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56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d6 | Dog | In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if untamed animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the untamed animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because untamed and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris. | Many researchers prefer what term? | {
"text": [
"Canis familiaris."
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c2 | Dog | In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if untamed animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the untamed animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because untamed and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris. | Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts? | {
"text": [
"ICZN"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c3 | Dog | In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if untamed animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the untamed animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: "Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because untamed and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris. | What was this decision called? | {
"text": [
"Opinion 2027"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ee | Dog | Later genic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct. | What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades? | {
"text": [
"genetic studies"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ef | Dog | Later genic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct. | The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what? | {
"text": [
"extinct."
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831fd | Dog | The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. | Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what? | {
"text": [
"hunter-gatherers"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831ff | Dog | The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. | Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to? | {
"text": [
"Taimyr wolf of North Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e2 | Dog | The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. | Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who? | {
"text": [
"human hunter-gatherers"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e3 | Dog | The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. | Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal? | {
"text": [
"gray wolf"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e4 | Dog | The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. | Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf? | {
"text": [
"Taimyr"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320e | Dog | domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. | What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other? | {
"text": [
"Modern dog breeds"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320f | Dog | domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. | What are dog teeth best suited for? | {
"text": [
"catching and tearing."
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83210 | Dog | domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. | Dogs are considered to be predators and what else? | {
"text": [
"scavengers"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83211 | Dog | domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. | What bones in dog legs are fused? | {
"text": [
"wrist"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83212 | Dog | domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. | A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else? | {
"text": [
"endurance"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
56d99cfedc89441400fdb5eb | Dog | domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. | What are a dog's teeth mainly used for? | {
"text": [
"catching and tearing"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
56d99cfedc89441400fdb5ec | Dog | domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. | Dogs originated as predators and what? | {
"text": [
"scavengers"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327c | Dog | Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder. | Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics? | {
"text": [
"height and weight."
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327f | Dog | Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder. | What breed was the largest dog known to have lived? | {
"text": [
"English Mastiff"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56d99d69dc89441400fdb5f4 | Dog | Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder. | What is the biggest known dog? | {
"text": [
"English Mastiff"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56d5aeea1c85041400946db3 | Dog | The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. | Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates? | {
"text": [
"double"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56d5aeea1c85041400946db4 | Dog | The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. | Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat? | {
"text": [
"soft down hair"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56d99dcfdc89441400fdb608 | Dog | The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. | What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates? | {
"text": [
"double"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56d99dcfdc89441400fdb609 | Dog | The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. | What is a single coat? | {
"text": [
"topcoat only"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56d5af531c85041400946dba | Dog | domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. | When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what? | {
"text": [
"countershading"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56d5af531c85041400946dbb | Dog | domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. | A dog with countershading has dark coloring where? | {
"text": [
"upper surfaces"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56d99e45dc89441400fdb60e | Dog | domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. | A natural camo pattern is known as what? | {
"text": [
"countershading"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56d99e45dc89441400fdb60f | Dog | domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. | What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading? | {
"text": [
"dark coloring"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56d99e45dc89441400fdb610 | Dog | domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. | What is reduced when a dog has countershading? | {
"text": [
"visibility"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
56d5afb81c85041400946dc2 | Dog | There are many unlike shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all. | What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed? | {
"text": [
"tails"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56d5afb81c85041400946dc3 | Dog | There are many unlike shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all. | What does a dog communicate with its tail? | {
"text": [
"emotional state"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56d99ea7dc89441400fdb620 | Dog | There are many unlike shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all. | What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed? | {
"text": [
"tails"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56d5c9061c85041400946dca | Dog | Some breeds of dogs are prone to sure genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. | What are some dogs prone to? | {
"text": [
"genetic ailments"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56d5c9061c85041400946dcc | Dog | Some breeds of dogs are prone to sure genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. | What are all dogs susceptible to? | {
"text": [
"parasites"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
56d5c9061c85041400946dcd | Dog | Some breeds of dogs are prone to sure genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. | Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog? | {
"text": [
"unspayed"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56d9a0cadc89441400fdb637 | Dog | Some breeds of dogs are prone to sure genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. | Who does pyometra affect? | {
"text": [
"unspayed females"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56d9a0cadc89441400fdb639 | Dog | Some breeds of dogs are prone to sure genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. | What are fleas, ticks and mites called? | {
"text": [
"parasites"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
56d5ca321c85041400946dd2 | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to chase because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. | Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs? | {
"text": [
"toxic"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56d5ca321c85041400946dd3 | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to chase because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. | Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs? | {
"text": [
"xylitol"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56d5ca321c85041400946dd4 | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to chase because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. | What type of nut is poisonous to dogs? | {
"text": [
"macadamia"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56d5ca321c85041400946dd5 | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to chase because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. | What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs? | {
"text": [
"theobromine"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56d9a199dc89441400fdb64e | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to chase because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. | Some human foods can be what to dogs? | {
"text": [
"toxic"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56d9a199dc89441400fdb64f | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to chase because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. | What in tobacco can hurt dogs? | {
"text": [
"nicotine"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
56d9a199dc89441400fdb652 | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to chase because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. | What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs? | {
"text": [
"dark"
],
"answer_start": [
890
]
} |
56d5cba21c85041400946dde | Dog | In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than saturated breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). | Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs? | {
"text": [
"1.2 years"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56d5cba21c85041400946ddf | Dog | In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than saturated breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). | Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives? | {
"text": [
"shorter"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
56d9a21edc89441400fdb65a | Dog | In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than saturated breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). | When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds? | {
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56d9a21edc89441400fdb65b | Dog | In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than saturated breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). | Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live? | {
"text": [
"1.2 years longer"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56d5cc661c85041400946de2 | Dog | The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed. | What is the median lifespan of canines? | {
"text": [
"10 to 13 years."
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56d5cd181c85041400946de4 | Dog | The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a sensible sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. | What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan? | {
"text": [
"Dogue de Bordeaux"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56d5cd181c85041400946de5 | Dog | The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a sensible sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. | What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years? | {
"text": [
"5.2 years"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56d5cd181c85041400946de6 | Dog | The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a sensible sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. | What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound? | {
"text": [
"6 to 7 years."
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
56d9a294dc89441400fdb662 | Dog | The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a sensible sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. | Which dog has the shortest lifespan? | {
"text": [
"Dogue de Bordeaux"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56d9a294dc89441400fdb663 | Dog | The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a sensible sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. | What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux? | {
"text": [
"5.2 years"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56d5ceda1c85041400946dea | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to exist the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to exist 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months. | What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans? | {
"text": [
"14 to 15 years."
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56d5ceda1c85041400946deb | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to exist the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to exist 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months. | What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest? | {
"text": [
"Bluey"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56d5ceda1c85041400946dec | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to exist the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to exist 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months. | What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived? | {
"text": [
"Pusuke"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
56d5ceda1c85041400946dee | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to exist the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to exist 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months. | What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book? | {
"text": [
"1939"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56d9a315dc89441400fdb66d | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to exist the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to exist 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months. | What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years? | {
"text": [
"Bluey"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56d9a315dc89441400fdb66e | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to exist the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to exist 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months. | When did Bluey die? | {
"text": [
"1939"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56d9a315dc89441400fdb66f | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to exist the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to exist 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months. | Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011? | {
"text": [
"Pusuke"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
56d5d0101c85041400946df5 | Dog | In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to hap around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male. | How many times per year do female dogs go into heat? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56d5d0101c85041400946df6 | Dog | In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to hap around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male. | What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for? | {
"text": [
"pregnancy."
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
56d9a527dc89441400fdb681 | Dog | In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to hap around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male. | Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature? | {
"text": [
"two years"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56d9a527dc89441400fdb682 | Dog | In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to hap around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male. | What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity? | {
"text": [
"first estrous cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56d5d0cb1c85041400946dfe | Dog | Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may change widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. | How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies? | {
"text": [
"58 to 68 days"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56d5d0cb1c85041400946dff | Dog | Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may change widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. | What is the average length of dog pregnancy? | {
"text": [
"63 days"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56d5d0cb1c85041400946e00 | Dog | Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may change widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. | What is the average number of pups in a litter? | {
"text": [
"about six"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56d5d0cb1c85041400946e02 | Dog | Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may change widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. | For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter? | {
"text": [
"one to four"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56d9a582dc89441400fdb68a | Dog | Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may change widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. | What is the average for a dog to bear her litter? | {
"text": [
"63 days"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56d9a582dc89441400fdb68b | Dog | Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may change widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. | What is the average number of pups per litter? | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56d9a582dc89441400fdb68c | Dog | Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may change widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. | Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter? | {
"text": [
"one to four"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56d5d6521c85041400946e16 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to extinguish the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. | What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation? | {
"text": [
"Neutering"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d5d6521c85041400946e17 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to extinguish the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. | According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies? | {
"text": [
"the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56d5d6521c85041400946e18 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to extinguish the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. | What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation? | {
"text": [
"testicles"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56d5d6521c85041400946e19 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to extinguish the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. | What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy? | {
"text": [
"ovaries and uterus"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b2 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to extinguish the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. | In neutering, what is removed in a male dog? | {
"text": [
"testicles"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b3 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to extinguish the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. | In neutering, what is removed in female dogs? | {
"text": [
"ovaries and uterus"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b4 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to extinguish the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. | What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes? | {
"text": [
"neutered"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
56d5d7fa1c85041400946e24 | Dog | Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less probable to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex. | Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what? | {
"text": [
"Neutering"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d5d7fa1c85041400946e26 | Dog | Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less probable to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex. | According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog? | {
"text": [
"urinary incontinence"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bc | Dog | Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less probable to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex. | Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens? | {
"text": [
"Spayed"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bd | Dog | Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less probable to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex. | What is increased in female dogs with neutering? | {
"text": [
"urinary incontinence"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6be | Dog | Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less probable to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex. | What is increased in male dogs with neutering? | {
"text": [
"prostate cancer"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
56d5d92a1c85041400946e2c | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things? | {
"text": [
"Rico"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56d5d92a1c85041400946e2d | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words? | {
"text": [
"Chaser"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
56d5d92a1c85041400946e2e | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things? | {
"text": [
"gesturing and pointing"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} |
56d5d92a1c85041400946e2f | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment? | {
"text": [
"Australian dingos"
],
"answer_start": [
849
]
} |
56d5d92a1c85041400946e30 | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for? | {
"text": [
"to solve their problems for them."
],
"answer_start": [
1297
]
} |
56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c2 | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | Perceiving information and retaining it is what? | {
"text": [
"intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c3 | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | How many labels does Rico the dog know? | {
"text": [
"over 200"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c4 | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | What kind of memory skills do dogs have? | {
"text": [
"advanced"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c5 | Dog | Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to comprehend information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. | How many words did Chaser know? | {
"text": [
"over 1,000"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
56d5da871c85041400946e36 | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and societal evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. | Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar? | {
"text": [
"9,000–30,000 years BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56d5da871c85041400946e37 | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and societal evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. | Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species? | {
"text": [
"humans."
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56d5da871c85041400946e38 | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and societal evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. | What do some dog skills parallel in human beings? | {
"text": [
"social-cognitive skills of human children"
],
"answer_start": [
826
]
} |
56d5da871c85041400946e39 | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and societal evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. | Dogs are very well attuned to what other species' behaviors? | {
"text": [
"humans."
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56d5da871c85041400946e3a | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and societal evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. | Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species? | {
"text": [
"humans."
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cc | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and societal evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. | What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as? | {
"text": [
"Dog behavior"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6ce | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and societal evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. | More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people? | {
"text": [
"understand and communicate"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
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