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56e82e1900c9c71400d775ff | Dialect | modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, NiccolΓ² Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people. | During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry? | {
"text": [
"12th"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56e82e1900c9c71400d77600 | Dialect | modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, NiccolΓ² Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people. | What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time? | {
"text": [
"upper class"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
56e82e1900c9c71400d77601 | Dialect | modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, NiccolΓ² Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people. | From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive? | {
"text": [
"Tuscany"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
} |
56e82e8c00c9c71400d77607 | Dialect | During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a unvarying national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian. | What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language? | {
"text": [
"Alessandro Manzoni"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e82e8c00c9c71400d77608 | Dialect | During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a unvarying national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian. | During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised? | {
"text": [
"the Risorgimento"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56e82e8c00c9c71400d77609 | Dialect | During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a unvarying national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian. | In what decade was Italy unified? | {
"text": [
"1860s"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
56e82e8c00c9c71400d7760a | Dialect | During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a unvarying national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian. | What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified? | {
"text": [
"2.5%"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
} |
56e82e8c00c9c71400d7760b | Dialect | During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a unvarying national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian. | When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language? | {
"text": [
"standard Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
56e82fe000c9c71400d77611 | Dialect | In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of received Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to received Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak received Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal. | During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian? | {
"text": [
"World War I"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56e82fe000c9c71400d77612 | Dialect | In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of received Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to received Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak received Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal. | Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population? | {
"text": [
"television"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
56e82fe000c9c71400d77613 | Dialect | In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of received Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to received Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak received Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal. | In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with? | {
"text": [
"lower"
],
"answer_start": [
1070
]
} |
56e82fe000c9c71400d77614 | Dialect | In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of received Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to received Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak received Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal. | Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language? | {
"text": [
"outside of one's region"
],
"answer_start": [
979
]
} |
56e82fe000c9c71400d77615 | Dialect | In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of received Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to received Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak received Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal. | Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language? | {
"text": [
"at home with family"
],
"answer_start": [
802
]
} |
56e8307b00c9c71400d7761b | Dialect | Italians in unlike regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian, or regional Italian dialects, which, unlike the majority of languages of Italy, are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages. A regional Italian dialect is generally standard Italian that has been heavily influenced or mixed with local or regional native languages and accents. | Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language? | {
"text": [
"standard Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e830b600c9c71400d7761d | Dialect | The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This broad category includes: | What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to? | {
"text": [
"Italo-Dalmatian"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
56e830b600c9c71400d7761e | Dialect | The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This broad category includes: | What language are most languages of Italy derived from? | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e830b600c9c71400d7761f | Dialect | The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This broad category includes: | Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to? | {
"text": [
"Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56e8311437bdd419002c4492 | Dialect | The Sardinian language is considered to exist its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia. | Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language? | {
"text": [
"The Sardinian language"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e8311437bdd419002c4493 | Dialect | The Sardinian language is considered to exist its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia. | What language is Sassarese closely related to? | {
"text": [
"Italian Tuscan"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56e8311437bdd419002c4494 | Dialect | The Sardinian language is considered to exist its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia. | What language family does Gallurese belong to? | {
"text": [
"Italo-Dalmatian"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e8311437bdd419002c4495 | Dialect | The Sardinian language is considered to exist its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia. | What language family does Ligurian belong to? | {
"text": [
"Gallo-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
56e8311437bdd419002c4496 | Dialect | The Sardinian language is considered to exist its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia. | Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken? | {
"text": [
"Sardinian"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e833ff00c9c71400d77623 | Dialect | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can exist controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.) | Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language? | {
"text": [
"American English"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
56e833ff00c9c71400d77624 | Dialect | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can exist controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.) | What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian? | {
"text": [
"Serbian and Croatian"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
56e833ff00c9c71400d77625 | Dialect | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can exist controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.) | Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language? | {
"text": [
"dialects of a single language"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
} |
56e833ff00c9c71400d77626 | Dialect | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can exist controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.) | Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language? | {
"text": [
"distinct languages"
],
"answer_start": [
818
]
} |
56e833ff00c9c71400d77627 | Dialect | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can exist controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.) | Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages? | {
"text": [
"the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies"
],
"answer_start": [
854
]
} |
56e8346300c9c71400d7762d | Dialect | similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. | Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible? | {
"text": [
"Bulgarian"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e8346300c9c71400d7762e | Dialect | similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. | What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to? | {
"text": [
"South Slavic"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56e8346300c9c71400d7762f | Dialect | similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. | What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as? | {
"text": [
"a Bulgarian dialect"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56e8346300c9c71400d77630 | Dialect | similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. | In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established? | {
"text": [
"1944"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
56e8346300c9c71400d77631 | Dialect | similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. | In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken? | {
"text": [
"Republic of Macedonia"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56e834e000c9c71400d77637 | Dialect | In Lebanon, a part of the christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic. | Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language? | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56e834e000c9c71400d77638 | Dialect | In Lebanon, a part of the christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic. | In what language are Lebanese laws written? | {
"text": [
"Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e834e000c9c71400d77639 | Dialect | In Lebanon, a part of the christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic. | During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially? | {
"text": [
"Lebanese Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56e834e000c9c71400d7763a | Dialect | In Lebanon, a part of the christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic. | What language is Lebanese closely related to? | {
"text": [
"Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e834e000c9c71400d7763b | Dialect | In Lebanon, a part of the christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic. | What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war? | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56e8355d00c9c71400d77641 | Dialect | In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken north African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, north African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. | Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken? | {
"text": [
"Algeria"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56e8355d00c9c71400d77642 | Dialect | In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken north African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, north African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. | What is the liturgical language of Islam? | {
"text": [
"Literary Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56e8355d00c9c71400d77643 | Dialect | In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken north African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, north African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. | In what language is the Qur'an written? | {
"text": [
"Literary Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56e8355d00c9c71400d77644 | Dialect | In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken north African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, north African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. | What does the term Dariajs refer to? | {
"text": [
"spoken North African languages"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56e8355d00c9c71400d77645 | Dialect | In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken north African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, north African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. | What is the dominant religion of North Africa? | {
"text": [
"Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56e835c200c9c71400d7764b | Dialect | In the 19th century, the czarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed substantially from the dialects in Russia. | During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56e835c200c9c71400d7764c | Dialect | In the 19th century, the czarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed substantially from the dialects in Russia. | What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language? | {
"text": [
"the Tsarist Government"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56e835c200c9c71400d7764d | Dialect | In the 19th century, the czarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed substantially from the dialects in Russia. | The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine? | {
"text": [
"Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56e8361f00c9c71400d77651 | Dialect | The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow. | What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War? | {
"text": [
"The German Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e8361f00c9c71400d77652 | Dialect | The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow. | What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I? | {
"text": [
"the Entente"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56e8361f00c9c71400d77653 | Dialect | The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow. | What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire? | {
"text": [
"Bolsheviks"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56e8361f00c9c71400d77654 | Dialect | The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow. | Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from? | {
"text": [
"Whites"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
56e8368700c9c71400d7765b | Dialect | After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to derive independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language. | After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language? | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56e8368700c9c71400d7765c | Dialect | After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to derive independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language. | Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language? | {
"text": [
"Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56e8368700c9c71400d7765d | Dialect | After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to derive independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language. | Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis? | {
"text": [
"to gain independence"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56e836b537bdd419002c449c | Dialect | Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine. | In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken? | {
"text": [
"Ukraine"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
56e836b537bdd419002c449d | Dialect | Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine. | Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language? | {
"text": [
"Russian"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e8372c37bdd419002c44a0 | Dialect | There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to function political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a MoldovanβRomanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion BΔrbuΕ£Δ, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". | Who was the president of Moldova in 1996? | {
"text": [
"Mircea Snegur"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
56e8372c37bdd419002c44a1 | Dialect | There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to function political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a MoldovanβRomanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion BΔrbuΕ£Δ, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". | In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published? | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56e8372c37bdd419002c44a2 | Dialect | There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to function political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a MoldovanβRomanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion BΔrbuΕ£Δ, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". | Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996? | {
"text": [
"Romanian expansionism"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56e8372c37bdd419002c44a3 | Dialect | There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to function political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a MoldovanβRomanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion BΔrbuΕ£Δ, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". | Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova? | {
"text": [
"Ion BΔrbuΕ£Δ"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
56e8379037bdd419002c44a8 | Dialect | Unlike most languages that use alphabets to bespeak the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin. | From what did Chinese characters derive? | {
"text": [
"logograms"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56e8379037bdd419002c44a9 | Dialect | Unlike most languages that use alphabets to bespeak the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin. | What is another name for the Yue language? | {
"text": [
"Cantonese"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
56e8379037bdd419002c44aa | Dialect | Unlike most languages that use alphabets to bespeak the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin. | Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China? | {
"text": [
"the south"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
56e8379037bdd419002c44ab | Dialect | Unlike most languages that use alphabets to bespeak the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin. | From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China? | {
"text": [
"Beijing"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
56e8379037bdd419002c44ac | Dialect | Unlike most languages that use alphabets to bespeak the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin. | At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China? | {
"text": [
"Standard Mandarin"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} |
56e837f437bdd419002c44b2 | Dialect | many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the "dialects" of a "language" (which itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree changing more rapidly than others. | From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of? | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56e837f437bdd419002c44b3 | Dialect | many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the "dialects" of a "language" (which itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree changing more rapidly than others. | What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of? | {
"text": [
"Ancient Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56e837f437bdd419002c44b4 | Dialect | many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the "dialects" of a "language" (which itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree changing more rapidly than others. | From what language is North Germanic derived? | {
"text": [
"Old Norse"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
56e837f437bdd419002c44b5 | Dialect | many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the "dialects" of a "language" (which itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree changing more rapidly than others. | Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
56e83b4c00c9c71400d77661 | Dialect | This can yield rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish. | Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
56e83b4c00c9c71400d77662 | Dialect | This can yield rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish. | With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
56e83b4c00c9c71400d77663 | Dialect | This can yield rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish. | What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible? | {
"text": [
"French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
56e83bdf37bdd419002c44ba | Dialect | For example, the Italian and Gallic words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to Gallic "avoir" and "Γͺtre". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed] | What Italian word is similar to the French word "avoir"? | {
"text": [
"avere"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e83bdf37bdd419002c44bb | Dialect | For example, the Italian and Gallic words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to Gallic "avoir" and "Γͺtre". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed] | What French word is similar to the Italian word "essere"? | {
"text": [
"Γͺtre"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56e83bdf37bdd419002c44bc | Dialect | For example, the Italian and Gallic words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to Gallic "avoir" and "Γͺtre". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed] | What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility? | {
"text": [
"Italian and Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
56e83bdf37bdd419002c44bd | Dialect | For example, the Italian and Gallic words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to Gallic "avoir" and "Γͺtre". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed] | Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian? | {
"text": [
"body parts"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56e83bdf37bdd419002c44be | Dialect | For example, the Italian and Gallic words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to Gallic "avoir" and "Γͺtre". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed] | When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used? | {
"text": [
"sere"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56e83cb337bdd419002c44c4 | Dialect | One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the western language families. | What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of? | {
"text": [
"Interlingua"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
56e83cb337bdd419002c44c5 | Dialect | One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the western language families. | Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua? | {
"text": [
"International Auxiliary Language Association"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
56e83cb337bdd419002c44c6 | Dialect | One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the western language families. | What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment? | {
"text": [
"Swedish"
],
"answer_start": [
910
]
} |
56e83cb337bdd419002c44c7 | Dialect | One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the western language families. | Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate? | {
"text": [
"Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
1006
]
} |
56e83cb337bdd419002c44c8 | Dialect | One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the western language families. | Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived? | {
"text": [
"the international scientific vocabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a44858 | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820? | {
"text": [
"the Classical period"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a44859 | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | What years are termed the Renaissance period? | {
"text": [
"1400β1600"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485a | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | What years are termed the Baroque period? | {
"text": [
"1600β1750"
],
"answer_start": [
736
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485b | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | From 1804-1910 was called what era? | {
"text": [
"Romantic"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485c | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? | {
"text": [
"Western music"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44874 | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music? | {
"text": [
"Western"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44875 | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called? | {
"text": [
"the Classical period"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44876 | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | What time period is known at the common practice period? | {
"text": [
"between 1550 and 1900"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44877 | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | When was the Renaissance era? | {
"text": [
"1400β1600"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44878 | Classical_music | classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500β1400) and the Renaissance (1400β1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600β1750), classical (1750β1820), and Romantic eras (1804β1910); and the 20th century (1901β2000) which includes the modern (1890β1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975β2015) eras.[citation needed] | When was the modern era? | {
"text": [
"1890β1930"
],
"answer_start": [
862
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ac | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music? | {
"text": [
"its system of staff notation"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ad | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music? | {
"text": [
"Western staff notation"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ae | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation? | {
"text": [
"jazz and blues"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372af | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? | {
"text": [
"complexity"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a4487e | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms? | {
"text": [
"its system of staff notation"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a4487f | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | How long has the system of staff notation been in use? | {
"text": [
"since about the 16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a44880 | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? | {
"text": [
"improvisation"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a44881 | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular melodious forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity. | Classic music can a attain a high level of what? | {
"text": [
"complexity"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44862 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | When did the term "classical music" appear? | {
"text": [
"the early 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44863 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | What period is referred to as a "golden age"? | {
"text": [
"the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
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