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56ea9f495a205f1900d6d394 | Political_corruption | In the context of political corruption, a bribe may affect a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months. | What is it called when corruption is part of all public life? | {
"text": [
"culture of corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d395 | Political_corruption | In the context of political corruption, a bribe may affect a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months. | Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others? | {
"text": [
"harm"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
} |
56ea9f765a205f1900d6d39c | Political_corruption | In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to promote countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed] | What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate? | {
"text": [
"active and passive bribery"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d39f | Political_corruption | This dissociation aims to do the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof. | In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult? | {
"text": [
"mutual understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d3a1 | Political_corruption | This dissociation aims to do the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof. | A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money? | {
"text": [
"accepting"
],
"answer_start": [
938
]
} |
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d3a2 | Political_corruption | This dissociation aims to do the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof. | Bribes can be direct or what? | {
"text": [
"indirect"
],
"answer_start": [
961
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff3 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to profit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe. | Selling or trading government position influence is called what? | {
"text": [
"influence peddling"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff4 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to profit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe. | Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation? | {
"text": [
"tri-lateral"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff5 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to profit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe. | In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what? | {
"text": [
"an accessory"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff6 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to profit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe. | Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing? | {
"text": [
"distinctive criteria"
],
"answer_start": [
996
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff7 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to profit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe. | What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence? | {
"text": [
"article 12"
],
"answer_start": [
1107
]
} |
56eaa19a0030b61400a34ffd | Political_corruption | Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may exist legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can exist seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may exist almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also exist seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector). | Giving government jobs to supporters is called what? | {
"text": [
"Patronage"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa19a0030b61400a35001 | Political_corruption | Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may exist legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can exist seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may exist almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also exist seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector). | What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power? | {
"text": [
"Romania"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
} |
56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3a8 | Political_corruption | Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may exist combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might exist in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate. | What is it called when relatives are favored over other people? | {
"text": [
"nepotism"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3a9 | Political_corruption | Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may exist combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might exist in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate. | What is it called when friends are favored over other people? | {
"text": [
"cronyism"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3ac | Political_corruption | Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may exist combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might exist in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate. | Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what? | {
"text": [
"old boy network"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
56eaa3195a205f1900d6d3b2 | Political_corruption | Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensible issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes. | Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who? | {
"text": [
"enemies"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56eaa3195a205f1900d6d3b3 | Political_corruption | Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensible issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes. | False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what? | {
"text": [
"politically sensitive issues"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b6 | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and pervert for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with. | What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain? | {
"text": [
"Gombeenism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b7 | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and pervert for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with. | Parish pump politics is also called what? | {
"text": [
"parochialism"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b9 | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and pervert for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with. | Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion? | {
"text": [
"Irish Banking crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3ba | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and pervert for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with. | Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically? | {
"text": [
"senior management or committee position"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c0 | Political_corruption | electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting. | Illegal interference with an election is called what? | {
"text": [
"Electoral fraud"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c2 | Political_corruption | electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting. | Another term for electoral fraud is what? | {
"text": [
"voter fraud"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c3 | Political_corruption | electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting. | Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud? | {
"text": [
"intimidation"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
56eaa6a30030b61400a35007 | Political_corruption | Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to restitute his own house. | When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what? | {
"text": [
"Embezzlement"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa6a30030b61400a35008 | Political_corruption | Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to restitute his own house. | It is considered political when it involves what kind of money? | {
"text": [
"public"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56eaa6a30030b61400a35009 | Political_corruption | Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to restitute his own house. | One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use? | {
"text": [
"personal"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56eaa7590030b61400a3500d | Political_corruption | A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in crooked bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive. | What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding? | {
"text": [
"kickback"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
56eaa7590030b61400a3500e | Political_corruption | A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in crooked bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive. | A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what? | {
"text": [
"bidder"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56eaa8575a205f1900d6d3c8 | Political_corruption | Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to pass funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption. | What is not limited to just government officials? | {
"text": [
"Kickbacks"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa9720030b61400a35015 | Political_corruption | An unhallowed alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unhallowed alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unhallowed alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt: | When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what? | {
"text": [
"unholy alliance"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56eaa9720030b61400a35017 | Political_corruption | An unhallowed alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unhallowed alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unhallowed alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt: | While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what? | {
"text": [
"patronage"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3cd | Political_corruption | An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can exist found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed] | When was Jinrong a police chief in this area? | {
"text": [
"1920s and 1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3ce | Political_corruption | An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can exist found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed] | Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area? | {
"text": [
"Du Yuesheng"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3cf | Political_corruption | An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can exist found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed] | In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what? | {
"text": [
"a gang boss"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d4 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a crooked government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What was Noriega's government accused of being? | {
"text": [
"narcokleptocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d5 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a crooked government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What country did Noriega rule? | {
"text": [
"Panama"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d6 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a crooked government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d7 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a crooked government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What is a narcokleptocracy? | {
"text": [
"government profiting on illegal drug trade"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d8 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a crooked government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What is Noriega's first name? | {
"text": [
"Manuel"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56eaaabc0030b61400a3501e | Political_corruption | Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to require at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe." | According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what? | {
"text": [
"safe"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3de | Political_corruption | Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a important relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US. | Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption? | {
"text": [
"Brunetti and Weder"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3df | Political_corruption | Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a important relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US. | Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability? | {
"text": [
"Adserà, Boix, and Payne"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3e0 | Political_corruption | Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a important relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US. | About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability? | {
"text": [
"different states in the US."
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e5 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less probable to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more probable to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell. | Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them? | {
"text": [
"Snyder and Strömberg"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e6 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less probable to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more probable to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell. | What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007? | {
"text": [
"Cincinnati Post"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e7 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less probable to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more probable to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell. | Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down? | {
"text": [
"incumbents"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e8 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less probable to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more probable to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell. | Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing? | {
"text": [
"voter turnout"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
56eaab6f0030b61400a35022 | Political_corruption | An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost. | What did the analysis show mixed results for? | {
"text": [
"growth of the Internet"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56eaab6f0030b61400a35023 | Political_corruption | An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost. | What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press? | {
"text": [
"traditional sources of funding"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
56eaab6f0030b61400a35024 | Political_corruption | An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost. | How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press? | {
"text": [
"a tiny fraction"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a35029 | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high-pitched level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector. | How many measures does Transparency International publish right now? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502a | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high-pitched level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector. | What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe? | {
"text": [
"Bribe Payers Index"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502b | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high-pitched level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector. | What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are? | {
"text": [
"CPI"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502c | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high-pitched level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector. | When was the CPI first released? | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502d | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high-pitched level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector. | Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country? | {
"text": [
"Government Defence Anti-corruption Index"
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3ee | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a unplayful problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation. | How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study? | {
"text": [
"over 100,000"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3ef | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a unplayful problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation. | How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators? | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3f0 | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a unplayful problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation. | One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what? | {
"text": [
"Control of Corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3f1 | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a unplayful problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation. | Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies? | {
"text": [
"Millennium Challenge Corporation"
],
"answer_start": [
906
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f6 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to seek and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance. | A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization? | {
"text": [
"International Budget Partnership"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f7 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to seek and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance. | When was the Global Integrity Index first published? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f8 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to seek and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance. | Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data? | {
"text": [
"public surveys"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f9 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to seek and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance. | Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption? | {
"text": [
"in-country experts"
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
} |
56eaaf7d5a205f1900d6d400 | Political_corruption | typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data. | The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption? | {
"text": [
"local"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56eaaf7d5a205f1900d6d401 | Political_corruption | typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data. | Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage? | {
"text": [
"worldwide"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56eab0195a205f1900d6d404 | Political_corruption | Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society. | What is the British aid agency's research called? | {
"text": [
"Drivers of Change"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56eab0195a205f1900d6d405 | Political_corruption | Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society. | What does Drivers of Change skip? | {
"text": [
"numbers"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56eab0195a205f1900d6d406 | Political_corruption | Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society. | What does Drivers of Change promote? | {
"text": [
"understanding corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40c | Political_corruption | extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption. | Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what? | {
"text": [
"cronyism"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40d | Political_corruption | extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption. | What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending? | {
"text": [
"Complicated"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40e | Political_corruption | extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption. | The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what? | {
"text": [
"privatization and deregulation"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40f | Political_corruption | extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption. | What countries have big public sectors but low corruption? | {
"text": [
"Nordic"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d410 | Political_corruption | extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption. | What do the low corruption countries have solidly established? | {
"text": [
"rule of law"
],
"answer_start": [
640
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d416 | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economical activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. | Selling government property is highly at risk for what? | {
"text": [
"cronyism"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d418 | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economical activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. | What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies? | {
"text": [
"Those with political connections"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d419 | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economical activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. | Where is corruption even more prevalent? | {
"text": [
"non-privatized sectors"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d41a | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economical activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. | Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on? | {
"text": [
"privatized less"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
56eab1020030b61400a35033 | Political_corruption | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should exist provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will exist noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can exist large sums of money. | Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what? | {
"text": [
"principle of subsidiarity"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56eab1020030b61400a35034 | Political_corruption | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should exist provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will exist noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can exist large sums of money. | What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage? | {
"text": [
"embezzlement"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56eab1020030b61400a35035 | Political_corruption | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should exist provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will exist noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can exist large sums of money. | Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority? | {
"text": [
"centralized"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a35039 | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also occupy advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can occupy advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments. | What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury? | {
"text": [
"kleptocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a3503a | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also occupy advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can occupy advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments. | What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take? | {
"text": [
"diamonds and oil"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a3503b | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also occupy advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can occupy advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments. | Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in? | {
"text": [
"foreign aid"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a3503c | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also occupy advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can occupy advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments. | Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what? | {
"text": [
"armaments"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
56eab1825a205f1900d6d421 | Political_corruption | A crooked dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, crooked dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power. | In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what? | {
"text": [
"economic and social problems"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d426 | Political_corruption | The classical case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classical case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997? | {
"text": [
"Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d427 | Political_corruption | The classical case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classical case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | What did Zaire used to be known as? | {
"text": [
"Democratic Republic of the Congo"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d428 | Political_corruption | The classical case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classical case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled? | {
"text": [
"kleptocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d429 | Political_corruption | The classical case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classical case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998? | {
"text": [
"General Sani Abacha"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
56eab22e0030b61400a35041 | Political_corruption | More recently, articles in various fiscal periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven. | What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption? | {
"text": [
"Forbes"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56eab22e0030b61400a35044 | Political_corruption | More recently, articles in various fiscal periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven. | The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets? | {
"text": [
"a portion"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
56eab22e0030b61400a35045 | Political_corruption | More recently, articles in various fiscal periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven. | What is Fidel Castro's official title? | {
"text": [
"General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d430 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | What is OAS? | {
"text": [
"Organization of American States"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d431 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who? | {
"text": [
"the African Union"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d432 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | What organization joined at the universal level? | {
"text": [
"the United Nations Convention against Corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d433 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join? | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504b | Political_corruption | Measuring corruption statistically is hard if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem. | Why is it difficult to measure corruption? | {
"text": [
"imprecise definitions of corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504c | Political_corruption | Measuring corruption statistically is hard if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem. | When did indices on corruption first appear? | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
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