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56dfc3c77aa994140058e174 | Internet_service_provider | A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may admit commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed] | What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on? | {
"text": [
"wireless networking"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
56dfc460231d4119001abdc3 | Internet_service_provider | ISPs may prosecute in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP. | What is peering? | {
"text": [
"multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56dfc460231d4119001abdc4 | Internet_service_provider | ISPs may prosecute in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP. | What does peering allow? | {
"text": [
"routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56dfc460231d4119001abdc5 | Internet_service_provider | ISPs may prosecute in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP. | Why is peering used? | {
"text": [
"data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56dfc460231d4119001abdc6 | Internet_service_provider | ISPs may prosecute in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP. | What are IXs? | {
"text": [
"Internet exchange points"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56dfc460231d4119001abdc7 | Internet_service_provider | ISPs may prosecute in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP. | Where do multiple ISPs connect? | {
"text": [
"peering points or Internet exchange points"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd8 | Internet_service_provider | Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are of_import in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed] | Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? | {
"text": [
"A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd9 | Internet_service_provider | Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are of_import in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed] | What sort of route does data follow? | {
"text": [
"the most efficient route"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
56dfc592231d4119001abddd | Internet_service_provider | Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to let law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time. | What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? | {
"text": [
"intelligence agencies"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
56dfc592231d4119001abdde | Internet_service_provider | Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to let law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time. | What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.? | {
"text": [
"PRISM"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
56dfc592231d4119001abddf | Internet_service_provider | Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to let law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time. | What does PRISM do? | {
"text": [
"provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
56dfc592231d4119001abde0 | Internet_service_provider | Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to let law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time. | What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? | {
"text": [
"a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
56dfc592231d4119001abde1 | Internet_service_provider | Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to let law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time. | What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? | {
"text": [
"allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time"
],
"answer_start": [
831
]
} |
56e01244231d4119001abf16 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to show ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images? | {
"text": [
"fumetti"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
56e01244231d4119001abf17 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to show ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics? | {
"text": [
"speech balloons"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56e01244231d4119001abf18 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to show ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century? | {
"text": [
"online webcomics"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
56e01244231d4119001abf19 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to show ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics? | {
"text": [
"narrative pacing"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
56e01379231d4119001abf20 | Comics | The history of comics has followed unlike paths in unlike cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons? | {
"text": [
"1830s"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
56e01379231d4119001abf22 | Comics | The history of comics has followed unlike paths in unlike cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938? | {
"text": [
"Superman"
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
} |
56e01379231d4119001abf23 | Comics | The history of comics has followed unlike paths in unlike cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | What is Japanese cartooning known as? | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
783
]
} |
56e014a37aa994140058e2c3 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as single strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | French comics are also known as what? | {
"text": [
"bandes dessinées"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
56e014a37aa994140058e2c4 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as single strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural? | {
"text": [
"when it refers to the medium"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56e014a37aa994140058e2c5 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as single strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | {
"text": [
"recurring characters"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} |
56e014a37aa994140058e2c6 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as single strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | {
"text": [
"images and text"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
56e014a37aa994140058e2c7 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as single strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | What are Japanese comics called? | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cd | Comics | The European, American, and Nipponese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Nipponese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Nipponese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | {
"text": [
"Rodolphe Töpffer"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2ce | Comics | The European, American, and Nipponese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Nipponese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Nipponese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America? | {
"text": [
"Richard F. Outcault"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cf | Comics | The European, American, and Nipponese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Nipponese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Nipponese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers? | {
"text": [
"1890s"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56e01a8f7aa994140058e2d0 | Comics | The European, American, and Nipponese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Nipponese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Nipponese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II? | {
"text": [
"satirical"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56e01bf5231d4119001abf29 | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to exist chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics? | {
"text": [
"Lascaux cave paintings"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56e01bf5231d4119001abf2a | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to exist chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | {
"text": [
"The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56e01bf5231d4119001abf2b | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to exist chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics? | {
"text": [
"hieroglyphs"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56e01bf5231d4119001abf2c | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to exist chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | {
"text": [
"Trajan's Column"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56e01d2f231d4119001abf33 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humourous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"The Glasgow Looking Glass"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56e01d2f231d4119001abf34 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humourous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? | {
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
56e01d2f231d4119001abf35 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humourous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical? | {
"text": [
"Punch"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56e01d2f231d4119001abf36 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humourous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine? | {
"text": [
"Ally Sloper"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56e01d2f231d4119001abf37 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humourous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | When did Ally Sloper first appear? | {
"text": [
"1884"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
56e02060231d4119001abf3e | Comics | American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons. | Which outlet did comic supplements find success in? | {
"text": [
"New York World"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56e02060231d4119001abf3f | Comics | American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons. | Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip? | {
"text": [
"Outcault's The Yellow Kid"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56e020e2231d4119001abf47 | Comics | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to look early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent. | What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with? | {
"text": [
"Mutt and Jeff"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56e020e2231d4119001abf49 | Comics | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to look early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent. | When did Mutt and Jeff appear? | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e020e2231d4119001abf4a | Comics | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to look early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent. | When did comic books make an appearance? | {
"text": [
"1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56e020e2231d4119001abf4b | Comics | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to look early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent. | Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938? | {
"text": [
"Action Comics"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
56e02191231d4119001abf52 | Comics | The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low-pitched status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres. | Which genre of comic books had parents concerned? | {
"text": [
"crime and horror"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
56e02191231d4119001abf53 | Comics | The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low-pitched status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres. | Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content? | {
"text": [
"Comics Code Authority"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
56e02191231d4119001abf54 | Comics | The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low-pitched status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres. | When did super heroes become popular again in comic books? | {
"text": [
"1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
} |
56e02191231d4119001abf55 | Comics | The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low-pitched status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres. | When did the alternative comics movement begin? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
938
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2dd | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to exist published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market. | Serialization of comics became less popular when? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2de | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to exist published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market. | How were comics published when serialization became less common? | {
"text": [
"as albums"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2df | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to exist published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market. | Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional? | {
"text": [
"L'Association"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56e02a437aa994140058e2e1 | Comics | From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to exist published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market. | Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market? | {
"text": [
"print market"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56e02acd231d4119001abf6d | Comics | Nipponese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects. | What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins? | {
"text": [
"toba-e and kibyōshi picture books"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56e02acd231d4119001abf6e | Comics | Nipponese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects. | What is ukiyo-e an example of? | {
"text": [
"woodblock prints"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf75 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes. | When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan? | {
"text": [
"1890s"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf76 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes. | Who introduced satirical strips to Japan? | {
"text": [
"Western expatriates"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf77 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes. | When did Jiji Manga debut? | {
"text": [
"1900"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf78 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes. | Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times? | {
"text": [
"Rakuten Kitazawa"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56e02b8d231d4119001abf79 | Comics | Illustrated magazines for western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes. | When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes? | {
"text": [
"1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
56e02d07231d4119001abf7f | Comics | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in strange markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics. | What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka? | {
"text": [
"Sazae-san"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
56e02d07231d4119001abf81 | Comics | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in strange markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics. | Where were comic strip stories first serialized? | {
"text": [
"magazines"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56e02d07231d4119001abf82 | Comics | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in strange markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics. | What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan? | {
"text": [
"after World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56e02db6231d4119001abf8f | Comics | comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page. | Where do comics usually appear? | {
"text": [
"newspapers"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9a | Comics | specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages. | Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear? | {
"text": [
"magazines"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9b | Comics | specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages. | How often are European serialized comics in magazines? | {
"text": [
"monthly or weekly"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9c | Comics | specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages. | How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines? | {
"text": [
"weekly"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56e02e6e231d4119001abf9d | Comics | specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages. | How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine? | {
"text": [
"hundreds of pages"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e30d | Comics | Book-length comics take unlike forms in unlike cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization. | What are bounds volumes of comics called in America? | {
"text": [
"graphic novels"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e30f | Comics | Book-length comics take unlike forms in unlike cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization. | What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes? | {
"text": [
"tankōbon"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e310 | Comics | Book-length comics take unlike forms in unlike cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization. | What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards? | {
"text": [
"fiction"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56e02f3b7aa994140058e311 | Comics | Book-length comics take unlike forms in unlike cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization. | What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces? | {
"text": [
"graphic novels"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e02fd17aa994140058e323 | Comics | Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a individual panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch. | Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56e02fd17aa994140058e324 | Comics | Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a individual panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch. | When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons? | {
"text": [
"1843"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56e02fd17aa994140058e325 | Comics | Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a individual panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch. | In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations? | {
"text": [
"Punch"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
56e03088231d4119001abfa3 | Comics | Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high-pitched and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates. | What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots? | {
"text": [
"lowbrow reputation"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56e03088231d4119001abfa4 | Comics | Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high-pitched and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates. | Who thought pop culture was a risk? | {
"text": [
"cultural elites"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e03088231d4119001abfa6 | Comics | Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high-pitched and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates. | What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write? | {
"text": [
"Comics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfab | Comics | The graphical novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphical novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common. | What is a comic that is as long as a book called? | {
"text": [
"graphic novel"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfac | Comics | The graphical novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphical novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common. | Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention? | {
"text": [
"Will Eisner"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfad | Comics | The graphical novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphical novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common. | What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public? | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfae | Comics | The graphical novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphical novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common. | In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online? | {
"text": [
"webcomics"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56e03125231d4119001abfaf | Comics | The graphical novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphical novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common. | The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term? | {
"text": [
"Maus"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e33f | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics. | Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827? | {
"text": [
"Rodolphe Töpffer"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e340 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics. | What century had comics in wide production? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e341 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics. | What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular? | {
"text": [
"Zig et Puce"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e342 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics. | What comics began to dominate in Europe? | {
"text": [
"Franco-Belgian"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
56e031847aa994140058e343 | Comics | The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics. | When was "The Adventures of Tintin" serialized? | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
56e031db231d4119001abfb7 | Comics | Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest unplayful analysis",[c] and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".[d] | In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what? | {
"text": [
"literacy"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
56e031db231d4119001abfb8 | Comics | Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest unplayful analysis",[c] and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".[d] | What was seen as "infantile" in the United States? | {
"text": [
"comics"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56e031db231d4119001abfb9 | Comics | Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest unplayful analysis",[c] and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".[d] | Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what? | {
"text": [
"literature"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
56e032247aa994140058e349 | Comics | In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into broad use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events. | What does bandes dessinées mean? | {
"text": [
"drawn strips"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56e032247aa994140058e34b | Comics | In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into broad use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events. | Comics for adults began to be called what? | {
"text": [
"Ninth Art"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
56e032247aa994140058e34c | Comics | In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into broad use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events. | What year did Pilote begin? | {
"text": [
"1959"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
56e032247aa994140058e34d | Comics | In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into broad use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events. | What became a best-seller comic in the French language? | {
"text": [
"Adventures of Asterix"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e353 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to establish the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics. | Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what? | {
"text": [
"editorial interference"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e354 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to establish the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics. | When was L'Écho des savanes begun? | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e356 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to establish the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics. | Métal hurlant was of what genre? | {
"text": [
"science fiction"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56e032687aa994140058e357 | Comics | Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to establish the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics. | What format did adult comics begin to be published in? | {
"text": [
"prestige"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
56e033fc7aa994140058e35d | Comics | historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics". | Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create? | {
"text": [
"Nihon Manga-Shi"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56e033fc7aa994140058e35e | Comics | historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics". | When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi? | {
"text": [
"1924"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
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