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56dd2d7d9a695914005b9530 | Prime_minister | Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to refuse that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. | Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister? | {
"text": [
"parliamentarians and legal scholars"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56dd2d7d9a695914005b9531 | Prime_minister | Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to refuse that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. | Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy? | {
"text": [
"George II and George III"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
56dd2d7d9a695914005b9533 | Prime_minister | Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to refuse that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. | During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents? | {
"text": [
"Benjamin Disraeli"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
56dd2d7d9a695914005b9534 | Prime_minister | Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to refuse that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. | When was the position of prime minister finally formalized? | {
"text": [
"1905"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
56dd2e5966d3e219004dac1f | Prime_minister | By the later 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority. | In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power? | {
"text": [
"president"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
56dd2ea866d3e219004dac23 | Prime_minister | Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. | Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister? | {
"text": [
"Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56dd2ea866d3e219004dac24 | Prime_minister | Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. | When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister? | {
"text": [
"1970"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56dd2ea866d3e219004dac25 | Prime_minister | Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. | What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister? | {
"text": [
"Bahrain"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dd2f1f9a695914005b9545 | Prime_minister | The post of prime minister may exist encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister". | Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government? | {
"text": [
"parliamentary republics"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56dd2f1f9a695914005b9546 | Prime_minister | The post of prime minister may exist encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister". | In whic type of government is the leader elected? | {
"text": [
"parliamentary republics"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2b | Prime_minister | This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the polite service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. | What is the term for the head of China's government? | {
"text": [
"Premier of the State Council"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2c | Prime_minister | This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the polite service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. | What is another name for the Republic of China? | {
"text": [
"Taiwan"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2d | Prime_minister | This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the polite service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. | Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office? | {
"text": [
"legislature"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
56dd2ff966d3e219004dac33 | Prime_minister | Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may coerce the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation. | What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties? | {
"text": [
"cohabitation"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
56dd2ff966d3e219004dac34 | Prime_minister | Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may coerce the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation. | What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister? | {
"text": [
"resignation of the government"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
56dd304366d3e219004dac37 | Prime_minister | Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. | Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister? | {
"text": [
"Bangladesh's"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dd304366d3e219004dac38 | Prime_minister | Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. | What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister? | {
"text": [
"the process of his/her appointment and dismissal"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56dd30949a695914005b954c | Prime_minister | The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese. | What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China? | {
"text": [
"the National People's Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56dd30949a695914005b954d | Prime_minister | The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese. | What is the pinyin form of premier? | {
"text": [
"Zŏnglĭ"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56dd310066d3e219004dac3c | Prime_minister | Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not do any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers. | Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada? | {
"text": [
"the Constitution Act"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56dd310066d3e219004dac3d | Prime_minister | Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not do any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers. | When was the Constitution Act passed? | {
"text": [
"1982"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
56dd310066d3e219004dac3e | Prime_minister | Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not do any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers. | The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers? | {
"text": [
"federal and provincial first ministers"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
56dd312c9a695914005b9558 | Prime_minister | Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. | What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic? | {
"text": [
"constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
56dd322166d3e219004dac44 | Prime_minister | The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not happen until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905). | When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK? | {
"text": [
"first decade of the twentieth century"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
56dd322166d3e219004dac46 | Prime_minister | The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not happen until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905). | Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer? | {
"text": [
"Balfour"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
56dd322166d3e219004dac47 | Prime_minister | The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not happen until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905). | When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer? | {
"text": [
"1905"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
56dd328e66d3e219004dac4d | Prime_minister | Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may stay in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. | Which prime minister was appointed only one time? | {
"text": [
"Margaret Thatcher"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56dd328e66d3e219004dac4e | Prime_minister | Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may stay in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. | When was Thatcher appointed prime minister? | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56dd328e66d3e219004dac4f | Prime_minister | Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may stay in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. | When did Thatcher last hold power? | {
"text": [
"1990"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
56dd328e66d3e219004dac50 | Prime_minister | Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may stay in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. | What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election? | {
"text": [
"cabinet"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
56dd32e966d3e219004dac55 | Prime_minister | Some states, however, do have_got a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have_got questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. | What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland? | {
"text": [
"Taoiseach"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56dd32e966d3e219004dac56 | Prime_minister | Some states, however, do have_got a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have_got questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. | From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected? | {
"text": [
"the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
56dd32e966d3e219004dac57 | Prime_minister | Some states, however, do have_got a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have_got questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. | When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated? | {
"text": [
"after every general election"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56dd337966d3e219004dac5b | Prime_minister | In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have_got the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have_got the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have_got a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either: | Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body? | {
"text": [
"lower house of parliament"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56dd337966d3e219004dac5c | Prime_minister | In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have_got the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have_got the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have_got a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either: | Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any? | {
"text": [
"upper houses"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
56dd337966d3e219004dac5d | Prime_minister | In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have_got the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have_got the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have_got a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either: | What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government? | {
"text": [
"vote of confidence"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
56dd34f19a695914005b955a | Prime_minister | The latter in effect allows the government to invoke the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. | Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas? | {
"text": [
"head of state"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56dd34f19a695914005b955b | Prime_minister | The latter in effect allows the government to invoke the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. | If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen? | {
"text": [
"resignation of the prime minister and his or her government"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56dd34f19a695914005b955c | Prime_minister | The latter in effect allows the government to invoke the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. | In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve? | {
"text": [
"prime minister"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56dd35839a695914005b9560 | Prime_minister | Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to do the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet). | When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started? | {
"text": [
"1918"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56dd35839a695914005b9561 | Prime_minister | Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to do the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet). | In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister? | {
"text": [
"1937"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
56dd35839a695914005b9562 | Prime_minister | Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to do the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet). | The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament? | {
"text": [
"the Executive Council"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
56dd35839a695914005b9563 | Prime_minister | Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to do the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet). | What was the Executive Council an alternate name for? | {
"text": [
"cabinet"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56dd362466d3e219004dac63 | Prime_minister | In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to tread down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd. | What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia? | {
"text": [
"spill motion"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56dd36749a695914005b9568 | Prime_minister | In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno). | What is the Russian term for prime minister? | {
"text": [
"Chairman of the government"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56dd36749a695914005b9569 | Prime_minister | In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno). | What is the Israeli term for prime minister? | {
"text": [
"Rosh HaMemshalah"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56dd36749a695914005b956a | Prime_minister | In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno). | What is the term used in spain for prime minister? | {
"text": [
"President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
56dd36749a695914005b956b | Prime_minister | In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno). | What is the Irish term for prime minister? | {
"text": [
"Taoiseach"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56dd36df66d3e219004dac67 | Prime_minister | other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president. | What is the Italian term for the prime minister? | {
"text": [
"president of the council of ministers"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56dd36df66d3e219004dac68 | Prime_minister | other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president. | What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia? | {
"text": [
"statsminister"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56dd374a66d3e219004dac6d | Prime_minister | The convention in the English language is to name nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages. | What is a term that is used to mean prime minister? | {
"text": [
"premier"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56dd374a66d3e219004dac6e | Prime_minister | The convention in the English language is to name nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages. | Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government? | {
"text": [
"Germany and Austria"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
56dd374a66d3e219004dac6f | Prime_minister | The convention in the English language is to name nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages. | What is the head of Monaco's government called? | {
"text": [
"Minister of State"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
56dd374a66d3e219004dac70 | Prime_minister | The convention in the English language is to name nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages. | What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City? | {
"text": [
"Secretary of State"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
56dd374a66d3e219004dac71 | Prime_minister | The convention in the English language is to name nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages. | What is the head of Iran's government called? | {
"text": [
"President"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} |
56dd37fe66d3e219004dac77 | Prime_minister | In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may exist entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also exist styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. | In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency? | {
"text": [
"non-Commonwealth countries"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56dd37fe66d3e219004dac78 | Prime_minister | In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may exist entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also exist styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. | What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations? | {
"text": [
"Right Honourable"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
56dd37fe66d3e219004dac79 | Prime_minister | In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may exist entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also exist styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. | What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable? | {
"text": [
"Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
56dd37fe66d3e219004dac7a | Prime_minister | In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may exist entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also exist styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. | What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position? | {
"text": [
"Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
56dd398c66d3e219004dac7f | Prime_minister | In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier". | What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom? | {
"text": [
"devolved"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
56dd398c66d3e219004dac80 | Prime_minister | In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier". | What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called? | {
"text": [
"First Minister"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56dd398c66d3e219004dac81 | Prime_minister | In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier". | What is the Indian term for Prime Minister? | {
"text": [
"Pradhan Mantri"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56dd398c66d3e219004dac82 | Prime_minister | In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier". | What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan? | {
"text": [
"Wazir-e-Azam"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
56dd398c66d3e219004dac83 | Prime_minister | In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier". | What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English? | {
"text": [
"Grand Vizier"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
56dd39ee66d3e219004dac89 | Prime_minister | The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. | What is the head of government's office called in Canada? | {
"text": [
"Office of the Prime Minister"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56dd39ee66d3e219004dac8a | Prime_minister | The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. | What is the head of government's office called in the UK? | {
"text": [
"Cabinet Office"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56dda3d266d3e219004dac8f | Institute_of_technology | Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and proficient college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of proficient subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology. | What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology? | {
"text": [
"IT"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
56dda5109a695914005b957c | Institute_of_technology | The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the Gallic École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The Gallic term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts". | In what century did the term polytechnic first show up? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56dda5109a695914005b957d | Institute_of_technology | The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the Gallic École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The Gallic term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts". | What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name? | {
"text": [
"École Polytechnique"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56dda5109a695914005b957e | Institute_of_technology | The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the Gallic École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The Gallic term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts". | What language does the French word polytechnique come from? | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56dda5689a695914005b9582 | Institute_of_technology | While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed] | What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"? | {
"text": [
"polytechnic"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56dda6db66d3e219004dac91 | Institute_of_technology | The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to develop specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. | What was the first institute of technology in the world? | {
"text": [
"the Berg-Schola"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56dda6db66d3e219004dac92 | Institute_of_technology | The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to develop specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. | What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics? | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56dda6db66d3e219004dac93 | Institute_of_technology | The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to develop specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. | What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology? | {
"text": [
"Collegium Carolinum"
],
"answer_start": [
714
]
} |
56dda6db66d3e219004dac94 | Institute_of_technology | The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to develop specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. | In what year was the École Polytechnique founded? | {
"text": [
"1794"
],
"answer_start": [
840
]
} |
56dda8f166d3e219004dac99 | Institute_of_technology | In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to present academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed] | What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be? | {
"text": [
"institutions of higher education"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56ddaa9b9a695914005b9584 | Institute_of_technology | In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a important and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others. | In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation? | {
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
56ddaa9b9a695914005b9585 | Institute_of_technology | In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a important and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others. | What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now? | {
"text": [
"University of Westminster"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
56ddaa9b9a695914005b9586 | Institute_of_technology | In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a important and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others. | What street is the University of Westminster on? | {
"text": [
"Regent Street"
],
"answer_start": [
822
]
} |
56ddaea49a695914005b958a | Institute_of_technology | In a number of countries, although being today generally considered alike institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this? | What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering? | {
"text": [
"polytechnics"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56ddb03066d3e219004dac9b | Institute_of_technology | During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to depict state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later. | What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes? | {
"text": [
"University of Technology"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
56ddb03066d3e219004dac9c | Institute_of_technology | During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to depict state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later. | What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties? | {
"text": [
"College of Advanced Education system"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56ddb0c666d3e219004dac9f | Institute_of_technology | Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded proficient and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period. | What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes? | {
"text": [
"TAFE"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56ddb0c666d3e219004daca0 | Institute_of_technology | Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded proficient and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period. | What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE? | {
"text": [
"Melbourne Polytechnic"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56ddb1249a695914005b958c | Institute_of_technology | In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to go the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au | TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year? | {
"text": [
"2009"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56ddc59766d3e219004dace3 | Institute_of_technology | In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to exist Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates): | In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56ddc65d9a695914005b95c6 | Institute_of_technology | Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not concentrate exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and concentrate more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. | What's the German word for a tertiary education institution? | {
"text": [
"Fachhochschule"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ddc65d9a695914005b95c7 | Institute_of_technology | Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not concentrate exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and concentrate more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. | In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule? | {
"text": [
"master's degrees"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
56ddc6e69a695914005b95ca | Institute_of_technology | Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland. | What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule? | {
"text": [
"hogeschool"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56ddcc4666d3e219004dacf1 | Institute_of_technology | Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and incorporate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees. | What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees? | {
"text": [
"academization"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56ddcd039a695914005b95dc | Institute_of_technology | In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here. | How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56ddcd039a695914005b95dd | Institute_of_technology | In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here. | How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56ddcee466d3e219004dacf3 | Institute_of_technology | In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can take to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions. | What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees? | {
"text": [
"Cambodia"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56ddcf2b66d3e219004dacf5 | Institute_of_technology | In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can take to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions. | What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada? | {
"text": [
"Affiliate Schools"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56ddd0139a695914005b95e8 | Institute_of_technology | Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. | In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located? | {
"text": [
"Quebec"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
56ddd0139a695914005b95e9 | Institute_of_technology | Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. | In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada? | {
"text": [
"public funding"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
56ddd1059a695914005b95f2 | Institute_of_technology | Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made potential through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. | What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called? | {
"text": [
"Polytechnics Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
56ddd1059a695914005b95f3 | Institute_of_technology | Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made potential through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. | What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization? | {
"text": [
"collaborative institute-industry projects"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56ddd2029a695914005b95f6 | Institute_of_technology | China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. | In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China? | {
"text": [
"1895"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56ddd2029a695914005b95f7 | Institute_of_technology | China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. | What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts? | {
"text": [
"Capital University"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
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