msu-ceco/aec_v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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The corn grain yield results within a given year were normalized to the maximum value occurring in that particular year to give the relative yield.
The postanthesis water use within a given year was then normalized with respect to the water use that occurred for the irrigation treatment that maximized corn grain yield in that particular year.
This allowed treatments receiving excessive irrigation to have relative post-anthesis water use values greater than one.
There was a strong relationship between relative corn yield and relative post-anthesis water use as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Relative corn grain yield as affected by relative post-anthesis water use for various studies examining the effect of post-anthesis water stress, KSU-NWREC, Colby, Kansas, 1993-2008.
The dotted line represents a unity relationship between RY and RPAWU MY.
Note: RPAWUMY values can exceed one because some treatments received irrigation water in excess of the amount required to maximize corn grain yield.
This excessive water may have been lost in deep percolation but would have been included in the calculation procedures of post-anthesis water use.
Although there are a number of curves that can be drawn through the data , there was a large portion of the data in the efficient range of RPAWUMY that can be adequately characterized by a one-to-one relationship between RY and RPAWUMY.
The subtle differences between assuming a curvilinear or linear relationship in the efficient range of post-anthesis water use might become important when trying to optimize corn production using water resource and economic constraints.
There was a reasonably good relationship between relative corn grain yield and the minimum post-anthesis available soil water within the 8-ft soil profile Corn yield tended to decrease for treatments having less than a minimum available soil water of approximately 55% of field capacity for any point-intime within the post-anthesis period.
Thus, the management allowable depletion in these studies was approximately 45% as compared to the traditionally larger values often quoted in the literature.
However, the 45% MAD value is consistent with the results of Lamm et al.
and Lamm et al.
from irrigated corn studies on the same soil type.
Figure 6.
Relative corn grain yield as affected by the minimum value of available soil water within the 8 ft soil profile occurring during the postanthesis period.
Data are from various studies examining the effect of post-anthesis corn water stress, KSU-NWREC, Colby, Kansas, 19932008.
There was also a relatively good relationship between RPAWUMY and MPAASW.
RPAWUMY tended to decrease for treatments with MPAASW less than 55% of field capacity.
This is to be as expected because of the strong relationship between RY and RPAWUMY but does provide additional evidence and rationale for a MAD value of approximately 45% for this soil type in this region as compared to the higher values in the literature.
Mininum Post-Anthesis Available Soil Water
Figure 7.
Relative post-anthesis water use as affected by the minimum value of available soil water within the 8 ft soil profile occurring during the post-anthesis period.
Data are from various studies examining the effect of post-anthesis corn water stress, KSU-NWREC, Colby, Kansas, 1993-2008.
Further data analysis should focus on determining the cause of increased scatter in the graph regions where MPAASW is less than 0.55.
Additionally, further efforts are justified in comparing the MPAASW values for different soil profile depths to see which depth has the greatest correlation and also to determine the inaccuracy associated with choosing alternative depths.
Recommendations for managing post-anthesis corn water stress
Producers should use a good method of day-to-day irrigation scheduling during the post-anthesis period.
The macromanagement decision about when to terminate the irrigation season should not be based on an average or fixed date.
Producers in the Central Great Plains should plan for postanthesis water use needs of approximately 17 inches and that water use during
the last 30 and 15 days of the season might average nearly 5 and 2 inches, respectively.
This water use would need to come from the sum of available soil water reserves, precipitation and irrigation.
When irrigation losses are minimized, a percentage decrease in post-anthesis water use will result in nearly a one-to-one percentage decrease in corn grain yield.
Producers growing corn on deep silt loam soils in the Central Great Plains should attempt to limit management allowable depletion of available soil water in the top 8 ft of the soil profile to 45%.
Macromanagement decisions at the seasonal boundaries should always be made in the context of having implemented appropriate day-to-day irrigation scheduling.
Proper day-to-day scheduling will provide much-needed information about the crop and soil water status and evaporative demand being experienced within the given year.
Corn has greater than anticipated ability to withstand early season water stress provided that the water stress can be alleviated during the early-reproductive period.
However, it should be reiterated that these results are not suggesting that irrigation can be delayed until anthesis.
Most irrigation systems cannot quickly alleviate severely depleted soil water reserves as was accomplished in this pre-anthesis studies, but the results do indicate there is some flexibility in timing of irrigation events within the vegetative growth period.
Timeliness of appreciable amounts of irrigation and/or precipitation near anthesis appears to be very important in maximizing yield potential.
Corn yield formation was primarily linearly related to the water use during the post-anthesis period for cases when irrigation was limited to the amount required for maximum yield.
Limiting available soil water depletion to approximately 45% during the period is important in achieving maximum grain yields.
Contribution No.
09-240-A from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Rhoads F.
M.
and J.M.
Bennett.
1990.
Corn.
Chapter 19 in Irrigation of Agricultural Crops.
pp.
569-596.
ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Mono No.
30, B.
A.
Stewart and D.
R.
Nielsen.
1218 pp.
Proper management of irrigated corn requires careful attention to crop water stress during both the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis growing periods.
Soil Sensor Install Tips: While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is critical to ensure their proper operation during the later critical growth phases.
Early installation helps to minimize root damage, allows time for sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry, and gives a better chance for proper soil contact.
Water Testing 1 Bacteriological Testing 1 Mineral and pH Testing 2 Chemical Testing 2
Typical Problems 2 Hardness 2 Iron or Manganese 3 Acid Water 4 Total Dissolved Solids 5 Nitrates 5 Sulphates and Sulfides 6
Home Water Treatment Equipment 7 Water Softeners 7 Reverse Osmosis Units 8
Pressure Filters 9 Manganese Greensand Oxidizing Filter 11 Taste and Odor Filter 12 Sand Filter to Remove Turbidity 12 Neutralizing Filter 12 Point-of-Use Filters 13
Soda Ash Feeding 13 Calibration of Soda Ash 14
Chlorination 14 Chlorine Demand 15 Contact Time 15 Continuous Chlorination 17 Chlorine Calibration 18 Shock Chlorination 18 Feeding Soda Ash and Chlorine Together 19
Typical Problems and Possible Treatments 20 Hardness 20 Iron or Manganese 20 Iron or Manganese Bacteria 21 Acid Water 21 Hydrogen Sulfide Gas 21 Turbid Water 22 Nitrates 22 Total Dissolved Solids 22 Aggressive Water Aggressive Index 22
Total water use in Nebraska breaks down to approximately 81% groundwater irrigation, 13% surface water irrigation, 4% domestic water uses.
The remaining 2% comprises other uses such as livestock, industrial and mining.
After electrical concerns, the second biggest safety hazard with pivots is missing driveshaft covers.
Pivot Control Tools Providing Efficiency to Preserve, Conserve and Protect
Monitoring and Control of Center Pivots
The ability for producers to monitor and control center pivots has been available since the early 1990's.
This technology started with a direct access to the pivot through a land line phone connection on analog cell phone.
The technology has continued to evolve.
Today pivots and pumps can be controlled from the internet and phone anywhere in the world.
FieldNET was introduced by Lindsay Corporation three years ago.
FieldNET provides growers the ability to monitor and control center pivots from a secure user web site or via any telephone.
A key feature of FieldNET is that it can work for monitoring and start/stop controls on any brand of pivot.
The pivots are connected to the internet through cellular telemetry units or radio telemetry units, which connect to the internet through an internet bridge.
With this web based solution tool growers are able to create a network with all of their pivots and manage them at all times no matter where they are.
The user friendly web portal provides quick view of every pivot, providing information on pivot location, pivot status and water usage.
This encompassing view enables quick, effective decision making.
The portal provides a complete history log and the ability to create reports on water and chemical application.
FieldNET provides growers updates and alerts via phone, text message and email.
These notifications are set based upon the users information needs.
With this immediate information growers are able to react to various statuses when they occur rather than only when they are at the machine in the field.
This leads to greater efficiency and time resource savings.
Lindsay Corporation has just added FieldNET for pump controls.
Now FieldNET, with pump control, integrates the entire water delivery system from the well or surface water source to the center pivot.
It allows the industry-leading pumping solutions by Watertronics and Zimmatic center pivots to work together to automatically monitor and control the system to achieve maximum efficiency.
FieldNET Pump Control lets growers monitor and control several devices such as; pumps, pivots, and sensors.
Visual pressure settings on pumps with Variable Frequency Drives allow for management of pressure and flow for efficient energy savings.
Linking pump devises compares pump station capacity with pivot demand for informed irrigation decisions and alerts of any detected disparity.
Reports and charting allow for record keeping of total gallons pumped and electricity used.

The corn grain yield results within a given year were normalized to the maximum value occurring in that particular year to give the relative yield.

The postanthesis water use within a given year was then normalized with respect to the water use that occurred for the irrigation treatment that maximized corn grain yield in that particular year.

This allowed treatments receiving excessive irrigation to have relative post-anthesis water use values greater than one.

There was a strong relationship between relative corn yield and relative post-anthesis water use as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Relative corn grain yield as affected by relative post-anthesis water use for various studies examining the effect of post-anthesis water stress, KSU-NWREC, Colby, Kansas, 1993-2008.

The dotted line represents a unity relationship between RY and RPAWU MY.

Note: RPAWUMY values can exceed one because some treatments received irrigation water in excess of the amount required to maximize corn grain yield.

This excessive water may have been lost in deep percolation but would have been included in the calculation procedures of post-anthesis water use.

Although there are a number of curves that can be drawn through the data , there was a large portion of the data in the efficient range of RPAWUMY that can be adequately characterized by a one-to-one relationship between RY and RPAWUMY.

The subtle differences between assuming a curvilinear or linear relationship in the efficient range of post-anthesis water use might become important when trying to optimize corn production using water resource and economic constraints.

There was a reasonably good relationship between relative corn grain yield and the minimum post-anthesis available soil water within the 8-ft soil profile Corn yield tended to decrease for treatments having less than a minimum available soil water of approximately 55% of field capacity for any point-intime within the post-anthesis period.

Thus, the management allowable depletion in these studies was approximately 45% as compared to the traditionally larger values often quoted in the literature.

However, the 45% MAD value is consistent with the results of Lamm et al.

and Lamm et al.

from irrigated corn studies on the same soil type.

Figure 6.

Relative corn grain yield as affected by the minimum value of available soil water within the 8 ft soil profile occurring during the postanthesis period.

Data are from various studies examining the effect of post-anthesis corn water stress, KSU-NWREC, Colby, Kansas, 19932008.

There was also a relatively good relationship between RPAWUMY and MPAASW.

RPAWUMY tended to decrease for treatments with MPAASW less than 55% of field capacity.

This is to be as expected because of the strong relationship between RY and RPAWUMY but does provide additional evidence and rationale for a MAD value of approximately 45% for this soil type in this region as compared to the higher values in the literature.

Mininum Post-Anthesis Available Soil Water

Figure 7.

Relative post-anthesis water use as affected by the minimum value of available soil water within the 8 ft soil profile occurring during the post-anthesis period.

Data are from various studies examining the effect of post-anthesis corn water stress, KSU-NWREC, Colby, Kansas, 1993-2008.

Further data analysis should focus on determining the cause of increased scatter in the graph regions where MPAASW is less than 0.55.

Additionally, further efforts are justified in comparing the MPAASW values for different soil profile depths to see which depth has the greatest correlation and also to determine the inaccuracy associated with choosing alternative depths.

Recommendations for managing post-anthesis corn water stress

Producers should use a good method of day-to-day irrigation scheduling during the post-anthesis period.

The macromanagement decision about when to terminate the irrigation season should not be based on an average or fixed date.

Producers in the Central Great Plains should plan for postanthesis water use needs of approximately 17 inches and that water use during

the last 30 and 15 days of the season might average nearly 5 and 2 inches, respectively.

This water use would need to come from the sum of available soil water reserves, precipitation and irrigation.

When irrigation losses are minimized, a percentage decrease in post-anthesis water use will result in nearly a one-to-one percentage decrease in corn grain yield.

Producers growing corn on deep silt loam soils in the Central Great Plains should attempt to limit management allowable depletion of available soil water in the top 8 ft of the soil profile to 45%.

Macromanagement decisions at the seasonal boundaries should always be made in the context of having implemented appropriate day-to-day irrigation scheduling.

Proper day-to-day scheduling will provide much-needed information about the crop and soil water status and evaporative demand being experienced within the given year.

Corn has greater than anticipated ability to withstand early season water stress provided that the water stress can be alleviated during the early-reproductive period.

However, it should be reiterated that these results are not suggesting that irrigation can be delayed until anthesis.

Most irrigation systems cannot quickly alleviate severely depleted soil water reserves as was accomplished in this pre-anthesis studies, but the results do indicate there is some flexibility in timing of irrigation events within the vegetative growth period.

Timeliness of appreciable amounts of irrigation and/or precipitation near anthesis appears to be very important in maximizing yield potential.

Corn yield formation was primarily linearly related to the water use during the post-anthesis period for cases when irrigation was limited to the amount required for maximum yield.

Limiting available soil water depletion to approximately 45% during the period is important in achieving maximum grain yields.

Contribution No.

09-240-A from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

Rhoads F.

M.

and J.M.

Bennett.

1990.

Corn.

Chapter 19 in Irrigation of Agricultural Crops.

pp.

569-596.

ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Mono No.

30, B.

A.

Stewart and D.

R.

Nielsen.

1218 pp.

Proper management of irrigated corn requires careful attention to crop water stress during both the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis growing periods.

Soil Sensor Install Tips: While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is critical to ensure their proper operation during the later critical growth phases.

Early installation helps to minimize root damage, allows time for sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry, and gives a better chance for proper soil contact.

Water Testing 1 Bacteriological Testing 1 Mineral and pH Testing 2 Chemical Testing 2

Typical Problems 2 Hardness 2 Iron or Manganese 3 Acid Water 4 Total Dissolved Solids 5 Nitrates 5 Sulphates and Sulfides 6

Home Water Treatment Equipment 7 Water Softeners 7 Reverse Osmosis Units 8

Pressure Filters 9 Manganese Greensand Oxidizing Filter 11 Taste and Odor Filter 12 Sand Filter to Remove Turbidity 12 Neutralizing Filter 12 Point-of-Use Filters 13

Soda Ash Feeding 13 Calibration of Soda Ash 14

Chlorination 14 Chlorine Demand 15 Contact Time 15 Continuous Chlorination 17 Chlorine Calibration 18 Shock Chlorination 18 Feeding Soda Ash and Chlorine Together 19

Typical Problems and Possible Treatments 20 Hardness 20 Iron or Manganese 20 Iron or Manganese Bacteria 21 Acid Water 21 Hydrogen Sulfide Gas 21 Turbid Water 22 Nitrates 22 Total Dissolved Solids 22 Aggressive Water Aggressive Index 22

Total water use in Nebraska breaks down to approximately 81% groundwater irrigation, 13% surface water irrigation, 4% domestic water uses.

The remaining 2% comprises other uses such as livestock, industrial and mining.

After electrical concerns, the second biggest safety hazard with pivots is missing driveshaft covers.

Pivot Control Tools Providing Efficiency to Preserve, Conserve and Protect

Monitoring and Control of Center Pivots

The ability for producers to monitor and control center pivots has been available since the early 1990's.

This technology started with a direct access to the pivot through a land line phone connection on analog cell phone.

The technology has continued to evolve.

Today pivots and pumps can be controlled from the internet and phone anywhere in the world.

FieldNET was introduced by Lindsay Corporation three years ago.

FieldNET provides growers the ability to monitor and control center pivots from a secure user web site or via any telephone.

A key feature of FieldNET is that it can work for monitoring and start/stop controls on any brand of pivot.

The pivots are connected to the internet through cellular telemetry units or radio telemetry units, which connect to the internet through an internet bridge.

With this web based solution tool growers are able to create a network with all of their pivots and manage them at all times no matter where they are.

The user friendly web portal provides quick view of every pivot, providing information on pivot location, pivot status and water usage.

This encompassing view enables quick, effective decision making.

The portal provides a complete history log and the ability to create reports on water and chemical application.

FieldNET provides growers updates and alerts via phone, text message and email.

These notifications are set based upon the users information needs.

With this immediate information growers are able to react to various statuses when they occur rather than only when they are at the machine in the field.

This leads to greater efficiency and time resource savings.

Lindsay Corporation has just added FieldNET for pump controls.

Now FieldNET, with pump control, integrates the entire water delivery system from the well or surface water source to the center pivot.

It allows the industry-leading pumping solutions by Watertronics and Zimmatic center pivots to work together to automatically monitor and control the system to achieve maximum efficiency.

FieldNET Pump Control lets growers monitor and control several devices such as; pumps, pivots, and sensors.

Visual pressure settings on pumps with Variable Frequency Drives allow for management of pressure and flow for efficient energy savings.

Linking pump devises compares pump station capacity with pivot demand for informed irrigation decisions and alerts of any detected disparity.

Reports and charting allow for record keeping of total gallons pumped and electricity used.