msu-ceco/aec_v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Another common type of filtration system is the disc filter which can also be considered as providing three dimensional filtration.
In some cases, the filtration system may be a combination of filtration components.
For example, a well that produces a large amount of sand in the pumped water may require a cyclonic sand separator in advance of the main filter.
Examples of the different types of filters are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Schematic description of various filtration systems and components..
Clogging hazards are classified as physical, biological or chemical.
Sand particles in the water represent a physical clogging hazard, and biological hazards are living organisms or life by-products that clog emitters.
Water sources that have high iron content are also vulnerable to biological clogging hazards, such as an iron bacteria flare-up within the groundwater well.
Control of bacterial growth generally requires water treatment in addition to filtration.
Chemical clogging hazards relate to the chemical composition or quality of the irrigation water.
As water flows from a well to the distribution system, chemical reactions occur due to changes in temperature, pressure, air exposure, or the introduction of other materials into the water stream.
These chemical reactions may form precipitates that result in emitter clogging.
In addition to the protection component, the chemical injection system injects nutrients or chemicals into the water to enhance plant growth or yield.
A variety of injectors can be used, but the choice of unit depends on the desired injection accuracy of a material, the rate of injection, and the agrochemical being injected.
When a wide variety of chemicals are likely to be injected, then more than one type of injection system may be required.
Also, state and federal laws govern the type of injectors, appropriate agrochemicals, application amounts, and required safety equipment that may be used in SDI systems, as illustrated by example in Figure 5.
Positive Displacement Pump Injection System
Figure 5.
Layout of an Injection System with Safety Interlocks and Backflow Prevention Devices
Many different agrochemicals can be injected, including chlorine, acid, dripline cleaners, fertilizers, and some pesticides.
Producers should avoid injecting any agrochemical into their SDI system without knowledge of the agrochemical compatibility with irrigation water.
For example, various phosphorus fertilizers are incompatible with many water sources and may only be injected using additional precautions and management techniques.
All applicable laws and labels should be followed when applying agrochemicals.
The injection systems in Figures 1 and 2 have a single injection point located upstream of the main filter, but some agrochemicals may require an injection point downstream from the filter to prevent filter damage.
Care needs to be exercised in the location of the injection port to prevent system problems such as corrosion within the filters or chemical precipitation beyond the filter resulting in emitter clogging.
Chlorine is commonly used to disinfect the injection system and minimize the risk of clogging from biological organisms.
Acid injection can also lower the pH chemical characteristic of the irrigation water.
For example, water with a high pH clogs easily because minerals drop out of solution in the dripline after the water passes through the filter.
A small amount of acid added to the water lowers the pH to minimize to potential for mineral clogging.
Water quality also has a significant effect on SDI system performance and longevity.
In some instances, poor water quality causes soil and crop growth problems.
However, with proper treatment and management, water high in minerals, nutrient enrichment or salinity can be used successfully in SDI systems.
No SDI system should be designed and installed without first assessing the quality of the proposed irrigation water supply.
Clogging prevention is the key to SDI system longevity and requires understanding of the potential problems associated with a particular water source.
Table 1 details important water quality information that all designers and irrigation managers should consider in the early stages of the planning process.
With this information in mind, suitable management, maintenance plans, and system components, like the filtration system, can be selected.
Table 1.
Recommended water quality tests to be completed before designing an SDI system.
1.
Electrical Conductivity , a measure of total salinity or total dissolved solids, measured in dS/m or mmho/cm.
2.
pH, a measure of acidity, where a value of 1 is very acid, 14 is very alkali, and 7 is neutral.
3.
Cations include Calcium , Magnesium , and Sodium , measured in measured in meq/L,.
4.
Anions include Chloride , Sulfate , Carbonate , and Bicarbonate , measured in meq/L.
5.
Sodium Absorption Ratio , a measure of the potential for sodium in the water to develop sodium sodicity, deterioration in soil permeability and toxicity to crops.
SAR is sometimes reported as Adjusted SAR.
The Adj.
SAR value better accounts for the effect on the HCO concentration and salinity in the water and the subsequent potential damage to the soil because of sodium.
6.
Nitrate nitrogen , measured in mg/L.
7.
Iron , Manganese , and Hydrogen Sulfide , measured in mg/L.
8.
Total suspended solids, a measure of particles in suspension in mg/L.
9.
Bacterial population, a measure or count of bacterial presence in # / ml,
10.
Boron* measured in mg/L.
11.
Presence of oil**
Results for Tests 1 through 7 should be provided in a standard irrigation water quality test package.
Tests 8 through 11 are generally offered by Water Labs as individual tests.
The test for the presence of oil may be helpful in oil-producing areas of the state or if the well to be used for SDI has experienced surging, which causes existing drip oil in the water column to mix with the pumped water.
The fee schedule for Tests 1 through 11 varies from lab to lab and may total a few hundred dollars.
The cost is minor, however, in comparison to the value offered by the test in determining proper design and operation of the SDI system.
Burrowing mammals, principally of the rodent family, can cause extensive leaks that reduce SDI system uniformity.
Most rodents avoid digging into wet soil, so dripline leaks presumably are not caused by the animals looking for water.
Rather, rodents must gnaw on hard materials, such as plastic, to wear down their continuously growing teeth.
The difficulty in determining the actual location of a dripline leak caused by rodents is compounded by the fact that the leaking water may follow the burrow path for a considerable distance before surfacing.
Anecdotal reports from the U.
S.
Great Plains can be used to describe some of the typical habitat scenarios that tend to increase rodent problems.
These scenarios include the close proximity of permanent pastures and alfalfa fields, railroad and highway easements, irrigation canals, sandy soils, crop and grain residues during an extended winter dormant period, or absence of tillage.
Cultural practices such as tillage and crop residue removal from around SDI control heads and above-ground system apparatus seem to decrease the occurrence of rodent problems.
Some growers have tried deep subsoiling and/or applying poison bait around the SDI system field perimeters as a means of reducing rodent subsurface entry into the field.
Isolated patches of residue within a barren surrounding landscape will provide an "oasis" effect conducive to rodent establishment.
After the smaller rodents become established, other burrowing predators such as badgers can move into the field, further exacerbating the damage.
Caustic, odoriferous, pungent, and unpalatable chemical materials have been applied through SDI systems in attempts to reduce rodent damage, but the success of these trials has been varied.
Periodic wetting of the soil during the dormant period has been suggested as a possible means of reducing rodent damage.
Deeper SDI depths may avoid some rodent damage.
Many of the burrowing mammals of concern in the United States have a typical depth range of activity that is less than 18 inches.
The decision to invest in an SDI system is ultimately up to the investor.
Good judgments require a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of the opportunities and challenges and/or the recommendations from a proven expert.
A network of SDI industry support is still in early development in the High Plains region, even though the microirrigation industry is over 40 years old and application in Kansas has been researched since 1989.
Individuals considering SDI should carefully determine if the system is a viable option for their situation by taking the following actions:
1.
Getting educated before contacting a service provider or salesperson by
C.
Visiting other producer sites that have installed and used SDI.
Most current producers are willing to show their systems to others.
2.
Interviewing at least two companies.
a.
Ask for references, credentials and sites of other completed systems.
b.
Ask questions about design and operation details.

Another common type of filtration system is the disc filter which can also be considered as providing three dimensional filtration.

In some cases, the filtration system may be a combination of filtration components.

For example, a well that produces a large amount of sand in the pumped water may require a cyclonic sand separator in advance of the main filter.

Examples of the different types of filters are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Schematic description of various filtration systems and components..

Clogging hazards are classified as physical, biological or chemical.

Sand particles in the water represent a physical clogging hazard, and biological hazards are living organisms or life by-products that clog emitters.

Water sources that have high iron content are also vulnerable to biological clogging hazards, such as an iron bacteria flare-up within the groundwater well.

Control of bacterial growth generally requires water treatment in addition to filtration.

Chemical clogging hazards relate to the chemical composition or quality of the irrigation water.

As water flows from a well to the distribution system, chemical reactions occur due to changes in temperature, pressure, air exposure, or the introduction of other materials into the water stream.

These chemical reactions may form precipitates that result in emitter clogging.

In addition to the protection component, the chemical injection system injects nutrients or chemicals into the water to enhance plant growth or yield.

A variety of injectors can be used, but the choice of unit depends on the desired injection accuracy of a material, the rate of injection, and the agrochemical being injected.

When a wide variety of chemicals are likely to be injected, then more than one type of injection system may be required.

Also, state and federal laws govern the type of injectors, appropriate agrochemicals, application amounts, and required safety equipment that may be used in SDI systems, as illustrated by example in Figure 5.

Positive Displacement Pump Injection System

Figure 5.

Layout of an Injection System with Safety Interlocks and Backflow Prevention Devices

Many different agrochemicals can be injected, including chlorine, acid, dripline cleaners, fertilizers, and some pesticides.

Producers should avoid injecting any agrochemical into their SDI system without knowledge of the agrochemical compatibility with irrigation water.

For example, various phosphorus fertilizers are incompatible with many water sources and may only be injected using additional precautions and management techniques.

All applicable laws and labels should be followed when applying agrochemicals.

The injection systems in Figures 1 and 2 have a single injection point located upstream of the main filter, but some agrochemicals may require an injection point downstream from the filter to prevent filter damage.

Care needs to be exercised in the location of the injection port to prevent system problems such as corrosion within the filters or chemical precipitation beyond the filter resulting in emitter clogging.

Chlorine is commonly used to disinfect the injection system and minimize the risk of clogging from biological organisms.

Acid injection can also lower the pH chemical characteristic of the irrigation water.

For example, water with a high pH clogs easily because minerals drop out of solution in the dripline after the water passes through the filter.

A small amount of acid added to the water lowers the pH to minimize to potential for mineral clogging.

Water quality also has a significant effect on SDI system performance and longevity.

In some instances, poor water quality causes soil and crop growth problems.

However, with proper treatment and management, water high in minerals, nutrient enrichment or salinity can be used successfully in SDI systems.

No SDI system should be designed and installed without first assessing the quality of the proposed irrigation water supply.

Clogging prevention is the key to SDI system longevity and requires understanding of the potential problems associated with a particular water source.

Table 1 details important water quality information that all designers and irrigation managers should consider in the early stages of the planning process.

With this information in mind, suitable management, maintenance plans, and system components, like the filtration system, can be selected.

Table 1.

Recommended water quality tests to be completed before designing an SDI system.

1.

Electrical Conductivity , a measure of total salinity or total dissolved solids, measured in dS/m or mmho/cm.

2.

pH, a measure of acidity, where a value of 1 is very acid, 14 is very alkali, and 7 is neutral.

3.

Cations include Calcium , Magnesium , and Sodium , measured in measured in meq/L,.

4.

Anions include Chloride , Sulfate , Carbonate , and Bicarbonate , measured in meq/L.

5.

Sodium Absorption Ratio , a measure of the potential for sodium in the water to develop sodium sodicity, deterioration in soil permeability and toxicity to crops.

SAR is sometimes reported as Adjusted SAR.

The Adj.

SAR value better accounts for the effect on the HCO concentration and salinity in the water and the subsequent potential damage to the soil because of sodium.

6.

Nitrate nitrogen , measured in mg/L.

7.

Iron , Manganese , and Hydrogen Sulfide , measured in mg/L.

8.

Total suspended solids, a measure of particles in suspension in mg/L.

9.

Bacterial population, a measure or count of bacterial presence in # / ml,

10.

Boron* measured in mg/L.

11.

Presence of oil**

Results for Tests 1 through 7 should be provided in a standard irrigation water quality test package.

Tests 8 through 11 are generally offered by Water Labs as individual tests.

The test for the presence of oil may be helpful in oil-producing areas of the state or if the well to be used for SDI has experienced surging, which causes existing drip oil in the water column to mix with the pumped water.

The fee schedule for Tests 1 through 11 varies from lab to lab and may total a few hundred dollars.

The cost is minor, however, in comparison to the value offered by the test in determining proper design and operation of the SDI system.

Burrowing mammals, principally of the rodent family, can cause extensive leaks that reduce SDI system uniformity.

Most rodents avoid digging into wet soil, so dripline leaks presumably are not caused by the animals looking for water.

Rather, rodents must gnaw on hard materials, such as plastic, to wear down their continuously growing teeth.

The difficulty in determining the actual location of a dripline leak caused by rodents is compounded by the fact that the leaking water may follow the burrow path for a considerable distance before surfacing.

Anecdotal reports from the U.

S.

Great Plains can be used to describe some of the typical habitat scenarios that tend to increase rodent problems.

These scenarios include the close proximity of permanent pastures and alfalfa fields, railroad and highway easements, irrigation canals, sandy soils, crop and grain residues during an extended winter dormant period, or absence of tillage.

Cultural practices such as tillage and crop residue removal from around SDI control heads and above-ground system apparatus seem to decrease the occurrence of rodent problems.

Some growers have tried deep subsoiling and/or applying poison bait around the SDI system field perimeters as a means of reducing rodent subsurface entry into the field.

Isolated patches of residue within a barren surrounding landscape will provide an "oasis" effect conducive to rodent establishment.

After the smaller rodents become established, other burrowing predators such as badgers can move into the field, further exacerbating the damage.

Caustic, odoriferous, pungent, and unpalatable chemical materials have been applied through SDI systems in attempts to reduce rodent damage, but the success of these trials has been varied.

Periodic wetting of the soil during the dormant period has been suggested as a possible means of reducing rodent damage.

Deeper SDI depths may avoid some rodent damage.

Many of the burrowing mammals of concern in the United States have a typical depth range of activity that is less than 18 inches.

The decision to invest in an SDI system is ultimately up to the investor.

Good judgments require a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of the opportunities and challenges and/or the recommendations from a proven expert.

A network of SDI industry support is still in early development in the High Plains region, even though the microirrigation industry is over 40 years old and application in Kansas has been researched since 1989.

Individuals considering SDI should carefully determine if the system is a viable option for their situation by taking the following actions:

1.

Getting educated before contacting a service provider or salesperson by

C.

Visiting other producer sites that have installed and used SDI.

Most current producers are willing to show their systems to others.

2.

Interviewing at least two companies.

a.

Ask for references, credentials and sites of other completed systems.

b.

Ask questions about design and operation details.