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56f722b5711bf01900a449cc | Treaty | In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can better the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol. | What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law? | {
"text": [
"a protocol"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56f722b5711bf01900a449cd | Treaty | In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can better the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol. | A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what? | {
"text": [
"add additional provisions"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
56f722b5711bf01900a449ce | Treaty | In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can better the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol. | Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol? | {
"text": [
"not required"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
56f722b5711bf01900a449cf | Treaty | In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can better the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol. | What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol? | {
"text": [
"an \"optional protocol\""
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
56f722b5711bf01900a449d0 | Treaty | In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can better the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol. | A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what? | {
"text": [
"amend the previous treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2c | Treaty | Some examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon. | The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty? | {
"text": [
"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2d | Treaty | Some examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon. | The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol? | {
"text": [
"the Kyoto Protocol"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2e | Treaty | Some examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon. | The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what? | {
"text": [
"binding greenhouse gas emission limits"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a2f | Treaty | Some examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon. | While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what? | {
"text": [
"the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
56f72eb0711bf01900a44a30 | Treaty | Some examples: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon. | The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty? | {
"text": [
"Protocol"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37412 | Treaty | Treaties may exist seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may exist non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would exist one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes. | A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what? | {
"text": [
"self-executing"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37413 | Treaty | Treaties may exist seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may exist non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would exist one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes. | What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations? | {
"text": [
"implementing legislation"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37414 | Treaty | Treaties may exist seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may exist non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would exist one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes. | What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty? | {
"text": [
"a change in the domestic law of a state party"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37415 | Treaty | Treaties may exist seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may exist non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would exist one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes. | A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty? | {
"text": [
"non-self-executing"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56f730303d8e2e1400e37416 | Treaty | Treaties may exist seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may exist non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would exist one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes. | Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party? | {
"text": [
"puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a50 | Treaty | The division between the two is often not well-defined and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws. | What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law? | {
"text": [
"a non-self-executing treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a51 | Treaty | The division between the two is often not well-defined and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws. | A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what? | {
"text": [
"pass the necessary domestic laws"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a52 | Treaty | The division between the two is often not well-defined and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws. | What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty? | {
"text": [
"its legislature"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a53 | Treaty | The division between the two is often not well-defined and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws. | The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party? | {
"text": [
"politicized"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56f731ca711bf01900a44a54 | Treaty | The division between the two is often not well-defined and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws. | A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what? | {
"text": [
"not clear"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744c | Treaty | The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must exist interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should exist applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to exist interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose." International legal experts also often invoke the 'principle of maximum effectiveness,' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties. | What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties? | {
"text": [
"principle of maximum effectiveness"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744d | Treaty | The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must exist interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should exist applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to exist interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose." International legal experts also often invoke the 'principle of maximum effectiveness,' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties. | The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties? | {
"text": [
"the fullest force and effect"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744e | Treaty | The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must exist interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should exist applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to exist interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose." International legal experts also often invoke the 'principle of maximum effectiveness,' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties. | What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?" | {
"text": [
"The Vienna Convention"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56f733273d8e2e1400e3744f | Treaty | The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must exist interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should exist applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to exist interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose." International legal experts also often invoke the 'principle of maximum effectiveness,' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties. | What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear? | {
"text": [
"The language"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f733273d8e2e1400e37450 | Treaty | The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must exist interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should exist applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to exist interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose." International legal experts also often invoke the 'principle of maximum effectiveness,' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties. | Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty? | {
"text": [
"a perhaps unforeseen circumstance"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746a | Treaty | No one party to a treaty can enforce its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'. | No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties? | {
"text": [
"impose its particular interpretation of the treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746b | Treaty | No one party to a treaty can enforce its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'. | What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty? | {
"text": [
"Consent"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746c | Treaty | No one party to a treaty can enforce its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'. | Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party? | {
"text": [
"complaint"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746d | Treaty | No one party to a treaty can enforce its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'. | Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect? | {
"text": [
"adding another clause to the treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
56f734e03d8e2e1400e3746e | Treaty | No one party to a treaty can enforce its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'. | The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what? | {
"text": [
"an 'authentic interpretation'"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747c | Treaty | International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to decide substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself. | What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties? | {
"text": [
"substantial disputes over treaty interpretations"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747d | Treaty | International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to decide substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself. | What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties? | {
"text": [
"International tribunals and arbiters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747e | Treaty | International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to decide substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself. | In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context? | {
"text": [
"the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56f736513d8e2e1400e3747f | Treaty | International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to decide substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself. | For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty? | {
"text": [
"To establish the meaning in context"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f736513d8e2e1400e37480 | Treaty | International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to decide substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself. | In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty? | {
"text": [
"the final, signed treaty itself"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a76 | Treaty | One important part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding. | What are agreements between states within the United States called? | {
"text": [
"compacts"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a77 | Treaty | One important part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding. | What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States? | {
"text": [
"memoranda of understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a78 | Treaty | One important part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding. | In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called? | {
"text": [
"memoranda of understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a79 | Treaty | One important part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding. | Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what? | {
"text": [
"a sovereign state"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56f7379e711bf01900a44a7a | Treaty | One important part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding. | Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable? | {
"text": [
"international law"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749a | Treaty | Another situation can happen when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation. | Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what? | {
"text": [
"international law"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749b | Treaty | Another situation can happen when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation. | Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law? | {
"text": [
"North Korea and the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749c | Treaty | Another situation can happen when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation. | Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics? | {
"text": [
"security guarantees and nuclear proliferation"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56f739203d8e2e1400e3749d | Treaty | Another situation can happen when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not. This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation. | North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation? | {
"text": [
"to create an obligation under international law"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56f73afcaef2371900625a19 | Treaty | The terminology can also exist confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to exist documents under domestic law. | What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be? | {
"text": [
"documents under domestic law"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
56f73afcaef2371900625a1a | Treaty | The terminology can also exist confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to exist documents under domestic law. | What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty? | {
"text": [
"convention, protocol, or simply agreement"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56f73afcaef2371900625a1b | Treaty | The terminology can also exist confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to exist documents under domestic law. | What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty? | {
"text": [
"named something other than a treaty,"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56f73afcaef2371900625a1c | Treaty | The terminology can also exist confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to exist documents under domestic law. | What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law? | {
"text": [
"the Treaty of Waitangi"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
56f73afcaef2371900625a1d | Treaty | The terminology can also exist confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to exist documents under domestic law. | Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty? | {
"text": [
"terminology"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17122 | Treaty | Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to retreat as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless: | Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law? | {
"text": [
"consent"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17123 | Treaty | Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to retreat as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless: | What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties? | {
"text": [
"procedures of notification"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17124 | Treaty | Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to retreat as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless: | Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties? | {
"text": [
"not necessarily"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17125 | Treaty | Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to retreat as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless: | What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations? | {
"text": [
"the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56f7451fa6d7ea1400e17126 | Treaty | Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to retreat as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless: | Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced? | {
"text": [
"Article 56"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
56f7477aa6d7ea1400e17148 | Treaty | The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not potential to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible. | What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw? | {
"text": [
"the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56f7477aa6d7ea1400e17149 | Treaty | The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not potential to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible. | What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights? | {
"text": [
"North Korea"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56f7477aa6d7ea1400e1714a | Treaty | The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not potential to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible. | Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights? | {
"text": [
"the Secretary-General of the United Nations"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56f7477aa6d7ea1400e1714b | Treaty | The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not potential to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible. | What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty? | {
"text": [
"the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56f7477aa6d7ea1400e1714c | Treaty | The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not potential to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible. | The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions? | {
"text": [
"The possibility of withdrawal"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f7489aaef2371900625ab7 | Treaty | In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can retreat from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation. | What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time? | {
"text": [
"sovereignty"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
56f7489aaef2371900625ab8 | Treaty | In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can retreat from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation. | What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted? | {
"text": [
"how other states will react"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56f7489aaef2371900625ab9 | Treaty | In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can retreat from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation. | What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty? | {
"text": [
"impose sanctions or go to war"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56f7489aaef2371900625aba | Treaty | In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can retreat from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation. | Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway? | {
"text": [
"In practice"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f7489aaef2371900625abb | Treaty | In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can retreat from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation. | Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty? | {
"text": [
"at any time"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56f74a32a6d7ea1400e17168 | Treaty | If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could exist interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed] | What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty? | {
"text": [
"terminated"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56f74a32a6d7ea1400e17169 | Treaty | If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could exist interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed] | What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party? | {
"text": [
"a bilateral treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56f74a32a6d7ea1400e1716a | Treaty | If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could exist interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed] | What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws? | {
"text": [
"remain in force"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56f74a32a6d7ea1400e1716b | Treaty | If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could exist interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed] | After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated? | {
"text": [
"withdrawal"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56f74a32a6d7ea1400e1716c | Treaty | If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could exist interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed] | Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty? | {
"text": [
"agreed upon between the remaining states parties"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17172 | Treaty | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may raise this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty? | {
"text": [
"A material breach"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17173 | Treaty | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may raise this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations? | {
"text": [
"temporarily suspending their obligations to that party"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17174 | Treaty | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may raise this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations? | {
"text": [
"terminating the treaty itself"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17175 | Treaty | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may raise this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party? | {
"text": [
"the other parties"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56f74c09a6d7ea1400e17176 | Treaty | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may raise this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations? | {
"text": [
"suspending their obligations to that party"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56f74dd9aef2371900625adf | Treaty | A treaty breach does not automatically debar or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach. | What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty? | {
"text": [
"the seriousness of a breach"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56f74dd9aef2371900625ae0 | Treaty | A treaty breach does not automatically debar or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach. | Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach? | {
"text": [
"a tribunal or other independent arbiter"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
56f74dd9aef2371900625ae1 | Treaty | A treaty breach does not automatically debar or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach. | Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations? | {
"text": [
"does not"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56f74dd9aef2371900625ae2 | Treaty | A treaty breach does not automatically debar or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach. | What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations? | {
"text": [
"how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56f74dd9aef2371900625ae3 | Treaty | A treaty breach does not automatically debar or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach. | A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor? | {
"text": [
"how they resolve to respond to it"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719a | Treaty | Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if sure defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under sure conditions.[citation needed] | Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met? | {
"text": [
"self-termination"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719b | Treaty | Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if sure defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under sure conditions.[citation needed] | What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding? | {
"text": [
"set to expire on a given date"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719c | Treaty | Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if sure defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under sure conditions.[citation needed] | In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate? | {
"text": [
"certain defined conditions are met"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719d | Treaty | Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if sure defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under sure conditions.[citation needed] | What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met? | {
"text": [
"automatically terminated"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56f74ffaa6d7ea1400e1719e | Treaty | Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if sure defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under sure conditions.[citation needed] | What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date? | {
"text": [
"temporarily binding"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
56f75218aef2371900625b11 | Treaty | A party may lay_claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this lay_claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This lay_claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed] | What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination? | {
"text": [
"a fundamental change in circumstances"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56f75218aef2371900625b12 | Treaty | A party may lay_claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this lay_claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This lay_claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed] | A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what? | {
"text": [
"its own breach of the treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
56f75218aef2371900625b13 | Treaty | A party may lay_claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this lay_claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This lay_claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed] | The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what? | {
"text": [
"political boundaries"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
56f75218aef2371900625b14 | Treaty | A party may lay_claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this lay_claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This lay_claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed] | The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty? | {
"text": [
"the extent of obligations"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
56f75218aef2371900625b15 | Treaty | A party may lay_claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this lay_claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This lay_claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed] | In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty? | {
"text": [
"unforeseen"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c4 | Treaty | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to assail the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa. | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624? | {
"text": [
"the Banu Qaynuqa tribe"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c5 | Treaty | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to assail the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa. | Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty? | {
"text": [
"the Constitution of Medina"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c6 | Treaty | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to assail the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa. | Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them? | {
"text": [
"Abdullah ibn Ubayy"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} |
56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c7 | Treaty | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to assail the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa. | Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina? | {
"text": [
"stripped naked"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
56f754cea6d7ea1400e171c8 | Treaty | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to assail the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa. | What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews? | {
"text": [
"revenge killings"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
56f756b2aef2371900625b25 | Treaty | Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to make so by the angel Gabriel. Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable. 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after they surrendered (according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham). Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (according to Sunni Hadith). Two Muslims were killed | What angel, according to Muslim tradition, ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza? | {
"text": [
"Gabriel"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
56f756b2aef2371900625b26 | Treaty | Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to make so by the angel Gabriel. Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable. 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after they surrendered (according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham). Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (according to Sunni Hadith). Two Muslims were killed | Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart? | {
"text": [
"Al-Waqidi"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56f756b2aef2371900625b27 | Treaty | Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to make so by the angel Gabriel. Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable. 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after they surrendered (according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham). Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (according to Sunni Hadith). Two Muslims were killed | How many members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham? | {
"text": [
"600-900"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
56f756b2aef2371900625b28 | Treaty | Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to make so by the angel Gabriel. Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable. 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after they surrendered (according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham). Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (according to Sunni Hadith). Two Muslims were killed | According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers? | {
"text": [
"all Males and 1 woman"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
56f756b2aef2371900625b29 | Treaty | Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to make so by the angel Gabriel. Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable. 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after they surrendered (according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham). Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (according to Sunni Hadith). Two Muslims were killed | How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza? | {
"text": [
"Two"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
56f75884a6d7ea1400e171e6 | Treaty | There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may exist rejected as a binding international agreement, most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty.[citation needed] For example, the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910 were protested; and they were confirmed as "already null and void" in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. | When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement? | {
"text": [
"at the formation of the treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
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