dfc2de231d4119001abdb2
Internet_service_provider
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitory local exchange carriers for voice communications.
What do visps purchase services from?
{ "text": [ "a wholesale ISP" ], "answer_start": [ 96 ] }
56dfc3487aa994140058e167
Internet_service_provider
free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]
What are free ISPs?
{ "text": [ "Internet service providers that provide service free of charge" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
56dfc3487aa994140058e168
Internet_service_provider
free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]
What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
{ "text": [ "advertisements" ], "answer_start": [ 101 ] }
56dfc3487aa994140058e169
Internet_service_provider
free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]
What are free ISPs similar to?
{ "text": [ "commercial television" ], "answer_start": [ 150 ] }
56dfc3487aa994140058e16b
Internet_service_provider
free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]
How are freenets run?
{ "text": [ "on a nonprofit basis" ], "answer_start": [ 293 ] }
56dfc3c77aa994140058e171
Internet_service_provider
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may admit commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]
What is a WISP?
{ "text": [ "wireless Internet service provider" ], "answer_start": [ 2 ] }
56dfc3c77aa994140058e172
Internet_service_provider
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may admit commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]
What technology is part of a WISP?
{ "text": [ "commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment" ], "answer_start": [ 144 ] }
56dfc3c77aa994140058e173
Internet_service_provider
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may admit commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]
What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over?
{ "text": [ "900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands" ], "answer_start": [ 243 ] }