text
stringlengths 1.55k
332k
| label
int64 0
8
|
|---|---|
reference will now be made to the drawings to describe the present invention in detail . fig2 illustrates an exploded view of a socket connector 100 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention . the socket connector comprises an insulated socket base 12 , an insulated socket cover 13 slidably mounted on the socket base 12 , and a metallic eccentric cam member 15 rotationally embedded in the socket base 12 and the socket cover 13 for actuating the socket cover 132 to slide along the socket base 12 between an open position and a closed position . the socket base 12 is generally in shape of a rectangular , and comprises an insulative base housing 120 and a base extension 121 extending from one side of the base housing 120 . the base housing 120 defines a plurality of base passages 1201 extending vertically therethrough to receiving a plurality of contacts ( not shown ). the base extension 121 forms a pair of spaced standoffs 122 extending upwardly from opposite sides of upper face thereof , and accordingly defines a receiving space 123 therebetween , wherein each of the standoffs 122 defines a small rectangular depression 1220 communicating with the receiving space 123 . furthermore , referring to fig2 in conjunction with fig3 , the base extension 121 defines a downwardly opening recessed area 125 in the middle of bottom face and a roundish base hole 1232 extending through bottom of the recessed area 125 to communicate with the receiving space 123 . the recessed area 125 is generally in h - shaped that receives a base plate 17 . a u - shaped notch 1252 is cut into the base 12 from one elongated side of the recessed area 125 , wherein a centerline of the notch 1252 is offset to that of the recessed area 125 . referring to fig3 – 5 , the base plate 17 is formed of metal or another suitably hard materials . for some special demands , the base plate 17 has a rough upper surface facing the bottom of the recessed area 125 and a lower slippery surface opposite to the rough upper surface . in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , the base plate 17 is generally h - shaped configuration corresponding to the shape of the recessed area 125 , and defines a pair of cutouts 174 cut from opposite lateral sides thereof and a roundish base plate hole 170 going halves the cutouts 174 . furthermore , the base plate 17 has a rectangular projection 172 projecting outwardly from one elongated side thereof to be received in the notch 1252 of the base 12 , wherein a centerline i of the projection 172 is offset to a centerline ii the base plate 17 and in align with that of the notch 1252 as best shown in fig5 . returning to fig2 , the socket cover 13 has a shape corresponding to that of the socket base 12 , and comprises an insulative cover housing 130 and a cover extension 132 extending from one side of the cover housing 130 to be received in the receiving space 123 of the base 12 . the cover housing 130 defines a plurality of cover passages 1301 in alignment with the base passages 1201 of the base housing 120 for receiving a plurality of pins of pin grid array ( pga ) package . the cover extension 132 defines a rectangular cover hole 1320 in middle thereof and a pair of indentions 134 nearest the cover housing 130 and spaced by the cover hole 1320 . a t - shaped cover plate 16 is provided above the cover extension 132 of the socket cover 13 . the cover plate 16 is a planar plate of metal or another suitably hard materials and defines a rectangular cover plate hole 1602 in alignment with the cover hole 1320 and a pair of embossments 1604 extending downwardly from bottom face thereof for being fitted into the indentions 134 of the cover 13 . the eccentric cam member 15 comprises an upper portion 150 , a middle portion 152 and a lower portion 154 , wherein the upper portion 150 , the middle portion 152 and the lower portion 154 are generally in shape of cylindrical , but have taper - off diameters . the upper portion 150 defines an elongated groove 1501 recessed in upper face thereof for receiving a blade - like external tool ( not shown ) such as a screwdriver and forms a lateral protrusion 1502 outwardly protruding beyond a part of periphery thereof . the middle portion 152 is overlapped by the upper portion 150 along perimeter thereof . the lower portion 154 is formed beneath the middle portion 152 and has a riveting end 1540 ( shown in fig4 ) at a lower end thereof . it is to be noted that a rotational axis of the middle portion 152 is offset from a rotational axis of the upper portion 150 ( shown in fig5 ), and elaboration will be given hereinafter . a cam plate 14 is provided as a planar plate of metal or another suitably hard materials and has an elongated main body 140 and a pair of ears 142 extending outwardly from opposite lateral sides of the main body 140 . the main body 140 defines a roundish cam plate hole 1402 in a middle thereof and forms a pair of cam stoppers 1404 symmetrically on opposite sides of the cam plate hole 1402 along a horizontal direction . the cam stoppers 1404 are apt to prevent the eccentric cam member 15 from been over rotated between the open and the closed positions when the socket connector 100 is fully assembled . in addition , the socket connector 100 comprises a washer 18 also made of metal or another suitably hard materials . the washer 18 is a round in shape and defines an aperture 180 in middle thereof for receiving the riveting end 1540 of the eccentric cam member 15 . in assembly , the base plate 17 is fitted into the recessed area 125 of the socket base 12 such that the projection 172 is received in the notch 1252 . successively , the socket cover 13 together with the cover plate 16 is assembled onto the socket base 12 , and the cam plate 14 is assembled onto the socket base 12 and above the cover plate 16 . the cover extension 132 of the cover 13 , the cover plate 16 attached to the cover extension 132 , and the cam plate 14 , are disposed in the receiving space 123 of the socket base 12 . the ears 142 of the cam plate 14 engage with the depressions 1220 of the standoffs 122 for securing the cam plate 14 in position . at this time , the base plate hole 170 , the base hole 1232 , the cover hole 1320 , the cover plate hole 1602 and the cam plate hole 1402 , respectively , are all aligned and commonly receive the eccentric cam member 15 . finally , the washer 18 is assembled to the riveting end 1540 of the eccentric cam member 15 . in such a way , the eccentric cam member 15 is rotatably secured to the socket base 12 and the socket cover 13 and the socket connector 100 is fully assembled . in operation , after the pga package is loaded on the socket cover 13 , the eccentric cam member 15 is rotated by the external tool until the lateral protrusion 150 engages with one of cam stoppers 1404 . during the process , since the rotational axis of the middle portion 152 is offset from the rotational axis of the upper portion 150 , the middle portion 152 of the eccentric cam member 15 abuts against inner segments of the cover plate hole 1602 and the cover hole 1320 to apply forces against the socket cover 13 , synchronously , the socket cover 13 slides along the base 12 in a closed position , wherein the pins of the pga package electrically connect with corresponding contacts retained in the socket base 12 . to open the connection between the pins and the contacts , the eccentric cam member 15 is rotated in an opposite direction from one of the cam stoppers 1404 , to the other cam stoppers 1404 . for the same reason , the socket cover 13 slides along the socket base 12 in an open position , thereby allowing the pga chip to be removed from the socket connector 100 . during the operation , since the cam plate 14 , the cover plate 16 , the base plate 17 and the washer 18 are made of metal or another suitably hard materials , plastic area of the base extension 121 and the cover extension 132 abutted against by the eccentric cam member 15 is protected , thereby giving the socket connector 100 a long - life span and enhancing the retention between the socket base 12 and the socket cover 13 . in the preferred embodiment , keying means is provided between the base plate 17 and the recessed area 125 of the socket base 12 so as to prevent the base plate 17 from mismating with the socket base 12 . the keying means includes the projection 172 projecting from one elongated side of the base plate 17 and the notch 1252 notched into the socket base 12 from the recessed area 125 for receiving the projection 172 , wherein the centerline i of the projection 172 is offset to the centerline ii of the base plate 17 . in one alternative embodiment , the keying means may be located in different positions between the base plate 17 and the recessed area 125 , for example , the projection 172 projecting from one lateral side of the base plate and the notch 1252 notched from corresponding position of the recessed area 125 , or plurality of projections 172 suited and asymmetric projecting from base plate 17 and plurality of notches notched from corresponding positions of the recessed area 125 . in another alternative embodiment , the keying means is also provided between the base plate 17 and the recessed area 125 , but employs an opposite co - work relationship , for example , the projection 172 projecting from one inner wall of the recessed area 125 and the notch 1252 notched into corresponding position of the base plate 17 for receiving the projection 172 , so do the plurality of projections 172 and the corresponding notches 1252 . in further alternative embodiment , the base plate 17 and the corresponding recessed area 125 may have any variety of different shapes and sizes , such as circular , rectangular , star - shaped , triangular , hexagonal , or any other geometric or non - symmetric shape . it is to be understood , however , that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description , together with details of the structure and function of the invention , the disclosure is illustrative only , and changes may be made in detail , especially in matters of shape , size , and arrangement of parts within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed . | 7 |
the invention will now be further described by reference to the drawings and with reference to examples showing the treatment of a typical defatted canola flake . this description relates to currently preferred embodiments of the invention , and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention . referring first to fig1 , desolventized defatted oilseed 10 is mixed with water 11 and optionally recycled water 501 from a later stage of the process ( fig4 ) in a reaction vessel 14 to make a slurry . preferably the water is preheated before being added to the vessel 14 . if necessary , the ph is adjusted by the addition of an acidic material ( shown as acid 12 ) or an alkaline material ( shown as calcium oxide 13 ) to a ph of 3 - 9 . the slurry is agitated ( shown schematically by the presence of agitator 15 ) and is optionally heated ( shown schematically by the presence of heating coil 16 ). after the water and oilseed are thoroughly mixed , the resulting slurry is then withdrawn by line 111 and is then pressed in belt press 17 , which is shown schematically as having two belts 112 and 113 which run over rollers 114 and 115 respectively . the belts are oriented so that they gradually approach one another as the mixture passes through from right to left in fig1 . extract is expressed from the mixture as shown schematically at 116 to collect at 140 in a suitable vessel . a moist solid presscake 120 is extruded from the nip 121 between the belts . the presscake 120 can be mixed with further water 117 and returned to the press for further pressing as shown at 130 . when sufficient pressing has been done , the extract 140 is directed through line 141 to a mechanical depulper , shown schematically at 118 . the depulper has a filter 119 on which solids ( known as “ pulp ”) deposits . the solids from the pressing and depulping are preferably sent ( as shown by lines 131 and 132 respectively ) for dewatering and drying as in ring drier 135 to yield a solid product 100 ( phase i product ), which can be used as an animal feed for ruminants . the remaining extract 150 after depulping is collected . if desired , depulping be carried out several times , as shown by recycling line 122 , before the extract 150 is collected . referring now to fig2 , extract 150 is optionally mixed with alkaline material 20 ( for example calcium oxide ) to reach a ph of over ph 9 ( preferably ph 10 . 5 - 11 . 5 ), and is heated in a reaction vessel 21 with agitation ( as shown schematically at 22 ) and heating ( as shown schematically by heating coil 23 ). line 24 withdraws suitable amounts of the mixture to place in the bucket 25 of a bucket centrifuge generally indicated as 26 . solid and liquid components are separated out by centrifuging . a solid 200 ( phase ii solid ) is recovered . a liquid 201 ( phase ii liquid ) is also recovered . referring now to fig3 , solid 200 is mixed with acid 30 and heated in a reaction vessel 31 as shown schematically by heating coils 32 . the mixture is agitated , as shown schematically by agitator 33 . optionally , phytase 34 is added and agitation is continued . the mixture is then drawn off , as by line 35 , to a centrifuge , generally shown as 36 , where it is placed in the bucket 37 of the centrifuge . the mixture is then centrifuged until it separates into liquid 38 and solid 39 . the solid 39 is removed and dried if necessary as by ring drier 315 to form a solid product 300 which is useful as an animal feed or feed ingredient . the liquid 38 is drawn off as at 310 to a vessel 311 . if phytase 34 has been added in vessel 31 , this liquid 38 is rich in inositol . if phytase 34 has not been added , then the liquid is rich in phytate and can be treated with phytase by adding the phytase to vessel 311 as at 312 . in either case , a product 301 which is a liquid rich in inositol is obtained . this is shown in the drawing as being drawn off by line 315 into container 316 . referring now to fig4 , liquid 201 is treated to precipitate proteins as by heating it in a reaction vessel 401 ( as shown schematically by the provision of heater 402 ) or by slow addition of acid 403 , resulting in a curd 404 on the top of the liquid . the contents of the vessel 401 are then filtered or centrifuged to separate out the curd 404 as shown schematically by filter vessel 405 , where the curd remains on the filter as a solid protein concentrate 406 . the solid 406 is dried if desired as indicated schematically by ring dryer 420 to give product 4001 ( phase iv product 1 ). the liquid 407 which passes through the filter is subjected to ultrafiltration as shown schematically at 408 and the retentate 409 from such ultrafiltration is drawn off to become product 4002 ( phase iv , product 2 ). the retentate 409 is drawn off as a thick liquid , but may be dried to a solid if desired ( not shown ). product 4002 is a high protein product which can be used as a human or animal food or as an ingredient for cosmetics and therapeutic products . the remaining liquid 410 after ultrafiltration is high in sugars . it can be recovered directly as shown by dashed line 411 to become product 4003 ( phase iv , product 3 ) which can optionally be used as a fermentation broth . alternately , liquid 410 can be subjected to nanofiltration at 412 , so that the sugars are concentrated as retentate 413 , which is passed to a collection vessel to become product 4004 ( phase iv , product 4 ) as shown by dashed line 415 . the nanofiltration is not necessary , but serves to provide product 4004 which is in more concentrated form than product 4003 , with less contamination from minerals . if the nanofiltration is carried out , the liquid 500 which passes through the filters comprises mostly water and minerals . it may be recycled to form part of the water input to vessel 14 in fig1 or discarded , or its mineral content can be recovered . the invention will now be illustrated by examples showing the treatment according to one preferred form of the invention of a defatted canola meal . initial separation of protein rich liquid and ruminant feed ( phase i treatment ) 25 kg of hexane - laden , oil - extracted canola white flake was obtained from a commercial oilseed crusher in saskatchewan , canada . hexane was allowed to evaporate from the material at ambient temperatures until hexane could not be detected by a solvent detector to give a desolventized white flake . the desolventized white flake was roller milled to break up large clumps and produce a consistent starting material for extraction . it was then mixed with 75 kg of water that had been preheated to 50 ° c . and 1 . 7 l of a 10 % slurry of cao was added to the mixture . the material was mixed in a ribbon mixer until an even consistency was obtained . the ph of the mixture was tested and found to 8 . 0 . the material was then mixed for 10 minutes in the ribbon mixer . the material was then passed through a continuous flow belt press ( frontier technology inc ). the belt press compressed the material between two polypropylene monofilament belts which passed over a series of rollers which were gradually brought closer by a series of rollers as the material progressed through the press . the porosity of the belt was configured to allow an air passage rate of 0 . 17 cubic meters per second . the material was hand fed into the hopper of the press to provide an even flow of material between the belts . the material was separated into a liquid “ extract ” ( herein called phase 1 liquid ) and a residual “ presscake ” ( herein called phase 1 solid ) upon complete passage through the press . the phase 1 liquid was then passed through a mechanical depulper with 150 - micron openings : this depulping stage generated a further extract which passed through the screen and a residual pulp extract . the depulping procedure served to remove most fragments of hulls from the extract . the pulp was then added back to the presscake ( phase 1 solid ) and the extracts from the depulping were added to the phase 1 liquid . in an optional step , the phase 1 solid ( presscake ) was further treated . the presscake was mixed with 27 l of water at 50 ° c . in a ribbon mixer until an even consistency was obtained . this material was passed through the belt press as previously described to generate additional extract and presscake . the extract was depulped as previously described . the pulp was added to the presscake and the depulped liquid was added to the phase 1 liquid . the presscake from the second passage through the belt press was mixed with 23 l of water at 50 ° c . in a ribbon mixer until an even consistency was obtained . this material was passed through the belt press as previously described to generate additional extract and presscake . the extract was depulped as previously described and the pulp added to the final presscake ( phase 1 solid ). the final presscake was analyzed for protein and dry matter , and the results are given in table 1 below . the extract was added to the phase 1 liquid . although repeated passages through the press are preferred and depulper yield a better separation , the invention contemplates a single pass if desired , and the result of the single pass would then be the phase 1 product . in the table , the phase 1 liquid and phase 1 solid described are the products of three passes through each of the press and the depulper . these products were used in the subsequent examples . the depulped extract from the three passes through the belt press ( phase 1 liquid ) was placed in 100 l steam kettle and 1 . 7 l of a 10 % slurry of cao was added to the extract . during the extraction phase the temperature of the extract had dropped to ambient temperature . the ph of the extract at ambient temperature after addition of cao was 11 . 0 . the flow of steam to the kettle was turned on until the temperature of the extract was increased to 50 ° c . the extract was maintained at 50 ° c . with constant stirring in the kettle for a 30 - minute period . the extract was then centrifuged at 5000 times gravity for 2 minutes in a swinging bucket centrifuge . the supernatant was poured off and collected ( phase ii liquid ). the solid pellets from the centrifuge were resuspended in an equal volume of water ( ambient temperature ) and centrifuged again at 5000 times gravity for 2 minutes to wash residual soluble material associated with the pellets . the final pellets ( phase ii solid ) were combined and analyzed for protein , dry matter and phytic acid . the dry matter was found to contain 14 . 9 % phytic acid and 45 . 17 % protein . the phase ii solids generated in example 1 were stored and frozen until the day on which it was desired to do the phase iii treatment . however , if desired , phase iii treatment can be done immediately following phase ii . a 150 g fraction of stored and frozen phase ii solids was thawed . four 10 g test batches were separated out from the fraction and each was mixed with 15 ml of water at room temperature . hcl was added to each test batch dropwise until the ph dropped to 3 . 5 . the temperature of each test batch was then increased to 50 ° c . different amounts of phytase were added to each of the four test batches . the amounts were respectively 25 , 15 , 10 or 5 ftu ( phytase units ) of natuphos ® brand phytase ( manufactured by basf ). one unit of phytase activity ( 1 ftu ) is defined as the amount of the enzyme containing product that liberates 1 micromole of inorganic phosphorus per minute from an excess of sodium phytate at 37 ° c . and ph 5 . 5 . the test batches were maintained at 50 ° c . with constant stirring after addition of the phytase . at times of 30 minutes , 60 minutes , 90 minutes and 120 minutes after the addition of the phytase , a 5 ml sample was removed from each test batch and was immediately mixed with 15 ml of ice cold 0 . 70 n hcl to denature the phytase . phytate was extracted from each sample by shaking for 3 hours at room temperature . the samples were then centrifuged at 16 , 000 times gravity for 10 minutes and the supernatant removed from each . 2 . 5 ml of chloroform was added to the supernatant and the material was centrifuged for 10 min at 10 , 000 times gravity , with the result that it formed two layers . the upper layer was removed and injected into the high pressure liquid chromatography unit . phytate content was determined by the area of the phytate peak in comparison to the standard curve obtained with known quantities of phytate . phytate content was also determined for a sample of the phase ii solids which had not been subjected to the treatment with phytase as described in this example . the untreated phase ii solids had a phytate percentage of 14 . 90 %, based on dry matter . table 1 shows the phytate content of the untreated solids and of the samples taken at each of the sampling time from addition of the phytase to the test batches . dephytinization of the solids was dependent upon the amount of enzyme and duration of the reaction . with 25 ftu incorporated in the reaction mixture no phytate could be detected at 60 minutes from phytase addition . with 15 and 10 ftu in the mixture longer incubation periods were required to achieve complete dephytinization and with 5 ftu in the mixture residual phytate could still be detected 120 minutes after enzyme addition . the supernatant obtained from centrifugation of the extract in example 2 ( phase ii liquid ) was pooled and placed in 100 l steam kettle . the steam to the kettle was turned on such that the temperature of the extract reached 95 ° c . a temperature of 95 ° c . was maintained for 5 min and then cold water was then passed through the jacket of the steam kettle . cold water was run for 20 minute period . a protein precipitant or curd formed on top of the extract during this heating and subsequent cooling procedure . the contents of the steam kettle were then poured through a 200 micron opening screen of nylon mesh sold under the trademark nitex ™ ( great western manufacturing company , inc .). the curd was collected in the screen while the liquid passed through the screen and was collected in a tub . the curd was subsequently wrapped in the screen and placed in a 305 cm wide by 457 cm long by 152 cm high cheese mold . the mold was then placed in a cheese press and compacted by 10 minutes compression at 34 kpa , followed by 10 minutes compression at 69 kpa , followed by 10 minutes compression at 138 kpa , followed by 10 minutes compression at 207 kpa and a final 20 minutes of compression at 276 kpa the liquid expelled during compression of the mold was added to the liquid obtained from initial drainage through the screen . all of the liquid was combined together ( phase iv liquid ). after the complete compression procedure , pressure was released and the protein curd ( phase iv product 1 ) was analyzed for protein , dry matter and phytate content . the liquid remaining after separating the curd ( phase iv liquid ) was passed through a 10 , 000 molecular weight cut off ultrafiltration membrane until the volume of the retentate decreased to approximately 20 l . 20 l of water was then added to the retentate and the filtration process was repeated ( round 1 of diafiltration ). a total of 6 rounds of ultrafiltration ( also known as diafiltration ) were run to concentrate the protein in the retentate . liquid that had passed through the membrane ( permeate ) was collected and pooled . the final retentate was analyzed for protein , dry matter and phytate . ( phase iv product 2 ). if desired , the permeate from the ultrafiltration could have been collected as a product ( phase iv product 3 ). however , this was not done in this example . instead , the combined permeate from ultrafiltration was passed through a nanofiltration membrane until the volume of rententate had decreased to 18 l . the retentate ( phase iv product 4 ) was analyzed for protein , dry matter and phytate . the results are shown in table 2 below . table 2 also shows , under the heading “% recovery ”, the percentage of the protein which was in the original defatted oilseed which is recovered in the various products . it will be understood that the forgoing description is by way of example only , and that variations of the forgoing process will evident to a person skilled in the art , while remaining within the invention . | 0 |
a materials system for three - dimensional printing comprises a mixture of particles including a filler and possibly an adhesive . the materials system can also include a fibrous component , a printing aid for reducing edge curl due to uneven curing of the adhesive and resultant distortion of a part that is three - dimensionally printed , and an activating fluid comprising additional adhesive and a solvent that activates the adhesive . the activating fluid can also include such processing aids as a humectant , a flowrate enhancer , and a dye . the fluid activates the adhesive in the particulate mixture , adhesively bonding the material together to form an essentially solid article . [ 0032 ] fig1 schematically illustrates a first layer of a mixture of particulate material deposited onto a downwardly movable surface on which an article is to be built , before any fluid has been delivered . according to the method , a layer or film of particulate material 20 is applied on a downwardly movable surface 22 of a container 24 . the layer or film of particulate material can be formed in any manner ; in one embodiment , the particulate material is applied using a counter roller . the particulate material applied to the surface includes a filler and , possibly , adhesive . as used herein , “ adhesive ” is meant to define a component that forms the primary adhesive bonds in the mixture of material between portions of the mixture that were separate prior to delivery of the activating fluid . the adhesive can be included both in the particle mixture and in the activating fluid . as used herein , a “ filler ” is meant to define a component that is solid prior to application of the activating fluid , which is substantially less soluble in the fluid than the adhesive , and which gives structure to the final article . according to a particular embodiment , the particulate mixture includes a reinforcing fiber , or a reinforcing fibrous component , added to provide structural reinforcement to the final article . the particulate material may include a plurality of particles of mean diameter of about 10 - 300 microns . as used herein , “ fiber ” or “ fibrous component ” is meant to define a component that is solid prior to application of the activating fluid , which can be but is not necessarily insoluble in the fluid , that is added to increase the final article strength . the reinforcing fiber length is restricted to a length approximately equal to the thickness of the layer of particulate mixture . the reinforcing fiber is typically about 60 to about 200 microns in length , and is included in an amount not greater than 20 percent , by weight , of the total mixture . additionally , a stabilizing fiber can be added to the filler to provide dimensional stability to the final article , as well as to slightly increase the article strength . spreading the particulate mixture with the counter roller becomes increasingly difficult as friction caused by an excess of stabilizing fiber in the mixture increases , reducing the packing density . restricting both the amount and length of the stabilizing fiber increases the packing density of the mixture resulting in finished parts of greater strength . the stabilizing fiber may be restricted to a length of less than half of the reinforcing fiber , in an amount not greater than 30 percent , by weight , of the total mixture . optimal values can be determined with routine experimentation using , for example , a counter roller . according to another particular embodiment , a printing aid in the form of an emulsifier , such as sorbitan trioleate ( commercially available as span 85 from sigma chemical co ., st . louis , mo . usa ), can be added to the particulate mixture to prevent distortions in printing . the printing aid prevents fine particles of the mixture from becoming airborne while the fluid is dispensed from the print head which would distort the printed article . lecithin , which also serves as a printing aid can be used as well . the composition of the particulate mixture and fluid ( binder ) of a particular embodiment using a polymer solution as the adhesive is provided in table 1 , below . the composition of the particulate mixture and fluid ( binder ) of a particular embodiment using a colloidal suspension as the adhesive is provided in table 2 , below . [ 0038 ] table 2 example example particle particular composition composition size ingredient compound range ( w / w ) ( w / w ) range ( μm ) particulate mixture adhesive sucrose 10 - 50 % 30 % 10 reinforcing cellulose 0 - 20 % 10 % 100 fiber filler maltodextrin 0 - 80 % 50 % & lt ; 300 ( dextrose equivalent = 5 ) stabilizing cellulose 0 - 30 % 10 % 60 fiber printing lecithin 0 - 3 % 0 . 27 % n / a aids sorbitan 0 - 3 % 0 . 03 % n / a trioleate fluid suspending water 20 - 88 % 72 % n / a fluid solvent isopropyl 0 - 5 % 1 % n / a alcohol colloid polyvinyl 10 - 50 % 20 % 50 - 500 nm adhesive acetate inorganic acetic acid 0 - 2 % 1 % n / a buffer humectant glycerol 0 - 15 % 5 % n / a flowrate diethylene 0 - 10 % 1 % n / a enhancer glycol mono - butyl ether dye naphthol 0 - 0 . 1 % 0 . 1 % n / a blue - black [ 0039 ] fig2 schematically illustrates an electromechanical ink - jet nozzle delivering an activating fluid to a portion of the layer of particulate material of fig1 in a predetermined pattern . the fluid 26 is delivered to the layer or film of particulate material in any predetermined two - dimensional pattern ( circular , in the figures , for purposes of illustration only ), using any convenient mechanism , such as a drop - on - demand ( hereinafter “ dod ”) electromechanical printhead driven by customized software which receives data from a computer - assisted - design ( hereinafter “ cad ”) system as described in greater detail in u . s . application ser . no . 09 / 416 , 707 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . examples of suitable piezoelectric printheads include the tektronix phasor 340 printhead by xerox ( stanford , conn . usa ), the pjn 320 printhead from picojet , inc . ( hillsboro , oreg . usa ), and the epson 900 printhead from epson america , inc . ( portland , oreg . usa ). a suitable solenoid valve printhead is the 1200 hz inka printhead from the lee co . ( westbrook , conn . usa ). in one embodiment , where adhesive is mixed with the other particles , the first portion 30 of the particulate mixture is activated by the fluid , causing the activated adhesive to adhere the particles together to form an essentially - solid circular layer that becomes a cross - sectional portion of the final article . as used herein , “ activates ” is meant to define a change in state from essentially inert to adhesive . when the fluid initially comes into contact with the particulate mixture , it immediately flows outward ( on the microscopic scale ) from the point of impact by capillary action , dissolving the adhesive in the particulate mixture within the first few seconds . a typical droplet of activating fluid has a volume of about 50 pl , and spreads to about 100 microns once it comes into contact with the particulate mixture . as the solvent dissolves the adhesive , the fluid viscosity increases dramatically , arresting further migration of the fluid from the initial point of impact . an adhesive can be dissolved , suspended , or otherwise included in the activating fluid before delivery , in addition to being in the powder mixture . the adhesive that is pre - mixed with the activating fluid will already be activated when delivered to the powder mixture and will adhere filler and other particles to form a solid , agglomerated structure , as described above . within a few minutes after the activating fluid is delivered to the particulate mixture , the fluid ( with adhesive dissolved or suspended therein ) infiltrates the less - soluble and slightly - porous particles , forming adhesive bonds between the filler and the fiber . the activating fluid is capable of bonding the particulate mixture in an agglomerated mass that is several times the mass of a droplet of the fluid . as volatile components of the fluid evaporate , the adhesive bonds harden , joining the filler and , optionally , fiber particulates into a rigid structure , which becomes a cross - sectional portion of the finished article . any portion of the particulate mixture 32 that was not exposed to the fluid remains loose and free - flowing on the movable surface . the unbound particulate mixture can be left in place until formation of the final article is complete . leaving the unbound , loose - particulate mixture in place ensures that the article is supported during processing , allowing features such as overhangs , undercuts , and cavities ( not illustrated , but conventional ) to be defined without using support structures . after formation of the first cross - sectional portion of the final article , the movable surface is indexed downward . using , for example , a counter - rolling mechanism , a second film or layer of the particulate mixture is then applied over the first , covering both the rigid first cross - sectional portion , and any loose particulate mixture by which it is surrounded . a second application of fluid follows in the manner described above , forming adhesive bonds between a portion of the previous cross - sectional portion , the filler , and , optionally , fiber of the second layer , and hardening to form a second rigid cross - sectional portion added to the first rigid cross - sectional portion of the final article . the movable surface is again indexed downward . the previous steps of applying a layer of particulate mixture , applying the fluid , and indexing the movable surface downward are repeated until the final article is completed . [ 0046 ] fig3 schematically illustrates a view of a final article made from a series of steps illustrated in fig2 enclosed in the container while it is still immersed in the loose unactivated particles . the final article can be completely immersed in a bed 36 of unactivated particulate material . alternatively , those skilled in this art would know how to build an article in layers upward from an immovable platform , by successively depositing , smoothing and printing a series of such layers . [ 0047 ] fig4 schematically illustrates a view of the final article from fig3 . the unactivated particulate material can be removed by blown air or a vacuum . after removal of the unactivated particulate material from the final article 38 , post - processing treatment may be performed , including cleaning , infiltration with stabilizing materials , painting , etc . the method of the present invention is capable of producing features on the order of about 250 μm . the accuracy achieved by the method of the present invention is in the range of about +/− 250 μm . shrinkage of the final article is about 1 %, which can easily be factored into the build to increase accuracy . the adhesive is a compound selected for the characteristics of high solubility in the activating fluid , low solution viscosity , low hygroscopicity , and high bonding strength . the adhesive should be highly soluble in the solvent in order to ensure that it is incorporated rapidly and completely into the activating fluid . low solution viscosity can be used to ensure that activating fluid having adhesive dissolved therein will migrate quickly to sites in the powder bed to adhesively bond together the reinforcing materials . if the adhesive is naturally a solid , the adhesive can be milled as finely as possible prior to mixing with the filler and / or activating fluid and / or prior to coating the filler particles . the fine particle size enhances the available surface area , enhancing dissolution in the solvent , without being so fine as to cause “ caking ”, an undesirable article characteristic . typical adhesive particle grain sizes are about 5 - 50 μm . low hygroscopicity of an adhesive used in the particulate mixture avoids absorption of excessive moisture from the air , which causes “ caking ”, in which unactivated powder spuriously adheres to the outside surface of the part , resulting in poor surface definition . various types of adhesives that can be used with this invention are further and more specifically described under the section entitled , “ activating fluid ,” below . the filler of the present invention is a compound selected for the characteristics of insolubility in the activating fluid , or extremely low solubility in the activating fluid , rapid wetting , low hygroscopicity , and high bonding strength . the filler provides mechanical structure to the hardened composition . sparingly soluble filler material is used in particular , although insoluble filler material can also be used . the filler particles become adhesively bonded together when the adhesive dries / hardens after the activating fluid has been applied . the filler can include a distribution of particle grain sizes , ranging from the practical maximum of about 200 μm downward , to the practical minimum of about 5 μm . large grain sizes appear to improve the final article quality by forming large pores in the powder through which the fluid can migrate rapidly , permitting production of a more homogeneous material . smaller grain sizes serve to reinforce article strength . compounds suitable for use as the filler of the present invention can be selected from the same general groups from which the adhesive is selected , provided that the solubility , hygroscopicity , bonding strength and solution viscosity criteria described above are met . examples of such fillers , which can be used alone or in combination , include starches such as maltodextrin , clay , cellulose fiber , glass , limestone , gypsum , aluminum oxide , aluminum silicate , potassium aluminum silicate , calcium silicate , calcium hydroxide , calcium aluminate , and sodium silicate ; metals ; metal oxides such as zinc oxide , titanium dioxide , and magnetite ( fe 3 o 4 ); carbides such as silicon carbide ; and borides such as titanium diboride . in other embodiments , the filler is limestone , which can be used alone or in combination with other inorganic fillers . for example , the filler can be a combination of plaster ( 0 - 20 %), limestone ( calcium carbonate ) ( 40 - 95 %) and glass beads ( 0 - 80 %). generally the filler materials are selected on the basis of their ability to bond with the adhesive components , combined with the spreading characteristics of the dry powder . the selection of the solvent also typically determines which filler can be used . the reinforcing fiber can be insoluble or can dissolve substantially slower in the fluid than the adhesive dissolves . the reinforcing fiber is a stiff material chosen to increase the mechanical reinforcement and dimensional control of the final article without making the powder too difficult to spread . in order to promote wetting of the reinforcing fibers , the chosen fibers have a high affinity for the solvent . a particular embodiment includes a fiber length approximately equal to the layer thickness , which provides the greatest degree of mechanical reinforcement . using longer fibers adversely affects the surface finish , and using too much fiber of any length can make spreading of the powder increasingly difficult . fibrous material suitable for reinforcing the present invention includes , but is not limited to polymeric fiber , ceramic fiber , graphite fiber and fiberglass . the polymeric fiber may be cellulose and cellulose derivatives or substituted or unsubstituted , straight or branched , alkyl or alkene , including monomers up to eight carbon atoms in length . specific useable fibrous materials include , but are not limited to cellulose fiber , silicon carbide fiber , graphite fiber , aluminosilicate fiber , polypropylene fiber , fiberglass , nylon , and rayon . as indicated in table 1 , both the reinforcing fiber and the stabilizing fiber are can be cellulose . some of the useful properties of cellulose making it particularly suitable for use in connection with the invention are low toxicity , biodegradability , low cost and availability in a wide variety of lengths . further considerations when selecting the adhesive , filler and fiber depend on the desired properties of the final article . the final strength of the finished article depends largely on the quality of the adhesive contacts between the particles of the mixture , and the size of the empty pores that persist in the material after the adhesive has hardened ; both of these factors vary with the grain size of the particulate material . in general , the mean size of the grains of particulate material should not be larger than the layer thickness . a distribution of grain sizes increases the packing density of the particulate material , which in turn increases both article strength and dimensional control . as indicated in table 1 , sorbitan trioleate ( span 85 ) is used as a printing aid in the exemplary particulate mixture . sorbitan trioleate is a liquid which is only slightly soluble in water . by adding a small amount to the powder , the sorbitan trioleate provides a light adhesion between powder grains before printing , thereby reducing dust formation . after printing , the sorbitan trioleate continues to adhere insoluble grains together for a short time until it dissolves . this effect tends to reduce distortion in printed layers in the brief time that is required for the adhesive to dissolve and redistribute in the powder . hydrophillic grades of lecithin are particularly suitable . a wide variety of other liquid compounds work for the same purpose . polypropylene glycol ( ppg ), especially with a molecular weight of about 400 , and citronellol are two examples . other suitable printing aides include ethylene glycol octanoate , ethylene glycol decanoate , and ethoxylated derivatives of 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 - tetramethyl - 5 - decyne - 4 , 7 - diol . sorbitan trioleate can be used in combination with lethicin , which also functions as a printing aid . other liquid compounds that can be used as printing aids include sorbitan mono - oleate , sorbitan monolaurate , polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono - oleate , polyethylene glycol , soybean oil , mineral oil , propylene glycol , fluroalkyl polyoxyethylene polymers , glycerol triacetate , oleyl alcohol , and oleic acid . the fluid of the present invention is selected to comport with the degree of solubility required for the various particulate components of the mixture , as described above . the fluid includes a solvent in which the adhesive is active , particularly soluble , and can include processing aids such as a humectant , a flowrate enhancer , and a dye . an ideal solvent is one in which the adhesive component of the powder is highly soluble , and in which both the filler and fiber are substantially less soluble . the solvent can be aqueous or non - aqueous , although aqueous solvents offer some advantages . suitable solvents can be selected from the following non - limiting list : water , methyl alcohol , ethyl alcohol , isopropanol , t - butanol , ethyl acetate , dimethyl succinate , diethyl succinate , dimethyl adipate , and ethylene glycol diacetate . the activating fluid , which can have adhesive pre - mixed , is also referred to as the “ binder .” the function of the binder is to infiltrate the insoluble or semi - soluble particle mixture and to bond the grains together . the activating fluid , with adhesive included , can belong to any one of the following classes : ( 1 ) polymer solutions , ( 2 ) colloidal suspensions , ( 3 ) inorganic ( salt ) solutions , ( 4 ) organic monomeric solutions , ( 5 ) non aqueous liquids . classes 1 - 4 can be aqueous . the following description of particular fluids and adhesives are not meant to be limiting , other suitable compounds may be used in place of or in combination with the listed compounds . there also exists a collection of water - based compounds that have been found to work particularly well in electromechanical printheads . in the first category , a water - soluble polymer can be dissolved in the binder to form a relatively low viscosity solution . of these , there are a few particularly suitable polymers . these are anionically ionizable polymers , cationic polymers and nonionic polymers . the anionically ionizable polymers include polymethacrylic acid , polymethacrylic acid sodium salt , and sodium polystyrene sulfonate . the cationic polymers include polyethyleneimine and polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride . as a class , polyethyleneimine comes in two forms , linear and branched , both of which are useful . the nonionic soluble polymers that are particularly useful as binders are polyvinyl pyrrolidone , polyvinyl pyrrolidone copolymer with polyvinyl acetate , polyvinyl alcohol , polyvinyl methyl ether , polyacrylamide , and poly - 2 - ethyl - 2 - oxazoline . in a typical embodiment , a low molecular weight polymer such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate is dissolved in water to form a solution containing approximately 20 % solids by weight . a cosolvent such as isopropyl alcohol , at approximately 1 % to 5 % by weight , can modify the viscosity of the solution by controlling the conformation of the polymer chains in solution . a humectant such as glycerol used at approximately 5 % to 10 % will reduce the tendency of the binder to dry in the printhead . other solution parameters such as ph and salt concentration may be used to modify flow properties . added salts tend to lower the viscosity of binders that include a polyelectrolyte , such as sodium chloride , sodium phosphate , sodium sulfate , and potassium sulfate . in the second category , colloidal suspensions of materials can be used as binders in three - dimensional printing . organic latexes such as polymethyl methacrylate , polystyrene , styrenated polyacrylic acid , natural rubber , polyurethane latex , polyvinyl acetate latex , and alkyd resin latex are materials that can be applied to the process . additionally , inorganic suspensions such as colloidal alumina , clay , and colloidal graphite could all be used to for solid articles containing substantial amounts of these technologically important materials . the advantage of using a colloid over a solution is that a very large content of solid materials can be suspended without greatly increasing the viscosity of the fluid . the first two classes do not necessarily exclude one another . very often , a soluble polyelectrolyte will be used to stabilize a suspension of solid particles . the polyelectrolyte will contribute to the structure of the finished article in addition to the dispersed particles . a typical embodiment of a colloid - based binder comprises a polyvinyl acetate including approximately 30 % solids . additional additives such as triethanolamine at 2 % to 5 % by weight are used to control the ph of the suspension . additionally , a humectant such as glycerol at 5 % to 10 % is used to reduce the tendency of the latex to dry in the printhead during idle periods . in the third category , inorganic solutes can be dissolved in an aqueous solvent and printed as a binder . glass - forming solutes such as sodium silicate , sodium polyphosphate and sodium tetraborate can be used to deposit a ceramic binder in a finished article . this ceramic binder could be fused in a subsequent heat treatment into a glass - bonded ceramic . other inorganic solutes that could be printed include sodium chloride , ammonium nitrate , and potassium sulfate , ammonium chloride , and calcium formate . inorganic solutes participate in acid - base reactions . for example , sodium hydrogen phosphate solution could be printed onto powdered calcium carbonate . the acid binder etches the alkaline powder and forms calcium phosphate that recrystallizes and cements together the grains of powder . another example is sodium silicate , which can be printed in a binder solution and can react with , for example , gypsum plaster to form calcium silicate . in the fourth category , a solution of monomeric organic compounds can be printed through an electromechanical drop - on - demand printhead for three - dimensionally printed articles . these monomeric organic compounds generally fall into several broad classes : alcohols , esters , ethers , silanes , vinyl monomers , acrylic monomers , and methacrylate monomers . alcohols and esters that have been found to function well as the solvent phase , in addition to functioning as a solute in another solvent ( usually water ) are : methyl alcohol , ethyl alcohol , isopropanol , t - butanol , ethyl acetate , dimethyl succinate , diethyl succinate , dimethyl adipate , and ethylene glycol diacetate . these materials act as solvents for resins in the powder bed . resins that have been found to work in a 3 - d printer are : shellac , polyvinyl pyrrolidone , polyvinyl acetate , polyvinyl alcohol , polystyrene , styrene - butadiene copolymer , and acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer . these resins can be used in combination with any filler , or they can be used by themselves . a particularly suitable combination is 100 % dimethyl succinate binder printed over a powder of 100 % acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer . the other monomers contain active sites for polymerization , and possess mixed characteristics . the classes of polymerizable monomers are the vinyl monomers , acrylic monomers , and methacrylate monomers . a exemplary mixed vinyl - silane monomer is vinyltriisopropoxysilane . acrylic monomers include tri ( propylene glycol ) diacrylate , ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate , and 1 , 6 hexanediol diacrylate . methacrylates include 1 , 3 butylene glycol dimethacrylate , neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate , butyl methacrylate , 1 , 6 hexanediol dimethacrylate , and di ( propylene glycol ) allyl ether methacrylate . in addition , there are some proprietary monomers of unknown character that have been found to print well . these are manufactured by sartomer co . of exton , pa ., with designations sr 521 , sr 516 , and cn 131 . these materials are reactive , and when mixed with a photoinitiator , they can be solidified by applying ultraviolet radiation . a particularly suitable binder formula for this polymerizable class is 99 % neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate mixed with 1 % of sartomer product # kt046 as a photoinitiator . any of the above - listed monomers can be made to work , but this formula yields a suitable flow through the printhead and suitable reactivity . the radiation necessary to cure these materials is ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 363 - 378 nm and an energy density of 1 joule / cm 2 . a particularly suitable powder formula for this mixture is given in table 1 , above . additionally , there are organic acids and sugars : sucrose , dextrose , malic acid , and sodium citrate , and other compounds such as urea and the hydrolyzed amino acids that can be used as solutes in water solution . these compounds would bind by drying in the powder , and not have any appreciable solvent character on their own . in addition , reactive monomers , such as melamine - formaldehyde , can be printed in a liquid solution and later polymerized by heat , by an initiator , or by actinic radiation such as ultra - violet radiation . the fifth class includes members that can be used with electromechanical printheads that are designed for printing molten wax , such as the tektronix phasor 340 printhead ( which includes a temperature control ). in this category , a room temperature solid such as wax can be used by itself or to replace water as a medium to convey the primary adhesives discussed in categories 1 - 4 . the wax itself would serve as an adhesive to cement together powder particles . binders formulated from these materials would be appropriate for electromechanical printheads that work at elevated temperatures . at these operating temperatures , the binder would become fluid and could then be used in the three - dimensional printing process . typical wax - based binder formulations would include waxes with a low melt viscosity ( less than 100 centipoise ) such as different grades of natural mineral , or refined waxes . examples include but are not limited to carnauba wax beeswax , ceresine , ozokerite , montan , orlcury wax , paraffin , and microcrystalline wax . the waxes can be chemically modified to include reactive groups such as alcohols , organic acids , alcohol oxazolates , and urethane derivatives . to modify binder material properties such as melting point , melt viscosity , toughness and hardening rate , as well as to increase compatibility with added components , the waxes can be blended or compounded with resins , oils , and other polymers . additional components include rosin , fatty acids , fatty acid salts , mono and diglycerides , mineral oils , and turpentines . resins include polyethylene , polypropylene , polybutadiene , polyethylene oxide , polyethylene glycol , polymethyl methacrylate , poly - 2 - ethyl - oxazoline , polyvinylpyrrollidone , polyacrylamide , and polyvinyl alcohol . adhesives in members of the first class ( polymer solutions ) and the second class ( inorganic solutions ) will often adsorb water if left exposed to ambient atmosphere . however , these adhesives will generally perform with greater reliability and efficacy if maintained in either a completely dry or wet state . by incorporating the adhesives in the liquid binder , they can thereby be maintained in a wet state and therefore exhibit the desired reliability and efficacy . a humectant can be included in the inventive mixture to retard evaporation of the solvent from the printed material , and to prevent drying / clogging of the printhead delivery system . glycerol is a particularly suitable humectant when the solvent is aqueous . other polyhydric alcohols , including but not limited to ethylene glycol , diethylene glycol , and propylene glycol , are also known in the art to retard evaporation . additional humectants include thiodiethanol , n - methyl pyrrolidinone , and dimethyl hydantoin . a flowrate enhancer can be included that has some humectant properties , but serves mainly to alter the hydrodynamic properties or wetting characteristics of the fluid to maximize the volume of fluid delivered by the printhead . flowrate enhancement is thought to be a viscoelastic phenomena increasing the flow rate of the fluid , allowing thicker layers to be printed , thus allowing the final article to be built more quickly . specific compounds that increase the flowrate of the fluid , either by reducing friction between the fluid and the walls of the jet , or by reducing the viscosity of the fluid , include ethylene glycol diacetate and potassium aluminum sulfate . other suitable compounds for use as the flowrate enhancer can be selected from the following non - limiting list : tetraethylene glycol dimethylether , isopropyl alcohol , ethylene glycol monobutyl ether , diethylene glycol monobutyl ether , dodecyl dimethylammoniopropane sulfonate , glycerol triacetate , ethyl acetoacetate , and water - soluble polymers including polyvinyl pyrrolidone with a molecular weight of about 30 , 000 units , polyethylene glycol , polyacrylic acid , and sodium polyacrylate . for the ionic polymers , such as sodium polyacrylate , the increase in flow rate varies with ph . salts that can be used to enhance flowrate include potassium sulfate , potassium aluminum sulfate , sodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium polyphosphate . the fluid of the present invention can include a dye to provide a visual aid to the operator while building the article . the dye provides contrast between activated and unactivated powder which allows the operator to monitor the printed layers while building the article . the dye can be selected from the group including , but not limited to , naphthol blue - black and direct red . other dyes that are compatible with the fluid can likewise be used . cosolvents can be added to an aqueous solution to alter the viscosity of a solution by altering the solvency of the liquid for the solute . long - chain molecules in solution conform themselves either into extended chains or into coiled structures . if the solvent has a high affinity for the solute , long molecules will spread out causing the viscosity of the solution to be high . by adding a cosolvent to the solution , the polymer can be come less strongly attracted to other dissolved polymer molecules , and begin to coil into compact balls . this tends to reduce the viscosity of a polymer solution and allows more polymer to be dissolved . cosolvents include isopropanol , ethyl alcohol , ethylene glycol monobutyl ether , butyrolactone and acetone . additives that control the ph of the binder , generally called buffers , can impart increased stability to the adhesive solutions and suspensions . such materials include , but are not limited to , potassium hydroxide , ammonia , ammonium chloride , triethanolamine , sodium acetate , sodium gluconate , potassium sulfate , potassium hydrogen sulfate , sodium aluminum sulfate , and sodium tetraborate . wetting agents are substances that control the surface tension of a liquid . these can be used to modify the spreading of the liquid adhesive on the surfaces of the printhead mechanism . these include , but are not limited to , sodium dodecyl sulfate , sodium di - octyl sulfosuccinate , ethyl butyrate , diethylene glycol monobutyl ether , polyethylene glycol alkyl ether , and sodium p - toluene sulfonate . lubricants can be used to increase the rate at which liquid binder passes through the nozzles of a printhead . depending on the materials of construction , substances such as glycerol triacetate , polyethylene oxide , polypropylene glycol , ethyl acetoacetate , diethyl succinate , and sodium polyacrylate can be used . additional substances can be used to promote the stability of suspensions . stabilizers include emulsifiers such as sorbitan trioleate , polyoxyethylene mono - dodecyl ether , polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono - oleate , and protective colloids such as polyoxyethylene - co - polyoxypropylene , polyvinyl pyrrolidone , polyacrylic acid , gelatin , and acacia gum . the equipment used in the method of the present invention is reliable , inexpensive , and easy to maintain , making it ideal for use in an office environment . the materials used in the present invention are capable of achieving much better performance in 3d printing than those presently used in the liquid binder method . thus , less equipment maintenance is required , and the reliability of the equipment is increased . therefore , methods of the present invention can involve shorter build times and less labor than prior art methods . those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters listed herein are meant to be exemplary and actual parameters depend upon the specific application for which the methods and materials of the present invention are used . it is , therefore , to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that , within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto , the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described . | 1 |
the following description of the preferred embodiment ( s ) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention , its application , or uses . as used herein , the term module refers to an application specific integrated circuit ( asic ), an electronic circuit , a processor ( shared , dedicated , or group ) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs , a combinational logic circuit , and / or other suitable components that provide the described functionality . with reference to fig1 , the electric water heater 10 is shown and includes a tank 14 , an upper heating element 16 , and a lower heating element 18 . the tank 14 defines an inner volume 11 and includes an inlet 22 and an outlet 23 , both fluidly coupled to the inner volume 11 . the inlet 22 is fluidly coupled to a water supply 24 while the outlet 23 is connected to building fixtures such as faucets and showers , schematically represented as 26 ( fig1 ). in this manner , the inlet 22 receives a constant supply of cold water under pressure from the building supply 24 such that the inner volume 11 of the tank 14 is always full of water . water only exits the tank 14 via outlet 23 when water is consumed at one of the fixtures 26 throughout the building . therefore , cold water only enters the tank 14 when hot water is consumed ( i . e ., exits the tank 14 via outlet 23 ). the upper heating element 16 extends through a side wall 28 of the tank 14 and generally into the inner volume 11 . the upper heating element 16 is electrically connected to a building power supply 30 and is disposed near to an upper wall 32 of the tank 14 . the upper heating element 16 receives current from the power supply 30 via control module 12 such that the control module 12 regulates the upper heating element 16 between an on state and an off state . the lower heating element 18 extends through the side wall 28 of the tank 14 and generally into the inner volume 11 . the lower heating element 16 is electrically connected to the building power supply 30 and is disposed near to a lower wall 34 of the tank 14 such that the lower heating element 18 is generally closer to the lower wall 34 of the tank 14 than the upper heating element 16 is to the upper wall 32 . the lower heating element 18 receives current from the power supply 30 via control module 12 such that the control module 12 regulates the lower heating element 18 between an on state and an off state . the electric water heater 10 also includes an upper temperature sensor 36 and a lower temperature sensor 38 , each in communication with the control module 12 . the upper and lower temperature sensors 36 and 38 are in communication with the control module 12 such that readings from the upper and lower temperature sensors 36 and 38 are transmitted to the control module 12 for processing . the upper temperature sensor 36 is disposed adjacent to the upper heating element 16 to monitor a temperature of water within the tank 14 generally between the upper heating element 16 and the upper wall 32 . the lower temperature sensor 38 is disposed adjacent to the lower heating element 18 to monitor a temperature of water within the tank 14 generally between the lower heating element 18 and the upper heating element 16 . the temperature sensors 36 and 38 are preferably thermistors , such as an ntc thermistors , but could be any suitable temperature sensor that accurately reads the temperature of the water within the tank 14 . during operation , the control module 12 receives information from the sensors 36 and 38 for use in selectively actuating the upper heating element 16 and / or lower heating element 18 to the on state . furthermore , the sensor module 35 could also include a flow sensor 37 disposed at the inlet 22 or the outlet 23 of the tank 14 to monitor a flow of water entering or exiting the tank 14 . the flow sensor 37 can be used to indicate exactly how much water has been consumed over a predetermined amount of time and can therefore be used in determining when the upper and lower heating elements 16 , 18 should be toggled to the on state to thereby heat water disposed within the tank 14 . an exemplary electric water heater control 50 is shown in fig2 . the water heater control 50 includes a control module 12 and a relay module 52 . the control module 12 is an electronic circuit and / or memory , such as a processor , that execute one or more software or firmware programs . for example , the control module 12 may include one or more software modules . the control module 12 generates one or more relay control signals 54 to determine a status of the relay module 52 . for example , if the water temperature exceeds a particular threshold , the control module 12 opens or closes one or more relays of the relay module 52 . in this manner , the control module 12 interrupts power between a power module 56 and one or more heating elements , represented schematically at 58 . referring now to fig3 , the electric water heater control 70 of the invention provides element out detection of one or more heating elements . the electric water heater control 70 includes a control module 72 and a detector module 74 . the electric water heater control 70 may also include a current limiting module 76 and an output conditioning module 78 . the detector module 74 includes a device for detecting a current through the detector module 74 . for example , the detector module 74 may include a relay , hall effect current sensor , current transformer , optoisolator , or any other suitable device . when a relay 82 is closed and a heating element 84 is functioning properly , current flows between voltage sources 86 and 88 , and through the heating element 84 , thereby energizing the heating element 84 . the voltage potential across the current limiting module 76 and the detector module 74 is minimal . when the relay 82 is open ( i . e . before the heating element 84 is energized ) and the heating element is functioning properly , current flows through the detector module 74 and the heating element 84 . the detector module 74 detects the current and generates a detector output 90 that is indicative of the current . if the relay 82 is open and the heating element 84 is not functioning properly ( e . g . the heating element 84 is out or open ), current does not flow through the detector module 74 and the heating element 84 . in other words , the detector output 90 is indicative of whether the heating element 84 is functioning properly . the output conditioning module 78 receives the detector output 90 and outputs a signal 92 indicative of the detector output 90 to the control module 72 . the output conditioning module 78 may include any device operable to interface between the detector output 90 and the control module 72 . for example , the output conditioning module 78 may include a pull - up resistor , rectification circuit , integrator , pulse counter , amplifier , or any other suitable device . the current limiting module 76 limits current through the detector module 74 and the heating element 84 when the relay 82 is open . for example , the voltage difference between the voltage sources 86 and 88 may be 240 vac for energizing the heating element 84 . therefore , the current limiting module 76 may be used to protect the circuitry of the detector module 74 and limit current through the heating element 84 . the current limiting module 76 may include a resistor , capacitor , or any other ac impedance device . the electric water heater control module 50 may also include a diode 94 . the diode 94 may function as a reverse bias relief device that protects reverse bias breakdown in polarized devices . for example , if one or more devices of the detector module 74 is polarized , the diode 94 may be included . if detector module 74 does not include a polarized device , the diode 94 may be omitted . referring now to fig4 , an alternative implementation of an electric water heater control 100 includes first and second element out detection modules 102 and 104 , respectively , that are referenced to an earth ground 106 . the first element out detection module 102 includes a detector module 74 - 1 , a current limiting module 76 - 1 , an output conditioning module 78 - 1 , and a diode 94 - 1 . similarly , the second element out detection module 104 includes a detector module 74 - 2 , a current limiting module 76 - 2 , an output conditioning module 78 - 2 , and a diode 94 - 2 . when relays 108 is closed , relays 110 , 112 , and 114 are open . current flows between the second voltage source 88 and the earth ground 106 , through the upper and lower heating elements 116 and 118 . in this manner , the current flowing between the second voltage source 88 and the earth ground 106 is significantly less than the current flowing between the first voltage source 86 and the second voltage source 88 . therefore , the current limiting modules 76 - 1 and 76 - 2 can be designed to accommodate less than the full 240 vac potential between the first voltage source 86 and the second voltage source 88 . in other words , the current limiting modules 76 - 1 and 76 - 2 provide an impedance for 120 vac rather than an impedance for 240 vac . referring now to fig5 , a first implementation of an element out detection circuit 120 is shown according to the implementation described in fig3 . the element out detection circuit 120 includes an optoisolator 122 , a current limiting resistor 124 , and a reverse bias relief diode 126 . a resistor 128 conditions an output 130 of the optoisolator 122 for the control module 72 . first and second voltage sources 130 and 132 provide current to a heating element 134 when a relay 136 is closed as described above , and current through the element out detection circuit 120 is minimal . when the relay 136 is open and the heating element 134 is functioning properly , optoisolator 122 is on , and current flows between a potential 138 and ground 140 , through the resistor 128 . in this manner , the control module 72 receives a detection signal 142 indicative of the current flowing through the element out detection circuit 120 . in the present implementation , the first and second voltage sources 130 and 132 provide alternating current , and therefore the detection signal 142 will pulse accordingly . conversely , if the relay 136 is open and the heating element 134 is out , current does not flow through element out detection circuit 120 , and the optoisolator 122 is off . therefore , the detection signal 142 indicates that there is no current flowing through the element out detection circuit 120 . in other words , the detection signal 142 will remain at one of a high or low logic level , and will not pulse . although only one element out detection circuit 120 is shown , those skilled in the art can appreciate that any number of element out detection circuits 120 may be implemented for one or more heating elements as described above and in fig3 . referring now to fig6 , a second implementation of the element out detection circuit 150 replaces the current limiting resistor 124 with a current limiting capacitor 152 . a phase shift of the current through the current limiting element ( e . g . the current limiting resistor 124 or capacitor 152 ) relative to the voltage generates heat . the current limiting capacitor 152 reduces the power dissipation of the current limiting element . referring now to fig7 , a third implementation of the invention including first and second element out detection circuits 160 and 162 is shown according to the implementation described in fig4 . the element out detection circuits 160 and 162 include optoisolators 164 - 1 and 164 - 2 , referred to collectively as optoisolators 164 , current limiting resistors or capacitors 166 - 1 and 166 - 2 , referred to collectively as capacitors 166 , and reverse bias relief diodes 168 - 1 and 168 - 2 , referred to collectively as diodes 168 . resistors 170 - 1 and 170 - 2 condition outputs 172 - 1 and 172 - 2 of the optoisolators 168 for the control module 72 . when relays 172 and 174 are closed , relays 176 and 178 are open , and heating elements 180 - 1 and 180 - 2 are functioning properly , current flows between a first voltage source 182 and earth ground 184 , through the heating elements 180 . the optoisolators 164 are on , and the control module 72 receives one or more detection signals 186 - 1 and 186 - 2 indicative of the current flowing through the element out detection circuits 160 and 162 . if one or more of the heating elements 180 is out , current through one of the optoisolators 164 is interrupted . the corresponding signal 186 then indicates that a heating element is out . for example , the detection signal 186 - 1 indicates when the heating element 180 - 1 is out , and the detection signal 186 - 2 indicates when the heating element 180 - 2 is out . the element out detection circuits 160 and 162 may also be used to detect a condition of one or more of the relays . for example , regardless of whether the heating element 180 - 2 is functioning properly , current will flow through the optoisolator 164 - 2 when the relays 172 and 178 are closed . in other words , when the relays 172 and 178 are closed , current will flow between a second voltage source 188 and the earth ground 184 . however , if one or more of the relays 172 and 178 are supposed to be open ( i . e . the control module 72 is attempting to open the relay 178 ), the detection signal 186 - 2 indicates the actual state of the relay . for example , if the relay 178 fuses closed , the control module 72 is no longer able to open the relay 178 . the detection signal 186 - 2 indicates that the relay 178 is closed notwithstanding the control of the control module 72 . the control module implements an element out detection method 200 as shown in fig8 ( and in reference to fig4 ). in step 202 , the method 200 starts with all relays open . in step 204 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from one or more of the detector modules ( i . e . current is flowing through one or more of the detector modules ). if true , the method 200 continues to step 206 . if false , the method 200 continues to step 208 . in step 206 , the method 200 determines that the relay 108 is closed due to a malfunction . for example , the relay 108 may be fused closed . additionally , the coil drive circuit of the relay may be malfunctioning . in other words , although all relays should be open , current is flowing from the second voltage source 88 , through the relay 108 , to the element out detection modules 102 and 104 . in step 210 , the method 200 terminates . for example , because the relay 108 is closed due to a malfunction , the method 200 aborts power - up of the electric water heater control . in step 208 , the method 200 closes the relays 112 and 114 . in step 212 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from one or more of the detector modules . if true , the method 200 continues to step 214 . if false , the method continues to step 216 . in step 214 , the method 200 determines that the relay 110 is closed due to a malfunction . the method 200 terminates in step 218 . in step 216 , the method 200 opens the relays 112 and 114 , and closes the relay 110 . in step 220 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from the detector module 74 - 1 . if true , the method 200 continues to step 222 . if false , the method 200 continues to step 224 . in step 222 , the method 200 determines that the relay 112 is closed due to a malfunction . the method 200 terminates in step 226 . in step 224 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from the detector module 74 - 2 . if true , the method 200 continues to step 228 . if false , the method 200 continues to step 230 . in step 228 , the method determines that the relay 114 is closed due to a malfunction . the method 200 terminates in step 232 . in step 230 , the method 200 closes the relay 112 . in step 234 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from the detector module 74 - 1 . if true , the method 200 continues to step 236 . if false , the method 200 continues to step 238 . in step 238 , the method 200 determines that the relay 112 is open due to a malfunction . the method 200 terminates in step 240 . in step 236 , the method 200 opens the relay 112 and closes the relay 114 . in step 242 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from the detector module 74 - 2 . if true , the method 200 continues to step 244 . if false , the method 200 continues to step 246 . in step 246 , the method 200 determines that the relay 114 is open due to a malfunction . the method 200 terminates in step 248 . in step 244 , the method 200 opens the relay 114 and closes the relay 108 . in step 250 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from the detector module 74 - 1 . if true , the method 200 continues to step 252 . if false , the method 200 continues to step 254 . in step 254 , the method 200 determines that the upper heating element 116 is open ( e . g . burned out ). the method 200 terminates in step 256 . in step 252 , the method 200 determines whether pulses are detected from the detector module 74 - 2 . if true , the method 200 continues to step 258 . if false , the method 200 continues to step 260 . in step 260 , the method 200 determines that the lower heating element 118 is open . the method 200 terminates in step 262 . in step 258 , the method 200 determines that all relays and heating elements are functioning properly and then terminates . the description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and , thus , variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention . such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 7 |
a best embodiment of a microscope stage and the microscope observing unit according to the present invention will now be described with reference to the attached drawings . in the following description , a microscope to which the embodiment of the present invention is to be applied is described in summary , and then vessels for accommodating an object to be observed is described . the microscope stage and the microscope observing unit including the stage will then be described concretely . a microscope 1 is provided with a microscope stage 25 of the present invention . objectives 25 are attached to the end of body tubes 6 and disposed under the stage 25 . the three body tubes 6 and the objectives 5 attached thereto different in their magnifying power are supported by a revolving piece 8 . the microscope 1 further includes binocular tubes 9 , eye pieces 11 attached to the tubes 9 , and a camera port 13 provided through the front , lower part of the body 7 . further , a penetrating illumination column 15 is provided on the rear , upper part of the body 7 . the column 15 supports a condenser 3 above the stage 25 . as can be seen from the attached drawings , the microscope observing unit 31 according to the embodiment comprise the microscope stage 25 and a culture device 29 adapted to be disposed on the stage 25 . culture vessels of various configuration are illustrated in fig2 ( a )˜ 2 ( d ). a dish 33 shown in fig2 ( a ) is of transparent plastic material . the dish includes a shallow cylindrical body 33 a and a lid 33 b for covering the body 33 a . the diameter of the body 33 a is about 35 mm , and the depth is about 10 mm . the dish is adapted to accommodate as one specimen cells and the like . a well plate 35 shown in fig2 ( b ) comprises a slide glass 35 a and a frame member 35 b . the slide glass 35 a has a width of about 75 mm , a length of about 25 mm , and a thickness of about 1 mm . the frame member 35 b has a width of about 10 mm , a length of about 8 mm , and a depth of about 11 . 5 mm . the frame member 35 b makes eight well cells for accommodating specimens such as cells . a well plate 37 shown in fig2 ( c ) is of transparent plastic material , and includes a body 37 a and a lid 37 b . the body 37 a is a shallow container . the body 37 a has a plurality of cylindrical well cells 37 c , each well cell having a diameter of about 6 . 5 mm , and a depth of about 10 . 5 mm . in the body 37 a , the well cells are aligned in 12 in the width direction and 8 in the longitudinal direction so that the total number of the well cells is 96 . the opened upper surface of the body 37 a is adapted to be covered with the lid 37 b . the well plate 37 has , in the outer size , a width of about 127 mm , a length of about 85 mm , and the height of about 16 mm . a well plate 39 shown in fig2 ( d ) is of transparent plastic material , and includes a body 39 a and a lid 39 b . the body 39 a includes a plurality of cylindrical well cells 39 c . each cell has a diameter of about 16 mm , and a depth of about 17 mm . in the body 39 a , the well cells are aligned in 6 in the width direction and 4 in the longitudinal direction so that the total number of the well cells is 24 . the opened upper surface of the body 39 a is adapted to be covered with the lid 39 a . the well plate 39 has , in the outer size , a width of about 127 mm , a length of about 85 mm , and the height of about 22 . 5 mm . in the illustrated embodiments , the well plates 37 and 39 as shown in fig2 ( c ) and 2 ( d ) is a largest in the two - directions , and used one culture vessel . the dish 33 and the well plate 35 are used as other culture vessels on the stage with adapters 99 a and 99 b as mentioned herein below . the height of the well plate 39 is a largest among the culture vessels . the microscope stage 25 will now be described in detail . as shown in fig3 and 4 , the microscope stage 25 includes a fixed base 47 , a movable base 49 which is adapted shift - ably in two - directions within a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the objective 5 , a driving means for shifting the movable base 49 in two - directions , an opening 53 formed through the movable 49 , and a stage heater 55 adapted to be mounted on the lower surface of the fixed base 47 . the arrangement of the fixed base 47 and the stage heater 55 will now be described in detail . the fixed base 47 may be a rectangular plate member through which a rectangular window 61 is provided for transmitting light therethrough . the stage heater 55 includes a rectangular heating section 58 containing heating wire ( not shown ) adapted to convert electricity to heat energy . the heating section 58 is protruding slightly upward . the heating section 58 is also provided with a circular opening 69 for transmitting light therethrough . the opening 69 is adapted to be positioned between and in opposite to the objective 5 and the condenser 3 . the fixed base 47 is recessed on the lower surface thereof for accommodating the heating section 58 . the stage heater 55 is mounted on the lower surface of the fixed base 47 whereby the heating section 58 is adapted to the lower surface of the fixed base 47 . the central portion of the heating section 58 is exposed through the window 61 . the size and the shape of the heating section 58 is , as mentioned herein below , determined to cover the displacement range of the well plates 37 and 39 on the movable base 49 , so that the well plates 37 and 39 are always being heated nevertheless displacement of the movable base 49 on the stage 25 . the arrangement of the movable base 49 will now be described in detail . the movable base 49 includes a lower base 71 and an upper base 73 . the lower base 71 is provided with an upper surface recess 77 in which the upper base 73 is received . the lower base 71 is provided with a lower surface recess 79 in which the fixed base 47 is received . therefore , this arrangement results in reduction substantially in the total thickness of the stage 25 relative to that of the existing movable stage . as can be seen in fig6 , the lower base 71 is attached to the fixed base 47 via linear guide members 81 , so that the base 71 can shift linearly side to side direction ( referred hereinafter to as x - direction ). further , as can be seen in fig5 , the upper base 73 is attached to the lower base 71 via linear guide members 83 , so that the base 73 can shift linearly back and force direction ( referred hereinafter to as y - direction ) in generally perpendicular to the x - direction . the lower base 71 and the upper base 73 also have rectangular openings 53 for transmitting light therethrough . the lower base 71 is provided on its lower surface with a rack 85 , and the upper base 73 is also provided on its lower surface with a rack 87 . the upper base 73 is provided with a pinion mechanism 89 including pinions 92 and 94 . the pinion 92 is adapted to mesh with the rack 85 of the lower base 71 , and the pinion 94 is adapted to mesh with the rack 87 of the upper base 73 . rotating the control knob 95 rotates the pinion 92 , and rotating the control knob 97 will rotate the pinion 94 . thus , the pinion mechanism 89 and rack 85 and 87 establish a driving means for shifting the movable base 49 in the two directions . the movable base 49 further includes a vessel - keeping frame 74 for holding the vessel . the vessel - keeping frame 74 is adapted to be mounted in the opening 53 . the arrangement of the vessel - keeping frame 74 will now be described in detail . a reference numeral 76 denotes a frame member having a rectangular opening 78 for transmitting light therethrough . as mentioned herein below , the opening 78 is of a size to accommodate all 96 well cells when fitting the well plate 37 into the opening 78 . the opening 78 is also of a size to accommodate all 24 well cells when fitting the well plate 39 into the opening 78 . an inwardly extending shelf - shaped portion 80 is formed in the lower end of the inner peripheral surface of the opening 78 of the frame member 76 . at one of the corners of the frame member 76 is provided with a frame fixing means 135 comprising a corner block 103 , a coil spring 141 accommodated within the corner block 103 , a tongue 137 substantial part of which is accommodated within the block 103 , the remaining part protruding outwardly from the block 103 , and a detent ( not shown ) for preventing the tongue 137 from falling off from the block 103 . the tongue 137 is being urged by the coil spring 141 to protrude outwardly from the corner block . at the inner side of the corner block 103 is formed a cutout 104 . at the corner opposite to that having the frame fixing means 135 is provide with a fixing means 101 for securing the well plate 37 or 39 comprising a corner block 102 , a coil spring 106 accommodated within the corner block 102 , a tongue 105 substantial part of which is accommodated within the block 102 , the remaining part protruding outwardly from the block 102 , and a detent ( not shown ) for preventing the tongue 105 from falling off from the block 102 . the tongue 105 is being urged by the coil spring 106 to protrude outwardly from the corner block . at the tip of the tongue 105 is formed a recess 105 a . at the inner side of the corner block 102 is formed a cutout 106 . the tip of the tongue 105 protrudes from the cutout 106 . the well plate fixing means 101 also used as a means for fixing the adapters 99 a , 99 b as mentioned herein below . the microscope observing unit 31 is accomplished by setting a culture device 29 on the microscope stage 25 . the culture device 29 will now be described in detail . a reference numeral 109 denotes a housing in frame form . on the upper surface of the housing 109 is formed with a recess 109 a . a water tank 111 is also provided within the housing 109 . as can be seen from fig8 , the housing 109 is further provided with a water supplying tube 112 . the one end of the tube 112 is protruding into the water tank 111 and the other end of which is protruding outwardly from the outer surface of the housing 109 and connected to a water supplying conduit 119 . the housing 109 is also provided with a gas supplying tube 114 . the one end of the tube 114 is protruding into the water tank 111 and the other end of which is protruding outwardly from the outer surface of the housing 109 and connected to a gas supplying conduit 121 . a reference numeral 113 denotes a top heater 113 to be placed on the housing 109 . the top heater 113 includes a supporting frame 63 and a transparent heater 64 formed by bonding a pair of glass plates by means of silicone resin . one glass plate is a base plate . on the other plate is formed a layer of electrically conductive transparent film . the top heater 113 can produce heat energy by supplying electric energy to the transparent film and converting electric energy to the heat energy . a means for controlling the atmosphere in temperature and / or humidity of the enclosed space 115 includes the stage heater 55 , the top heater 113 , the gas supplying tube 114 , the gas supplying conduit 121 , the water supplying tube 112 , the water supplying conduit 119 , and a temperature sensor ( not shown ). an adapter 99 a for the dish 33 is shown in fig1 and 16 . the adapter 99 a has a body 120 of a rectangular plate member of the same width and the same length as those of the well plate 37 or 39 . the thickness of the body 120 is about 3 mm . at the central portion of the body 120 is formed an opening 122 . the opening 122 has a circular portion of the size just to fit the body 33 a of the dish 33 and rectangular portions extending in opposite x - directions from the circular portion . a pair of struts 128 extends from the body 120 . a presser plate 129 is supported pivotally on the end of each strut 128 . an adapter 99 b for the well plate 35 is shown in fig1 . the adapter 99 b has a body 140 of a rectangular plate member of the same width and the same length as those of the well plate 37 or 39 . the thickness of the body 140 is about 3 mm . at the central portion of the body 140 is formed an opening 142 . the opening 142 has a rectangular portion of the size just to fit the slide glass 35 a of the well plate 35 and semi - circular portions extending in opposite y - directions from the rectangular portion . a pair of struts 128 extends from the body 140 . a presser piece 129 is supported pivotally on the end of each strut 128 . a spacer frame 131 is shown in fig1 and 19 . the spacer frame 131 is incorporated when a relatively higher culture vessel such as the well plate 39 is used . the body 131 a of the spacer frame 131 has a fitting protrusion 131 b on the lower surface thereof and a fitting recess 131 c on the upper surface thereof . using method of the microscope stage 25 and the microscope observing unit 31 will now be described in detail . the fixing base 47 is secured to the body 7 of the microscope 1 by means of bolts b , whereby the microscope stage 25 is attached to the microscope 1 . the vessel - keeping frame 74 is mounted in the opening 53 . when mounting the vessel - keeping frame 74 , the tongue 137 is being urged on the inner peripheral surface of the opening 53 against the coil spring 141 so that the frame 74 is be secured within the opening 53 without any play . subsequently , the well plate 37 , each well cell of which is filled with a culture solution s and cells a to be observed , is mounted within the opening 78 of the vessel - keeping frame 74 and disposed on the inwardly extending shelf shaped portion 80 of the frame member 76 . when mounting the well plate 37 , one corner portion of the body 37 a is fit into the recessed portion 105 a of the tongue 105 of the well plate fixing means 101 to urge the tongue 105 into the corner block 102 . while keeping the condition , the body 37 a of the well plate 37 is being fit into the opening 78 . the corner of the body 37 a abuts the cutout 106 of the corner block 102 and the opposite corner thereof is fit within the cutout 104 of the corner block 103 . the body 37 a is adapted to be urged onto the cutout 104 by means of the tongue 105 pushing the body 37 a of the well plate 37 . thus , the well plate 37 is secured within the vessel - keeping frame 74 without any play . the housing 109 of the culture device 29 is then disposed on the upper base 73 . the housing 109 is adapted to be positioned to circumscribe the well plate 37 . the top heater 113 is disposed on the housing 109 to make the enclosed space 115 defined by the upper base 73 , the housing 109 , and the top heater 113 . in order to increase the temperature of the enclosed space 115 , the heating section 58 of the stage heater 55 and the transparent heater 64 of the top heater 113 are switched on . the heat energy produced by the heating section 58 and the transparent heater 64 is controlled based on information from temperature sensors ( not shown ) so as to keep the temperature in the enclosed space 115 at a predetermined value . water is supplied within the water tank 111 from the water supplying means ( not shown ) through the water supplying conduit 119 and the water supplying tube 112 . the water is heated by the stage heater 55 and the top heater 113 and vaporized to achieve a predetermined humidity within the enclosed space 115 . the enclosed space 115 is further filled with co 2 gas delivered from the co 2 tank ( not shown ) through the gas supplying conduit 121 and the gas supplying tube 114 . thus , the atmosphere within the enclosed space 115 in the temperature , the humidity , and the concentration of co 2 is controlled to satisfy predetermined values , respectively . when observing the cells a accommodated within the well plate 37 , the movable base 49 are shifted in the x - direction and / or the y - direction by manipulating the control knobs 95 and / or 97 . thus , the cells a accommodated in the respective well cells , or compartment can be observed by shifting them to cross the optical axis l of the objective 5 . in other words , the lower base 71 , together with the upper base 73 , is shifted from the position as shown in fig9 in the x - direction by turning the control knob 95 to rotate the pinion 92 to displace the rack 85 . in this connection the well plate 37 disposed on the upper base 73 is also be shifted in the x - direction as shown in fig1 . the upper base 73 is shifted from the position as shown in fig1 in the y - direction by turning the control knob 97 to rotate the pinion 94 to displace the rack 87 . in this connection the well plate 37 disposed on the upper base 73 is also shifted in the y - direction as shown in fig1 . all the cells a accommodated within the well cells or compartments 45 of the well plate 37 is always warmed nevertheless of whether the movable base 49 is shifted in any positions such as in fig9 , 13 , 10 , and 14 , since the heating section 58 is of the size and the configuration sufficient to face with the well plate 37 disposed on the movable base 49 . the objectives 5 can bring closer to the cells a than in the case of the microscope stage of the prior art since the thickness of the microscope stage 25 of the present invention is reduced substantially relative to the stage of the prior art . in this connection , the objectives of high magnifying power can be focused on the cells a . in addition , the condenser 3 can also bring closer to the cells a . this will allow the condensation of the sufficient amount of light onto the cells a . when it is intended to make observation by using the dish 33 as shown in fig1 and 16 , the adapter 99 a is attached to the vessel - keeping frame 74 in spite of the well plate 37 . the adapter 99 a is fit within the opening 78 and disposed on the inwardly extending shelf shaped portion 80 while urging the one corner portion of the adapter 99 a with the tongue 106 . the body 33 a of the dish 33 filled with the cells a together with the culture solution , will then be fit within the opening 122 of the adapter 99 a , and be secured thereto by pivoting the pair of presser pieces 129 and elasticity urging the lid 33 b of the dish 33 with them . the method for operating the movable base 49 and the method for making observation of the cells a are the same as those used in the case of the well plate 37 . when it is intended to make observation by using the well plate 35 as shown in fig1 , the adapter 99 b is attached to the vessel - keeping frame 74 in the same way as is used in the case of adapter 99 a . the well plate 35 is secured to the adapter 99 b by fitting the well plate 35 into the opening 142 and pressing and elasticity urging the slide glass 35 b with the pair of presser pieces 129 . when it is intended to make observation by using the well plate 39 as shown in fig1 , the spacer frame 131 is interposed between the housing 109 and the top heater 113 with fitting the protrusion 131 b formed on the lower surface of the spacer frame 131 into the recess 109 a provided on the upper surface of the housing 109 . thus , unintentional displacement of the spacer frame 131 from the housing 109 will be avoided . further , the spacer frame 131 will provide an additional height to the enclosed space 115 for accommodating the well plate 39 . when it is intended to employ a culture vessel higher than the well plate 39 , two or more spacer frames 131 can be stacked by fitting the protrusion 131 b formed on the lower surface of the upper spacer frame 131 into the recess 131 c formed on the upper surface of the lower one . thus , unintentional displacement of the spacer frames 131 will be also avoided . although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described , those of skill in the art will appreciate the variation and modification may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof as defined by appended claims . for example , a microscope to which the microscope stage of the present invention is to be applied may not be limited to the inverted microscope 1 . the microscope stage of the present invention may also be applied to stereo microscopes and upright microscopes in which an objective is positioned above objects such as the cells a and a condenser is positioned below the cells a . light transmitting portion formed through the movable base 49 and formed through the stage heater 55 are not necessarily the opening 53 and the opening 69 , namely thought hole with no material , but also any transparent material such as a transparent glass plate may be used to cover the apertures . in the latter case , the transparent glass plate can be made of a transparent heater of the same structure as that of the top heater 29 . in other words , the heating section 58 of the stage heater 55 may be formed by such transparent heater . as discussed hereinabove , the shape and the size of the opening 53 formed through the movable base 49 , the opening 78 of the vessel - keeping frame 74 , and the heating section 58 of the stage heater 55 is determined on the basis of the shape and the size of the well plates 37 and 39 . if it is intended to use a culture vessel of size larger than those of the well plates 37 and 39 , the shape and the size of the opening of the components of the microscope stage may be designed or determined on the basis of the shape and the size of the culture vessel . of course , the shape and the size of the adapters may be modified in dependent on the shape and the size of a culture vessel to be used . the means for shifting or driving the movable base 49 is not limited to the control knobs 95 and 97 . the movable base 49 may be operated by servo or stepper motors . further , ball and nut mechanism may be used instead of the rack and pinion mechanism . | 2 |
fig1 shows a partially sectioned side view of a fluid drive rotary arm cup lid . in this embodiment , a rotary arm turns in the lid when the fluid in the cup is drawn out through a straw . fig1 shows a cup 10 that has an elongated hollow body . the top of the cup 10 has a formed lip 11 that seals the lid 12 to the cup 10 . the lid 12 has a number of components . the lid 12 has a shell 13 that has a lower lid 14 that mates with the lip 11 on the cup . the two lips , when mated , make an airtight seal . a sump straw 15 extends down from the lid to the bottom of the cup a shown . the sump straw 15 has an open top . a rotor arm 16 is placed on the open top of the sump straw as shown . the rotor arms rests on a ridge 15 a formed on the sump straw . the rotor arm 16 rests on the ridge when the device is not in use . because the rotor rides up on a cushion of air or fluid , there is very little friction affecting the rotor . because of this , when the device is used as a game spinner , the ridge 15 a acts as a “ brake ” to slow the rotor down after the user has stopped drinking . once the drinking is stopped , the rotor descends and contacts the ridge , where the increased friction stops the rotation after a few seconds . otherwise , the rotor could turn for several minutes , which would severely affect the ability to play a game . the rotor arm 16 has to outlet ports 17 ( see also fig3 ). the shell 13 of the lid 12 has a bulge 18 at the top as shown . a point bearing 19 , formed on the top of the rotor arm 16 sits in the bulge 18 as shown . the point bearing allows the rotor arm to spin freely in the lid . the bulge and point bearing also keep the rotor arm in place on the top of the sump straw when fluid is extracted . as fluid is drawn up from the cup , it is passed through the rotor arm , where it exits through the outlet ports 17 . as it does so , the rotor arm spins around ( see fig3 ). the fluid that leaves the rotor arm is collected in a sump 20 formed in the bottom of the lid . a straw 21 is used to draw the collected fluid from the sump so that a user can drink the liquid . a return arm 22 is formed on the sump straw as shown . ball valve 23 is used to control the escape of fluid from the sump back into the cup . the ball 23 is retained by narrow openings formed above and below the ball . thus , when the user sucks on the straw 21 , fluid is drawn up through the sump straw . the ball 23 is also drawn up to seal the opening 24 . the fluid is dispersed into the lid and collected in the sump for drinking . as long as suction is applied to the straw 21 , the fluid is delivered to the user through the sump . as soon as the suction is removed , the rotor arm stops and the ball 24 drops . this allows any remaining fluid to drop back into the cup through the return arm 22 . in practice , the vacuum formed when drinking is not relieved until the fluid flows back down out of the straw 21 . thus , during the time between the last drink and the vacuum is released , a small portion of the fluid keeps flowing into the rotor housing chamber reservoir until the fluid level reaches the sump line outlet . a finger hole 25 helps to maintain a vacuum while drinking . when drinking , the user covers this hole . once the user has finished drinking , the user removes his or her finger , which allows ambient atmosphere into the chamber . this allows the user to drink any overflow from the sump without causing more fluid to be drawn up into the chamber . fig2 shows a second embodiment . in this design , the rotor arm is tuned by differential air pressure rather than liquid flow . here , the device has a cup 30 . as before , the cup has an upper lip 31 . the lid 33 has a corresponding low lip 34 that mates with the lip on the cup . a straw 35 passes through the lid , through an airtight opening , into the cup . the lid has an air exit hole 36 that allows air to pass from the lid into the cup . an air - inlet tube 37 extends from outside of the lid into the lid as shown . the tube bends up to support the rotor arm 38 , which has outlet holes 30 as before . the rotor arm is secured with the point bearing 35 as in the case of the first design . unlike the first design , the rotor is not turned by liquid . it is turned by air . as the user sucks on the straw , the user pulls liquid up through the straw . as this happens , air is pulled from the lid down into the cup through the air exit hole 36 . this creates a partial vacuum , which then causes air to enter the air - inlet tube 37 . air then passes up through the rotor arm 38 where it exits the outlet holes 39 , causing the rotor arm to spin . in this design , fluid does not enter the lid at all . fig3 shows a top view of a lid showing the rotor arm applicable to either of the two embodiments discussed above . here , the outlet ports 17 are shown with fluid exiting ( the straight arrows ), which causes the rotor arm to turn in the direction of the curved arrows . note that although the numbers are for the liquid - driven rotor arm , the structure of the rotor arm is the same for the air - driven design . fig3 a is a top plan view of the rotary arm showing the arm with small jet planes attaches to the rotor . here , the rotor 16 and hub 19 are shown as before . however , two small jet plane forms 17 a have been attached to the rotor 16 as shown . the jet plane figures add interest to the rotor for the amusement of the user . of course , any other similar type of form can be added to the rotors as desired . fig3 b is a top view of a rotor disk that is an alternative to the rotor arm of fig3 . in this embodiment , the rotor is replaced by a pair of disks . fig3 b shows the lower disk 101 that has a channel 102 formed in it as shown . the channel is angled at the ends for form two pullets 104 . an opening 105 in the base of the disk allows the fluid to enter the channel so that it can be propelled by the disk as it rotates . fig3 c is a top view of a cover disk 105 that shows an advertising message 106 printed on the cover disk . the point bearing 106 is shown in the center of the cover disk . note that the message can be of any form and any message desired . fig3 d is a side view of the alternative rotor disk assembled for use . here , the sump straw 15 and the ridge 15 a are shown . the alternative rotor is shown in place on the sump straw 15 , ready for use . fig4 is a partially sectioned side view of the third embodiment of the invention . in this embodiment , there is a lower cup 40 having a top lip 41 , which is generally identical to that of the first embodiment . this embodiment has a lid 42 . the lid 42 has a shell 43 and a lower lid 44 , which mates with the lip 41 on the cup . the two lips , when mated , make an airtight seal . in this embodiment , the shell 43 is generally curved and smooth , forming a semispherical surface . a sump straw 45 extends down from the lid to the bottom of the cup a shown . the sump straw 45 has an open top . unlike the first embodiment , this embodiment has no rotor arm . as fluid is drawn up from the cup ( indicated by the arrows on the figure ), it is discharged upward from the top of the sump straw 45 . as it does so , it strikes the curved shell , producing a fountain effect . the fluid drains down over the curved surface where it is collected in a sump 46 formed in the bottom of the lid . this sump differs from the embodiment of fig1 . here , as before , straw 47 is used to draw the collected fluid from the sump so that a user can drink the liquid . however , there is no return arm formed on the sump straw , or ball valve used to control the escape of fluid from the sump back into the cup . as the user sucks on the straw 47 , fluid is drawn up through the sump straw . the fluid is dispersed into the lid and collected in the sump for drinking . as long as suction is applied to the straw 47 , the fluid is delivered to the user through the sump . unlike the embodiment of fig1 , a finger hole 48 is provided to allow the remaining fluid to be removed from the sump without causing more fluid to rise into the lid ( without the finger hole , fluid continues to enter into the sump from the sump straw and cannot be completely drained . the finger hole 48 provides a release mechanism that allows the excess fluid to be drained from the sump by drinking it through the straw 47 . note that either the ball valve system shown in fig1 or the finger hole can be used to drain the sump . they are interchangeable and it is understood that any of the embodiments shown herein can have either the ball valve or the finger hole , as desired . fig5 is a partially sectioned side view of the fourth embodiment of the invention . in this embodiment , there is a lower cup 60 having a top lip 61 , which is generally identical to that of the first embodiment . this embodiment has a lid 62 that has a shell 63 that has a lower lid 64 that mates with the lip 61 on the cup . the two lips , when mated , make an airtight seal . in this embodiment , the shell 64 is generally flat with an elongated tube 65 extending upwards from the lid as shown . a ball 66 is positioned in the tube as shown . the ball is free to move up and down within the tube . a sump straw 67 extends down from the lid to the bottom of the cup a shown . the sump straw 67 has an open top . unlike the first embodiment , this embodiment has no rotor arm . rather , as fluid is drawn up from the cup , it is discharged upward from the top of the sump straw 67 . as it does so , it strikes the ball 66 , which causes the ball to rise in the tube as it floats on the fluid stream . as the fluid leaves the sump straw , it drains down from the tube and is collected in a sump 68 formed in the bottom of the lid . this sump and related components are identical to the embodiment of fig1 and 4 . a straw 69 is used to draw the collected fluid from the sump so that a user can drink the liquid . a return arm 70 is formed on the sump straw as shown . a ball valve 71 is used to control the escape of fluid from the sump back into the cup . a ball 72 is retained by narrow openings formed above and below the ball . thus , as the user sucks on the straw 69 , fluid is drawn up through the sump straw . the ball 72 is also drawn up to seal the opening 73 . the fluid is dispersed into the lid and collected in the sump for drinking . as long as suction is applied to the straw 69 , the fluid is delivered to the user through the sump . as soon as the suction is removed , ball 72 drops . this allows any remaining fluid to drop back into the cup through the return arm 70 . as noted above , this system can be replaced with a finger hole shown in fig4 , if desired . fig5 also shows a number of guides 110 that are positioned in the tube 65 . the guides hold the ball 66 in the center of the tube and ensure that it rises and falls smoothly within the tube . fig5 a is a top section view , taken along the lines 5 a - 5 a of fig5 , showing the guides 110 inserted in the upper tube 65 . fig5 a shows the guides 110 as being round rods . fig5 b is a top section view , taken along the lines 5 b - 5 b of fig5 , showing an alternative guide construction formed in the upper tube . here , the guides 110 a are shaped members that either are attached to the interior of tube 65 or are formed when the tube is made . these guides 110 a operate in the same manner as the rods of fig5 a . fig5 shows the ball 66 as being an ordinary round ball . however , the ball 66 need not be so limited . for example , fig5 c is a side view of an alternative device for the ball . here , the ball is replaced by an egg - shaped body 66 a . fig5 d is a can - shaped structure 66 b as an alternative device for the ball shown in fig5 . the can shaped structure can be decorated or covered with advertising logos ( e . g ., coke or pepsi logos can be printed on it ). fig5 e is a cube structure 66 c as an alternative device for the ball shown in fig5 . finally , fig5 f is a pyramid structure 66 d as an alternative device for the ball . note that all of these can be decorated or imprinted with symbols , or logos . moreover , these devices are not limited to those shown . fig6 is a fifth embodiment . in this embodiment , the ball 88 is air driven instead of fluid driven . in this embodiment , there is a lower cup 80 having a top lip 81 , which is generally identical to that of the first embodiment . this embodiment has a lid 82 that has a shell 83 that has a lower lid 84 that mates with the lip 81 on the cup . the two lips , when mated , make an airtight seal . in this embodiment , the shell 83 is generally flat with an elongated tube 85 extending upwards from the lid as shown . unlike the previous embodiment , there is no sump straw . the tube 85 is seated to the top of the lid . the lid has an air inlet tube 86 attached , which penetrates into the tube 85 . the air inlet tube 86 bends upward inside the tube 85 as shown . an air outlet tube 87 is attached to the top of the tube 86 . the air outlet tube 87 extends down to the lid , where it penetrates into the lid . a ball 88 is positioned in the tube as shown . the ball is free to move up and down within the tube . again , a finger hole 73 is provided to allow the remaining fluid to be removed from the sump without causing more fluid to rise into the lid . a straw 89 passes through the lid and extends down into the cup . as the user drinks from the cup , fluid is pulled from the cup through the straw . this causes a partial vacuum in the tube , which causes the ball 88 to be propelled upward . the air inlet tube allows replacement air to be pulled into tube . air then passes from the tube 85 into the air outlet tube 87 , where it then enters the cup through the lid . fig7 shows a detail of the top of the tube 85 . because the ball 88 is drawn up to the air outlet by the suction force , it can get stuck and held there . if that occurs , the device freezes up . to prevent this , a pop valve 89 is attached to the air outlet tube as shown . it the ball is drawn up to the top , it strikes the pop valve , which then opens to release the vacuum . this keeps the ball 88 from becoming stuck on the air inlet tube . fig8 is a top detail view of a modified lid used with the first two embodiments . here , a rotor arm 91 is shown , positioned in a lid 92 . one end 93 of the rotor arm is colored or marked to act as an indicator . a series of indicators , such as numbers 94 , symbols 95 or colors 96 , is positioned around the circumference of the lid as shown . as shown , all three , numbers , colors and symbols are in place on the lid . in practice , all numbers , all symbols , or all colors would be used ( but need not be so limited ). the lid can then be used as a game spinner . in this case , the user activates the rotor arm by taking a drink ( or if the cup is empty , can simply pull air though the cup ). as the fluid leaves the cup , the rotor arm spins . when the user stops drinking , the rotor arm spins for a brief time before stopping at a particular position . the marked end 93 of the rotor arm is then aligned with one of the numbers 94 , indicating a number for play , e . g ., indicating the number of spaces to move in a board game . moreover , the lid can be used without having to take a drink as simply sucking on the straw causes the rotor to turn . in this way , the lid can be used in a number of games as a game spinner . fig9 is a detail view of an alternative rotor that is wired for lighting . in this embodiment , the rotor 120 has a lower shaft 121 that sits on the sump straw as before . two rotor arms 122 extend out from the shaft as shown . the exit ports 123 are shown on the rotor arm ( one in dashed lines on the opposite side of the rotor ). the top of the rotor forms the point bearing as before , however , here , it is wired for light . a pair of low voltage led bulbs 124 are placed on the ends of the rotor arms 122 as shown . wires 125 and 126 are run from the bulbs to electrical contacts 127 ( positive ) and 128 ( negative ) as shown . note that the negative contact is actually a band that runs completely around the point bearing . fig1 is a detail of the wired rotor and the lid that attaches to a battery to provide power for the lighting in the rotor . here , the rotor 120 is shown beneath the top of the lid 130 . the lid 130 has a receptacle 131 for the point bearing . the receptacle has a positive terminal 132 and a negative terminal 133 that connect to a battery 134 by wires 135 and 136 as shown . when the rotor is placed in the lid and the user drinks , the rotor rises into the receptacle , where the contacts on the rotor make electrical contact with the terminals in the lid . this causes the lights to illuminate . the present disclosure should not be construed in any limited sense other than that limited by the scope of the claims having regard to the teachings herein and the prior art being apparent with the preferred form of the invention disclosed herein and which reveals details of structure of a preferred form necessary for a better understanding of the invention and may be subject to change by skilled persons within the scope of the invention without departing from the concept thereof . | 1 |
fig1 - 3 show one embodiment of quick attach rotary mower blade system 100 for use with one more rotary mower blades under a mower deck . the quick attach rotary mower blade system may be used to manually remove and install mower blade 138 to mower spindle 104 without tools . all of the components of the quick attach rotary mower blade system , including blade holder 102 , coil spring 124 , plunger 126 , and shoulder bolt 132 , remain attached to the spindle when the mower blade is removed . in one embodiment , the quick attach mower blade system may include blade holder 102 which may be a one - piece steel or hard plastic molded structure that may be secured to spindle 104 . spindle 104 may be rotatably mounted to flange 106 which may be attached with threaded fasteners 108 to the underside of a mower deck . the blade holder may have outer frame 113 and a pair of l - shaped arms 118 that extend downwardly from opposing sides of the outer frame to hold a mower blade . each l - shaped arm may include a generally vertical part extending down from the frame , and a generally horizontal part that is under the mower blade when the mower blade is installed . the horizontal part may be spaced apart from the outer frame sufficiently so that mower blade 138 may fit between the horizontal part and the outer frame . the blade holder also may have a central opening 112 that is coaxial with the internally threaded central opening 110 of spindle 104 , and a rim 127 where washer 122 may be positioned . in one embodiment , the quick attach rotary mower blade system may include a spring loaded plunger 126 . coil spring 124 may provide a downward spring force axially against plunger 126 . as a result , the face 128 of the plunger may press down against mower blade 138 . the coil spring may be positioned between washer 122 and / or blade holder 102 , and plunger 126 . the coil spring may have a conical shape to minimize the spring &# 39 ; s thickness in its compressed state . plunger 126 may be a sheet metal component having a downward face 128 and a drum shape . the plunger also may have a plurality of retaining fingers 130 that extend upwardly from the plunger &# 39 ; s outer circumference . each retaining finger may extend through a notch 116 in blade holder 102 . each retaining finger may contact a stop 114 at the base of each notch to limit how far the plunger may extend from the blade holder , and retain the plunger to the blade holder . notches 116 , stops 114 , and rim 127 may be provided on shelf 121 between central opening 112 and outer frame 113 of the blade holder . in one embodiment , the quick attach mower blade system may include shoulder bolt 132 . the shoulder bolt may be threaded to the internally threaded opening 110 of spindle 104 , and remains secured to the spindle whenever the mower blade is removed . the shoulder bolt may be threaded to the spindle by turning the shoulder bolt &# 39 ; s head 136 . adjacent the head , the shoulder bolt may have an unthreaded shoulder 134 having a slightly larger diameter than head 136 , and an axial length of about ½ inch to about 1 inch . the unthreaded shoulder 134 also may have a larger diameter than opening 123 in washer 122 , so the shoulder bolt and washer may be used to secure the blade holder on the spindle . however , the unthreaded shoulder 134 may have a smaller diameter than central opening 129 in plunger 126 , so the plunger may slide up and down the shoulder bolt during installation of the mower blade . the unthreaded shoulder also may have a slightly smaller diameter than central opening 140 in the mower blade , so the mower blade may be installed or removed by sliding over the shoulder bolt , without removing the shoulder bolt . in one embodiment , the quick attach mower blade system may include a pair of upwardly facing protrusions 120 on the blade holder . the protrusions may engage a pair of holes 142 in the mower blade . adding holes to the mower blade requires a modification to conventional mower blades , but is relatively easy and inexpensive . one of the upwardly facing protrusions may be provided on the horizontal part of each l - shaped arm . the pair of protrusions 120 may be located asymmetrically on the l - shaped arms , or may have different shapes or sizes . similarly , the pair of holes 142 may be located asymmetrically on the mower blade , or may have different shapes or sizes . as a result , the mower blade may be installed in only one position and not upside down . in one embodiment , an operator may install mower blade 138 onto the quick attach mower blade system easily and without tools . first , as shown in fig3 , the operator may manually position the mower blade in the gap between the pair of l - shaped arms 118 . the operator then may push the mower blade up against plunger 126 to compress coil spring 124 . the operator may push the mower blade up high enough for the bottom of the blade to clear protrusions 120 , and then may pivot the mower blade on its central axis 140 over the protrusions onto the l - shaped arms . the operator may pivot the mower blade until the mower blade contacts the vertical part of each l - shaped arm . at this point , the pair of holes 142 in the mower blade should be positioned over the pair of upwardly extending protrusions 120 . when the operator stops pushing the mower blade up , the plunger may urge the mower blade down toward the horizontal part of the l - shaped arms , pushing the pair of holes 142 over the pair of protrusions 120 . after installation , as shown in fig2 , the coil spring may continue to apply spring force against the plunger , holding the mower blade in place and holding protrusions 120 inside holes 142 . in one embodiment , an operator also may remove mower blade 138 from the quick attach mower blade system easily and without tools . first , the operator may push the mower blade up against plunger 126 to compress coil spring 124 , until protrusions 120 are out of holes 142 . while continuing to push the mower blade up , the operator may pivot the mower blade over the protrusions and toward the gap between the pair of l - shaped arms 118 . the operator may stop pushing the mower blade up when the mower blade reaches the gap . having described the preferred embodiment , it will become apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims . | 0 |
one embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a drug eluting device comprising an expandable member and at least one coating on the expandable member comprising at least one layer , wherein the at least one layer of the at least one coating comprises an adjustable matrix composition comprising a sol gel material and a bioactive material . as used herein adjustable matrix refers to an admixture that can be optimized to control retention time on an expandable member &# 39 ; s surface as well as the bioactive agent dose delivered to a treatment site . a sol gel material is defined herein broadly to cover the product of a sol - gel process . this typically involves preparation of a sol , gelation of the sol and removal of the solvent . the sol may be produced from inorganic or organic precursors ( e . g . nitrates or alkoxides ) and may consist of dense oxide particles or polymeric clusters . a sol is defined as a colloidal suspension of solid particles in a liquid . there can be particulate sols and polymeric sols : the difference can be defined in terms of size . particulate sols contain dense oxide particle typically about 1 nm in size . polymeric sols generally contain long , hairy , branched suspensions of particles . any precursor consisting of a metal or metalloid element surrounded by a set of ligands , which includes alkoxides , can be used to prepare a colloidal system . this colloidal system can then be used to form a gel in accordance with the present disclosure . a gel herein is defined as a substance that contains a continuous solid skeleton enclosing a continuous liquid phase . the sol gel process typically involves the manufacture of inorganic matrices or ceramics through the formation of a sol or suspension in solution . hydrolysis and condensation of appropriate precursors ( typically metal alkoxides or metal chlorides ) leads to the formation of colloidal or polymeric gels which extend throughout the liquid ( thereby entrapping the liquid ). hence , condensation drives the conversion process from sol to gel such that a continuous , globally connected solid polymeric matrix is produced and a wet gel is formed . polycondensation within a silicon based sol is possible due to the hydrolytic susceptibility of si — o — si based polymers . the labile nature of this bond fuels the growth of polymeric networks which then form gels which can then in turn form a porous solid material when the liquid is removed and the material is subsequently dried . ‘ aging ’ or perhaps additional high temperature drying can push the condensation process even further such that the material may shrink or its surface chemistry may change or its pore size distribution may shift . in one embodiment , the sol gel material may comprise at least one of an organic oxide , an inorganic oxide , an organically modified silane , and a hybrid oxide comprising an organically modified silane and an inorganic oxide . in another embodiment , the inorganic oxide comprises at least one of an oxide of silicon , an oxide of titanium , and an oxide of aluminum . the term “ organically modified ” refers to compounds that contain at least one organic ( carbon - based ) ligand ( in one embodiment a direct metal - carbon ( or semiconductor - carbon ) bond ). the term “ organically modified silane ” refers to a compound that contains at least one non - hydrolysable carbon - based ligand bonded to silicon . this class of compounds is also referred to as ormosils , silane coupling agents , silane couplers , silane adhesion promoters , or simply silanes . these compounds represent a wide variety of compounds because the non - hydrolysable ligand ( s ) can be any conceivable organic group ( s ) synthesized according to the principles of organic chemistry . non - limiting examples include alkylsilanes ( such as , but not limited to , methyltrimethoxysilane , methyltriethoxysilane , dimethyldiethoxysilane , trimethylethoxysilane , vinyltrimethoxysilane , vinyltriethoxysilane , ethyltriethoxysilane , isopropyltriethoxysilane , butyltriethoxysilane , octyltriethoxysilane , dodecyltriethoxysilane , octadecyltriethoxysilane , etc ), aryl - functional silanes ( e . g . phenyltriethoxysilane , etc . ), aminosilanes ( e . g . aminopropyltriethoxysilane , aminophenyltrimethoxysilane , aminopropyltrimethoxysilane , etc . ), acrylate - and methacrylate - functional silanes ( e . g . acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , ect ), carboxylate , phosphonate , ester , sulfonate , isocyanate , and epoxy functional silanes . it is important to realize that these compounds still contain hydrolysable groups that enable them to undergo hydrolysis / condensation reactions of sol - gel processes . therefore , each of them or any combination of two or more of them can be used as sol - gel precursors , or they can be used in combination with a fully hydrolysable sol - gel precursor , such as tetraethoxy silane ( teos ) or titanium isopropoxide . the sol - gel composition thus obtained will not be a stoichiometric inorganic oxide . instead it will be a hybrid sol - gel material that will exhibit bulk chemical , mechanical , physical and other properties characteristic of the particular combination of constituent components . exemplary organically modified silanes that can be particularly useful in this aspect include silane having the formula ( r 2 ) 3 — sir 1 , wherein r 1 is independently selected from substituted alkyl , substituted alkenyl , substituted alkynyl , substituted aralkyl , substituted heteroaryl , and substituted alkoxy with the proviso that r 1 contains a hydroxyl or amino group , or a functional group that can be transformed to a radical that contains a hydroxyl or amino group ; wherein r 2 is independently selected from halo , optionally substituted alkoxy , optionally substituted aryloxy , optionally substituted silyloxy , or optionally substituted alkyl with the proviso that all three r 2 substituents are not simultaneously substituted alkyl . alternatively , exemplary organically modified silanes may include tetraethoxysilane , tetramethoxysilane , methyltriethoxysilane , methyltrimethoxysilane , ethyltriethoxysilane , ethyltrimethoxysilane , tetrapropylorthosilicate , phenyltriethoxysilane , phenyltrimethoxysilane , isobutyltriethoxysilane , isobutyltrimethoxysilane , diphenyldiethoxysilane , diphenyldimethoxysilane , dimethyl ( diethoxy ) silane , dimethyl ( dimethoxy ) silane , propyltrimethoxysilane , propyltriethoxysilane , 3 - aminopropyltriethoxysilane ( aes ), 3 - aminopropyltrimethoxysilane , ( 3 - glycidoxypropyl ) trimethoxysilane , ( 3 - glycidoxypropyl ) triethoxysilane , hydroxymethyltriethoxysilane , hydroxymethyltrimethoxysilane , 3 -( hydroxyl ( polyethyleneoxy ) propyl )- heptamethyltrisiloxane , n -( 2 ′- aminoacyl )- 3 - aminopropyltriethoxysilane , 3 - gluconamidopropylsiloxane , 3 - methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3 - methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane , vinyltrimethoxysilane , vinyltriethoxysilane , n - β - aminoethyl - γ - aminopropyltrimethoxysilane , n - β - aminoethyl - γ - aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane , n - methyl - γ - aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane , acetoxypropyltrimethoxysilane , hydridotrimethylsilane , hydridotriethylsilane , chloromethyltrimethoxysilane , chloromethyltriethoxysilane , cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane , 3 -( 2 - aminoethylamino ) propyltrimethoxysilane ( edas ), 3 -( 2 - aminoethylamino ) propyltriethoxysilane ( edaes ), fluoroalkylsilanes , diethoxymethylvinylsilane , diethoxymethylphenylsilane , [( n , n - diethylamino ) propyl ] trimethoxysilane , anilinomethyltriethoxysilane , and anilinomethyltrimethoxysilane in another embodiment , the adjustable matrix composition can comprise an inorganic oxide and an agent that modifies a characteristic of the inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of hydrophobicity , charge , biocompatibility , mechanical properties , bioactive material affinity , storage capacity ; and combinations thereof . an organically modified silane can be such an agent . by varying the properties of the sol - gel composition , different bioactive material delivery release rates and profiles can be achieved for various bioactive materials . for example , a bioactive material can be released with first order or second order kinetics . delivery can begin upon deployment of the bioactive material delivery device , or at a particular time after implantation , and can increase rapidly from zero to a maximal rate over a short period of time , for example less than an about 5 minutes . such maximal delivery can continue for a predetermined period until the delivery rate suddenly drops . in the field of sustained - release bioactive material delivery it is generally considered desirable to avoid a large bioactive material delivery “ burst ” wherein the majority of the bioactive material is delivered in a short amount of time . however in some cases the delivery of a “ burst ” of bioactive material is highly desirable such as a pcta or pta drug coated balloon whose residence time in the treatment area is short lived . the methods of the present disclosure that allow for incorporation of bioactive material into the forming sol - gel composition can be used to tailor the release kinetics . embodiments adopting treating the surface and / or channels of the sol - gel composition with an organically modified silane can also be used to either speed up or slow the rate of drug elution . in accordance with the present disclosure then , a variety of parameters can be adjusted to produce numerous variations in delivery profiles depending on what is desirable for a particular bioactive material / disease / patient combination . the expandable member according to the present disclosure can be a balloon or a basket . the expandable member can be in association with a fixed wire system . the basket can be self - expanding or manually expanding . in another embodiment , the basket comprises a material that comprises a shape memory metal , shape memory metal alloy , or a superelastic material . in another embodiment , the material is nickel titanium . superelastic materials possess superelasticity which is an impermanent response to relatively high stress caused by a phase transformation between the austenitic and martensitic phases . when mechanically loaded , a superelastic alloy deforms reversibly to very high strains by the creation of a stress - induced phase . when the load is removed , the new phase becomes unstable and the material regains its original shape . alternatively , the basket comprises a metal , polymer , ceramic , or other blends or combinations thereof . the term “ basket ” can also refer to a cage . in another embodiment , the balloon can be a cutting balloon . a cutting balloon has a special balloon tip with small blades which are activated when the balloon is inflated . the term “ bioactive material ( s )” as used herein refers to any organic , inorganic , or living agent that is biologically active or relevant . for example , a bioactive material can be a protein , a polypeptide , a polysaccharide ( e . g . heparin ), an oligosaccharide , a mono - or disaccharide , an organic compound , an organometallic compound , or an inorganic compound . it can include a biologically active molecule such as a hormone , a growth factor , a growth factor - producing virus , a growth factor inhibitor , a growth factor receptor , an anti - inflammatory agent , an antimetabolite , an integrin blocker , or a complete or partial functional insense or antisense gene . it can also include a man - made particle or material , which carries a biologically relevant or active material . an example is a nanoparticle comprising a core with a drug and a coating on the core . such nanoparticles can be post - loaded into pores or co - deposited with metal ions . bioactive materials also can include drugs such as chemical or biological compounds that can have a therapeutic effect on a biological organism . bioactive materials include those that are especially useful for long - term therapy such as hormonal treatment . examples include drugs for contraception and hormone replacement therapy , and for the treatment of diseases such as osteoporosis , cancer , epilepsy , parkinson &# 39 ; s disease and pain . suitable biological materials can include , without limitation , an anti - restenotic agent , an anti - inflammatory agent , an hmg - coa reductase inhibitor , an antimicrobial agent , an antineoplastic agent , an angiogenic agent , an anti - angiogenic agent , a thrombolytic agent , an antihypertensive agent , an anti - arrhythmic agent , a calcium channel blocker , a cholesterol - lowering agent , a psychoactive agent , an anti - depressive agent , an anti - seizure agent , a contraceptive , an analgesic , a bone growth factor , a bone remodeling factor , a neurotransmitter , a nucleic acid , an opiate antagonist and combinations thereof . additional bioactive materials include , without limitation , paclitaxel , rampamycin , everolimus , tacrolimus , sirolimus , des - aspartate angiotensin i , nitric oxide , apocynin , gamma - tocopheryl , pleiotrophin , estradiol , aspirin , statin , atorvastatin , cerivastatin , fluvastatin , lovastatin , pravastatin , rosuvastatin , simvastatin , and combinations thereof . bioactive materials also can include precursor materials that exhibit the relevant biological activity after being metabolized , broken - down ( e . g . cleaving molecular components ), or otherwise processed and modified within the body . these can include such precursor materials that might otherwise be considered relatively biologically inert or otherwise not effective for a particular result related to the medical condition to be treated prior to such modification . combinations , blends , or other preparations of any of the foregoing examples can be made and still be considered bioactive materials within the intended meaning herein . aspects of the present invention directed toward bioactive materials can include any or all of the foregoing examples . there are various ways to apply a bioactive active material to the expandable members including balloons of the present drug eluting devices . these methods include spraying or dip coating . more specifically , application methods include electrospinning , sol spinning , or electrostatic spraying . dip coating could include rotation of an expandable member such as a balloon . the balloon can be held above a solution containing a bioactive material and can be parallel to the surface . the balloon can be partially submerged such that it rotates a portion of the balloon to give it time to dry before it return to the solution on the next rotation . dip coating can also include vertical dipping . the teachings of u . s . pat . no . 6 , 764 , 690 are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 764 , 690 generally teaches spraying drying particles onto a surface . in addition , the bioactive materials may be applied by vapor phase deposition . in another embodiment , the coating on the expandable member of the present drug eluting expandable devices may comprise two more layers , each layer comprising an adjustable matrix composition and a bioactive material . in another embodiment , the adjustable matrix is a sol gel material . in another embodiment , the two or more layers of the coating are different from each other . contrast media is any substance that is used to enhance the visibility of structures or fluids within the body . an example of this is the use of a radiopaque substance during an x - ray exam to highlight features that would otherwise be less distinguishable from nearby tissue . the contrast can either be positive or negative . positive contrast media has a higher attenuation density than the surrounding tissue . this means that the contrast looks more opaque than the surrounding tissue when seen on an x - ray . negative contrast media has a lower attenuation density than the surrounding tissue . this means that the contrast looks less opaque than the body . negative contrast is generally found as a gas . contrast can be used to produce images of almost any hollow structure in the body . in another embodiment , the coating ( s ) or the layer ( s ) on the expandable member of the present drug eluting devices may be non - uniform . without limitation , they may be contiguous or non - contiguous . without limitation , they may be in the form of dots or stripes . in another embodiment , the expandable member of the present drug eluting devices can comprise a porous or non - porous material . in another embodiment , the expandable member comprises a polymer . alternatively , the polymer may comprise polyamide , polyolefin , polyethylene , polyester , polyurethane , elastomer , thermoplastic elastormer , nylon elastomer , nylon , nylon blends , copolyamide block ether , polyether block amides ( pebax ), polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ), polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene ( eptfe ), latex , or silicone ; or blends or combinations thereof . fig1 depicts a drug eluting medical device having an expandable member in the compressed state which can be self or manually expanded . the expandable ribs are in the compressed state 1 . a flexible tip 2 is shown which can be associated with a guide wire or an over - the - wire type device . fig2 depicts a drug eluting medical device having expandable ribs 3 which are shown in their expanded state . for a manual expansion design , the center component 4 can act as a pull wire to activate the expansion of the ribs . fig3 depicts a drug eluting device having expandable ribs which are self expanding . when the ribs are self expanded , a sheath 5 could be retracted to allow the ribs 3 to expand . the ribs can be coated with bioactive materials . fig3 shows four ribs for the expandable member . however , the number of ribs can be greater than four in various embodiments . fig4 depicts a drug eluting medical device with twelve expandable ribs 3 in their expanded state . the ribs can be manually or self - expanded . the ribs can be coated with bioactive material . the ribs of fig1 - 4 can be a mesh , or weave , or can be filaments at various angles , unparallel to each other and can be of various shapes , widths , and thicknesses . fig5 shows a drug eluting medical device with a balloon having a coating on its surface 6 . fig6 depicts another drug eluting medical device with a balloon having coating on its working length ( shown by shading ). in this embodiment , the coating is on the middle cylindrical portion which would be in contact with a vessel when expanded . fig7 depicts a drug eluting medical device which allows for perfusion . the arrows show movement of blood during deployment . fig8 depicts a drug eluting medical device having an expandable member in association with a fixed wire 7 system , wherein the wire component is integrated with the expandable member device . fig9 a - 9d depict substrates with coatings . in fig9 a the drug matrix 8 is shown which has been applied to a substrate 9 . fig9 b shows an additional layer which is a tie layer 10 . fig9 c shows yet another additional layer which is a top layer 11 . fig9 d shows the tie layer 10 , drug matrix 8 , and a top layer 11 on a substrate 9 . fig1 a and 10b depict substrates with coatings and layers which are irregular or non - uniform . 12 and 14 are drug matrix on the substrate 13 . perfusion as used herein permits blood flow through the drug eluting expandable device from the proximal to the distal end during deployment . this reduces the risk of ischemic events . when the expandable member is a basket , there would be natural perfusion through the openings in the basket . when the expandable member is a balloon which can cause complete occlusion when deployed , openings may be necessary to allow blood flow . another embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a medical system comprising a stent and a drug eluting device comprising an expandable member and at least one coating on the expandable member comprising at least one layer , wherein the at least one layer of the at least one coating comprises an adjustable matrix composition comprising a sol gel material and a bioactive material . alternatively , the stent can be a bare metal stent or a drug eluting stent . a stent generally is a tube that is inserted into a natural conduit of the body to prevent or counteract a disease - induced localized flow constriction . a bare metal stent is made of metal and generally does not elute drug . a drug - eluting stent is a stent placed typically into narrowed , diseased arteries that slowly releases a drug to block cell proliferation . this prevents scar - tissue - like growth that , together with clots ( thrombus ), could otherwise block the stented artery , a process called restenosis . in another embodiment , the medical system allows for perfusion during deployment . in another embodiment the medical system further comprises a delivery catheter . a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity , duct or vessel . catheters thereby allow drainage or injection of fluids or access by surgical instruments . a delivery catheter allows for delivery of medical equipment . a delivery catheter herein can be used to deliver the present medical system comprising a stent and a drug eluting device . or it can be used to delivery only a drug eluting device . in another embodiment , the drug eluting stent contains the same bioactive material as that of the drug eluting device . or the drug eluting stent can contain a different bioactive material from that of the drug eluting device . another embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a drug eluting device comprising a balloon and at least one coating on the balloon comprising at least one layer , wherein the at least one layer of the at least one coating comprises a bioactive material , wherein the device allows for perfusion during deployment . in another embodiment , the coating can further comprise of contrast media . in another embodiment , the coating further comprises a sol gel material . in another embodiment , the coating is non - uniform . alternatively , the coating can be in the form of dots or stripes . in another embodiment , the drug eluting device further comprises a multilumen tubular member comprising two or more lumens , the multilumen tubular member comprising a proximal end and a distal end extending through a balloon cavity defined by the balloon . in one embodiment , the multilumen tubular member is a bulilumen tubular member comprising at least one side opening arranged in the bilumen tubular member located both distal and proximal of the balloon and in fluid communication with one another via a first lumen in the bilumen tubular member , the first lumen extending from the proximal end of the bilumen tubular member through the tubular member to an end hole distal of the balloon ; and the second lumen is provided for receiving a pressure fluid for inflating the balloon . one of ordinary skill in the art is directed to the teachings of u . s . pat . no . 5 , 295 , 961 contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 295 , 961 offers a general teaching of a catheter system for mechanical dilatation of coronary stenoses . in another embodiment , the drug eluting device further comprises an axially elongate catheter shaft , constructed and arranged for insertion into a distal body lumen , said catheter shaft having an inflation conduit extending axially therethrough ; the balloon secured to said catheter shaft , the balloon in fluid communication with the inflation conduit and outwardly radially expandable to a preselected configuration in response to inflation thereof . in one embodiment , the balloon is multi - lobed . one of ordinary skill in the art is directed to the teachings of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 983 , 167 contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 983 , 167 offers a general teaching of a catheter system which provides a path for conducting blood past a stenosis and inflated balloons ( perfusion ). in another embodiment , the balloon is multi - lobed . in another embodiment , the drug eluting device further comprises an inflatable member having generally a helically coiled portion , the helically coiled portion being inflatable from a deflated configuration to an inflated , configuration defining a generally open lumen . one of ordinary skill in the art is directed to the teachings of u . s . pat . no . 5 , 181 , 911 contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety . u . s . pat . no . 5 , 181 , 911 offers a general teaching of a helical balloon catheter which allows for perfusion . another embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating stenosis or restenosis or in - stent restenosis comprising deploying in a subject a drug eluting device comprising an expandable member and at least one coating on the expandable member comprising at least one layer , wherein the at least one layer of the at least one coating comprises an adjustable matrix composition comprising a sol gel material and a bioactive material . in another embodiment , the device allows for perfusion during deployment . another embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating stenosis or restenosis or in - stent restenosis comprising deploying in a subject a drug eluting device comprising an expandable member balloon and at least one coating on the device comprising at least one layer , wherein the at least one layer of the at least one coating comprises a bioactive material and a contrast media , wherein the device allows for perfusion during deployment . in another embodiment , the expandable member is a balloon and the at least one coating is deposited on and adhered to the balloon . coating of an expanded balloon with a paclitaxel containing sol - gel matrix a solution containing 0 . 2m of teos in a mixture of water and ethanol was hydrolyzed for 3 hours at ph 3 . paclitaxel was then added to the silane based solution such that the final concentration of drug was 5 mg / ml . this solution was then sprayed at a flow rate of 40 μl / min via an ultrasonic nozzle ( operating at 120 khz ) onto a balloon ( 3 . 25 mm × 19 mm ) which in turn was moving at a predefined lateral speed ( 10 mm / second ) and rotation rate ( 3 hz ) through the spray plume . the balloon was coated by moving the balloon back and forth through the ultrasonically generated spray plume a total of 5 times ( referred to as ‘ passes ’). a ‘ rest period ’ of 90 - 120 seconds was included between successive passes in order to allow the matrix to dry and in turn promote additional cross - linking within the sol - gel . at this time the balloon was allowed to dry for 16 - 24 hours before evaluating the elution characteristics of the encapsulated drug . the balloon was placed in different 1 ml aliquots of pbs ( phosphate buffered saline ) for a series of defined times in order to generate the appropriate elution profile . the aliquots of pbs were then analyzed by hplc to establish paclitaxel concentrations in solution at each time point . the data is presented in fig1 . a series of optical photographs and sem images were also collected prior to performing the elution analysis in order to evaluate coating adhesion and integrity of the coating . a fei xl - 30 sem was used to acquire the images shown in fig1 a and 11b . the following parameters were used to acquire the sem images : accelerating voltage = 2 kv , current = 2 ma , working distance = 10 mm to 30 mm . a solution containing 20 % isobutyltriethoxysilane and 80 % teos ( for a combined total concentration of 0 . 2m ) in a mixture of water and ethanol was hydrolyzed for 3 hours at ph 3 . cerivastatin was then added to the silane based solution such that the final concentration of drug was 5 mg / ml . this solution was then sprayed at a flow rate of 40 μl / min via an ultrasonic nozzle ( operating at 120 khz ) onto a balloon ( 3 . 25 mm × 19 mm ) which in turn was moving at a predefined lateral speed ( 10 mm / second ) and rotation rate ( 3 hz ) through the spray plume . the balloon was coated by moving the balloon back and forth through the ultrasonically generated spray plume a total of 5 times . a ‘ rest period ’ of 90 - 120 seconds was included between successive passes in order to allow the matrix to dry and in turn promote additional cross - linking within the sol - gel . this procedure was repeated with different balloons ( 10 and 20 times respectively ) to include variable numbers of passes and hence therefore variable quantities of drug within the matrix ( and hence on the balloon ). at this point the balloon was allowed to dry for 16 - 24 hours before evaluating the elution characteristics of the encapsulated drug . the balloon was placed in different 1 ml aliquots of pbs for a series of times in order to generate the appropriate elution profile . the aliquots of pbs were then analyzed by hplc to establish cerivastatin concentrations in solution at each time point . the data is presented below in fig1 . a series of optical photographs and sem images were also collected prior to performing the elution analysis in order to evaluate coating adhesion and integrity of the coating . a fei xl - 30 sem was used to acquire the images shown in fig1 and 13 . the following parameters were used to acquire these images : accelerating voltage = 2 kv , current = 2 ma , working distance = 10 mm to 30 mm . coating of an expanded balloon with a paclitaxel containing sol - gel matrix a solution containing 10 % isobutyltriethoxysilane and 90 % teos ( for a combined total concentration of 0 . 2m ) in a mixture of water and ethanol was hydrolyzed for 3 hours at ph 3 . paclitaxel was then added to the silane based solution such that the final concentration of drug was 12 mg / ml . this solution was then sprayed at a flow rate of 40 μl / min via an ultrasonic nozzle ( operating at 120 khz ) onto a balloon ( 3 . 25 mm × 19 mm ) which in turn was moving at a predefined lateral speed ( 10 mm / second ) and rotation rate ( 3 hz ) through the spray plume . the balloon was coated by moving the balloon back and forth through the ultrasonically generated spray plume a total of 5 times . a ‘ rest period ’ of 90 - 120 seconds was included between successive passes in order to allow the matrix to dry and in turn promote additional cross - linking within the sol - gel . this procedure was repeated with another balloon a total of 10 times such that twice as much drug was placed on the balloon within the sol - gel based matrix . at this time the balloon was allowed to dry for 16 - 24 hours before evaluating the elution characteristics of the encapsulated drug . the balloon was placed in different 1 ml aliquots of pbs for a series of defined times in order to generate the appropriate elution profile . the aliquots of pbs were then analyzed by hplc to establish paclitaxel concentrations in solution at each time point . the data is presented below in fig1 . coating of an expanded balloon with a cerivastatin containing sol - gel matrix a solution containing 20 % isobutyltriethoxysilane and 80 % teos ( for a combined total concentration of 0 . 2m ) in a mixture of water and ethanol was hydrolyzed for 3 hours at ph 3 . cerivastatin was then added to the silane based solution such that the final concentration of drug was either 8 . 5 mg / ml or 12 . 4 mg / ml . these solutions were then sprayed at a flow rate of 40 μl / min via an ultrasonic nozzle ( operating at 120 khz ) onto a balloon ( 3 . 25 mm × 19 mm ) which in turn was moving at a predefined lateral speed ( 10 mm / second ) and rotation rate ( 3 hz ) through the spray plume . in using this approach , the quantity of drug contained within a set amount of matrix material was varied . this , in turn , allows the user to vary the amount of drug that elutes from the matrix within a set time . the balloon was coated by moving the balloon back and forth through the ultrasonically generated spray plume a total of 5 times . a ‘ rest period ’ of 90 - 120 seconds was included between successive passes in order to allow the matrix to dry and in turn promote additional cross - linking within the sol - gel . at this point the balloon was allowed to dry for 16 - 24 hours before evaluating the elution characteristics of the encapsulated drug . the balloon was placed in different 1 ml aliquots of pbs for a series of times in order to generate the appropriate elution profile . the aliquots of pbs were then analyzed by hplc to establish cerivastatin concentrations in solution at each time point , for each variable set of passes . the data is presented below in fig1 . unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients , properties such as molecular weight , reaction conditions , and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about .” accordingly , unless indicated to the contrary , the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention . at the very least , and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims , each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques . notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations , the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible . any numerical value , however , inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements . the terms “ a ,” “ an ,” “ the ” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range . unless otherwise indicated herein , each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., “ such as ”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element essential to the practice of the invention . groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations . each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein . it is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in , or deleted from , a group for reasons of convenience and / or patentability . when any such inclusion or deletion occurs , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all markush groups used in the appended claims . certain embodiments of this invention are described herein , including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention . of course , variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . furthermore , numerous references have been made to patents and printed publications throughout this specification . each of the above - cited references and printed publications are individually incorporated herein by reference in their entirety . in closing , it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention . other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention . thus , by way of example , but not of limitation , alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described . | 0 |
the x - ray system 1 shown in fig1 consists of a schematic diagram of an x - ray tube 2 , an anti - scatter grid 3 and an image detector 4 arranged below the anti - scatter grid . on illumination of an object 5 , which is located between the x - ray tube 2 and the anti - scatter grid 3 , direct information - bearing primary radiation 6 passes through the object 5 to reach the detector 4 . a part of the radiation however is deflected by inhomogeneities , for example bones , in the object and thus becomes scattered radiation which disturbs the image . this is subsequently blocked off by the lead laminations of the anti - scatter grid 3 . in this way scattered radiation 7 which disturbs the image is prevented from reaching the detector 4 . with the x - ray system 1 the x - ray tube 2 is adjustable vertically so that different distances between the x - ray tube 2 and the detector 4 can be set . since the individual lead strips from which the anti - scatter grid is constructed are inclined at a slight angle , the anti - scatter grid 3 is only optimally aligned to the x - ray tube 2 at a specific focal length , which is 1500 mm in the exemplary embodiment shown . if the x - ray system is operated with a different distance between the x - ray tube 2 and the detector 4 so that it is defocused , shadowing occurs in the edge area with conventional image recording methods . fig2 shows a flowchart of the method in accordance with the invention . the method for correction of image faults is based on calculating the intensity reduction profile of the anti - scatter grid 3 . to this end different blank images are included in step 8 . to record a blank image there is no object between the x - ray tube 2 and the anti - scatter grid 3 . the blank images thus reflect the intensity reduction of the radiation by the anti - scatter grid 3 . for a specific distance between the x - ray tube 2 and the anti - scatter grid 3 or the detector 4 it is sufficient to record one blank image . the method however provides for a number of blank images to be produced at different focal lengths f and / or for different sideways deflections of the tube ( defocusing ) so that it is possible to correct all x - ray images , regardless of the relevant focal distance . the computation of the intensity reduction profile for the fixed focal distance f will be explained below . the digital image is available as a matrix with x columns and y rows of intensity values m ( ij ). the equation below sums the columns of the image matrix vertically and a one - dimensional vector is obtained which is smoothed by multiple lowpass filtering ( steps 9 , 10 ): in procedural step 11 the vector is scaled , so that all values lie between 0 and 1 . these values correspond to the percentage intensity reduction . it is assumed here that the intensity reduction is 0 % in the center and 100 % at the shielded edges . the intensity reduction profile is as follows : the scaling of the vector is shown in the flowchart of fig2 as procedural step 11 . the resulting intensity reduction profile is at its minimum in the vicinity of the center of the anti - scatter grid 3 , which can be determined in procedural step 13 by the following equation : in procedural step 14 the intensity reduction profile is divided up into a left - hand part and a right - hand part and a linear regression of both parts is computed , then the corresponding parameters of the two individual equations are averaged . in this way the intensity reduction profile can be expressed by a straight line equation . the equation of the profile line is : in this equation m is the gradient of the linear intensity reduction profile . with the boldingh formula the expected intensity reduction of the radiation can be calculated as a function of the distance f between the x - ray tube and the detector for a known decentering ( shift ) z for each point c : in fig1 the intensity reduction profile v ( x ) is shown below the detector 4 in qualitative terms . with r being a characteristic value of the anti - scatter grid , known as the shaft ratio which describes height to width of the paper strip . is a variable which allows the formula to be used on pixels instead of on “ millimeters ”. this value is the opposite value of the pixel density . with equation ( 6 ) and equation ( 3 ) the decentering in millimeters can be defined ( procedural step 15 ): z ( x m )= f ·( x m − xc )·| 1 − f / f o | ( 8 ) the main factor here is that it is of no significance how the shift is triggered . since the computation method starts from the actual intensity reduction method , both the influences of the heel effect and also the decentering of the x - ray tube 2 or other influences can be taken into account . after the variables x m and m have been determined the image can be corrected in procedural step 16 by multiplying each column by the correction factor : a description is given below of how the intensity reduction profile can be computed for any given distances between the x - ray tube and the detector . so that different focal distances f can be taken into account for image correction , a series of calibration images are recorded for different states f , then the required correction parameters are calculated . to calculate the decentering x m for any given focal distances f , a number of blank images are recorded with an anti - scatter grid and x m and z are determined . the images can be recorded with different radiation doses . it has been discovered that a linear relationship exists between the decentering and the distance f between the x - ray tube and the image detector . on the basis of the blank images for the calibration the decentering z ( f ) is determined for each blank image as well as subsequently the linear adaptation of the decentering defined over the distance f . with this linear adaptation the decentering x m can now be determined for any given distance f , i . e . between the calibration points . to enable the image to be corrected the gradient of the intensity reduction profile for given distances f must also be calculated . there are two possible options for calculating the profile gradient . the first variant is based on the boldingh formula and calibration is with reference to the measurement data . calibration consists of calculating the linear relationship with m d being the gradient of the measurement data . k is a calibration factor and specifies the relationship between the profile calculated from the measured data and the boldingh formula . in this case the peripheral condition that m d = 0 for f = f 0 should apply is to be taken into account . for any given distances f the intensity reduction profile is calculated by first determining the decentering . subsequently the intensity reduction is calculated using the boldingh formula and multiplied by k . this produces the intensity reduction profile for the relevant focal distance f . the radiological image is then corrected with equation ( 9 ). with the second variant the boldingh formula is not used , but the model is based entirely on the measured data . from the different calibration images the gradients for the right and left half m r and m l are calculated by a linear approximation separately for f & lt ; f 0 and f & gt ; f 0 . if the x - ray tube is at its optimum focus the peripheral condition m r ( f 0 )= m l ( f 0 )= 0 applies , meaning that no correction is necessary . for a given distance f the intensity reduction profile is determined by calculating the decentering . subsequently the gradient of the intensity reduction profile is calculated from the linear approximation of the calibration images . this produces the intensity reduction profile for this focal distance f . the radiological image can again be corrected with equation ( 9 ). fig3 a to 3 c show the measured and calculated intensity reduction profile for different distances between the x - ray tube and the detector . the horizontal axis corresponds to the x - axis shown in fig1 . the intensity reduction is entered on the vertical axis , and this can be between 0 and 1 . three curves are also shown in each of fig3 a to 3 c . curve a represents the smoothed profile ( ix ). curve b represents the intensity reduction according to the boldingh formula . curve c shows the intensity reduction calculated in accordance with the inventive method . in fig3 a the focal distance is f = 1500 mm . it can be seen that the differences are comparatively small between profile of curve a based on the measured values and the curves b and c . fig3 b represents the case in which the focal distance amounts to f = 1150 mm . it can be seen that curve c delivers a significantly better approximation of the intensity reduction than does the boldingh formula ( curve b ). the same applies to the focal distance f = 1000 mm shown in fig3 c . the differences between curves a and c only amount to a few percent . since the anti - scatter grids are currently constructed from lead strips and the intensity reduction is thus constant in one direction , the direction of the lead laminations , the one - dimensional correction in the direction of the columns is sufficient . the method can however usefully be expanded to two dimensions if another scanning method , for example a grid , requires this . | 0 |
there is shown in fig1 a typical sanitary sewer system 10 of known construction . each one of a plurality of building sewer systems 11 a through 11 c collects wastewater discharged from sources in the associated building and combines that wastewater as a discharge to a sanitary sewer system . each one of the building sewer systems 11 a through 11 c is connected by an associated one of a plurality of service lines 12 a through 12 c respectively to a collector line 13 a . thus , sanitary effluent from such sources as toilets , and other wastewater such as from sink drains , tub and shower drains , clothes washer drains and floor drains are combined to flow into the collector line 13 a . also , one or more storm drains , such as a storm drain 14 , can be connected to the collector line 13 a . the collector line 13 a and collector lines 13 b through 13 c feeding from other areas are connected to a trunk line 15 a . in a similar manner , other service lines , storm drains and collector lines are connected to trunk lines 15 b and 15 c . the trunk lines 15 a through 15 c are connected to an interceptor line 16 a leading to a sewerage treatment plant 17 that is connected to other interceptor lines 16 b and 16 c . thus , wastewater , including sanitary effluent and storm water combined , flows through the collector lines , the trunk lines and the interceptor lines in a typical sanitary sewer system 10 . while the prior art sewer system 10 is adequate for most conditions , a heavy rain entering the storm drain 14 can cause a problem by exceeding the capacity of the system to carry all of the entering water to the treatment plant 17 . overflow relief devices 18 are provided to release the wastewater from the system into drainage ditches , ponds , rivers and lakes . although the overflow devices 18 are shown at the junction of the collector lines with the trunk line and the junction of the trunk lines with the interceptor line , the overflow devices can be connected at any suitable points in the sewerage system . a sewerage system operating near capacity may have frequent overflow problems causing contamination of swimming and boating areas with fecal matter and other wastes . also , exceeding the system capacity causes backup through the service lines 12 a through 12 c typically flooding buildings with the combined sanitary effluent and storm water . the present invention seeks to solve the overflow and backup problem and increase the water treatment capacity of the sewer system by separating the sanitary effluent from the storm water as both flow through the system . there is shown in fig2 a first embodiment sanitary sewer system 20 according to the present invention wherein the sanitary effluent is completely separated from the remainder of the building wastewater . as also shown in fig1 , each of the building sewer systems 11 a through 11 c is connected by an associated one of the plurality of service lines 12 a through 12 c respectively to the collector line 13 a . thus , wastewater from such sources as sink drains , tub and shower drains , clothes washer drains and floor drains is combined to flow into the collector line 13 a . however , the sanitary effluent from the toilets is connected to each of a plurality of sanitary effluent service lines 22 a through 22 c to carry the sanitary effluent to a sanitary effluent collector line 23 a separate from the original collector line 13 a . while new construction can be built with the required separated plumbing , existing building would require conversion . as an alternative , the new service lines 22 a through 22 c could be connected to and the old service lines 12 a through 12 c disconnected from the existing plumbing . sanitary effluent collector lines 23 a through 23 c are connected to a sanitary effluent trunk line 25 a that is connected to a sanitary effluent interceptor line 26 a with other sanitary effluent trunk lines 25 b and 25 c . the sanitary effluent lines 23 a through 23 c , 25 a through 25 c , and 26 a are interconnected at connectors 28 that do not require overflow protection . thus , the sanitary effluent is separated from the other wastewater and will not overflow or back up into the buildings when storm water overloads the system 20 . although the sanitary effluent lines 22 a through 22 c , 23 a through 23 c , 25 a through 25 c and 26 a could be run parallel to the other lines 12 a through 12 c , 13 a through 13 c , 15 a through 15 c and 16 a , it is preferred that sanitary effluent lines run inside the other lines where possible to avoid digging separate trenches . since existing sewer lines typically run through developed land , the installation of parallel lines can be extremely costly and very disruptive to homes and businesses . thus , the existing sewer system 10 can be retrofitted with the new sanitary effluent lines . the sanitary effluent pipes will be of a smaller diameter than the corresponding pipes of the existing system 10 since the volume of sanitary effluent wastewater to be carried is less and the addition of pressure increases the flow rate . fig3 shows the smaller diameter sanitary effluent connector line 23 a extending inside the larger diameter collector line 13 a that now only conveys storm water . although the line 23 a is shown spaced above a bottom of the outer line 13 a , such representation is only for the purpose of clearly illustrating two separate lines and the sanitary effluent connector line 23 a typically would rest on the bottom of the connector line 13 a . similarly , the sanitary effluent trunk line 25 a would run inside the trunk line 15 a and the sanitary effluent interceptor line 26 a would run inside the interceptor line 16 a . in order to properly convey the sanitary effluent wastewater to the treatment plant 17 , one or more process devices may be required . for example , as shown in fig4 , a first process device 29 a is connected between the collector line 23 a and the trunk line 25 a . a second process device 29 b is connected between the trunk line 25 a and the interceptor line 26 a . the process devices 29 a and 29 b can be pumping stations , grinder pumps , vacuum systems , or any other type of device used to assist the flow through the lines of the sewer system 20 . the process devices can be inserted at any point in the sewer system 20 and different types can be used together as required . since the flow through the sanitary effluent lines 23 a , 25 a , and 26 a is assisted by pressure or vacuum , the flow rate is greater than in a prior art gravity system for the same diameter pipe . thus , the cross - sectional area required to flow the same volume is reduced leaving more room in the other wastewater lines 13 a through 13 c , 15 a through 15 c and 16 a thereby increasing the capacity to carry storm water . when there is an overflow condition , the water escaping from the overflow devices 18 is not contaminated with effluent . also , the wastewater flowing in the lines 12 a through 12 c , 13 a through 13 c , 15 a through 15 c and 16 a either does not have to be treated at the plant 17 or may require only a primary treatment . thus , another advantage of the present invention is the freeing of significant capacity of existing plants to treat additional wastewater from the sanitary effluent lines and a reduction in the size of new treatment plants . in some situations , it is desirable not to provide the sanitary effluent service lines 22 a through 22 c shown in fig2 , such as when retrofitting an existing system . there is shown in fig5 , a second embodiment sanitary sewer system 30 wherein the service lines 12 a through 12 c are connected to the sanitary effluent connector line 22 a that runs parallel to the collector line 13 a . both of the collector lines 13 a and 22 a run into a manhole 31 wherein the line 22 a can be inserted into the line 13 a . from the manhole 31 , the sanitary effluent lines run inside the corresponding existing sewer lines as in the system shown in fig2 . the sewer system according to the present invention can be installed as a complete new system or during the repair of an existing system wherein the existing collector , trunk and interceptor lines are used as a first set of sewer lines that are connected to a source of storm water . the sanitary effluent lines according to the present invention are a second set of smaller diameter sewer lines that can be made of any suitable material such as plastic or composition materials and these lines can be placed in sections that are connected together or formed in situ during installation . a sewer system according to the present invention will prevent , or at least reduce overflows , and will eliminate backups into buildings . a sewer system according to the present invention provides a relatively inexpensive way to solve pollution problems and to modernize and expand existing sewer systems . there is shown in fig6 a separated sewer pipe 40 according to the present invention for use in the above - described sewer systems . an existing larger diameter combined sewer pipe 41 , typically formed of a concrete or steel material , has an interior through which a new smaller diameter sanitary sewer pipe 42 has been inserted . the new pipe 42 can be formed of , for example , a suitable hdpe ( high density polyethylene ) plastic material . it is desirable to fix the new pipe 42 to an interior surface 41 a of the existing outer pipe 41 . a fastener 43 is utilized for this purpose and preferably is formed from a molded plastic material or other material suitable for adhesion to the outer pipe 41 . the fastener 43 can be of continuous form , extending the length of the pipe 42 , or provided as a plurality of fastener straps spaced apart along the longitudinal axis of the pipe 42 at suitable intervals as shown in fig3 being used with the collector line 23 a . the fastener 43 can be free or can be attached to the outer surface of the pipe 42 by any suitable means such as adhesive or ultrasonic welding . the fastener 43 has an arcuate central portion 44 that is curved to engage a part of an outer surface of the pipe 42 . extending from either end of the central portion 44 is an end portion 45 that is shaped to engage a part of the inner surface 41 a of the pipe 41 . the end portions 45 are attached to the pipe 41 with a suitable adhesive material 46 that adheres to both concrete and plastic and is moisture resistant . the adhesive 46 also can fill spaces 47 surrounded by the facing surfaces of the pipe 41 , the pipe 42 and the fastener 43 . one adhesive that can be used is a 3m scotch - grip industrial adhesive 4799 available from 3m adhesives division in st . paul , minn . in the continuous form , the fastener 43 requires slots or apertures ( not shown ) formed therein for introducing the adhesive 46 between the end portions 45 and the surface 41 a and into the spaces 47 . although the pipe 42 is shown in fig6 as being mounted at the bottom of the interior of the pipe 41 , it can be mounted at any desired point along the circumference of the inner wall 41 a . for example , in fig7 , the pipe 42 is shown mounted at the top of the interior of the outer pipe 41 . this mounting can be the same as is shown in fig6 utilizing the hanger 43 and the adhesive material 46 . however , fig7 shows a separated sewer pipe 50 , according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention for use in the above - described sewer systems . when the existing combined sewer pipe 41 has a rough interior surface 41 a and / or is cracked and leaking , it may be desirable to provide a longitudinally extending lining 51 . the lining 51 can be inserted into the interior of the existing sewer pipe 41 or can be formed in situ after the new pipe 42 is installed . the lining 51 holds the pipe 42 in place and the hangers 43 and the adhesive 46 are not required . although the separated sewer pipes 40 and 50 have been discussed in terms of utilizing the existing combined sewer pipe 41 , a new storm sewer pipe can be provided where the old pipe must be replaced or in new construction installations . as shown in fig3 , the fasteners 43 can be used with a grout material or an adhesive material 48 applied along the entire length of the sanitary sewer pipe 23 a ( 42 ). furthermore , if the grout / adhesive material alone 48 is a sufficient fastening means , the fasteners 43 can be eliminated . for example , there is shown in fig7 a a separated sewer pipe 50 ′, according to a variation of the sewer pipes shown in fig6 and 7 . the sewer pipe 42 is held in place by a positioning material 46 ′ such as a suitable water resistant adhesive . in order to maintain the pipe 42 in place against the interior wall 41 a of the existing sewer pipe 41 , a longitudinally extending inflatable bladder 51 ′ can be inserted in the pipe 41 and inflated with , for example , water . the bladder 51 ′, the pipe 42 and a portion of the interior surface 41 a form two longitudinally extending positioning spaces 55 into which the uncured adhesive 46 ′ is inserted . the bladder 51 ′ holds the pipe 42 in place in a predetermined position while the adhesive 46 ′ cures or dries and then the bladder is deflated and removed . the cured adhesive 46 ′ holds the pipe 42 in place in the predetermined position after the bladder 51 ′ is removed . there is shown in fig8 a separated sewer pipe 60 according to a second alternate embodiment of the present invention for use in the above - described sewer systems . the larger diameter pipe 41 has an interior through which the smaller diameter sanitary sewer pipe 42 has been inserted . the fastener 43 is preferably extruded from a plastic material and can be of continuous form , extending the length of the pipe 42 , or provided as a plurality of fastener straps spaced apart along the longitudinal axis of the pipe 42 at suitable intervals as shown in fig3 being used with the collector line 23 a . the fastener 43 can be free or can be attached to the outer surface of the pipe 42 by any suitable means such as adhesive or ultrasonic welding . the fastener 43 has an arcuate central portion 44 that is curved to engage a part of an outer surface of the pipe 42 . extending from either end of the central portion 44 is an end portion 45 that is shaped to engage a part of the inner surface 41 a of the pipe 41 . the end portions 45 are attached to the pipe 41 with a suitable adhesive material 46 that adheres to both concrete and plastic and is moisture resistant . in the continuous form , the fastener 43 requires slots or apertures ( not shown ) formed therein for introducing the adhesive 46 between the end portions 45 and the surface 41 a . although the pipe 42 is shown in fig8 as being mounted at the top of the interior of the pipe 41 , it can be mounted at any desired point along the circumference of the inner wall 41 a . for example , in fig6 , the pipe 42 is shown mounted at the bottom of the interior of the outer pipe 41 . when the existing combined sewer pipe 41 has a rough interior surface 41 a and / or is cracked and leaking , it may be desirable to provide the lining 51 . the lining 51 can be inserted into the interior of the existing sewer pipe 41 or can be formed in situ after the new pipe 42 is installed . the wall of the lining 51 extends inwardly around the pipe 42 and the fastener 43 . there is shown in fig9 a separated sewer pipe 70 according to third alternate embodiment of the present invention for use in the above - described sewer systems . the larger diameter pipe 41 has an interior through which a pipe and positioning assembly 71 has been inserted . the assembly 71 is preferably extruded from a plastic material in continuous form and includes a smaller diameter sanitary sewer pipe 72 . the assembly 71 also has a first wall 73 that is curved to conform to a portion of the interior wall 41 a of the pipe 41 and is integral with the pipe 72 at a bottom portion thereof . the assembly 71 has a second wall 74 that extends horizontally and is integral with the pipe 72 at a top portion thereof . the adjacent edges of the walls 73 and 74 are joined such that the pipe 72 , the first wall 73 and the second wall 74 form two longitudinally extending positioning spaces 75 . the spaces 75 are filled with a positioning material 76 , such as a high specific gravity slurry mixture , that will harden in place to form an integral unit with the assembly 71 . the weight of the slurry mixture 76 will maintain the pipe and positioning assembly 71 in place in a predetermined position at the bottom of the larger diameter pipe 41 without the requirement for fasteners and / or adhesive . there is shown in fig1 a separated sewer pipe 80 according to fourth alternate embodiment of the present invention for use in the above - described sewer systems . the larger diameter pipe 41 has an interior through which a pipe and positioning assembly 81 has been inserted . the assembly 81 is preferably extruded from a plastic material in continuous form and includes a smaller diameter sanitary sewer pipe 82 . the assembly 81 also has a first wall 83 that is curved to conform to a portion of the interior wall 41 a of the pipe 41 and is integral with the pipe 82 at a bottom portion thereof . the assembly 81 has a second wall 84 that extends generally horizontally and is integral with the pipe 82 at a top portion thereof . the adjacent edges of the walls 83 and 84 are joined such that the pipe 82 , the first wall 83 and the second wall 84 form two longitudinally extending positioning spaces 85 . the spaces 85 are filled with a positioning material , such as a high specific gravity slurry mixture , that will harden in place to form an integral unit with the assembly 81 . the weight of the slurry mixture 86 will maintain the pipe and positioning assembly 81 in place in a predetermined position at the bottom of the larger diameter pipe 41 without the requirement for fasteners and / or adhesive . in contrast to the wall 74 shown in fig9 , the wall 84 follows the curve of the pipe 82 and then extends toward the interior wall 41 a curving downwardly and then upwardly before joining the ends of the first wall 83 . consequently , the spaces 85 are smaller in cross section than the spaces 75 proving a larger area of the pipe 41 for carrying storm water . there is shown in fig1 a separated sewer pipe 90 according to fifth alternate embodiment of the present invention for use in the above - described sewer systems . the larger diameter pipe 41 has an interior through which a pipe and positioning assembly 91 has been inserted . the assembly 91 is preferably extruded from a plastic material in continuous form and includes a smaller diameter sanitary sewer pipe 92 . the assembly 91 also has a pair of first arms 93 that are integral with the pipe 92 . the arms 93 are curved and extend toward but do not contact the interior wall 41 a of the pipe 41 . the assembly 91 has a pair of second arms 94 positioned above the first arms 93 that are curved and extend to edges in contact with the interior wall 41 a . the wall 41 a , the pipe 92 and the second arms 94 form two longitudinally extending positioning spaces 95 . the spaces 95 are filled with a positioning material , such as a high specific gravity slurry mixture , that will harden in place to form an integral unit with the assembly 91 . the weight of the slurry mixture 96 will maintain the pipe and positioning assembly 91 in place in a predetermined position at the bottom of the larger diameter pipe 41 without the requirement for fasteners and / or adhesive . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the present invention has been described in what is considered to represent its preferred embodiment . however , it should be noted that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit or scope . | 4 |
the example embodiments described hereafter may be able to overcome the shortcomings that have been described previously . the example embodiments may provide a battery pack burn - in test system and a method of transferring energy between battery packs . the transfer of energy between battery packs occurs via the use of the discharge of a first battery pack in the discharging state during the burn - in test to charge a second battery pack in the charging state . in example embodiments , the transfer of energy may be a unidirectional process from the first battery pack to the second battery pack . in alternate embodiments , the transfer of energy may be a bi - directional process involving the transfer of energy from the first battery pack to the second battery pack and vice versa . fig1 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating the functional blocks for a lithium - ion battery pack 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . the lithium - ion battery pack 100 comprises a battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 , a sense resistor ( rs 1 ) 104 , a p - channel charge mosfet ( cfet ) 106 , a p - channel discharge mosfet ( dfet ) 108 , a rechargeable battery 110 and a connector ( cn 1 ) 112 . in example embodiments , battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 may be a microcontroller . the rechargeable battery 110 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention comprises one or more individual cells e . g . 114 arranged in series . it should be appreciated that the individual cells e . g . 114 can be arranged in series or in parallel in any configurations depending on the output energy requirements . in example embodiments , the p - channel charge mosfet ( cfet ) 106 is connected in series with the p - channel discharge mosfet ( dfet ) 108 between the positive electrode of the rechargeable battery 110 and the positive (+) terminal 118 of the battery pack 100 . the p - channel charge mosfet ( cfet ) 106 and the p - channel discharge mosfet ( dfet ) 108 are connected to the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 via corresponding electrical connection represented as lines 122 and 124 respectively . the battery pack 100 further comprises a sense resistor ( rs 1 ) 104 arranged between the negative electrode of the rechargeable battery 110 and the negative (−) terminal 120 of the battery pack 100 . it should be appreciated that the p - channel charge mosfet ( cfet ) 106 , the p - channel discharge mosfet ( dfet ) 108 and the sense resistor ( rs 1 ) 104 may be arranged in other configurations without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described . the rechargeable battery 110 comprising individual cells e . g . 114 of example embodiments are connected to the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 via corresponding electrical connection represented as lines e . g . 116 . the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 monitors the voltages and temperatures of the individual cells e . g . 114 of the rechargeable battery 110 to ensure that the cells e . g . 114 are operating within their safety limits . the cells e . g . 114 may be charged by an external constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charger ( not shown ) by connecting the corresponding terminals of the cccv charger to the positive (+) terminal 118 and the negative (−) terminal 120 provided on the connector ( cn 1 ) 112 of the battery pack 100 . if any of the cells e . g . 114 is charged beyond a pre - determined over - charge voltage protection threshold or is operating outside a pre - determined safe charge temperature range , the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 will turn off the p - channel charge mosfet ( cfet ) 106 to disable charging , thus protecting the cells e . g . 114 from being over - charged or operating at a relatively unsafe temperature level . typically , the over - charge voltage protection threshold for a lithium - ion cell is about 4 . 2 v . the cells e . g . 114 of the battery pack 100 in example embodiments may be discharged by an external device load ( not shown ) by connecting the corresponding terminals of the device load to the positive (+) terminal 118 and the negative (−) terminal 120 provided on the connector ( cn 1 ) 112 of the battery pack 100 . if any of the cells e . g . 114 is discharged below a pre - determined over - discharge voltage protection threshold or is operating outside a pre - determined safe discharge temperature range , the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 will turn off the p - channel discharge mosfet ( dfet ) 108 to disable discharging , thus protecting the cells e . g . 114 from being over - discharged or operating at a relatively unsafe temperature level . typically , the over - discharge voltage threshold for a lithium - ion cell is about 2 . 5 v . in example embodiments , the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 additionally monitors the current flow in the battery pack 100 by detecting the potential difference , also referred to as voltage drop , across the sense resistor ( rs 1 ) 104 via corresponding electrical connection represented as lines 126 and 128 connected at junctions 130 and 132 respectively . if the charge current or discharge current exceeds their respective pre - determined current thresholds , the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 will turn off the p - channel charge mosfet ( cfet ) 106 or the p - channel discharge mosfet ( dfet ) 108 to disable charging or discharging respectively . the battery management ic ( bmic ) 102 according to embodiments of the present invention can additionally detect the status of the battery pack 100 and communicate this information to an external device using system management bus ( smbus ) protocol via the smbus clk 134 and the smbus dat 136 terminals provided on the connector ( cn 1 ) 112 of the battery pack 100 . fig2 illustrates a constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charging profile 200 of a lithium - ion cell in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . the constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charging profile 200 shows the characteristics of the charge capacity 202 , the charge voltage 204 and the charge current 206 against the charge time 208 . during the constant current ( cc ) state 210 , the lithium - ion cell is charged with a pre - determined constant current , represented by the current curve 218 , until the cell reaches about 75 % of its full capacity as shown by the capacity curve 214 . in this constant current ( cc ) state 210 , the charge voltage during charging of the cell increases as shown by the voltage curve 216 . at the point of 75 % full capacity , the voltage of the cell and the voltage drop across the internal resistance of the cell are equal to the maximum output voltage of the charger . the charging state then switches from the constant current ( cc ) state 210 to the constant voltage ( cv ) state 212 where the cell is now charged with a constant voltage as shown by the voltage curve 216 . as the cell gains in potential , the voltage difference across its internal resistance and the charge current 206 will reduce gradually until the charge current 206 , represented by the current curve 218 , falls below a pre - determined level which is generally set at about 5 % to 10 % of the cc current setting . this condition signals that the cell is now fully charged and the cccv charger turns off its output to stop the charging process . fig3 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a manual energy transfer process 300 between two lithium - ion battery packs of example embodiments of the present invention . the process 300 transfers energy from the battery pack a 302 to the battery pack b 304 . the battery pack a 302 is connected in series with a variable power supply ( vps 1 ) 306 and a current limiting circuit ( cl 1 ) 308 . the battery pack b 304 is connected in parallel to the battery pack a 302 , the variable power supply ( vps 1 ) 306 and the current limiting circuit ( cl 1 ) 308 . the transfer of energy from the battery pack a 302 to the battery pack b 304 can be controlled by changing the level of the total series voltage ( tsv ) 310 , determined collectively from the voltages of the battery pack a 302 and the variable power supply ( vps 1 ) 306 . if the total series voltage ( tsv ) 310 is set higher than the voltage of the battery pack b 304 , current will flow from the battery pack a 302 to charge the battery pack b 304 , as represented by the arrow 312 . the current limiting circuit ( cl 1 ) 308 maintains the charge current at a constant value so that the battery pack a 302 charges the battery pack b 304 in the constant current ( cc ) state . in order to protect against over charging the battery pack b 304 , the total series voltage ( tsv ) 310 is monitored at regular intervals and where necessary , the variable power supply ( vps 1 ) 306 is adjusted manually to limit the total series voltage ( tsv ) 310 to the pre - determined permissible maximum voltage of the battery pack b 304 . thus , when the battery pack b 304 is charged to its pre - determined permissible maximum voltage , the charge current starts to decrease and the current limiting circuit ( cl 1 ) 308 acts in a similar fashion to a bypass circuit as the system switches from the constant current ( cc ) state 210 to the constant voltage ( cv ) charging state 212 . the charging of the battery pack b 304 is stopped when its full charge condition is met . fig4 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating an automatic energy transfer system 400 between two lithium - ion battery packs of example embodiments . the automatic energy transfer system 400 comprises a system management unit ( smu ) 402 arranged to control and communicate with a programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) 404 , a current limiter ( cl ) 406 , a power switch ( psw ) 408 , a battery pack a 410 and a battery pack b 412 via a network of system management bus ( smbus ) connections represented as lines e . g . 416 in order to perform the energy transfer process . it should be appreciated that other communication interface , for example serial , parallel and wireless communication interface , may be employed instead of the smbus communication interface . the battery pack a 410 and the battery pack b 412 are connected in parallel while the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) 404 , the current limiter ( cl ) 406 and the power switch ( psw ) 408 are connected in series with the battery pack a 410 via a closed - loop electrical connection represented as line 426 . the process for the energy transfer of the energy transfer system 400 will now be described with reference to the flowchart 500 of fig5 . after the start 502 of the energy transfer process , the system management unit ( smu ) proceeds to communicate with the battery pack a and the battery pack b at step 504 to check the respective status of the voltage and temperature of the battery pack a and the battery pack b . at step 506 , the voltages and temperatures of the battery pack a and the battery pack b are checked against pre - determined safety limits to determine if they are within the safe limits for operations . if any of the voltages or temperatures of the battery pack a or the battery pack b are outside the safe limits , the process proceeds to step 520 to stop and subsequently ends 522 the energy transfer process . in the event that the battery pack a is not over - discharged and the battery pack b is not fully charged and that the temperatures of both the battery pack a and the battery pack b are within the safe operating temperature range , the process proceeds to step 508 where the system management unit ( smu ) turns on the power switch ( psw ) and subsequently the process continues to step 510 to set the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ). in example embodiments , the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) may be set based on the conditions as described below , by way of example and not limitation . the total series voltage ( tsv ), determined collectively from the voltages of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) and the battery pack a , is set for example 0 . 1 v higher than the voltage of the battery pack b to enable the energy transfer from the battery pack a to the battery pack b . if the battery pack a has a higher potential than the battery pack b , for example above 0 . 1 v , the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) is set to 0 v . the system management unit ( smu ) then sets the current limiter ( cl ) to maintain a constant charge current to charge the battery pack b . furthermore , the total series voltage ( tsv ) is not set higher than the pre - determined permissible maximum voltage of the battery pack b to protect against over charging the battery pack b . subsequently after the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) has been set , the process for the energy transfer proceeds to step 512 where the battery pack b is charged in the constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) mode . during the charging step 512 , the charge current flows from the positive (+) terminal of the battery pack a towards the positive (+) terminal of the battery pack b to charge the battery pack b . the charge current subsequently flows from of the negative (−) terminal of the battery pack b through the power switch ( psw ), the current limiter ( cl ) and the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) towards the negative (−) terminal of the battery pack a . in example embodiments , the system management unit ( smu ) continuously monitors the respective status of both the battery pack a and the battery pack b at regular intervals and progressively increases the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) output as the voltages of the battery pack a and the battery pack b decreases and increases respectively in order to maintain a constant charge current so that the battery pack b is charging in the constant current ( cc ) state . while the battery pack b is charging up to its pre - determined permissible maximum voltage , the charge current decreases progressively as the charging process switches from the constant current ( cc ) state to the constant voltage ( cv ) state . in example embodiments at step 514 , the battery pack a is checked to determine if it has been fully discharged . in the event that the battery pack a has been fully discharged , the energy transfer process is terminated by the sequential process of turning off the power switch ( psw ) and the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) at step 518 and then stopping 520 and ending 522 the energy transfer process . if the battery pack a has not been fully discharged , the process proceeds to step 516 where the battery pack b is checked to determine if it has been fully charged . in the event that the battery pack b has been fully charged , the energy transfer process is terminated by the sequential process of turning off the power switch ( psw ) and the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) at step 518 and then stopping 520 and ending 522 the energy transfer process . if the battery pack b has not been fully charged , the process returns to step 510 to reset the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ). the subsequent steps after step 510 as described above are then repeated until either the battery pack a has been fully discharged as determined in step 514 or the battery pack b has been fully charged as determined in step 516 , whereby the energy transfer process is then terminated . generally , the energy transfer process does not offer 100 % efficiency as the battery pack a typically has its entire energy depleted before the battery pack b is fully charged . it will be appreciated that the fully charged battery pack b can then be used in the same manner as battery pack a to charge another battery pack from a discharging of battery pack b using the system and method as described with reference to fig4 and 5 . also , it will be appreciated that the system and method as described with reference to fig4 and 5 can also be used for the 50 % re - charging as part of the overall burn - in test by stopping the charging when 50 % re - charging is reached under the control of the system management unit . fig6 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a recyclable energy lithium - ion battery pack &# 39 ; s burn - in test system 600 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . the burn - in test system 600 is a further enhancement to the automatic energy transfer system 400 ( fig4 ) described previously as the system 600 is able to support the process of bi - directional energy transfer and charging and discharging of the battery pack a 608 and the battery pack b 622 to the desired capacity in example embodiments . the burn - in test system 600 comprises a system management unit ( smu ) 602 arranged to control and communicate with the different devices of the burn - in test system 600 via a network of system management bus ( smbus ) connections represented as lines e . g . 628 to perform the energy transfer process . it should be appreciated that other communication interface , for example serial , parallel and wireless communication interface , may be employed instead of the smbus communication interface . the burn - in test system 600 further comprises a battery pack a 608 and a battery pack b 622 connected in parallel , thereby allowing the transfer of energy from one battery pack to the other . in example embodiments , a programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) 604 is connected in series with the battery pack a 608 and a programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) 618 is connected in series with the battery pack b 622 . the voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) 604 may be set by the system management unit ( smu ) 602 in order to control the total series voltage a ( tsva ) 606 and consequently the energy transfer from the battery pack a 608 to the battery pack b 622 . in a similar fashion , the voltage of the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) 618 may be set by the system management unit ( smu ) 602 in order to control the total series voltage b ( tsvb ) 620 and consequently the energy transfer from the battery pack b 622 to the battery pack a 608 . the burn - in test system 600 of example embodiments further comprises a current limiter ( cl ) 614 connected in series with the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) 604 and the battery pack a 608 in order to control the constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charging of the battery pack a 608 and the battery pack b 622 and a power switch ( psw ) 616 connected in series with the current limiter ( cl ) 614 to protect both the battery pack a 608 and the battery pack b 622 from over - discharging and over - charging by opening the current path between them . in example embodiments , the battery pack a 608 , the battery pack b 622 , the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) 604 , the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) 618 , the current limiter ( cl ) 614 and the power switch ( psw ) 616 are connected to each other via a closed - loop electrical connection represented as line 630 . in example embodiments , the burn - in test system 600 further comprises a constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charger a 610 and an electronic load a ( eload a ) 612 connected in parallel to the battery pack a 608 and a constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charger b 624 and an electronic load b ( eload b ) 626 connected in parallel to the battery pack b 622 . the constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charger a 610 and the constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charger b 624 enable the charging of the battery pack a 608 and the battery pack b 622 respectively while the electronic load a ( eload a ) 612 and the electronic load b ( eload b ) 626 enable the discharging of the battery pack a 608 and the battery pack b 622 respectively to a pre - determined capacity relatively accurately . the energy transfer process of the system 600 will now be described with reference to the flowcharts of fig7 - 9 . fig7 shows a flowchart 700 illustrating an initial phase of the energy transfer process for the recyclable energy lithium - ion battery pack &# 39 ; s burn - in test system of example embodiments , for example the burn - in test system 600 . during the initial phase , the energy transfer process involves transferring energy from the battery pack a to the battery pack b . at step 702 , the system management unit ( smu ) proceeds to communicate with the battery pack a and the battery pack b to check the respective status of the voltage and temperature of the battery pack a and the battery pack b . at step 704 , the voltages and temperatures of the battery pack a and the battery pack b are checked against pre - determined safety limits to determine if they are within the safe limits for operations . if any of the voltages or temperatures of the battery pack a or the battery pack b are outside the safe limits , the process stops at step 706 as a result of the protection features incorporated into the battery packs in example embodiments . in the event that the battery pack a is not over - discharged and the battery pack b is not fully charged and that the temperatures of both the battery pack a and the battery pack b are within the safe operating temperature range , the process proceeds to step 708 where the system management unit ( smu ) sets the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) to 0 v to act as a bypass to allow current to flow and turns on the power switch ( psw ). the system management unit ( smu ) then sets the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) at step 710 such that the total series voltage a ( tsva ), determined collectively from the voltages of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) and the battery pack a , is set for example 0 . 1 v higher than the voltage of the battery pack b to enable the energy transfer from the battery pack a to the battery pack b . if the battery pack a has a higher potential than the battery pack b , for example above 0 . 1v , the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) is set to 0 v . the system management unit ( smu ) then sets the current limiter ( cl ) to maintain a constant charge current to charge the battery pack b . furthermore , the total series voltage a ( tsva ) is not set higher than the pre - determined permissible maximum voltage of the battery pack b to protect against over charging the battery pack b . in example embodiments , the system management unit ( smu ) continuously monitors the respective status of both the battery pack a and the battery pack b at regular intervals and progressively increases the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) output as the voltages of the battery pack a and the battery pack b decreases and increases respectively in order to maintain a constant charge current so that the battery pack b is charging in the constant current ( cc ) state . while the battery pack b is charging up to its pre - determined permissible maximum voltage , the charge current decreases progressively as the charging process switches from the constant current ( cc ) state to the constant voltage ( cv ) state . generally , the energy transfer process does not offer 100 % efficiency as the battery pack a typically has its entire energy depleted before the battery pack b is fully charged . at step 712 , the battery pack a is checked to determine if it has been fully discharged . in the event that the battery pack a has depleted its energy ( i . e . fully discharged ) before the battery pack b has been fully charged , as determined in step 712 , the process proceeds to step 716 where the system management unit ( smu ) turns off the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) and the power switch ( psw ) to stop the charging of the battery pack b . subsequently , the system management unit ( smu ) enables the cccv charger b to continue the charging of the battery pack b . at step 720 , the battery pack b is checked to determine if it has been fully charged . if the battery pack b has not been fully charged , the cccv charger b continues the charging of the battery pack b . in the event that the battery pack b has been fully charged , the charging process is terminated at step 724 where at the end of this initial phase of the energy transfer process , the battery pack a is fully discharged ( 0 % capacity ) while the battery pack b is fully charged ( 100 % capacity ). subsequently , the energy transfer process proceeds to phase 2 at step 726 . in example embodiments , in the event that the battery pack a has not depleted its energy ( i . e . not fully discharged ), as determined in step 712 , the process proceeds to step 714 where the battery pack b is checked to determine if it has been fully charged . if the battery pack b has been fully charged , as determined in step 714 , the process proceeds to step 718 where the system management unit ( smu ) turns off the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) and the power switch ( psw ) to stop the charging of the battery pack b . subsequently , the system management unit ( smu ) enables the electronic load a ( eload a ) to start the discharging of the battery pack a . at step 722 , the battery pack a is checked to determine if it has been fully discharged . if the battery pack a has not been fully discharged , the electronic load a ( eload a ) continues the discharging of the battery pack a . in the event that the battery pack a has been fully discharged , the discharging process is terminated at step 724 where at the end of this initial phase of the energy transfer process , the battery pack a is fully discharged ( 0 % capacity ) while the battery pack b is fully charged ( 100 % capacity ). subsequently , the energy transfer process proceeds to phase 2 at step 726 . in the event that the battery pack b has not been fully charged , as determined at step 714 , the process returns to step 710 to reset the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) and the subsequent steps after step 710 are then repeated until the battery pack a has been fully discharged ( 0 % capacity ) and the battery pack b has been fully charged ( 100 % capacity ) at step 724 . fig8 shows a flowchart 800 illustrating phase 2 of the energy transfer process according to embodiments of the present invention . during phase 2 , the energy transfer process involves transferring energy from the battery pack b to the battery pack a . at step 802 , the system management unit ( smu ) sets the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) to 0 v to act as a bypass to allow current to flow and turns on the power switch ( psw ). the system management unit ( smu ) then sets the output voltage of the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) at step 804 such that the total series voltage b ( tsvb ), determined collectively from the voltages of the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) and the battery pack b , is set for example 0 . 1 v higher than the voltage of the battery pack a to enable the energy transfer from the battery pack b to the battery pack a . if the battery pack b has a higher potential than the battery pack a , for example above 0 . 1 v , the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) is set to 0 v . the system management unit ( smu ) then sets the current limiter ( cl ) to maintain a constant charge current to charge the battery pack a . furthermore , the total series voltage b ( tsvb ) is not set higher than the pre - determined permissible maximum voltage of the battery pack a to protect against over charging the battery pack a . in example embodiments , the system management unit ( smu ) continuously monitors the respective status of both the battery pack a and the battery pack b at regular intervals and progressively increases the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) output as the voltages of the battery pack b and the battery pack a decreases and increases respectively in order to maintain a constant charge current so that the battery pack a is charging in the constant current ( cc ) state . while the battery pack a is charging up to its pre - determined permissible maximum voltage , the charge current decreases progressively as the charging process switches from the constant current ( cc ) state to the constant voltage ( cv ) state . generally , the energy transfer process does not offer 100 % efficiency as the battery pack b typically has its entire energy depleted before the battery pack a is fully charged . at step 806 , the battery pack b is checked to determine if it has been fully discharged . in the event that the battery pack b has depleted its energy ( i . e . fully discharged ) before battery pack a has been fully charged , as determined in step 806 , the process proceeds to step 810 where the system management unit ( smu ) turns off the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) and the power switch ( psw ) to stop the charging of the battery pack a . subsequently , the system management unit ( smu ) enables the cccv charger a to continue the charging of the battery pack a . at step 814 , the battery pack a is checked to determine if it has been fully charged . if the battery pack a has not been fully charged , the cccv charger a continues the charging of the battery pack a . in the event that the battery pack a has been fully charged , the charging process is terminated at step 818 where at the end of phase 2 of the energy transfer process , the battery pack a is fully charged ( 100 % capacity ) while the battery pack b is fully discharged ( 0 % capacity ). subsequently , the energy transfer process proceeds to the final phase at step 820 . in example embodiments , in the event that the battery pack b has not depleted its energy ( i . e . not fully discharged ), as determined in step 806 , the process proceeds to step 808 where the battery pack a is checked to determine if it has been fully charged . if the battery pack a has been fully charged , as determined in step 808 , the process proceeds to step 812 where the system management unit ( smu ) turns off the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) and the power switch ( psw ) to stop the charging of the battery pack a . subsequently , the system management unit ( smu ) enables the electronic load b ( eload b ) to start the discharging of the battery pack b . at step 816 , the battery pack b is checked to determine if it has been fully discharged . if the battery pack b has not been fully discharged , the electronic load b ( eload b ) continues the discharging of the battery pack b . in the event that the battery pack b has been fully discharged , the discharging process is terminated at step 818 where at the end of this phase 2 of the energy transfer process , the battery pack a is fully charged ( 100 % capacity ) while the battery pack b is fully discharged ( 0 % capacity ). subsequently , the energy transfer process proceeds to the final phase at step 820 . in the event that the battery pack a has not been fully charged , as determined at step 808 , the process returns to step 804 to reset the output voltage of the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) and the subsequent steps after step 804 are then repeated until the battery pack a has been fully charged ( 100 % capacity ) and the battery pack b has been fully discharged ( 0 % capacity ) at step 818 . fig9 shows a flowchart 900 illustrating the final phase of the energy transfer process according to embodiments of the present invention . during the final phase , the energy transfer process involves transferring energy from the battery pack a to the battery pack b . at step 902 , the system management unit ( smu ) sets the programmable power supply b ( ppsb ) to 0 v to act as a bypass to allow current to flow and turns on the power switch ( psw ). the system management unit ( smu ) then sets the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) at step 904 such that the total series voltage a ( tsva ), determined collectively from the voltages of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) and the battery pack a is set for example 0 . 1 v higher than the voltage of the battery pack b to enable the energy transfer from the battery pack a to the battery pack b . if the battery pack a has a higher potential than the battery pack b , for example above 0 . 1 v , the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) is set to 0 v . the system management unit ( smu ) then sets the current limiter ( cl ) to maintain a constant charge current to charge the battery pack b . furthermore , the total series voltage a ( tsva ) is not set higher than the pre - determined permissible maximum voltage of the battery pack b to protect against the over charging of battery pack b . in example embodiments , the system management unit ( smu ) continuously monitors the respective status of both the battery pack a and the battery pack b at regular intervals and progressively increases the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) output as the voltages of the battery pack a and the battery pack b decreases and increases respectively in order to maintain a constant charge current so that the battery pack b is charging in the constant current ( cc ) state . at step 906 , the battery pack b is checked to determine if it has been charged to 50 % capacity . if the battery pack b has not been charged to 50 % capacity , the process returns to step 904 in order to reset the output voltage of the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) to continue the charging of the battery pack b until a 50 % capacity has been achieved . in the event that the battery pack b has been charged to 50 % capacity , as determined in step 906 , the process proceeds to step 908 where the system management unit ( smu ) turns off the programmable power supply a ( ppsa ) and the power switch ( psw ) to stop the charging of the battery pack b . in example embodiments , the process subsequently proceeds to step 910 where the battery pack a is checked to determine if it is at more than 50 % capacity . if the capacity of the battery pack a is less than 50 %, as determined in step 910 , the process proceeds to step 912 where the system management unit ( smu ) enables the cccv charger a to start the charging of the battery pack a . at step 916 , the battery pack a is checked to determine if it has been charged to 50 % capacity . if the battery pack a has not been charged to 50 % capacity , the cccv charger a continues the charging of the battery pack a . in the event that the battery pack a has been charged to 50 % capacity , the charging process is terminated at step 920 where at the end of this final phase of the energy transfer process , both the battery pack a and the battery pack b are at 50 % capacity charge . subsequently , the energy transfer process ends at step 922 . in the event that the capacity of the battery pack a is more than 50 %, as determined in step 910 , the process proceeds to step 914 where the system management unit ( smu ) enables the electronic load a ( eload a ) to start the discharging of the battery pack a . at step 918 , the battery pack a is checked to determine if it has been discharged to 50 % capacity . if the battery pack a has not been discharged to 50 % capacity , the electronic load a ( eload a ) continues the discharging of the battery pack a . in the event that the battery pack a has been discharged to 50 % capacity , the charging process is terminated at step 920 where at the end of this final phase of the energy transfer process , both the battery pack a and the battery pack b are at 50 % capacity charge . subsequently , the energy transfer process ends at step 922 . the lithium - ion battery pack &# 39 ; s burn - in test system according to embodiments of the present invention can allow two battery packs to be tested at the same time . the test system enables the transfer of electrical energy or charges from one battery pack to the other battery pack and vice versa . in example embodiments , the energy transfer process utilises the electrical energy discharged from one battery pack which is in the discharging state to charge another battery pack which is in the charging state . this energy transfer process is able to transfer energy regardless of the electrical potential difference between the battery packs and it is able to recharge the lithium - ion battery packs in the constant current constant voltage mode . the lithium - ion battery pack &# 39 ; s burn - in test system according to embodiments of the present invention can advantageously minimise the generation of heat as waste from the series of tests and charging and discharging of the battery packs . conventional burn - in test processes generate a large amount of heat as the battery packs transfer their electrical energy with chargers and loads by charging from the chargers and discharging to the loads connected to the battery packs . in contrast , the burn - in test system of example embodiments employs an energy transfer process which exchanges electrical energy between the battery packs . in the event that a battery pack has not been charged to the desired capacity from the energy transfer process , a constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charger is activated to continue the charging of the battery pack to the desired capacity . in the event that a battery pack has not been discharged to the desired capacity from the energy transfer process , an electronic load ( eload ) is activated to continue the discharging of the battery pack to the desired capacity . the selective use of the constant current constant voltage ( cccv ) charger and the electronic load ( eload ) to charge and discharge the battery pack respectively after the energy transfer process between two battery packs helps to reduce the overall heat generated from the battery packs . the lithium - ion battery pack &# 39 ; s burn - in test system according to embodiments of the present invention can allow the testing , state of charge ( soc ) calibration and charging of the battery packs simultaneously . the system enables the battery packs to be charged and discharged as a form of burn - in testing to ensure that the battery packs are not faulty due to component defects , mismatched cells , poor spot - welding , poor solder joint and other functional defects , for example . the testing is performed over a three - phase cycle as described above involving full charging , full discharging and charging to 50 % capacity for the battery packs . at the same time , the battery pack can also perform a soc calibration to accurately update its soc during the full charging - full discharging cycle . at the end of this cycle , the battery packs are typically maintained at 50 % capacity charge , which is the general capacity for battery packs prior to shipment of the battery packs to consumers . it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and / or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described . the present embodiments are , therefore , to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive . | 7 |
in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments , reference will be made to the appended drawings composing a part of the invention . the appended drawings illustrate specific embodiments implementing the invention in an exemplary manner . the exemplary embodiments are not intended to exhaust all the embodiments of the invention . it should be appreciated that other embodiments could be used , or structural or logical modification could be made with out departing from the scope of the invention . thus the detailed description below is not constrictive , the scope of the invention is defined in the appended claims . fig1 illustrates a schematic view of the message transmission between the mtc user equipment mtc ue and the base station enb according to the prior art . as illustrated , the process is the procedure starting from the user equipment accesses the network until that the radio resource control ( rrc ) connection is released . as for one aspect , although each packet generated by the mtc user equipments may be quite small , many signaling interactions are needed to upload these small packets , as can be seen from the complete sms based data uploading procedure illustrated in fig1 . as for another aspect , the transmission of signaling and data in this procedure need scheduling by physical downlink control channel ( pdcch ), and this further generates the pdcch load . as stated , the major part of the traffic is signaling , and the downlink transmission and uplink transmission are very symmetric and would generate similar amount of upper layer signaling and data load . if the pdcch is taken into account , the downlink load may be around two times uplink load . it is quite probable that the capacity bottleneck exists in downlink or both downlink and uplink . then , it is necessary to consider the downlink capacity when considering the needed maximum bandwidth . in the following , the capacity of the mtc based communication system is analyzed for different bandwidth in detail . specifically , to keep the backward compatibility , it is preferable to design the epdcch of mtc as a physical layer signaling channel , pdcch . consequently , a part of the data region for pdsch is used for pdcch , and this impacts the capacity of data . next , in the following analysis the epdcch is assumed to be multiplexed with pdsch , and the granularity of the multiplexing is one physical resource block ( prb ) pair . considering there are only 6 rbs for a 1 . 08 mhz bandwidth , the resources are quite limited and hard to satisfy the deployment in the future . the rrc message size varies for different optional fields . here are some examples of downlink rrc message size encapsulated in dl - dcch or dl - ccch . for 1 . 5 bps / hz spectrum efficiency , one prb pair has the capacity of 540 bits approximately . hence , each transmission only needs one or two prb pair normally . to complete a session as shown in fig1 , the user equipment may need 23 pdcchs and 12 downlink transmission . based on this , the capacity can be shown in table - 2 . it can be seen that the capacity is 42 , 107 and 178 sessions / s for the relatively worse cases . one session includes the whole procedure of fig1 . it should be noted that due to the limit of the pdcch search space and scheduling algorithm and radio condition , the system may not always reach its maximum capacity . so the actual number of sessions per second may be fewer than the calculated value . in another aspect , a single rx receiver may further reduce the capacity . besides , center frequency band is also used to transmit system information and probably other messages including rach messages . according to tr 37 . 868 , if mtcs arrive within seconds , the intensity ranges from tens to hundreds for different deployment scenarios . thus , it is difficult for the 1 . 08 mhz bandwidth allocated for mtc in the current standard to satisfy the deployment in the future . 3 mhz or 5 mhz bandwidth might be more suitable , where mtc has a higher capacity and a better performance could be achieved through frequency diversity . the present invention is intended to propose a method of bandwidth configuration enabling asymmetric increasing of the system bandwidth for mtc and the bandwidth of the mtc user equipments . thus , in the following description of the embodiments , the bandwidth of the mtc user equipment is assumed to be smaller than the system bandwidth for mtc . fig2 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the invention . in this embodiment , the bandwidth of the mtc user equipment is 3m and the system bandwidth for mtc configured at the base station side is 5m . specifically , in the step s 201 , the base station enb sends a second message and a third message to a machine type communication user equipment . wherein the second message indicates the size of the system bandwidth for machine type communication , and the third message indicates the predetermined selection policy . wherein the predetermined selection policy may be any one or any combination of : selecting randomly , selecting according to a probability distribution , and selecting according to a type of the machine type communication user equipment . those skilled in the art would appreciate that the step s 201 is not essential for the implementation of the invention . as alternative solutions , if the size of the system bandwidth for mtc and / or the predetermined selection policy is / are pre - configured in the mtc user equipment , the step s 201 in fig2 could be omitted or only the content , which is not pre - configured in the mtc user equipment , is sent in the step s 201 . those skilled in the art would appreciate that when the selection policy is determined as selecting according to a probability distribution , the base station enb also needs to send information related to the probability distribution to the mtc user equipment . alternatively , the information related to the probability distribution could be pre - configured in the mtc user equipment . when the selection policy is determined as selecting according to a type of the mtc user equipment , the base station enb also needs to send the corresponding relationship between the type of the mtc user equipment and the offset to the mtc user equipment . similarly , the corresponding relationship could be pre - configured in the mtc user equipment . then , in step s 202 , the mtc user equipment selects bandwidth for the mtc user equipment according to a predetermined selection policy , while ensuring that the selected bandwidth covers center frequency band of the system bandwidth . fig3 illustrates the relationship between the bandwidth selected by the mtc user equipments and the system bandwidth according to an embodiment of the invention . specifically , bandwidth respectively selected by two mtc user equipments mtc ue land mtc ue 2 is shown in fig3 . as shown in fig3 , the bandwidth selected by two mtc user equipments mtc ue land mtc ue 2 is overlapped in the center frequency band of the system bandwidth for mtc . in this embodiment , the center frequency band of the system bandwidth for mtc includes 6 prbs , which are used for the transmission of critical system information . in the embodiment shown in fig3 , the offset of the lowest frequency point of the bandwidth selected by the mtc ue 1 relative to that of the system bandwidth is the maximum offset that could be chosen while ensuring the selected bandwidth covers the center frequency band of the system bandwidth . the offset of the lowest frequency point of the bandwidth selected by the mtc ue 2 relative to that of the system bandwidth is zero , which is the minimum offset that could be chosen while ensuring the selected bandwidth covers the center frequency band of the system bandwidth . in an embodiment of the invention , there are only two selections for the offset of the bandwidth selected by the mtc user equipments relative to the system bandwidth , namely the minimum value and the maximum value . in that case , only one bit of data would be sufficient to indicate the selected bandwidth in the first message , when the mtc user equipment reports to the base station . thus the amount of data need to be transmitted is reduced , and thus the occupied recourse is reduced . in another embodiment of the invention , the offset of the bandwidth selected by the mtc user equipment relative to the system bandwidth could be represented using an offset of a highest frequency point of the bandwidth selected by the mtc user equipment relative to that of the system bandwidth or an offset of a center subcarrier of the bandwidth selected by the mtc user equipment relative to that of the system bandwidth . those skilled in the art would appreciate that in other embodiments of the invention , the offset of the bandwidth selected by the mtc user equipment relative to the system bandwidth may be any value between the maximum value and the minimum value . in the embodiment where the system bandwidth is 20m , the system bandwidth includes 110 prbs , and the offset may be 0 - 42 prbs . returning to fig2 , after the step s 202 , the mtc user equipment reports the offset of the selected bandwidth in step s 202 relative to the system bandwidth to the base station enb while processing access in the step s 203 . specifically , the mtc user equipment sends a first message to the base station in the step s 203 , the first message indicating the offset of the selected bandwidth relative to the system bandwidth . in one embodiment of the invention , the first message further comprises a size of the bandwidth of the mtc user equipment . in another embodiment of the invention , a size of the bandwidth of the mtc user equipment is fixed , and can be pre - configured in the base station . fig4 illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus in a base station , for configuring bandwidth for a mtc user equipment according to an embodiment of the invention . as shown in fig4 , the apparatus 400 for configuring bandwidth for a mtc user equipment comprises a first receiving device 401 and a determining device 402 . the first receiving device 401 is configured for receiving a first message from the machine type communication user equipment , the first message indicating an offset of bandwidth selected by the machine type communication user equipment according to a predetermined selection policy relative to the system bandwidth , wherein the selected bandwidth covers center frequency band of the system bandwidth . the determining device 402 is configured for determining the bandwidth selected by the machine type communication user equipment according to the first message received by the first receiving device 401 . in another embodiment of the invention , the apparatus 400 for configuring bandwidth for a mtc user equipment further comprises a first sending device ( not shown ), for sending a second message and or a third message to a machine type communication user equipment . wherein the second message indicates a size of the system bandwidth for machine type communication and the third message indicates the predetermined selection policy . fig5 illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus in a mtc user equipment , for assisting in configuring bandwidth according to an embodiment of the invention . as shown in fig5 , the apparatus 500 for assisting in configuring bandwidth comprises a selecting device 501 and a second sending device 502 . the selecting device 501 is configured for selecting bandwidth for the machine type communication user equipment according to a predetermined selection policy , while ensuring that the selected bandwidth covers center frequency band of the system bandwidth . the second sending device 502 is configured for sending a first message to a base station , the first message indicating an offset of the selected bandwidth relative to the system bandwidth . in another embodiment of the invention , the apparatus 500 for assisting in configuring bandwidth further comprises a second receiving device ( not shown ), for receiving a second message and / or a third message from the base station . wherein , the second message indicates a size of the system bandwidth for machine type communication and the third message indicates the predetermined selection policy . it shall be noted that the foregoing embodiments are merely exemplary but not to limit the invention , and any technical solutions without departing from the spirit of the invention shall fall into the scope of the invention . furthermore , any reference numerals in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the claims to which they relate ; the term “ comprising ” shall not preclude other device ( s ) or step ( s ) which is ( are ) not listed in the claims or the description ; “ a ” or “ an ” preceding a device shall not preclude presence of a plurality of such devices ; in an apparatus including a plurality of devices , one or more functions of the plurality of devices can be performed by the same hardware or software module ; and the terms “ first ”, “ second ”, “ third ”, etc ., are merely intended to represent a name but not to indicate any specific order . | 7 |
a number of powder metal samples were produced having various chemistries for comparison purposes . as a baseline system for comparison , a blend designated a36 was used . the formulation for the a36 blend is found in table i below . table i powder weight percentage al 84 . 8 al — cu ( 50 - 50 ) 5 . 9 master alloy atomized mg 1 . 5 sn 0 . 6 aln 5 . 8 licowax c 1 . 5 the licowax c is a lubricant material and boils off during heating . thus , the total mass of powder for a 1 kg lot will actually exceed 1 kg because of the additional mass of the licowax c constituent . a modified form of the a36 powder formulation was also produced which will be referred to in this application as e36 - zr . the e36 - zr powder formulation is identical to the a36 blend , except that the aluminum powder is replaced with an air atomized zirconium - doped aluminum powder metal having 0 . 2 % by weight zirconium . the formulation for the e36 - zr blend is found in table ii below . notably , the e36 - zr powder blend includes a zirconium - doped aluminum powder with 0 . 2 wt % zirconium . conventionally , when alloying elements , such as zirconium are added to a powder blend , these alloying elements are added as part of either an elemental powder ( i . e ., a pure powder containing only the alloying element ) or as a master alloy containing a large amount of both the base material , which in this case is aluminum , and the alloying element . when a master alloy is used , then to obtain the desired amount of the alloying element in the final part , the master alloy will then be “ cut ” with an elemental powder of the base material . this cutting technique is used , for example , to obtain the desired amount of copper in each of the a36 powder using the al — cu ( 50 - 50 ) master alloy and elemental aluminum powder . in contrast , the zirconium - doped aluminum powder metal is obtained by air or gas atomizing an aluminum zirconium melt containing the desired final composition of zirconium . air atomizing the powder becomes problematic at higher zirconium concentrations and so it may not be possible to atomize zirconium - doped powders having high weight percentages of zirconium ( believed at this time to exceed 2 weight percent zirconium , but this value may be as high as 5 weight percent zirconium ). the addition of zirconium results in the formation of intermetallics , such as al 3 zr , that strengthen the alloy and that remain stable over a range of temperatures . if the zirconium was added as an elemental powder or as part of a master alloy , then the intermetallic phase would be formed preferentially along the grain boundaries and would be coarse in size since relatively slow diffusion kinetics prevent zirconium from being uniformly distributed within the sintered microstructure . under those conditions , the intermetallic phase imparts only limited improvement in the properties of the final part . by doping the zirconium in the aluminum powder , rather than adding the zirconium in the form of an elemental powder or as part of a master alloy , the zirconium is more evenly and homogeneously dispersed throughout the entire powder metal as illustrated by a comparison of fig9 ( zr prealloyed ) and fig1 ( zr in a master alloy ). thus , the final morphology of the a zirconium - doped part will have the zirconium placed throughout the aluminum and the intermetallics will not be relegated or restricted to placement primarily along the grain boundaries at which they are of only limited effectiveness . the a36 and e36 - zr powders were made into test bars . each of the powders were compacted at various compaction pressures ( either 200 mpa or 400 mpa ) into test bar samples , sintered , and then given a t6 temper heat - treatment . after heat treatment , the various mechanical properties were tested and compared to one another . table iii , below , summarizes the results of the various tests . as can be seen above in table iii , the 0 . 2 weight percent zirconium doping improved the average yield strength , the average ultimate tensile strength , the average elongation , and the average young &# 39 ; s modulus of the test samples . notably , the observed elongation in the zirconium - doped aluminum samples was much higher and was similar to the control ductility observed in typical t1 temper heat treated samples . further , the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength also improved noticeably with the additional zirconium doping . the changes in various physical characteristics were also measured between the as - compacted and the as - heat treated samples . table iv below lists the average changes in mass , the average sintered density , the average change in various sample dimensions , and the average t6 hardness . table iv indicates that the e36 - zr samples exhibited more isotropic shrinkage than the ampal a36 control samples . this means that there was less distortion in the samples prepared using the zirconium - doped aluminum than in the samples prepared without any zirconium . referring now to fig1 , the dimensional spread change for various powder samples at various compaction pressures were determined . the “ al ” measurements refer to samples made from pure aluminum powder ( i . e ., the a36 formulation ); the “ al — zr ” measurements refer to samples made from 0 . 2 weight percent zirconium - doped aluminum samples ( i . e ., the e36 - zr formulation ); and the “ al — zr ( s )” samples refer samples made using the zirconium - doped aluminum , but in which the zirconium doped aluminum was screened at to only include particles greater than 45 micrometers ( approximately 325 mesh size ). fig1 illustrates that at any of the 200 mpa , 400 mpa , and 600 mpa compaction pressures , the samples made from the zirconium - doped aluminum powder unscreened have the most consistent dimensional change of the three sample powders . referring now to fig2 and 3 , two charts are provided which comparatively indicate the dimensional and the mass changes in two different al - 2 . 3cu - 1 . 6mg - 0 . 2sn powders each having 0 . 2 weight percent zirconium in aluminum . one of these powders was prepared from a master alloy powder blended with a pure aluminum base powder to reach the desired zirconium content and the other powder prepared was the zirconium - doped aluminum powder made by air atomization of an aluminum — zirconium melt . fig2 compares the changes for the powders at a 200 mpa compaction pressure while fig3 compares the powders at a 400 mpa compaction pressure . in both fig2 and 3 , it can be seen that the zirconium - doped aluminum powder has more consistent shrinkage across the various dimensions ( i . e ., overall length , width , and length ) even though the mass change is equal . this is indicative that the parts made from the zirconium - doped aluminum powder exhibit less distortion than the parts made from the powder including the aluminum — zirconium master alloy . moreover , a comparison of fig2 and 3 to one another indicates that the greater the compaction pressure , the less the dimensional change will be in the samples . this makes logical sense as the parts having the higher compaction pressure will have a greater green density and shrink less upon sintering . referring now to fig4 and 5 , the ultimate tensile strength and the percent elongation of al - 2 . 3cu - 1 . 6mg powders made from a pure aluminum powder and a zirconium - doped aluminum powder were measured with various amounts of elemental tin added . from a review of these figures , it can be seen that the greatest ultimate tensile strength is obtained when approximately 0 . 2 weight percent of tin is added . at 0 . 2 weight percent tin , tensile testing indicates that the zirconium - doped aluminum material has a peak ultimate tensile strength of approximately 260 mpa and just under 8 percent elongation before fracture . at lower or higher tin additions , the ultimate tensile strength and ductility of the material decreases from these peak values . looking at fig6 and 7 , the elongation and young &# 39 ; s modulus of various al - 2 . 3cu - 1 . 6mg powders are compared at various elemental tin additions . tin was added as an elemental powder to a al - 2 . 3cu - 1 . 6mg powder formulation made from a pure aluminum powder , a 0 . 2 weight percent zirconium - doped aluminum powder unscreened , and a 0 . 2 weight percent zirconium - doped aluminum powder screened though at + 325 mesh . the most notable observation is that when 0 . 2 weight percent tin was added to the 0 . 2 weight percent zirconium - doped aluminum powder ( screened at + 325 ), a young &# 39 ; s modulus of almost 80 gpa was observed . a young &# 39 ; s modulus in the range of 70 to 80 gpa is comparable to that of a wrought alloy of the same constituents . for most sintered aluminum alloys , a young &# 39 ; s modulus typically falls in the range of 50 to 65 gpa . accordingly , finding a powder composition that has a young &# 39 ; s modulus of this magnitude was unexpected and surprising . although some formulas have been detailed above , it will be appreciated that the zirconium - doped aluminum powder may be mixed with additional alloying elements as well . tables v - vii below provide powder formulations of a 431d - aln — zr powder , a 7068 - aln — zr powder , and a 431d - sic — zr powder , respectively . table vii powder weight percentage al — 0 . 2zr 22 . 5 al — zn — mg — cu — sn 70 . 4 master alloy sic 5 . 6 licowax c 1 . 5 the al — zn — mg — cu — sn master alloy is 85 . 9 wt % al , 2 . 64 wt % cu , 3 . 48 wt % mg , 7 . 74 wt % zn , and 0 . 24 wt % sn . in these formulations , the zirconium - doped aluminum powder is blended with other powders including master alloys , elemental powders , and ceramic strengtheners to further target specific mechanical properties . however , in each of these blends , it should be noted that the primary source of zirconium is the zirconium - doped aluminum alloy . referring now to fig1 through 15 , the effect of fines on the dimensional change of the powder metal is illustrated . percent fines is the percentage of material in aggregate finer than a given sieve , which in this instance is a − 325 mesh with 44 micron openings . for testing , powder metals having 0 , 5 , 10 , 12 . 5 , 15 , 20 and 30 percent fines were made of pure aluminum and aluminum doped with 0 . 05 , 0 . 2 , and 0 . 5 weight percent zirconium , compacted into test samples at 200 mpa compaction pressure , and then sintered under similar thermal conditions . the dimensional change in overall length ( oal ), width , and length were measured between the compacted and sintered parts . fig1 through 14 show that test samples made from powder metals having a higher percentage of fines have dimensional change percentages that converge to a similar value in each of the various measured dimensions ( i . e ., oal , width , and length ). this was true in both the pure aluminum sample and zirconium - doped samples , although the zirconium - doped samples exhibit a reduced range of dimensional change across the various measured sample dimensions . for the zirconium - doped aluminum samples , the various dimensional change percentages converged to approximately − 2 . 5 % as percent fines increased . although the pure aluminum sample dimensional changes also trended toward one another , even at 30 weight percent fines , there was still a comparably large dimensional change range ( approximately 0 . 5 %) across the various measured dimensions in comparison to the zirconium - doped powder metals . fig1 provides a summary of the ranges between the measured dimensions for each powder metal at the various fine percentages . this chart reveals that zirconium doping of aluminum improves dimensional stability and that increased amounts of fines can further enhance this dimensional stability . it should be appreciated that various other modifications and variations to the preferred embodiments can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention . therefore , the invention should not be limited to the described embodiments . to ascertain the full scope of the invention , the following claims should be referenced . | 2 |
fig1 shows an overall functional block diagram of a multiple execution unit processor of the prior art . an example of a computer having such an architecture is the &# 34 ; powerpc ( tm ) 603 &# 34 ;, which is described in the &# 34 ; powerpc 603 risc microprocessor user &# 39 ; s manual &# 34 ;, published by ibm microelectronics and motorola , publication number mpc603um / ad , copyright 1994 . the superscaler processor 10 includes an instruction unit portion including a sequential fetcher 17 , a branch processing unit 18 , an instruction queue 19 , a dispatch unit 20 , and an instruction cache and memory management unit ( mmu ) 14 . the instruction cache and mmu 14 is connected to the bus interface unit 12 which in turn is connected to the external bus 11 . the instruction unit portion provides centralized control of instruction flow to the execution units . the execution units include multiple fixed point units 22 , the general purpose register file 32 , the load / store unit 28 , the floating point register file 36 , and floating point unit 30 . a data cache and memory management unit ( mmu ) 16 is connected to the load / store unit 28 , and is also connected to the bus interface unit 12 . the fixed point units 22 execute integer instructions in parallel . some integer instructions execute in one cycle . other integer instructions require multiple processor clock cycles during which to complete . gpr rename buffers 33 are shown associated with the gpr file 32 in fig1 and fpr rename registers 37 are shown associated with the floating point register file 36 of fig1 . the sequential fetcher 17 fetches the instructions from the instruction cache 14 and places them into the instruction queue 19 . the branch processing unit 18 extracts branch instructions from the sequential fetcher 17 and uses static branch prediction on unresolved conditional branches to allow the fetching of instructions from a predicted target instruction stream while a conditional branch is evaluated . instructions to be executed by the floating point unit 30 , the fixed point units 22 , and the load / store unit 28 are dispatched by the dispatch unit 20 . the instruction queue 19 holds instructions for later dispatch . the sequential fetcher 17 continuously loads as many instructions as space allows in the instruction queue 19 . instructions are dispatched to their respective execution units from the dispatch unit 20 . typical dispatch rates are two or four instructions per cycle . the dispatch unit 20 performs source and destination register dependency checking , determines dispatch serializations , and inhibits instruction dispatching as required . most integer instructions are single cycle instructions . any stalling due to contention for gpr registers 32 is minimized by the automatic allocation of rename registers 33 . the system writes the contents of the rename registers 33 to the appropriate gpr register 32 when integer instructions are retired by the completion unit 40 . the load / store unit ( lsu ) 28 executes all load / store instructions and provides the data transfer interface between the gpr &# 39 ; s 32 , the fpr &# 39 ; s 36 , and the cache / memory subsystems 14 and 16 . the load / store unit 28 calculates effective addresses , performs data alignment , and provides sequencing for load / store string and multiple instructions . the completion unit 40 tracks instructions from their dispatch by the dispatch unit 20 through execution by the respective execution unit , such as the fixed point unit 22 . the completion unit then retires or completes the instruction in program order . the multiple execution unit parallel processing system shown in fig1 is a pipelined superscaler processor in which the processing of an instruction is reduced into discrete stages . because the processing of an instruction is broken down into a series of stages , an instruction does not require the entire resources of an execution unit , such as the fixed point unit 22 . for example , after an instruction completes the decode stage , it can pass on to the next stage , while a subsequent instruction can advance into the decode stage . this improves throughput of the instruction flow . the instruction pipeline has four major pipeline stages . the fetch pipeline primarily involves retrieving instructions from the memory system and determining the location of the next instruction fetch . additionally , the branch processing unit decodes branches during the fetch stage . the dispatch pipeline stage is responsible for decoding instructions supplied by the instruction fetch stage and determining which of the instructions are eligible to be dispatched in the current cycle . in addition , the source operands of the instructions are read from the appropriate register file and dispatched with the instruction to the execute pipeline stage . at the end of the dispatch pipeline stage , the dispatch instructions and the operands are latched by the appropriate execution unit . during the execute pipeline stage , each execution unit that has an executable instruction , executes the selected instruction , writes the instruction &# 39 ; s result in the appropriate rename register , and notifies the completion stage 40 that the instruction has finished execution . the complete / write - back pipeline stage maintains the correct architectural machine state by writing back the contents of the rename registers to the gpr &# 39 ; s and fpr &# 39 ; s as instructions are retired in the order of the program . fig2 shows a functional block diagram of a superscaler microprocessor , in accordance with the present invention . the dispatch unit 20 is coupled to a look ahead state buffer 21 , which in turn is coupled to a state history buffer 23 . the state history buffer 23 is coupled to the look ahead state buffer 21 , the result bus 66 , and the completion unit 40 . the look ahead state buffer 21 comprises a set of look ahead registers , each register corresponding to an architected logical register defined to a computer programmer . each of the look ahead registers then stores an address of a physical rename register 39 , which indicates the most current location of the value of the architected logical register . the state history buffer 23 keeps track of the machine state of the superscaler processor 10 . it comprises a set of state history registers , each state history register corresponding to one of the physical rename registers in the general purpose register 32 and floating point register 36 . the state history buffer 23 uses its register set to store a set of linked lists of physical rename register assignments , made to each architected logical register , during instruction processing . in addition , the state history buffer 23 comprises status bits or flags 52 which indicate the status of each physical rename register in the register set . these status bits 52 indicate to other units of the microprocessor 10 when a physical rename register 39 contains a value that is &# 34 ; committed &# 34 ;. committed is defined in co - pending application ser . no . 08 / 377 , 813 , filed jan . 25 , 1995 , now abandoned , and is here defined to mean the point after which in instruction is guaranteed to execute . the status bits 52 also indicate when a physical rename register 39 is free and therefore capable of being allocated to represent an architected logical register . the status bits 52 also indicate when a physical rename register 39 has been written and therefore contains a valid result . just as in the prior art microprocessor 10 of fig1 the dispatch unit 20 dispatches instructions to available execution units . however , when an instruction specifies an architected logical register into which to store a result , the dispatch unit 20 checks the status bits 52 of the state history buffer 23 to determine which physical rename register 39 is available for allocation . the dispatch unit 20 then allocates a physical rename register 39 by updating the status bits 52 of the state history buffer , store the address of the physical rename register 39 in the look ahead state buffer 21 indicating the current architected register to physical rename register correspondence , dispatch the instruction to an execution unit for execution , and store the address of the current physical rename register 39 in the location of the previous physical rename register 39 corresponding to the previous value of the same architected logical register . this latter step creates a set of linked lists of physical rename registers 39 within the state history buffer corresponding to each of the architected logical registers . the execution units execute instructions received from the dispatch unit 20 as in the prior art microprocessor 10 of fig1 . however , when an execution unit finishes executing an instruction which produces a result , the result is written back to the physical rename register 39 assigned to the instruction by the dispatch unit 20 . in addition , the execution unit updates the status bits 52 of the state history buffer 23 to indicate that the result has just been written to the corresponding physical rename register 39 . the completion unit 40 in fig2 behaves quite differently from the completion unit 40 of the prior art shown in fig1 . rather than completing instructions in the program order , the completion unit 40 of fig2 tracks the control flow dependencies of each instruction after it has been dispatched as detailed in co - pending application ser . no . 08 / 377 , 813 , filed jan . 25 , 1995 , now abandoned . once an instruction is guaranteed to execute and has acknowledged all of its control dependencies , the instruction is said to be &# 34 ; committed &# 34 ; to the machine state . once an instruction is committed , the completion unit 40 updates the status bits 52 of the state history buffer 23 . specifically , the physical rename register 39 allocated to store the result from the committed instruction is marked as committed , regardless of whether or not data has been produced yet from the instruction . thus , instructions are committed by the completion unit 40 out of program order and indeed in some cases prior to data having been written to the physical rename register 39 . once a physical rename register 39 is marked as committed in the state history buffer 23 , then all physical rename registers 39 which correspond to the same architected logical register and predate the committed entry are not necessary for the machine state of the processor . thus , these physical rename registers 39 have been architecturally written over . once a physical rename register 39 is obsolete and is no longer referenced by any instruction , then it can be deallocated and is available for another instruction to use . this can be calculated with simple ( high - frequency ) control logic . namely , a 3 - bit state machine associated with the status bits 52 of each register in the state history buffer . each state history register has an allocate , an obsolete , and written - back status bit 52 associated with it . if all three bits are set , then all three should be reset indicating that the corresponding physical rename register 39 is free to be written into . if the allocate bit is set , the corresponding physical rename register 39 is available to be written into . if the written - back bit is set , the corresponding physical rename register 39 contains valid data produced by an execution unit . the obsolete bit is set when a later instance of the instruction , determined by following the linked list in the state history buffer 23 , has been committed and when the corresponding physical register 39 is not required as an operand by any other instructions . fig3 - 8 depict an expanded view of a portion of the microprocessor for illustrating an example of the interaction between the dispatch unit 20 , the general purpose register 32 , the completion unit 40 , several fixed point execution units 22 , the look ahead state buffer 21 , the state history buffer 23 , and associated control logic 50 . for purposes of the example , the processor has been defined with 4 architected logical registers for use by a programmer to store integer data . these architected logical registers are known to the programmer as r0 - r3 . the general purpose register 32 implements this function with 8 physical rename registers 39 , designated p0 - p8 . 4 of the physical rename registers 39 at any given time contain the machine state of the processor , namely the committed values of the architected logical registers . the choice of the number of each type of registers is arbitrary . however , the physical rename registers 39 must exceed the number of architected logical registers . the look ahead state buffer 21 contains a set of 4 registers , each corresponding to one the architected logical registers and storing an address indicating one of the physical rename registers 39 . the state history buffer 23 contains 8 state history registers and corresponding status bits 52 . the 8 state history registers contain a linked list of physical rename register 39 addresses corresponding to the renaming history of each architected logical register . pictured above the dispatch unit 20 in an instruction queue 19 is a 6 line program to be executed by the microprocessor . the program will be used to illustrate the interaction between the elements depicted , as the instructions are dispatched and executed in successive cycles . this example applies as well to the other execution units not depicted including the floating point unit 30 . fig3 depicts cycle 0 in the example . no instruction in the program sequence has yet been dispatched . the initial state of the processor , indicated by the look ahead state buffer 21 , shows that the architected logical registers r0 - r3 have values stored at the addresses of physical rename registers p0 - p3 , respectively indicating . the state history buffer indicates via status bits 52 that the physical rename registers p0 - p3 contain written entries , and hence valid data . fig4 depicts cycle 1 . when the add instruction is dispatched to an execution unit from the dispatch unit 20 , r3 is renamed the architected logical register since that is the target for the result from this instruction . the first available physical rename register p4 is used for the rename operation . note , however , that the choice of p4 is arbitrary . any of registers p4 - p7 could have been used . p4 is selected by the dispatch unit 20 , based on the status bits corresponding to p4 in the state history buffer indicating a &# 34 ; free &# 34 ; register . the dispatch unit sets the status bits 52 corresponding to p4 to the allocated state and stores the previous valid address p3 ( read from the look ahead state buffer 21 ) in the address field of location p4 in the state history buffer 23 . this instance of the add instruction dispatched to an execution unit then becomes : addi p4 ≦ p1 + 0x0000 , based on the original : addi r3 ≦ r1 + 0x0000 . fig5 depicts cycle 2 of the processor . two instructions , the cmp and addi instructions are dispatched to diverse execution units for execution . when dispatching the cmp instruction , the dispatch unit assigns the current physical rename registers 39 assigned to architected logical registers r3 and r1 respectively . the dispatched compare instruction becomes : the addi instruction specifies the target architected logical register r3 again to store the result of the instruction . thus , the dispatch unit 20 renames the current physical register p4 assigned to architected logical register r3 . the status bits 52 of the state history buffer 23 are checked for the first free physical rename register 39 , which is p5 . thus , p5 is used by the dispatch unit 20 to rename architected logical register r3 . p5 is stored in the look ahead state buffer 21 at location r3 , and p4 is stored in the state history buffer 23 at the location p5 , creating a linked list of physical rename registers 39 previously assigned to architected logical register r3 . furthermore the dispatch unit 20 updates the status bits 52 in the state history buffer 23 corresponding to p5 to indicate that physical rename register p5 has been allocated . the dispatched add instruction then becomes : also in this cycle , the completion unit 40 signals that addi has competed and may be committed to the machine state . note that addi has not created a result yet . cycle 3 is depicted in fig6 . the bne and blt instructions have no direct effect on the look ahead state or the state history buffer . in this example , the branch processing unit 18 predicted that the blt branch would be taken back to location &# 34 ; start .&# 34 ; thus , it is evident that the addi instruction at location start , and subsequent instructions , have entered the instruction queue . for simplicity sake , it is assumed that the branch predicted correctly and that the instruction sequence in the instruction queue 19 will continue to execute . however , the lw instruction at location exit will not be dispatched because the program branch taken occurred prior to it . also during this cycle , the control logic associated with the state history buffer 23 detects that p4 is committed this cycle , so that p3 , an earlier instance of the architected logical register r3 is now obsolete . therefore , the status bits 52 of p4 are set to the free state , and p4 no longer has a valid predecessor . the addi instruction also writes its result during this cycle to physical rename register p4 . therefore the utilized execution unit sets the p4 status bits 52 in the state history buffer to written . cycle 4 is depicted in fig7 . during this cycle , two addi instructions and one cmp instruction are dispatched in parallel to diverse execution units for simultaneous execution . each of the addi instructions will produce a result for the architected logical register r3 , and the cmp instruction will use the contents of the architected logical register r3 as an operand . the dispatch unit 20 must account for dependencies among instructions being dispatched in parallel . well known methods exist for this . the first addi instruction in the program sequence will rename the target architected logical register from the current physical rename register p5 to the first available rename register p3 , which was in the free state . the dispatch unit will store the old physical rename register address p5 in the state history buffer at the location of the new physical rename register p3 . further , the dispatch unit will update the status bits 52 of the new physical rename register location , in the state history buffer to the allocated state . when the first addi instruction is dispatched to an execution unit , it becomes : the next instruction in the instruction sequence , amp , does not require one of the architected logical registers r0 - r3 to store a result . however , the cmp does require architected logical registers for operands . thus , the operands in the instruction are renamed to the physical rename registers that currently represent the needed architected logical registers , as indicated in the look ahead state buffer 21 . hence , when the camp instruction is dispatched to an execution unit , it becomes : the last instruction in the sequence of three being simultaneously dispatched to diverse execution units is the addi instruction . this instruction requires the architected logical register r3 for storing the result of the instruction . the dispatch unit 20 will rename the architected logical register r3 with the first available physical rename register 39 . this is determined to be p6 based on the status bit in the state history buffer 23 . the address of p6 will be stored in the look ahead state buffer 21 . furthermore , the address of the former physical rename register assigned to the architected logical register r3 , namely p3 , will be stored in the state history buffer 23 at the location p6 . thus a linked list of physical rename registers 39 corresponding to the architected logical register r3 will be stored in the state history buffer 23 . the dispatch unit 20 will also update the status bits 52 corresponding to p6 in the state history buffer 23 to indicate that the physical rename register p6 has been allocated . when the addi instruction is dispatched to an execution unit , it becomes : the addi instruction is committed this cycle by the completion unit and the status bits in the state history buffer 23 reflect this . an interrupt is signaled -- the look ahead state must be recovered to generate the correct machine state cycle 5 is depicted in fig8 . the control logic 50 coupled to the state history buffer 23 determines that physical rename register p5 is committed this cycle , based on its status bits 52 . p4 , being a predecessor , is now obsolete . the status bits 52 of p4 , therefore , are set to the free state . p5 no longer has a valid predecessor . when the interrupt is signalled , the look ahead state buffer 21 must be reset to the committed machine state . in order to do this , the state history buffer 23 is used . r3 is currently set to p6 in the look ahead state buffer 21 . however , in order to determine the machine state of the architected logical register r3 , the linked list in the state history buffer 23 associated with r3 must be followed to find the earliest committed physical rename register 39 . the linked list in the state history buffer corresponding to r3 is : this progression is evident from the contents of the state history buffer 23 . p5 is the earliest committed entry in the state history buffer . thus , r3 should be set to p5 in the look ahead state buffer 21 , in order to indicate that physical rename register p5 contains the value committed to the machine state for architected logical register r3 . although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed , it will be understood by those having skill in the art that changes can be made to those specific embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
the following detailed description of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings . the same reference numbers in different drawings identify the same or similar elements . also , the following detailed description does not limit the invention . instead , the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims . systems and methods consistent with the present invention provide a wireless personal area network that permits a host device to communicate with a varying number of peripheral devices with minimal interference from neighboring networks . the host device uses tokens to manage all of the communication in the network , and automatic attachment and detachment mechanisms to communicate with the peripheral devices . a personal area network ( pan ) is a local network that interconnects computers with devices ( e . g ., peripherals , sensors , actuators ) within their immediate proximity . these devices may be located nearby and may frequently or occasionally come within range and go out of range of the computer . some devices may be embedded within an infrastructure ( e . g ., a building or vehicle ) so that they can become part of a pan as needed . a pan , in an implementation consistent with the present invention , has low power consumption and small size , supports wireless communication without line - of - sight limitations , supports communication among networks of multiple devices ( over 100 devices ), and tolerates interference from other pan systems operating within the vicinity . a pan can also be easily integrated into a broad range of simple and complex devices , is low in cost , and is capable of being used worldwide . fig1 is a diagram of a pan 100 consistent with the present invention . the pan 100 includes a single hub device 110 surrounded by multiple personal electronic accessory ( pea ) devices 120 configured in a star topology . other topologies may also be possible . each device is identified by a media access ( mac ) address . the hub 110 orchestrates all communication in the pan 100 , which consists of communication between the hub 110 and one or more pea ( s ) 120 . the hub 110 manages the timing of the network , allocates available bandwidth among the currently attached peas 120 participating in the pan 100 , and supports the attachment , detachment , and reattachment of peas 120 to and from the pan 100 . the hub 110 may be a stationary device or may reside in some sort of wearable computer , such as a simple pager - like device , that may move from peripheral to peripheral . the hub 110 could , however , include other devices . the peas 120 may vary dramatically in terms of their complexity . a very simple pea might include a movement sensor having an accelerometer , an 8 - bit microcontroller , and a pan interface . an intermediate pea might include a bar code scanner and its microcontroller . more complex peas might include pdas , cellular telephones , or even desktop pcs and workstations . the peas may include stationary devices located near the hub and / or portable devices that move to and away from the hub . the hub 110 and peas 120 communicate using multiplexed communication over a predefined set of streams . logically , a stream is a one - way communications link between one pea 120 and its hub 110 . each stream has a predetermined size and direction . the hub 110 uses stream numbers to identify communication channels for specific functions ( e . g ., data and control ). the hub 110 uses mac addresses to identify itself and the peas 120 . the hub 110 uses its own mac address to broadcast to all peas 120 . the hub 110 might also use mac addresses to identify virtual peas within any one physical pea 120 . the hub 110 combines a mac address and a stream number into a token , which it broadcasts to the peas 120 to control communication through the network 100 . the pea 120 responds to the hub 110 if it identifies its own mac address or the hub mac address in the token and if the stream number in the token is active for the mac address of the pea 120 . fig2 is a simplified block diagram of the hub 110 of fig1 . the hub 110 may be a battery - powered device that includes hub host 210 , digital control logic 220 , radio frequency ( rf ) transceiver 230 , and an antenna 240 . hub host 210 may include anything from a simple microcontroller to a high performance microprocessor . the digital control logic ( dcl ) 220 may include a controller that maintains timing and coordinates the operations of the hub host 210 and the rf transceiver 230 . the dcl 220 is specifically designed to minimize power consumption , cost , and size of the hub 110 . its design centers around a time - division multiple access ( tdma )- based network access protocol that exploits the short range nature of the pan 100 . the hub host 210 causes the dcl 220 to initialize the network 100 , send tokens and messages , and receive messages . responses from the dcl 220 feed incoming messages to the hub host 210 . the rf transceiver 230 includes a conventional rf transceiver that transmits and receives information via the antenna 240 . the rf transceiver 230 may alternatively include separate transmitter and receiver devices controlled by the dcl 220 . the antenna 240 includes a conventional antenna for transmitting and receiving information over the network . while fig2 shows the exemplary hub 110 as consisting of three separate elements , these elements may be physically implemented in one or more integrated circuits . for example , the hub host 210 and the dcl 220 , the dcl 220 and the rf transceiver 230 , or the hub host 210 , the dcl 220 , and the rf transceiver 230 may be implemented as a single integrated circuit or separate integrated circuits . moreover , one skilled in the art will recognize that the hub 110 may include additional elements that aid in the sending , receiving , and processing of data . fig3 is a simplified block diagram of the pea 120 . the pea 120 may be a battery - powered device that includes a pea host 310 , dcl 320 , rf transceiver 330 , and an antenna 340 . the pea host 310 may include a sensor that responds to information from a user , an actuator that provides output to the user , a combination of a sensor and an actuator , or more complex circuitry , as described above . the dcl 320 may include a controller that coordinates the operations of the pea host 310 and the rf transceiver 330 . the dcl 320 sequences the operations necessary in establishing synchronization with the hub 110 , in data communications , in coupling received information from the rf transceiver 330 to the pea host 310 , and in transmitting data from the pea host 310 back to the hub 110 through the rf transceiver 330 . the rf transceiver 330 includes a conventional rf transceiver that transmits and receives information via the antenna 340 . the rf transceiver 330 may alternatively include separate transmitter and receiver devices controlled by the dcl 320 . the antenna 340 includes a conventional antenna for transmitting and receiving information over the network . while fig3 shows the exemplary pea 120 as consisting of three separate elements , these elements may be physically implemented in one or more integrated circuits . for example , the pea host 310 and the dcl 320 , the dcl 320 and the rf transceiver 330 , or the pea host 310 , the dcl 320 , and the rf transceiver 330 may be implemented as a single integrated circuit or separate integrated circuits . moreover , one skilled in the art will recognize that the pea 120 may include additional elements that aid in the sending , receiving , and processing of data . fig4 is an exemplary diagram of a software architecture 400 of the hub 110 in an implementation consistent with the present invention . the software architecture 400 in the pea 120 has a similar structure . the software architecture 400 includes several distinct layers , each designed to serve a specific purpose , including : ( 1 ) application 410 , ( 2 ) link layer control ( llc ) 420 , ( 3 ) network interface ( ni ) 430 , ( 4 ) link layer transport ( llt ) 440 , ( 5 ) link layer driver ( lld ) 450 , and ( 6 ) dcl hardware 460 . the layers have application programming interfaces ( apis ) to facilitate communication with lower layers . the lld 450 is the lowest layer of software . each layer may communicate with the next higher layer via procedural upcalls that the higher layer registers with the lower layer . the application 410 may include any application executing on the hub 110 , such as a communication routine . the llc 420 performs several miscellaneous tasks , such as initialization , attachment support , bandwidth control , and token planning . the llc 420 orchestrates device initialization , including the initialization of the other layers in the software architecture 400 , upon power - up . the llc 420 provides attachment support by providing attachment opportunities for unattached peas to attach to the hub 110 so that they can communicate , providing mac address assignment , and initializing an ni 430 and the layers below it for communication with a pea 120 . the llc 420 provides bandwidth control through token planning . through the use of tokens , the llc 420 allocates bandwidth to permit one pea 120 at a time to communicate with the hub 110 . the ni 430 acts on its own behalf , or for an application 410 layer above it , to deliver data to the llt 440 beneath it . the llt 440 provides an ordered , reliable “ snippet ” ( i . e ., a data block ) delivery service for the ni 430 through the use of encoding ( e . g ., 16 - 64 bytes of data plus a cyclic redundancy check ( crc )) and snippet retransmission . the llt 440 accepts snippets , in order , from the ni 430 and delivers them using encoded status blocks ( e . g ., up to 2 bytes of status information translated through forward error correction ( fec ) into 6 bytes ) for acknowledgments ( acks ). the lld 450 is the lowest level of software in the software architecture 400 . the lld 450 interacts with the dcl hardware 460 . the lld 450 initializes and updates data transfers via the dcl hardware 460 as it delivers and receives data blocks for the llt 440 , and processes hardware interrupts . the dcl hardware 460 is the hardware driven by the lld 450 . fig5 is an exemplary diagram of communication processing by the layers of the software architecture 400 of fig4 . in fig5 , the exemplary communications involve the transmission of a snippet from one node to another . this example assumes that the sending node is the hub 110 and the receiving node is a pea 120 . processing begins with the ni 430 of the hub 110 deciding to send one or more bytes ( but no more than will fit ) in a snippet . the ni 430 exports the semantics that only one transaction is required to transmit these bytes to their destination ( denoted by “( 1 )” in the figure ). the ni 430 sends a unique identifier for the destination pea 120 of the snippet to the llt 440 . the llt 440 maps the pea identifier to the mac address assigned to the pea 120 by the hub 110 . the llt 440 transmits the snippet across the network to the receiving device . to accomplish this , the llt 440 adds header information ( to indicate , for example , how many bytes in the snippet are padded bytes ) and error checking information to the snippet , and employs reverse - direction status / acknowledgment messages and retransmissions . this is illustrated in fig5 by the bidirectional arrow between the llt 440 layers marked with “( n + m ).” the number n of snippet transmissions and the number m of status transmissions in the reverse direction are mostly a function of the amount of noise in the wireless communication , which may be highly variable . the llt 440 may also encrypt portions or all of the snippet using known encryption technology . the llt 440 uses the lld 450 to provide a basic block and stream - oriented communications service , isolating the dcl 460 interface from the potentially complex processing required of the llt 440 . the llt 440 uses multiple stream numbers to differentiate snippet and status blocks so that the lld 450 need not know which blocks contain what kind of content . the lld 450 reads and writes the hardware dcl 460 to trigger the transmission and reception of data blocks . the pea llt 440 , through the pea lld 450 , instructs the pea dcl 460 which mac address or addresses to respond to , and which stream numbers to respond to for each mac address . the hub llt 440 , through the hub lld 450 , instructs the hub dcl 460 which mac addresses and stream numbers to combine into tokens and transmit so that the correct pea 120 will respond . the hub dcl 460 sends and receives ( frequently in a corrupted form ) the data blocks across the rf network via the hub rf transceiver 230 ( fig2 ). the hub llt 440 employs fec for status , checksums and error checking for snippets , and performs retransmission control for both to ensure that each snippet is delivered reliably to its client ( e . g ., pea llt 440 ). the pea llt 440 delivers snippets in the same order that they were sent by the hub ni 430 to the pea ni 430 . the pea ni 430 takes the one or more bytes sent in the snippets and delivers them in order to the higher - level application 410 , thereby completing the transmission . fig6 is an exemplary diagram of a data block architecture 600 within the dcl of the hub 110 and the pea 120 . the data block 600 contains a mac address 610 designating a receiving or sending pea 120 , a stream number 620 for the communication , and a data buffer 630 which is full when sending and empty when receiving . as will be described later , the mac address 610 and stream number 620 form the contents of a token 640 . when the lld 450 reads from and writes to the hardware dcl 460 , the lld 450 communicates the mac address 610 and stream number 620 with the data buffer 630 . when a pea 120 receives a data block , the dcl 460 places the mac address 610 and stream number 620 contained in the preceding token 640 in the data block 600 to keep track of the different data flows . the lld 450 provides a multi - stream data transfer service for the llt 440 . while the llt 440 is concerned with data snippets and status / acknowledgements , the lld 450 is concerned with the size of data blocks and the direction of data transfers to and from the hub 110 . fig7 a is a detailed diagram of an exemplary stream usage plan 700 in an implementation consistent with the present invention . a single stream usage plan may be predefined and used by the hub 110 and all peas 120 . the pea 120 may have a different set of active streams for each mac address it supports , and only responds to a token that specifies a mac address of the pea 120 and a stream that is active for that mac address . in an implementation consistent with the present invention , every pea 120 may support one or more active hub - to - pea streams associated with the hub &# 39 ; s mac address . the stream usage plan 700 includes several streams 710 - 740 , each having a predefined size and data transfer direction . the plan 700 may , of course , have more or fewer entries and may accommodate more than the two data block sizes shown in the figure . in the plan 700 , streams 0 - 2 ( 710 ) are used to transmit the contents of small data blocks from the pea 120 to the hub 110 . streams 3 - 7 ( 720 ) are used to transmit the contents of larger data blocks from the pea 120 to the hub 110 . streams 8 - 10 ( 730 ), on the other hand , are used to transmit the contents of small data blocks from the hub 110 to the pea 120 . streams 11 - 15 ( 740 ) are used to transmit the contents of larger data blocks from the hub 110 to the pea 120 . to avoid collisions , some of the streams are reserved for peas desiring to attach to the network and the rest are reserved for peas already attached to the network . with such an arrangement , a pea 120 knows whether and what type of communication is scheduled by the hub 110 based on a combination of the mac address 610 and the stream number 620 . fig7 b is a detailed diagram of an exemplary stream usage assignment by the llt 440 in an implementation consistent with the present invention . the llt 440 assigns different streams to different communication purposes , reserving the streams with small block size for status , and using the streams with larger block size for snippets . for example , the llt 440 may use four streams ( 4 - 7 and 12 - 15 ) for the transmission of snippets in each direction , two for odd parity snippets and two for even parity snippets . in other implementations consistent with the present invention , the llt 440 uses different numbers of streams of each parity and direction . the use of more than one stream for the same snippet allows a snippet to be sent in more than one form . for example , the llt 440 may send a snippet in its actual form through one stream and in a form with bytes complemented and in reverse order through the other stream . the alternating use of different transformations of a snippet more evenly distributes transmission errors among the bits of the snippet as they are received , and hence facilitates the reconstruction of a snippet from multiple corrupted received versions . the receiver always knows which form of the snippet was transmitted based on its stream number . the llt 440 partitions the streams into two disjoint subsets , one for use with hub 110 assigned mac addresses 750 and the other for use with attaching peas &# 39 ; self - selected mac addresses ( amacs ) 760 . both the llt 440 and the lld 450 know the size and direction of each stream , but the llt 450 is responsible for determining how the streams are used , how mac numbers are assigned and used , and assuring that no two peas 120 respond to the same token ( containing a mac address and stream number ) transmitted by the hub 110 . one exception to this includes the hub &# 39 ; s use of its mac address to broadcast its heartbeat 770 ( described below ) to all peas 120 . fig8 is an exemplary diagram of a tdma frame structure 800 of a tdma plan consistent with the present invention . the tdma frame 800 starts with a beacon 810 , and then alternates token broadcasts 820 and data transfers 830 . the hub 110 broadcasts the beacon 810 at the start of each tdma frame 800 . the peas 120 use the beacon 810 , which may contain a unique identifier of the hub 110 , to synchronize to the hub 110 . each token 640 ( fig6 ) transmitted by the hub 110 in a token broadcast 820 includes a mac address 610 ( fig6 ) and a stream number 620 for the data buffer 630 transfer that follows . the mac address 610 and stream number 620 in the token 640 together specify a particular pea 120 to transmit or receive data , or , in the case of the hub &# 39 ; s mac address 610 , specify no , many , or all peas to receive data from the hub 110 ( depending on the stream number ). the stream number 620 in the token 640 indicates the direction of the data transfer 830 ( hub 110 to pea 120 or pea 120 to hub 110 ), the number of bytes to be transferred , and the data source ( for the sender ) and the appropriate empty data block ( for the receiver ). the tdma plan controls the maximum number of bytes that can be sent in a data transfer 830 . not all of the permitted bytes need to be used in the data transfer 830 , however , so the hub 110 may schedule a status block in the initial segment of a tdma time interval that is large enough to send a snippet . the hub 110 and pea 120 treat any left over bytes as no - ops to mark time . any pea 120 not involved in the data transfer uses all of the data transfer 830 bytes to mark time while waiting for the next token 640 . the pea 120 may also power down non - essential circuitry at this time to reduce power consumption . fig9 a is an exemplary diagram of communication processing for transmitting a single data block from the hub 110 to a pea 120 according to the tdma plan of fig8 . fig9 b and 9c are flowcharts of the hub 110 and pea 120 activities , respectively , of fig9 a . the reference numbers in fig9 a correspond to the flowchart steps of fig9 b and 9c . with regard to the hub activity , the hub 110 responds to a token command in the tdma plan [ step 911 ] ( fig9 b ) by determining the location of the next data block 600 to send or receive [ step 912 ]. the hub 110 reads the block &# 39 ; s mac address 610 and stream number 620 [ step 913 ] and generates a token 640 from the mac address and stream number using fec [ step 914 ]. the hub 110 then waits for the time for sending a token 640 in the tdma plan ( i . e ., a token broadcast 820 in fig8 ) [ step 915 ] and broadcasts the token 640 to the peas 120 [ step 916 ]. if the stream number 620 in the token 640 is zero ( i . e ., a no - data - transfer token ), no pea 120 will respond and the hub 110 waits for the next token command in the tdma plan [ step 911 ]. if the stream number 620 is non - zero , however , the hub 110 determines the size and direction of the data transmission from the stream number 620 and waits for the time for sending the data in the tdma plan ( i . e ., a data transfer 830 ) [ step 917 ]. later , when instructed to do so by the tdma plan ( i . e ., after the pea 120 identified by the mac address 610 has had enough time to prepare ), the hub 110 transmits the contents of the data buffer 630 [ step 918 ]. the hub 110 then prepares for the next token command in the tdma plan [ step 919 ]. with regard to the pea activity , the pea 120 reaches a token command in the tdma plan [ step 921 ] ( fig9 c ). the pea 120 then listens for the forward error - corrected token 640 , having a mac address 610 and stream number 620 , transmitted by the hub 110 [ step 922 ]. the pea 120 decodes the mac address from the forward error - corrected token [ step 923 ] and , if it is not the pea &# 39 ; s 120 mac address , sleeps through the next data transfer 830 in the tdma plan [ step 924 ]. otherwise , the pea 120 also decodes the stream number 620 from the token 640 . all peas 120 listen for the hub heartbeat that the hub 110 broadcasts with a token containing the hub &# 39 ; s mac address 610 and the heartbeat stream 770 . during attachment ( described in more detail below ), the pea 120 may have two additional active mac addresses 610 , the one it selected for attachment and the one the hub 110 assigned to the pea 120 . the streams are partitioned between these three classes of mac addresses 610 , so the pea 120 may occasionally find that the token 640 contains a mac address 610 that the pea 120 supports , but that the stream number 620 in the token 640 is not one that the pea 120 supports for this mac address 610 . in this case , the pea 120 sleeps through the next data transfer 830 in the tdma plan [ step 924 ]. since the pea 120 supports more than one mac address 610 , the pea 120 uses the mac address 610 and the stream number 620 to identify a suitable empty data block [ step 925 ]. the pea 120 writes the mac address 610 and stream number 620 it received in the token 640 from the hub 110 into the data block [ step 926 ]. the pea 120 then determines the size and direction of the data transmission from the stream number 620 and waits for the transmission of the data buffer 630 contents from the hub 110 during the next data transfer 830 in the tdma plan [ step 927 ]. the pea 120 stores the data in the data block [ step 928 ], and then prepares for the next token command in the tdma plan [ step 929 ]. fig9 a - 9c illustrate communication of a data block from the hub 110 to a pea 120 . when the pea 120 transfers a data block to the hub 110 , similar steps occur except that the hub 110 first determines the next data block to receive ( with its mac address 610 and stream number 620 ) and the transmission of the data buffer 630 contents occurs in the opposite direction . the hub 110 needs to arrange in advance for receiving data from peas 120 by populating the mac address 610 and stream number 620 into data blocks with empty data buffers 630 , because the hub 110 generates the tokens for receiving data as well as for transmitting data . fig1 a and 10b are high - level diagrams of the states that the hub 110 and pea 120 llt 440 ( fig4 ) go through during a data transfer in an implementation consistent with the present invention . fig1 a illustrates states of a hub - to - pea transfer and fig1 b illustrates states of a pea - to - hub transfer . during the hub - to - pea transfer ( fig1 a ), the hub 110 cycles through four states : fill , send even parity , fill , and send odd parity . the fill states indicate when the ni 430 ( fig4 ) may fill a data snippet . the even and odd send states indicate when the hub 110 sends even numbered and odd numbered snippets to the pea 120 . the pea 120 cycles through two states : want even and want odd . the two states indicate the pea &# 39 ; s 120 desire for data , with ‘ want even ’ indicating that the last snippet successfully received had odd parity . the pea 120 communicates its current state to the hub 110 via its status messages ( i . e ., the state changes serve as acks ). the hub 110 waits for a state change in the pea 120 before it transitions to its next fill state . during the pea - to - hub transfer ( fig1 b ), the hub 110 cycles through six states : wait / listen for pea - ready - to - send - even status , read even , send ack and listen for status , wait / listen for pea - ready - to - send - odd status , read odd , and send ack and listen for status . according to this transfer , the pea 120 cannot transmit data until the hub 110 requests data , which it will only do if it sees from the pea &# 39 ; s status that the pea 120 has the next data block ready . the four listen for status states schedule when the hub 110 asks to receive a status message from the pea 120 . the two ‘ send ack and listen for status ’ states occur after successful receipt of a data block by the hub 110 , and in these two states the hub 110 schedules both the sending of hub status to the pea 120 and receipt of the pea status . the pea status informs the hub 110 when the pea 120 has successfully received the hub 110 status and has transitioned to the next ‘ fill ’ state . once the pea 120 has prepared its next snippet , it changes its status to ‘ have even ’ or ‘ have odd ’ as appropriate . when the hub 110 detects that the pea 120 has advanced to the fill state or to ‘ have even / odd ,’ it stops scheduling the sending of hub status ( ack ) to the pea 120 . if the hub 110 detects that the pea 120 is in the ‘ fill ’ state , it transitions to the following ‘ listen for status ’ state . if the pea 120 has already prepared a new snippet for transmission by the time the hub 110 learns that its ack was understood by the pea 120 , the hub 110 skips the ‘ listen for status ’ state and moves immediately to the next appropriate ‘ read even / odd ’ state . in this state , the hub 110 receives the snippet from the pea 120 . the pea 120 cycles through four states : fill , have even , fill , and have odd ( i . e ., the same four states the hub 110 cycles through when sending snippets ). the fill states indicate when the ni 430 ( fig4 ) can fill a data snippet . during the fill states , the pea 110 sets its status to ‘ have nothing to send .’ the pea 120 does not transition its status to ‘ have even ’ or ‘ have odd ’ until the next snippet is filled and ready to send to the hub 110 . these two status states indicate the parity of the snippet that the pea 120 is ready to send to the hub 110 . when the hub 110 receives a status of ‘ have even ’ or ‘ have odd ’ and the last snippet it successfully received had the opposite parity , it schedules the receipt of data , which it thereafter acknowledges with a change of status that it sends to the pea 120 . the hub 110 communicates with only attached peas 120 that have an assigned mac address 610 . an unattached pea can attach to the hub 110 when the hub 110 gives it an opportunity to do so . periodically , the hub 110 schedules attachment opportunities for unattached peas that wish to attach to the hub 110 , using a small set of attach mac ( amac ) addresses and a small set of streams dedicated to this purpose . after selecting one of the designated amac addresses 610 at random to identify itself and preparing to send a small , possibly forward error - corrected , “ attach - interest ” message and a longer , possibly checksummed , “ attach - request ” message using this amac and the proper attach stream numbers 620 , the pea 120 waits for the hub 110 to successfully read the attach - interest and then the attach - request messages . reading of a valid attach - interest message by the hub 110 causes the hub 110 believe that there is a pea 120 ready to send the longer ( and hence more likely corrupted ) attach - request . once a valid attach - interest is received , the hub 110 schedules frequent receipt of the attach - request until it determines the contents of the attach - request , either by receiving the block intact with a valid checksum or by reconstructing the sent attach - request from two or more received instances of the sent attach - request . the hub 110 then assigns a mac address to the pea 120 , sending the address to the pea 120 using its amac address . the hub 110 confirms receipt of the mac address by scheduling the reading of a small , possibly forward error - corrected , attach - confirmation from the pea 120 at its new mac address 610 . the hub 110 follows this by sending a small , possibly forward error - corrected , confirmation to the pea 120 at its mac address so that the pea 120 knows it is attached . the pea 120 returns a final small , possibly forward error - corrected , confirmation acknowledgement to the hub 110 so that the hub 110 , which is in control of all scheduled activity , has full knowledge of the state of the pea 120 . this mac address remains assigned to that pea 120 for the duration of the time that the pea 120 is attached . fig1 and 12 are flowcharts of hub and pea attachment processing , respectively , consistent with the present invention . when the hub 110 establishes the network , its logic initializes the attachment process and , as long as the hub 110 continues to function , periodically performs attachment processing . the hub 110 periodically broadcasts heartbeats containing a hub identifier ( selecting a new heartbeat identifier value each time it reboots ) and an indicator of the range of amacs that can be selected from for the following attach opportunity [ step 1110 ] ( fig1 ). the hub 110 schedules an attach - interest via a token that schedules a small pea - to - hub transmission for each of the designated amacs , so unattached peas may request attachment . each attaching pea 120 selects a new amac at random from the indicated range when it hears the heartbeat . because the hub 110 may receive a garbled transmission whenever more than one pea 120 transmits , the hub 110 occasionally indicates a large amac range ( especially after rebooting ) so that at least one of a number of peas 120 may select a unique amac 610 and become attached . when no peas 120 have attached for some period of time , however , the hub 110 may select a small range of amacs 610 to reduce attachment overhead , assuming that peas 120 will arrive in its vicinity in at most small groups . the hub 110 then listens for a valid attach - interest from an unattached pea [ step 1120 ]. the attach - interest is a pea - to - hub message having the amac address 610 selected by the unattached pea 120 . upon receiving a valid attach interest , the hub 110 schedules a pea - to - hub attach - request token with the pea &# 39 ; s amac 610 and reads the pea &# 39 ; s attach - request [ step 1130 ]. due to the low - power wireless environment of the pan 100 , the attach - request transmission may take more than one attempt and hence may require scheduling the pea - to - hub attach - request token more than once . when the hub 110 successfully receives the attach - request from the pea , it assigns a mac address to the pea [ step 1140 ]. in some cases , the hub 110 chooses the mac address from the set of amac addresses . the hub 110 sends the new mac address 610 in an attach - assignment message to the now - identified pea 120 , still using the pea &# 39 ; s amac address 610 and a stream number 620 reserved for this purpose . the hub 110 schedules and listens for an attach - confirmation response from the pea 120 using the newly assigned mac address 610 [ step 1150 ]. upon receiving the confirmation from the pea 120 , the hub 110 sends its own confirmation , acknowledging that the pea 120 has switched to its new mac , to the pea 120 and waits for a final acknowledgment from the pea 120 [ step 1160 ]. the hub 110 continues to send the confirmation until it receives the acknowledgment from the pea 120 or until it times out . in each of the steps above , the hub 110 counts the number of attempts it makes to send or receive , and aborts the attachment effort if a predefined maximum number of attempts is exceeded . upon receiving the final acknowledgment , the hub 110 stops sending its attach confirmation , informs its ni 430 ( fig4 ) that the pea 120 is attached , and begins exchanging both data and keep - alive messages ( described below ) with the pea 120 . when an unattached pea 120 enters the network , its llc 420 ( fig4 ) instructs its llt 440 to initialize attachment . unlike the hub 110 , the pea 120 waits to be polled . the pea 120 instructs its dcl 460 to activate and associate the heartbeat stream 770 ( fig7 b ) with the hub &# 39 ; s mac address and waits for the heartbeat broadcast from the hub 110 [ step 1210 ] ( fig1 ). the pea 120 then selects a random amac address from the range indicated in the heartbeat to identify itself to the hub 110 [ step 1220 ]. the pea 120 instructs its dcl 460 to send an attach - interest and an attach - request data block to the hub 110 , and activate and associate the streams with its amac address [ step 1230 ]. the pea 120 tells its driver to activate and respond to the selected amac address for the attach - assignment stream . the unattached pea 120 then waits for an attach - assignment with an assigned mac address from the hub 110 [ step 1240 ]. upon receiving the attach - assignment , the pea 120 finds its hub - assigned mac address and tells its driver to use this mac address to send an attach - confirmation to the hub 110 to acknowledge receipt of its new mac address [ step 1250 ], activate all attached - pea streams for its new mac address , and deactivate the streams associated with its amac address . the pea 120 waits for an attach confirmation from the hub 110 using the new mac address [ step 1260 ] and , upon receiving it , sends a final acknowledgment to the hub 110 [ step 1270 ]. the pea 120 then tells its ni 430 that it is attached . the pea 120 , if it hears another heartbeat from the hub 110 before it completes attachment , discards any prior communication and begins its attachment processing over again with a new amac . the hub 110 periodically informs all attached peas 120 that they are attached by sending them ‘ keep - alive ’ messages . the hub 110 may send the messages at least as often as it transmits heartbeats . the hub 110 may send individual small , possibly forward error - corrected , keep - alive messages to each attached pea 120 when few peas 120 are attached , or may send larger , possibly forward error - corrected , keep - alive messages to groups of peas 120 . whenever the hub 110 schedules tokens for pea - to - hub communications , it sets a counter to zero . the counter resets to zero each time the hub 110 successfully receives a block ( either uncorrupted or reconstructed ) from the pea 120 , and increments for unreadable blocks . if the counter exceeds a predefined threshold , the hub 110 automatically detaches the pea 120 without any negotiation with the pea 120 . after this happens , the hub 110 no longer schedules data or status transfers to or from the pea 120 , and no longer sends it any keep - alive messages . fig1 is a flowchart of pea detachment and reattachment processing consistent with the present invention . each attached pea 120 listens for hub heartbeat and keep - alive messages [ step 1310 ]. when the pea 120 first attaches , and after receiving each keep - alive message , it resets its heartbeat counter to zero [ step 1320 ]. each time the pea 120 hears a heartbeat , it increments the heartbeat counter [ step 1330 ]. if the heartbeat counter exceeds a predefined threshold , the pea 120 automatically assumes that the hub 110 has detached it from the network 100 [ step 1340 ]. after this happens , the pea 120 attempts to reattach to the hub 110 [ step 1350 ], using attachment processing similar to that described with respect to fig1 and 12 . if the hub 110 had not actually detached the pea 120 , then the attempt to reattach causes the hub 110 to detach the pea 120 so that the attempt to reattach can succeed . when the pea 120 is out of range of the hub 110 , it may not hear from the hub 110 and , therefore , does not change state or increment its heartbeat counter . the pea 120 has no way to determine whether the hub 110 has detached it or how long the hub 110 might wait before detaching it . when the pea 120 comes back into range of the hub 110 and hears the hub heartbeat ( and keep - alive if sent ), the pea 120 then determines whether it is attached and attempts to reattach if necessary . systems and methods consistent with the present invention provide a wireless personal area network that permit a host device to communicate with a varying number of peripheral devices with minimal power and minimal interference from neighboring networks by using a customized tdma protocol . the host device uses tokens to facilitate the transmission of data blocks through the network . the foregoing description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention provides illustration and description , but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents . | 8 |
the mulching pellets of this invention are far superior in protecting the seed bed from erosion , as compared to other mulching pellets . this is due to a number of factors , including the lower density which allows the pellets to be spread more thickly than other pellets , thus covering more of the seed bed surface , and so protecting the surface more effectively from water and wind . another factor is the greater water retention of the inventive mulching pellets , which provides superior erosion control and seed bed hydration due to both the amount of retained water on the seed bed , as well as the expansion of the mulching pellets due to their water retention . the mulching pellets of this invention comprise an intimately - mixed formulation of finely - divided paper , finely - divided wood , a water - absorbent polymer , and a surfactant . in the preferred embodiment , the mulching pellets also include clay particles as a pellet binder . additional components of the pellets may include a plant growth stimulant , and a dye . the finely - divided paper and wood are extremely water absorbent in and of themselves . the addition of a surfactant increases the water retention of the paper and wood particles , and also speeds water absorption . it can double water retention and increase the absorption rate 20 fold . because so much water is absorbed by the pellets , the pellets expand tremendously , resulting in the coverage of an even greater percentage of the seed bed area , which then provides greater protection to the seed bed from water and wind . additionally , the extreme water absorption reduces water runoff , therefore reducing soil loss . the mulching pellets also include a water - absorbent polymer . a preferred polymer is guar gum . the polymer absorbs water , and helps to hold the pellet together , and keep it from falling apart as it swells as it absorbs water . the polymer also increases the stickiness of the water - saturated pellets , which helps to retain them in place on the seed bed . the preferred embodiment mulching pellets also include clay particles . the clay acts as a binder to hold wood and paper of the pellets together both during the manufacturing process , and in the finished product . this allows the pellets to be less compact than other paper - based pellets , thereby reducing the bulk density of the pellets , which allows the pellets to cover a greater percentage of the seed bed area as opposed to the same weight of more dense mulching pellets . the clay also can act as a binder for performance - enhancing chemicals , such as fertilizer , bio - stimulant and / or chelating agents . one preferred embodiment of the mulching pellets of this invention includes : at least about 50 % finely - divided paper , and more preferably 54 %± 2 %; at least about 15 % finely - divided wood , and more preferably 20 %± 2 %; at least about 1 % guar gum ( a natural water - absorbing polymer ), and more preferably 1 %± 0 . 2 %; at least about 0 . 2 % polyalkylene glycol ( a surfactant ), and more preferably 0 . 3 %± 0 . 1 %. to promote plant development and growth , the mulching pellets may include a bio - stimulant , such as cold water processed ascophyllum nodosum , which is a seaweed extract . finally , the mulching pellets may include about 0 . 4 % dark green marker dye . these mulching pellets were produced as follows . waste newspapers were shredded and processed through a hammer mill . the resulting paper pieces were then introduced into a finish hammer mill . also added to the finish hammer mill were the appropriate amounts of sawdust , clay particles , and guar gum powder . the approximate sizes of these components added to the finish hammer mill was as follows . the paper was pieces about 1 / 4 to 3 / 4 inch in length , the sawdust passed through a 20 mesh screen , and the clay passed through a 300 mesh screen . the mixture exiting the finish hammer mill had added to it the correct amount of marker dye . the liquid surfactant was then added to the mixture of solids . the entire mixture was then processed through a conditioner , in which the correct amount of moisture was sprayed into the mixture as a fine mist as the product is agitated . the mixture was then pelletized into pellets of 3 / 16 inch diameter , with a length of about 1 - 1 / 4 inches . the pellets had a bulk density of about 45 - 50 pounds per cubic foot . the product was then cooled , to harden and dry the outside skin , to prevent mold growth , and keep the pellets from breaking apart during shipping and application . the pellets were then passed through a roller mill , which broke the pellets into smaller , less dense pieces , having a bulk density of about 25 - 30 pounds per cubic foot . the roller mill was a model sp900 - 24 roller mill from roskamp champion of waterloo iowa . the rolls were corrugated with diagonal grooves , model 6 / 8 rbv 5 deg . 1 . 5 : 1 differential . mulching pellets according to the preferred embodiment were tested against paper - based mulching pellets in a controlled university testing situation . the mulching pellets of this invention tested as set forth below had the following composition . ______________________________________component percentage ( by weight ) ______________________________________waste paper 54 ± 2 % sawdust 20 ± 2 % clay particles 15 ± 2 % moisture 10 ± 2 % guar gum 1 ± 0 . 2 % polyalkylene glycol surfactant 0 . 3 ± 0 . 1 % dye 0 . 4 ± 0 . 1 % seaweed extract 0 . 1 ± 0 . 1 % ______________________________________ the inventive mulching pellets had a bulk density of about 25 - 30 pounds per cubic foot , and on average were short generally cylindrical pieces having a diameter of about 3 / 16 &# 34 ;, and a length of up to about 1 / 4 &# 34 ;. because of these dimensions , the pellets had fairly large , relatively flat ends , which tended to prevent the pieces from rolling on sloped ground . also , they had more contact area with the soil , and greater surface area , as compared to the pennmulch pellets , thus absorbing water faster and covering more of the seed bed . these pellets were tested against a commercially - available paper - based mulching pellet which includes a synthetic water - absorbing co - polymer . the product is known as &# 34 ; pennmulch &# 34 ; seed establishment mulch available from pennturf products , inc ., state college , pa . this product , which is sold as cylindrical pieces , had a diameter of about 1 / 8 of an inch , and a length of up to about 1 / 2 inch . their long , thin , cylindrical shape tended to allow the pellets to roll on sloped ground , which can cause less soil coverage . the density of this product is about 35 - 40 pounds per cubic foot . because of the higher density , this product , when applied at the same rate in pounds per square foot of seed bed as the inventive pellets , covers substantially less of the seed bed , and accordingly does not protect the seed bed as well as the inventive pellets . the two types of mulching pellets were tested in three sets of side - by - side test plots with a rainfall simulator which provided precise control over the rainfall rate . both products were applied at the same rate of 75 pounds per 1000 square feet of identical seed bed in a test bed which fully separated each test plot . the rainfall intensity was 4 inches per hour . the test lasted 30 minutes . the plots were placed at a 3 : 1 slope . sediment and water leaving each test plot were collected and weighed together . after the sediment had settled , the clean water was filtered from the containers and measured , and the sediment was dried and weighed . after the rainfall simulation ended , a sunlight simulator was used continuously for 7 days . two samples , each approximately 1 square foot in area , were then gathered from the upper one - third of each plot , one from the center of each plot , and one from the lower third of each plot . for each sample , the plants were counted , measured , dried , and weighed , and counts were made in each sample area of seeds that did not germinate . table 1__________________________________________________________________________water runoff and soil erosion data . slope = 3 : 1 . rainfall = 4 in / hr . water collect , water soil runoff rate , soil erosiontest plot material time ( hr ) weight , lb weight , lb gal / hr rate , lb / hr__________________________________________________________________________1 1 inventive pellets 0 . 50 118 . 80 3 . 188 28 . 49 6 . 381 2 pennmulch pellets 0 . 50 121 . 10 5 . 575 29 . 04 11 . 151 3 inventive pellets 0 . 50 116 . 70 12 . 010 27 . 99 24 . 021 4 pennmulch pellets 0 . 50 178 . 50 9 . 017 42 . 81 18 . 031 5 inventive pellets 0 . 50 103 . 30 5 . 637 24 . 77 11 . 271 6 pennmulch pellets 0 . 50 179 . 00 14 . 293 42 . 93 28 . 59average inventive pellets 27 . 08 13 . 89 pennmulch pellets 38 . 26 19 . 26__________________________________________________________________________ table 2__________________________________________________________________________number of plants and plant height data . slope = 3 : 1 . rain = 4 in / hr . test - number of plants plant height ( cm ) averageplot material top middle bottom total top middle bottom h ( cm ) __________________________________________________________________________1 - 1 inventive 79 90 81 250 11 . 86 12 . 23 11 . 54 11 . 89 pellets1 - 2 pennmulch 77 75 58 210 12 . 14 12 . 78 12 . 07 12 . 35 pellets1 - 3 inventive 68 48 88 204 13 . 11 12 . 59 11 . 23 12 . 18 pellets1 - 4 pennmulch 87 57 52 196 11 . 53 12 . 28 10 . 70 11 . 53 pellets1 - 5 inventive 94 81 59 234 11 . 25 12 . 03 11 . 93 11 . 69 pellets1 - 6 pennmulch 95 72 57 224 11 . 22 12 . 48 11 . 75 11 . 76 pelletsave . inventive 80 73 76 229 11 . 97 12 . 23 11 . 52 11 . 91 pellets pennmulch 86 68 56 210 11 . 60 12 . 53 11 . 53 11 . 88 pellets__________________________________________________________________________ table 3__________________________________________________________________________dry weight of plants and percentage of seed data . slope = 3 : 1 . rain = 4in / hr . test - dry weight ( gm / sample ) percentage of seedplot material top middle bottom total ( gm / plot ) lost germi . non - g . check__________________________________________________________________________1 - 1 inventive 0 . 91 1 . 00 0 . 80 2 . 71 22 . 43 10 . 61 75 . 76 13 . 64 100 . pellets1 - 2 pennmulch 0 . 79 0 . 84 0 . 62 2 . 25 18 . 62 18 . 48 63 . 64 17 . 88 100 . pellets1 - 3 inventive 0 . 84 0 . 65 0 . 85 2 . 34 19 . 37 21 . 52 61 . 82 16 . 67 100 . pellets1 - 4 pennmulch 0 . 88 0 . 64 0 . 52 2 . 04 16 . 88 27 . 58 59 . 39 13 . 03 100 . pellets1 - 5 inventive 0 . 82 0 . 94 0 . 52 2 . 28 18 . 87 9 . 09 70 . 91 20 . 00 100 . pellets1 - 6 pennmulch 0 . 91 0 . 83 0 . 58 2 . 32 19 . 20 13 . 03 67 . 88 19 . 09 100 . pelletsave . inventive 0 . 86 0 . 86 0 . 72 2 . 44 20 . 22 13 . 74 69 . 49 16 . 77 100 . pellets pennmulch 0 . 86 0 . 77 0 . 57 2 . 20 18 . 23 19 . 70 63 . 64 16 . 67 100 . pellets__________________________________________________________________________ it is apparent from the data that the inventive pellets retained more soil and more water than the other pellets . a larger percentage of seed was retained . germination rates were greater . average plant height and dry weight of plants was slightly larger . the results were even more dramatic when the inventive pellets were applied at a rate of 100 pounds per 1000 square feet . the water runoff rate decreased to an average of about 12 gallons per hour , and the soil erosion rate was reduced to an average of about 2 pounds per hour , both under the same conditions as above . although specific features of this invention are shown in some drawings and not others , this is for convenience only as each feature may be combined with any or all of the other features in accordance with the invention . other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and are within the following claims : | 2 |
fig1 of the accompanying drawings illustrates from one side a portion of an elongate barrier 10 according to one form of the invention . the barrier 10 includes underlying structure 11 comprising a plurality of precast cementitious blocks 12 which are positioned adjacent one another , following a defined path , on a roadway 14 . typically the blocks 12 are of the kind known as new jersey blocks and they extend on a side of a highway , or on a highway to separate traffic flow in one direction from traffic flow in an opposing direction . the barrier 10 further includes a fence 16 which is erected on top of the blocks 12 . the fence is formed from a plurality of fence posts 18 which are spaced apart from each other , at regular intervals , by a distance 20 . mesh panels 22 are respectively located between and fixed to each adjacent pair of posts . each panel 22 comprising a respective rectangular mesh structure which is formed with appropriate mesh apertures and includes an upper horizontal edge 24 , a lower horizontal edge 26 , and opposed first and second vertical edges 28 and 30 respectively . as appropriate , according to requirement , lamp posts 34 are fixed at intervals to the blocks . fig2 is a view in cross - section , on a slightly enlarged scale , of the barrier 10 taken on a line 2 - 2 in fig1 . fig3 shows on an enlarged scale an intermediate portion , enclosed in a circle marked 3 , of the construction in fig2 . the blocks 12 form a flat upper surface 40 which facilitates erection of the fence 16 . each post 18 comprises an elongate member 41 to which is fixed a respective base plate 42 which , through the use of appropriate fasteners 44 , is securely anchored to the upper surface 40 . the mesh panels 22 are substantially identical to one another . each panel has respective flanges 46 and 48 at its vertical edges 28 and 30 respectively . fig3 shows a flange 46 abutting a post 18 . the flange is fixed to the post using suitable fasteners 50 . the panel 22 is stiffened in a horizontal direction i . e . against flexure about a vertical axis , by means of one or more reinforcing ribs 52 which extend horizontally . each rib is defined by a v - shaped channel formed by bending the mesh under factory conditions . similarly , the lower edge 26 is stiffened by means of a flange 54 . the upper edge 22 is also stiffened by means of a flange which is similar to the flange 54 . the dimensions of the upper surface 40 are such that a person could stand on the upper surface and grip the adjacent mesh panel . the person could possibly thereby get sufficient support to climb over the panel . to obviate or to hinder this , in the fig2 arrangement use is made of a deterrent arrangement 56 on one side of the fence and a substantially similar deterrent arrangement 58 on an opposing side of the fence . each deterrent arrangement comprises a plurality of elongate spikes 60 . the spikes are provided in strip form and each strip is fixed , generally parallel to the fence 16 , to the upper surface 40 using fasteners 62 . the spikes are sharp and a person trying to stand on top of the concrete blocks would find it uncomfortable or even dangerous and , in this way , the person would generally be deterred from trying to climb over the fence . fig4 , 5 and 6 are similar to fig1 , 2 and 3 respectively and illustrate a barrier 10 a according to a different form of the invention . there are substantial similarities between the barrier 10 and the barrier 10 a and for this reason the barrier 10 a is not described in detail . where applicable like reference numerals are used to designate like components . in the barrier 10 a the deterrent strips of spikes ( 56 , 58 ) are replaced by a deterrent arrangement 70 which is shown , more clearly , in fig6 . the deterrent arrangement 70 includes mesh sections 72 and 74 , in sheet ( planar ) form which are generally identical but which are erected in opposing orientations . lower edges 26 of the mesh panels , which make up the fence 16 , could rest on the flat upper surface 40 of the concrete blocks . preferably though , to increase the height of the fence 16 without using additional material , the lower edges are spaced from the surface 40 by a distance 76 . the mesh sections 72 and 74 are secured , at their upper edges 80 , by means of suitable fasteners 84 to the mesh panels adjacent the lower edges 26 . the sections 72 and 74 extend downwardly and outwardly to lower horizontal flange sections 72 a and 74 a respectively which are directly fixed , by means of appropriate fasteners 86 , to the upper surface 40 . the mesh sections 72 and 74 have outwardly and downwardly extending surfaces which effectively cover the flat upper surface 40 of the concrete blocks . a person , who attempts to stand over the blocks in order to grip and then climb over a mesh panel , would find it difficult to stand on the sloping surface of a mesh section and , in this way , would generally be deterred from trying to climb over the mesh panel . fig7 illustrates in perspective portion of a barrier 110 according to another form of the invention . typically the barrier 110 is on one side of a roadway 112 which is formed on a bridge or similar elevated construction . usually , if the bridge is a high rise bridge in an attractive or interesting area , a person on the roadway 112 would be afforded a good view of the surroundings . the barrier 110 is designed to act as a safety arrangement in that it makes it difficult for a person to leave the roadway or the bridge except at designated points , but without unduly interfering with the view which is available to a person on the bridge . the barrier 110 includes underlying support structure 114 and a fence 116 . the support structure is made from precast concrete blocks which are placed in situ , as required , or from concrete which is cast in situ . the support structure has an inner side 118 , an outer side 120 and an upper surface 122 . a lower end 124 of the support structure rests on the ground or is engaged therewith in any appropriate manner . the support structure has a height 130 . the dimensions and mass of the support structure are such that the structure is capable of resisting an impact which may arise from a vehicle traversing the roadway 112 . the fence 110 includes a plurality of generally vertically extending fence posts 134 which are regularly spaced apart from one another by a distance 136 . secured to the fence posts are a number of mesh panels 138 . the mesh panels are substantially identical to one another . each mesh panel , see in addition fig8 , is made from a rectangular mesh structure which includes opposed first and second vertically extending edges 140 and 142 and opposed horizontally extending lower and upper edges 144 and 146 respectively . the fence panel 138 includes a lower , first , mesh section 150 , an intermediate , second , mesh section 152 and an upper , third , mesh section 154 . referring as well to fig9 , a lower portion of the first mesh section 150 , which is bounded by the lower edge 144 of the panel , lies in a first plane 160 . an upper part 164 of the first mesh section lies in a second plane 166 which is inclined at an angle 168 to the first plane . the second mesh section 152 and the third mesh section 154 lie in the plane 166 . in use of the fence panel 138 the plane 166 is generally vertical and the plane 160 is inclined to the vertical . the first mesh section 150 has a relatively high mesh density compared to the second mesh section 152 i . e . the sizes of its apertures 170 are relatively small compared to the size of each aperture 172 in the second mesh section . this means that the first mesh section is substantially stronger than the second mesh section . the third mesh section 154 is typically of the same mesh density as the first mesh section . the second mesh section 152 , see fig9 , is strengthened by means of horizontally extending reinforcing ribs 174 and 176 respectively which are formed by bending vertical wires of the mesh into a v - shape . these reinforcing ribs are respectively at a boundary of the second mesh section and the first mesh section , and at a boundary of the second mesh section and the third mesh section . sheet material 178 is attached to the second mesh section by means of suitable fasteners 180 which are only notionally shown in fig7 . the sheet material is typically solid i . e . without apertures , clear or transparent polycarbonate with an appropriate thickness . the polycarbonate material is tough and weather resistant and , when attached to the panel , substantially strengthens the second mesh section . the aperture size of the second mesh section is such that the wires in the section do not unduly interfere with visibility i . e . a see - through capability . the polycarbonate panel attached to the second mesh section ensures that the visibility factor is not adversely affected but the strength of the second mesh section is significantly enhanced . the vertical edges 140 and 142 of the panel are formed with respective flanges 182 — see fig9 which illustrates one flange only . each flange 182 , when the panel 138 is positioned between adjacent fence posts 134 as shown in fig7 abuts a respective post 134 and is attached to the fence post by means of appropriate fasteners 72 which pass through the flange and which are engaged with the post — see fig7 a which shows a post 134 between adjacent flanges 182 . each post 134 is shaped in a complementary manner to the profile shown in fig9 . thus each post has a vertical section 134 a , a sloping section 134 b , a section 134 c which is designed to lie flat on the upper surface 122 of the support structure , and a relatively short section 134 d which extends downwardly and which abuts the side 118 of the support structure . the section 134 a lies in the plane 166 and the mesh sections 164 , 152 and 154 are attached thereto . the section 134 b lies in the plane 160 and the mesh section 150 is , in use , secured thereto . the sections 134 c and 134 b , which are at a right angle to each other , provide a means whereby the fence post can be securely and relatively easily attached to the support structure 114 in the manner shown in fig7 through the use of appropriate fasteners 184 . the barrier 110 is of composite construction . the fence which is designed to fit securely and closely on top of the support structure , ensures that the effective height of the barrier 110 is increased substantially above the height 130 . the increase in height means that it is difficult for a person , on the roadway , to climb over the barrier . on the other hand the transparent sheet material which is positioned in a horizontally extending band at an intermediate location of the fence stiffens the mesh over that portion thereof which is of reduced mesh density , but does not impede visibility . the barrier 110 is suitable for use on a bridge or similar roadway . the barrier can however be used in other applications in order to create a controlled environment on one side of the barrier , without interfering with visibility through the barrier . thus the barrier 110 could be positioned between two traffic lanes to allow a see - through capability . the deterrent arrangement at the base of the fence makes it difficult for a person to climb over the fence . the deterrent arrangement , in each embodiment , could include spikes , or an inclined mesh section , or both , on one side or both sides of the fence , at its lower edge , adjacent the upper surface of the concrete support structure . | 4 |
referring again to the drawings , and more particularly to fig1 a vehicle racing game apparatus constituting an embodiment of the present invention , generally designated 10 , may be positioned on the floor of a child - user &# 39 ; s room or other suitable supporting surface generally designated 12 . the vehicle racing game apparatus 10 may have a plurality of individual , side - by - side tracks upon which a plurality of toy vehicles may be run . the apparatus is shown herein for purposes of illustration , but not of limitation , as comprising two side - by - side tracks 14 , 16 forming a closed loop 18 having a first curve 20 at one end and a second curve 22 at the other end . tracks 14 , 16 support toy vehicles 24 , 26 , respectively , each of which moves around the closed loop 18 as a result of impulses applied to it by a vehicle - propulsion device 28 located entirely within curve 20 for manual operation by a child - user . the tracks 14 , 16 include first track sections 30 , 32 each having an upstream end 34 connected to the downstream end 36 of curve 20 and a downstream end 38 connected to the upstream end 40 of curve 22 . each track section 30 , 32 includes a flat running surface 42 at each edge of which is an upstanding guide wall 44 adapted to guide vehicles 24 , 26 along track sections 30 , 32 , respectively . track sections 30 , 32 may be extruded from a soft , pliable plastic material and may be supported intermediate their ends by a suitable block 46 to elevate the midportion of track sections 30 , 32 above surface 12 to eliminate unwanted dips in the track sections and to ensure that the track surface 42 is relatively level in the vicinity of the exit portion ( downstream end 36 ) of propulsion device 28 contained in curve 20 . tracks 14 , 16 also include track sections 48 , 50 each having a downstream end 52 connected to the upstream end 54 of curve 20 and an upstream end 56 connected to the downstream end 58 of curve 22 . the track sections 48 , 50 each also have a flat running surface 60 and upstanding guide walls 62 . curve 22 includes a first banked section 64 forming part of track 14 and a second banked section 66 forming part of track 16 . a simulated crash - barrier 68 may be provided on the end of curve 20 and may be made from cardboard , plastic or the like . barrier 68 may be decorated with simulated flags 70 , if desired . additionally , a simulated observers stand 72 may be placed upon surface 12 adjacent curve 22 . referring now to fig1 and 2 , curve 20 includes a housing 74 having a top wall 76 , an encompassing , depending side wall 78 and an open bottom 80 . top wall 76 forms a running surface for cars 24 , 26 and is divided into lanes 82 , 84 by upstanding guide walls 86 , 88 and 90 . ends 36 of track sections 30 , 32 are connected to housing 74 by connecting tabs 92 , 94 , respectively , and ends 52 of track sections 48 , 50 are connected to housing 74 by tabs 96 , 98 , respectively . propulsion device 28 includes a first vehicle - engaging member 100 protruding from a generally horizontal , arcuate slot 102 provided in side wall 88 between lanes 82 and 84 and having an enlarged upstream end 104 , said slot extending generally horizontally along said lane 82 to a downstream slot end 106 . vehicle - engaging member 100 is normally maintained at end 104 of slot 102 in a depression 105 in lane 82 by a structure to be hereinafter described . this structure is connected to an operating lever 108 which is swingably mounted on housing 74 by a pin 110 , operating lever 108 provides the actuating force for moving member 100 from its normal position at end 104 upwards and into the path - of - travel of vehicle 24 as lever 108 is swung in the direction of arrow 112 , as is illustrated in fig1 . propulsion device 28 also includes a second vehicle - engaging member 114 ( not visible in fig1 ) substantially identical to first member 100 and protruding from a second arcuate slot 116 having an upstream end 118 extending through an opening 120 in guide wall 90 adjacent upstream end 40 of curve 22 , and is normally maintained in a depression 121 provided in top surface of lane 84 in the vicinity of slot upstream end 118 . member 114 may be moved from the position shown in fig2 to a position for engagement with vehicle 26 by swinging a lever 122 in the direction of arrow 124 . lever 122 is swingably mounted on housing 74 by a pin 126 . also shown in fig1 and 2 is a transparent housing 128 which may make provision for vehicle braking means and which gives additional structural rigidity to housing 74 . referring now generally to fig3 - 9 , it may be seen that there are provided two propulsion arms , an upper arm 200 associated with inner track surface 84 and inner slot 116 to which the second vehicle engaging member 114 ( not visible in fig3 ) is appended and a lower propulsion arm 202 associated with outer track 82 and outer slot 102 to which the first vehicle propulsion member 100 is appended . arm 202 ( see fig4 ) comprises in addition to vehicle engaging member 100 , an inner hub portion 204 having an upper surface 206 which together with the adjacent horizontal surface of housing 74 defines a fulcrum at points 208a and 208b , said points defining an axis 210 generally perpendicular to the extended portion of arm 212 . arm 202 also comprises an outer hub portion 214 having a flange 216 and a vertical circumferential drum surface 218 . a drive tape 220 is wrapped about said drum surface and may be fastened to an appropriately shaped aperture 222 in the outer hub by means of a tape fastener 224 , which may be of the type disclosed in a separate application entitled &# 34 ; tape and fastening system &# 34 ;, ser . no . 665 , 022 , filed feb . 3 , 1976 , robert ford dyer and nicholas de anda , inventors , assigned to the same assignee as is the present invention . it should be noted in particular that circumferential drum surface 218 is offset from axis 210 through said fulcrum points 208a and 208b so that when tension is applied to tape 220 in the direction indicated by the arrow 226 , torque is exerted about axis 210 in the direction shown by the arrow 228 resulting in an upwards movement of vehicle engaging member 100 as indicated by arrow 230 , in addition to the rotation of the arm as indicated by arrow 232 . a return spring 234 is also provided . attached to the other end of tape 220 by another suitable tape fastener 224 &# 39 ; is a driving hub 240 which carries the handle 108 mentioned previously with respect to fig1 and 2 . hub 240 also has a circumferential drum surface 242 but said surface unlike surface 218 is horizontal , the transition from horizontal to vertical being accommodated by flexible tape 220 as is clearly shown in fig3 which figure also showing a post 244 about which said tape passes on its way from arm 202 to driving hub 240 . the aforesaid upwards motion of arm 200 may be seen more clearly in fig6 . the force exerted on tape 221 in the direction indicated by the arrow 250 produces a tilting motion about the fulcrum at point 252 , thereby causing arm 200 to assume the position indicated by the dashed line at 254 against the counter - force produced by coil spring 256 ( which is also offset from the axis defined by fulcrum point 252 ). it should be noted that there is a sloppy fit between the inner hub portion of arm 200 and the shaft 258 about which it rotates , resulting in the space there between indicated by 260 . still referring to fig6 it may be seen that lower arm 202 also has its hub 264 mounted about shaft 258 , surface 266 being provided for the action of the fulcrum points 208a and 208b . lower arm 202 is similarly mounted about said shaft with a sloppy fit such that it is also capable of moving upwards upon the application of tension to tape 220 . both upper and lower hubs are held in place on shaft 258 , as are upper spring retainer 266 and lower spring retainer 268 , by means of fastening screw 270 . while the particular vehicle - racing game apparatus herein shown and described in detail is fully capable of attaining the objects and providing the advantages hereinbefore stated , it is to be understood that it is merely illustrative of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention and that no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown other than as defined in the appended claims which form a part of this disclosure . whenever the term &# 34 ; means &# 34 ; is employed in these claims , this term is to be interpreted as defining the corresponding structure illustrated and described in the specification or the equivalent of the same . | 0 |
in general the carrier 10 has a body portion 11 , a driver lip portion 12 and a tail portion 13 . the particular form shown in the drawings is of a so - called banana type plug lure but could be of other suitable forms . the requisite among other things being that the carrier have floatation and the capability of motorized action when drawn through a body of water . a pull eye 15 is formed at the fore end of a spring wire shank member 20 . a &# 34 ; u &# 34 ; shaped bend 16 is included with the eye 15 for secure fastening in the body 11 of the carrier 10 . as will be seen in fig1 and 5 to the right hand of the eye 15 the wire member 20 continues in the form of a spring portion 17 and then on to convoluted finger piece 19 and farther to a terminal end 25 having a bent up keeper or spear 26 . the shank wire 20 is firmly imbedded in the plastic body 11 at the left hand or front end as seen in fig1 and 5 but has the rest of its portions 17 , 19 , 25 and 26 free to move under bias of the spring portion 17 . at the left in fig1 and 5 is a link 27 connected to the eye 15 to provide an articulate tie with a fishing line 55 for greatest action of the carrier 10 . midway along the shank 20 at the finger piece a split ring 28 may be provided for attachment of a hook 29 which might or might not be used depending upon the use of the carrier and what other accessories might be used along with a bait 50 . the carrier 10 is provided with an air pocket 30 at approximately its middle and a tubular cavity 32 at its tail end portion 13 . an opening 34 provides access for the spear 26 into and across the cavity 32 where the pointed tip of the spear 26 is arrested in the recess 35 . in the manufacture of artificial plugs and lures having construction similiar to the present invention it is common practice to split the body into two molded halves and then cement them together again . this procedure is used to make up the carrier 10 and the joint face would lie along the double dot dash line identified as 5 -- 5 in fig4 . notches in each half are provided for the wire portions 15 , 16 , 17 for proper alignment when the two half body portions 11 , 11 are joined by cementing , thus closing the air pocket 30 and securely fastening the wire shank member 20 to the body 11 . as is clearly seen in fig1 and 5 the wire shank 20 is rigidly fastened to the body 11 at the pull eye 15 end but is free at the rear keeper 26 end . the spring 17 continually biases the keeper 26 in the hole 34 and the tubular cavity 32 , thereby holding anything perforated or gripped by the spear end 26 of the keeper . to withdraw the spear 26 from the cavity 32 it is only necessary to grasp the finger piece 19 and the body 11 between the forefinger 40 and thumb 45 as seen in fig6 a and by squeezing them together as indicated by the arrows the finger piece 19 will move away from the body 11 to thereby withdraw the spear 26 from the cavity 32 as can be seen in fig5 in broken lines or in full lines in fig7 a . this technique allows one hand to manipulate the keeper 26 at the same time the carrier 10 is held by that hand and leaves the other hand free to insert a worm or other bait and then to immediately let the keeper spring into its keep position . strange as it might seem , without any training , a night crawler when brought to touch the hole of the cavity 32 , will , without hesitation crawl right into it . as shown in fig1 and 2 a night crawler 50 is shown as a live bait held by the carrier 10 . the carrier when drawn through the water or held in a current will be driven by action of its unbalance i . e . the frontal area of its driver lip 12 and the floatation of its body to wobble , rock and oscilliate about its center of oscillation . this center is located somewhere near the pull eye 15 and along the shank 20 . since the cavity 32 is located above this oscillation center it will rock to and fro in an arc causing the attached bait to do the same . as shown in fig1 a trebel hook 29 is attached to the shank 20 and can be used to catch a fish , however , in some instances it will be desirable to detach this hook 29 and use another hooking means or both . in this same fig1 is also shown a snelled hook 51 having a snell leader 52 and a looped end 53 . here the keeper 26 has passed through the loop 53 and the snell is wrapped around the night crawler 50 and the hook 51 has its point just buried into the crawler . this rigging would be used for conditions where the fish are striking short or nibbling . other baits attached to the carrier could have many variations such as their own hooks . it has been demonstrated that a lure carrier constructed in accordance with the principles described and shown will function according to those objects set forth and while the carrier can be used as an artificial lure by itself , it has the means to be a carrier and driver for an inanimate or dead bait as well as a live bait . the foregoing description and embodiement of this invention is given by way of illustration and not by limitation . the concept and scope of the invention are limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereof which may occur to others skilled in the art . | 0 |
the present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings , in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown . this invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein ; rather , these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete , and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art . as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art , the present invention may be embodied as methods or devices . like numbers refer to like elements throughout and signal lines and signals thereon may be referred to by the same reference symbols . the present invention will now be further described with reference to the schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a semiconductor device tester illustrated in fig2 . as shown in fig2 a tester 300 is interfaced to a plurality of input / output pins of the semiconductor device 100 . as used herein , in the interests of clarity , the terms input / output and output will be used interchangeably as it will be understood by one of skill in the relevant art that the present invention may be applied to semiconductor devices having common or separate input and output pins . the illustrated tester 300 includes various circuits previously described with reference to the tester 200 shown in fig1 which will not be further described herein . in addition , the tester 300 includes a comparator circuit coupled to the plurality of output pins of the semiconductor device 100 that generates a skew signal having a duration between state transitions corresponding to a time period when data on respective ones ( pairs in the embodiment of fig2 ) of the output pins differs . the comparator circuit includes exclusive or ( xor ) gates 42 - 1 , 42 - 2 , . . . , 42 -( n / 2 ), exclusive nor ( xnor ) gates 44 - 1 , 44 - 2 , . . . , 44 -( n / 2 ) ( also referred to as equivalence and gates ) and sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 -( n / 2 ). the xor gates 42 - 1 , 42 - 2 , . . . , 42 -( n / 2 ) each have an associated xnor gate 44 - 1 , 44 - 2 , . . . , 44 -( n / 2 ) and the xor and xnor gates are each respectively coupled to two input / output pins of the semiconductor device 100 . the sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 -( n / 2 ) have s ( set ) inputs coupled to the output signals of associated ones of the xor gates 42 - 1 , 42 - 2 , . . . , 42 -( n / 2 ) and r ( reset ) inputs coupled to the output signals of associated ones of the xnor gates 44 - 1 , 44 - 2 , . . . , 44 -( n / 2 ). operations of the tester 300 as related to the aspects in common with the tester 200 of fig1 will not be further described herein . instead , operations for the invention aspects of the present invention will now be further described with reference to the schematic block diagram of fig2 and the timing diagrams of fig3 a - 3 d . as they relate to measuring a data skew between data input / output pins of a semiconductor device 100 . the tester 300 serves to input a control signal con to the semiconductor device 100 through a control signal input driver 10 . subsequently , the xor gates 42 - 1 , 42 - 2 , . . . , 42 - n respectively receive at their inputs data signals output from the two data input / output pins linked to the respective gates . if the data on the two output pin matches , the xor gates generate at their output low ( inactive ) signal levels . if the data differs , the xor gates generate at their output high ( active ) signal levels . similarly , xnor gates 44 - 1 , 44 - 2 , . . . , 44 - n respectively receive at their inputs data signals output from the two data input / output pins linked to the respective gates . if the data on the two output pins differs , the xnor gates generate at their output low ( inactive ) signal levels . if the data matches , the xnor gates generate at their output high ( active ) signal levels . the sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 - n in turn generate high ( active ) signal levels when the input signals to their s ( set ) input terminal from the associated xor gates are high signal levels and the input signals to their r ( reset ) input terminal from the associated xnor gates are low signal levels . the sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 - n generate low ( inactive ) signal levels when the input signals to their s ( set ) input terminal from the associated xor gates are low signal levels and the input signals to their r ( reset ) input terminal from the associated xnor gates are high signal levels . note that , when the signals applied to the s input terminal and r input terminal are all low levels the sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 - n maintain previous states and , when the signals are all high levels , the sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 - n may fall into indeterminate states . operations of the embodiment of a semiconductor device tester illustrated in fig2 will now be further described with reference to the timing diagrams of fig3 a , 3 b , 3 c and 3 d with reference to one of the circuits . however , it is to be understood that the explanation applied herein equally applies to each of the circuits included in the tester 300 to allow testing of all of the input / output pins of the semiconductor device 100 . fig3 a illustrates operations when the data on the two data input / output pins ( a and b respectively in the figures ) both transition from high levels to low levels . as shown in fig3 a , the timing of the transition is not simultaneous as data a transitions from a high level to a low level some time ( t 1 − t 2 ) before data b transitions from a high level to a low level . prior to the state transition of data a , the output of the xor gate is low and the output of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is high as the data a and b are high levels up to a time point t 1 in turn leaving the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 at a low level . when data a becomes low , the output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is changed to a high level and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is changed to a low level as the data a and b are respectively low and high through a time t 2 . as a result , the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 becomes high . after the time t 2 , when the data b becomes low , output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is changed to a low level and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is changed to a high level as the data a and b are both at a low level after the time t 2 . as a result , the output e of the sr flip flop is changed to a low level at time t 2 . fig3 b illustrates output states where the data a and b output from the two data input / output pins are both changed from low levels to high levels with data a again transitioning before data b . initially , the output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is at a low level and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is at a high level because data a and b are both at a low level up to the time t 1 . the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is therefore at a low level . at time t 1 through time t 2 , the output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 becomes a high level and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 becomes a low level as data a is high and data b is low . as a result , during this time period , the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is at a high level . finally , at time t 2 , output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is changed to a low level and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is changed to a high level as data a and b are both at high levels after time t 2 1 . similarly , the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is at a low level after time t 2 . in other words , as illustrated in fig3 a and 3 b , when two output data a and b are changed from the same state , the skew time may be measured between the time when the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is set ( enabled ) and reset ( disabled ). fig3 c illustrates output states where the data a and b from the two data input / output pins are respectively changed from a low to a high state ( data b ) and a high to a low state ( data a ). initially , the output c is high , the output d is low and the output e is high . subsequently , at time t 1 when the data a transitions from a high level to a low level some time ( t 2 − t 1 ) before the data b is changed from a low level to a high level , the output c becomes low and the output d becomes high thereby driving the output e low until time t 2 . after time t 2 , output c becomes high while output d becomes low as the data a remains low while the data b is changed to high . as a result , the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 becomes high . finally , fig3 d illustrates output states where the data a and b from the two data input / output pins are respectively changed from a low to a high state ( data a ) and a high to a low state ( data b ). initially , the output c is high , the output d is low and the output e is high . subsequently , at time t 1 when the data a transitions from a low level to a high level some time ( t 2 − t 1 ) before the data b is changed from a high level to a low level , the output c becomes low and the output d becomes high thereby driving the output e low until time t 2 . after time t 2 , output c becomes high while output d becomes low as the data a remains high while the data b is changed to low . as a result , the output e of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 becomes high . in other words , as illustrated in fig3 c and 3 d , when two output data a and b change states and both started at different states , skew time is measured from when the output signals e of the sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 402 , . . . , 40 - n are reset ( disabled ) until they are set ( enabled ). a further embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the schematic block diagram of fig4 and the timing diagrams of fig5 a - 5 d . as shown in fig4 a tester 400 is interfaced to a plurality of input / output pins of the semiconductor device 100 . the illustrated tester 400 includes various circuits previously described with reference to the tester 200 shown in fig1 which will not be further described herein . in addition , the tester 400 includes a plurality of comparator circuits coupled to the plurality of output pins of the semiconductor device 100 that generate a skew signal having a duration corresponding to a time period when data on respective ones ( three in each grouping in the embodiment of fig4 ) of the output pins differs . the comparator circuits include exclusive or ( xor ) gates 42 - 1 , 42 - 2 , . . . , 42 -( n / 3 ), exclusive nor ( xnor ) gates 44 - 1 , 44 - 2 , . . . , 44 -( n / 3 ) ( also referred to as equivalence and gates ), each of which inputs three output data signals from three of the input / output pins of the semiconductor device 100 , and sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 -( n / 3 ). sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 -( n / 3 ) have s ( set ) inputs coupled to the outputs of associated ones of the xor gates 42 - 1 , 42 - 2 , . . . , 42 ( n / 3 ) and r ( reset ) inputs coupled to the outputs of associated ones of the xnor gates 44 - 1 , 44 - 2 , . . . , 44 -( n / 3 ). accordingly , the comparator circuits respectively provide for measurement of skews between data output from their associated three data input / output pins of the semiconductor device 100 fig5 a to 5 d are timing diagrams illustrating operations for the tester 400 of fig4 . fig5 a illustrates output signals where the output data signals x , y and z are all initially at a high level and transition to a low level . while operations will be described with reference to a single one of the comparator circuits , it is to be understood that the description applies equally to each of the comparator circuits in the tester 400 . as shown in fig5 a , initially , the output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is high and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is low as the data x , y and z are all high up to time t 1 . as a result , the output f of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is initially high . from time t 1 to time t 2 while the data x is low but y and z are high , the output c becomes low and the output d becomes high . therefore , during this time , the output f is low . from time t 2 to time t 3 while the data x and y are low but z is still high , the output c becomes high and the output d becomes low . therefore , during this time , the output f is high . finally , after time t 3 , data z also becomes low and output c becomes low and output d becomes high . as a result , after this time , the output f is low . in other words , as illustrated in fig5 a , when three output data x , y and z are changed from the same state , the respective skew times may be measured based on the timing of the state transitions of the outputs of the sr flip flops 40 - 1 , 40 - 2 , . . . , 40 -( n / 3 ). fig5 b illustrates output states where the data x , y and z output from the three data input / output pins are all changed from low levels to high levels with data x transitioning before y and y before z . as shown in fig5 b , initially , the output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is low and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is high as the data x , y and z are all low up to time t 1 . as a result , the output f of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is initially low . from time t 1 to time t 2 while the data x is high but y and z are low , the output c becomes high and the output d becomes low . therefore , during this time , the output f is high . from time t 2 to time t 3 while the data x and y are high but z is still low , the output c becomes low and the output d becomes high . therefore , during this time , the output f is low . finally , after time t 3 , data z also becomes high and output c becomes high and output d becomes low . as a result , after this , time , the output f is high . fig5 c illustrates output states where the data x and z output from the data input / output pins are changed from low levels to high levels and data y changes from a high level to a low level . data x transitions before y and y before z . as shown in fig5 c , initially , the output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is high and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is low as the data x and z are low and y is high up to time t 1 . as a result , the output f of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is initially high . from time t 1 to time t 2 while the data z is low but x and y are high , the output c becomes low and the output d becomes high . therefore , during this time , the output f is low . from time t 2 to time t 3 while the data x is high but y and z are low , the output c becomes high and the output d becomes low . therefore , during this time , the output f is high . finally , after time t 3 , data z becomes high and output c becomes low and output d becomes high . as a result , after this time , the output f is low . fig5 d illustrates output states where the data x and y output from the data input / output pins are changed from low levels to high levels and data z changes from a high level to a low level . data y transitions before x and x before z . as shown in fig5 d , initially , the output c of the xor gate 42 - 1 is high and the output d of the xnor gate 44 - 1 is low up to time t 1 . as a result , the output f of the sr flip flop 40 - 1 is initially high . from time t 1 to time t 2 while the data x is low and y and z are high , the output c becomes low and the output d becomes high . therefore , during this time , the output f is low . from time t 2 to time t 3 while the data x , y and z are all high , the output c becomes high and the output d becomes low . therefore , during this time , the output f is high . finally , after time t 3 , data z becomes low and output c becomes low and output d becomes high . as a result , after this time , the output f is low . in other words , for the case illustrated in fig5 d , the same output f is provided as for fig5 c . it is further to be understood that , while only embodiments related to sets of two and three inputs have been described , the systems of the present invention may similarly be applies to sets of four or more data input / output pins for the measurement of skew therebetween . operations of the present invention have been described above with reference to the schematic block diagrams of fig2 and 4 . it will be understood that each block of the block diagrams , and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams , can be implemented by special purpose hardware - based systems which perform the specified functions or steps . in other words , while various components of the comparator circuit 101 have been illustrated in fig2 and 4 , in part , as discrete elements , they may , in practice , be implemented by custom or hybrid chips , by discrete components or by a combination of the above . in the drawings and specification , there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and , although specific terms are employed , they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation , the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims . | 6 |
fig1 is a view of a simplified communications spacecraft 10 orbiting a heavenly body 12 , such as earth . spacecraft 10 includes a body 14 , which supports an antenna 15 represented as a reflector 16 with a feed 18 , supported by struts 20a and 20b . spacecraft 10 receives signals from heavenly body 12 by means of antenna 15 , and includes signal processing circuits ( not illustrated in fig1 ) for processing the received signals to prepare them for retransmission back to body 12 , either by way of antenna 15 or by some other means ( not illustrated ). electricity for operating the housekeeping equipment and the abovementioned signal processing circuits is generated by solar panels 22a and 22b . fig2 illustrates prior - art communications equipment which may be used in satellite 10 of fig1 as described in more detail , for example , in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 162 , 748 , issued nov . 10 , 1992 , in the name of katz . in fig2 uplink rf information signals , illustrated as 208 , and at a plurality of different frequencies , are received by antenna 15 . the received signals are applied to an input signal processor 210 , which includes the cascade of a filter 212 and a low - noise amplifier ( lna ) 214 , which may be cascaded in an order opposite to that illustrated . the amplified , filtered signals from processor 210 are block downconverted by a converter including a mixer 216 and local oscillator ( lo ) 218 . the downconversion might , for example , convert a number of carriers near 6 ghz to a frequency range near 4 ghz . the down - converted rf signals are applied by way of a transmission path 217 to a prior - art frequency demultiplexer 220 , described below in conjunction with fig3 . the demultiplexed signals at different frequencies are individually applied from demultiplexer 220 of fig2 by way of individual signal paths 232a , 232b , . . . 232n to the input portion 222a of a redundancy switch arrangement illustrated as 222 . the demultiplexed signals applied to input switch portion 222a are coupled through various amplifiers 224a , 224b , . . . 224c , 224d , to amplify the signals . the amplified , demultiplexed signals are applied from amplifiers 224 , through an output portion 222b of redundancy switch arrangement 222 , to a signal multiplexer or combiner 226 , which recombines the amplified signals onto a single path or channel 228 . the combined signals on path 228 are retransmitted over a downlink path to earth , as by a transmit antenna 230 . as known , transmit antenna 230 may be a portion of antenna 15 . a basic prior - art demultiplexer includes a plurality of tuned - circuit resonators or filters coupled to a common source transmission line , with all the resonators coupled to each other by way of the common transmission line . such arrangements may be difficult to align , due to interaction among the resonators . fig3 illustrates a prior - art demultiplexer which may be used in the arrangement of fig2 and in which isolators and circulators are used to reduce the coupling among the individual filters . in fig3 the frequency - multiplexed signals which are to be demultiplexed are applied to an isolator - coupler circulator 310 , which is essentially a 3 - port circulator with a matched load coupled to one of the ports , to thereby form a unidirectional ( isolating ) 2 - port device . from isolator 310 , the signal is applied through a cascade of 3 - port circulators 312a , 312b , 312c , . . . 312n , where circulator 312n , being at the end of the cascade , is connected as an isolator . each circulator 312 couples all its input signal in the direction of the arrow to its first adjacent output port , designated by a prime . thus , rf signals at all the frequencies are initially circulated by circulator 312a from its input port to its output port 312a &# 39 ;, whence the rf signals flows to channelizing filter 314a . signals at the frequency of filter 314a pass through filter 314a , and all the remaining rf signals are reflected by filter 314a . thus , if input signals at frequencies f1 , f2 , f3 , . . . fn are applied to circulator 312a from isolator 310 , all of those input signals are applied to filter 314a , which passes frequency f1 , and reflects signals at frequencies f2 , f3 , . . . , fn back to port 312a &# 39 ; of circulator 312a . circulator 312a circulates the signals reflected from filter 314a by way of its next adjacent output port 312a &# 34 ; to the input port of the next circulator of the cascade , which is circulator 312b . circulator 312b circulates signals at frequencies f2 , f3 , . . . fn to its next adjacent port 312b &# 39 ;, from which the signals are applied to channelizing filter 314b , which is tuned to frequency f2 . filter 314b passes signal at frequency f2 , and reflects signal at frequencies f3 , . . . fn back to port 312b &# 39 ; of circulator 312b . circulator 312b circulates signals at frequencies f3 , . . . fn by way of its next adjacent port 312b &# 34 ; to the input port of circulator 312c . in general , each circulator 312 couples all the input signals to the next circulator in the cascade , except for that one signal of the frequency to which its corresponding channelizing filter 314 is tuned . thus , at each stage of the cascade , one of the signals is coupled away through the filter , while the remaining signals continue through the chain . only the signal at frequency fn arrives at the input port of isolator 312n , and it is coupled through filter 314n , tuned to frequency fn . thus , the input signals , frequency multiplexed when received at isolator 310 , are separated or demultiplexed according to frequency . also in fig3 each channelizing filter 314a , 314b , 314c , . . . 314n has a further isolator 316a , 316b , 316c , . . . 316n , respectively , coupled to its output , to prevent interaction with a phase ( φ ) corrector 318a , 318b , 318c , . . ., 318n , respectively . the phase - connected channelized output signals appear individually on output paths 232a , 232b , 232c , . . . 232n . fig4 illustrates an optical rf demultiplexer according to the invention which may be used in the arrangement of fig2 . in fig4 the combined frequency - multiplexed rf signal carriers are applied over signal path 217 to an electrically driven acoustooptic or electrooptic cell 410 , which , as known in the art , may include an electroacoustic or piezoelectric driver 412 to which the rf signals are applied , which generates bulk acoustic waves in a medium 414 , which affect the index of a refraction in an acoustic wave travelling through the medium , producing an optical grating effect . a laser 416 produces a coherent beam of incident light 418 which is applied through cell 410 , producing an output light beam 422 , which is absorbed in a termination 423 . within cell 410 of fig4 acoustic modulation of the light beam under the influence of the combined rf signals causes a portion of the power in the incident light beam 418 to be spatially modulated or diffracted , so that each rf signal carrier results in generation of a separate &# 34 ; beamlet &# 34 ; of light 420a , 420b , 420c , . . . 420n , where n represents the number of disparate rf signal carrier frequencies . the spatially modulated light beamlets leave acoustooptic cell 410 at an angle relative to the output light beam 422 , which represents the power remaining in incident light beam 418 after removal of the power resulting from the spatial modulation and generation of beamlets 420a , 420b , 420c , . . . 420n . the angle at which the beamlet leaves cell 410 depends upon the frequency of the rf carrier which generates the beamlet . while separate , discrete &# 34 ; beamlets &# 34 ; are described , the region between beamlets also contains a spectrum of light energy at a lower level , attributable to modulation of the rf carriers , noise and other effects . a planar light aperture array or mask 424 , including apertures 424a , 424b , 424c , . . . 424n , may be interposed to intercept beamlets 420a , 420b , 420c , . . . , 420n , to pass the beamlets attributable to the desired modulation , and to block any light energy attributable to unwanted or low - level rf signals , or spatial modulation distortion . if the light beamlets are well separated , the masking aperture array may not be necessary . each separated light beamlet 420a , 420b , 420c , . . . 420n , whether or not it passes through a masking aperture , reaches a focussing lens or optical system 426a , 426b , 426c , . . . 426n of an array 426 . each lens or optical system 426a , 426b , 426c , . . . 426n focuses its corresponding beamlet 420a , 420b , 420c , . . . 420n onto a photosensor or photodetector 428a , 428b , 428c , . . . 428n , respectively , of a photodetector array 428 . each photodetector converts the light beamlet falling thereon to an electrical signal on a corresponding output conductor 232a , 232b , 232c , . . . 232n . as so far described , the arrangement of fig4 including laser 416 , acoustooptic modulator 410 , aperture array 424 , lens array 426 , and detector array 428 is capable of extracting any amplitude modulation or information modulation contained in the rf signal carriers applied to modulator 410 , but the rf carriers themselves cannot be recovered . if the rf carriers are fm - modulated or phase - modulated , detectors of array 428 cannot extract the modulation information . true frequency demultiplexing requires that the rf carriers themselves be available in the demultiplexed channels , together with their modulation . the rf carrier information can be recovered from the demultiplexed signal by applying a light signal , which may be thought of as being an optical local oscillator ( olo ) signal , to each photodetector of array 428 . in fig4 the light local oscillator signal is extracted from light beam 418 by means of a beam splitter such as half - silvered beam splitting mirror 432 and a further mirror 434 , which directs a laser local oscillator beam 436 toward a diverging optical system 438 . optical system 438 converts light beam 436 into a diverging olo light beam 440 . light beam 440 passes through the apertures of array 424 , and each portion so passed is focused , together with the information signal beamlets 420 , onto the corresponding photodetector . an interaction occurs in the photodetector , by which the rf signal carrier is regenerated . this regeneration occurs because each information signal beamlet leaving modulator 410 has a frequency modulation or frequency offset component corresponding to the originating rf signal carrier frequency , while the light olo signal does not contain such a frequency offset . the photodetector , therefore , produces at least the difference frequency , which is the original rf signal carrier frequency . it has been found that the arrangement of fig4 operates as described above , but that the wavefront of each light beamlet focused upon a photodetector 428 of fig4 must be parallel to the wavefront of the light olo signal within a few milliradians , in order to produce proper detection . this may be understood by reference to fig5 a - 5c , in which fig5 a represents , as a single spot 510 , the superposed information - carrying beamlet and olo beamlet light spots focussed onto one of the photodetectors , when the beamlets are incident in a mutually parallel manner . remembering that the information - carrying beamlet and the olo beamlet differ in frequency by the rf signal carrier frequency , light spot 510 may be conceived of as &# 34 ; flashing &# 34 ; on and off ( i . e . becoming light and dark ) at the rf signal carrier frequency , as the two superposed light spots become alternately in - phase and antiphase . the photodetector responds to the presence and absence of light to produce an electrical signal at the rf carrier frequency , which is a part of the desired output signal . while the rf carrier information modulation has not been discussed in this regard , it will be understood that the information modulation is also reconstructed , so that the output of the photodetector is a replica of one of the original rf signal carriers . fig5 b represents , as a spot 512 , the superposed focused spots , when the wavefront of one of the incident information - carrying beamlets 420 of fig4 is not quite parallel to the corresponding wavefront of one of the olo beamlets falling onto a photodetector 428 of fig4 so that one cycle of fringing occurs across spot , as suggested by the light region 514 and &# 34 ; dark &# 34 ; or shaded region 516 . the light and dark regions 514 , 516 of spot 512 of fig5 b may be thought of an alternating from light to dark and from dark to light , respectively , in mutual antiphase , at the rf signal carrier frequency . in principle , one might expect that , since the total amount of light is more or less invariant over one rf carrier cycle , or interval , that the output of the photodetector would be zero . in actuality , the photodetector output signal magnitude decreases , but does not become negligible until the parallelism of the information beamlet and the l . o . beamlet wavefronts results in several interference fringes across the light spot , as suggested by region 518 of fig5 c , with light regions 520 and dark regions 522 . while the structure of fig4 is smaller and lighter than the prior art resonator - type demultiplexer , it is believed that it may be difficult and costly to attempt to maintain a physical structure corresponding to that illustrated in fig4 mechanically stable in the vibration and temperature environment of a spacecraft . fig6 illustrates a demultiplexer according to an aspect of the invention . fig6 is similar to fig4 and elements of fig6 corresponding to those of fig4 are designated by like reference numerals . in fig6 local oscillator light ( olo ) beam 436 is focused by a lens 616 into an optical fiber 618 , which is coupled to a star coupler or equivalent power division coupler 620 . coupler 620 divides the olo power , and couples a portion of the power into a plurality of optical fibers 622a , 622b , . . . 622n . the information signal beamlets 420a , 420b , . . . 420n are applied , through an aperture array ( not illustrated ) if required , to focusing lenses 426a , 426b , . . . 426n of lens array 426 . each lens of array 426 focuses its beamlet onto the input end of a corresponding optical fiber . for example , information beamlet 426a is focussed by lens 426a into a fiber 610a , information beamlet 426b is focussed into optical fiber 610b by lens 426b , . . . , and information beamlet 426n is focussed into optical fiber 610n by lens 426n . each separate optical information signal propagates through its respective optical fiber 610 to an optical coupler or combiner 612 , which also receives olo signal from a corresponding optical fiber 622 . more specifically , optical combiner 612a receives optical information signal from optical fiber 610a and optical l . o . signal from optical fiber 622a ; optical combiner 612b receives optical information signal from optical fiber 610b and optical l . o . signal from optical fiber 622b ; . . . ; and optical combiner 612n receives optical information signal from optical fiber 610n and optical l . o . signal from optical fiber 622n . each combiner 612 of fig6 linearly adds or combines the optical information and optical local oscillator signals , and applies them together over a single - mode optical fiber 614 having a length l sufficient to damp high order modes and so cause the two optical signals to achieve wavefront parallelism . in fig6 combiner 612a applies the combination of one of the optical information signals and the l . o . signal through a length l of single - mode optical fiber 614a and a focussing lens 626a to photodetector 428a , combiner 612b applies the combination of one of the optical information signals and the l . o . signal through a length l of single - mode optical fiber 614b and a focussing lens 626b to photodetector 428b , . . . , and combiner 610n applies the combination of one of the optical information signals and the l . o . signal through a length l of single - mode optical fiber 614n and a focussing lens 626n to photodetector 428n . since the wavefront of the optical information signal in each single - mode fiber is parallel to the wavefront of the optical l . o . signal , the superposed spots focussed onto each photodetector exhibit little or no fringing . the beam parallelism is maintained even if the optical fibers vibrate or change temperature , because both optical signals traversing the fiber vibrate or move together . fig7 a illustrates another aspect of the invention . elements of fig7 a corresponding to those of fig4 are designated by like reference numerals . in fig7 a , a source 710 of unmodulated r . f . local oscillator signal is coupled by a transmission path 711 and a directional coupler or combiner 712 to combined rf signal transmission line 217 , so that combined rf information signal carriers and the rf l . o . signal are applied over a path 717 to piezoelectric drive 414 of acoustooptic modulator 410 . the bulk acoustic waves produced by driver 412 in cell 414 modulate laser light beam 418 with the rf l . o . signal in addition to the rf information signals , thereby producing , in addition to the information beamlets 420a - 420n , an additional olo beamlet illustrated as 720 . beamlet 720 is processed by diverging optics illustrated as 438 , to cause the energy of the olo beamlet to be applied to all lenses 426a , 426b , . . . , 426n of lens array 426 , whence the optical information beamlets 420 and olo signal are applied together to the photodetectors of array 428 as in the case of fig4 . with the arrangement of fig7 a , the optical l . o . signal as generated is subject to the same vibration and temperature effects as the rf information signals , so should be more stable than the arrangement of fig4 in the presence of temperature variations and vibration . unlike the arrangement of fig4 the output carrier of each photodetector 428 of fig7 a is offset in frequency from the original carrier by the frequency of rf l . o . source 710 . in the context of a communications satellite such as one including the system of fig2 this frequency offset may not be of consequence , because a frequency conversion between the received uplink signals and the resulting downlink signals is provided as part of the system operation , as described in the case of fig2 by a frequency converter including l . o . 218 and mixer 216 . the frequency offset provided by the scheme of fig7 a may be taken into account in such a system by simply providing part of the desired frequency conversion by means of a first converter as in fig2 and providing the remaining part of the frequency conversion as in fig7 a . in principle , there is no reason that the entirety of the frequency conversion , for certain frequencies , cannot be supplied by the arrangement of fig7 a , thereby obviating the need for the frequency converter including l . o . 218 and mixer 216 of fig2 . in the event that the abovementioned frequency offset is undesirable , a reconversion may be provided by the arrangement of fig7 b , in which elements corresponding to those of fig7 a are designated by like reference numerals . in fig7 b , the rf l . o . signal from block 710 of fig7 a is applied over a signal path 730 , in common , to an array of mixers 734 . each mixer of array 724 also receives the reconstructed frequency converted rf information signal carrier from an associated photodetector 428 , and forms the sum - and difference - frequency mixing operation in the usual manner . the desired one of the sum and difference frequencies may be selected for further use , and filtered by an rf filter ( not illustrated ) if desired . for example , if the rf local oscillator signal produced by generator 710 of fig1 has a frequency which differs from the rf information signal carrier frequency by one - half the total desired frequency conversion , the total downconversion may be accomplished in two stages by the arrangement of fig7 a in conjunction with fig7 b , with half of the frequency conversion occurring in the detectors 428 , and the other half in the mixers 734 . fig8 illustrates another arrangement according to the invention . in fig8 elements corresponding to those of fig6 and 7a are designated by like reference numerals . in fig8 laser 416 produces a light beam 418 which traverses medium 414 of an acoustooptic modulator 410 . beam 418 exits from cell 414 as beam 422 , which is dissipated in a lossy termination 423 . combined rf information signals at different carrier frequencies are applied over a transmission path 217 to a combiner 712 . an unmodulated rf l . o . signal from a generator 710 is applied to combiner 712 for combination with the rf information signals . the combined rf signals are applied over a transmission path 717 to drive 412 of modulator 410 . the rf signals cause spatial modulation of output light from cell 410 , forming a plurality of mutually diverging information beamlets 420a , 420b , . . . , 420n , where n is the number of rf information signal carriers , and also forming an unmodulated optical l . o . beamlet 720 . optical l . o . ( olo ) beamlet 720 of fig8 is focused by a lens arrangement 616 onto the end of an optical fiber 618 , and the olo signal is split into n portions by a light splitter 620 . one l . o . light portion is generated on each optical fiber 622a , 622b , . . . , 622n . information signal beamlets 420a , 420b , . . . 420n are intercepted by lens arrangements 426a , 426b , . . . , 426n , respectively . if the beamlets are spread out spatially so that there is overlap at a significant level , an optical aperture array may be used as described in conjunction with fig4 . each lens 426a , 426b , . . . 426n of lens array 426 focuses its corresponding information signal beamlet 420a , 420b , . . . 420n onto the end of an optical fiber 610a , 610b , . . . 610n , respectively . the information signals in the form of light travel through fibers 610a , 610b , . . . 610n and into couplers or adders 612a , 612b , . . . 612n , respectively , in which they are combined with optical l . o . signal carried over optical fibers 622a , 622b , . . . , 622n , respectively . the combined light information signals and l . o . signals are applied through focusing lenses of an array 626 onto optical detectors of an array 428 . more particularly , the combined light information signal and l . o . signal from combiner 612a of fig8 is applied through a length of single - mode optical fiber 614a and through a focusing lens arrangement 626a to produce a spot on photodetector 428a ; combined light information signal and l . o . signal from combiner 612b is applied through a length of single - mode optical fiber 614b and through a focusing lens arrangement 626b to produce a spot on photodetector 428b , . . . , and combined light information signal and l . o . signal from combiner 612n is applied through a length of single - mode optical fiber 614n and through a focusing lens arrangements 626n to produce a spot on photodetector 428n . each photodetector performs a combinatorial or nonlinear process , as known per se , to reconstitute an rf signal with its information content intact , at a frequency differing from that of the original rf signal frequency by the frequency of l . o . source 710 . the reconstituted and demultiplexed signals appear on transmission paths 232a , 232b , . . . , 232n . also illustrated by phantom lines in fig8 is an arrangement similar to that of fig7 b , including an array 734 of mixers 734a , 734b , . . . , 734n , which are coupled to transmission paths 232a , 232b , . . . , 232n , respectively , for , if desired , mixing the reconstituted signals with a sample of the rf l . o . signal from generator 710 , to thereby generate information signals at the same frequencies as those of the original rf signal carriers . other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art . for example , instead of being coupled through focussing lenses 626 , each single - mode optical fiber 614 can be physically attached to the photosensitive region of its photodetector , thus reducing the mass of the structure , and reducing the possibility of mispositioning of the beams due to environmental considerations . while the source light beam has been described as coherent , incoherence merely degrades the performance , and a level of incoherence may be acceptable in some systems . | 7 |
the conformal grating electromechanical system ( gems ) devices are illustrated in fig1 - 3 . fig1 shows two side - by - side conformal gems devices 5 a and 5 b in an unactuated state . the conformal gems devices 5 a and 5 b are formed on top of a substrate 10 covered by a bottom conductive layer 12 , which acts as an electrode to actuate the devices 5 a , 5 b . the bottom conductive layer 12 is covered by a dielectric protective layer 14 followed by a standoff layer 16 and a spacer layer 18 . on top of the spacer layer 18 , a ribbon layer 20 is formed which is covered by a reflective layer and conductive layer 22 . the reflective and conductive layer 22 provides electrodes for the actuation of the conformal gems devices 5 a and 5 b . accordingly , the reflective and conductive layer 22 is patterned to provide electrodes for the two conformal gems devices 5 a and 5 b . the ribbon layer 20 , preferably , comprises a material with a sufficient tensile stress to provide a large restoring force . each of the two conformal gems devices 5 a and 5 b has an associated elongated ribbon element 23 a and 23 b , respectively , patterned from the reflective and conductive layer 22 and the ribbon layer 20 . the elongated ribbon elements 23 a and 23 b are supported by end supports 24 a and 24 b , formed from the spacer layer 18 , and by one or more intermediate supports 27 that are uniformly separated in order to form equal - width channels 25 . the elongated ribbon elements 23 a and 23 b are secured to the end supports 24 a and 24 b and to the intermediate supports 27 . a plurality of square standoffs 29 is patterned at the bottom of the channels 25 from the standoff layer 16 . these standoffs 29 reduce the possibility of the elongated ribbon elements 23 a and 23 b sticking when actuated . a top view of a four - device linear array of conformal gems devices 5 a , 5 b , 5 c and 5 d is shown in fig2 . the elongated ribbon elements 23 a , 23 b , 23 c , and 23 d ( respectively ) are depicted partially removed over the portion of the diagram below the line a - a in order to show the underlying structure . for best optical performance and maximum contrast , the intermediate supports 27 should preferably be completely hidden below the elongated ribbon elements 23 a , 23 b , 23 c , and 23 d . therefore , when viewed from the top , the intermediate supports 27 should not be visible in the gaps 28 between the conformal gems devices 5 a - 5 d . here , each of the conformal gems devices 5 a - 5 d has three intermediate supports 27 with four equal - width channels 25 . the center - to - center separation a of the intermediate supports 27 defines the period of the conformal gems devices in the actuated state . the elongated ribbon elements 23 a - 23 d are mechanically and electrically isolated from one another , allowing independent operation of the four conformal gems devices 5 a - 5 d . the bottom conductive layer 12 of fig1 can be common to all of the conformal gems devices 5 a - 5 d . [ 0027 ] fig3 a is a side view , through line 3 , 5 - 3 , 5 of fig2 of two channels 25 of the conformal gems device 5 b ( as shown and described in fig1 and 2 ) in an unactuated state . fig3 b shows the same view for an actuated state . for operation of the device , an attractive electrostatic force is produced by applying a voltage difference between the bottom conductive layer 12 and the reflective and conductive layer 22 of the elongated ribbon element 23 b . in the unactuated state ( see fig3 a ), with no voltage difference , the ribbon element 23 b is suspended flat between the supports . in this state , an incident light beam 30 is primarily reflected into a 0th order light beam 32 , as in a simple planar mirror . to obtain the actuated state , a voltage is applied to the conformal gems device 5 b , which deforms the elongated ribbon element 23 b and produces a partially conformal gems with period λ . fig3 b shows the device 5 b ( as shown and described in fig1 and 2 ) in the fully actuated state with the elongated ribbon element 23 b in contact with standoffs 29 . the height difference between the bottom of element 23 b and the top of the standoffs 29 is chosen to be approximately ¼ of the wavelength λ of the incident light . the optimum height depends on the specific conformal shape of the actuated device . in the actuated state , the incident light beam 30 is primarily diffracted into the + 1st order light beam 35 a and − 1st order light beam 35 b , with additional light diffracted into the + 2nd order 36 a and − 2nd order 36 b . a small amount of light is diffracted into even higher orders and some light remains in the 0th order . in general , one or more of the various beams can be collected and used by an optical system , 44 depending on the application . when the applied voltage is removed , the forces due to tensile stress and bending restores the ribbon element 23 b to its original unactuated state , as shown in fig3 a . [ 0028 ] fig4 a and 4 b show a side view through line 4 - 4 of fig2 of the conformal gems device 5 b in the unactuated and actuated states , respectively . the conductive reflective ribbon element 23 b is suspended by the end support 24 b and the adjacent intermediate support 27 ( not shown in this perspective ). the application of a voltage actuates the device as illustrated in fig4 b . in one embodiment , a linear array of conformal gems devices is formed by arranging the devices as illustrated in fig1 - 2 with the direction of the grating period λ perpendicular to the axis of the array . the planes containing the various diffracted light beams then intersect in a line at the linear array and are distinct away from the linear array . even with a large linear array consisting , possibly , of several thousand devices illuminated by a narrow line of light , the diffracted light beams become spatially separated in close proximity to the linear array . this feature simplifies the optical system design and allows for the selection of specific diffracted light beams without the use of schlieren optics . the conformal gems devices illustrated in fig1 - 4 would , when actuated , produce non - zero diffracted orders (+ 1 st order 35 a , − 1 st order 35 b , + 2 nd order 36 a and − 2 nd order 36 b ) that have very high contrast . this ideal situation arises if , in the unactuated state , the ribbon elements 23 a , 23 b , 23 c and 23 d are suspended perfectly flat between the intermediate supports 27 and , hence , do not cause any diffraction of light into non - zero diffracted orders . in practice , ribbon elements 23 a , 23 b , 23 c and 23 d will have a certain amount of curvature because of stress differences between the ribbon layer 20 , which is typically silicon nitride , and the reflective and conductive layer 22 , which is typically aluminum . this problem is illustrated in fig5 a and 5 b , which are similar to fig3 a and 4 a , respectively . fig5 a is a side view , through line 3 , 5 - 3 , 5 of fig2 of two channels 25 of the conformal gems device 5 b , with the addition of ribbon curvature . fig5 b shows a rotated side view of the same device along the direction of the ribbon width w . the ribbon curvature causes a weak grating to be present even when the conformal gems device 5 b is not actuated , thus reducing system contrast . for high - quality projection displays , such as digital cinema projectors , a contrast above 1000 : 1 is often required . ( contrast is defined as the ratio of diffracted light intensity with the device actuated to diffracted light intensity with the device unactuated .) an alternate embodiment of conformal gems devices is shown in fig6 which depicts a top view of a four - device linear array similar to fig2 . each of the conformal gems devices 5 a , 5 b , 5 c , and 5 d now has an associated pair of subdivided elongated conductive reflective ribbon elements ( 51 a , 52 a ), ( 51 b , 52 b ), ( 51 c , 52 c ), and ( 51 d , 52 d ), respectively . this subdivision of each conformal gems device 5 a , 5 b , 5 c , and 5 d permits fabrication of wider conformal gems devices , without significantly impacting optical performance . the preferred method of fabrication is to etch a sacrificial layer ( not shown ) from the channel 25 , thus releasing the elongated conductive ribbon elements ( 51 a , 52 a ), ( 51 b , 52 b ), ( 51 c , 52 c ), and ( 51 d , 52 d ). the subdivided gaps 55 between the elongated conductive elements ( 51 a , 52 a ), ( 51 b , 52 b ), ( 51 c , 52 c ), and ( 51 d , 52 d ) allow the etchant to access this sacrificial layer . increasing the number of subdivided gaps 55 can therefore improve the etching process . in practice , it may be necessary to further subdivide the conformal gems devices 5 a , 5 b , 5 c , and 5 d into more than two . the elongated - conductive reflective ribbon elements ( 51 a , 52 a ), ( 51 b , 52 b ), ( 51 c , 52 c ), and ( 51 d , 52 d ) are depicted partially removed over the portion of the diagram below the line a - a in order to show the underlying structure . for best optical performance and maximum contrast , the intermediate supports 27 should be completely hidden below the elongated - conductive reflective ribbon elements 51 a , 52 a , 51 b , 52 b , 51 c , 52 c , 51 d , and 52 d . therefore , when viewed from the top , the intermediate supports 27 should not penetrate into the subdivided gaps 55 . in general , the ribbon elements within a single conformal gems device are mechanically isolated , but electrically coupled . they therefore operate in unison when a voltage is applied . [ 0032 ] fig7 is a top view illustration of an unactuated linear array of conformal gems devices 5 a - 5 d , similar to fig6 with a contour map overlay of the ribbon elements &# 39 ; surface profile showing ribbon curvature . each cell 54 within the elongated - conductive ribbon elements 51 a , 52 a , 51 b , 52 b , 51 c , 52 c , 51 d , and 52 d has a saddle - like shape , shown in more detail in the three - dimensional plot of fig8 . as visible in the top view of fig7 cells 54 form a two - dimensional periodic pattern that acts as a reflective crossed grating . typically , in manufactured conformal gems devices , the peak - to - peak height of the crossed grating is less than 40 nm , i . e ., less than a tenth of a wavelength for visible wavelengths . the period of the crossed grating along the length of the elongated - conductive reflective ribbon elements 51 a - 51 d and 52 a - 52 d is equal to the conformal gems period λ , as determined by the placement of the intermediate supports 27 . the period of the crossed grating in the perpendicular direction is the ribbon period p . as described in co - pending u . s . patent application ser . no . docket # 80 , 511b ( cip ), the saddle - like shape of each cell 54 can be significantly flattened by careful refinement of the manufacturing process , thus reducing the peak - to - peak height of the weak crossed grating . a display system based on a linear array of conformal gems devices was described by kowarz et al . in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 671 , 040 , entitled electromechanical grating display system with spatially separated light beam , filed sep . 27 , 2000 . however , when conformal gems devices with appreciable ribbon curvature are used in the display system of u . s . ser . no . 09 / 671 , 040 , the diffracted cross - orders reduce image contrast . to further improve image contrast in a system , the diffracted light ( cross - orders ) generated by the crossed grating can be prevented from reaching the image plane . [ 0034 ] fig9 shows a high - contrast display system 900 containing a linear array 85 of conformal gems devices that eliminates the contrast - reducing cross - orders . light emitted from a source 70 is conditioned by a pair of lenses 72 and 74 , before hitting a turning mirror 82 and illuminating the linear array 85 . the display system 900 forms an entire two - dimensional scene from a scan of a one - dimensional line image of the linear array 85 across the screen 90 . the conformal gems devices of the linear array 85 are capable of rapidly modulating incident light to produce multiple lines of pixels with gray levels . the controller 80 selectively activates the linear array 85 to obtain the desired pixel pattern for a given line of a two - dimensional scene . if a particular conformal gems device is not actuated , it reflects the incident light beam primarily into the 0th order light beam , which is directed back towards the source 70 by the turning mirror 82 . if a particular conformal gems device is actuated , it diffracts the incident light beams primarily into + 2 nd , + 1 st , − 1 st and − 2 nd order light beams . these diffracted light beams pass around the turning mirror 82 and are projected on the screen 90 by the projection lens system 75 . a cross - order filter 110 placed near the fourier ( focal ) plane “ f ” of the projection lens system 75 prevents the undesirable diffracted cross - orders from reaching the screen 90 . the function of the cross - order filter 110 is described later in more detail . the scanning mirror 77 sweeps the line image across the screen 90 to form the two - dimensional scene . the controller 80 provides synchronization between the sweep of the scanning mirror 77 and a data stream that provides the scene content . [ 0035 ] fig1 depicts a linear array 85 of conformal gems devices ( p1 . . . p1080 ) illuminated by a line of light 88 parallel to the long axis of the linear array 85 . for illustration purposes , there are 1080 individually operable conformal gems devices shown , labeled p1 through p1080 . the grating period λ ( not shown ) is preferably perpendicular to the long axis of the linear array 85 and to the line of light 88 . fig1 is a view facing the screen 90 of the display system 900 , shown in fig9 and depicts the formation of the two - dimensional scene . in this illustration , hdtv resolution is obtained by scanning the image of the linear array 85 of 1080 conformal gems devices to generate 1920 sequential lines , thereby producing a scene with 1080 by 1920 pixels . [ 0036 ] fig1 a - 12 d illustrate the propagation of the diffracted light beams through the display system 900 of fig9 in several planes prior to the projection lens system 75 . continuing , fig1 a - 13 d show the light distribution after the projection lens system 75 . in this example , the light source 70 is a laser , the lens has a focal length f of 50 mm , the linear array is 1 cm long and all of the conformal gems devices on the linear array 85 are turned on . as the various diffracted light beams propagate from one plane to the next , they spread out in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the linear array 85 . here d refers to the distance between the linear array 85 to the plane of interest . the diffracted beams become spatially separated within a few millimeters from the linear array 85 and remain spatially separated throughout the display system 900 , except near the screen 90 ( and any intermediate image planes of the linear array 85 ). fig1 d shows the light distribution at the turning mirror 82 , which is located close to the projection lens system 75 . the turning mirror 82 blocks the unwanted 0 th diffracted order and reflects it back towards the source 70 . in this example , six diffracted orders from − 3 rd to − 1 st and + 1 st to + 3 rd are allowed to pass through the projection lens system 75 . fig1 a - 13 d show these diffracted orders after they have gone through the projection lens system 75 . near the fourier plane ( d = 100 mm ), the diffracted orders are tightly focused into six spots . it is , therefore , preferable to place the scanning mirror 77 close to the fourier plane to minimize its size and weight . eventually , as the six diffracted orders continue propagating towards the screen 90 , they again become overlapping spatially near the image plane at the screen 90 . [ 0037 ] fig1 a - 12 d and 13 a - 13 d describe light propagation through the display system 900 of fig9 when all of the conformal gems devices of the linear array 85 are turned on . obviously , when the conformal gems devices are turned off , any light that is not obstructed will reduce the contrast and quality of the image on the screen 90 . fig1 a - 14 d illustrate the off - state light distribution in several planes after the projection lens system 75 of fig9 . the conformal gems devices modeled in fig1 a - 14 d have ribbon curvature that produces a weak crossed grating . some light is still present in the primary + 1 st and − 1 st orders . however , because the conformal gems devices are off , the intensity of these orders is substantially less , often by a factor of 1000 or more , than the corresponding orders in fig1 a - 12 d and 13 a - 13 d . the higher orders , 3 rd , − 2 nd , + 2 nd and + 3 rd , are now reduced to the point that they are not visible in the figures . the crossed grating generates four dominant diffracted cross - orders labeled (+ 1 , + 1 ), (+ 1 , − 1 ), (− 1 , + 1 ) and (− 1 , − 1 ) in fig1 b and 14 c . as shown in fig1 c , by placing a cross - order filter 110 substantially near the fourier plane of the projection lens system 75 , the aforementioned four cross - orders can be separated and blocked while leaving the desired diffracted orders unaffected . in order to effectively separate the diffracted cross - orders from the primary + 1 st and − 1 st orders , the cross - order filter should be placed at a distance less than approximately ( f 2 λ )/( l λ ) from the fourier plane , where λ is the wavelength and l is the length of the linear array 85 . the cross - order filter 110 increases system contrast without substantially decreasing optical efficiency . the contrast improvement enabled by the addition of the cross - order filter 110 depends on the exact profile of the crossed grating , i . e ., on the specific saddle - like shape of each cell 54 . clearly , there are two kinds of light beams in display system 900 : ( 1 ) those that are blocked by obstructing elements from reaching the screen 90 , and ( 2 ) those that pass around obstructing elements to form an image on the screen 90 . in the system of fig9 the obstructing elements are the turning mirror 82 that blocks the 0 th order light beam and the cross - order filter 110 that blocks the (+ 1 , + 1 ), (+ 1 , − 1 ), (− 1 , + 1 ) and (− 1 , − 1 ) diffracted cross - orders . in subsequent embodiments , similar obstructing elements are used to prevent unwanted diffracted light beams from reaching the screen . as is well known to those skilled in the art , a variety of elements may be used for this purpose . for example , cross - order filter 110 could be an absorbing stop or a pair of tilted mirrors . alternatively , the scanning mirror 77 could be designed so that the diffracted cross - orders pass above and below the mirror edges , therefore , never becoming part of the image . this appropriately - sized scanning mirror 77 would then also function as a cross - order filter . in general , to effectively separate and obstruct the various diffracted light beams , the light illuminating the linear array of conformal gems devices needs to have a relatively small spread in angles of incidence . for example , if the conformal gems devices have a period of 30 microns and the illuminating wavelength is 532 nm , the angular separation between the 0 th order light beam and the + 1 st order light beam is approximately 1 degree . therefore , the total angular spread of the light incident upon the linear array should be less than 1 degree , in the plane perpendicular to the linear array . similarly , in order to create distinct diffracted cross - orders at the fourier plane of the projection lens , the angular spread of the incident light should also be sufficiently narrow in the plane parallel to the linear array . a coherent laser is the most optically efficient source for generating light with such a narrow range of incident angles . for incoherent sources , such as filament lamps and light emitting diodes , a vast majority of the optical power would be wasted by the illumination system in the process of generating the required illumination . the embodiment of fig9 can be used either for single color or for color - sequential display systems . for a color - sequential display , the light source 70 produces a plurality of colors that are sequential in time and the controller 80 is synchronized with the light source 70 . for example , if the light source 70 consists of three combined red , green , and blue lasers , these are turned on sequentially to produce overlapping red , green , and blue images on the screen 90 . the image data sent by the controller 80 to the linear array 85 is synchronized with the respective turned - on laser color . color - sequential display systems waste two - thirds of the available light because only one color is used at a time . fig1 , 16 , and 17 depict embodiments of the invention that project three colors simultaneously , ( for example , red , green , and blue ). in fig1 , three separate light sources 70 r , 70 g , 70 b , each with their own illumination optics 72 r , 72 g , 72 b , 74 r , 74 g , 74 b , provide light to the three linear arrays 85 r , 85 g , 85 b via three turning mirrors 82 r , 82 g , 82 b . red light illuminates linear array 85 r , green light linear array 85 g and blue light linear array 85 b . the − 3 rd , − 2 nd , − 1 st , + 1 st , + 2 nd , and + 3 rd order light beams emerging from the three linear arrays 85 r , 85 g , 85 b , are combined by a color - combining element , shown as a color - combining cube 100 in fig1 . the 0 th order light beams are directed towards their respective sources by the turning mirrors 82 r , 82 g , 82 b . a single projection lens system 75 forms a three - color line image of the three linear arrays 85 r , 85 g , 85 b on the screen 90 ( not shown in figure ). as before , the sweep of the scanning mirror 77 ( not shown in figure ) generates a two - dimensional image from the line image . to increase system contrast , cross - orders are removed by the cross - order filter 110 at the fourier plane of the projection lens 75 . [ 0042 ] fig1 shows an alternate color - simultaneous embodiment in which the three turning mirrors 82 r , 82 g , 82 b of fig1 are replaced by polarization beam splitters 114 r , 114 g , 114 b with ¼ wave plates 116 r , 116 g , 116 b and 0 th order stops 118 r , 118 g , 118 b . the combination of polarization beam splitter , ¼ wave plate and 0 th order stop provides easier alignment tolerances than when the illumination and obstruction functions are combined , as in the turning mirror solution . for further system flexibility , the system of fig1 contains three separate projection lenses 75 r , 75 g , 75 b . [ 0043 ] fig1 shows a variation of the system in fig1 in which a single spatial filter 111 placed at the fourier plane of the projection lenses 75 r , 75 g , 75 b replaces the three 0 th order stops 118 r , 118 g , 118 b and the cross - order filter 110 . as shown in fig1 , the spatial filter 111 has a 0 th order portion 111 b to block 0 th order light beams and a cross - order portion 111 a to block cross - orders . although the above embodiments describe display systems , the same principles can be used to implement high - contrast printing systems based on linear arrays of conformal gems devices . instead of a screen 90 , the image medium would be a light reactive material , such as photographic paper , thermally activated media , or thermal transfer media . furthermore , the scanning mirror 77 would typically be replaced by a paper transport system that serves as the scanning element . a more detailed description of conformal gems printing systems is found in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 671 , 040 . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
in accordance with this invention the stable liquid pharmaceutical compositions with higher curcumin concentration comprises of curcumin or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof , surfactant , solvent , oil and optionally antioxidant wherein the concentration of surfactant is not more than 60 % w / w . the compositions comprise 2 to 20 % w / w of curcumin , oil , solvent , surfactant and optionally antioxidant , wherein the ratio of oil to solvent , surfactant to solvent and surfactant to curcumin is in the range of 0 . 83 to 10 , 1 to 60 and 3 to 15 , respectively . the said composition is prepared without the use of ph buffer and / or molecular aggregation inhibitor ( s ). the oil is selected from : ( 1 ) fractionated coconut oil , caprylic / capric triglyceride or oil containing fatty acid triglycerides , preferably medium chain fatty acid triglycerides ( 2 ) isopropyl myristate , isopropyl palmitate , ethyl linoleate or oil containing ethyl oleate esters of fatty acids and monovalent alkanols ( 3 ) propyleneglycol dicaprylate , propyleneglycol dilaurate or oil containing propyleneglycol di - fatty acid esters . the surfactant is selected from polysorbate , vitamin e tpgs and cremophor , preferably cremophor . the solvent is selected from glycofurol , polyethylene glycol ( peg 200 , 400 ), glycerol , polypropylene glycol , propylene glycol , n - methyl - 2 - pyrolidone and ethyl alcohol or mixture thereof , preferably from propylene glycol and ethyl alcohol or mixture thereof . the anti - oxidant is selected from ascorbyl palmitate , butylhydroxyanisole , butylhydroxytoluene , propyl gallate , sodium ascorbate , tocopheryl derivative such as alpha - tocopherol and mixtures thereof . the present invention provides a process for the preparation of the said composition comprising ( i ) dispersing curcumin in solvent ; ( ii ) adding surfactant to the curcumin dispersion of step ( i ); ( iii ) dissolving curcumin by mixing and heating ; and ( iv ) adding oil to the solution of step ( iii ) to obtain the liquid pharmaceutical composition . in one embodiment a process for the preparation of the said composition comprising : ( i ) dispersing curcumin in surfactant ; ( ii ) adding solvent to the curcumin dispersion of step ( i ); and dissolving curcumin by mixing and heating ; and ( iii ) mixing oil to the solution of step ( ii ) to obtain the stable liquid pharmaceutical composition . in another embodiment a process for the preparation of the said composition comprising : ( i ) dispersing curcumin in oil ; ( ii ) adding solvent to the curcumin dispersion of step ( i ); and ( iii ) mixing surfactant to the dispersion of step ( ii ) and dissolving curcumin by mixing and heating to obtain the stable liquid pharmaceutical composition . in another embodiment a process for the preparation of the said composition comprising : ( i ) mixing solvent , surfactant and oil ; ( ii ) adding curcumin to blend of step ( i ) and dissolving curcumin by mixing and heating to obtain stable liquid pharmaceutical composition . the compositions according to the present invention can be administered by oral , topical or parenteral route ; preferably the compositions are administered by oral route . a pharmaceutical composition of curcumin was prepared as given in table 1 . the formulation after dilution with water ( 1 : 1000 ) or 0 . 1 n hcl ( 1 : 1000 ) resulted in clear and stable solution . particle size of resulting micro - emulsion was found below 100 nm after dilution of 24 hr . a pharmaceutical composition of curcumin was prepared as given in table 2 . pharmaceutical composition of example 1 was subjected to accelerated stability study as per ich guideline . the product was found to be stable for 6 months at 40 ° c ./ 75 % rh as shown in table 5 . the values of peak plasma concentration level ( c max ) and area under the curve ( auc ) obtained after administration of the pharmaceutical composition are shown in table 6 . | 0 |
in fig1 a flowsheet indicating equipment and process stream flows is shown . receiver - feed tank 45 , first exchanger 37 , generator 11 , and absorber 39 are charged with ammonia and water in a mole ratio of about one and one half moles of ammonia to four moles of water through lines 50 and 51 . hydrogen is added through line 52 to pressure the system to about 325 pounds per square inch gauge . the lines each have commercially available valves that will shut off to be leak proof and are also capped after charging as the system must be essentially leak proof to operate without undue maintenance . the ammonia is essentially soluble in the water and the insoluble hydrogen will before startup fill the rest of the system . fuel container 6 is portable and may contain anyone of several type hydrocarbons but for all around use propane is preferred . after burner 9 is ignited and the contents of the generator 11 heated , the heated ammonia - water stream percolates to the first separator 30 a weak ammonia - water stream drains from the separator 30 to be cooled by preheating the feed stream to generator 11 in exchanger 37 . the cooled ammonia - water stream feeds to absorber 39 . the vapor stream from separator 30 flows through an air cooled exchanger 31 , hereinafter called a first stage condenser . in the unit of this invention the preferred type cooler is a coil located in between double walls of the unit to allow heated air to rise to increase the transfer coefficient by increased airflow from the chimney effect . the temperature exit the first stage condenser 31 should be about 100 degrees fahrenheit which is near or below the condensation point of the ammonia at the approximate 325 pounds gauge the secondary condenser 33 which in this unit is a coil type may be partially air cooled and cooled below the ammonia condensation temperature by being wrapped round the ice container 36 as shown clearly in fig2 . the cooled stream which is essentially liquid ammonia feeds through a low pressure drop check valve 40 such as a flapper typevalve . following the check valve a recycle hydrogen stream 53 mixes with the secondary condenser stream entering the cone shaped pancake type evaporator coil 35 . this pancake type coil is shaped to fit closely to a cone shaped bottom of ice container 36 . in a preferred embodiment this evaporator coil is covered smoothly on both sides with a commercially available heat transfer medium . the evaporator is heavily insulated on the side not in contact with the ice container 36 as shown in fig2 . with the liquid ammonia - hydrogen stream mixture entering the evaporator the ammonia liquid will evaporate to form a hydrogen - ammonia vapor pressure to fulfill the normal gas laws . vaporized ammonia and the hydrogen stream drain through line 47 to mix with the weak ammonia stream from exchanger 37 at the bottom of absorber 39 . in a preferred embodiment the absorber 39 has a porous ceramic plate 44 above the inlet streams . this plate causes intimate contact between the gaseous ammonia , hydrogen and water . the absorber is run essentially full and the overflow is run through a cooling coil 41 and into separator 43 which may be a cyclone separator to use minimum space . cooled hydrogen recycles back through line 53 to the inlet of the evaporator 35 and the ammonia rich aqueous stream draining from the separator 43 recycles back to the receiver - feed tank 45 . in fig2 a compact cylindrical body 1 has an expanded base section for stability of the unit and to provide space for the needed equipment . in a lower compartment 2 there is a hinged door 3 to allow removably inserting a propane cylinder 6 and commercially available controls 5 with a push start and controls to maintain a proper inlet pressure to the burner 9 , to shut off the propane in the event of flame failure , and to shut off the propane if the unit tips over . the high strength ammonia - water solution in receiver - feed tank 45 is preheated as it is pulled through the cooling side of exchanger 37 by action of the perk type generator 11 . as the contents of generator 11 heats up liquid and gaseous ammonia perk upward into separator 30 . generator 11 is in a separate compartment 4 with air inlets 13 and hot air outlets 15 to carry off products of combustion . separator 30 may be located in a chimney type air cooler 23 with cold air inlets 27 and hot air outlets 29 to cause most of the water to condense and to allow the ammonia vapor to travel into first stage condenser 31 . liquid from separator 30 with some ammonia therein flows through cooling coils in exchanger 37 and thence into the bottom of absorber 39 . off gas from the separator 30 which is mainly ammonia vapor flows through cooling coils in the first stage condenser 31 . these cooling coils are located in the same chimney type air cooler 23 as the separator 30 . the stream exit the first stage condenser 31 flows into a second stage condenser 33 . the second stage condenser 33 is wrapped to fit closely but removably around the central core or ice container 36 . the ice container 36 is covered with a hinged lid 32 . the coils in condenser 33 are preferably encased in a heat transfer medium to facilitate heat transfer and condense the ammonia to a liquid form . the ammonia liquid flows through a low pressure drop check valve 40 shown in fig3 and joins a recycle hydrogen stream 53 as the stream enters an evaporator 35 which is a set of coils wound in a cone shape to fit closely against a cone shaped bottom of the ice bucket 36 as shown in fig3 . this exchanger coil is also covered with a heat transfer medium and is insulated with insulation 48 on the side away from the ice bucket 36 . the vaporized ammonia and the hydrogen flow downward through line 47 to enter the absorber 39 below a perforated ceramic plate 44 in the absorber 39 . the ceramic plate breaks the gaseous ammonia and hydrogen into very fine bubbles causing maximum scrubbing of the hydrogen in the liquid and excellent absorption of the ammonia . the scrubber or absorber 39 overflows into outlet cooling coils 41 and thence into separator 43 . the cooled hydrogen recycles back through line 53 to the evaporator coils 35 . the aqueous ammonia rich stream drains from separator 43 to the receiver - feed tank 45 thus completing the continous cycle in the unit . in fig3 the conical bottom ice container 36 with the second stage condenser cooling coil 33 wrapped around the ice bucket and leading through a check valve 40 to combine with a recycle hydrogen stream from line 53 at an inlet to the cone shaped evaporator coil 35 . the exit gaseous ammonia and hydrogen stream flow through line 47 to the ammonia absorber as shown in fig2 . | 5 |
[ 0045 ] fig1 illustrates the co - operation between a user equipment ue 11 , a serving gateway support node sgsn 12 and a home location register hlr 13 of a umts network for assigning values of service attributes to a requested transmission according to an implementation of the first aspect of the invention . an sgsn is employed in cellular networks for keeping track of the location of each user equipment and for performing security functions and access control . in the sgsn 12 of fig1 a static nrt ( non - real - time ) and default qos profile 14 is stored for an additional qos control function . the profile 14 comprises a single set of common values for some nrt service attributes for all customers . more specifically , values are provided for the delivery order , the maximum sdu size , the sdu error ratio , the residual ber , the delivery of erroneous sdus , and for the allocation / retention priority . these values are to be used if specific required values of qos attributes are not indicated by a user equipment for a requested non - real - time transmission , like an interactive or background traffic class transmission . the common values of service attributes are set to some good average of a non - real - time qos level chosen from the attribute values available for the interactive traffic class . in the hlr 13 , a subscriber specific service profile max qos 15 is stored for each customer / subscriber . the service profile 15 includes the best possible value for each qos attribute according to the subscription of the respective customer . it contains mainly the subscribed values for the different attributes required for a real - time traffic class , either for the conversational or the streaming traffic class , i . e . values for the maximum bitrate , the delivery order , the maximum sdu size , an sdu format information , the sdu error ratio , the residual ber , the delivery of erroneous sdus , the allocation / retention priority , the transfer delay and for the guaranteed bitrate . in addition , a subscribed value for the traffic handling priority for non - real - time traffic classes is included in each subscriber specific service profile 15 in the hlr 13 . a user equipment 11 desiring a transmission sends a connection request to the sgsn 12 . in addition , the user equipment 11 can also transmit desired values of service attributes to the sgsn 12 that are to be used for the requested transmission . following the request of a transmission by a user equipment 11 , the subscriber specific profile 15 for the customer owning this user equipment is transferred from the hlr 13 to the sgsn 12 . in case there is still a recently transferred profile 15 for the customer owning the requesting user equipment 11 available in the sgsn 12 , a new transmission is not necessary . consequently , there are now up to three sets of service profiles accumulated in the sgsn 12 . based on these service profiles , it is then determined in the sgsn 12 which values are to be employed for the different attributes required for the requested connection . the selection of the values of attributes that are to be used for the requested transmission will now be explained in more detail with reference to the flow chart of fig2 . the user equipment 11 can request a transmission in any of the four available transmission classes , the conversational , the streaming , the interactive or the background traffic class . moreover , as mentioned above , the user equipment 11 can but does not have to request a desired qos profile for the requested transmission , after a transmission request has been received by the sgsn 12 , it is first determined in the sgsn 12 , whether the request by the user equipment 11 contains a request for a specific qos profile . in case no specific qos profile is requested by the user equipment 11 , it is checked from the configuration in the sgsn 12 which values of attributes are to be used as default profile for the requested connection . the configuration can be set by the operator of the network and determines whether only the values of attributes stored in the hlr 13 are to be used or if a combination of some of the values of attributes in the hlr 13 and the values of attributes in the sgsn 12 are to be used for a specific requested connection , in the implementation corresponding to the flow chart of fig2 in case the real - time profile is used as default profile , all values in the service profile received from the hlr 13 except for the thp value are selected to be used for the connection . a real - time pdp connection is then activated with these attributes . in case the non - real - time profile is used as default profile , the values for the thp and for the maximum bitrate in the profile 15 received from the hlr 13 are selected to be used as values of the corresponding attributes for the requested connection . additionally , the values of the attributes in the profile 14 stored in the sgsn 12 are selected to be used for the remaining required attributes for the connection . a non - real - time connection is then activated with these combined values of attributes . in case a specific qos profile is requested by the user equipment 11 , the traffic has to be restricted to the subscribed attribute levels . to this end , it is determined in another step in the sgsn 12 , whether a real - time or a non - real - time traffic class is requested by the user equipment 11 . in case a real - time traffic class is requested by the user equipment , it is moreover determined in the sgsn 12 , whether the requested qos values exceed the values predetermined in the profile 15 received from the hlr 13 , if they do not exceed the predetermined values , a real - time connection is activated with the requested qos profile . if any of the requested values of attributes exceeds the corresponding subscribed value , however , the real - time connection is activated with the corresponding maximal subscribed value received from the hlr 13 . in case a non - real - time traffic is requested by the user equipment , it is determined in the sgsn 12 , whether the requested value for the thp or for the requested maximal bitrate value exceeds the corresponding subscribed value in the profile 15 received from the hlr 13 . if they do not exceed the subscribed values , the non - real - time connection is activated with the requested qos profile . if , however , one of the requested values exceed the subscribed thp or maximum bitrate value , the exceeding values are replaced with the corresponding subscribed attributes received from the hlr 13 , and the non - real - time connection is activated with these replaced values . further attributes for which the values are to be limited could be treated in the same way . summarized , the qos profile stored in the first storing means in the hlr 13 can be adjusted for real - time traffic , while a value of an additional attribute important for non - real - time traffic can be stored together with this profile . when a real - time profile is requested , the values of the required attributes are assembled based only on the values in the profile in the hlr 13 and possibly on requested values . when a non - real - time transmission is requested by the user equipment 11 , the qos profile for this connection is assembled by using some qos attribute values from the first storing means in the hlr 13 and some from the second storing means in the sgsn 12 , considering in addition a possible request of values by the user equipment 11 . thus , the qos of real - time and non - real time traffic can be controlled separately . instead of storing additional values of qos attributes for non - real - time traffic in the hlr , these values can be obtained in several different ways based on the attributes stored in the hlr for the real - time traffic . two possibilities will be briefly described as further embodiments of the first aspect of the invention . in the first alternative , the allocation / retention priority in the received hlr profile is used . allocation / retention priority is defined in the above mentioned standard 3gpp ts 23 . 107 as specifying “ the relative importance compared to other umts bearers for allocation and retention of the umts bearer . the allocation / retention priority attribute is a subscription attribute which is not negotiated from the mobile terminal .” the sgsn can read the allocation / retention priority attribute from the received hlr qos profile and then derive the non - real - time value for the thp from it . both of them have three values 1 , 2 and 3 . in the second alternative , the guaranteed bitrate value in the received hlr profile is evaluated in the sgsn , where a mapping of certain bitrate values into certain thp values is defined . for example , a value of 128 kbps for the guaranteed bitrate in the hlr profile can result in the best thp , a value of 64 kbps in the second best thp , a value of 32 kbps in the lowest thp , and a value of 0 kbps can result in a treatment as background class . it would also be possible to store a complete qos profile for both , real - time traffic and for non - real - time traffic in storing means . the real - time profile would then limit requested profiles for real - time traffic and the non - real - time profile would limit requested profiles for non - real - time traffic . the nrt profile could be used in addition as default qos profile for the user equipment in case no profile is requested by the user equipment . this would mean that the first and the second storing means are realized by single storing means . in a similar way , a dedicated qos profile can even be stored for each of the four traffic classes for each user equipment in storing means of the radio access network . the user equipment could then for instance define only the traffic class attribute and the rest of the attribute values would be fetched from the corresponding qos profile in the storing means . the four qos profiles in such storing means can be adjusted for typical applications using the traffic class in question . for example , the conversational traffic class qos profile is adjusted to the needs of a typical voip ( voice over internet protocol ) application , the streaming traffic class qos profile is adjusted for video streaming , the interactive traffic class qos profile is adjusted for web browsing , and the background traffic class qos profile is adjusted for best effort file transfer . if the terminal does not request any values of qos attributes at all , the values for the interactive or the background profile should be used . therefore , the first and the second storing means are realized again by single storing means in this implementation in case two or even four complete qos profiles are to be stored for each user equipment in a combined first and second storing means , these storing means are best integrated in the hlr in which the authentication and billing information for the respective user equipment is stored . upon a transmission request by a user equipment , information can then be added to a signaling from the sgsn to the hlr / hss about the traffic class that is requested . based on this information , the hlr can send the correct traffic class qos profile to the sgsn . thus , in the sgsn , the received profile simply has to be applied . another solution would be to transfer all the profiles to the sgsn in the pdp context activation , the correct one being selected in the sgsn according to the request by the user equipment . [ 0066 ] fig3 shows a high - level network architecture for an interworking of a wlan and a cellular network , for which architecture an implementation of the second aspect of the invention is to be employed . in fig3 a wlan 32 with two access points 33 is depicted . the wlan 32 is connected via a public access controller ( pac ) 34 to a public ip network 35 and further via a gateway 36 to a public cellular network 37 , more specifically to a gsm network . the cellular network 37 comprises several home register and billing servers 38 , of which one is shown . the wlan 32 is located at a local wireless hotspot and is provided by a private owner . the operator of the cellular network 37 has a roaming agreement with the operator of the wlan 32 . a mobile terminal 31 with a sim ( gsm subscriber identification module ) is located in the access area of the wlan 32 . the terminal 31 is registered with the cellular network 37 . the authentication and billing information for the terminal 31 is stored in the depicted home register and billing server 38 . corresponding information is stored in the sim of the terminal 31 . the terminal 31 has a wlan roaming agreement with the operator of the cellular network 37 . the authentication and billing information for the terminal 31 accessing the wlan 32 is transmitted between the wlan 32 and the cellular network 37 through the gateway 36 . proprietary protocols take care of the signaling between the different network elements . possible details of an authentication mechanism are e . g . presented in the co - pending us patent application “ authentication in a packet data network ” by jyri rinnemaa et al , filed mar . 31 , 2000 . the second aspect of the invention presents a possibility of providing to a terminal 31 registered with the cellular network 37 also in the wlan 32 with the quality of service agreed upon with the operator of the cellular network 37 . [ 0071 ] fig4 illustrates how the service profile information in the home register and billing servers 38 of the architecture of fig3 can be combined with a specific wlan qos architecture according to the second aspect of the invention . the qos architecture on the wlan side includes the pac 34 of the wlan 32 , an access point ( ap ) 33 of the wlan 32 and a mobile terminal 31 . the pac 34 is the interface of the wlan 32 towards the cellular network 37 , and the access point 33 provides an access to the wlan 32 for the mobile terminal 31 . the pac 34 has on the one hand a physical layer connection phy to the cellular network 37 and on the other hand an ethernet connection to the ap 33 . additionally , it comprises an ip processing entity with an ip packet classification function . further , a pcf ( point coordination function ) control protocol ( pcp ) entity , a qos control entity and a pac - cell entity are provided . in the qos control entity , a default qos profile is stored . the ap 33 comprises on the one hand the mentioned ethernet connection to the pac 34 and on the other hand an ieee 802 . 11 pcf connection option to mobile terminals . like the pac 34 , it has moreover an ip processing entity and a pcp entity for a corresponding communication with the pac 34 . the mobile terminal 31 , finally , comprises an 802 . 11 pcf connection option to an ap 33 , an ip processing entity with an ip packet classification function and a qos control entity for communication with the corresponding entity of the pac 34 . the control of the qos of downlink transmissions provided with the presented architecture will now be described . the mobile terminal 31 is registered with the cellular network 37 . additionally to authentication information , a service profile is stored in a specific home register and billing servers 38 of the cellular network 37 . the service profile is based on the subscription information the user of the mobile terminal 31 has agreed upon with the operator of the cellular network 37 for requested transmissions . the actual attributes for which values are comprised in the service profile are determined by the operator . it may contain for example the maximum qos values that are allowed to be requested by a specific terminal 31 . the mobile terminal 31 roams into the wlan 32 , which is able to provide broadband transmissions for terminals 31 that have a roaming agreement with the cellular operator . first , an authentication of the terminal 31 takes place based on the authentication information stored in the sim of the terminal 31 and in the home register and billing server 38 of the cellular network 37 . at the same time , the subscribed service profile is transmitted from the home register and billing server 38 of the cellular network 37 to the pac 34 of the wlan 32 . the pac - cell entity of the pac 34 is used as control protocol between the pac 34 and a gateway in the cellular network 37 . it is used for transmitting signaling messages from the wlan 32 to the cellular network 37 and vice versa . for example , user authentication messages are carried by this protocol . based on the received service profile , the pac 34 constructs and maintains an ip packet filtering table containing filtering information for all ip flows or users requiring non - default qos . that means that the ip packet filters are set up dynamically . the ip packet filters may be based in addition on requests sent by the terminal 31 requesting to prioritize certain ip flows . especially , if the flows are created dynamically with dynamic udp / tcp ports , it is not possible to fix the ip packet filtering table in advance . the terminal sends the requests using the qos control protocol . when a downlink transmission with a specific qos is requested by the terminal 31 , the requested service profile information has to be mapped into the wlan qos classes defined for transmissions in the wlan 32 . the provision of a specific qos is controlled by the qos control entities in the mobile terminal 31 and the pac 34 . the header of each downlink ip packet received by the pac 34 contains information indicating a requested qos for the transmission of the ip packets . each downlink ip packet is therefore processed in the ip entity of the pac 34 in order to determine the correct wlan qos class to be used for the ip packets . more specifically , the header of each ip packet is processed , and based on the header information and the ip packet filtering information the packet is scheduled for a certain wlan qos class . after the pac 34 has classified the ip packets , the qos class , e . g . real - time or non - real - time , is decided . the pac 34 marks the downlink ip packets according to the classification using 802 . 1p bits . the p - bits are a part of the ethernet frame header and can therefore be used for marking different qos classes at the ethernet level . when a downlink transmission without a specific qos is requested by the terminal 31 , the p - bits can be marked according to the stored default profile when the received ip packets have been classified . the marked ip packets are received via ethernet by the access point 33 , which is designed to be able to read the 802 . 1p bits and to understand the different qos classes and the corresponding p - bit patterns . the ap 33 is thereby able to schedule the downlink packets according to the 802 . 1p bits , while no user - plane ip packet processing is required in the ap 33 . the ip packets are simply mapped from the ethernet frames to the queue of the correct wlan qos class . in addition , a pcp is employed between the pac 34 and the ap 33 for controlling the transmission between the ap 33 and the mobile terminal 31 by the 802 . 11 connections . the qos control protocol in the pac 34 uses pcp to control the pcf function in the ap 33 , i . e to update the pcf polling list . the wlan qos control functions in the qos control entity of the pac 34 take care of the ip packet qos , as well as the radio link packet scheduling . moreover , the qos control functions can have an interface to application level control protocols , like sip and h . 323 , in order to be able to receive information of certain ip flows and their qos requirements . sip is an smds ( switched multimegabit data services ) interface protocol and h . 323 is an itu - t set of standards for packet - based multimedia networks allowing voip services to connect to traditional circuit - switched voice networks . the subscriber specific service profile information received by the cellular network 37 can be used for prioritizing certain user equipments , or certain applications , or be used as an input for the admission control function . while downlink packet classification is carried out in the pac 34 of the wlan 32 , uplink packet classification takes place in the ip entity of the mobile terminal 31 . thus , the cellular operator can define service profiles for users having a wlan roaming agreement with the operator . the wlan entities control the access to local and external network resources according to the subscriber specific service profile information defined in the cellular network . this way , the cellular operator can have control over the services and the way the services are charged for when users are roaming into wlan hotspots . as one alternative to the qos control described with reference to fig4 a simple traffic control mechanism can be implemented in the pac 34 . to this end , a certain amount of traffic that a user is allowed to receive is stored as a value of one of the attributes in the service profile which the pac 34 receives from the cellular network 37 during user authentication . the pac 34 can then control the downlink traffic of the users according to the allowed amount of traffic the users can for example be categorized into three groups , each group having a certain traffic limit with a certain price . if a user exceeds the traffic limit , the pac 34 starts dropping the excess traffic . this is a simple mechanism that can be used for prioritizing different users . | 7 |
perspectively illustrated in fig1 is an excavating device , representatively an excavating bucket 10 , having along a bottom side thereof an elongated lip plate 12 with front and rear edges 14 and 16 , top and bottom sides 18 and 20 , and a pair of opposite ends including a left end 22 shown in fig1 . extending along a front edge portion of the lip plate 12 is a specially designed wear protection system 24 which embodies principles of the present invention and shields certain portions of the lip plate 12 , and other subsequently described portions of the bucket 10 , from operational abrasion wear . the wear protection system 24 includes a spaced apart series of wear members 26 , including a differently configured corner wear member 26 a , which are representatively excavating tooth adapters ; a spaced apart series of lip protectors 28 , and a spaced apart series of replaceable excavating tooth points 30 removably secured to the adapters 26 in a conventional manner . while the wear members 26 are illustratively excavating tooth adapters , it will be readily appreciated by those of skill in this particular art that they could be other types of wear members such as , for example , wear shrouds . with reference now to fig1 - 7 , the adapters 26 are spaced apart along the length of the lip plate 12 . each of the adapters 26 has a front or nose portion 32 from which top and bottom legs 34 and 36 rearwardly extend along a cavity 38 that removably receives a front edge portion of the lip plate 12 , with the top leg 34 extending rearwardly along the top side 18 of the lip plate 12 and having a rear end 40 , and the bottom leg 36 extending rearwardly along the bottom side 20 of the lip plate 12 . a series of connection members 42 ( see fig3 and 6 ) are welded to the top side 18 of the lip plate 12 in a spaced apart relationship along its length , and are aligned with the adapters 26 and rearwardly extend from the front lip edge 14 . each connection member 42 has a downwardly and forwardly sloped front end portion 44 which extends along a similarly sloped top surface 14 a of the front lip edge portion 14 ( see fig3 ), and a rear end portion 46 with a top side recess 48 formed therein . at the front side of the recess 48 is an upstanding boss 50 having front and rear sides 52 , 54 and a circular opening 56 extending therethrough between the front and rear sides 52 , 54 . an annular faceted area 58 ( see fig6 ) is formed in the rear side 54 and circumscribes the circular opening 56 . a front top side recess 60 is formed in the connection member 42 and extends between its sloped front end portion 44 and the front side 54 of the boss 50 . as shown in fig6 each adapter 26 has associated therewith a specially designed attachment structure 62 which , as later described herein , releasably retains the adapter 26 on its associated portion of the lip plate 12 and resiliently biases the adapter 26 rearwardly relative to the lip plate 12 in a self - tightening manner which automatically maintains a close front - to - rear fit between the adapter and the lip plate to compensate for operational wear at their interface areas . each attachment structure 62 includes a body portion 64 having front and rear ends 66 and 68 , top and bottom sides 70 and 72 , and horizontally outwardly projecting flanges 74 disposed on opposite horizontal sides of the body 64 at its front end 66 . a spaced apart parallel pair of rods 76 longitudinally extend rearwardly from the flanges 74 , are circumscribed by coiled compression springs 78 , and have snap ring type retaining members 80 removably installed on their rear ends . a third , larger diameter rod 82 longitudinally extends rearwardly from the rear end 68 of the body 64 , between and parallel to the rods 76 , and has a threaded rear end portion 82 a ( see fig3 ). each attachment structure 62 also includes an axially elongated cylindrical nut member 84 having an annular faceted front end surface 86 configured to complementarily engage the annular faceted boss surface 58 on the connection member 42 ( see fig6 ) and a noncircularly cross - sectioned driving section 88 at its rear end . in fig6 for purposes of illustrative clarity , the attachment structure 62 has been shown secured to its associated connection member 42 , but without its associated adapter 26 . as cross - sectionally illustrated in fig3 and 4 , the body , rod and spring portions 64 , 76 , 82 , 78 of the overall attachment structure 62 are carried by the adapter 26 for movement therewith onto the lip plate 12 and securement to the connection member 42 in a manner later described herein . more specifically , this portion of the attachment structure is captives retained within a depression 90 formed in the underside of the top adapter leg 34 and opening outwardly through its rear end 40 . this captive retention of a portion of the attachment structure 62 within the top leg depression 90 , for movement with the adapter 26 onto the lip plate 12 , is effected by means of a pair of bosses 92 ( only one of which is visible in fig4 ) projecting into the interior of the top adapter leg 34 , from its interior surface , and having circular holes 94 extending therethrough as shown in fig4 . this captively retained portion of the attachment structure is installed within the interior of the top leg 34 , prior to the installation of the adapter 26 on the lip plate 12 , by rearwardly passing the rear ends of the side rods 76 through the boss holes 94 , so that the springs 78 are interposed between the body flanges 74 and the front sides of the interiorly projecting bosses 92 , and the rear ends of the rods 76 project rearwardly beyond the rear sides of the bosses 92 . the snap rings 80 are then installed on the rear ends of the rods 76 to captives retain the rods 76 slidingly within the boss holes 94 . as can be seen in fig3 and 4 , with the portion 64 , 76 , 82 of the attachment structure 62 captives retained in this manner within the interior of the top adapter leg 32 , the portion 64 , 76 , 82 may be moved forwardly and rearwardly relative to the top adapter leg 34 , and is resiliently biased by the springs 78 in a forward direction relative to the top adapter leg 34 . when an adapter 26 is to be installed on the lip plate 12 , the adapter is simply moved rearwardly onto the front edge of the lip plate 12 in a manner such that a front edge portion of the lip plate enters the adapter cavity 38 ( see fig3 ), the threaded rear end portion 82 a of the rod 82 passes rearwardly through the hole 56 in the boss portion 50 of the connection member 42 at the lip location on which the adapter is being installed , and a lower side section of the attachment structure portion captively retained within the interior of the top adapter leg 34 is downwardly and complementarily received in the rear top side recess 60 ( see fig6 and 7 ) of its associated connection member . next , the nut member 84 is threaded onto the nut end portion 82 a projecting rearwardly beyond the boss 50 and tightened in a manner drawing the attachment structure body 64 rearwardly toward the connecting member boss 50 and thereby compressing the springs 78 ( see fig4 ) between the body flanges 74 and the internal bosses 92 within the interior of the top adapter leg 34 . the compressed springs 78 maintain a continuous rearward biasing force on the now installed adapter 26 that resiliently urges its front portion 32 rearwardly toward the front lip plate edge 14 to thereby maintain a resilient rearward tightening force on the adapter 26 to automatically compensate for operational wear at the adapter / lip interface area . the complementary engagement between the faceted areas 58 , 86 on the nut 84 and the boss 50 ( see fig6 ) help to keep the nut 84 from loosening during use of the bucket 10 . with the adapter 26 installed on the lip plate 12 in this manner ( see fig7 ), the nut 84 is exposed at the open rear end 40 of the top adapter leg 34 . to cover the exposed nut 84 , provide the rear end of the top adapter leg 34 with a more streamlined configuration , and to substantially seal off the interior of the top adapter leg 34 from the entry thereinto of abrasive excavating material which could damage or interfere with the resilient biasing action of the attachment structure 62 captively retained within the interior of the top adapter leg 34 , a streamlined hollow protective shroud member 96 is installed at the open rear end 40 of each of the top legs 34 of the adapters 26 . turning now to fig1 , 4 , 7 and 8 , each of these shroud members 96 has an open bottom side 98 , a front end face 100 , and a pair of opposite side walls 102 with grooves 104 and circular openings 106 formed therein . each shroud member 96 is releasably held on the rear end of its associated top adapter leg 34 by means of an interlock between the grooves 104 and an opposing pair of flanges 108 on the rear end of the top adapter leg 34 ( see fig7 ), and a retaining pin structure 110 ( also shown in fig7 ) having an elongated metal pin member 112 , and a pair of annular resilient bushing structures 114 which are carried in the two opposing shroud member circular openings 106 . after the adapter 26 is mounted on the lip plate 12 as previously described , the rear shroud member 96 is installed on the open rear end of the top adapter leg 34 by moving the shroud member 96 forwardly toward the rear end of the top adapter leg 34 until the adapter leg flanges 108 ( see fig6 ) complementarily enter the shroud grooves 104 , and the front end face 100 of the shroud 96 ( see fig3 and 8 ) abuts the rear end 40 of the top adapter leg 34 . when this occurs , the open bottom side 98 of the shroud 96 downwardly abuts the top side 18 of the lip plate 18 , and the opposite side wall holes 106 in the shroud 96 are generally aligned with opposite side wall holes 116 ( one of which is visible in fig7 ) in the rear end of the top adapter leg 34 . the pin member 112 is then inserted through the resilient bushings 114 in the shroud holes 106 , and the top adapter leg holes 116 to captively retain the shroud 92 on the rear end of its associated top adapter leg 34 . referring now to fig1 and 14 - 17 , at the left bottom corner of the excavating bucket 10 is a corner structural portion 120 of the bucket which is of a conventional construction , defines an end portion of the lip structure , and is similar to a right corner structural portion ( not shown ) of the bucket . corner structural portion 120 includes a horizontally oriented base plate member 122 having inner and outer sides 124 and 126 , top and bottom sides 128 and 130 , and front and rear ends 132 and 134 ; a vertical first plate member 136 welded to an outer top side portion of the base plate member 122 and projecting upwardly therefrom , and a somewhat narrower second plate member 138 welded to the top end of the first plate member 136 and extending upwardly therefrom . a bucket bottom side wall 140 ( shown in phantom in fig1 ) is welded to the rear edge 16 of the lip plate 12 , and the rear end 134 of the base plate member 122 , and extends rearwardly therefrom . additionally , a vertical left side wall 142 of the bucket 10 ( also shown in phantom in fig1 ) projects upwardly from the left edge of the bottom wall 140 and is welded to rear edge portions of the vertical corner plates 136 and 138 . as previously mentioned , the corner adapter 26 a has a configuration different from the configurations of the other adapters 26 illustrated in fig1 . specifically , and with reference now to fig1 , 15 and 17 , the corner adapter 26 a has a front portion 32 a from which top and bottom legs 34 a , 36 a rearwardly along a cavity 38 a . top leg 34 a has a front portion 144 , a slot 146 extending rearwardly from the front portion 144 , a rearwardly projecting tab 148 with a circular opening 150 therein , and a downturned inner side portion 151 . on the outer side of the corner adapter 26 a is a vertical wall 152 that extends between the top and bottom legs 34 a , 36 a . an attachment structure 62 ( see fig1 ) identical to the previously described attachment structures 62 used in conjunction with the adapters 26 is captively retained in a similar manner within the corner adapter 26 a and is utilized in conjunction with a connection member in the form of a bracket 154 ( see fig1 ) welded to and extending between an inner side surface of the first plate member 136 and the top side 128 of the base plate member 122 . bracket 154 has a circular hole 156 extending therethrough , and an annular faceted area 158 circumscribing he hole 156 on the rear side of the bracket 154 as illustrated in fig1 . the corner adapter 26 a is installed on the bucket 10 by moving the adapter 26 a rearwardly in a manner such that the first vertical plate member 136 enters the adapter slot 146 , the base plate member 122 enters the cavity 38 a , and a rear end portion the attachment structure center rod 82 ( see fig1 ) rearwardly passes through the bracket hole 156 . the nut 84 is then tightened against the rear face of the bracket 154 to rearwardly compress the attachment structure springs 78 against the internal bosses within the adapter 26 a ( not shown ) that slidably carry the adapter structure side rods 76 ). with the corner adapter 26 a installed in this manner , the front portion 144 of its top leg 34 a overlies and protects from abrasion a front side area of the corner bucket structural portion 120 ; its horizontally opposite vertical side wall portions 151 , 152 overlie and protect from abrasion horizontally inner and outer opposite side surface areas of the corner bucket structural portion 120 , and the bottom adapter leg 36 a overlies and protects from abrasion a bottom side area of the corner bucket structural portion 120 , as shown in fig1 and 14 - 17 . after the corner adapter 26 a has been installed , a hollow rear end shroud 160 ( see fig1 and 14 - 16 ) is installed over the open rear end of the corner adapter 26 a . on its top side , the shroud 160 has a notch 162 ( see fig1 ) that receives the adapter tab 148 . to releasably retain the shroud 160 in place on the corner adapter 26 a , a retaining pin structure 164 ( see fig1 ) is operatively placed in circular holes 166 on opposite sides of the shroud 160 , and in the adapter tab hole 150 disposed between the holes 166 . the installed shroud 160 also provides abrasion protection for a section of the corner bucket structural portion 120 . in addition to this abrasion protection , conventional wear shroud members 168 , 170 ( see fig1 and 14 ) are suitably secured to front edge portions of the vertical structural plate members 136 and 138 . with reference now to fig1 , 4 and 9 - 13 , each of the lip protectors 28 has a tapered front edge portion 172 with a notch 174 at its rear side , a body portion 176 extending rearwardly from the front edge portion 172 and having top and bottom sides 178 , 180 and a pair of opposite side flanges 182 . for purposes later described herein opposite left and right side projections 184 are formed on the front edge portions 172 . as illustrated in fig3 and 9 - 13 , the excavating bucket 10 also includes a spaced series of base members 186 . each base member 186 has a top wall 188 with a top side 190 , opposite side edge depressions 192 and a front end 194 , and a forwardly and downwardly sloped rear wall 196 with an angled depression 198 ( see fig3 ) formed in a front side thereof . the top sides 190 of the base members 186 are welded to the bottom side 20 of the lip plate 12 in a manner positioning the base members rearwardly apart from the front lip plate edge 14 and aligned with the adapter mounting locations on the lip plate 12 . with the adapters 26 removably secured to the lip plate 12 as previously described herein , the lip protectors 28 are slid rearwardly into place on the lip plate 12 in an interdigitated relationship therewith as can be best seen in fig1 . after the lip protectors 28 are rearwardly slid into place in this manner they releasably interlock with the lip plate 12 , the adapters 26 and the support members 186 in various manners . specifically , as best illustrated in fig1 the front lip edge 14 enters the complementarily configured rear side notches 174 in the lip protectors 28 , with the front edge portions 172 of the lip protectors 28 being interdigitated with the top adapter legs 26 as shown in fig1 . additionally , sloped rear end portions 182 a of the lip protector side flanges 182 are complementarily received in the front side depressions 198 of the rear support member walls 196 ( see fig3 ), and the forwardly disposed opposite side projections 184 on the lip protectors 28 ( see fig1 ) are received in complementarily configured opposite side grooves 200 in the adapters 26 ( see fig2 and 7 ). opposite rear corner portions of the lip protector bodies 176 are received in the edge depressions 192 of the support members 186 ( see fig1 and 13 ), and opposite side edge portions of the top support member walls 188 ( see fig1 ) are complementarily received in corresponding cutout areas 202 in facing edge portions of the lip protector bodies 176 . as illustrated in fig3 and 9 , with the lip protectors 28 slid rearwardly into place on the lip plate 12 in this interlocking manner , the lip protector side flanges 182 underlie the bottom adapter legs 36 and shield them from abrasion wear . with the lip protectors 28 on the lip plate 12 , the replaceable tooth points 30 are installed on the adapters by placing the front adapter portions or “ noses ” 32 into complementarily configured rearwardly opening sockets 204 ( see fig3 and 4 ) and then inserting suitable connecting pins ( not shown ) or other connecting structures into aligned holes 206 , 208 respectively extending through the adapter noses 32 and opposite side wall portions of their associated tooth points 30 . as best illustrated in fig3 and 9 , rear end surface portions 210 of the installed tooth points 30 block forward movement of the installed lip protectors 28 , thereby captively retaining the lip protectors 28 on the lip plate 12 without the necessity of using fastening members of any sort to accomplish this task . as can be seen from the foregoing , the use of the specially designed attachment structures 162 provides the adapters 26 with substantially reduced maximum projected frontal areas , thereby improving the operational efficiency of the excavating bucket 10 . moreover , the use of the rear end shrouds on the adapters shields their captively retained attachment structures 162 from abrasive material and additionally gives the rear ends of the overall tooth / adapter structures a considerably more streamlined configuration , thereby reducing that amount of excavating material retained in the bucket at these rear end locations and desirably increasing the buckets operational payload . additionally , as previously described herein , the specially configured corner adapter 26 a provides substantially enhanced abrasion shielding for the overall corner structural portion 120 of the excavating bucket 10 . the foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as being given by way of illustration and example only , the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited solely by the appended claims . | 4 |
hereinafter , embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . referring to fig1 , a cuff block 1 includes a cuff and a wearing cuff mechanism for allowing the cuff to wrap around an upper arm of a user . the cuff block has a cylindrical shape , wherein an insertion hole 10 penetrating through the cuff block is provided for inserting an upper arm . the cuff block 1 is pivotably connected through a shaft 3 to a base block 2 placed on , e . g ., a table , so that an inclined angle thereof with respect to a horizontal plane is changeable . moreover , in the vicinity of the shaft 3 , a torsion spring 8 is disposed such that one end thereof is fixed to the cuff block 1 and the other end is fixed to the base block 2 . the torsion spring 8 changes the direction of its biasing force depending on the inclined angle of the cuff block 1 , and maintains the cuff block 1 at a predetermined angle α with respect to the horizontal plane against the cuff block 1 falling down by its weight . even when the cuff block 1 is pivotally moved such that the angle thereof becomes less or greater than the angle α , if releasing a force applied to the cuff block 1 , the cuff block 1 is automatically returned to the position at the angle α by the biasing force of the spring 8 . here , the predetermined angle α is preferably in a range from about 30 ° to 45 °, but is not limited thereto . moreover , the inclined angle of the cuff block 1 is preferably changed within a range for completely covering the range of the angle α , for example , a range between 0 ° to 90 °. in this case , since the cuff block 1 is normally kept inclined at the angle α , it is not necessary to change the angle in advance when a user inserts his / her arm into the cuff block 1 . it is sufficient for the user to insert the arm into the insertion hole 10 of the cuff block 1 . further , while the arm is inserted through the insertion hole 10 , the inclined angle of the cuff block 1 is varied depending on an angle of the arm , so that the angle of the cuff block 1 is finally identical to an angle between the upper arm inserted through the insertion hole 10 and the horizontal plane . further , after completing the measurement of blood pressure , the inclined angle of the cuff block 1 is varied depending on the angle of the arm while the user pulls the arm out of the cuff block 1 , so that the user can smoothly pull out the arm without being hindered by the cuff block 1 . furthermore , after pulling out the arm , the cuff block 1 return to the position inclined at the angle α . further , when inserting the arm through the cuff block 1 , a user may pivotally move the cuff block 1 toward him / her to be oriented approximately horizontal and then insert his / her arm into the cuff block 1 . in this case , the cuff block 1 is pivotally moved up in accordance with an angle of the arm while the arm portion upper than the elbow is inserted through the insertion hole 10 . therefore , it is still not necessary to manually adjust the inclined angle of the cuff block 1 during the insertion of the upper arm . since the predetermined angle α may not be proper depending on a height of a table on which the base block 1 is placed or a physical size of a user , it is preferred to provide an adjusting dial 27 to change a spring force of the torsion spring 8 with respect to the cuff block 1 by shifting a fixing unit 26 in the base block 2 in the right - left direction in fig1 , the fixing unit 26 being connected to one end of the torsion spring 8 . the predetermined angle α can be adjusted by shifting the fixing unit 26 with the adjusting dial 27 . further , since it is preferable that the cuff block 1 is locked not to be pivotally moved with respect to the base block 2 while being carried or kept , it is preferred to provide a lock unit 85 for locking the cuff block 1 to the base block 1 as shown in fig2 . fig3 a and 3b show the wearing cuff mechanism in the cuff block 1 . in the drawings , reference numerals 11 , 12 , 13 and 14 respectively indicate the cuff , a wrap drum , a geared motor and a series of reduction gears . the wrap drum 12 is rotated by the geared motor 13 through the reduction gears 14 , so that the cuff 11 is tightened or released . further , when the geared motor 13 and the reduction gears 14 , as shown in fig3 a , are disposed at the opposite end portion to the end where the shaft is provided , it is easy to arrange lines or wires passing around the shaft 3 and to make the area around the shaft 3 of the base block 2 compact . meanwhile , as shown in fig3 b , when the heavy geared motor 13 and reduction gears 14 are disposed around the shaft 3 , a torque required to pivotally move the cuff block 1 is relatively small , so that a torsion spring 8 can be smaller . further , an elbow support 44 is provided on the top surface of the base block 2 to support an elbow of an arm inserted through the cuff block 1 . a position of the cuff block 1 on the upper arm is determined by positioning the elbow on the elbow support 44 . the elbow support 44 , as shown in fig4 , may include a switch s to detect whether the elbow is positioned or not . in this case , an alarm sound or an alarm sign may be generated when the switch s is not turned on at the start of the blood pressure measurement , or the blood pressure measurement may be started by turning on the switch s . therefore , it is possible to prevent the blood pressure measurement from being performed in a state where the upper arm is not sufficiently inserted into the cuff block 1 . fig5 shows an example for a case where the cuff block 1 is pivotably connected to the base block 2 and a member for positioning the elbow is provided on the base block 2 . an elbow supporting block 4 includes an elbow support 44 for positioning an elbow of a user , and a forearm support 45 for supporting a forearm of a user . the elbow supporting block 4 is connected to the cuff block through a hinge shaft 40 at a position slightly offset from the shaft 3 . accordingly , when the cuff block 1 is pivotally moved with respect to the base block 2 , the elbow supporting block 4 moves back and forward on the base block 2 in accordance with to the pivotal movement of the cuff block 1 . when a user , who inserts his / her upper arm 9 into the insertion hole 10 of the cuff block 1 for measuring his / her blood pressure , is relatively tall ( or a height of a table on which the base block 2 is placed is relatively low ), i . e ., in case an angle between the cuff block 1 and the horizontal plane ( an inclined angle of the cuff block 1 ) is comparatively large , the elbow supporting block 4 is positioned away from the shaft 3 . on the contrary , when a user is relatively short ( or a height of a table on which the base block 2 is placed is relatively high ), i . e ., in case the angle between the cuff block 1 and the horizontal plane ( the inclined angle of the cuff block 1 ) is comparatively small , the elbow supporting block 4 is positioned close to the shaft 3 . accordingly , a distance from the cuff of the cuff block 1 to the elbow support 44 of the elbow supporting block 4 on which a user positions his / her elbow is kept substantially constant regardless of the inclined angle of the cuff block 1 . therefore , an accurate blood pressure measurement can be performed at any time . the elbow supporting block 4 further includes a guide shaft 41 to slide along a guide groove 21 formed in the base block 2 . further , the guide groove 21 provided in the base block 2 has an arc shape and one end thereof away from the shaft 3 is positioned at a lower position than the other end close to the shaft 3 . ( the guide groove 21 may have an inclined linear shape ). this is for allowing the elbow supporting block 4 to move forward and backward in accordance with the pivotal movement of the cuff block 1 while the inclined angle θ of the elbow supporting block 4 is kept unchanged . in a case where the angle θ is changed , the guide groove 21 may be a horizontal groove . fig6 a and 6b , and 7 a and 7 b show a sphygmomanometer in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , the cuff block 1 can change its horizontal position and its orientation about a vertical axis thereof with respect to the base block 2 , and the base block 2 including a cross - shaped groove 70 formed in the top surface thereof . a movable base 71 having a bearing for the shaft 3 is provided and a shaft unit 72 of the movable base 71 is positioned in the groove 70 . the shaft unit 72 has a substantially same outer diameter as a width of the groove 70 . the shaft unit 72 moves along the cross - shaped groove 70 so that the position of the cuff block 1 can be shifted forward , backward , left , and right horizontally . by rotating the shaft unit 72 of the movable base 71 about its axis , the orientation of the cuff block about the vertical axis can be changed , as shown in fig7 . accordingly , even when a shoulder of a user is not aligned with the base block 2 , the position and orientation of the cuff block 1 can be changed depending on the position and orientation of the user &# 39 ; s arm . therefore , the blood pressure measurement can be carried out in a state that the arm is maintained comfortable . further , in case the cross - shaped groove 70 is not directly formed in the base block 2 , but is formed in a shift base 75 provided such that a vertical position thereof can be varied with respect to the base block 2 , the cuff block 1 can be also shifted in the vertical position . therefore , the blood pressure measurement can be carried out in a state that a user keeps the arm comfortable . further , after starting the blood pressure measurement , the measurement result is not reliable if the cuff block moves . therefore , it is preferably to provide at least a lock unit ( not shown ) for preventing the movement of the movable base 71 . moreover , the change in horizontal position and orientation of the cuff block 1 is effective in view of allowing a user to keep his / her posture comfortable during the measurement even in a case where the cuff block 1 is not pivotable about the shaft 3 . while the invention has been shown and described with respect to the preferred embodiments , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims . | 0 |
fig1 and 2 depict a cylindrical furnace 10 having cylindrical refractory wall 11 , conical section 12 and stack 13 . porous fiber burner 14 of the type disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 383 , 159 is positioned concentrically within cylindrical wall 11 on refractory slab 15 at the base of furnace 10 . pipe 16 for the introduction of a mixture of fuel gas and air is connected to the bottom end of burner 14 and extends through slab 15 . burner 14 has a porous layer of ceramic fibers deposited on an inner sleeve formed by a metal screen . this cylindrical porous fiber layer provides the outer surface on which flameless combustion takes place and which becomes radiant . the top end of burner 14 is closed by refractory plug 17 . the metal screen sleeve 18 within burner 14 is seen in fig2 . fig3 and 4 show another cylindrical furnace 20 having steel sheel 21 , refractory base 22 , top refractory slab 23 with tapered central opening 24 , and refractory stack 25 disposed over opening 24 . a cylindrical sleeve 26 formed by a metal screen is within shell 21 and concentric therewith . the inner side of screen sleeve 26 has the same porous layer 27 of ceramic fibers deposited thereon as already described for burner 14 of fig1 and 2 . pipe 28 connected to shell 21 is used to feed a fuel gas - air mixture into the annular space between shell 21 and the burner formed by screen 26 and porous fiber layer 27 . surface combustion takes place on the face of layer 27 that is not in contact with screen 26 . comparing the operation of burner 14 of fig1 and 2 with that of burner 27 of fig3 and 4 , it is clear that burner 14 is fired outwardly so that its radiant surface faces refractory wall 11 , while burner 27 is fired inwardly so that its radiant surface faces itself . however , it is preferred to have the infrared radiation emitted by the burner impinge on a refractory target . therefore , for this optional preferred form of furnace 20 , a refractory column or core 29 is set at the axis of shell 21 . in this way , infrared radiation from porous fiber layer 27 will impinge on refractory core 29 . while core 29 is circular in cross - section as shown in fig4 it may have other shapes such as square or hexagonal . the same is true of the cross - sections of burners 14 and 27 taken normal to their axes . the circular shape is of course the simplest and easiest to fabricate . fig5 is a cross - section of pan - type porous surface combustor 30 transverse to its length . metal pan 31 has side walls 32 with screen 33 welded to the ends 34 of side walls 32 . a porous layer 35 of ceramic fibers is deposited on , and attached to , screen 33 . the porous layer 35 provides the exposed surface at which a mixture of fuel gas and air will burn without visible flame and become radiant . the fuel gas - air mixture is fed to combustor 30 through pipe 36 connected to metal pan 31 . fig6 forms a furnace 40 useful for the practice of this invention by having four surface combustors 30 of fig5 arranged to provide a square adiabatic zone 41 . where each pair of combustors 30 meet at right angles to one another , a refractory post 42 is cemented to the side walls 32 of the contiguous burners 30 so that the products of combustion or flue gas cannot leak along the vertical ( normal to fig6 ) juncture line 43 of contiguous burners 30 . by this arrangement , the four burners 30 act as an inwardly fired furnace similar to inwardly fired porous surface combustor 27 of fig3 and 4 . in short , fig6 demonstrates that a furnace suitable for this invention may be formed of modular burners 30 and will function comparably to the unitary burner 27 of fig3 and 4 . likewise , preferably furnace 40 has a square refractory core 44 set in its center so that infrared radiation from the four porous fiber layers 35 will impinge thereon . optional core 44 serves the same purpose of core 29 in fig3 and 4 . it is understood that furnace 40 will have a base slab and a top slab with a stack opening similar to base slab 22 and top slab 23 of fig3 . fig7 shows a modification of fig3 wherein a heat exchange coil 50 is positioned within the adiabatic zone in furnace 20 . coil 50 has inlet line 51 and outlet line 52 which discharges into line 28a . line 28a represents the introduction of fuel gas to pipe 28 and line 28b represents the introduction of air into line 28a to form the fuel gas - air mixture supplied to burner 27 through pipe 28 . air line 28b has branch line 51 with control valve 53 and downstream from branch line 51 air line 28b has control valve 54 . when valve 53 is closed and valve 54 is open , the operation of modified furnace 20 of fig7 is identical to that of furnace 20 of fig3 . by opening valve 53 some or all of the air to be supplied to burner 27 , depending on the amount of closure of valve 54 , is heated by passage through coil 50 before entering pipe 28 . by closing valve 54 , all of the air is preheated before mixing with the fuel gas . whether all or part of the air used in the combustion of the fuel gas is preheated in coil 50 , all of the heat absorbed by the air is returned to the adiabatic zone so that there is no loss of heat therefrom . in a specific example of the invention , using the furnace of fig1 and 2 , natural gas is fed to porous surface combustor 14 with excess air in the amount of 75 % in excess of the stoichiometric requirement . the natural gas is burned by flameless combustion at the rate of 100 , 000 btu per square foot ( hourly ) of porous surface of combustor 14 with the result that the combustion product stream or flue gas leaving the adiabatic zone of furnace 10 through stack 13 contains a remarkably small amount by volume of atmospheric pollutants , namely , 1 . 3 ppm no x , 10 ppm co and no detectable uhc . this hot product gas stream is well suited for directly contacting a sliced fruit such as apricots to effect dehydration or for discharging directly into a poultry house to maintain a warm atmosphere therein . the hot product gas stream can also be employed in the spray - drying of dairy products or pharmaceuticals without causing any damage to the final dry products . ordinarily , a hot flue gas with the usual content of no x , co and uhc cannot be used in the spray - drying of dairy products and pharmaceuticals because the pollutants adversely affect the final products in one or more characteristics such as color and taste . while the foregoing description of the invention has chiefly referred to a porous surface combustor of the type having a porous layer of ceramic fibers attached to a thin perforated metal support , the other types of available porous surface combustors are practical substitutes therefor . the metal fiber burner of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 597 , 734 will probably find more frequest use in furnaces of this invention if the cost is reduced . those skilled in the art will readily visualize variations and modifications of the invention as illustrated and described herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention . for example , furnace 10 of fig2 could have an elliptical instead of circular cross - section with a burner 14 positioned at each of its two foci . also , a refractory column , similar to refractory bodies 29 , 44 , can be set in the elliptical furnace at the midpoint between the two burners 14 . of course , the four pipes 36 of fig6 can be connected to a common manifold that will supply a mixture of gaseous fuel and excess air to the four porous surface combustors 30 . the gaseous fuel , usually natural gas , can be any completely vaporized hydrocarbon or alcohol such as methanol . inasmuch as the process of the invention is valuable in the combustive destruction of not only organic compounds such as solvents but also noxious wastes such as halogenated organic compounds , such combustibles fed to the porous surface combustor are to be considered as part of the gaseous fuel in controlling the amount of excess air in accordance with this invention . while the illustrative furnaces are vertical , horizontal furnaces will perform just as well . accordingly , only such limitations should be imposed on the invention as are set forth in the appended claim . | 8 |
present embodiments solve the problem of stream processing service environment ( spse ) composition to provide stream processing services in an efficient way . in one embodiment , a method and a system are provided for composition of spses under various operational and business level constraints while balancing the interests of different stakeholders . the interest of a stakeholder may be a function of quality indicators of service components , such as , e . g ., performance , cost , reliability , availability , etc . or of business objectives , such as , e . g ., security , etc . apart from static composition of service environments prior to service execution , embodiments in accordance with the present principles also support service environment re - composition during lifetime of service . embodiments of the present invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment including both hardware and software elements . in a preferred embodiment , the present invention is implemented in software , which includes but is not limited to firmware , resident software , microcode , etc . furthermore , the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer - usable or computer - readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system . for the purposes of this description , a computer - usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that may include , store , communicate , propagate , or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . the medium can be an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system ( or apparatus or device ) or a propagation medium . examples of a computer - readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory , magnetic tape , a removable computer diskette , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk . current examples of optical disks include compact disk — read only memory ( cd - rom ), compact disk — read / write ( cd - r / w ) and dvd . a data processing system suitable for storing and / or executing program code may include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus . the memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code , bulk storage , and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code to reduce the number of times code is retrieved from bulk storage during execution . input / output or i / o devices ( including but not limited to keyboards , displays , pointing devices , etc .) may be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening i / o controllers . network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks . modems , cable modem and ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters . referring now to the drawings in which like numerals represent the same or similar elements and initially to fig1 , a block / flow diagram for a system / method for spse composition in response to a service request are illustratively shown . in block 102 , service component requirements identification is performed to identify service - component requirements for a service . the service - component requirements preferably result in a meta - data representation of attributes of service - components and service - component providers needed for the service . for example , data - source attributes may include physical location , type of data , granularity of data , etc . ; analytics attributes may include algorithm type , scalability , complexity , accuracy of results , etc . ; provider attributes may include security and privacy considerations , price structure , regulatory structure ( private or public sector ), bandwidth , performance , etc . in block 104 , service elements discovery is performed . this is to identify potential elements ( components and component providers ) from a market matching the service - component requirements from block 102 . in other words , a determination of what service elements are available is performed which will be employed in later steps for optimization . in block 106 , service elements annotation is provided . this includes labeling performance and cost identifiers to potential candidates for service elements . service elements may include , for example , service components and their respective scps . the identifiers are preferably in the form of & lt ; attribute , attribute - value & gt ; pairs where the set of attributes include but is not limited to the service - component requirements identified in the service elements discovery phase ( block 104 ). the attributes associated with service components ( infrastructure , data sources and analytics ) may include : cost , importance level ( for query execution ), reliability , security , availability , etc . the identifiers associated with scps may include : cost , performance , past business experience , reliability , technical and business constraints , etc . in block 108 , feasible service environment construction is performed . this involves constructing feasible service environments using different combinations of service elements from the available set under different operational and business level constraints . this may be performed automatically using a program or manually . different combinations may be tested or provided depending on applications requirements or constraints . in block 110 , a measure of efficiency for feasible service environments is computed . each stakeholder associates a measure of efficiency with each feasible service environment . the measure of efficiency is a quantitative metric for the “ utility ” that the stakeholder derives from the particular service environment . since the stakeholders &# 39 ; interests are often conflicting , each feasible service environment has a different number for the measure of efficiency for different stakeholders involved in the service environment composition process . the measure of efficiency can be characterized using utility functions from microeconomic theory . each stakeholder may have its own measure and the measure can be weighted in accordance with each stakeholder and their application . in block 112 , a best service environment within constraints is determined . given the set of feasible service environments with their associated measure of efficiency , the next step is to identify the service environment that satisfies some objective . this step may be formulated , e . g ., as an optimization problem or as a game - theoretic problem . the optimization formulation may include maximizing a ( weighted ) sum of different stakeholder utility values . for example , an objective function may be determined and its derivative set to zero or a maximum value of a utility measure may be determined in accordance with predetermined criteria . in the game theoretic formulation , finding an equilibrium service environment when each stakeholder wants to maximize their individual utility ( e . g ., competitive - equilibrium , nash equilibrium ); find efficient coalitions between stakeholders ( e . g ., co - operative games ); and the like . the constraints may include operational - level requirements , business objectives or any other useful constraint . in block 114 , a composition of a service environment is provided based on the results of block 112 . the spse composition can be handled by a separate entity providing the composition services or it can be owned by some component provider . for example , let a be a company owing a stream processing infrastructure ( like system s ) including both the physical infrastructure ( hardware , software , networking ) plus the logical infrastructure ( analytics ). a does not own the data sources to provide data feeds . in response to a stream processing service request from a customer , a executes the steps outlined earlier for identification of data - sources and data - sources components ( block 102 - 104 ) and then uses this information together with the attributes of the components owned by itself to come up with best spse using blocks 108 - 114 , which maximizes some objective function . this is an example where the spse composition is handled by a , the provider owning the stream processing infrastructure . spse composition can be provided per service request , or spse composition can be provided once for the duration of a service contract . in the case for the duration of a service request , the same service environment can handle multiple service requests from the customer during the duration of the contract . the constraints for spse composition may be different in each case . in block 115 , a determination is made as to whether recomposition is needed . this may include checking efficiency measures or other criteria to determine if satisfactory performance is being achieved . in block 116 , service environment re - composition is provided if needed . the present embodiments permit an spse to re - compose the service environment dynamically during run - time of service . this involves monitoring the service elements which are part of the service environments during the duration of service to identify violations in the measured value of performance attributes . these violations may trigger re - composition of the service environments . the re - composition may also be triggered for other reasons . for example , changes in the cost of service elements , expiration or changes in software licensing terms , loss of service component during run - time ( due to connectivity issues etc . ), availability of new service elements with better performance and cost identifiers in the market , etc . may all be cause for triggering re - composition . re - composition may include the same or similar steps as set for composition as described above . the check for recomposition may be checked intermittently or constantly monitored for changes . referring to fig2 , a network is shown on which a system for evaluating and configuring stream processing service environments is illustratively described . a data stream source 224 will be employed to output a data stream over a network . the data stream source 224 may output a service request to process a data stream . a stream processing system ( sps ) may include one or more service components labeled generally with numeral 220 . a sps may be owned , operated , and used for the benefit of a single entity , such as a corporation or government organization , or may be owned and operated as a service , in which one organization operates the system for the benefit of other organizations that pay for the use of the stream processing system . a service provider can be a single entity owning all the components of the sps ( infrastructure , analytics , data sources ), or the service provider can represent a collection of different entities owning different components of the sps . these entities may be referred to as service - component providers ( scps ). in the present example , three scps 201 , 203 and 205 are depicted . each scp 201 , 203 and 205 are individually owned by a different service provider . the infrastructure includes all the hardware , software and networking needed for the service . further , each of the components 220 may be collectively owned by different providers . a stream processing service environment ( spse ) 200 may include a composition of different service - components possibly owned by a same or different scps . the spse 200 may be the entire system of fig2 or any portion that may be used to perform a given service . the components 220 may be selected as needed , and may be rented leased or otherwise contracted with to supply the desired service . these scps ( 201 , 203 , 205 ) and a customer ( 224 ) ( who receives the service ) are collectively referred to as stakeholders . the service elements of a stream processing service include service components 220 , the scps 201 , 203 and 205 that own the service components 220 and the customer 224 . service components 220 may include data sources , analytics , and infrastructure . scps 201 , 203 , 205 may include data source providers , analytics providers , and physical infrastructure providers . a customer 224 is a service subscriber . the ownership of service components 220 provides a challenge in coming up with an efficient composition of different scps 201 , 203 , 205 to provide stream processing service to customers 224 . different scps 201 , 203 , 205 have different and invariably conflicting interests in being part of the composition of the spse 200 . in fig2 , one feasible environment may include , e . g ., the system components 202 , 204 , 208 and 206 . in this example , since the services needed are provided by service components of different scps ( 201 and 203 ) the interests of each scp 201 , 203 and the customer 224 need to be taken into account during service composition in accordance with the present principles . the spse 200 should balance the interests of the different stakeholders . this is performed in accordance with the method described with reference to fig1 . the method of fig1 may be executed by any one of the service components 220 , the customer 224 , an external computer or may include any combination of these in a distributed environment . to compose a service environment that considers the interests of all stakeholders , the requirements of the service components 220 and the customer 224 are identified . all available services available for the service components are considered and annotated . then , feasible service environments are considered . for example , one feasible service environment may include a path from source 224 to service components 202 , 204 , 212 , and 214 ; another may include service components 202 , 204 , 210 , 212 , 214 ; another may include 202 , 204 , 208 and 206 . for each path or each environment , efficiency measures are computed to determine the most suitable service environment for a given application or service request . a best service environment is then determined for the service request . during processing a re - composition of the environment may be performed to reevaluate and configure the service environment based on dynamic runtime conditions or static changes to the service components , constraints or requirements . having described preferred embodiments of a system and method for composition of stream processing service environments ( which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting ), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings . it is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope and spirit of the invention as outlined by the appended claims . having thus described aspects of the invention , with the details and particularity required by the patent laws , what is claimed and desired protected by letters patent is set forth in the appended claims . | 6 |
the following description of the preferred embodiment is provided to understand the features and the structures of the present invention . please refer to fig1 , which is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment according to the present invention . as shown in the figure , the present invention is a fastening structure for an electrical connector , comprising a base member 1 and a cover member 2 , where , after fastening the base member 1 and the cover member 2 , the electrical connector is firmly constructed with a precise three - dimensional positioning while leaving out slider and a mold opening is simplified . please further refer to fig2 , which is a perspective view of the base member . as shown in the figure , the base member 1 has a containing space 11 and a socket unit 12 ; a plurality of conductive terminals 121 are deposed in the containing space 11 ; the socket unit 121 extends out of an end surface of the base member 1 ; the conductive terminals 121 extend out of the bottom of the base member 1 ; at least two combining parts 13 are set at a rim of an opening end of the containing space 11 ; the combining part 13 has a baffle plate 131 ; a slot 132 is formed between the baffle plate 131 and an end surface of the base member 1 ; the baffle plate 131 has a protrusion 133 on a surface corresponding to the end surface of the base member 1 ; the containing space 11 has two gaps 14 at two sides of the opening end ; the gaps 14 are led to the bottom of the base member 1 ; and , each gap 14 has a protruding part 141 on a side surface at bottom . please further refer to fig3 , which is a perspective view of the cover member . as shown in the figure , a cover member 2 according to the present invention comprises a cover plate 21 and a bottom plate 22 , where the cover plate 21 is covered on an opening end of a containing space 11 ; the bottom plate 22 is located at the bottom of the base member 1 and is connected with the cover plate 21 ; and , a plurality of conductive terminal 121 is penetrated through the bottom plate 22 . an indentation part 211 is deposed at the rim of the cover plate 21 corresponding to the combining part 13 of the base member 1 to be fastened together ; and , a protrusion 212 is deposed on a surface of the indentation part 211 . the bottom plate 22 has a socket part 221 to be fastened to the gap 14 at the bottom of the base member 1 ; and the socket part 221 has a hook 222 . thus , with the above structure , a novel fastening structure for an electrical connector is obtained . please refer to fig4 , fig5 a and fig5 b , which are a view showing an assembly of the preferred embodiment , and a first 3 and a second 4 partial cross - sectional views of the assembly . as shown in the figures , when assembling a base member 1 and a cover member 2 according to the present invention , the cover member 2 is moved to be locked to the base member 1 . after the assembly , an indentation part 211 ( please refer to fig3 ) at an end of the cover plate 21 is corresponding to a combining part 13 of the base member 1 , as shown in the first partial cross - sectional view 3 , where , through a protrusion 133 of the combining part 13 , a baffle plate 131 of the combining part 13 is butted at a side of a protrusion 212 of the indentation part 211 ; and a side of the combining part 13 is closely stuck to a side of the indentation part 211 . hence , the base member 1 and the cover member 2 are precisely positioned in the directions of x - axis and y - axis when being fastened together , as shown by fig5 a . in the other hand , as shown in the second partial cross - sectional view 4 , a socket part 221 of the bottom plate 22 is inserted into a gap 14 of the base member 1 so that a hook 222 of the socket part 221 is locked with a protruding part 141 at a side of the gap 14 . hence , the base member 1 and the cover member 2 are fastened together with a precise positioning in the direction of z - axis , as shown by fig5 b . consequently , the base member 1 and the cover member 2 are firmly fastened together by being precisely positioned in the directions of x - axis , y - axis and z - axis . to sum up , the present invention is a fastening structure for an electrical connector , where a base member and a cover member are firmly fastened together through binding a combining part and a gap of the base member to an indentation part and a socket part of the cover member respectively by a precise three - dimensional positioning while leaving out slider and a mold opening is simplified . the preferred embodiment herein disclosed is not intended to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention . therefore , simple modifications or variations belonging to the equivalent of the scope of the claims and the instructions disclosed herein for a patent are all within the scope of the present invention . | 7 |
referring to fig1 where the initiating system is generally depicted , three separate components designated 1 , 2 and 3 are shown . component 1 , labelled the &# 34 ; firing control unit &# 34 ;, comprises a power supply 5 with associated oscillator 6 and power output 7 . a pulsed electrical signal is delivered from the control unit 1 through switch 101 via conductors 4 and rectifier bridge 8 to component 2 which is the &# 34 ; photo - coupled firing circuit &# 34 ;. conductors 4 provide power for a first light source 9 and a second light source 15 . the first light source 9 can comprise a lightbulb for generating light energy . the second light source 15 may comprise , for example , a light emitting diode ( led ) for optical coupling and control purposes as will be discussed below . component 2 comprises a firing arrangement including a means 11 for processing the electrical energy , a means 12 for storing the electrical energy , and a firing circuit 13 . attached to the input of the means for processing electrical energy is a means for receiving light energy and converting it to electrical energy , comprising , for example , a photovoltaic cell 10 and a light detector 16 which may comprise a photodiode . photovoltaic cell 10 is positioned to receive pulsating light energy from the lightbulb 9 and the light detector 16 is positioned to receive a pulsating light signal from the light source 15 . component 3 , labelled &# 34 ; disposable device &# 34 ; comprises the initiation unit itself and consists of a squib 17 , a shock wave conductor lead - in line 18 and a detonator 19 . the squib 17 , which provides firing energy for the detonator 19 , is adapted for plug - in connection with firing circuit 13 of component 2 . referring to fig2 pulsed electrical signal carried by conductors 4 is delivered to light bulb 9 and led 15 . the light energy generated by lightbulb 9 is received by the means for receiving the light energy and converting it to electrical energy . in the illustrated embodiment , this comprises the solar cell 10 . the light energy from led 15 is received by photodiode 16 . thus , solar cell 10 is disposed to receive light from lamp 9 , and photodiode 16 is disposed to receive light from led 15 . the switching power supply generally designed 11 for processing the converted electrical energy comprises an inductor 24 and transistor 30 in conjunction with photovoltaic cell 10 and light detector 16 . means 11 also includes a security circuit which rejects low frequencies and discharges capacitor 12 in the event of interruption or absence of the correct coded signal . the security circuit includes diodes 65 and 66 , capacitor 31 , resistors 32 , 33 and 34 and inverters 28 and 29 . the means for storing the process electrical energy comprises a capacitor 12 . a diode 25 is shown between inductor 24 and capacitor 12 . the firing or triggering circuit generally designated 13 comprises zener diode 37 connected to a high current solid state switch such as a power mos field effect transistor 45 . connected between the zener diode 37 and the field effect transistor 45 are transistors 40 and 39 . resistors are shown at 38 , 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 . in operation , when the positive going portion of the pulse train is applied to the lightbulb 9 and the led 15 , both the lightbulb and the led will be illuminated . light energy , generated by the lightbulb 9 , will be transmitted to the solar cell 10 , and the light signal , generated by the led 15 , will be transmitted to the photodetector 16 . the light energy , received by the solar cell 10 , is converted to electrical energy by solar cell 10 . when led 15 is on , and photodetector 16 is also on , transistor 30 is turned on . accordingly there is a low impedance discharge path for the solar cell 10 through the inductor , so that the electrical energy is stored in the inductor when led 15 is turned on . when the zero level or negative going portion of the pulse train is applied to the lightbulb 9 and led 15 , both of these light sources are turned off . accordingly , no further light energy is transmitted to the solar cell 10 , and photodetector 16 is turned off . with photodetector 16 turned off , transistor 30 is turned off . the energy stored in the inductor is released as a voltage spike in the order of 10 to 15 volts which charges the capacitor 12 through the diode 25 . a portion of the charging energy will also be applied to the capacitor 31 through diodes 65 and 66 . although a voltage spike of 10 to 15 volts is produced , the capacitor will not charge up to that voltage level . instead , several cycles will be required for the capacitor 12 to charge up to the level of 9 volts . in one specific example , approximately seven seconds were needed to charge a 260 microfarad capacitor at a frequency of 3 khz and a duty cycle of 90 % on time and 10 % off time . when capacitor 12 is charged to a level of 9 volts , zener diode 37 is turned on so that current can flow through the resistor 41 . the resulting voltage drop across resistor 41 will provide a signal to the transistor 40 which in conjunction with transistor 39 , provides an amplified signal to turn on the high current solid state switch 45 . the current from capacitor 12 is then allowed to flow through the ignition resistor 68 . a small portion of this current will also flow through shunt resistor 67 . it can be seen that the zener diode 37 senses when the capacitor 12 has reached the firing voltage , whereupon it provides a path for current from the capacitor 12 to ignite the squib 17 ( fig1 ). detonator 19 is ignited by energy carried from electrically - ignited squib 17 by means of a shock wave conductor 18 . the system as above described operates only within a given range of frequencies and duty cycles . if the frequency is too low , then capacitor 31 will not charge up . accordingly , inverter 29 will provide a low impedance discharge path for capacitor 12 . the upper frequency of operation is limited by both the frequency response of the photodetector 16 and the time constant of the inductor circuit . the pulsating light source must have the correct duty cycle at the correct frequency in order to activate the charging circuit for capacitor 12 . the duty cycle is defined as the percentage of time in each cycle during which the light remains on . a minimum on time and a minimum off time is required to store the energy in the inductor and release it . thus , the system is &# 34 ; coded &# 34 ;. specifically , unless the right type of signal is provided to the lightbulb 9 and the led 15 , firing energy will not be provided to the ignition resistor . the requirement that several cycles are needed to drive the voltage on capacitor 12 up to the firing voltage is an advantage in safety in that a waiting period is provided during which time the circuit can be deactivated by removal of the &# 34 ; coded &# 34 ; signal . transistors 40 and 39 are provided for speeding up the firing of the field effect transistor 45 . the system will not be set off by stray fields or by randomly transmitted radio waves . the energy from the light generator is coupled optically to the firing circuit so that it will not be affected by such stray fields or randomly transmitted radio waves . referring to fig3 the firing control unit comprises a means for generating a pulse train . in the embodiment shown , the means for generating a pulse train comprises an astable multivibrator 6 whose output is fed to the base of transistor 48 . the output of the transistor 48 is fed to rectifier bridge 8 ( fig2 ) whose output drives both the lightbulb 9 and the light source 15 . the frequency and duty cycle of the pulse generator are determined by the selected values of capacitor 50 , resistor 54 and resistor 61 . although not specifically depicted , a further useful feature of the invention is the addition of current regulation to the photo - coupled firing unit identified as 2 in fig1 . this feature improves power distribution in large centralized blasting operations by permitting initiation of explosive charges at many blasting locations which are separated from each other by long lengths of initiating wire . the device typically draws 100 milliamps and can operate on standard wire sizes up to distances of five miles . although not specifically depicted , a still further useful feature of the invention is the addition of a &# 34 ; firing signal &# 34 ; to the said coded signal . this feature provides the advantage of accurate timing of multiple blast holes and can be used to initiate a large number of detonators simultaneously or provide synchronization for electronic timing counters which counters can introduce discrete time delays between blast holes . the means for coding the optical signal need not be limited to electrical means but may include , for example , the use of different wave lengths which can be decoded through difraction or other electronic means . it is envisioned that miniaturization techniques may allow the photo - coupled firing circuit and the disposable device to be combined into a single integrated device . such a device might be enclosed for example , within the confines of a specially adapted detonator . although a particular embodiment has been described , this was for the purpose of illustrating , but not limiting , the invention . the two light sources and two light receivers described in the preferred embodiment can be replaced with one light source and one receiver if , for example , the energy requirements of the system are low or if higher efficiency light emitters and receivers are employed . various modifications or component substitutions such as laser diodes or commercially available opto - isolators , which will come readily to the mind of one skilled in the art , are within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims . | 5 |
the invention will now be described based on the embodiments , which do not intend to limit the scope of the present invention , but exemplify the invention . all of the features and the combinations thereof described in the embodiment are not necessarily essential to the invention . the inventors of the present invention performed studies in detail about a sintering atmosphere at the time of the vitrification of a porous silica glass body . as a result , the inventors found the following fact and resolved the aforesaid problem . that is , when the porous silica glass body is heated at a high temperature at which the porous silica glass body does not shrink in an atmosphere containing hydrogen or oxygen at first , and then the porous silica glass body is sintered by being further heated to be transparent glass , the transmittancy of the porous silica glass body is improved by about 5 % or more than that of the conventional one . in an embodiment of the present invention , a porous silica glass body for a synthesized silica glass optical member is obtained by a vad method . the vad method may be achieved by using , for instance , an apparatus as shown in fig1 . an initial material not shown is attached with a support shaft 16 , which is rotatable around its axis and movable in the axial direction . a raw material , sicl 4 , oxygen and hydrogen with an argon gas as a carrier gas are supplied to a burner 14 . glass particle are formed by flame hydrolysis reactions caused in the flame by the burner . the glass particles thus formed are deposited on a growing portion 12 of a porous silica glass body 10 which is growing on the initial material while the silica glass body 10 is rotating around the axis of the support shaft 16 and being moved along with the support shaft 16 in the axial direction . the porous silica glass 10 thus obtained is subjected to heat treatments , using an apparatus as shown in fig2 . the porous silica glass body 10 which is supported by the support shaft 22 is heated with an atmosphere containing hydrogen or oxygen by a heater 18 in a container 20 . then , the porous silica glass body 10 is sintered with an atmosphere containing fluorine compound within the container 20 by the heater 18 it to be transparent glass . in this embodiment , these two processes are carried out with the same apparatus . however , it is not limited to the embodiment , and different equipments may be used for the respective processes . the step of heating the porous silica glass body is preferably performed within a temperature range from 500 ° c . to a critical temperature below which the porous silica glass body does not shrink , especially below a temperature of 1250 ° c . a synthesized silica glass optical member according to the embodiment of the present invention is manufactured by the method described above . the optical member thus formed is applied to a photo mask of a lithography . for the lithography , a light source of an ultraviolet laser having a wavelength of 400 nm or less , especially f 2 excimer laser is used . a porous silica glass body was obtained by a vad method , using an apparatus as shown in fig1 in which the flame hydrolysis reactions of a raw material , sicl 4 , were caused in the flames of oxygen and hydrogen with an argon gas as a carrier gas . the density of the obtained porous silica glass body was 0 . 22 g / cm 3 . the obtained porous silica glass body was processed by the first processing in which the porous silica glass body was passed through in a hydrogen and helium atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 000 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min . in the high temperature section at first . then , the porous silica glass body was processed by the second processing ( sintering ) in which the porous silica glass body was passed through in a sif 4 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min . in the high temperature section . thereby , a transparent glass body was obtained . the obtained transparent glass body was sliced and polished into the thickness of 10 mm , and the transmittancy thereof in an ultraviolet region was measured . the processing conditions are shown in fig5 and the results of the measurements are shown in fig3 . porous silica glass bodies as comparative examples were made similarly to example 1 of the embodiment of the present invention . the porous silica glass bodies of comparative examples 1 - 3 were sintered under the conditions shown in fig5 and transparent glass bodies were obtained . more specifically , the porous silica glass body for comparative example 1 was subjected to only one heating process such that the porous silica glass body was passed through in a sif 4 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min without any pre - heating process . the porous silica body for comparative example 2 was also subjected to only one heating process such that the porous silica glass body was passed through in an sif 4 and h 2 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min without any pre - heating process . the porous silica body for comparative example 3 was processed by the first processing in which the porous silica glass body was passed through in a helium and cl 2 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 000 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min . in the high temperature section at first , for dehydration . then , the porous silica glass body was processed by the second processing for sintering in which the porous silica glass body was passed through in a sif 4 and h 2 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min . in the high temperature section . the obtained transparent glass bodies were sliced and polished into the thickness of 10 mm , respectively , and the transmittancy of them was measured in an ultraviolet region . the results of the measurements are shown in fig3 . as apparent from fig3 it is recognized that the transmittancy of the curved line 1 indicating the results of example 1 according to the embodiment of the invention in the ultraviolet region , especially at the wavelength of 157 nm of the f 2 excimer laser beam is 75 . 0 % that is improved by 6 . 6 % in comparison with the 68 . 4 % of the curved line 2 ( comparative example 1 ). incidentally , the transmittancy of the curved line 3 ( comparative example 2 ) and the curved line 4 ( comparative example 3 ) is zero at the wavelength of 157 nm , and the comparative examples 2 and 3 are not fitted as an optical member of an apparatus using the f 2 excimer laser as its light source . by the performance of the first processing in a hydrogen atmosphere according to the embodiment of the invention , it can be recognized that the transmittancy in the ultraviolet region is remarkably improved . a porous silica glass body was obtained by the vad method , using the apparatus as shown in fig1 in which the flame hydrolysis reactions of a raw material , sicl 4 , were caused in the flames of oxygen and hydrogen with an argon gas as a carrier gas . the density of the obtained porous silica glass body was 0 . 22 g / cm 3 . the obtained porous silica glass body was processed by the first processing in which the porous silica glass body was passed through in a oxygen and helium atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 000 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min . in the high temperature section . then , the porous silica glass body was processed by the similar second processing for sintering in a sif 4 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . thereby , a transparent glass body was obtained . the obtained transparent glass body was sliced and polished into the thickness of 10 mm , and the transmittancy thereof in an ultraviolet region was measured . the processing conditions are shown in fig6 and the results of the measurements are shown in fig4 . porous silica glass bodies were made similarly to example according to the embodiment of the present invention . the porous silica glass bodies were sintered under the conditions shown in fig6 and transparent glass bodies were obtained . more specifically , the porous silica glass body for comparative example 4 was subjected to only one heating process such that the porous silica glass body was passed through in a sif 4 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min without any pre - heating process . the porous silica body for comparative example 5 was also subjected to only one heating process such that the porous silica glass body was passed through in an sif 4 and o 2 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min without any pre - heating process . the porous silica body for comparative example 6 was processed by the first processing in which the porous silica glass body was passed through in a helium and cl 2 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 000 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min . in the high temperature section at first , for dehydration . then , the porous silica glass body was processed by the second processing for sintering in which the porous silica glass body was passed through in a sif 4 and o 2 atmosphere at a temperature of 1 , 380 ° c . at a passing speed of 3 mm / min . in the high temperature section . the obtained transparent glass bodies were sliced and polished into the thickness of 10 mm , respectively , and the transmittancy of them was measured in an ultraviolet region . the results of the measurements are shown in fig4 . as apparent from fig4 it is recognized that the transmittancy of the curved line 1 indicating the results of example 2 according to the embodiment of the present invention in the ultraviolet region , especially at the wavelength of 157 nm of the f 2 excimer laser beam is 72 . 2 % that is improved by 5 . 2 % in comparison with the 67 . 0 % of the curved line 2 ( comparative example 4 ). moreover , it is also recognized that the transmittancy of the curved line 1 is far higher than the transmittancy , 24 . 7 %, of the curved line 3 ( comparative example 5 ) and that , 26 . 6 %, of the curved line 4 ( comparative example 6 ). by the performance of the first processing in an oxygen atmosphere , it is recognized that the transmittancy in the ultraviolet region is remarkably improved . the synthesized silica glass optical member obtained by the method according to the embodiment of the present invention can suppress the generation of absorption and fluorescence emissions when it is irradiated by an excimer laser beam , and has high transmittancy in an ultraviolet region , especially at the wavelength of 157 nm of a f 2 excimer laser beam . consequently , the synthesized silica glass optical member is excellent in a laser beam resistance characteristic . although the present invention has been described by way of exemplary embodiments , it should be understood that many changes and substitutions may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention which is defined only by the appended claims . | 2 |
a broadcast / multicast service method based on user location information in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings . the present invention proposes interface and operation between a terminal providing user &# 39 ; s favored contents or information and one or more servers based on user location information . in particular , the present invention proposes a broadcast / multicast service by which a server filters various contents or information based on user location information and provides it to users in a pertinent service area . in this case , the server can provide the service to every user in the pertinent area , provide the corresponding service to a terminal which requests the service in the corresponding area , or provide the corresponding service to an area requested by the user . in the present invention , when a user requests a broadcast / multicast service provided in a particular area , a broadcast / multicast server checks location information of the user and provides contents or information of the pertinent area . in this case , the broadcast / multicast server checks the user location information through a location server or checks user location information transmitted from the terminal . fig1 is a block diagram showing the construction of a broadcast / multicast system in accordance with the present invention . as shown in fig1 , the broadcast / multicast system includes a contents provider 10 , a broadcast / multicast server 30 which checks area information from contents and information received from the contents provider 10 and provides the contents and information to a corresponding area through a broadcast / multicast service , a terminal 50 which receives the contents and information from the broadcast / multicast server 30 and transmits information inputted by a user , and a location server 20 which checks location information of the terminal 50 . in this case , the contents provider 10 can simultaneously provide one or more contents to one or more terminals by using the broadcast / multicast service . the terminal 50 includes a broadcast / multicast client receiving or requesting the broadcast / multicast service , and a location client receiving or requesting location information of a corresponding terminal . in this case , the broadcast / multicast client and the location client are sort of modules installed in the terminal . a network for actually transmitting the contents and information between the terminal and the broadcast / multicast server includes an mbms ( multimedia broadcast / multicast service ) of a 3gpp , a bcmcs ( broadcast multicast service ) of a 3gpp2 , or a dvb ( digital video broadcast ). the network is comprehensively called bds ( broadcast distribution system ). the mbms and bcmcs have both uplink channel and downlink channel , so interfacing between the broadcast / multicast server and the terminal in the same network can be possible . however , in case of the dvb , it has only the downlink channel , so if the terminal wants to perform communication with the broadcast / multicast server , it must be connected with a mobile communication network such as an ev - do ( evolution data only ) or a gsm ( global system for mobile communication ) in order to use the uplink channel . the broadcast / multicast server receives contents from the contents provider and stores it . when the broadcast / multicast server receives current location information of a terminal from the location server or from a terminal which requests corresponding contents , it transmits contents to be provided to the pertinent area , among the stored contents , to the terminal of a user . the broadcast / multicast server receives certain contents from the contents provider , classifies and stores it in a corresponding service area , receives current location information of a terminal from the location server or from the terminal requesting corresponding contents , and transmits contents provided in the corresponding area to the terminal of the user . although the broadcast / multicast server does not receive a service request from the terminal , it can provide contents and information corresponding to a current location of the terminal , and can transmit contents provided to a specific area requested by the user to the corresponding terminal regardless of the current location information of the service - requested terminal . fig2 and 3 are signal flow charts showing a broadcast / multicast service method based on user location information , in which the broadcast / multicast service can be implemented through a terminal of which a broadcast / multicast client and a location client can be connected to the same network . in this case , the network is the mbms of the 3gpp or the bcmcs of the 3gpp2 . fig2 is a signal flow chart of a broadcast / multicast service method in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention , in which the broadcast / multicast server , which intends to transmit contents or information related to location information , directly receives location information of a corresponding terminal from the location server . as shown in fig2 , the broadcast / multicast service system includes a contents provider 10 , a location server 20 , a broadcast / multicast server 20 , a terminal 50 and an end user 60 that checks contents and information outputted to the terminal 50 and inputs certain information . the contents and information are transferred to the terminal 50 through a bds 40 . the terminal 50 includes a bds receiver 51 , a broadcast / multicast and location client 53 . in this case , because the broadcast / multicast client and the location client of the terminal 50 are connected to the same network , the two clients are assumed as one entity , namely , the broadcast / location client 53 . the broadcast / multicast server 30 receives one or more contents from the contents provider 10 ( step s 11 ). the contents include information on area to which corresponding contents are scheduled to be transmitted , namely , information on an area to which the corresponding contents can be provided . upon receiving the contents , the broadcast / multicast server 30 generates a service guide by using a service time , place ( location ) and a related schedule of each contents , and transmits each service guide to terminals 50 of an every area where the broadcast / multicast service is provided . in this case , the broadcast / multicast server 30 can store the contents received from the contents provider in two ways . the first one is receiving and storing the contents , and the second one is checking area information included in the contents and storing the corresponding contents according to each service area as classified . the service guide includes an entire contents list which can be provided by the broadcast / multicast server or a contents list that a user has previously requested or discriminately selected based on preference information registered when the user subscribes for the service . in the case that each program or contents of the service guide includes area information , condition information with respect to a factor for discriminating a specific area , contents based on location , and service features providing each contents must be included in a corresponding service guide entry . for example , the factor for discriminating a specific area includes a name of an area , a detailed address , a postal code number , accurate location coordinates , or the like , the contents include classification information as to whether corresponding contents are an advertisement or weather information or the like , the service features include information whether corresponding contents are used for only one time or periodically used or whether it is provided when a terminal enters or moves out of a specific area . information included in the service guide entry is to be described in detail . when the terminal 50 receives the service guide through the bds receiver 51 , it displays the service guide through the broadcast / location client 53 so that the user 60 can check the service guide ( step s 13 ). the user 60 checks several programs and contents from the displayed service guide and selects a service guide entry corresponding to contents desired to be received at a specific position or at its location among the contents ( step s 14 ). then , a broadcast / multicast request message is transmitted to the broadcast / multicast server 30 through the broadcast / location client 53 . in this case , the broadcast / multicast request message includes information of contents selected by the user and service features as to whether the contents is used for one time or periodically provided , or information whether the contents are provided when a terminal enters or moves out of a specific area , and an id of the terminal . the contents information can include information on an area where the corresponding contents are provided . when the broadcast / multicast server 30 receives the broadcast / multicast request message from the broadcast / location client 53 , it transmits a location tracking request message to the location server 20 ( step s 16 ). upon receiving the location tracking request message , the location server 20 checks whether the location information of the corresponding terminal can be disclosed ( which , for example , means that a specific terminal is set whether to allow for a third party to perform location tracking on the specific terminal itself , which is also called a ‘ privacy check ’) ( step s 17 ), and if user &# 39 ; s permission is required for the location tracking , the location server 20 transmits a notification message with respect to permission of location tracking to the user 60 , and the user transmits a response message to the notification message ( step s 18 ). location tracking of the terminal is performed between the location server 20 and the location client 53 ( step s 19 ). the location tracking can be performed by using an existing location tracking method defined in the 3gpp or 3gpp2 or by using a supl ( secure user plane location ). the location server 20 transmits a calculated location tracking value through a response message to the location tracking request message to the broadcast / multicast server 30 ( step s 20 ), and the broadcast / multicast server 30 transmits only contents corresponding to the current location tracking value among contents which have been selected by the user through the bds 40 to the terminal 50 ( step s 21 ). in this case , the contents include the location tracking value of the corresponding terminal . in the process of transmitting the contents by the broadcast / multicast server 30 , in case that the contents received from the contents provider 10 are classified and stored according to each service area , contents of the corresponding service area are transmitted to the terminal 50 , whereas if the received contents are stored as it is , contents that can be provided to the corresponding service area , among the stored contents , is transmitted to the terminal 50 . the contents are transferred to the broadcast / location client 53 through the bds receiver 51 ( step s 21 ), and the broadcast / location client 53 outputs the corresponding contents for user &# 39 ; s checking ( step s 22 ). fig4 illustrates items included in a service guide entry in accordance with the present invention . the items shown in fig4 are optionally added to indicate corresponding area information when contents list including area information is transmitted . of the items , ‘ broadcase_area ’ indicates including of area information for broadcasting / multicasting contents and includes ‘ target_area ’ or ‘ hor_acc ’ as sub - items . ‘ target area ’ is an item for a part to which contents are provided and includes sub - items of ‘ shape ’, ‘ cc ’, ‘ name_area ’ or ‘ zip_code ’. ‘ hor_area ’ indicates a broadcast region with certain accuracy on a plane , which is , for example , used for setting a certain area on an electronic map . ‘ shape ’ is used to indicate a geographical form , ‘ cc ’ is a country code expressed by 1 . about . 3 digits , ‘ name_area ’ indicates a regional name , and ‘ zip_code ’ is an area code give to each area , corresponding to a postal code number . the broadcast / multicast server 30 can divide a contents service area by using the items . for example , when a specific is to be provided to a specific city , the broadcast / multicast server 30 optionally includes the items ‘ broadcast_area ’, ‘ target_area ’ and ‘ name_area = specific city ’ on a list of the corresponding contents . the optional items are not only used for indicating a service available area of the contents list in the service guide but also for limiting an area to which each contents list is transmitted or an area to which contents are transmitted . the location tracking request message that the broadcast / multicast server 30 transmits to the location server 20 and the response message with respect to the location tracking request message that the location server transmits to the broadcast / multicast server 30 can be expressed in the xml ( extensible markup language ) by using each factor and attribute defined in an mlp ( mobile location protocol ) specification . fig5 a to 5c and 6 a to 6 g illustrate a location tracking request message and a corresponding response message expressed in an xml ( extensible markup language ). in detail , fig5 a to 5c illustrate embodiments of messages used for tracking a location only one time , and fig6 a to 6g illustrate embodiments of messages used for tracking a location periodically or tracking a location when a specific event occurs . specifically , fig5 a shows a general one - time location tracking request message corresponding to a location tracking request message , which includes an id of a terminal which requests location tracking , location tracking accuracy having time delay and spatial accuracy , a type of a location tracking value , and setting of a priority level . fig5 b shows an ack message with respect to the general one - time location tracking request , which can include a result value such as whether location tracking is successful . fig5 c shows a response message with respect to the general one - time location tracking request , which includes only a location tracking value . fig6 a shows a periodical location tracking request message , and fig6 b shows a location tracking message in case where a specific even occurs , namely , for example , when a terminal enters or moves out of a specific area . the location tracking message includes an id of a terminal which requests location tracking , discrimination as to whether it is periodical location tracking or location tracking with respect to occurrence of a specific event , and a period for requesting location tracking , its start time and termination time in case of the periodical location tracking , and characters of an event ( e . g ., whether a terminal enters , moves out of or located within a specific area ) and a name or an accurate location value of a specific area in case of tracking a location with respect to occurrence of a specific event . the location tracking message includes location tracking accuracy having time delay and spatial accuracy , a type of a location tracking value , and setting of a priority level . fig6 c and 6d show ack messages with respect to the periodical location tracking request or the location tracking request in occurrence of a specific event , namely , showing embodiment of a case where a response can be made to a location tracking request and a case where a response cannot be made to a location tracking request . fig6 e shows a location tracking value transmitted as a response message with respect to a periodical location tracking request or a location tracking request when a specific event occurs . fig6 f shows a cancellation message with respect to the periodical location tracking request or the location tracking request in case where a specific event occurs , and fig6 g shows an ack message with respect to a minimum message . namely , the broadcast / multicast server 30 transmits the one - time location tracking request message , the periodical location tracking request message or the location tracking request message in occurrence of a specific event to the location server 20 according to characteristics of contents selected by a user . in order for the broadcast / multicast server 30 to transmit only the contents corresponding to the location tracking value , a process for matching information on each contents received from the contents provider 10 and information of the terminal is required . fig7 shows a search table of a database of the broadcast server 30 , which includes items of a service area , a list of contents provided to each service area , an id of a terminal subscribed for a service , a user input value . for example , a terminal with an id of a 1 is set to receive contents of an advertisement , weather , stock information but not contents of fashion . then , when a location tracking value of the terminal corresponding to the area ‘ a ’, the broadcast / multicast server transmits the contents of the advertisement , weather and security information and does not transmit the contents of fashion . in this case , by adding such an item of area information as shown in fig4 as an option to the contents transmitted to the area ‘ a ’, the service area can be restricted . fig3 is a signal flow chart of a broadcast / multicast service method in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention , in which the broadcast / multicast server which transmits contents related to area information receives location information of a corresponding terminal from the terminal ( user ). the broadcast / multicast server 30 receives one or more contents from the contents provider 10 ( step s 31 ), generates a service guide by using a service time , a service position and a schedule of the contents , and then transmits the service guide to terminals 50 of every area where the broadcast / multicast service is provided through the bds 40 ( step s 32 ). in this case , the broadcast / multicast server 30 can check area information included in the contents , classify corresponding contents according to each service area and store it , or store the corresponding contents without classification . the service guide includes an entire contents list that can be provided by the broadcast / multicast server 30 or includes a contents list selected based on preference information that the user has been previously requested or registered when having subscribed for the service . upon receiving the service guide through the bds receiver 51 , the terminal 50 displays the service guide through the broadcast / location client 53 to allow the user 60 to check the service guide ( step s 33 ). when the user 60 selects contents desired to be received at a specific location or at his / her current location among the contents of the displayed service guide ( step s 34 ), a broadcast / multicast request message is transmitted to the broadcast / multicast server 30 through the broadcast / location client 53 ( step s 35 ). in this case , the broadcast / multicast request message includes information on an area to which the contents selected by the user is provided . the broadcast / location client 53 transmits also a location tracking request message to the location server 20 as well as the broadcast / multicast request message ( step s 36 ). in this case , the location tracking request message is transmitted as a format of a one - time location tracking request message , a periodical location tracking request message or a location tracking request message in case where a specific event occurs . upon receiving the location tracking request message , the location server 20 calculates a location tracking value by using an existing location tracking method or an supl ( step s 37 ), includes the location tracking value in a response message with respect to the location tracking request , and then transmits it to the broadcast / location client 53 of the corresponding terminal ( step s 38 ). upon receiving the response message , the broadcast / location client 53 transfers the location tracking value to the broadcast / multicast server 30 ( step s 39 ), and the broadcast / multicast server 30 transmits only contents corresponding to the location tracking value among the contents selected by the user to the terminal 50 through the bds 40 ( step s 40 ). in this case , the contents include the location tracking value of the corresponding terminal . herein , in case that the broadcast / multicast server 30 classifies the contents which have been received from the contents provider 10 according to each area and stores it , it transmits the contents of the corresponding service area to the terminal 50 , whereas if broadcast / multicast server 30 stores the contents without classification of the service area , it transmits the contents of the corresponding service area among the stored contents to the terminal 50 . the contents transferred to the broadcast / location client 53 through the bds receiver 51 are outputted for user &# 39 ; s checking ( step s 41 ). fig8 is a signal flow chart of a broadcast / multicast service method in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention , and fig9 is a signal flow chart of a broadcast / multicast service method in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention , showing implementation of a broadcast / multicast service through a terminal whose broadcast / multicast client and location client cannot be connected with the same network . in this case , the broadcast / multicast service is received through the dvb while a location information request is transmitted through the 3gpp or the 3gpp2 . because the dvb has only the downlink channel without an interaction channel , the location information is transmitted through the uplink channel of a network defined in the 3gpp and the 3gpp2 . as shown in fig8 and 9 , a terminal 150 , which receives a broadcast / multicast service through a dvb network 140 , includes a dvb receiver 151 , a broadcast / multicast client 153 , a mobile client 155 for transmitting a location tracking request message to a broadcast / multicast server 130 or to a location server 120 , and a user 160 . namely , the broadcast / multicast client 153 operates as a reception dedicated client and the mobile client 155 operates as a transmission dedicated client for transmitting specific information except for transmitting current location information of a corresponding terminal to the broadcast / multicast server 130 . the broadcast / multicast service method in case where the broadcast / multicast server 130 which is to transmit contents related to area information directly receives location information of a corresponding terminal 150 from the location server 120 will now be described with reference to fig8 . when the broadcast / multicast server 130 receives one or more contents from the contents provider 110 ( step s 51 ), it generates a service guide by using a service time , a service position and a schedule of the contents , and then transmits the service guide to terminals 150 of every area where the broadcast / multicast service is provided through the bds 40 ( step s 52 ). in this case , the broadcast / multicast server 130 can check area information included in the contents , classify corresponding contents according to each service area and store it , or store the corresponding contents without classification . the service guide includes an entire contents list that can be provided by the broadcast / multicast server 130 or includes a contents list selected based on preference information that the user has been previously requested or registered when having subscribed for the service . the service guide which has been received through the bds receiver 51 is displayed through the broadcast / multicast client 153 for user &# 39 ; s checking ( step s 53 ). when the user 160 selects contents desired to be received at his / her current location or at a specific location among the contents of the displayed service guide ( step s 54 ), the mobile client 155 transmits a broadcast / multicast request message to the broadcast / multicast server 130 ( step s 35 ). in this case , the broadcast / multicast request message can include information on an area to which the contents selected by the user is provided . upon receiving the broadcast / multicast request message , the broadcast / multicast server 130 transmits a location tracking request message to the location server 120 ( step s 56 ), and the location server 120 checks whether the location information of the corresponding terminal 150 can be disclosed ( step s 57 ). if user &# 39 ; s permission is required with respect to the location tracking , the location server 120 transmits a notification message with respect to permission of the location tracking to the user 160 and then receives a response message ( step s 58 ). in this case , the location tracking request message is transmitted as a format of a one - time location tracking request message , a periodical location tracking request message or a location tracking request message in case where a specific event occurs . the location server 120 calculates a location tracking value by using an existing location tracking method or an supl ( step s 59 ), and transmits the location tracking value through a response message with respect to the location tracking request to the broadcast / multicast server 130 ( step s 60 ). the broadcast / multicast server 130 transmits only contents corresponding to the location tracking value among the contents selected by the user to the terminal 150 through the dvb 140 ( step s 61 ), and the broadcast / multicast client 153 receives and outputs the contents ( step s 62 ). herein , in case that the broadcast / multicast server 130 classifies the contents which have been received from the contents provider 110 according to each area and stores it , it transmits the contents of the corresponding service area to the terminal 150 , whereas if broadcast / multicast server 130 stores the contents without classification of the service area , it transmits the contents of the corresponding service area among the stored contents to the terminal 150 . the broadcast / multicast service method in case where the broadcast / multicast server which transmits contents related to area information directly receives location information of a corresponding terminal 150 from the terminal will now be described with reference to fig9 . when the broadcast / multicast server 130 receives one or more contents from the contents provider 110 ( step s 71 ), it generates a service guide by using a service time , a service position and a schedule of the contents , and then transmits the service guide to terminals 150 of every area where the broadcast / multicast service is provided through the bds 40 ( step s 72 ). in this case , the broadcast / multicast server 130 can check area information included in the contents , classify corresponding contents according to each service area and store them , or store the corresponding contents without classification . the service guide includes an entire contents list that can be provided by the broadcast / multicast server 130 or includes a contents list selected based on preference information that the user has been previously requested or registered when having subscribed for the service . the service guide is received by the broadcast / multicast client 153 through a dvb receiver 151 of the terminal 150 , and the broadcast / multicast client 153 displays it to allow a user 160 to check it ( step s 73 ). when the user 160 selects a service guide entry of contents desired to be received at his / her current location or at a specific location ( step s 74 ), the mobile client 155 transmits a broadcast / multicast request message to the broadcast / multicast server 130 ( step s 75 ) and a location tracking request message to the location server 120 ( step s 76 ). in this case , the broadcast / multicast request message and the location tracking request message are transmitted to the broadcast / multicast server 130 and to the location server 120 through the uplink of the 3gpp or 3gpp2 , not through the dvb network 140 . upon receiving the location tracking message , the location server 120 calculates a location tracking value by using an existing location tracking method or an supl ( step s 77 ), includes the location tracking value in a response message with respect to the location tracking request , and then transmits it to the mobile client 155 of the corresponding terminal 150 ( step s 78 ). upon receiving the response message , the mobile client 155 transfers the location tracking value to the broadcast / multicast server 130 ( step s 79 ), and the broadcast / multicast server 130 transmits only contents corresponding to the location tracking value among the contents that can be provided to the corresponding terminal , to the terminal 150 through the dvb network 140 ( step s 80 ). in this case , the contents include the location tracking value of the corresponding terminal . herein , in case that the broadcast / multicast server 130 classifies the contents which have been received from the contents provider 110 according to each area and stores it , it transmits the contents of the corresponding service area to the terminal 150 , whereas if broadcast / multicast server 30 stores the contents without classification of the service area , it transmits the contents of the corresponding service area among the stored contents to the terminal 150 . upon receiving the contents through the dvb receiver 151 , the broadcast / multicast client 153 outputs the contents ( step s 81 ). in this embodiment , when the broadcast / multicast server receives a response for specific contents from the terminal , it provides the corresponding contents to the terminal . in this respect , however , although the broadcast / multicast server does not receive a request for contents from the terminal , it can check a location of the terminal through the location server to selectively provide contents according to a current location of the terminal , or can provide contents requested by the user regardless of the current location of the terminal . for example , when the broadcast / multicast server 30 receives contents from the contents provider 10 , it can check the terminal positioned in a specific area through the location server 20 and transmit contents that can be provided to the corresponding area to terminals 50 within the area . in addition , when the broadcast / multicast server 30 receives contents from the contents provider 10 , it can classify / store the contents according to a service area by using area information of the contents , and then , when a terminal requests contents of a specific area , the broadcast / multicast server 30 transmits contents of the corresponding area to the terminal 50 . as so far described , the broadcast / multicast service method based on user location information in accordance with the present invention has many advantages . that is , for example , because only pre - set information or contents is / are selectively provided based on user location information , a waste of a communication channel can be prevented . in addition , since the user selectively receives contents or information according to his / her current location , user &# 39 ; s satisfaction and convenience with respect to a service can be enhanced . the foregoing embodiments and advantages are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention . the present teaching can be readily applied to other types of apparatuses . the description of the present invention is intended to be illustrative , and not to limit the scope of the claims . many alternatives , modifications , and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art . in the claims , means - plus - function clauses are intended to cover the structure described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures . | 7 |
in this invention , the addition of low levels of branch forming agents during a mini - emulsion polymerization process is described for producing a co - polymer of two or more monomers . the co - polymer comprises a substantially fluorinated backbone and one or more ionomers , such that the product has unusually high ionic conductivity and relatively low hydration . the branch forming agents are added at a level below that required to produce an insoluble gel , yet have surprising and substantial effects on the final product . the process used herein is generally known in the art as mini - emulsion polymerization , as described for example in chapter 20 , miniemulsion polymerization by e . david sudol and mohamed s . el - aasser , in emulsion polymerization and emulsion polymers , p . a . lowell and m . s . el - aasser , eds , john wiley and sons , ltd , new york , 1997 . in these processes , a mini - emulsion , which is defined herein by a droplet size in an emulsion between 50 and 500 nm , is formed by subjecting an oil ( herein an ionomer )/ water / surfactant / co - surfactant system to high shear mixing such as that produced by an ultrasonifier , a manton gaulin homogenizer , or a microfluidizer . this mini - emulsion is then subjected to a polymerization reaction . the processes and products produced from these processes in the present invention are substantially different than prior art , e . g ., that described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 608 , 022 to nakayama et . al ., and wo 00 / 52060 to bekarian , et . al , because of the presence of the co - surfactant . the use of a co - surfactant to aid in achieving a mini - emulsion offers the advantage of using lower quantities of the surfactant , which can be advantageous because high concentrations of the surfactant may have detrimental effects on the final product . although the use of a co - surfactant in microemulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers has been recognized in the art ( e . g ., see wu et . al . in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 046 , 271 ) the use of the a mini - emulsion process with a co - surfactant for the preparation of ionomeric polymers described herein is novel . for example , in &# 39 ; 271 wu discloses a polymerization procedure of forming a microemulsion of at least one liquid perfluorinated hydrocarbon compound ; adding at least one gaseous free - radical polymerizable polymer to the microemulsion ; and initiating polymerization by adding a free radical initiator to the mixture . wu did not anticipate the use of monomers with acid end groups described herein , specifically disclosing only straight chain fluoro or chlorofluoro alkenes or vinyl ethers ( e . g ., see column 4 , lines 20 - 28 ) that will give products that are not ionomers . further , the addition of branch forming agents as used herein was also not anticipated . the particularly surprising result we have discovered is that by using an ionomeric monomer in a mini - emulsion polymerization in the presence of a co - surfactant ( instead of the micro - emulsion of straight chain alkenes disclosed previously ) together with very low levels of a branch forming agent , we are able to produce polymers that have unusually high ionic conductivity . this totally unexpected result , coupled with equally surprising relatively low hydration of the resulting polymer , allow the production of ion conducting membranes of great value . in a co - pending application to wu et . al , entitled , “ low equivalent weight ionomers ”, an aqueous miniemulsion polymerization procedure is described for producing a co - polymer with two or more monomers comprising a substantially fluorinated backbone and one or more ionomers , such that the product has unusually high ionic conductivity . that application did not anticipate that it would be possible to use branch forming agents at low levels to even further improve the properties of the resulting polymer . the particularly surprising result we have discovered is that by adding a branch forming agent at a level below that required to product branch forming during polymerization of a co - polymer with a substantially fluorinated backbone and one or more ionomers , we are able to produce polymers that have exceptional properties . in particular , the polymers can be easily formed into films that have a combination of very high room temperature ionic conductivity , relatively low hydration , and acceptable physical stability . this totally unexpected result has produced membranes of great value . in one embodiment of the instant invention , a perfluorinated hydrocarbon is used as a co - surfactant in a mini - emulsion polymerization process described more fully below . a branch forming agent is introduced into the polymerization reaction at low levels , which surprisingly gives rise to a set of very desirable properties in the resulting ionomer . the polymer particles so produced can easily be formed into thin films that have unusually high ionic conductivity , greater than about 0 . 15 s / cm at room temperature . additionally , these films have relatively low hydration , and relatively high physical stability when compared to similar films prepared by prior art . the co - surfactants can be chosen from among those co - surfactants known in the art , such as alcohols , amines or other amphiphilic molecules , or salts . single or multiple co - surfactants can be employed to facilitate formation of the mini - emulsion . a particularly preferable co - surfactant is one drawn from the class of perfluorinated hydrocarbons of low molecular weight that is liquid at the temperature at which polymerization is carried out . the molecular weight is preferably less than 2000 . the perfluorinated hydrocarbon preferably has a boiling point less than 300 degrees c . the perfluorinated hydrocarbon can be a perfluorinated saturated aliphatic compound such as a perfluorinated alkane . it can also be a perfluorinated aromatic compound such as perfluorinated benzene ; a perfluorinated alkyl amine such as a perfluorinated trialkyl amine ; a perfluorinated cyclic aliphatic , such as decalin or perfluoro tetradecahydrophenanthrene ; or a heterocyclic aliphatic compound containing oxygen or sulfur in the ring , such as perfluoro - 2 - butyl tetrahydrofuran . examples of perfluorinated hydrocarbons include perfluoro - 2 - butyltetrahydrofuran , perfluorodecalin , perfluoromethyldecalin , perfluorodimethyldecalin , perfluoromethylcyclohexane , perfluoro ( 1 , 3 - dimethylcyclohexane ), perfluorodimethyldecahydronaphthalene , perfluorofluoorene , perfluorotetracosane , perfluorokerosenes , octafluoronaphthalene , oligomers of poly ( chlorotrifluoroethylene ), perfluoro ( trialkylamine ) such as perfluoro ( tripropylamine ), perfluoro ( tributylamine ), or perfluoro ( tripentylamine ), and octafluorotoluene , hexafluorobenzene , perfluoro ethers or perfluorinated polyethers , and commercial fluorinated solvents , such as fluorinert fc - 77 or fc - 75 produced by 3m . the fluorinated alkanes can be linear or branched , with a carbon atom number between 3 and 20 . oxygen , nitrogen or sulfur atoms can also be present in the molecules . the fluorinated surfactant has the structure r g ex , where r g is a fluorinated alkyl or a fluorinated polyether group with a carbon number between 4 and 16 , e is an alkylene group with a carbon number between 0 and 4 , and x is an anionic salt such as coom , so 3 m , so 4 m , a cationic moiety such as quarternary ammonium salt , or an arnphoteric moiety such as aminoxide , or a non - ionic moiety such as ( ch 2 ch 2 o ) m h ; and m is h , li , na , k , or nh 4 ; and m is a cardinal number of 2 to 40 . one preferred fluorinated surfactant is ammonium perfluoro octanoate . the substantially fluorinated backbone of this invention can be a polymer prepared from a number of different monomers or co - monomers that have a high fluorine concentration . these can include , but are not limited to tetrafluoroethylene , and mixtures of tetrafluorethylene with one or more monomers selected from the group hexafluoropropylene , vinyledene fluoride , chlorotrifluoroethylene , perfluoropropylvinyl ether , perfluoromethylvinyl ether and ethylene . one preferred monomer used to form the substantially fluorinated backbone is tetrafluoroethylene . the ionomeric monomers used in the polymerization reaction are substantially fluorinated organic compounds containing at least one moiety that has ionic functionality and at least one polymerizable group . alternatively , the molecule may carry precursors that can be converted into ionic functionality after the polymerization process is complete . examples of monomers suitable for forming these ionomers include compounds having the formula and the like which after polymerization form pendant groups on the substantially fluorinated backbone of the form in the above , x is f , cl or br or mixtures thereof ; n is an integer equal to one or two ; r f and r f ′ are independently selected from the group of f , cl , perfluoroalkyl radical , and chloroperfluoroalkyl radical ; y is an acid group or a functional group convertible to an acid group ; a is zero or an integer greater than zero ; and b is an integer greater than zero . examples of y that include acid groups include , but are not limited to , sulfonic acid or its salt form , — so 3 z ; sulfonamide , — so 2 n ( r 1 )—; sulfonimide , — so 2 n ( r 1 ) so 2 r 2 ; carboxylic acid , — co 2 z ; phosphonic acid , — po 3 h 2 ; and the like , wherein z is h , or any combination of cations including , but not limited to , ammonium ion , metallic ions ; or organoammonium ions ; r 1 is h , an alkyl group with carbon number from 1 to 10 , or a partially fluorinated alkyl group with a carbon number of 2 - 10 ; and r 2 is a perfluorinated alkyl chain with carbon number from 1 to 8 , which can optionally contain oxygen or other atoms or groups that are stable to free radicals ; or a perfluoroalkyl group , which can also optionally contain oxygen or other atoms or groups that are stable to free radicals and is terminated with y as it is defined above . examples of y that are function groups convertible to an acid group include , but are not limited to , sulfonyl halide , — so 2 w ; ester , — coor ; and the like , wherein w is f , cl , or br , and r is an alkyl group with carbon number from 1 to 20 . one preferred ionomeric monomer is cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf ( cf 3 )— o — cf 2 cf 2 — so 2 f that forms pendant groups having the formula , — o — cf 2 cf ( cf 3 )— o — cf 2 cf 2 — so 2 f . for this particular ionomer with tfe as the comonomer , the conversion between equivalent weight and mole percent of ionomer is given approximately by where n , the number of backbone units per ionomer unit , is given by more generally for other functional monomers and other comonomers , n is given by n = ( equivalent weight of polymer ) - ( molecular weight of ionomeric monomer ) ( molecular weight of comonomer ) the branch forming agent that is added in low levels comprises a monomer selected from a group of vinyl ether compounds . in this application , low levels of such agents are defined as levels that do not cause substantial gellation or network formation of the resulting product . the branch forming agents include , but are not limited to , monomers that have at least two vinyl ether groups of the form , ca 2 ═ cb — o —, such that the vinyl groups are separated by greater than four atoms . here , a is independently selected from the group containing f , cl , h ; and b is independently selected from f , cl , h and or i , where r i is a branched or straight chain alkane that may be partially , substantially or completely fluorinated or chlorinated . particularly preferable branch forming agents in this class are perfluorinated vinyl ether compounds , cf 2 ═ cf — o — r h — o — cf ═ cf 2 , wherein the r h group is a perfluorinated alkane with carbon number ranging from 3 to 15 . the r h alkane carbons can optionally be branched and / or may be inserted with some ether linkages , such as — cf 2 — o — cf 2 —, or sulfur linkage , such as a sulfonimide , or other linkages that do not take part in polymerization . the perfluorinated vinyl ether compounds can be produced from hexafluoropropylene oxide and a perfluorinated di - acid fluoride by methods known in the art . without being bound by any particular theory , it is believed that the presence of the vinyl ether compound at low levels introduces long chain branching into the resulting polymer . by introducing it at low levels , the formation of cross - linking is minimized . high levels of cross - linking may be undesirable because it would be expected to product a polymer that will not easily be formed into the desirable membrane form of the polymer . at low levels , the concentration of the agent is not sufficient to obtain much , if any , cross linking . instead , the agent acts to form long chain branching of the ionomeric co - monomer , which in turn gives rise to the surprising and unexpected improvement in conductivity and degree of hydration . the preparation of the branch forming agents used herein are well known in the art , as disclosed for example in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 291 , 843 , which is included herein by reference in its entirety . example xviii in &# 39 ; 843 illustrates one procedure for preparing one branch forming agent disclosed herein , i . e ., f 2 c ═ cfo ( cf 2 ) 5 ocf ═ cf 2 . another process for the formation of a different branch forming agent is to start with 2 , 2 - difluoromalonic acid fluoride ( o ═ cf — cf 2 — cf ═ o ) and hexafluoro propylene oxide . 2 , 2 - difluoromalonic acid fluoride is prepared by direct fluorination of malonic acid by f 2 gas . the addition reaction of one molecule of 2 , 2 - difluoromalonic acid fluoride and two molecules of hexafluoro propylene oxide will produce one molecule of which after a standard decarboxylation reaction ( see for example , example v in &# 39 ; 843 or column 9 , lines 24 - 38 in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 463 , 005 ), becomes the desired branch forming monomer . if desirable , the product can be reacted to a more stable form for long - term storage , for example a brominated form where the vinyl groups are saturated with bromine , becoming for example in this case , brcf 2 cfbrocf 2 cf 2 cf 2 ocfbrcf 2 br . the vinyl form can then be regenerated prior to use with standard appoaches , for example by flowing the brominated form over zinc metal . the amount of branch forming agent added during the polymerization of the inventive product is low by usual practices in the art , being added at levels so that the amount in the product is less than 5 % by weight , and preferably less than 2 . 5 % by weight . for example , when using the preferred perfluorinated vinyl ether compound , it is present in the fluorinated ionomer in an amount by weight of about 0 . 3 % to about 5 . 0 %, and preferably less than about 2 . 5 %. the preparation of the mini - emulsion depends on careful selection of the ingredients . the mini - emulsion is prepared by mixing water , perfluorinated hydrocarbon , fluorinated surfactant ( s ), ionomer , co - surfactant or inorganic salts , and the vinyl ether compound . the amounts employed are 0 . 1 - 40 weight percent , preferably 0 . 1 - 20 , of the perfluorinated hydrocarbon ; 1 - 40 weight percent , preferably 0 . 1 - 25 , of the surfactant and cosurfactants ; 1 - 20 weight percent , preferably 5 - 15 , of the ionomer ; 0 . 3 - 5 weight percent , preferably less than 2 . 5 weight percent , with the remainder water . this mixture is subjected to high shear mixing using methods known in the art such as mechanical shear and / or cavitation to break the oil phase into submicron size droplets . multiple passes through such mixers may be required to obtain a mini - emulsion . the resulting mini - emulsion is neither completely transparent as observed with microemulsions , nor milky white as it is in a ( macro ) emulsion . rather , it is substantially translucent , often with a slight hint of color , for example a blue tint . without being bound by any particular theory , the resulting mini - emulsion of perfluorinated hydrocarbons is believed to serve as mini - reactors for fluorinated monomers to enter and to be polymerized . to initiate polymerization , the temperature of the mini - emulsion is adjusted to between 0 and 150 degrees c ., preferably 40 to 100 degrees c . initiators for polymerization include free - radical initiators , such as persulfates , azo initiators , peroxides , or photo initiators , which can generate free radicals by ultraviolet or gamma rays . amount of initiators present can range between 0 . 001 to 5 percent by weight based on the final polymer content . the fluorinated monomers are introduced to the reactor either in vapor phase or liquid phase into the aqueous liquid . sufficient mixing between phases is important to encourage mass transfer . as will be understood by one well practiced in the art , other polymerization procedures may also be employed . in particular , the use of the perfluorinated hydrocarbon of low molecular weight as part of the polymerization mixture is not necessarily required , as long as the low levels of branch forming agent are still employed . in particular , the general polymerization process described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 282 , 875 , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 358 , 545 , and that in wo / 00 / 52060 to bekarian , et . al . may be employed as long as the low levels of branch forming agent are employed appropriately during polymerization . the product produced from the polymerization is an ion conducting polymer with low equivalent weight and relatively low hydration . the resultant ionomers are nonetheless soluble in organic solvents , which allows them to be formed into thin films , either alone ( see film 50 in the exemplary embodiment shown in fig4 ) or in composites with other substrates to form a composite membrane ( see substrate 60 and ionomer 61 forming composite membrane 62 in the exemplary embodiment shown in fig5 ). such other substrates may comprise a support of porous material such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene ( eptfe ). as used herein , “ porous ” means having a plurality of interconnected passages and pathways . solutions of the ionomer may be impregnated into the porous support by methods known in the art , for example as described in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 547 , 551 and 5 , 599 , 614 to bahar et . al . such films are useful as separator membranes in membrane electrode assemblies ( meas ). as shown in the exemplary embodiment shown in fig6 , electrodes 70 , 71 are adhered or otherwise attached to either side of a membrane 72 to form mea 73 . mea 73 is in turn useful in a fuel cell 83 , as shown in the exemplary embodiment shown in fig7 . gas diffusion media 80 and 81 may optionally be attached or otherwise adhered to the electrodes , and current collectors ( not shown ) may optionally be connected to positive terminal 84 and negative terminal 85 . during operation the fuel enters the cell and reacts at the anode to generate electrons that are collected at negative terminal 85 . the electrons flow through an external load ( not shown ) to the cathode terminal 84 . the electrons are used at the cathode together with the oxidizing species . depending on the type of fuel and the type of oxidizing species , products may be formed in the anode compartment , the cathode compartment or both . if present , these products are swept out of the cell with any excess fuel and / or oxidizing species that may optionally have been used in the inlet gases . in another alternative embodiment , the electrodes in the mea may also contain the instant invention as one component of a multi - component electrode system . the inventive polymer is also useful in other electrolytic cells . the following procedures were used to characterize the ionomers prepared according the above description . for examples below where membranes were required , and prior to the equivalent weight determination described below , the following procedure was followed . the acid form of the polymer was obtained from the sulfonyl fluoride form of the polymer using practices well known in the art . here , it was generated by completely hydrolyzing the sulfonyl fluoride form of the polymer in koh and then completely reacidifying in hno 3 . approximately 2 g of solid ionomer pieces in the acid form weighing ˜ 0 . 05 g each were placed in a uniform pile between two sheets of kapton ® polyimide film ( dupont high performance materials , circleville , ohio ). the sandwich of material was placed between the preheated fully open 64 in 2 platens of a marsh instruments phi pneumatic press . the platen temperature was set such that the temperature reading between the top and bottom platens when in contact with each other was 165 ° c . the bottom platen was then raised until the upper sheet of kapton film made contact with the top platen . the ionomer sample was then allowed to sit for 15 minutes . the sandwich was then compressed by cycling the pressure 3 - 5 times between approximately 1 ton for 10 seconds and approximately zero tons for ten seconds . the pressure was then increased to 5 tons , then slowly increased to 10 tons over a period of 90 to 120 seconds . finally , the pressure was then increased to 20 tons and the sample was held under 20 tons at 165 ° c . for 120 seconds to produce a uniform , clear film , typically approximately 5 mil thick . a sample ˜ 1 cm by ˜ 1 . 5 cm in size was cut from a membrane and placed in a vacuum oven at 120 degrees c . for ˜ 70 hours at ˜ 3 inches of hg using a nitrogen bleed to maintain the pressure . the sample was removed , and weighed when cool (˜ 1 minute or less ) to obtain the dry weight . the sample was then placed in deionized water for 2 hours at room temperature . as used herein , room temperature is 23 degrees c . plus or minus two degrees . the sample was removed from water , patted dry with a paper cloth , and immediately weighed to obtain the hydrated weight . the degree of hydration in percent is calculated as degree of hydration ( in % ) = 100 * [ hydrated weight - dry weight ] dry weight four samples for each membrane were tested , and the reported hydration is the arithmetic mean of the four measurements . the method used here to determine equivalent weight takes a measured weight of dried ionomer solid and calculates an acid equivalent weight based on the first inflection point of the titration curve near ph 7 . specifically for each sample , approximately 5 g of solid ionomer pieces weighing no more than 0 . 05 g each were dried in oven for at least two hours at 80 ° c . under full vacuum (˜ 2 in . hg ). the dried pieces were removed from the oven and placed in a capped container in order to minimize moisture pickup . after allowing the dried sample to cool to room temperature in the capped container , approximately 0 . 15 g was quickly weighed into a 100 ml titration cup . the sample of known dry weight was then allowed to soak in the titration cup for 15 minutes in 5 ml of deionized water and 5 ml of ethanol . to the soaked sample , 55 ml of 2 . 0n nacl solution were then added . a back titration method using a tim900 titration manager ( radiometer analytical s . a ., lyon , france ) was then started beginning with the addition of 5 ml of 0 . 05n naoh solution . the entire blend was then stirred for 15 minutes under a nitrogen blanket prior to the acid titration with 0 . 01n hcl solution . the end point near ph 7 was used to calculate both the ion exchange capacity ( iec ) and the acid equivalent weight ( ew ) of the sample according to iec ( meq / g ) = [ 5 ml naoh × 0 . 05 n ] - [ volume hcl ( ml ) × 0 . 01 n ] dried ionomer solid weight ( g ) } the arithmetic mean of the measured results from two different samples of each membrane is reported as the equivalent weight . a membrane sample about 1 . 5 inches by about 2 inches in size was first equilibrated at room conditions of 21 degrees c ., 61 % rh for 24 hrs . it was then immersed into a plastic beaker containing room temperature deionized water . three measurements were taken over 90 minutes , one every 30 minutes . to take the measurements the membrane sample was taken out of the water and patted dry by paper tissues . the thickness was then measured immediately using an mt12b heidenhain ( schaunburg , ill .) thickness gauge attached to a heidenhain nd281b digital display . the gauge was mounted vertically over a flat plate , and measurements were made at nine different locations on the sample , covering the corners and center of the sample . the spring - loaded probe of the gauge was lowered gently on the film for each measurement to minimize compression . the mean of the nine values was used as the sample thickness . the ionic resistance of the membrane , 11 , was then measured using a four - point probe conductivity cell shown in fig1 . the sensing probes , 5 , of conductivity cell , 10 , are approximately one inch long , and approximately one inch apart . a plexiglas spacer 1 provides insulation between the current probes 4 and sensing probes 5 . the cell is held together with nylon screws 2 and electrical contact is made to the probes through holes 3 . during the measurement , a 500 g weight ( not shown ) was loaded onto the cell to ensure good contact . it was found that the resistance value is independent of further pressure onto conductivity cell 10 . the resistance was measured by connecting leads ( not shown ) through holes 3 using 10 mv ac amplitude at 1000 hz frequency applied by a solartron si 1280b controlled by zplot software written by scribner associates . measurements were taken in the potentiostatic mode . under these conditions , the phase angle was found to be insignificant throughout the measurement . the room temperature ionic conductivity in s / cm for each measurement was calculated from the formula where σ is the room temperature ionic conductivity , l2 is distance between the sensing probes , here equal to 2 . 5654 cm , l1 is the length of the sensing probe , here 2 . 5603 cm , d is the measured thickness of the membrane in cm , and r is the measured resistance in ohms . the results showed that the room temperature ionic conductivity was independent of the soaking time between 30 and 90 minutes for all the samples tested . the reported value is the average calculated from the three measurements . the high temperature ionic conductivity at temperatures of 80 and 120 degrees c . was also measured . in this case , the conductivity was measured using a different apparatus where the temperature and relative humidity of the atmosphere could be more precisely controlled . these measurements were performed to confirm that the conductivity of samples soaked in room temperature water and measured at room temperature showed the same trends between materials as samples measured at higher temperature and equilibrated at a fixed relative humidity condition . these measurements are particularly relevant because it is well known that schröder &# 39 ; s paradox [ p . schröder , z . physik chem ., vol . 75 , pg . 75 ( 1903 )] is observed in perfluorosulfonic acid type ionomeric membranes [ e . g ., see t . a . zawodzinski , t . e . springer , f . uribe and s . gottesfeld , solid state ionics , vol . 60 , pg . 199 ( 1993 ) and g . blumenthal , m . cappadonia and m . lehmann , ionics , vol . 2 , pg . 102 ( 1996 )]. it is thus expected that the measured conductivity of the inventive membrane will be different when measured in liquid water compared to that measured in 100 % relative humidity at the same temperature even though the water activity is , in theory , equal to one in both cases . therefore , to confirm that the inventive ionomers do indeed have improved conductivity when in equilibrium with water vapor as well as when soaked in liquid water , a high temperature conductivity test was performed where the relative humidity and temperature were controlled . this test was performed as follows : three different thicknesses of the sample membrane to be tested were prepared as described above . two 0 . 5 inch diameter elat ® gas diffusion media ( gdm ) available from e - tek , inc . were die cut . approximately 1 mg / cm 2 of ionomer prepared according to example 2 in co - pending application to wu et . al ., was brushed onto the gdm surface , and then placed against an ˜ 1 . 5 inch by ˜ 1 . 5 inch sample membrane to form a sandwich . this sandwich was then laminated for 3 minutes by applying 15 tons of pressure to ˜ 18 inch by ˜ 18 inch platens of a hydraulic press where the top platen was heated to 160 degrees c . after cooling , the gdm / sample / gdm sandwich was placed in the high temperature ionic conductivity apparatus 20 as shown in fig2 for testing . the apparatus 20 consists of a split aluminum body 21 with a polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) cell 22 . cell 22 is clamped together during operation with an air - actuated pressure of 120 psi . two electrode leads 23 with 40 % porous 316l stainless steel pt coated pellets 24 welded on the end of the electrode leads 23 enter the cell 22 through the center to form the two electrodes between which the test sample 25 is placed . test sample 25 comprises sample membrane 26 with gdm 27 on both sides prepared as described above . the bottom electrode lead 23 is attached to an air actuated cylinder ( not shown ) that can apply a fixed pressure to the bottom electrode lead . a pressure of 150 psi was used for all testing described herein . nitrogen gas is flowed into the cell through two lines , one for each half of the cell . the humidity of the each inlet gas stream is controlled by flowing the gas through a bottle of water where the temperature is fixed . the gas lines after the each humidification bottle are also heated to prevent condensation . the cell temperature , temperature of the humidification bottles , and gas lines are controlled by a scribner associates membrane test system ( scribner associates , north carolina ). the humidity of both inlet gas streams is measured with a vaisala hm138 humidity probe ( vaisala group , vantaa , finland ). for all testing here , the measured humidity of both halves of the cell was the same to within 3 - 5 percent rh . after placing the test sample 25 in the cell , closing it , and applying pressure to the cell and the electrode leads , the cell was heated to the lowest test temperature with flowing dry gas . it was equilibrated under dry gas at that temperature for 30 minutes . then the humidity was stepped to 10 % rh . the frequency for measurements was then determined by measuring the impedance in potentiostatic mode with a frequency sweep from ˜ 1 hz to ˜ 20 khz using a solartron 1280b impedance analyzer ( solartron analytical , hampshire , england ). the frequency where the measured phase angle was about zero was determined . this frequency was used in all subsequent measurements . typically , this frequency was in the range of 7 to 15 khz . the test sequence was then initiated under computer control whereby the humidity was changed at low temperatures to the following values : about 10 , 20 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , and 90 percent rh . impedance measurements at each rh step were recorded at five second intervals until the impedance changed less than 1 milliohm . this steady state impedance ( equal to the resistance since the phase angle is zero ) was recorded as the cell resistance at that temperature and rh . then the cell is stepped to a new higher temperature , returned to 10 % rh , and the process repeated . for higher temperatures , it was not possible to reach high relative humidities because the cell was not operated under pressure . therefore , the maximum rh achievable was lower at higher temperatures . in this case , six steps of rh were made between 10 % and the maximum achievable rh at that temperature . the rh and temperature are reported here as the average of the two values obtained from the rh and thermocouple probes in each half of the cell . in order to remove the effects of interfacial resistances , which can be a significant fraction of the total resistance , the resistance at any given temperature / rh condition was measured for samples of three different thicknesses . these resistances were plotted as a function of thickness , a linear regression fit to the data , and the extrapolated zero thickness resistance value was used as the interfacial resistance for that sample . this value was then subtracted from the measured resistance to obtain the actual sample resistance . the high temperature ionic conductivity was calculated from the formula : where l is the thickness of the sample measured before it is placed in the apparatus , and a is the area of the sample in contact with the electrode leads , i . e ., π times the diameter squared divided by 4 ; and r is the measured resistance reduced by the interfacial resistance determined from the zero thickness extrapolation . the following examples are intended to demonstrate but not to limit the inventive compounds and methods of making them . a divinyl ether compound was formed by reacting 2 , 2 - difluoromalonic acid fluoride ( o ═ cf — cf 2 — cf ═ o ) and hexafluoro propylene oxide . the 2 , 2 - difluoromalonic acid fluoride was prepared by direct fluorination of malonic acid by f 2 gas . the addition reaction of one molecule of 2 , 2 - difluoromalonic acid fluoride and two molecules of hexafluoro propylene oxide produced one molecule of which after a standard decarboxylation reaction became the desired branch forming monomer , cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf 2 cf 2 — o — cf ═ cf 2 . the product was reacted to a more stable form for long - term storage by flowing bromine gas through the product to saturate the vinyl groups with bromine , forming cf 2 brcfbrocf 2 cf 2 cf 2 ocfbrcf 2 br . the vinyl form was regenerated several days prior to use according to the following procedure : 120 grams of zinc powder and 200 ml of tetraglyme were charged into a 1 l flask equipped with a stirrer , thermometer , reflux condenser and dropping funnel . after heating to 100 degrees c ., 200 ml of the brominated version of branching agent was added dropwise over about 2 hours by way of the dropping funnel to the stirring solution in the flask . the product was distilled under a reduced pressure of 150 ml hg at 49 degrees c . two hundred and five ( 205 ) grams of the vinyl ether branching agent , cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf 2 cf 2 — o — cf ═ cf 2 , was obtained for a yield of about 90 %. an aqueous mini - emulsion was prepared by pre - mixing and homogenization of a mixture containing 1650 grams of deionized water , and 50 grams of 20 % by weight of ammonium perfluoro octanoate ( ammonium salt of perfluoro octanoic acid , manufactured by 3m ) aqueous solution , and 194 grams of 82 . 5 % by weight of sulfonyl fluoride monomer having the formula cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf ( cf 3 )— o — cf 2 cf 2 — so 2 f , and 17 . 5 % by weight of fluorinert ® fc - 77 ( a perfluorinated hydrocarbon manufactured by 3m ), and 1 gram of cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf 2 cf 2 — o — cf ═ cf 2 , the vinyl ether compound described above . a mini - emulsion was formed using the homogenizing module of a microfluidizer . an air motor using compressed air of about 40 psi sent the mixture through the homogenizing module . the whole mixture was sent through the homogenizing module six times . the final mixture was a translucent aqueous mini - emulsion of very light blue color . in a 4 - liter pressure reactor , the aqueous mini - emulsion was added to the reactor . then , the reactor was evacuated three times and purged each time with tetrafluoroethylene gas . the oxygen content of the aqueous solution was about 20 ppm immediately prior to admitting the tetrafluoroethylene gas . the reactor agitation speed was set at 700 rpm throughout the reaction . the aqueous mini - emulsion was heated from the jacket to a temperature of about 70 degrees c . then , tetrafluoroethylene gas was introduced to the pressure reactor and the pressure was raised to about 0 . 5 mpa . about 0 . 1 gram of ammonium persulfate pre - dissolved in 400 ml of deionized water was pumped into the reactor to start the reaction . the reaction temperature was maintained between 69 and 71 degrees c . the tetrafluoroethylene pressure was maintained relatively constant between 0 . 48 and 0 . 55 mpa for the first 2 hours of polymerization reaction , with continuous charge of tetrafluoroethylene gas to the reactor to compensate for the consumption of tetrafluoroethylene for copolymerization . after the 2 hours of polymerization reaction , the tetrafluoroethylene supply was stopped , and the reaction continued without more charge of tetrafluoroethylene to the reactor . the reaction pressure went down gradually from 0 . 48 mpa to 0 . 20 mpa in about 90 minutes . then , the reaction temperature was lowered to below 50 degrees c . and the reaction system was evacuated to atmosphere . the reaction yielded an aqueous dispersion of about 2 . 29 kg . the total polymer obtained by precipitation and isolation was about 5 . 4 % by weight of the dispersion product . the final polymer was calculated to contain about 0 . 8 % by weight ( 0 . 47 mole %) of the divinyl ether compound , assuming complete incorporation of the divinyl monomer into the polymer . the equivalent weight of this sample was about 690 . the concentration of pendant groups derived from the ionomeric monomer and the vinyl ether monomer is about 20 %. an aqueous mini - emulsion was prepared by pre - mixing and homogenization of a mixture containing 1650 grams of deionized water , and 50 grams of 20 % by weight of ammonium perfluoro octanoate ( ammonium salt of perfluoro octanoic acid ) aqueous solution , and 186 grams of 85 % by weight of cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf ( cf 3 )— o — cf 2 cf 2 — so 2 f monomer and 15 % by weight of fluorinert ® fc - 77 ( a perfluorinated hydrocarbon manufactured by 3m ), and 1 gram of cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf 2 cf 2 — o — cf ═ cf 2 , prepared as described in example 1 . in a 4 - liter pressure reactor , the aqueous mini - emulsion was added to the reactor . then , the reactor was evacuated three times and purged each time with tetrafluoroethylene gas . the oxygen content of the aqueous solution was about 20 ppm immediately prior to admitting the tetrafluoroethylene gas . the reactor agitation speed was set at 700 rpm throughout the reaction . the aqueous mini - emulsion was heated from the jacket to a temperature about 60 degree c . then , tetrafluoroethylene gas was introduced to the pressure reactor and the pressure was raised to about 0 . 5 mpa . about 0 . 1 gram of ammonium persulfate pre - dissolved in 400 ml of deionized water was pumped into the reactor to start the reaction . after 30 minutes , the reaction temperature was increased and maintained between 65 and 66 degrees c . the tetrafluoroethylene pressure was maintained at a relatively constant pressure between 0 . 52 and 0 . 56 mpa for the next 90 minutes of reaction , with continuous charge of tetrafluoroethylene gas to the reactor to compensate the consumption of tetrafluoroethylene for copolymerization . then , the reaction temperature was increased again and maintained between 69 and 71 degree c . the tetrafluoroethylene pressure was maintained relatively constant between 0 . 49 and 0 . 57 mpa for the next 150 minutes of reaction , with continuous charge of tetrafluoroethylene gas to the reactor to compensate for the consumption of tetrafluoroethylene for copolymerization . finally , the tetrafluoroethylene supply was stopped and the reaction continued at a temperature of about 70 degrees c . without more charge of tetrafluoroethylene to the reactor . the reaction pressure went down gradually from 0 . 48 mpa to 0 . 45 mpa in about 20 minutes . then , the reaction temperature was lowered to below 50 degrees c . and the reaction system was evacuated to atmosphere . the reaction yielded an aqueous dispersion of about 2 . 32 kg . the total polymer obtained by precipitation and isolation was about 5 . 4 % by weight of the dispersion product . the final polymer was calculated to contain about 0 . 8 % by weight ( 0 . 47 mole %) of the divinyl ether compound , assuming complete incorporation of the divinyl monomer into the polymer . the equivalent weight of this sample was about 690 . the concentration of pendant groups derived from the ionomeric monomer and the vinyl ether monomer is about 20 %. an aqueous mini - emulsion was prepared by pre - mixing and homogenization of a mixture containing 1650 grams of deionized water , and 50 grams of 20 % by weight of ammonium perfluoro octanoate ( ammonium salt of perfluoro octanoic acid ) aqueous solution , and 160 grams of cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf ( cf 3 )— o — cf 2 cf 2 — so 2 f monomer and 40 grams of fluorinert ® fc - 77 ( a perfluorinated hydrocarbon manufactured by 3m ), and 1 gram of cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf 2 cf 2 — o — cf ═ cf 2 , prepared as described in example 1 . in a 4 - liter pressure reactor , the aqueous mini - emulsion was added to the reactor . then , the reactor was evacuated three times and purged each time with tetrafluoroethylene gas . the oxygen content of the aqueous solution was about 20 ppm right immediately prior to admitting the tetrafluoroethylene gas . the reactor agitation speed was set at 700 rpm throughout the reaction . the aqueous mini - emulsion was heated from the jacket to a temperature about 70 degrees c . then , tetrafluoroethylene gas was introduced to the pressure reactor and the pressure was raised to about 0 . 5 mpa . about 0 . 1 gram of ammonium persulfate pre - dissolved in 400 ml of deionized water was pumped into the reactor to start the reaction . the reaction temperature was maintained between 69 and 71 degrees c . the tetrafluoroethylene pressure was maintained relatively constant between 0 . 48 and 0 . 51 mpa for the first 3 hours of reaction , with continuous charge of tetrafluoroethylene gas to the reactor to compensate for the consumption of tetrafluoroethylene for copolymerization . after the 3 hours of polymerization reaction , the tetrafluoroethylene supply was stopped and the reaction continued without more charge of tetrafluoroethylene to the reactor . the reaction pressure went down gradually from 0 . 48 mpa to 0 . 20 mpa in about 3 hours . then , the reaction temperature was lowered to below 50 degrees c . and the reaction system was evacuated to atmosphere . the reaction yielded an aqueous dispersion of about 2 . 31 kg . the total polymer obtained by precipitation and isolation was about 8 . 0 % by weight of the dispersion product . the final polymer was calculated to contain about 0 . 5 % by weight ( 0 . 30 mole %) of the divinyl ether compound , assuming complete incorporation of the divinyl monomer into the polymer . the equivalent weight of this sample was about 690 . the concentration of pendant groups derived from the ionomeric monomer and the vinyl ether monomer is about 20 %. an aqueous mini - emulsion was prepared by pre - mixing and homogenization of a mixture containing 1650 grams of deionized water , and 50 grams of 20 % by weight of ammonium perfluoro octanoate ( ammonium salt of perfluoro octanoic acid ) aqueous solution , and 160 grams of cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf ( cf 3 )— o — cf 2 cf 2 — so 2 f monomer and 40 grams of fluorinert ® fc - 77 ( a perfluorinated hydrocarbon , manufactured by 3m ), and 2 . 5 grams of cf 2 ═ cf — o — cf 2 cf 2 cf 2 — o — cf ═ cf 2 , prepared as described in example 1 . in a 4 - liter pressure reactor , the aqueous mini - emulsion was added to the reactor . then , the reactor was evacuated three times and purged each time with tetrafluoroethylene gas . the oxygen content of the aqueous solution was about 13 ppm immediately prior to admitting the tetrafluoroethylene gas . the reactor agitation speed was set at 700 rpm throughout the reaction . the aqueous mini - emulsion was heated from its jacket to a temperature about 70 degrees c . then , tetrafluoroethylene gas was introduced to the pressure reactor and the pressure was raised to about 0 . 5 mpa . about 0 . 1 gram of ammonium persulfate pre - dissolved in 400 ml of deionized water was pumped into the reactor to start the reaction . the reaction temperature was maintained between 69 and 71 degrees c . the tetrafluoroethylene pressure was maintained at a relatively constant pressure between 0 . 45 and 0 . 51 mpa for the first 3 hours of reaction , with continuous charge of tetrafluoroethylene gas to the reactor to compensate for the consumption of tetrafluoroethylene for copolymerization . after the 3 hours of polymerization reaction , the tetrafluoroethylene supply was stopped , and the reaction continued without more charge of tetrafluoroethylene to the reactor . the reaction pressure went down gradually from 0 . 47 mpa to 0 . 31 mpa in about 1 hour . then , the reaction temperature was lowered to below 50 degrees c . and the reaction system was evacuated to atmosphere . the reaction yielded an aqueous dispersion of about 2 . 30 kg . the total polymer obtained by precipitation and isolation was about 5 . 0 % by weight of the dispersion product . the final polymer was calculated to contain about 2 . 2 % by weight ( 1 . 29 mole %) of the divinyl ether compound , assuming complete incorporation of the divinyl monomer into the polymer . the equivalent weight of this sample was about 710 . the concentration of pendant groups derived from the ionomeric monomer and the vinyl ether monomer is about 19 %. a membrane was formed from the fluorinated ionomeric co - polymer product of example 2 using the film formation procedure described above . the equivalent weight , degree of hydration and room temperature conductivity of this film was measured according to the procedures described above . the results are presented in table 1 . a membrane was formed from the fluorinated ionomeric co - polymer product of example 2 using the film formation procedure described above except that the films were pressed using a temperature of 120 degrees c . instead of 165 degrees c . the equivalent weight , degree of hydration and ionic conductivity of this film was measured according to the procedures described above . the results are presented in table 1 . comparing the results of example 5 and 6 show that the film formation method does not substantially effect the properties of the resultant membrane . a nafion ® 112 membrane was purchased from du pont co . it was tested as received to determine the equivalent weight and hydration . the conductivity was tested as described above except two measurements at 30 and 60 minutes were made in the machine direction on one piece of film , and a third measurement at 90 minutes was made in the transverse direction of a second piece of film . no significant different was observed between the conductivity of the two directions as expected from prior literature [ see , for example , g . blumenthal , m . cappadonia , m . lehman , “ investigation of the proton transport in nafion ® membranes as a function of direction , temperature and relative humidity ”, ionics , volume 2 , pg . 102 - 106 ( 1996 )]. the room temperature ionic conductivity was measured as described above and the reported room temperature ionic conductivity is the average of these three measurements ( table 1 ). the high temperature ionic conductivity was measured as described above except the ionomer that was brushed on the gdm was nafion 1100 instead of that described above . the conductivity and hydration results are consistent with those widely reported in the literature for this commercial material [ see , for example , t . zawodinski , c . derouin , s . radzinski , r . sherman , v . smith , t . springer and s . gottesfeld , journal of the electrochemical society , volume 140 , no . 4 , 1041 - 1047 ( 1993 )], confirming that the measurement technique is satisfactory . the data from table 1 in wo 00 / 52060 for equivalent weights 1100 , 980 , 834 and 785 is reported directly as comparative example b , c , d , and e , respectively . comparative example f in table 1 reports the data directly from inventive example 9 of wo 00 / 52060 . the conductivity and water uptake reported in wo 00 / 52060 were obtained using essentially the same procedure as that used here , so the data is directly comparable to the example 5 and 6 . the conductivity is substantially higher , and the degree of hydration substantially lower for the instant inventions of this application relative to the prior art of these comparative examples . a sample was prepared according to the procedure given in example 1 of co - pending application to wu , et . al ., entitled low equivalent weight ionomers . a membrane was formed from this polymer using the procedure described above . this membrane was very fragile compared to those in example 5 and 6 . the equivalent weight , degree of hydration and room temperature conductivity of this membrane were measured ( table 1 ). the equivalent weight of this comparative example is approximately the same as the instant invention illustrated in examples 5 and 6 . these results show that for a given equivalent weight , the instant invention of this application has improved physical stability when hydrated , a substantially higher conductivity and a substantially lower degree of hydration compared to the prior art illustrated in this comparative example . a sample was prepared according to the procedure described in example 2 of co - pending application to wu et . al ., entitled low equivalent weight ionomers . a membrane of this polymer was prepared as described above . this polymer was found to have an equivalent weight of 810 and a degree of hydration of 42 . 3 %. the high temperature conductivity of this sample was measured , and compared to that of example 6 , and comparative example a . results show that the conductivity of the inventive polymer disclosed here is higher under all measured conditions than both of the comparative examples . a sample was prepared according to the procedure described in example 5 of co - pending application to wu et . al ., entitled low equivalent weight ionomers . this polymer was found to have an equivalent weight of 838 and a degree of hydration of 36 . 7 %. membrane electrode assemblies ( meas ) were made and tested to demonstrate the utility of instant invention for use in fuel cells . two corresponding comparative examples were also prepared . the first , comparative example j , used a commercially available mea similar to the ones prepared here . the second mea , comparative example k , was prepared using the ionomer of comparative example i . comparative example k and example 7 were prepared in the same way , except using different ionomers , the former from comparative example h , the latter from example 2 . the meas of these two samples were prepared for testing as follows : the ionomer in its hydrolyzed and acidified form was first solubilized in ethanol to form a solution containing 10 % ionomer . this solution was then impregnated into a 22 . 5 micron thick support of eptfe according to the teachings of bahar , et . al . in u . s . pat . no . re37 , 307 . the eptfe was fixed in a 10 - in embroidery hoop . the ionomer solution was painted on both sides of the eptfe and then dried with a hair drier to remove the solvent . the painting and drying steps were repeated 2 more times . the eptfe and the embroidery hoop were then placed into a solvent oven at 180 ° c . for 8 minutes . the sample was then removed and allowed to cool to room temperature . one more coat of ionomer solution was painted on both sides . the sample was placed back into the oven at 180 ° c . for 8 minutes . the sample was then removed from the oven and taken off of the embroidery hoop . the eptfe / ionomer composite membrane was transparent , indicating substantially complete impregnation of the support by the ionomer . an electrode containing 0 . 4 mg pt / cm 2 and available from w . l . gore & amp ; associates , inc . as part of its mea bearing the designation primea ® 5510 ( available from japan gore - tex inc ., japan ) was laminated to both sides of the composite membrane . the electrode was first laid down over an 0008 inch thick eptfe bottom sheet . the composite membrane was then laid down over the electrode , and another electrode was laid down over the membrane . then a 0 . 005 inch thick eptfe top sheet was laid down over the electrode . the assembly was pressed at 160 ° c . at 15 tons of pressure for 3 minutes , then the top and bottom eptfe sheets were peeled off and discarded . comparative example j used a primea ® membrane electrode assembly series 5510 , commercially available w . l . gore and associates . this assembly used the same electrodes as in example 7 and comparative example k and a similar eptfe reinforcement in the electrolyte . the only substantive difference between example 7 and comparative example i and j , then , was the ionomer in the electrolyte . cells using the three meas were assembled anode side first . a silicone - coated fiberglass gasket 0 . 007 inches thick with an inner window of 52 . 5 cm 2 was first placed down on top of a quadruple serpentine graphite anode flow field available from fuel cell technologies ( 50 cm 2 , 8 bolt fuel cell test hardware available from fuel cell technologies was used ). on top of the silicone - coated fiberglass gasket was placed a 0 . 0012 inch thick ol - 12 spacer ( mylar film available from dupont ) with an inner window of 52 . 5 cm 2 aligned with the inner window of the silicone - coated fiberglass gasket . next , a single - sided elat gas diffusion media ( gdm ) available from e - tek , having a 52 cm 2 area and being about 0 . 014 to 0 . 015 inches thick , was placed inside the inner windows of the silicone - coated fiberglass gasket and the spacer with the carbon side facing up . next , a 0 . 0012 inch thick ol - 12 sub - gasket having an inner window of 45 cm 2 was placed on top of the gdm , followed by the mea . this gasket reduced the active area of the cell to 0 . 45 cm 2 . the above steps were repeated in the opposite order on top of the mea . once an mea “ sandwich ” was created , a cathode flow field ( same as the anode flow field described above ) was placed on top . the bolts were lubricated with krytox grease ( available from dupont ) and tightened in a star pattern in 5 in - lb bolt increments until each bolt achieved 75 in - lb of torque . the components used yielded an active area compression of 150 to 200 psi . the test station used was a globe tech gas unit with a scribner 890 load . three - liter humidification bottles were used on the anode and cathode , and all lines coming into the cell were heat traced ( heated along their length ). once the cell was hooked up to the test station , the fuel gasses were applied ( h 2 on anode at 1 . 3 stoichiometry and air on cathode at 2 . 0 stoichiometry ). the cell was then set to 60 ° c . and both the anode and cathode bottles were set to 60 ° c . as well . the back pressure was kept at 0 psig on both sides . once the temperatures came up to their respective set points , an automatic cycling program was run to “ break in ” the cell . the conditions for this cycling program are set forth in table 3 . subsequent to finishing the cycling in table 3 , the cell was set to 80 ° c . cell temperature , 83 ° c . anode humidification , 51 ° c . cathode humidification , and 7 psig back pressure on both the anode and cathode . this yielded an anode inlet relative humidity ( rh ) of 75 % and a cathode inlet rh of 25 %, assuming the anode humidifiers are 65 % efficient and the cathode humidifiers are 85 % efficient . once the temperatures and pressures reached their respective set points , an automatic “ sensitivity protocol ” was begun to test the mea at various humidities . the “ sensitivity protocol ” is a program designed to determine how an mea will respond to changing humidity conditions . it is particularly designed to show the effects of cell operation in relatively dry conditions . the protocol shown in table 4 was followed . for each set of humidity conditions in table 4 , the cell was operated for two hours at a constant current density of 800 ma / cm 2 . the voltage during this time was recorded , and the mean of this two - hour voltage - time data was calculated and recorded . following the two - hour constant current hold , a polarization curve was recorded ( not reported here ). the polarization curve was obtained by measuring the steady state voltage after 10 or 20 minutes ( longer time for dry cathode conditions ) following sequential steps to each of the following current densities : 0 . 8 , 1 . 0 , 1 . 2 , 1 . 4 a / cm 2 . then the current density was stepped to 0 . 8 a / cm 2 and the open circuit voltage ( i . e ., no load applied to the cell ) was measured after 1 . 5 minutes . then the rest of the polarization curve was obtained by measuring the steady state voltage after 10 or 20 minutes ( longer time for dry cathode conditions ) following sequential steps to 0 . 6 , 0 . 4 , 0 . 2 a / cm 2 . finally , the steady state voltage was measured after 5 or 13 minutes ( longer time for dry cathode condition ) at 0 . 1 a / cm 2 . the temperatures of the anode and cathode humidity bottles were then changed to the next condition shown in table 4 to achieve the next rh conditions . an 800 ma / cm 2 constant current was applied , the voltage - time data recorded , a mean voltage calculated , and a polarization curve taken as before . this procedure was repeated for each step in protocol shown in table 4 . the average voltages observed for cells made from the inventive ionomers when tested under all 5 humidity conditions in table 4 are significantly greater than the voltages previously obtainable using ionomers such as those used in comparative example j and k . the dramatic improvement obtained using the present invention under the conditions below 100 % rh demonstrates the utility of the ionomer when it comprises part of an mea . in order to demonstrate the significant differences between the inventive ionomeric polymer , a dynamic mechanical analysis ( dma ) study was undertaken . films were prepared as described above , except the starting polymer was in the sulfonyl fluoride form instead of the acid form . thin films formed from the polymer product described in example 1 , 2 and comparative example g were prepared . these films were tested using a standard strain controlled rheometer as described below , with the results herein described as examples 8 , 9 and comparative example l , respectively . the dynamic mechanical response was tested on a rheometrics scientific ares ls - m rheometer ( piscataway , n . j .) using the standard time - temperature superposition approach , as described in many standard texts on polymer viscoelasticity , for example , in j . d ferry , viscoelastic properties of polymers , 3 rd edition , j . wiley & amp ; son , 1980 . specifically , 25 mm diameter solid thin films of ˜ 1 - 2 mm thickness were tested in a parallel plate geometry in a nitrogen atmosphere . frequency sweeps between 0 . 1 and 100 rad / s were taken at 20 degree c . intervals at 5 % strain for temperatures below 70 degrees c ., and 10 % strain for temperatures above 90 degrees c . the minimum and maximum temperatures were adjusted from sample to sample so that the data was within the range of the instrument transducer . for the three samples tested in these examples , the minimum temperatures were 30 , 30 , and 10 degrees c . for examples 8 , 9 and comparative example l , respectively ; while the maximum temperatures were 150 , 150 , and 90 degrees c . the data from each temperature was reduced to a single master curve referenced at 30 degrees c . using the rheometrics scientific orchestrator software , version 6 . 5 . 6 . the results , plotted in fig3 in terms of the complex viscosity as a function of shear rate , show that the inventive polymers described herein have a significantly higher viscosity at low shear rates . without being bound by any particular theory , these results are consistent with ( though not conclusive proof of ) the presence of long chain branching in the inventive materials . | 8 |
the type of electric arc furnace in which the present invention is involved is well known in the art , and therefore as to the construction of the furnace , only the roof assembly will be described with the specificity required to understand the invention . in the drawings the same numbers designate similar components . referring first to fig1 and 2 , there is shown a roof assembly 10 supported by sidewalls 12 shown in phantom of a shell of an electric arc furnace . in the usual procedure , electrodes 14 ( one of which is numbered ) are lowered down into the interior of the furnace from above the roof through openings or ports 16 in the roof assembly 10 . these ports 16 are formed by circular sector shaped roof panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 having an arcuate base 24 ( fig2 ) and which sectors or segments 18 , 20 , 22 are made of iron and / or steel and have passageways for carrying coolant similar to those panels disclosed in the above &# 39 ; 348 patent and which as particularly shown in fig2 come together at a point location 26 to completely close the top of the roof assembly 10 . as illustrated in fig2 the joining line between segments 18 and 20 is shown at 28 ; that between segments 20 and 22 is shown at 30 ; and that between segments 22 and 18 is shown at 32 . fig1 shows along these joining boundary lines 28 , 30 , and 32 , rib elements 34 which are formed along opposite longitudinal edges of the panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 when these segments are cast or fabricated . rib elements 34 protrude upwardly and abut that of its neighboring panel segment whereby several bolts 36 secure rib elements 34 together . toward the terminus of each pair of cooperating rib elements 34 for two neighboring panel segments toward the center area of roof assembly 10 is a member 38 forming port 16 in the roof for receiving electrode 14 . along the longitudinal edges of each panel segment 18 , 20 , 22 is an arcuate indentation 39 of an 180 ° radius whose cooperation with an indentation of its neighboring panel segment forms port 16 , into which member 38 extends , ( fig8 ). member 38 can either be cast or fired refractory sleeve extending beyond the inner surface of the panel segments to form a thermal and electrical insulating barrier between the segments 18 , 20 , 22 and the electrodes 14 . rigidity is given to roof assembly 10 by a brace member 40 centrally located in each panel segment 18 , 20 , 22 , which brace member 40 extends from the outermost periphery of its respective panel segment toward the center of the roof where it branches off into a &# 34 ; y &# 34 ; configuration whose legs are each connected to opposing arcuate indentations 39 . as can be seen in fig1 brace members 40 form a triangle or a delta area which encompasses the electrode ports 16 . inwardly of the delta area and outwardly from where the three panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 converge at point 26 are brace members 42 ( shown in fig2 ), each spanning opposed ports 16 . the center area where point 26 is located is formed by a portion of each rib element 34 ( fig1 ) extending beyond arcuate indentation 39 . as fig1 , and 3 particularly show , panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 are arranged in a flat or horizontal attitude and are supported by ring means 44 which encircles the outer periphery of roof assembly 10 . as best seen in fig2 ring means 44 is comprised of a number of arcuate ring sectors 46 , and ring member 48 , as particularly shown in fig4 , and 6 . as seen in fig2 , and 6 , each arcuate sector 46 is fastened to ring member 48 of ring means 44 , at connection means 50 . in fig6 connection means 50 has an ear 52 protruding through an opening in ring member 48 , which ear 52 receives a bolt extending through a washer 54 and brace plate 56 . as fig3 shows , brace plate 56 spans elongated members 58 located along the outside of ring member 48 , which is a fabricated structural member , and having several such elongated members 58 . ring member 48 with arcuate ring sectors 46 are supported on the sidewalls 12 of the furnace shell . as particularly seen in fig4 pipes 60 protrude through member 48 and extend into arcuate ring sector 46 , which pipes 60 through suitable means are connected to pipe means 74 located on and around outer ring means 44 , and which are further connected to those pipes shown leading into the channels or passageways existing in panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 for circulating the cooling medium through the components of roof assembly 10 , including the delta area and extending near juncture 26 . as mentioned above , each circular sector 18 , 20 , 22 is connected to its adjacent sector by bolts 36 . fig7 shows one such bolt 36 extending through a collared sleeve 62 spanning a pair of rib elements 34 of adjoining panel sectors 18 and 20 . needless to say , each bolt 36 is mounted in sectors 18 and 20 similar to that shown in fig7 and carries nut 37 at its one end . in order to decrease or eliminate electric arcing , thermal and electrical insulation packing means 64 is provided between rib elements 34 . the type of material for the thermal and electrical insulation may be one of those available in the market . washers 66 , collars 68 , and sleeve 62 are also made of an electrically insulating material well - known in the industry . in fig1 and 5 , panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 are supported by arcuate ring sectors 46 of outer ring means 44 and held by fastening means which consists of an extension member 70 extending upwardly from ring member 48 of outer ring 44 . extension member 70 has a plate 72 cantileverly extending over panel segment 18 and is adjusted relative to panel segment 18 by bolts inserted through plate 72 and extension member 70 . conduits 74 carrying coolant to and from the metal components of roof assembly 10 are supported around the outer periphery of roof assembly 10 by a number of brackets 76 mounted on outer ring member 48 , as particularly seen in fig6 . as stated earlier , and with reference to fig8 member 38 has a sleeve and a collar , both of an insulating material . the opposed arcuate indentations 39 of each panel segment 18 - 22 cooperating with that of the adjacent panel segment to form port 16 has an upward portion 78 supporting member 38 . referring again to fig1 panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 have conduit connections only one of which is numbered 80 extending from their upper surface . as is apparent , these conduits 80 are connected through suitable conduit connecting means to the outer conduits 74 encircling the perimeter of roof assembly 10 and supported by outer ring means 44 . as mentioned earlier and as evidenced by conduits 80 , each panel segment 18 , 20 , 22 has passageways for conveying water through the main roof section , and these passageways may be formed during the casting or fabrication of the circular panel segments 18 - 22 , such as disclosed in some of the above mentioned patents . these passageways are such as to extend in the portion of the panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 forming the traditionally known &# 34 ; delta area &# 34 ; of roof assembly 10 thereby permitting cooling of the electrode area . assemblage of the components of roof assembly 10 is done in a conventional manner on the plant floor and is lifted by means such as handles 82 ( fig3 ) as a unit in the usual manner by an overhead crane and placed on the sidewalls 12 of the furnace , where panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 are in a flat position . as alluded to and as shown in the figures , this flat disposition of panel segments or sectors 18 , 20 , 22 with the height of ring means 44 spaces roof assembly 10 away from the interior of the furnace where the roof components are less exposed to the harsh environment caused by the heats of the furnace thus prolonging the life of roof assembly 10 and in particular segments 18 - 22 . since very little refractory material exists in the roof assembly 10 , roof assembly 10 is free from critical refractory areas which upon erosion thereof would result in a total or partial collapse of the roof . the type of insulation packing in ports 16 of the roof assembly 10 provides both electrical insulation to prohibit arcing between the panel segments 18 , 20 , 22 , and the electrodes ; and also some thermal insulation to protect the roof components from the extreme heat conditions of the electrodes . the height for ring means 44 would be dependent upon such variables as scrap charging capacity , electrode cooling and overhead restrictions in the plant where the furnace is located . in most cases , this dimension would be comparable to the highest elevational point of the inner surface in a dome - shaped roof of the present day designs . roof assembly 10 of the present invention shown in fig1 - 3 where segments 18 , 20 , 22 are in a flat disposition has particular application in a furnace having a maximum diameter of twelve feet . a furnace having a greater diameter may use with little or no modifications roof assembly 10 as a delta area instead of the main roof section as described herein . while the present invention has been disclosed in connection with the preferred embodiment thereof , it should be understood that there may be other embodiments which fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , i have explained the principle and operation of my invention , and have illustrated and described what i consider to represent the best embodiment thereof . | 5 |
referring first to fig1 of the drawings , therein illustrated is an exit sign generally designated by the numeral 10 . the exit sign 10 is mountable to both a canopy bracket ( not shown ) and a standard electrical junction box ( not shown ) in a manner explained in copending u . s . patent application ser . no . 07 / 925 , 313 , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 272 , 605 , entitled canopy mounting device for exit signs and the like . with this arrangement , the exit sign construction of this invention can be mounted directly to a standard electrical junction box found in a ceiling or wall of a building in any desired location . the exit sign 10 comprises a central rectangularly shaped frame 12 with front and back cover members 14 and 16 , at least one of which incorporates a large stencil 18 having the letters &# 34 ; exit &# 34 ; in the major surface thereof and a colored plastic diffuser 20 therebehind . the central rectangularly shaped frame 12 and the front and back cover members 14 and 16 are snap - fit together and cooperate to form a housing having an enclosure 22 containing the necessary internal electrical lighting components . the front and back covers 14 , 16 can use a plurality of finger clips ( not shown ) to hold them in assembly with the central rectangularly shaped frame 12 . the exit sign 10 is preferably molded from a plastic resin such as an engineering type thermoplastic such as abs , polycarbonate or polyphelyene oxide but it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that they may be manufactured from other suitable materials . the enclosure 22 of the exit sign 10 is divided into a wiring compartment 24 and a lighting compartment 26 by a retaining wall 28 which extends around the interior sides and top of the central rectangularly shaped frame 12 . in a manner explained further hereinafter , the wiring compartment 24 contains an appropriate wiring harness 30 and battery power pack module 32 for powering two 1 - watt direct current light emitting diode lighting devices 34 held by standard screw type lamp sockets 36 extending downwardly into the lighting compartment 26 from an upper part of the retaining wall 28 . referring to fig2 - 4 taken in conjunction with fig1 each of the light emitting diode lighting devices 34 has an elongated plastic housing 38 having a pair of parallel legs 40 extending from one side thereof which each have an elongated slot 42 defined therein . positioned between the legs 40 is a moveable wedge member 44 having pins 46 on either end thereof . the pins 46 mount in the elongated slots 42 to permit the wedge member 44 to move toward and away from the plastic housing 38 and rotate around the axis of the pins 46 as illustrated in fig3 . inside the elongated plastic housing 38 is a printed circuit board 48 with a plurality of light emitting diodes 50 thereon . the light emitting diodes 50 are positioned to extend toward the wedge member 44 from a plurality of apertures 52 in a pedestal portion 54 of the elongated plastic housing 38 . the wedge member 44 is designed to direct light rays 56 from the light emitting diodes 50 in an appropriate illumination pattern as shown in fig5 - 6 to provide full illumination for the stencil 18 . through cooperation of the pins 46 and the slots 42 , the wedge member 44 can be rotated and also moved toward and away from the light emitting diodes 50 to make appropriate adjustments to the illumination pattern for the stencil 18 . the plastic housing 38 and the wedge member 44 are made of or coated with a reflective material so as to provide the proper amount of illumination . as illustrated in fig1 and 5 - 6 , in order for light rays from the light emitting diode lighting devices 34 to evenly illuminate the stencil 18 when they pass through the diffuser 20 , the light emitting diode lighting devices 34 with the light emitting diodes 50 therein have to face one another . to obtain this type of alignment , the light emitting diode lighting devices 34 are provided with mounting base assemblies 58 ( one shown in fig4 ) which permit adjustment of the elongated rectangular plastic housings 38 relative to the mounting base assemblies 58 once the assemblies 58 are fully inserted and tightened into their respective screw - type lamp sockets 36 . the adjustment of the elongated rectangular plastic housings 38 relative to the mounting base assemblies 58 is described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 416 , 679 , entitled mounting base assembly for a lighting device used in an exit sign by inventors charles r . ruskouski and james j . burnes , which is hereby incorporated by reference , particularly , fig3 and 4 and the description thereof . turning now to fig7 and 7a taken in conjunction with fig1 to power the light emitting diode lighting devices 34 , the utility power ( 120 vac ) is provided to the wiring harness 30 through electrical leads ( not shown ) which extend into an electrical junction box ( not shown ) found in the ceiling or wall of the building . the battery power pack module 32 is electrically connected to the wiring harness 30 and incorporates a battery charger and converter circuit 60 . the circuit 60 is designed in a manner well known to those skilled in the art to rectify the utility power into direct current and charge an auxiliary rechargeable battery pack 62 . the circuit 60 also is designed to switch between the primary alternating current power supply and the emergency direct power supply provided by the rechargeable battery pack if the alternating current power supply fails as would be the case during a utility power outage . during normal operation , utility power on the wiring harness 30 energizes the light emitting diodes 50 and maintains a charge on the battery pack 62 and , during emergency operation when the utility power fails , the battery pack 62 energizes the light emitting diodes 50 until utility power resumes on the wiring harness 30 . when the utility power is supplied on the wiring harness 30 , the alternating current is first passed through a current limiting resistor r1 and capacitor c1 and is then passed through a bridge circuit br1 which rectifies the alternating current into direct current . if the utility power fails , the current in the capacitor c1 discharges through the resistor r1 to prevent electrical shocks . the direct current from the bridge circuit br1 initially flows through a zener diode d1 and energizes a coil k1 for closing contacts ca and cb and opening contacts cc and cd so that the battery pack 62 is connected in series with the coil k1 and the light emitting diodes 50 , which are electrically connected in series , parallel or series parallel to one another . this maintains the closure of the contacts ca and cb , charges the battery pack 62 and energizes the light emitting diodes 50 . at this point , no current flows through the zener diode d1 . when the utility power is not supplied on the wiring harness 30 , the coil k1 is deenergized , which opens the contacts ca and cb and closes the contacts cc and cd . this causes the battery pack 62 to discharge through a boost regulator circuit 64 ( shown in detail in fig9 a ) which boosts the battery voltage to a level sufficient to operate the light emitting diodes 50 . for example , when the utility power is off , the direct current flows from the positive side of the battery pack 62 through the contact cc , into point a and out point b of the boost regulator circuit 64 , where the output voltage vb is greater than the input voltage va . the direct current then flows through the light emitting diodes 50 , which are electrically connected across points b and c as shown , into point c and out point d of the boost regulator circuit 64 , through the contact cd and back to the negative side of the battery pack 62 . the boost regulator circuit 64 is well known in the art and one example is shown in fig7 a . it has an input voltage va coupled to pin 1 of a dc - to - dc converter ic1 and to one side of an inductor l1 . the other side of the inductor l1 is coupled to a drain of a fet transistor q1 having its gate coupled to pin 6 and its source coupled to ground . a schottky diode d3 is connected between the drain of the fet transistor q1 and an output voltage vb . in operation , the direct current passes into the boost regulator circuit 64 at point a discharges through the inductor l1 and the diodes d2 and d3 , and passes from the boost regulator circuit 64 at point b to the light emitting diodes 50 . the inductor l1 , the dc - to - dc converter ic1 , the fet transistor q1 , the diodes d2 and d3 combined to boost the output voltage vb so it is greater than the input voltage va needed to provide the direct current to the light emitting diodes 50 . upon return from the light emitting diodes 50 , the direct current passes into the boost regulator circuit 64 at point c , through a resistor r2 and passes from the boost regulator circuit 64 at point d . from there , the direct current passes through the contact cd and back to the negative side of the battery pack 62 to complete the circuit . the zener diode d4 fixes the voltage at pin 5 of the dc - to - dc converter ic1 . a capacitor c4 filters out undesirable voltage surges at point c of the boost regulator circuit 64 , pin 3 is a ground connection for the convertor ic1 and pin 8 is grounded since it is not being used . turning now to fig8 - 10 , therein is illustrated an alternative mounting arrangement for the electronic circuitry of the present invention . in this alternative arrangement , essentially all components are identical to the arrangement in fig1 - 7a and like components have been designated with like reference numerals except for the addition of the reference character a . as shown in fig8 a circuit board 48a is mounted inside an elongated plastic housing 38a and incorporates an appropriate battery charger and converter 60a designed in a manner well known to those skilled in the art ( see fig7 and 7a ) to rectify the alternating current and to charge an auxiliary rechargeable battery pack 62a as well as to switch between the primary alternating current power supply and the emergency direct power supply provided by the rechargeable battery pack 62a if the alternating current power supply fails as would be the case during a utility power outage . the rechargeable battery pack 62a is also arranged inside the elongated plastic housing 38a . as shown in fig9 with two light emitting diode lighting devices 34a , each having their own circuit 60a and battery pack 62a , the battery power pack module 32 of fig1 can be eliminated . turning now to fig1 - 15 , therein is illustrated a second embodiment of the light emitting diode lighting device of the present invention . in this second embodiment , essentially all components are identical to the arrangement in fig1 - 7a and like components have been designated with like reference numerals except for the addition of the reference character b . the difference between the first and second embodiments is the substitution of a parabola member 66 for the wedge member 44 . as shown in fig1 , the parabola member 66 is moveable in the same manner as the wedge member 44 . referring to fig1 - 15 , in order to accommodate the different reflective capabilities of the parabola member 66 verses the wedge member 44 , the light emitting diode lighting devices 34b are aligned with their light emitting diodes 50b pointing away from one another . light rays 56b captured in the parabola members 66 are directed to illuminate the stencils 18b . with regard to powering the light emitting diode lighting device 34b , it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the second embodiment can be powered in the same manner as the first embodiment , i . e ., externally with battery pack module ( fig7 and 7a ) or internally ( fig8 ). it will therefore be seen from the above that the present invention provides an effective light emitting diode lighting device within an exit sign . the exit sign using the light emitting diode lighting devices has the same amount of illumination as found in exit signs using traditional incandescent lamps while at the same time greatly reducing power consumption . it will thus be seen that the objects set forth above , among those made apparent from the preceding description , are efficiently attained and , since certain changes may be made in the above product without departing from the scope of the invention , it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense . it is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described , and all statements of the invention which , as a matter of language , might be the to fall therebetween . | 5 |
plasma processing has been used extensively in the semiconductor industry for growth of thin film materials and dry etching . the plasma is able to generate chemically active species at low temperature since the plasma is in a non - equilibrium state . the temperature of the plasma ( chemical species ) is generally near ambient . the electron energy ( not thermal energy ) is quite high , however , and can break molecular bonds , creating ionic species . one feature of a plasma is that chemical reactions which occur only at high temperatures can be made to occur at lower temperatures in the presence of a plasma . in fig1 there is shown a schematic of a plasma based soldering apparatus within a plasma chamber 10 . either a barrel ( tube ) or planar reactor can be used , and the plasma 18 generated by several means . examples include radio frequency ( rf ) or direct current ( dc ) generation . in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention , a barrel plasma rf version is described , with rf source 16 connected between first electrode 14 and electrical ground 30 . second electrode 12 is opposite first electrode 14 in plasma chamber 10 and the second electrode 12 is connected to electrical ground 30 . rf source 16 can be a 500 watt ( w ) peak rf power generator operating at 13 . 56 megahertz ( mhz ). the rf source 16 can be located outside of plasma chamber 10 , while the first electrode 14 , second electrode 12 , plasma 18 , unshielded components 22 , shielded component 24 , shield 26 , and substrate 28 are located inside the plasma chamber 10 . rf source 16 excites plasma 18 , which is contained in the volume between the first electrode 12 and the second electrode 14 . rf source 16 creates a changing electromagnetic field in the region between the first electrode 12 and the second electrode 14 , which causes ionization of the plasma gases and an increase in kinetic energy in the plasma ions 20 . the interior of the plasma chamber 10 can be at a pressure of approximately 127 pascal ( pa ), i . e . about 0 . 95 torr . a standard mechanical pump is capable of maintaining this vacuum , with no special pumps to achieve a higher vacuum , such as cryopumps or turbomolecular pumps required . plasma 18 can be made from forming gas , containing approximately 10 % hydrogen and 90 % nitrogen . the mixture should contain more than 5 % hydrogen to enable tin - lead solder to wet the substrate 28 and / or unshielded components 22 to be soldered . while increased concentrations of hydrogen would also serve the desired function , the use of pure hydrogen gas creates a safety concern as pure hydrogen gas is explosive . special equipment , such as alarms and burn - off apparatus , are required for using pure hydrogen gas . mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen are flammable at hydrogen concentrations above 15 %. the use of forming gas with 10 % hydrogen and 90 % nitrogen requires no special safety precautions . similarly , no fluorinated gas plasma is used . a plasma chamber 10 with a glass lining could be damaged with extensive use of a fluorinated gas plasma . the rf source 16 excitation of the plasma 18 creates energetic plasma ions 20 in the zone of the plasma sheath 19 . the plasma ions 20 impinge on unshielded components 22 and shielded component 24 . shield 26 covers shielded component 24 and prevents the plasma ions 20 from reaching shielded component 24 . shield 26 may be of any geometry to cover shielded component 24 . shield 26 can be composed of glass , aluminous ceramic , or any material known to act as an rf shield . both shielded component 24 and unshielded components 22 are mounted on substrate 28 . substrate 28 is located adjacent to electrode 12 , in the region between first electrode 10 and second electrode 12 . in operation , the plasma ions 20 are not reactive enough to perform etching except on some materials such as photoresist . the surfaces 23 and 25 of unshielded components 22 and substrate 28 , respectively , exposed to the impinging plasma ions 20 , absorb the impinging plasma ions 20 , react with the impurities on surfaces 23 and 25 , and desorb the products of the reactions . surfaces 23 and 25 , cleaned by impinging plasma ions 20 , are thereby raised in surface energy , resulting in a reduced wetting angle for good continuous uniform flow of solder during solder reflowing . the time for the soldering procedure can take on the order of one minute to evacuate the plasma chamber 10 . approximately seven or eight minutes can be required to energize the plasma ions 20 to the point where cleaning of surfaces 23 and 25 and solder reflow occur . shielded component 24 is protected from plasma ion 20 bombardment by the physical barrier of shield 26 . in addition , the rf - shielding nature of shield 26 prevents plasma ion 20 excitation in the volume enclosed by the covering of shield 26 , i . e ., the space immediately surrounding shielded component 24 . in fig2 there is shown unshielded component 22 undergoing plasma based soldering . unshielded component 22 comprises gold - plated polyetherimide ( pei ) baseplate 32 and teflon - glass printed wiring board ( pwb ) 36 . gold - plated pei baseplate 32 comprises gold - plated posts 34 protruding from one surface . teflon - glass pwb 36 contains holes through which the gold - plated posts 34 are inserted so that pei baseplate 32 and teflon - glass pwb 36 are immediately adjacent to one another . a gold - plated pad 38 lines each hole in teflon - glass pwb 36 through which a gold - plated post 34 passes . each gold - plated pad 38 has a collar slightly larger than the diameter of the hole in teflon - glass pwb 36 through which each gold - plated post 34 passes . each gold - plated post 34 protrudes beyond the surface of teflon - glass pwb 36 opposite the surface of teflon - glass pwb 36 immediately adjacent to pei baseplate 32 . each gold - plated post 34 can be used for later electrical connections . fluxless solder preform 40 , which can be in the form of a solder preform in a doughnut shape with the diameter of the interior doughnut hole sufficient to accommodate gold - plated post 34 , can be placed over gold - plated post 34 to rest on the collar of gold - plated pad 38 . while plasma ions 20 impinge on unshielded component 22 and provide impurity removal and deoxidizing , energy of plasma ions 20 also is absorbed by fluxless solder preform 40 . when the kinetic energy of the plasma ions 20 or rf energy has raised the fluxless solder preform 40 to the liquidus temperature , fluxless solder preform 40 melts , and solder flows vigorously over both the gold - plated posts 34 , the gold - plated pad 38 , and the teflon - glass pwb 36 . after solder reflowing , the solder bond 42 , a high integrity solder connection , is formed . soldering quality is strongly influenced by wetting angle which depends on the cleanliness of the surfaces being soldered . by cleaning surfaces 23 and 25 in fig1 at the same time soldering is performed , the need for flux is eliminated . in addition , this method allows a soldering operation to be performed when using materials which cannot withstand being heated to soldering temperature . in the particular embodiment of unshielded component 22 in fig2 the pei baseplate 32 will deform if subjected to a temperature above 212 degrees celsius . for liquidus temperature of a typical tin - lead solder at 179 degrees celsius , a temperature of 200 to 220 degrees celsius would be required in standard methods to successfully solder ( due to the thermal mass of objects being soldered ). thus , standard soldering could easily harm the pei baseplate 32 . since only those surfaces exposed to the forming gas atmosphere and rf excitation are subject to the plasma ion 20 bombardment , heating by the plasma ions 20 can only occur directly on surfaces 23 and 25 . because of the directional nature of the plasma ions 20 , sensitive areas can be protected by covering them with another material , such as the shield 26 . the only way for shielded component 24 to be heated is by conduction through substrate 28 or through the shield 26 . before heat by conduction has significantly heated shielded component 24 , however , unshielded parts 22 will have been soldered and the substrate 28 with shielded component 24 and unshielded components 22 removed from the plasma chamber 10 . the difference in temperature between that which shielded component 24 and unshielded components 22 are subjected is dependent on the size , composition , and mass of the shield 26 . a plasma based soldering apparatus and method has been described which overcomes specific problems and accomplishes certain advantages relative to prior art methods and mechanisms . the improvements over known technology are significant . first , no flux is required for soldering , and thus no cleaning of flux residues after soldering is required . high quality , reliable solder connections result . second , cleaning is performed at the same time as soldering , minimizing steps and complexity . third , components which cannot withstand heating to soldering temperature or cleaning of residual flux can be soldered with this method . the technique is thus suitable for use where temperature sensitivity would otherwise be a problem . fourth , no independent heat source ( such as infrared ) is required . since the plasma is the source of heating , thermal overshoot is not likely as heating stops once the plasma is turned off . fifth , no special cooling mechanisms or high vacuum systems are required , again promoting simplicity and reliability . sixth , multiple solder joints can be soldered simultaneously , resulting in increased efficiency in a relatively inexpensive system suitable even for table top use . thus , there has also been provided , in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , a plasma based soldering method that fully satisfies the aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with a specific embodiment , many alternatives , modifications , and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , the invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives , modifications , and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims . | 7 |
turning initially to fig1 of the drawing , one finds a schematic overview of a security system 10 taught in the inventor &# 39 ; s u . s . pat . no . 5 , 397 , 884 . in this system a central control computer 12 ( which may be located in a secure area 13 near a reception desk in a hotel ) generates time - varying access code segments , shown as c j in the drawing , and transfers one or more code segments ( each of which is respectively valid for one of a plurality of time intervals ) to a linking device 14 ( which may be configured as a hotel room key 15 ). the linking device 14 carries the code in a linking memory 17 to a remote access - granting apparatus 16 ( which may be a lock controller built into a hotel room door ) that is synchronized with the central computer 12 and that generates a second set of time - varying access code segments c j that is a subset of the codes generated by the central computer 12 . if the code segment in the linking device 14 matches an access code valid for the current time interval ( or , perhaps , for either the immediately preceding or immediately following interval ), the access - granting apparatus 16 permits access ( e . g ., operates the lock 18 on the hotel room door ). alternate data communication paths taught in the inventor &# 39 ; s u . s . pat . no . 5 , 397 , 884 ( e . g ., the use of a secure guard &# 39 ; s key apparatus ) provided a non - realtime means to re - synchronize the access 24 and master 50 clocks . turning now to fig2 of the drawing , one finds a somewhat different security system of the invention in which a central computer 12 , which may be located in a secure area 13 near the reception desk of a hotel , has an intermittent broadcast - type link 20 ( e . g ., low power rf transmission ) to all the access - granting apparatuses 16 . in this system each access - granting apparatus 16 comprises a microcomputer 22 , an access clock 24 , an actuator such as a motor 26 , a mechanical locking mechanism 18 , and a radio receiver 28 . all door locks 16 in this system have the same code segment p o . . . p n in memory 30 , and use this code segment to descramble a transmission from the central computer 12 . the receiver 28 in an access - granting apparatus 16 , is enabled by its associated clock 24 in a predetermined assigned &# 34 ; time - slot &# 34 ;. thus , at a selected instant , the central computer 12 would transmit a scrambled code only to a single door lock receiver 16 that was enabled then . the received and descrambled code segments would be stored in memory 30 and used with linking devices 14 ( e . g ., room keys 15 ) having matching code segments valid for a selected interval ( e . g ., a day ). optionally , in this system , an access - granting apparatus 16 could also comprise a radio transmitter 32 enabled at the same time as the associated receiver 28 and used to transmit , to the central computer 12 , a short burst acknowledging receipt of the message . in yet another version of the system of the invention , a plurality of access - granting apparatuses ( e . g ., door locks at a secured facility having a large number of employees ) can receive segments of a time - varying code from a central trusted controller 12 via a potentially compromisable data link 20 . each authorized user would be issued a linking device 14 comprising unpowered non - volatile escort memory ( e . g ., an employee badge or gate key ) containing a second set of time - varying code segments . this version of the system would function in a similar manner to the hotel room - key system taught in the inventor &# 39 ; s u . s . pat . no . 5 , 397 , 884 , save that the access - granting apparatuses 16 would be less vulnerable to attack by wont of not having access to the entire code set . moreover , any authorized user could gain access to the facility through any gate controlled by any access - granting apparatus 16 . in these modified versions of the system of the invention , only the central computer 12 has the complete code generating algorithm . as taught in the inventor &# 39 ; s u . s . pat . no . 5 , 397 , 884 , this may be a pseudo - random code generating algorithm that generates the currently valid set of code segments for the jth access control apparatus 16 by using the current time and an epochal time , t ej , unique to the jth access control apparatus . as described therein , the central control computer 12 may receive the current time value from a master clock 50 , and may store the algorithm and a table of values of the epochal times in a control memory 33 . the access - granting apparatus 16 , which communicates with the central controller 12 via a potentially compromisable communication path 20 , may have algorithmic means for descrambling or decoding a message received from the central computer 12 , but the access - granting apparatus 16 in this embodiment of the invention does not have means for generating the entire set of authorization codes . the access - granting apparatus 16 of this embodiment of the invention receives one or more tables of time - varying code segments valid for an authorization interval and has means of stepping through the table or tables of code segments in response to a current time value output by an access clock 24 . in cases where a plurality of end - user equipments 14 may obtain access ( e . g ., a hotel in which both a guest and a maid have a room key 15 ) via a single access controlling equipment 16 , the access - controlling equipment 16 has a separate table of code segment values for each authorized user . turning now to fig3 of the drawing , one finds a communication system 34 in which the access - granting device is a satellite repeater 36 . the jth remote terminal 38j ( which serves the function of the linking element 14 previously discussed ) stores the jth set of time - varying access code segments , c jn , generated by the central computer 12 . the remote terminal 38j , 38 j + 1 occasionally communicate with the central computer 12 ( which in the example shown , is a network controller 40 ) to be re - synchronized and reauthorized and to have their linking clocks 58 re - synchronized with the master clock 50 . this communication path may be via land lines 42 , or via the combination of a narrow beam 46 between the network controller 40 and the satellite 36 and a conventional wide - beam communication path 44 used to transmit a message from a first user data station 38 to the communication satellite 36 , which routes and repeats that message ( if the transmitting user data station is permitted access to the communication network ) to a second user data station . in the system of fig3 it is expected that there will be a single network control station 40 . even if back - up stations ( not shown ) are provided , the number of network control stations 40 is expected to be small , and each network control station 40 will operate at the system &# 39 ; s maximum level of security and comprise a trusted central control computer 12 generating a set , c jn , of time - varying access code segments for a plurality of users . as shown in fig4 of the drawing , a network access computer 40 may generate a set , c j ( n - m ) . . . c jn . . . c j ( n + p ) ( which is a subset of the overall set ) of access code segments specific to the jth qualified user of the network for a predetermined interval . for example , the network computer 40 may code segments , c jn , where n runs from n = 0 to n = 1399 , to define a different valid access code segment for each minute of a day , the set , { c jn }, of all code segments valid for all users may then be transmitted to a communication satellite 36 and stored in an access memory 30 operatively associated with an access - granting and routing computer 48 on - board the satellite 36 . these code segments may be stored , for example , as shown in fig3 - 6 , as a separate memory page 49 for each authorized user . although the drawing shows only a single communication satellite 36 , it will be understood that a communication network may use multiple satellites or multiple transponders on a given satellite . transmission of the code set from the network control center 40 to the satellite 36 is preferably done via a relatively narrow beam path 46 having a generally high level of security due to the narrow beamwidth , data encoding , and other known measures . because all the valid access code segments for a day are transmitted over this link , it is expected that additional security measures ( e . g ., message scrambling ) may be used in this portion of the system . the communication path 44 between the satellite 36 and the user terminal equipment 38j , however , is typically broadcast in nature and is subject to monitoring , to message interception and to usage piracy . it will be understood that the narrow beam communication path 46 can be used to synchronize an access time - keeping means 24 operatively associated with the access - granting and routing computer 48 with a master clock 50 maintained at the network controller 40 . a large number of user - operated terminal equipments 38j may be employed with the small number of satellites 36 and network controllers 40 in the communication system 34 . the jth such terminal apparatus 38j preferably comprises a terminal computer 52 having a look - up table of its time varying access code segments c jn in an associated terminal memory 56 , and having a terminal clock 58 selecting the appropriate code segment for any given time at which access to the network 34 is to be requested . whenever the terminal equipment 38j seeks access to the data transmission network , a message packet 60 comprising a code , c j , n ( t ), appropriate to the instant of transmission , t , is sent to the satellite 36 . an exemplar message packet 60 is shown in an overt version in fig7 of the drawing , and in a scrambled version in fig8 of the drawing . if this time - varying code , c j , n ( t ), matches one of the code segments stored in the access - granting apparatus memory 30 , the data terminal 38j is uniquely identified for billing purposes and the message is routed along the network 34 in conventional fashion . if , on the other hand , no match is found , the message is not transmitted and the terminal equipment 38j is effectively denied access to the network 34 . it wall be understood that other communication systems ( e . g ., cellular telephones ) analogous to the satellite communication system example may be controlled by similar means . a cellular telephone system may comprise a central network control computer , a plurality of cellular antenna sites and a much larger plurality of cellular telephones , each of which broadcasts a fixed identification code both at the start of a message and periodically whenever it is in service . application of the system of the invention to a cellular telephone would provide a system in which each telephone also transmitted a time - varying identification code that could be compared by a routing computer 48 at the nearest cellular antenna site to the list of all currently valid code segments to see if the telephone in question was to be allowed access to the network . augmenting a fixed user id with a time - varying code would defeat the well - known technique of monitoring a call from a legitimate cellular phone , copying the legitimate telephone &# 39 ; s identification code into another instrument and using the second telephone to place calls billed to the operator of the legitimate phone . it is anticipated that a fixed user id would still be employed in a system of the invention in the interest of data handling efficiency -- i . e ., first checking a user id in a hierarchically organized list and then checking the received code segment against the currently valid code segment for that user is usually more efficient than searching through all the possible code segments until either a match is found or the list is exhausted . turning now to fig9 of the drawing , one finds a system of the invention employed in controlling the operation of a toll - booth 62 . a central control computer 12 may issue , via a supervised datalink 64 , a block of time - varying code segments ( e . g ., each code could be valid for a specific one - hour period within an overall authorization period of one month ) to a terminal 66 that validates an id tag 68 to be carried in a commuter &# 39 ; s automobile 70 by loading the code block into a linking memory 17 within the card 68 . this block of code segments would also be loaded , as a user - specific page 49 into computer memories 30 respectively associated with computers 22 at each of a plurality of toll gates 62 . each toll - booth 62 in the system 10 would then interrogate an approaching automobile 70 and receive transponded responses ( e . g ., by means of known microwave communication beams 69 ) in which signals from a read - out transmitter power a nearby transponder and cause it to transmit a coded message ) from any automobile 70 carrying an id card 68 . the use of time - varying access code segments in a toll collecting system allows the system to operate on a subscription basis . since the system of the invention provides a plurality of code segments structured so that each code segment is valid for only a sub - interval of the subscription period , several additional security features are possible . for example , the time required for a car 70 to go from a first toll - booth 62 where it enters a toll road to a second toll - booth where it leaves the toll road may be measured . data of this sort may be useful in traffic control studies . moreover , the toll road security system may be configured so that once a toll - booth 62 has allowed a car 70 having a subscription id tag 68 to enter a toll road on which a single toll is required , all toll gates 62 will thereafter forbid passage to that particular id tag 68 for a predetermined interval ( e . g ., one hour ). limiting the number of accesses permitted to an authorized user during a predetermined period could eliminate some varieties of toll road fraud . for example legitimately acquiring an id card 68 and copying the code segments from the memory 17 into other cards creates an uncontrolled plurality of bootleg cards , each of which could be valid for a one month subscription period . if , however , the use of a first of these bootleg cards precluded any other bootleg card user from entering the toll road for an hour , the desirability of the bootleg card would be very low , as each user of a bootleg card would have substantial probability of detection each time the card was used . although the present invention has been described with respect to several preferred embodiments , many modifications and alterations can be made without departing from the invention . accordingly , it is intended that all such modifications and alterations be considered as within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the attached claims . | 6 |
the mixtures used in this invention are all aqueous based . the aqueous solution used in this invention contains a number of essential components . these are as follows : 6 . there are also optional additional ingredients such as wetting agents , fillers and exotherms . it is important also to emphasize that the mixtures must not contain catalysts for the cross - linking process involving the aminoplast . the type of substrate coating used is described in co - pending u . s . provisional application no . 60 / 444 , 183 entitled ctp - inkjet using switchable polymer , commonly owned with the present application and hereby incorporated by reference . the polyacrylic acid and the polyvinyl alcohol comprise the water - soluble elements of the formulation that provide the hydrophilic nature of the coating . these together must constitute between 20 % and 58 % of the total solids of the mixture as applied to the substrate . the polyvinyl alcohol must be less than 15 % ( weight of solids ) of the polyacrylic acid . the aminoplast resin must be a water - soluble one and when the coating is dried probably provides some crosslinking of the polyacrylic and polyvinyl alcohol resins to help insolublize them . however , whilst aminoplasts are not generally used without a catalyst which may be , for instance a sulfonic acid , in this system no catalyst must be present . in trials using such catalysts it was found that drying temperature was critical in achieving the balance of water resistance of the coating against hydrophobic properties . in such formulations , it was found that it is not possible to achieve complete water resistance and hydrophilic properties merely by the balance between the polyacrylic / polyvinyl alcohol mixture and the aminoplast . too much aminoplast or too high a drying temperature causes sufficient cross - linking to turn the entire coating oleophilic . too little aminoplast and too low a drying temperature causes the coating to be water soluble and consequently the fount will remove the entire coating during the printing process . without the presence of the catalyst and in the formulations as described in this application , it was possible to achieve excellent hydrophilic properties together with excellent water resistance and adhesion to substrate , where the finished formulation is subject to sufficient heating . the aminoplast must not exceed 40 % of the polyvinyl alcohol / polyacrylic acid mixture , otherwise the dried coating will lose its hydrophilicity . an examples of a suitable aminoplast is methyl methylol urea . also , it has been found that it is essential to incorporate an acidic water - resistant water - based emulsion into the formulation . it is somewhat unexpected that such a material can be used without ruining the surface hydrophilic properties of the coating whilst giving fount - resisting properties . it is not clear whether the excellent adhesion of the layer to the substrate and resistance to fount attack is a result of the presence of the hydrophilic emulsion or of some uncatalysed crosslinking that may take place between the aminoplast and the — oh groups from the polyvinyl alcohol and the polyacrylic acid . switching of the coating from being hydrophilic to oleophilic occurs in the image areas when they are subject to the heat produced by laser imaging . it is most likely that this occurs by heat initiated cross - linking between the aminoplast and other ingredients . suitable infrared dyes and pigments are those known to the art . these may be used individually or in mixtures . the preferred type of dye is that which is water - soluble and examples of such dyes are water - soluble nigrosine , ads830w ( sold by american dye source incorporated , quebec , canada ) and nk 5042 ( sold by hayashibara biochemical laboratories , kakoh - shikiso institute , okayama , japan ). however , it is also possible to use water dispersed carbon black and dyes dissolved in water miscible solvents , such as alcohol , and then added to form a solution or dispersion into the aqueous mixture . the following formulation was made up — all quantities are in parts by weight . all of the ingredients shown below are readily available and can be purchased off the shelf . polyvinyl alcohol solution 7 . 2 grams ( 12 % in water ) polyacrylic acid 18 . 4 grams ( 35 % solution in water ) deionised water 71 grams byk 346 1 . 9 grams walpol 40 - 136 25 . 15 grams cymel ufr - 60 2 . 04 grams nigrosine 1 . 8 grams the mixture was high - speed mixed and coated with a mayer rod onto 150 micron thick degreased aluminum foil . it was dried in an oven at 160 ° c . for 4 minutes and had a coating weight of approximately 7 grams per square meter . the finished plate was then imaged at approximately 900 milli - joules per square centimeter on a creo lotem flexo plate - setter . the imaged plate was taken directly from the plate - setter and mounted directly onto a heidelberg gto offset lithographic printing press and 8000 good printing impressions run off using the conventional wet offset process . in addition , the above formulation can be sprayed onto an aluminum surface of a plate cylinder in a printing press and the coating dried and fused onto the surface at 160 ° c . and then imaged and used for printing as described by gelbart in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 713 , 287 , which is co - owned and incorporated herein by reference . cymel ufr - 60 cytec industries . five garret mountain plaza , west patterson , n . j . usa | 2 |
referring to fig1 , a block diagram of a differential input used for boundary scan testing is shown . the differential input circuit 10 includes a pair of differential input pins 12 and 14 , a differential receiver 16 , and a pair of test receiver circuits 18 and 20 . the input pins 12 and 14 are coupled to the positive and negative inputs of the differential receiver 16 and the test receiver circuits 18 and 20 respectively . a pair of boundary scan circuits ( bscs ) 22 and 24 are also coupled to the pair of test receiver circuits 18 and 20 respectively . according to various embodiments , the differential input can be configured to receive either digital or analog signals . for the sake of simplicity , the operation of the differential input circuit 10 is initially described with respect to digital signals . during operation , a pair of differential digital signals are applied to the pins 12 and 14 respectively . in response , the differential receiver “ differentiates ” between the input signals and provides the original signal to the core circuitry on the chip . for example , if the signal at pin 12 is high and low on pin 14 , then a high logic signal is provided to the core circuitry on the chip by the differential receiver 16 . alternatively , a low logic signal is provided to the core circuitry when the signal applied to pin 12 is low and high to pin 14 . the test receiver circuits 18 and 20 are provided to implement the boundary scan testing on the input signals received at pins 12 and 14 respectively . the bscs provide a known pattern of test signals to the test receiver circuits 18 and 20 respectively . the test receiver circuits 18 and 20 compare the captured differential signals received on pins 12 and 14 with known pattern of test data respectively . if the captured data provided back to the bscs 22 and 24 are as expected , meaning it matches the known test pattern of data , it indicates the input circuitry is operating properly . on the other hand if the captured signals are different , it indicates that there is a problem of some kind , either with the integrity of the input signals and / or the path from the chip input pin to the test . referring to fig2 a , a circuit diagram of an exemplary test receiver 18 is shown . the test receiver 18 includes an s - r type flip - flop 32 , a pair of comparators 34 and 36 , a pair of offset circuits 38 and 40 , a resistor r and a capacitor c . a signal from the pin 12 is provided to the positive input (+) of comparator 34 and the negative input (−) of comparator 36 through offset circuits 38 and 40 respectively . vref is applied to the negative input (−) of comparator 34 and the positive input (+) of comparator 36 . the output of comparator 34 is coupled to the s input of the flip - flop 32 . the output of comparator 36 is coupled to the r input of flip - flop 32 . the d input is coupled to the bsc 22 . vref is set to zero volts ( vref = 0 . 0 ). referring to fig2 b , a circuit diagram of an exemplary test receiver 20 is shown . the test receiver 20 includes an s - r type flip - flop 52 , a pair of comparators 54 and 56 , a pair of offset circuits 58 and 60 , a resistor r and a capacitor c . a signal from the pin 14 is provided to the positive input (+) of comparator 54 and the negative input (−) of comparator 56 through offset circuits 58 and 60 respectively . vref is applied to the negative input (−) of comparator 54 and the positive input (+) of comparator 56 . the output of comparator 54 is coupled to the s input of the flip - flop 52 . the output of comparator 56 is coupled to the r input of flip - flop 52 . the d input is coupled to the bsc 24 . vref is set to zero volts ( vref = 0 . 0 ). referring to fig3 a , a differential signal diagram illustrating both valid 1 and invalid 0 data input signal values is shown when testing for a valid 1 . as illustrated in the waveform , any signal having a voltage equal to or greater than v high ( 200 mv ) is considered a valid high ( h ) signal . any signal having a voltage equal to 0 v and less than v high is considered a invalid low ( l ) signal . referring to fig3 b , a differential signal diagram illustrating both valid 0 and invalid 1 data input signal values is shown when testing for a valid 0 . as illustrated in the waveform , any signal having a voltage equal to or less than v low (− 200 mv ) is considered a valid low ( l ) signal . any signal having a voltage equal to 0 v and greater than v low is considered a invalid high ( h ) signal . when testing for a valid logic one , a logic high ( h ) signal with its voltage value equal to or greater than that defined as a valid high signal in fig3 a is provided to pin 12 and a logic low ( l ) signal is preloaded to the d input of flip flop 32 from bsc 22 . under these conditions , comparator 34 is active , resulting in triggering the s input of flip - flop 32 . as a result , the flip - flop 32 is toggled , resulting in a logic ( h ) signal at the q output . the logic ( h ) is then captured back into bsc 22 , thus verifying a valid one signal at pin 12 . simultaneously , a logic ( l ) signal with its voltage value equal to or less than that defined as an invalid low is provide to pin 14 while the bsc 24 preloads a logic ( h ) signal to the d input of flip - flop 52 . the low voltage of the logic ( l ) signal at pin 14 will not activate neither the upper comparator 54 nor the lower comparator 56 . as a result , the preloaded signal in the d input of the flip - flop would be captured back in the bsc 24 upon the next clock transition , thus verifying an invalid 0 on pin 14 . if captured input signal data in the bsc circuits 22 and 24 matches the expected data compared at tdo ( test data output of the bsc chain ), then it is assumed that the device is operating properly . on the other hand , if the captured data differs from the expected data , then it is assumed that a problem exists testing for a valid logic zero is essentially the complement of what is described above with a logic low ( l ) signal with its voltage value equal to or less than that defined as a valid 0 in fig3 b . a detailed description is therefore not provided herein . table i is a truth table that summarizes the logic states for the pins 12 , 14 , inputs from the bsc circuits 22 , 24 and the expected outputs . it should be noted that test receivers 18 and 20 can also operate in an analog mode . each receiver includes an ac mode switch . when set to the analog mode , vref is coupled between the resistor r and capacitor c . vref is therefore set at a voltage between that of the input pin ( either 12 or 14 ) and ground . the operation of test receivers 18 and 20 are essentially the same as in the digital mode . if the analog signal received at the input pin is greater than vref , than the s input to the flip flop will be high and the r input will be low . if the input signal voltage is less than vref , then the s input is low and the r input is high . the present invention relates to a method of performing boundary scan testing by purposely providing a known patterned algorithm of both valid and invalid test data to the chip and determining if there is a problem by comparing the captured data with the data expected to be captured . in other words , the method involves using the defined voltage level values of valid and invalid data as well as the sequence of pattern algorithm to robustly test and screen out manufacturing defects of the 1149 circuitry paths with the use of an automated test equipment ( ate ) logic analyzer . table 2 defines a pattern algorithm used to implement boundary scan testing according to the present invention . table 2 as interpreted as follows . for testing a valid logic 1 , a valid 1 is provided to input pin 12 and an invalid 0 is provided to input pin 14 . the bsc 22 and 24 preload a ( 0 ) and ( 1 ) to the d inputs of flip - flops 32 and 52 of receivers 18 and 20 respectively . the valid 1 at the input pin 12 triggers comparator 34 and provides a logic ( 1 ) signal to the set input of flip - flop 32 . the flip - flop 32 is thus toggled , resulting in a logic ( h ) at the q output . the invalid ( 0 ), however , fails to trigger comparator 56 or reset the flip - flop 52 . as a consequence , the q output of flip - flop 52 is a logic ( h ). for the next data sequence , an invalid ( 0 ) and a valid ( 1 ) are provided to the pins 12 and 14 . logic ( 1 ) and logic ( 0 ) are preloaded from the bscs 22 and 24 into flip - flops 32 and 52 , respectively . the circuit is presumed to be operating properly if a logic ( h ) and ( h ) are captured into bsc 22 and 24 from the q outputs of flip - flops 32 and 52 , respectively . the next data sequence is to verify the opposite polarity signals at the pins 12 and 14 . valid logic low ( 0 ) is applied to pin 12 and invalid logic high ( 1 ) is applied to pin 14 . if logic low ( l ) is captured at both q outputs , then the circuit is operating properly . finally , an invalid ( 1 ) and a valid ( 0 ) are applied to pins 12 and 14 respectively . if a logic ( l ) is captured at both q outputs , then the circuit is operating properly . if , however , the captured data differs from the expected captured data in table 2 , then it signifies a problem with the signal paths of the boundary scan circuitry . although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding , it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims . for example , the substrate 14 and described herein can be made of a number of different materials , such as ceramic or plastic . the substrate 14 can also be a lead frame made of a metal such as copper . in embodiments where the substrate 16 is a lead frame , the die 12 is attached to the die attach pad and the contact pads 22 are leads of the lead frame . therefore , the described embodiments should be taken as illustrative and not restrictive , and the invention should not be limited to the details given herein but should be defined by the following claims and their full scope of equivalents . | 6 |
fig1 shows the basic structure of the mutual clock synchronization . according to the illustrated structure , a respective pll is contained in an assembly , a switch that serves for switching between the operating modes &# 34 ; master &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; slave &# 34 ; of an assembly being present at the input thereof . only one processor assembly is synchronized to the external reference clock , namely the master assembly . the other processor assembly which is referred to as the &# 34 ; slave assembly &# 34 ; synchronizes to the master processor assembly with a pll ( phase locked loop ). the slave processor assembly runs with exactly the same frequency and phase as the master processor assembly . fig2 shows the basic structure of an inventive synchronization means . the synchronization means comprises a voltage controlled oscillator vco that generates the system clock signal of the assembly dependent on a signal adjacent at its control input which here is a ( set voltage input ), an arrangement that comprises a phase detector rv with a following filter ( a loop filter ) and that is provided for each reference clock , whereby a respective reference clock signal is at the one input r of a phase detector and the system clock is respectively adjacent at the other input v , an operations controller ( oc ; can , for example , be realized by the processor of the assembly and / or by a corresponding logic ) unit that controls the switches following the filters such that respectively one of the output signals of the filters is through - connected to the control input of the vco , a delay unit ( shown as a delay line ) that delays the system clock preceding the input to the phase detector by the running time difference between the reference clock and the system clock . the selection of the reference clocks by ( analog ) switches at the set voltage input of the vco ( see fig2 ) is for the following reason . due to the demand of a maximum 5 ns phase difference between the master and the slave , no further running time of any switches whatsoever for the selection of an external reference clock is allowed preceding the input of the phase comparator of the &# 34 ; partner processor assembly &# 34 ; other than the line running time ( the time difference between the minimum and the maximum running time of such a switch , namely , deteriorates the worst case phase difference between the master assembly and the slave assembly ). a separate phase comparator is therefore inventively present for each reference clock . the advantage of the structure shown in fig2 compared to the arrangement shown in fig1 wherein the switches are arranged at the input of the plls is thus comprised therein that no further running time of any switches whatsoever for the selection of an external reference clock is added to the phase difference . if the line running time makes an unacceptable difference with respect to the demand made of the phase time difference , this can be compensated with a lead of the pll . to that end , a delay unit ( which here is a delay line ) is inserted preceding the comparison input v of the phase detector of the partner processing assembly that delays the system clock preceding the input to the phase detector by the running time difference between the reference clock on the master assembly and the system clock of the slave assembly . given employment of such a delay unit , what one thus achieves is that the reference clock and system clock ( given selection of a pll that controls the phase difference at the phase detector input to zero ) are practically equiphase independently of the running time difference . in addition to controlling the switches shown in fig2 the operating control also controls further switches ( shown in fig3 - 5 ) such that , given a filter whose output signal is not through - connected to the input of the vco , the output signal is fed back to the one filter input and the decoupled signal of the control input of the vco is applied to the other filter input . as a result thereof , the output signal of a passively co - running loop filter is constantly regulated to the same level as that of the active arrangement . an optimum transient response of the pll phase skip thereby derives after the switching to a different reference clock ( external reference clock or system clock of the partner assembly )! a mode switching and / or a change of the external clock source is thus possible without deterioration of the micro - synchronous operation . the inventive clock synchronization works without exchange of the phase information . this is achieved in that the line running time between the two processor assemblies is compensated with a lead of the pll . the selected pll has a zero phase difference at the input of a phase detector ( pd ) between the local clock and the external reference clock . for example , the phase detector pd - type 4 from roland best , theorie und anwendung des phase - locked loops , isbn 3 - 85502 - 132 - 5 can be taken as a phase detector and can be easily modified so that it synchronizes to the positive signal edge and the two outputs can be switched to tri - state . the advantage of this type is : easy realizability of the three phase comparators in one pld ( programmable logic device ) great range of theoretical ± 2π . this is necessary since the phase is not lost given switching to a different reference clock , i . e . synchronization is carried out to the original signal edge when switching back . this is necessary in order to prevent data loss at the synchronous tsi interface . a slow transient response is required when switching to an external reference . the modulation of the set voltage input of the vco must therefore be small ( small amplification ) at the input phase skip . a fast transient response is required when switching to the partner processor assembly . the modulation of the set voltage input of the vco must therefore be great ( great amplification ) at the input phase skip . different frequencies at the input of the three phase comparators , finally , likewise require correspondingly different dimensionings of the loop filters . in order to prevent the loop filter output from leaving the range of the operating voltage and proceeding into saturation ( detent of the output voltage has a negative influence on the transient response of the pll ), there are three operating modes for each loop filter , these being shown in fig3 - 5 and being controlled by the operating control with the assistance of the illustrated switches . in this operating mode , the pll control circuit is closed ( d1 and u1 are not applied to tri - state ). the processor assembly can thereby be in master mode or slave mode . in this operating mode , the processor assembly is in the master mode and works without an external reference . in this operating mode , the output of the loop filter amounts to 1 . 5 v . in this operating mode , the output voltage value of the loop filter corresponds to the voltage value at the vco set voltage input . as a result thereof , the correct output level is assured at the vco set voltage input at the moment of switching to the activated mode ( pll control circuit ) ( an output level at the positive or negative detent of the operational amplifier would result in a frequency skip that could lead to the upward transgression of the 5 ns maximum phase difference demand between two processor assemblies ). although other modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art , it is the intention of the inventors to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of their contribution to the art . | 7 |
the reference numeral 10 in fig1 relates to a laminate tube comprising three layers 11 , 12 and 13 . the intermediate layer 12 is a metal foil layer forming a gas and vapor barrier , usually of aluminium , having a thickness in the interval 5 to 40 microns . on this layer there are attached , if necessary by use of primer or other auxiliary means , polyolefine layers 11 , 13 , usually layers of polyethylene or polypropylene , having a thickness of typically 10 to 50 microns . the layers 11 , 13 may be obtained as a coating or a film . the laminate comprising said layers , which of course may be supplemented by additional layers , is formed into a generally cylindrical shape having the edges thereof placed edge against edge for forming a longitudinal joint 14 . on the inside of the tube body this joint is covered by a strip 15 . the strip 15 also comprises three layers 16 , 17 and 18 . the intermediate layer 17 is a metal foil layer , usually of aluminium , having a thickness in the interval 40 to 200 microns , thus a thickness considerably thicker than the thickness of the metal foil layer 11 of the tube body . a certain thickness taken from the upper region of a strip interval 40 to 200 microns , for instance 200 microns , corresponds to a certain thickness taken from the lower region of the tube interval 5 to 40 microns , in the actual case 5 microns . thus , in reality there is a substantial difference between the thickness of the metal foils in the tube body and the strip , respectively . the layers 16 and 18 are polyolefine layers selected by taking into consideration the heat sealing characteristics against the polyolefine layer 13 of the tube body . the thicknesses of the layers 16 , 18 may for instance fall in the interval 10 to 50 microns . the layers may be applied as a coating or as a film . the thickness relation between the foil 17 and the foil 12 implies most interesting handling characteristics of the entire structure , i . e . the tube body 10 and the strip 15 . it has been found that the strip provides the &# 34 ; dead - fold &# 34 ; aimed at for the tube body which per se has a return tendency to the original shape . additionally , this is achieved by a total contents of metal in the tube considerably less than the metal contents of known laminate tubes having dead - fold characteristics . although the thickness of the layer 17 of the strip may be a considerable thickness in relation to the thickness of the layer 13 , the strip has a very limited width , of the order around 10 per cent or less of the tube body circumference , which means that the total metal contents of the tube body and the strip will be very advantagous , especially as the thickness of the metal foil 12 of the tube body may be reduced . basically one has only to consider the function thereof as a gas and vapor barrier . the width of the strip may also be minimized and you have merely to see to it that the width is such that there is formed on both sides of the longitudinal joint a barrier against penetration into the longitudinal joint of substances of the filling goods having delaminating characteristics . in fig2 there is shown another embodiment of the invention , where a strip 19 is arranged on the outside of the tube along the joint 14 . this outside strip protects against repeated folding or pressing together of the tube body around a line coinciding with the longitudinal joint 14 . by using the double strip structure in fig1 it is also possible to reduce the metal thickness of the actual strip . as shown in fig3 it is also possible to obtain a proper and smooth transition between the strip 19 and the tube body 10 . in order to accomplish this , one has to see to it that the external layer on the strip 19 is somewhat over - dimensioned such that there are formed transition regions 20 , 21 of excess plastics material after the plastics has flown out when heat sealing the strip . such a method may also be applied to the inside strip 15 , if a metal edge contact is not desirable in specific applications , for instance when the tube contents is toothpaste in spite of the fact that such an edge or edges form a very limited contact surface . the unfavourable risk of metal contact at the joint 14 , for instance unfavourable in view of delamination risk , has already been eliminated by means of the strip 15 . in fig4 there is shown in a perspective view a complete laminate tube according to the invention comprising a tube body 10 , a breast 22 and a discharge opening 23 . the conventional type of cross sealing 25 is arranged perpendicular to a plane housing the joint 14 . when the tube is handled in the normal way the longitudinal joint 14 will not be &# 34 ; broken up &# 34 ;, instead the inner strip 15 forms a stiffening support for the forces acting when the tube is pressed together when discharging the contents . in fig5 it is shown how a laminate web , intended for tube bodies 10 , is folded by means of a pair of folding rails 39 into a cylindrical shape over a mandrel 27 and placed over this mandrel such that a longitudinal joint 28 having the edges of the laminate placed edge against edge is obtained . the laminate 26 is of the basic structure described in connection with the tube body 10 in fig1 . a further laminate strip 29 , in the shape of a narrow ribbon , having the structure described with reference to fig1 is fed against and along the mandrel 27 in register with the joint 28 . a high frequency welding device , for instance an induction welding device 30 is arranged over the mandrel 27 and the joint 28 and directs the magnetic field thereof against the welding region , i . e . the joint 28 and the strip 29 below the joint . the necessary heating for softening of the thermoplastics material is obtained by induction in the metal foil of the strip 15 . in order to obtain the necessary pressure in the welding region a sealing pressure device in the shape of an endless belt 31 is arranged . the belt is oriented in register with the joint 28 and the direction of movement appears from the arrow 32 . the speed of movement of the belt generally corresponds to the speed the web 26 is formed into a tube on the mandrel 27 when the web 26 is forwared in the direction of the arrow 33 . in fig6 there is shown a section through the mandrel 27 and the welding and sealing pressure device . the welding device has been shown as one single loop of an electric coil 30 which directs the induction field against the joint 14 and the strip 15 along the centre axis 33 thereof . the sealing pressure belt 31 presses the edges of the web 26 together and presses the strip 29 against the web 26 which has been formed into tube - shape during the necessary time period after the welding device 30 has been passed , giving the weld seam the possibility of stabilization without any real mechanical strain . in order to speed up the cooling and stabilization of the weld seam channels 34 for a cooling fluid are arranged in the mandrel 27 . for guiding the strip 29 there are arranged a longitudinal groove 35 in the mandrel . after the welding device 30 ( seen in the machine direction ) this groove may have a somewhat over - dimensioned width in order to allow flowing out of plastics onto the strip 29 , such that the metal edges thereof are covered by the plastics . this shape of the recess 35 has been indicated by the broken lines 36 . in that case where an outside strip 19 is needed , a corresponding welding and sealing pressure device preferably is arranged after the devices 30 , 31 in fig5 ( seen in the machine direction ). such further arrangements have been denoted by the reference numeral 37 and an outer strip forming web 38 has also been indicated . in fig7 there is shown an all - metal tube breast 39 having a circumferential recess 40 forming a support surface for the tube body . in that case where the tube body is formed as a stackable body , for instance from a trapezoid blank 42 as shown in fig8 there is a nesting arrangement 41 formed as a circumferential shoulder for preventing adherence between individual tube bodies where such bodies are stacked , for instance in the storage of a filling machine . although specific embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to the specific examples given , it is realized that modifications and alternatives are possible within the scope of the accompanying claims . for instance , the joint of the tube body , may be an overlap joint if required . | 1 |
the commercial aircraft 1 . 1 , according to the invention and shown schematically in fig1 to 3 , has a longitudinal axis x - x and comprises a fuselage 2 , provided with two symmetrical wings 3 , a rear horizontal stabilizer 4 and a front airfoil 5 of the canard type . the wings 3 , which each support a turboshaft engine 6 , have a reverse sweep φ , for example of the order of around twenty degrees , and their wing root sections 7 are moved backward toward said horizontal stabilizer 4 . the horizontal stabilizer 4 is of the known ths type with variable inclination and is supported by a stabilizer strut 8 . on the back of the rear portion of its fuselage , the aircraft 1 . 1 supports a turboprop 9 , supported by a vertically protruding pylon 10 fixedly attached to the structure of said aircraft . the turboprop 9 has an axis l - l parallel with the longitudinal axis x - x ( the axes l - l and x - x define the vertical horizontal mid - plane of the aircraft 1 . 1 ) and comprises two unshrouded contrarotating propellers 11 and 12 ( represented in simplified fashion in fig1 to 3 and 5 , but in greater detail in fig4 ). the contrarotating propellers 11 and 12 are placed at the rear of the turboprop 9 and are capable of applying a thrust to said aircraft 1 . 1 . to apply the present invention , the first thing to do is to determine , by experimental measurements and / or digital simulation , the interaction noise of the contrarotating propellers 11 and 12 , as is illustrated by fig4 . this interaction noise comprises : a conical lobe 13 , directed toward the front of the turboprop 9 and centered on the axis l - l of the latter , the peak 14 of the lobe 13 being on said axis l - l in the middle of the planes 15 and 16 of the propellers 11 and 12 . the front conical lobe 13 is defined between an external conical surface 17 with an axis l - l , a peak 14 and a peak angle s 17 lying between 50 ° and 70 ° ( depending on the particular type of turboprop 9 ) and an internal conical surface 18 with an axis l - l , a peak 14 and a peak angle s 18 lying between 20 ° and 40 ° ( depending on the particular type of turboprop 9 ); and a conical lobe 19 , directed toward the rear of the turboprop 9 and centered on the axis l - l of the latter , the peak of the lobe 19 being indistinguishable from the peak 14 . the rear conical lobe 19 is defined between an external conical surface 20 with an axis l - l , a peak 14 and a peak angle s 20 lying between 40 ° and 60 ° ( depending on the particular type of turboprop 9 ) and an internal conical surface 21 with an axis l - l , a peak 14 and a peak angle s 21 lying between 10 ° and 30 ° ( depending on the particular type of turboprop 9 ). after the front lobe 13 and the rear lobe 19 have been determined , the longitudinal position of the turboprop 9 on the aircraft is determined to be between the wings 3 and the horizontal stabilizer 4 , so that the noise of the lobe 13 is masked downward by the wings 3 and the portion of the fuselage 2 being between them and so that the noise of the lobe 19 is masked downward by the horizontal stabilizer 4 and , where necessary , by the portion of fuselage 2 supporting it ( see fig5 ). therefore , in such an arrangement , the pylon 10 and the propellers 11 , 12 are placed in front of the horizontal stabilizer 4 and its supporting strut 8 . furthermore , if , in operation , the turboprop 9 should break up , its debris and / or that of the propellers 11 and 12 would follow trajectories lying in a breakup zone 22 , centered on the axis l - l of said turboprop and delimited , transversely to said axis , by a front edge 23 and by a rear edge 24 ( see fig5 ). it will be easily understood that , thanks to the arrangement of the turboprop 9 on the aircraft 1 . 1 according to the present invention , it is possible to arrange that the wings 3 and the horizontal stabilizer 4 are outside the breakup zone 22 . therefore , in the event of a breakup of the turboprop 9 and / or of the propellers 11 , 12 , the wings 3 , the stabilizer 4 and the stabilizer strut 8 could not be damaged . the commercial aircraft 1 . 2 shown in fig6 and 7 comprises the same elements 2 to 5 , 7 and 8 as those described with reference to fig1 to 3 for the aircraft 1 . 1 . on the other hand , its wings 3 do not support turboshaft engines 6 and the rear portion of its fuselage supports , on the back of the latter , two turboprops 9 g and 9 d placed one beside the other with their axes parallel . each of the turboprops 9 g and 9 d is identical to the turboprop 9 described above and comprises contrarotating propellers 11 , 12 like the latter . also , each turboprop 9 g , 9 d has a front lobe 13 and a rear lobe 19 representative of the interaction noise of the propellers 11 , 12 and a breakup zone 22 . in a manner similar to what has been described above for the aircraft 1 . 1 , each of the engines 9 g and 9 d in the aircraft 1 . 2 is placed so that its noise lobes 13 and 19 are masked by the wings 3 and the horizontal stabilizer 4 and the adjacent portions of fuselage , respectively , and so that its breakup zone 22 passes between said wings 3 and said horizontal stabilizer 4 . fig6 and fig8 a show a support system for the turboprops 9 g and 9 d comprising two individual radial pylons 10 g and 10 d , similar to the pylon 10 of the turboprop 9 . as fig8 b shows , the assembly of the radial pylons 10 g and 10 d may be reinforced by a transverse strut 25 . instead of being radial , the individual supporting pylons of the turboprops 9 g and 9 d may be tangential ( see the pylons 26 g and 26 d of fig8 c ). said support system for the turboprops 9 g and 9 d may also be common to the latter and , for example , may have a t - section ( see 27 in fig8 ) or an ii - section ( see 28 in fig8 e ). the choice of support system type depends both on the noise constraints ( interaction of the propeller 11 with the slipstream of said support system ) and on structural constraints , and also on constraints associated with the certification of the aircraft . preferably , the landing gear 30 of the aircraft 1 . 1 or 1 . 2 according to the present invention is placed on the fuselage 2 in front of the wings 3 . however , if necessary , it is possible to provide , in the vicinity of the fuselage 2 , a forward - angled airfoil element 31 in the concave leading edge of the wings 3 in order to be able to install the landing gear 30 beneath the airfoil formed by said wings ( see the aircraft 1 . 3 of fig9 ). | 1 |
suitable crystalline aluminosilicates for use in the composite catalysts of our invention are described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 140 , 249 as well as u . s . pat . no . 3 , 140 , 253 . representative crystalline aluminosilicates suitable for the present invention include those natural and synthetic crystalline aluminosilicates having uniform pores of a diameter preferably between about 3 and 15 angstrom units . such crystalline aluminosilicates include zeolite a ( u . s . pat . no . 2 , 882 , 243 ), zeolite x ( u . s . pat . no . 2 , 882 , 244 ), zeolite y ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 130 , 007 ), zeolite zk - 5 ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 247 , 195 ), zeolite zk - 4 ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 314 , 752 ), zeolite zsm - 5 ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 702 , 886 ), zeolite zsm - 11 ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 709 , 979 ) and zeolite zsm - 12 ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 832 , 449 ), synthetic mordenite , dealuminized synthetic mordenite merely to name a few , as well as naturally occurring zeolites including chabazite , faujasite , mordenite , and the like . crystalline aluminosilicates having pore diameters between about 3 and 5 angstrom units may be suitable for shape selective conversion catalysis , while crystalline aluminosilicates having pore diameters between about 6 and 15 angstrom units are preferred by hydrocarbon conversion such as catalytic cracking and the like . preferred crystalline aluminosilciates include the synthetic faujasite zeolite x and y , with particular preference being accorded zeolite y . the crystalline aluminosilicate particles employed as a component in the catalyst compositions of the present invention are essentially characterized by a high catalytic activity . this high catalytic activity may be imparted to the particles by base exchanging alkali metal aluminosilicate particles -- either before or after dispersion thereof in the matrix -- with a base - exchange solution containing ions selected from the group consisting of cations of elements of groups ib - viii of the periodic table , hydrogen , and hydrogen precursors , including mixtures thereof with one another . hydrogen precursors , such as ammonia and ammonium salts , typically undergo , upon heating degradation to hydrogen cations in contact with aluminosilicates . suitable methods of base exchange are described in the aforenoted u . s . pat . no . 3 , 140 , 249 and 3 , 140 , 253 . where an alkali metal aluminosilicate is employed initially , it is essential to base exchange either the aluminosilicate particles before or after compositing with the matrix to reduce the sodium content of the final product to less than about 4 % by weight and preferably less than 1 % by weight . the sodium content of the final composite is essentially less than 1 % by weight . such compositions provide high catalytic activity when zeolite y or zeolite x is the crystalline aluminosilicate component . preferably , however , and particularly when zeolite y or x is the crystalline aluminosilicate component , the sodium content of the final composite should be less than 1 % by weight . as previously discussed , base exchange may be accomplished by one or more contacts ( before and / or after incorporation of the crystalline aluminosilicate into the matrix ) with a solution containing ions selected from the group consisting of cations of the elements of groups ib - viii , hydrogen and hydrogen precursors , including mixtures thereof with one another . it is most preferred that the crystalline aluminosilicate be a rare earth zeolite , that is a crystalline aluminosilicate composition containing rare earth metal cations as a result of treatment with a fluid medium preferably a liquid medium , containing at least one rare earth metal cation . rare earth metal salts represent the source of rare earth cation . the product resulting from treatment with a fluid medium is an activated crystalline and / or crystalline - amorphous aluminosilicate in which the structure thereof has been modified primarily to the extent of having the rare earth cations chemisorbed or ionically bonded thereto . the rare earth zeolite is preferably calcined prior to incorporation in the final composite . where a rare earth zeolite is desired , a wide variety of rare earth compounds can be employed with facility as a source of rare earth ions . operable compounds include rare earth chlorides , bromides , iodides , carbonates , bicarbonates , sulfates , sulfides , thiocyanates , peroxysulfates , acetates , benzoates , citrates , nitrates , formates , propionates , butylrates , valerates , lactates , malanates , oxalates , palmitates , hydroxides , tartrates , and the like . the only limitation on the particular rare earth metal salt or salts employed is that it be sufficiently soluble in the fluid medium in which it is used to give the necessary rare earth ion transfer . the preferred rare earth salts are the chlorides , nitrates and sulfates . representative of the rare earth metals are cerium , lanthanum , praseodymium , neodymium , promethium , samarium , europium , gadolinium , terbium , dysoprosium , holmium , erbium , thulium , scandium , yttrium , and lutecium . the rare earth metal salts employed can either be the salt of a single rare earth metal or mixtures of rare earth metals , such as rare earth chlorides or didymium chlorides . as hereinafter referred to , a rare earth chloride solution in a mixture of rare earth chlorides consisting essentially of the chlorides of lanthanum , cerium , neodymium and praseodymium with minor amounts of samarium , gadolinium and yttrium . rare earth chloride solutions are commercially available and the ones specifically referred to in the examples contain the chlorides of the rare earth mixture having the relative composition cerium ( as ceo 2 ) 48 % by weight , lanthanum ( as la 2 o 3 ) 24 % by weight , praseodymium ( as pr 6 o 11 ) 5 % by weight , neodymium ( as nd 2 o 3 ) 17 % by weight , samarium ( as sm 2 o 3 ) 3 % by weight , gadolinium ( as gd 2 o 3 ) 2 % by weight , and other rare earth oxides 0 . 8 % by weight . didymium chloride is also a mixture of rare earth chlorides but having a lower cerium content . it consists of the following rare earths determined as oxides : lanthanum 45 - 56 % by weight , cerium 1 - 2 % by weight , praseodymium 9 - 10 % by weight , neodymium 32 - 33 % by weight , samarium 5 - 7 % by weight , gadolinium 3 - 4 % by weight , yttrium 0 . 4 % by weight , and other rare earths 1 - 2 % by weight . it is to be understood that other mixtures of rare earth are also applicable for the preparation of the novel compositions of this invention , although lanthanum , neodymium , praseodymium , samarium and gadolinium as well as mixtures of rare earth cations containing a predominant amount of one or more of the above cations are preferred since these metals provide optimum activity for hydrocarbon conversion , including catalytic cracking . rare earth zeolites for use in this invention may be made by base exchange of sodium zeolite x with rare earth ions to form rare earth zeolite x ( see , e . g ., u . s . pat . no . 3 , 140 , 249 , example 26 ), and particularly preferred by base exchange of sodium zeolite y with rare earth ions to form rare earth zeolite y , in a similar manner . the base catalyst used in one preferred embodiment of the invention contains rey in a silica - clay - zirconia matrix . it was found , in accord with the invention , that when a base catalyst is co - impregnated with a combination of rare earth oxide and with either cr 2 o 3 , mno , coo or nio , the sulfur content in coke produced during cracking is reduced by about 35 - 40 %. the compositions that lead to the reduction of the sulfur content in coke comprise a base catalyst that : ( a ) is impregnated with rare earth oxide at a level between about 1 and 10 wt percent above the exchange capacity of the base , preferably between 1 and 5 wt percent , ( b ) is co - impregnated with the rare earth oxide of ( a ) ( described immediately above ) and either cr 2 o 3 , mno , coo or nio , in amounts between about 0 . 05 and 5 wt percent preferably between about 0 . 1 to 2 wt percent , ( c ) is co - impregnated with rare earth oxide and a platinum group metal oxidation promoter in amounts between about 0 . 1 and 200 ppm , preferably between about 0 . 5 and 10 ppm . the term &# 34 ; co - impregnated &# 34 ; is defined as impregnation of the rare earth and metals concurrently and not consecutively onto the base material . in order to more fully illustrate the nature of the invention and the manner of practicing same , the following non - limitative examples are offered . the base catalyst ( example 1 ) used in these studies was a commercially manufactured catalyst containing 10 % rey in a matrix consisting of 57 % sio 2 , 2 % zro 2 and 1 % al 2 o 3 that had been post - exchanged with rare earth chloride and contained 2 . 2 wt percent re 2 o 3 . the method of manufacture has been detailed in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 556 , 988 . the base catalyst was impregnated with a solution containing both rare earth chloride and an additional metal salt . the impregnation was performed with a volume of solution just sufficient to fill the catalyst pores . the rare earth chloride ( recl 3 . 6h 2 o ) had a rare earth distribution of 24 % la 2 o 3 , 48 % ceo 2 , 5 % pr 6 o 11 , 17 % md 2 o 3 , 3 % sm 2 o 3 , 2 % gd 2 o 3 , 0 . 2 % y 2 o 3 and 0 . 8 % other oxides . the catalysts prepared , the impregnating salts and relevant analysis are given in table 1 . after impregnation , each catalyst was dried in air for 16 hours at 250 ° f . each catalyst was subsequently steam - treated for 4 hours at 1400 ° f . with 100 % steam at 0 psig in a fluidized bed . the steamed catalysts were used to crack a high - sulfur gas oil , the properties of which are given in table 2 , in a fixed fluidized bed at 920 ° f ., 3 c / o , 8 . 3 whsv . the product distributions obtained are given in table 3 . the percent sulfur in coke was determined by oxidizing the coke - containing spent catalyst in a stream of oxygen at about 1100 ° f . and passing the effluent gas through a 3 % solution of hydrogen peroxide in water , thus converting so 2 to so 3 and absorbing all of the so 3 . the sulfate so formed was titrated as sulfuric acid with standard base ( naoh ). table 1__________________________________________________________________________ex . no . metals impregnated salts for impregnation re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 .% wt . metal or metal oxide__________________________________________________________________________ content1 base -- -- 2 . 2 02 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , cr . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o cr ( no . sub . 3 ). sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o 3 . 4 0 . 28 % cr . sub . 2 o . sub . 33 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , mno recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o mncl . sub . 2 . 4h . sub . 2 o 3 . 4 0 . 28 % mno4 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , pd recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o pd ( no . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 3 . 6 0 . 02 % pd5 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , pt recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o pt ( nh . sub . 3 ). sub . 4 cl . sub . 2 3 . 1 0 . 5 ppm pt6 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , pt recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o pt ( nh . sub . 3 ). sub . 4 cl . sub . 2 3 . 1 2 ppm pt7 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , mgo recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o mg ( no . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 . 6h . sub . 2 o 3 . 6 0 . 42 % mgo8 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , coo recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o co ( no . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 . 6h . sub . 2 o 3 . 6 0 . 2 % coo9 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , nio recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o ni ( no . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 . 6h . sub . 2 o 3 . 4 0 . 125 % nio10 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 recl . sub . 3 . 6h . sub . 2 o 3 . 5 0__________________________________________________________________________ table 2______________________________________high - sulfur gas oil______________________________________gravity , ° api 23 . 4sulfur , % wt 2 . 08nitrogen , % wt 0 . 10basic n , % wt 0 . 035conradson carbon , wt . % 0 . 28hydrogen , % wt 12 . 1mw 332aniline point , ° f . 161bromine no . 6 . 0r . i . @ 70 ° c . 1 . 4900sp . grav ., 60 ° f . 0 . 9172paraffins , % wt 21 . 3naphthenes , % wt 27 . 8aromatics , % wt 50 . 9c . sub . a 17 . 3______________________________________ table 3__________________________________________________________________________ example no . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , impregnated metals ( base ) cr . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 mno pd 0 . 5 ppm pt 2 ppm pt mgo coo nio re . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 , __________________________________________________________________________conversion , % vol 69 . 2 68 . 4 68 . 4 64 . 3 67 . 0 68 . 9 62 . 2 65 . 9 61 . 4 68 . 9c . sub . 5 . sup .+ gasoline , % vol 58 . 3 59 . 6 57 . 4 55 . 6 55 . 4 56 . 6 56 . 0 58 . 7 50 . 6 59 . 2total c . sub . 4 &# 39 ; s , % vol 11 . 5 11 . 5 9 . 6 9 . 7 12 . 5 13 . 8 9 . 3 9 . 5 8 . 3 12 . 7dry gas , % wt 6 . 8 6 . 0 5 . 4 5 . 6 6 . 4 6 . 5 5 . 2 5 . 5 6 . 0 6 . 4coke , % wt 3 . 5 3 . 1 2 . 9 3 . 9 3 . 9 3 . 5 2 . 5 3 . 1 5 . 0 3 . 2hydrogen , % wt 0 . 08 0 . 03 0 . 03 0 . 22 0 . 05 0 . 05 0 . 04 0 . 03 0 . 70 0 . 03h . sub . 2 s , % wt 0 . 76 0 . 77 0 . 78 0 . 79 0 . 77 0 . 78 0 . 73 0 . 73 0 . 78 0 . 70 % s in coke ( s / c × 100 ) 3 . 9 1 . 8 1 . 9 2 . 5 2 . 3 2 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 4 2 . 1 2 . 8__________________________________________________________________________ comparison of example 1 with example 2 shows that a substantial reduction of s in coke is obtained with a combination of cr 2 o 3 and rare earth . thus , so x emissions in this comparison are reduced by 60 % and are combined with a substantial increase in gasoline yield . in the case of mno ( example 3 ) or coo ( example 8 ) combined with rare earth , reduction of so x emissions are 60 and 45 % respectively with little or no loss of gasoline yield . however , in both cases , catalyst stability is moderately reduced , as evidenced by the lower conversion after steaming . the combination of platinum group metals with rare earth shows a substantial reduction of s in coke ( examples 4 , 5 , 6 vs example 1 ). the use of such catalysts in combination with complete co combustion regeneration in an fcc unit would result in both lower s in coke and lower coke yields and therefore substantially lower so x emissions . less desirable effects are observed for other metals . thus , mgo ( example 7 ) reduces the s in coke , but this effect is accompanied by loss of stability . nickel oxide ( example 9 ) also reduces s in coke , but substantially increases both hydrogen and coke yields . it is to be noted that in all cases in which the s in coke is reduced , the h 2 s yield shows no increase , indicating that the s not incorporated in the coke remains in liquid products , probably the heavy cycle oil . | 1 |
fig1 illustrates an exploded view of a cylinder lock 10 according to one embodiment of the invention . cylinder lock 10 includes a cylindrical plug 70 , a control sleeve 20 , a shell 40 , a faceplate 100 , and an auxiliary locking mechanism 120 the cylinder lock 10 shown in fig1 is of the type known as a small format interchangeable core cylinder . this is for the sole purpose of illustrating an embodiment of the inventive lock incorporating an auxiliary locking mechanism and is not intended to be limiting , as the auxiliary locking mechanism could be incorporated into other locks as well . the shell 40 includes an upper section 42 and a lower section 52 . lower section 52 has a hollow , generally cylindrical configuration . the upper section 42 has a solid , generally cylindrical configuration and includes tumbler pin holes 44 which receive conventional tumbler pins 90 ( i . e ., pin stacks ). upper section 42 includes a recess 46 extending along the axial length of the shell 40 along the bottom of the upper section 42 . the shell 40 further includes a flanged protrusion 50 , configured to interlock with recessed portion 104 ( e . g ., a dovetail slot ) formed in the faceplate 100 . the lower section 52 of the shell 40 is hollow to receive the control sleeve 20 and the plug 70 . service holes 54 formed in the bottom of the lower section 52 of the shell 40 allow a locksmith to remove tumblers from the tumbler holes 44 to re - key the lock 10 . a cutaway section 56 is formed in the rear of the lower section 52 of the shell 40 . the control sleeve 20 is housed inside the shell 40 . control sleeve 20 has a hollow , cylindrical configuration with a raised portion 22 . tumbler holes 24 formed in the raised portion 22 of the control sleeve 20 align with tumbler holes 44 formed in the shell 40 when the control sleeve 20 is inserted into the shell 40 , such that tumblers 90 inside may move up and down to control rotation of the plug 70 in a conventional manner . service holes 30 formed in the bottom of the control sleeve 20 align with service holes 54 formed in the shell 40 . the control sleeve 20 includes a control lug 26 along part of one side of the raised portion 22 . raised portion 22 of the control sleeve 20 is received within the recess 46 formed in the upper section 42 of the shell 40 , and control lug 26 interlocks with the bottom of the upper section 42 of the shell 40 to lock the control sleeve 20 within the shell 40 . the control sleeve 20 further includes an auxiliary locking pin hole 32 . the faceplate 100 includes a guard 102 with a recess 104 ( e . g ., a dovetail slot ) which mates with the flanged protrusion 50 of the shell 40 and a ring 106 which rests against the opening of the lower section 52 of the shell 40 . the plug 70 is mounted for axial rotation within the control sleeve 20 , which is disposed within the lower section 52 of the shell 40 . tumbler holes 72 are formed in the plug 70 and communicate with a keyway 80 formed axially into the plug 70 . plug 70 further includes an auxiliary locking pin hole 78 . tumblers 90 disposed within the tumbler holes 72 operate along with a key in a conventional manner to control rotation of the plug 70 . this rotating action is generally used to release a latching mechanism ( not shown ). a retainer groove 74 formed in the rear end of the plug 70 receives a retainer clip 76 for securing the plug 70 within the sleeve 20 and shell 40 . pin stacks 90 of various bottom pins 92 , master wafers , top pins 96 , and springs 94 are positioned in the tumbler holes 72 , 24 , and 44 . arrangements of spring loaded pins provide master keying capability and are well known in the lock art . the head 86 of the plug 70 has a stepped perimeter which mates with the ring 106 on the faceplate 100 . the head 86 of the plug 70 provides the entry to a keyway 80 . the entry has formed keyway guides 82 which extend across the face of the entry . these guides , formed by the depressions , may be useful in guiding a key ( shown later ) into the keyway 80 by redirecting the force of the oncoming key along the face of the depression such that the key is aligned with the keyway 80 . the cylinder plug 70 of the small format interchangeable core cylinder shown includes two longitudinally extending blind bores 88 ( see fig2 , 4 and 9 ) bored parallel to the keyway 80 from the rear portion of the barrel of the cylinder plug 70 . one bore 88 is formed on each side of the keyway 80 , and the two bores 88 engage with corresponding prongs of a tailpiece ( not shown ), all of which are rotatably disposed in the cylinder shell 40 , to operate the lock mechanism as the key turns . the auxiliary locking mechanism 120 includes an auxiliary locking pin 122 , a pin spring 134 , a pin - actuating slider 136 , and a slider spring 152 . further details of the auxiliary locking mechanism 120 are shown in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 9 and 11 . the auxiliary locking mechanism 120 is housed inside the plug 70 . more specifically , the slider 136 and slider spring 152 are disposed within an axially arranged slider cavity 160 , and the locking pin 122 and the pin spring 134 are disposed with a pin cavity 170 formed generally a right angle to the slider cavity 160 ( see fig4 and 9 ). the slider 136 is biased by spring 152 disposed between a back end of the slider 136 and a back end of the cavity 160 opposite the forward end of the slider cavity 160 ( i . e ., toward the head 86 of the plug 70 ). the auxiliary locking pin 122 includes an upper shaft 124 , which is surrounded by the pin spring 134 , and a lower point , or tip , 128 that is in contact with the slider 136 . the auxiliary locking mechanism 120 effects auxiliary locking by the top 126 of the upper shaft 124 extending through auxiliary locking hole 78 and 32 ( formed in the plug 70 and the control sleeve 20 , respectively ) into gap 48 defined within recess 46 adjacent the raised portion 22 ( see fig4 and 6 ). the locking pin 122 then resists rotation of the plug 70 by contacting the sides of hole 32 . the auxiliary locking pin 122 must provide enough strength to resist a rotational force upon the plug 70 . in particular , if a lock 10 were compromised by aligning the tumblers with the shear line ( e . g ., by bumping the lock ), the auxiliary locking pin 122 ought to be able to resist rotation of the plug 70 . a preferred material for the auxiliary locking pin 122 is stainless steel . the top 126 of the auxiliary locking pin 122 is sloped to conform with the peripheral curvature of cylindrical plug 70 . the auxiliary locking pin 122 includes a radial shoulder 130 to provide a stop for the pin spring 134 . a shoulder projection 132 protrudes from the shoulder 130 toward the face of the locking cylinder 10 . the auxiliary locking pin spring 134 is disposed around the upper shaft 124 and extends from the shoulder 130 into a counterbore formed coaxially with pin hole 78 to provide a downward biasing force upon the auxiliary locking pin 122 . the shoulder projection 132 is rectangular in cross - section and is sized to conform to the sides of the auxiliary pin cavity 170 , as shown in fig6 and 11 , to ensure that the auxiliary locking pin 122 does not rotate around its longitudinal axis . because the tip 126 of the locking pin 122 is sloped to conform to the plug 70 , it is important that the pin 122 maintain a consistent orientation and not rotate about its longitudinal axis . if the auxiliary locking pin 122 were to rotate about its longitudinal axis , the top 126 of the auxiliary locking pin 122 would slope in a direction not conforming with the curvature of the plug 70 . the bottom tip 128 of the auxiliary locking pin 122 sits atop the slider 136 . as shown in fig1 - 15 , slider 136 includes an angled notch 142 which defines angled side walls 144 , a rear body portion 138 , a spring hole 140 formed in the rear body portion 138 in an axial orientation with respect to the plug 70 , and a curved bottom portion 146 having a curvature generally conforming to the peripheral curvature of the plug 70 . slider 136 further includes a side projection 148 defining a contact surface 150 . when the slider 136 is installed in the slider cavity 160 , the side projection 148 and the contact surface 150 extend into the keyway 80 , and the bottom portion 146 conforms to the curvature of the plug 70 , so the slider 136 is retained within the slider cavity 160 by the control sleeve 120 . as shown in fig2 and 4 , the slider spring 152 , having one end inserted into spring hole 140 , urges the slider 136 toward a first position at the forward end of the slider cavity 160 . as shown in fig2 , 4 , and 6 , with the slider 136 in this forward position , the pin 122 contacts the top of the rear main body 138 of the slider , thereby holding the pin in a first position with the upper shaft 124 extending through the auxiliary pin locking hole 122 into the gap 48 to prevent rotation of the plug 70 and preventing the pin 122 , which is biased downwardly by the pin spring 134 , from moving from this first position . when engaged by a key ( as described in more detail below ), the slider 136 is moved , against the bias of the slider spring 152 , to a second position toward the back of the slider cavity 160 . meanwhile , the tip 128 of the auxiliary locking pin 122 slides along the top of the slider and into the notch 142 , sliding along the angled wall 144 to the bottom of the notch 142 , as shown in fig7 , 9 , and 11 . with the pin 122 moved into this second position , the upper shaft 124 withdraws from the gap 48 , through the auxiliary pin hole 32 formed in the control sleeve 20 , so that the plug 70 may rotate within the control sleeve 20 . when a key is removed , the slider 136 is allowed to move under the force of spring 152 from the second position to the first position toward the front of the slider cavity 160 . the tip 128 of the auxiliary locking pin 122 slides up along the angled wall 144 to the top of the rear main body 138 of the slider 136 . the upper shaft 124 again protrudes through auxiliary locking pin hole 32 into gap 48 , and the plug 70 is again locked against rotation . preferably , the angled side walls 144 of the notch 142 form an angle of about 90 °. if the angles of the side walls 144 are too steep , then it will be difficult for the tip 128 of the auxiliary locking pin 122 to slide up the side wall 144 and out of the angled groove 142 as the slider 136 moves from the back , second position to the forward , first position . on the other hand , if the angles of the side walls 144 are too shallow , the linear distance required for the angled notch 142 to reach the necessary depth to permit the upper shaft 124 of the locking pin 122 to fully withdraw from the gap 48 will be too great , which will require an unnecessarily long slider . a key 200 configured for use in the cylinder lock 10 is shown in fig1 . key 200 includes a bow 202 , which may include a key ring hole 204 , a shoulder , or key stop , 206 , and a key blade 208 . key blade 208 includes a biting edge 210 having teeth 212 . a slider catch 218 is formed in a lower , forward edge of the key blade 208 . the slider catch 218 comprises a slider cut 220 , which is intended to move past the slider ( not shown ), and a slider contact surface 222 , which is intended to engage the slider contact surface 150 . the distal end of the key blade has a tip stop 224 . blade profile features , such as longitudinal shelf 214 , may be provided to control access to the keyway by forming a keyblade and keyway to have conforming profiles permit the only the correctly - profiled key to be inserted into a keyway . when key 200 is inserted into the keyway 80 , the teeth 214 of the biting 210 engage pin stacks 90 to elevate the tumblers to correct positions to unlock the plug 70 . the depth to which the key 200 can be inserted into the keyway 80 will be determined by the shoulder 206 or the tip stop 224 . also , the slider contact surface 222 will engage the contact surface 150 of the slider 136 to move the slider from the first , locking position shown in fig2 , 4 , and 6 to the second , unlocked position shown in fig7 , 9 and 11 . fig1 - 23 illustrate components of a cylinder lock according to an alternative embodiment of the invention . the cylinder lock according to this alternative embodiment , like cylinder lock 10 described above , includes an auxiliary locking mechanism which includes an auxiliary locking pin , but does not include a slider which actuates the pin . fig1 shows a side view of a cylinder lock 310 , and fig1 shows a cross - section of the cylinder lock 310 of fig1 . cylinder lock 310 includes a cylindrical plug 370 , a control sleeve 320 , a shell 40 , a faceplate 100 , and an auxiliary locking pin 422 as with cylinder lock 10 described above , cylinder lock 310 shown in fig1 - 22 is of the type known as a small format interchangeable core cylinder . this is merely for the purpose of illustrating this alternative embodiment of the inventive lock incorporating an auxiliary locking mechanism and is not intended to be limiting , as the auxiliary locking mechanism could be incorporated into other locks as well . the shell 40 of the alternative embodiment shown in the figures is identical to shell 40 described above , and thus the description will not be repeated . the control sleeve 320 is housed inside the shell 40 . control sleeve 320 has a hollow , cylindrical configuration with a raised portion 322 . tumbler holes 324 formed in the raised portion 322 of the control sleeve 320 align with tumbler holes 44 formed in the shell 40 when the control sleeve 320 is inserted into the shell 40 , such that tumblers ( described above ) inside may move up and down to control rotation of the plug 370 in a conventional manner . service holes 330 formed in the bottom of the control sleeve 320 align with service holes 54 formed in the shell 40 . the control sleeve 320 includes a control lug 326 along part of one side of the raised portion 322 . raised portion 322 of the control sleeve 320 is received within the recess 46 formed in the upper section 42 of the shell 40 , and control lug 326 interlocks with the bottom of the upper section 42 of the shell 40 to lock the control sleeve 320 within the shell 40 . the control sleeve 320 further includes an upper auxiliary locking pin hole 332 and a lower auxiliary locking pin hole 334 . the faceplate 100 of the alternative embodiment and its engagement with shell 40 is identical to faceplate 100 described above , and thus the description will not be repeated . the plug 370 is mounted for axial rotation within the control sleeve 320 , which is disposed within the lower section 52 of the shell 40 . tumbler holes 372 are formed in the plug 370 and communicate with a keyway 380 formed axially into the plug 370 . tumblers ( described above ) disposed within the tumbler holes 372 operate along with a key in a conventional manner to control rotation of the plug 370 . plug 370 further includes an auxiliary locking pin hole 378 , which includes an upper pin cavity 472 and a lower pin cavity 470 having a smaller diameter than the upper spring cavity 472 . as shown in fig1 and 17 — which show top and bottom plan views , respectively , of the cylinder 370 — an area , designated by reference number 382 , between the hole 378 and keyway 380 and one of the tumbler holes 372 is broached . the purpose of this broached area will be described below . the auxiliary locking pin 422 is disposed within auxiliary pin locking hole 378 . the auxiliary locking pin 422 includes a shaft 424 , an upper tip 426 , a spring shoulder 430 , a key contact projection 432 , and a lower point , or tip , 428 . a pin spring 434 surrounds the upper shaft 424 . the auxiliary locking pin 422 effects auxiliary locking by the upper tip 426 of the auxiliary locking pin 422 extending from the auxiliary locking pin hole 378 through auxiliary pin hole 332 formed in the control sleeve 320 and into gap 48 defined within recess 46 adjacent the raised portion 322 ( see fig1 ). the locking pin 422 resists rotation of the plug 370 by contacting the sides of hole 332 . a preferred material for the auxiliary locking pin 422 is stainless steel . the tip 426 of the auxiliary locking pin 422 may be sloped to conform with the peripheral curvature of cylindrical plug 370 . the spring shoulder 430 of the auxiliary locking pin 422 provides a stop for the pin spring 434 . more specifically , spring shoulder 430 has a transverse dimension ( e . g ., diameter ) that is greater than that of the upper shaft 424 and the upper tip 426 . the bottom of the spring shoulder 430 forms a radial flange that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the auxiliary locking pin 422 . in the illustrated embodiment , the top 426 has a smaller transverse dimension ( e . g ., diameter ) than the spring shoulder 430 so as to fit within the gap 48 . also , as seen in fig1 , 21 , and 22 , the lower pin cavity 470 has a smaller transverse dimension ( e . g ., diameter ) than the upper pin cavity 472 . the change in dimension between the lower pin cavity 470 and the upper pin cavity 472 defines a radial ledge . pin spring 434 surrounds a portion of the upper shaft 424 and resides within the upper pin cavity 472 where it is retained between the radial flange defined at the bottom of the spring shoulder 430 and the radial ledge defined at the transition of the lower pin cavity 470 and the upper pin cavity 472 . pin spring 434 biases the auxiliary locking pin 422 upwardly . thus , when the locking pin 422 is unengaged by a key , as shown in fig1 , it is in a first position , extending , under the bias force provided by the pin spring 434 , through the upper auxiliary locking pin hole 332 of the control sleeve 320 to prevent the cylindrical plug 370 from rotating . the auxiliary locking pin 422 also includes a key contact extension 432 , which extends laterally through the broached area 382 adjacent the lower pin cavity 470 into the keyway 380 . fig2 shows a side view of the cylinder lock 310 with a key 500 inserted into the keyhole thereof . fig2 is a transverse cross section of the cylinder lock 310 and key 500 taken through the auxiliary locking pin 422 . as shown in fig2 and 21 , when a properly configured key 500 ( described in more detail below ) is inserted into the keyway 380 , it engages the extension 432 and pulls the auxiliary locking pin 422 down into a second position in which the upper tip 426 of the pin 422 is retracted into the plug 370 to thereby permit the plug 370 to rotate with respect to the control sleeve 320 . as shown in fig2 , if the auxiliary locking pin 422 is moved down too far within the auxiliary locking pin hole 378 into a third position ( for example , if engaged by the wrong key or if the pin is moved down too far in an attempt to pick the lock ), the lower tip 428 of the pin 422 will extend through the lower auxiliary locking pin hole 334 of the control sleeve 320 to again prevent rotation of the plug 370 . when the key is removed , the auxiliary locking pin 422 is allowed to move under the force of pin spring 434 from the second position shown in fig2 back to the first position shown in fig1 so that the upper tip 426 again protrudes through upper auxiliary locking pin hole 332 into gap 48 , and the plug 370 is again locked against rotation . a key 500 configured for use in the cylinder lock 310 is shown in fig2 . key 500 includes a bow 502 , which may include a key ring hole 504 , a shoulder 506 , and a key blade 508 . key blade 508 includes a biting edge 510 having teeth 512 . the key 500 also includes a key stop 516 . a pin groove 514 is formed along the key blade 508 . the pin groove 514 comprises a groove , or channel , having a first portion 518 which receives the key contact projection 432 when the key 500 is first inserted into the keyway 380 and the auxiliary locking pin 422 is in its first position . progressing along the key blade 508 , the pin groove 514 includes a transition 520 , which , in the illustrated embodiment , moves closer to the bottom edge of the blade 508 , to a terminal portion 522 of the groove 514 . as the projection 432 moves along the groove 514 , while the key 500 is inserted into the keyway 480 , it moves from the initial portion 518 , through the transition 520 , and down to the terminal portion 522 . the pin 422 is thus pulled down into the second position , retracted into the plug 370 , thereby allowing the cylinder to rotate , assuming the tumblers are also properly aligned . the auxiliary locking pin 422 is installed into the plug 370 by dropping it down into the auxiliary pin locking hole 378 . the broached area 382 allows the pin 422 , with the extending projection 432 , to be inserted into the hole 378 . in a further embodiment , a cylinder lock may include an auxiliary locking mechanism comprising more than one auxiliary locking pin of the type shown in fig1 . that is , multiple auxiliary locking pins 422 can be provided along the length of the keyway 380 , each locking pin having a key contact projection 432 at a different height , so that the pins are lowered by different amounts to permit rotation of the cylinder plug . the pin groove provided in a proper key would be shaped to accurately position each locking pin 422 into its respective second position . if the wrong key is used , and one or more pins is ( are ) moved too little or too much , the upper tip 426 or the lower tip 428 of the locking pin 422 will be engaged in the upper pin hole 332 or the lower pin hole 334 of the control sleeve 320 to prevent the cylinder plug from rotating . such an arrangement may not , however , be possible if the cylinder includes longitudinal bores ( such as longitudinal bores 88 shown in fig2 and 4 ). thus , a preferred embodiment has been fully described above with reference to the drawing figures . although the invention has been described based upon this preferred embodiment , it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications , variations , and alternative constructions could be made to the described embodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention . | 8 |
for clarity , different circuits in the apparatus shown in fig1 are shown with lines of different thickness . three main circuits are provided , which may be termed thermodynamic circuit a , solar circuit b and intermediate hydraulic circuit c . they will be described successively . the thermodynamic circuit a comprises in succession , along the direction of flow of the thermodynamic fluid which will generally be a fluorine compound of the kind known under the trade mark &# 34 ; freon &# 34 ;, a compressor unit 10 , a desuperheating exchanger 11 , a tube bundle 12 of a condenser 13 , an expansion valve 14 and an evaporator - exchanger 15 . condenser 13 and evaporator - exchanger 15 operate by heat exchange , respectively with a hot source and a cold source . in the illustrated embodiment , the high - temperature source may be either a heating - water circuit d , or the bundle of heating - pipes 16 of a hot - water tank 17 belonging to a sanitary hot - water circuit e . a three - way valve 18 is provided for connecting condenser 13 either to the heating - water circuit d ( winter operation ), or to the pipe bundle 16 for producing sanitary hot water ( summer operation ). an intermediate flow loop 19 having a pump 20 is provided for transferring heat from the desuperheating exchanger 11 to a pipe coil 21 immersed in the hot - water tank 17 of the hot - water circuit ; in a modified embodiment , the hot water tank 17 has the same volume , but is of smaller diameter and greater height so as to achieve thermal segregation which allows loop 19 to operate as a thermosyphon without a pump 20 . the apparatus shown in fig1 further comprises a finned exchanger 22 associated with an air - circulation blower 23 and placed between condenser 13 and expansion means 14 . it allows hot air to be supplied for air conditioning premises from cold air taken from outside , at least during winter operation . the solar circuit b comprises an exchanger 25 or , more generally , a bank of exchangers each provided with an isolating valve 26 , a pump 27 and an exchanger which , in the case illustrated in fig1 is combined with evaporator 15 to constitute a built - in unit . the solar exchanger does not use the greenhouse - effect and does not comprise a front glass and insulation . it recovers the energy of solar radiation and the sensible heat of the ambient air when it operates below the ambient temperature . solar circuit b is filled with a fluid which remains in liquid phase under all operating conditions . as a general rule , a mixture of water and an antifreeze such as ethylene - glycol will be used . an expansion tank 28 is provided in the circuit , since the liquid will operate within a substantial temperature range . the evaporator exchanger unit 15 is located above the storage tank 29 , in an &# 34 ; ice - manufacturing &# 34 ; configuration . the intermediate hydraulic circuit c forms a heat recharge circuit for tank 29 . water flows therethrough and it allows heat energy to be stored by using the latent heat of the water - ice change . circuit c comprises a pump 32 which draws water from storage tank 29 and feeds it to sprinkler means 31 from which the water streams over the exchanger and fall back into the tank . the pumps and electromagnetically controlled valves of the circuit are associated with a control system ( not shown ) for operating the apparatus as follows : when the temperature of the heat - carrying liquid which flows through circuit b is greater than 0 °, pump 27 is continuously energized . pump 32 feeds water from tank 29 to the sprinkler means 31 from which it flows down on the evaporator exchanger 15 and returns to tank 29 . pump 32 operates as long as the temperature of the water in tank 29 is above that of the heat - carrying liquid . there is then accumulation of solar energy in the form of heating of the body of water in tank 29 . as soon as the temperature of the heat - carrying liquid which flows through circuit b decreases to 0 ° c ., pump 32 stops automatically . the operation of pump 27 is servo - controlled responsive to operation of compressor 10 , as long as the temperature of the heat - carrying liquid in circuit b corresponds to a performance coefficient greater than a predetermined threshold , equal to 2 . 5 for example . as soon as the temperature of the fluid in circuit b drops below this threshold , pump 27 is stopped . pump 32 is on the other hand started again and its operation is slaved to that of compressor 10 . the water discharged by sprinkler 31 is then partially transformed into ice . finally , when the evaporation pressure of the thermodynamic circuit a reaches the minimum value corresponding to the minimum performance coefficient chosen beforehand , a cyclic defrosting system is brought into action . this system may use several possible heat sources , for example the thermal storage formed by the water of hot - water tank 17 . if , before defrosting becomes necessary , circuit b again supplies heat - carrying liquid at a temperature greater than 0 ° c ., following a sunshine renewal , normal operation is resumed and causes , without a special deicing operation , the ice in contact with the evaporator exchanger to melt , the film of water thus formed causing the ice to fall into tank 29 . the ice collected in tank 29 melts progressively as the heat - carrying fluid of circuit b heats up and supplies the heat to the evaporator exchanger and to the streaming water . by way of example , the following numerical values can be given which have been chosen for a domestic heating and hot - water production installation . thermodynamic circuit a is designed so that the limit temperatures of the fluorine - compound fluid are the following : saturating vapor temperature at evaporator 15 , from - 10 ° c . to + 10 ° c . ; saturating vapor temperature at condensation , from + 25 ° c . to + 55 ° c . the solar circuit is designed so that the temperature of its heat - carrying fluid , formed by glycol - containing water , may vary from - 20 ° c . to + 60 ° c . the temperature of the heating water available in circuit d should be between + 20 ° c . and + 50 ° c . the temperature of sanitary water in circuit e should be maintained at + 50 ° c . at the output of hot - water tank 17 until a rate of drawing off of 100 liters at a flow rate of 100 liters / minute , compatible in practice with a mains water temperature between + 5 ° c . and + 15 ° c . the control system , not shown , will generally control in addition the heating - water circuit d and will regulate the distribution temperature of this water depending on the outside temperature , generally following a linear law of variation . such an apparatus has proved to be such as to provide in all cases a performance coefficient at least equal to 2 . 5 . fig2 shows , again schematically , the complete construction of an apparatus of the kind already described with reference to fig1 and shown in the &# 34 ; ice manufacture &# 34 ; configuration . the parts in fig2 corresponding to those of fig1 are shown by the same reference number ; they will not be described again . thermodynamic circuit a has a construction similar to that shown in fig1 but comprises several evaporator - exchangers 15 formed by concentric tubes mounted in parallel and placed above tank 29 so as not to dip into the mass of water . unit 10 is advantageously formed from several power - driven compressor units mounted in independent circuits , having the same power or better still , if they are two in number , having respectively powers equal to 1 / 3 and 2 / 3 of the total power . thus , the electric power supplied may be matched to the heating needs . the compressor are of a type whose electric drive motor is cooled by the gases sucked in . the desuperheater exchanger 11 may be of conventional construction . the condenser may be of the helical multitubular type , subjecting the thermodynamic fluid to a pressure drop less than 0 . 15 bar . this condenser should be insulated to limit heat losses . the expanding valve 14 will be of the thermostatic type , with pressure limitation corresponding to the highest evaporation temperature ( a representative range of evaporation temperatures being - 15 ° c . to + 12 ° c .). the evaporator - exchangers 15 may be formed from copper tubes and designed so as to impose on the refrigerating fluid of the thermodynamic circuit a a very small pressure drop , typically less than 0 . 08 bar , and a pressure drop on the hydraulic circuits less than 2 m of water . the intermediate loop 19 , which avoids direct exchange between the refrigeration fluid of circuit a and the sanitary water of circuit e , may be flown by the same liquid as that which forms the heat - carrying liquid in solar circuit b . fig2 further shows a circuit f for make - up water coming from the water mains network r , comprising a valve 35 which feeds additional mains water into tank 29 as soon as the maximum ice storage capacity is reached . opening of this valve 35 is controlled by a system , not shown , detecting the ice volume . fig2 shows further one of the possible embodiments of the deicing system with which the installation must be equipped . this system comprises a three - way valve 36 for diverting liquid which flows through intermediate loop 19 towards the evaporator exchanger 15 . when valve 36 is brought into the defrosting position , the liquid which has flown through hot - water tank 17 no longer passes through the desuperheater exchanger 11 , but follows a circuit comprising valve 36 , a by - pass conduit 37 , the heat - carrying liquid circuit of evaporator - exchangers 15 and a second bypass conduit 38 . a non - return valve 39 prevents the liquid from returning to circuit b . the apparatus shown schematically in fig3 ( where the parts corresponding to those already described are designated by the same reference number ) essentially differs from the preceding one in that the evaporator - exchangers mounted in parallel are flat and constructed in accordance with the &# 34 ; roll - bond &# 34 ; technique consisting in laminating four aluminum sheets together so as to define interleaved thermodynamic a and solar b circuits . circuit b delivers the heat collected by the solar exchangers 25 to an exchanger , again combined with evaporator 15 , disposed above the water - storage tank 29 . circuit c comprises a lift pump 32 which feeds a sprinkling or water delivering line 31 disposed at the upper part of the elements forming evaporator - exchanger 15 . in the embodiment of fig3 several compressors may be mounted in the same thermodynamic circuit . again the apparatus has a deicing circuit for flowing warm fluid coming from the circuit for heating the sanitary hot water 17 in evaporator - exchanger 15 , through conduits 37 and 38 and a three - way valve 36 . last , the apparatus comprises a buffer tank 40 for storing hot water . operation of the apparatus is similar to that described with reference to fig1 and 2 . from the output of compressor 10 , the high temperature vapor successively circulates through a desuperheater exchanger for heating an intermediate circuit , then a condenser 13 where it is condensed . the warm liquid leaving condenser 13 is cooled , before expansion in expansion valve 14 , in an exchanger 22 which heats the replacement air for the premises , for example from - 7 ° c . up to a temperature greater than + 30 ° c . due to that lower temperature of the thermodynamic fluid in liquid phase at the output of the condenser , the minimum performance coefficient may be brought up to a value of 2 . 5 and often even 3 . according to a modification , the flat elements of the evaporator exchanger may be formed as cylinders . the apparatus may be constructed as a heat - producing built - in unit , comprising the whole of the thermodynamic circuit , to which the solar exchangers and the hot - water tanks are connected . referring now to fig4 and 5 , there is shown an embodiment in which the heat - exchange means are dissociated from the evaporator . for easier understanding , the parts in fig4 and 5 which correspond to those already shown in fig1 to 3 are designated by the same reference number . in fig4 - 5 , the thermodynamic circuit a through which the thermodynamic fluid flows is shown with thick lines and the intermediate hydraulic circuit c , serving for the heat recharging of the storage tank , is shown by double lines . the thermodynamic circuit a again comprises , in succession in the direction of flow of the thermodynamic fluid , a compressor unit 10 with two compressors in parallel relation , a desuperheating heat remover 11 , a condenser 13 forming store of warm thermodynamic liquid , an expansion valve 14 and an evaporator 15b . condenser 13 and evaporator 15b operate by heat exchange , respectively with a hot source formed by a tube stack immersed in condenser 13 , and with a cold source . the apparatus as shown further comprises an exchanger 22 associated with an air circulation blower 23 and placed between the condenser 13 and expansion valve 14 , for supplying in winter warm air for air - conditioning premises , from cold air taken from outside . in the embodiment shown in fig4 and 5 , the hot source , which the installation must supply with heat , is formed by a tube stack 30 immersed in condenser 13 forming a reserve of thermodynamic fluid . tube stack 30 belongs to a hot - water circuit comprising a buffer hot - water tank 61 , a three - way valve 18 and a circulating pump 62 . the circulating pump 62 and valve 18 allow flow to be organized in closed circuit , so as to increase the temperature of the body of water in tank 61 . in winter , valve 18 supplies a heating hot - water circuit d . with the closed circuit there is also associated a loop comprising a tube stack 63 for heat exchange with the air circulated by blower 23 . the heat taken from the thermodynamic fluid by the exchange tube stack 64 of the desuperheater 11 , which also ensures at least partial condensation , is used for heating the sanitary hot water contained in a hot - water tank 17 for a circuit e . a circulator 20 and an electromagnetic valve 36 enable closed - circuit circulation to be established in an intermediate loop comprising tube stack 65 placed in hot - water tank 17 . solar circuit b is filled with a fluid chosen so as to remain in liquid phase under all operating conditions , for example a mixture of water and antifreeze . this circuit b comprises at least an exchanger 25 , a circulator 27 , the part through which flows the unfreezable fluid of evaporator 15b , and an exchanger 15a . a three - way valve 66 allows the solar exchanger to be short - circuited . this latter should again not be confused with a glasshouse - effect solar collector . it serves to collect indirect solar energy as well as direct solar radiation . contrary to the usual solar collectors , which use solar radiation for raising the temperature of a fluid to a temperature of use , the solar exchanger used in the installation of the present invention may be without glasses and without heat insulation , the function of raising the heat level of the solar energy absorbed being provided by the thermodynamic circuit . exchanger 15a is disposed above tank 29 , which may be replaced by a buried tank , and contains a mass of water whose latent solidification heat provides a thermal storage . an intermediate hydraulic circuit , forming a heat recharge circuit for storage tank 29 , comprises a lift pump 32 feeding a sprinkler 31 from which the water may stream over exchanger 15a . this water may either return to the tank after being heated or cooled on the exchanger , or be transformed into ice in contact with the exchanger . finally , the installation comprises in addition a circuit f for make - up water coming from the water mains network r , comprising a valve 35 for feeding the additional mains water into tank 29 as soon as the maximum ice - storage capacity is reached and a valve 67 for making up the sanitary hot water drawn off . the input of water for making up that drawn off takes place , in the case illustrated in the figures , through a coiled tube 68 for heat exchange with the water contained in the buffer hot - water tank 61 . the operation of the apparatus which has just been described is to a great extent similar to that of the installation shown in fig1 to 3 . consequently , it will only be indicated briefly . pump 27 is in permanent operation and causes the heat - carrying fluid to flow in the whole of circuit b , i . e . through evaporator 15b , of conventional construction , exchanger 15a and the solar collector 25 . the three - way valve 66 closes the conduit bypassing exchanger 25 . pump 32 , controlled by a circuit comparing the temperature of the water in tank 29 with that of the heat - carrying fluid in circuit b , feeds water from tank 29 to the sprinkler 31 from which it streams over the exchanger , is heated and returns to the tank , as long as the temperature of the water in the tank is less than that of the heat - carrying fluid . there is accumulation of solar energy in the form of the heating of the body of water in tank 29 . valve 18 is positioned so as to create a closed circulation circuit comprising 30 , 61 and 62 . pump 32 stops automatically as soon as the temperature of the heat - carrying fluid in exchanger 15a ceases to be greater than 0 ° c . operation during severe weather periods , with ice manufacture on the exchanger : as soon as the temperature of the liquid in circuit b drops below a threshold corresponding to a minimum performance coefficient , pump 32 is again started up and the water discharged by sprinkler 31 is partially transformed into ice which progressively covers the walls of exchanger 15a . pump 27 continues to operate and to transfer the heat collected in the form of latent vaporization heat on exchanger 15a to evaporator 15b . the heat released in excessive - heat remover - condenser 11 is transferred to the hot - water tank 17 by a circuit comprising circulator 20 , valve 36 then open , the tube stack 65 plunging into hot - water tank 17 and the tube stack 64 . when the evaporation pressure of the thermodynamic circuit a reaches the value corresponding to the minimum performance coefficient chosen beforehand , a cyclic deicing system is brought into action and leads to the configuration illustrated in fig5 . it uses as heat source the storage formed by the thermodynamic liquid in the desuperheater condenser 11 and the hot water in hot - water tank 17 . valve 36 is then closed , circulator 20 is brought into action and the three - way valves 66 and 69 are positioned so as to form a closed loop comprising pump 20 , valve 69 , exchanger 15a and tube stacks 65 and 64 . it can be seen that this operation leads to connecting circuit b and the heat - transfer circuit between hot - water tanks 11 and 17 , which involves their using the same heat - carrying fluid , which will generally be water to which an antifreeze has been added . the circulation of hot water in exchanger 15a causes the ice to melt in contact with the walls of the exchanger . pieces of ice drop into tank 29 and the normal operating cycle may be resumed . | 5 |
referring to the drawings , as noted above , fig1 is a simplified block diagram of a communication system in which the exemplary methods can be implemented . this and other arrangements and functions described herein ( including in the overview section above ) are provided by way of example only , and numerous variations may be possible . for instance , structural and functional elements can be added , omitted , combined , distributed , reordered , repositioned , or otherwise changed while remaining within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims . further , various functions described herein can be carried out by hardware , firmware , or software ( e . g ., one or more processors programmed with machine language instructions to carry out the functions ). still further , the term “ exemplary ” as used herein should be understood to mean “ serving as an example , instance , or illustration .” the system of fig1 includes at its core a radio access network ( ran ) 12 that is arranged to serve one or more access terminals ( ats )— ats 14 , 16 , and 18 are shown — via an air interface 20 ( or multiple air interfaces 20 ). the system , including ran 12 , ats 14 , 16 , and 18 , and air interface 20 , may operate according to any wireless communication protocol now known or later developed , examples of which include without limitation cdma ( e . g ., cdma2000 , ev - do ), iden , tdma , amps , gsm , gprs , umts , edge , wimax ( e . g ., ieee 802 . 16 ), lte , microwave , millimeter wave , satellite , mmds , wi - fi ( e . g ., ieee 802 . 11 ), bluetooth , and infrared . generally speaking , ats 14 , 16 , and 18 may be any wireless communication devices that are capable of wirelessly communicating with ran 12 and , in particular , any wireless communication devices that are capable of receiving and processing transmissions from ran 12 . the present method applies to page message transmissions ; thus , the exemplary ats 14 , 16 , and 18 are preferably devices capable of receiving and processing page message transmissions from ran 12 . examples of such ats include cellular telephones , wirelessly - equipped pdas , wirelessly - equipped personal computers , and wirelessly - equipped appliances or devices of other sorts , now known or later developed . ran 12 may be any wireless serving network that is capable of communicating over an air interface with one or more ats , such as ats 14 , 16 , and 18 , and , particularly , a network that is capable of sending paging channel messages , such as call setup page messages , message waiting indicators , data burst messages , or other sort of page messages now known or later developed , to ats . as such , ran 12 will include one or more antennas , one or more transceivers , and associated control logic for engaging in air interface communication with ats according to any agreed air interface protocol . as discussed above , the air interface in a given coverage area will preferably be divided into a number of forward - link channels , through any agreed mechanism , such as code division multiplexing for instance . by way of example , the air interface may define at least two paging channels on which ran 12 can send page messages to served ats . ran 12 may connect with one or more transport networks and signaling networks and may include logic to set up and carry communications between entities on the networks and served ats . for instance , ran 12 may include a network interface and program logic to receive a call setup message seeking to set up a call to a particular at , and the ran may responsively page the at via the air interface 20 and ultimately set up a communication path over the air to the at . likewise , the ran may respond to a request from the at to place an outbound call to a particular entity , and the ran may set up the call to the particular entity . further , ran 12 may receive a data - over - signaling message , such as a short message service ( sms ) message or message waiting indicator ( mwi ), destined to a particular at , and the ran may transmit the message via an air interface paging channel to the at . similarly , the ran may receive a data - over - signaling message , such as an outbound sms message or mwi acknowledgement , from the at and transmit the message to a destination entity . without limitation , fig1 depicts an example configuration of ran 12 . as shown , exemplary ran 12 includes a base station 22 , a base station controller ( bsc ) 24 , a mobile switching center ( msc ) 26 , and a packet data gateway ( gw ) 28 . in other arrangements , the ran could be in the form of a single element ( e . g ., a wireless access point router ) or another more complex form that includes various different elements . base station 22 preferably includes an antenna tower ( or other antenna structure ) and associated equipment , including , for instance , a programmable processor , arranged to communicate over air interface 20 with one or more served ats 14 , 16 , and 18 . the antenna of base station 22 and associated equipment may be arranged to define a cell and various cell sectors in which ats can operate . bsc 24 is coupled with and functions to control one or more base stations such as base station 22 , so as to manage aspects of base station and air interface operation . for instance , bsc 24 may manage handoff of ats moving between base station coverage areas and may schedule air interface transmissions of data , other bearer traffic , or control traffic via base stations to or from various ats . further , bsc 24 may programmatically control the power of transmissions over the air interface , such as by directing base station 22 to increase or decrease the gain of its power amplifier or to set the gain at a specific level . depending on the wireless protocol used , aspects of the base station 22 and bsc 24 may be combined together or distributed in other ways , collectively defining a base station system or general base station functionality . bsc 24 is shown communicatively linked to msc 26 and gw 28 . msc 26 , in turn , is coupled with and functions to control one or more bscs , such as bsc 22 . for instance , msc 26 may manage handoff of ats moving among bsc coverage areas and may direct bsc 22 , or base station 20 through bsc 22 , to take various actions such as paging particular ats . in a ran with an msc , the msc may generally control operation of the ran . alternatively , the bsc ( sometimes referred to as a radio network controller ( rnc )) may generally control operation of the ran . the inventive methods could be implemented using either network configuration or other configurations , as explained below . msc 26 is conventionally connected with the public switched telephone network ( pstn ) 30 , as shown in fig1 , so as to enable suitably equipped ats ( e . g ., cellular telephones ) to engage in telephone calls or other pstn communications with entities on the pstn . in an example operation , when a call is placed to an at , msc 26 may receive a communication that triggers paging of the access terminal . for instance , the msc 26 may receive an integrated services digital network user part ( isup ) initial address message ( iam ) or other communication that signifies the call and identifies the at . msc 26 may then send a paging request to the bsc 24 . in turn , the bsc may direct the base station 22 to send a page message over the air interface 20 in an effort to locate the called at . if the at is located in the coverage area of the ran and receives the page message , the at may then send a page response or acknowledgement message over the air to the ran . if the ran does not receive an acknowledgement from the at , perhaps because the access terminal is not present or because an acknowledgement from the at did not reach the ran , the ran may engage in a next page attempt of the page message and may continue to do so until the ran completes a page attempt sequence ( i . e . reaches a maximum number of page attempts ) or until the at responds . in a sequence of page attempts , for reasons such as the existence of contention on the paging channel , the ran may shed , and thus not transmit , a page attempt . upon receipt of an acknowledgement from the at , bsc 24 may direct base station 22 to send to the at a channel assignment message that contains identifying information for a traffic channel , and msc 26 may connect the call through to the at . gw 28 , in turn , is conventionally connected with a packet - switched network 32 , such as the internet or a wireless carrier &# 39 ; s core transport network . gw 26 may function as a network access server such as a packet data serving node ( pdsn ), to provide connectivity between circuit - switched communications with ats and packet - switched communications on network 32 . further or alternatively , gw 28 may function as a media gateway ( mgw ) and may carry out functions that would otherwise be carried out by msc 26 . gw 28 may also function as a mobile - ip ( mip ) foreign agent or home agent for ats arranged to engage in mip communication via network 32 , in a manner well known in the art . bsc 24 and gw 28 may work together to enable suitably equipped ats 14 , 16 , and 18 to engage in packet - data communications , such as voice over ip ( voip ) communications , on network 32 . in practice , for instance , an at may initially work with the ran to establish packet - data connectivity in accordance with any agreed protocol . when packet - data is transmitted to an at , gw 28 or bsc 24 may receive that data in the form of a communication that triggers the paging of the at . gw 28 may , for instance , pass the data along to bsc 24 and instruct the bsc to page the at , and bsc 24 may then direct base station 22 to send a page message over air interface 20 in an effort to locate the at . if the at is located in the coverage area of the ran and receives the page message , the at may then send a page response message ( e . g ., a connection request message ) over the air to the ran . alternatively , if the ran does not receive a response from the at , then the ran may engage in a next page attempt in the sequence for the page message , and the ran may continue to do so until the ran completes the sequence or until the at responds . the likelihood that the at will respond may be decreased if page attempts in the sequence are shed ( and not transmitted ) due to contention for the air interface . upon receipt of a response from the at , bsc 24 may direct the base station to send to the at a traffic channel assignment message that contains identifying information for a traffic channel , and the bsc may then transmit the packet data via that traffic channel to the at . each of the components of ran 12 , including base station 22 , bsc 24 , msc 26 , and gw 28 , preferably includes one or more processors , data storage , and program instructions stored in the data storage and executable by the processors to carry out the various functions described herein . alternatively or additionally , these or other ran components may include other forms of logic , such as firmware or hardware logic , to carry out the various functions described . referring next to fig2 , a flow chart is provided to illustrate various functions that can be carried out in accordance with an exemplary method . the method of fig2 will be explained with reference to the components of fig1 , but other suitable networks , entities , and configurations may be used to implement the method . at block 200 , base station 22 detects that the paging channel has limited capacity . this detection may be a comparison of the bandwidth necessary to transmit all queued or pending page messages with the bandwidth available on the paging channel . indeed , during high traffic times , or when ran 12 is serving many ats , there may be more page messages to be sent than there is available bandwidth to send them . this detection may also be a determination that the paging channel cannot immediately transmit two page attempts . at block 202 , base station 22 detects that a page attempt from a first sequence and a page attempt from a second sequence are both contending for transmission over the air interface . in a preferred embodiment , these two sequences are directed to different ats , but they may also be directed to the same at . the detection at block 202 may occur simultaneously to the detection that the paging channel has limited capacity . alternatively , block 200 may be skipped , and the method may begin with the detection of contention at block 202 . the detection of contention at block 202 indicates that one of the two page attempts will be shed , and the other will be transmitted . at block 204 , base station 22 compares an extent to which the first sequence has been shed to an extent to which the second sequence has been shed . this comparison may be between the numbers of page attempts that have been shed in each sequence . alternatively , this comparison may be between calculated quantities that indicate the extent to which each sequence has been shed . for instance , a shed factor parameter may be computed for each sequence . the shed factor may be an exact count of the number of page attempts that have been shed for the sequence . for example , in this embodiment , if a sequence had had no previous page attempts shed , the shed factor for that sequence would be zero . alternatively , the shed factor may be computed according to a formula that takes the number of page attempts that have been shed as an input . the shed factor could therefore be a multiple — or other arithmetic , geometric , algebraic function — of the number of page attempts shed . the comparison may be a comparison of the two shed factors . at block 206 , base station 22 sheds the page attempt from the sequence that has been shed to a lesser extent . as an example , this may be the sequence that has had fewer previous page attempts shed . base station 22 also transmits the page attempt from the sequence that has been shed to a greater extent — this may be the sequence that has had more previous page attempts shed — at block 208 . blocks 206 and 208 may occur at substantially the same time . in an alternate embodiment , msc 26 , rather than base station 22 , may perform the functions at blocks 200 , 202 and 204 . base station 22 may communicate , through bsc 24 , necessary information about the paging channel and about its own shedding behavior so that msc 26 may detect the limited capacity of the paging channel at block 200 , detect that two page attempts are in contention for the paging channel at block 202 , and compare the extent to which each sequence has been shed at block 204 . as one example , after it sheds a page attempt , base station 22 may send via bsc 24 a communication to msc 26 indicating that a page attempt was shed and from which sequence that page attempt came . fig3 is a timeline of events illustrating the operation of another exemplary method . for the purposes of fig3 , a sequence of page attempts for a single page message consists of three page attempts , and a shed factor parameter is maintained for each sequence equal to the number of page attempts in the sequence that have been shed . this example should not be read as limiting the scope of the claims : in particular , a sequence could consist of any number of page attempts , and the shed factor parameter could be calculated differently or not explicitly calculated at all . the example in fig3 consists of two page messages , one directed to at 1 and one directed to at 2 . four events occur at different times , charted along time axis 300 . at time 302 , event 304 occurs — the transmission of the first page attempt in the sequence of page attempts to at 1 . as reflected in status box 306 , one of the three page attempts from the appropriate sequence has been transmitted to at 1 , whereas no attempts have yet been transmitted from the sequence to at 2 . additionally , because no page attempts from either sequence have been shed , both sequences have a shed factor of zero . next , at time 312 ( which may be the same as time 302 ), a second page attempt to at 1 is shed in event 314 . correspondingly , status box 316 shows that the sequence directed to at 1 has now proceeded through two out of three total attempts and that the shed factor for at 1 is now one , because one of those two attempts was shed . at time 322 , the first page attempt to at 2 is transmitted in event 324 , and status box 326 is updated to show that one out of three attempts has been made for the at 2 sequence . at time 332 , event 334 occurs : the third page attempt to at 1 and the second page attempt to at 2 contend for transmission over the paging channel . in this example , the assumption is that only one of the two page attempts can be transmitted due to limited capacity on that channel at time 332 . therefore , the shed factors of the two sequences are compared to determine which attempt will be transmitted . using the data from status box 326 , the sequence directed to at 1 has a shed factor of one , whereas the sequence directed to at 2 has a shed factor of zero . these numbers indicate that the sequence directed to at 1 has been shed to a greater extent than has the sequence directed to at 2 . because the sequence directed to at 1 has been shed to a greater extent , in event 334 , the third page attempt to at 1 is transmitted , and the second page attempt to at 2 is shed . after event 334 , status box 336 shows the updated status for each of the sequences — the sequence to at 1 is now finished , having proceeded through all three of three page attempts , and the sequence to at 2 has proceeded through two of three attempts and now has a shed factor of one . turning next to fig4 , a flow chart is provided to illustrate various functions that can be carried out in accordance with yet another exemplary method . the method of fig4 will be explained with reference to the components of fig1 , but other suitable networks , entities , and configurations may be used to implement the method . starting at block 400 , base station 22 determines a first shed factor for a first sequence of page attempts for a page message directed to a first at , at 14 . at block 402 , base station 22 determines a second shed factor for a second sequence of page attempts for a page message directed to a second at , at 16 . the first and second shed factors may be the number of page attempts that have been shed from each sequence , as was shown in fig3 , or may be a different calculation indicating the extent to which the each sequence has been shed . at block 404 , base station 22 detects that a page attempt from the first sequence directed to at 14 is contending with a page attempt from the second sequence directed to at 16 for transmission over air interface 20 . in a preferred embodiment , the two attempts are contending for transmission over a forward - link paging channel in air interface 20 . at block 406 , base station 22 compares the first shed factor to the second shed factor . on the basis of the comparison , base station 22 sheds the page attempt from the sequence with the lower shed factor , and transmits the page attempt from the sequence with the higher shed factor , at block 408 . finally , at block 410 and after shedding the page attempt from the sequence with the lower shed factor , base station 22 increments the shed factor of that sequence . in an alternate embodiment , msc 26 , rather than base station 22 , may perform the functions at blocks 400 , 402 , 404 , 406 , and 410 . base station 22 may communicate necessary information about the paging channel and about its own shedding behavior so that msc 26 may determine the two shed factors at blocks 400 and 402 , detect that two page attempts are in contention for the air interface at block 404 , and compare the shed factors at block 406 . further , after the comparison at block 406 , msc 26 may communicate instructions to base station 22 , through bsc 24 , as to which page attempt to shed and which to transmit . next , base station 20 may send a communication via bsc 24 to msc 26 indicating that page attempts were shed and transmitted according to those instructions , and at block 410 , msc 26 may increment the appropriate shed factor . exemplary embodiments are described above . those skilled in the art will appreciate , however , that numerous variations from the embodiments described are possible while remaining within the scope of the invention as claimed . | 7 |
fig1 shows a perspective view of my hydrofoil sailboard . a sail assembly 2 is connected to the upper side of a hull or board 4 by means of a universal joint 6 . a main hydrofoil assembly 8 is mounted on the lower side of board 4 near its after end , and a canard hydrofoil assembly 10 is mounted on the lower side of board 4 . assembly 8 comprises a main hydrofoil 12 connected to board 4 by a main support 14 . assembly 10 comprises a canard hydrofoil 16 connected to board 4 by a canard support 18 . the hydrofoils are arranged in an extreme canard configuration , that is , with main foil 12 much larger than canard foil 16 . main support 14 is longer than canard support 18 . thus , when the board is positioned upright and substantially horizontally as shown in fig1 main foil 12 is lower than canard foil 16 . main support 14 is provided with a number of ventilation fences 20a , 20b , and 20c . supports 14 and 18 are shaped and sized at their upper ends to fit into standard heavy - duty sailboard fin boxes ( not shown ) that are let into board 4 . a mast foot universal slot ( not shown ) is let into board 4 to receive universal joint 6 . the slot is positioned further aft than is usual for conventional sailboards . fig8 shows a side view of canard assembly 10 . a canard support rod 22 connects to canard hydrofoil 16 . a streamlined fairing 24 is free to swivel on rod 22 . attached to the top of the canard fairing is a seal 26 that fits snuggly around rod 22 . fig9 shows a top view of assembly 10 . it indicates fairing 24 in both swiveled and straight attitudes . the advantages of my hydrofoil sailboard over previous ones derive principally from my development of hydrofoils that quickly and reliably shed air bubbles , and which are therefore immune to plunging . these foils can track the water surface effectively . effective surface tracking , particularly of the canard in a canard configured hydrofoil craft , allows craft designs that enjoy simplicity , efficient main foil use , high pitch stability , and excellent performance in waves . experimentation i have done shows that air bubble shedding can be accomplished simply by appropriate design of hydrofoil profile . profile 28 shown in fig3 has proven in practice to be most effective . the high degree of camber near the trailing edge of that profile is the critical feature . when appropriately loaded , and when carefully adjusted to an appropriate angle of attack , a foil built to profile 28 behaves in the following way : at low speed , and starting fully submerged , the foil rises to the surface . on arrival there , the foil top becomes momentarily unwet , and the foil immediately drops a very short distance . as it does , a surface wave forms along the foil leading edge and a depression forms behind the trailing edge . this wave immediately washes over the top of the foil in a thin sheet , joining the water passing below the foil at the trailing edge depression . in flat water , the foil rides stably in this way . if it is subsequently more heavily loaded , the foil finds a new , somewhat lower , stable position , with a thicker sheet of water washing over its top surface . as the foil is progressively lowered in this way , the surface displacements become less pronounced , and ultimately disappear . thus the behavior of the foil is a clean illustration of the surface effect discussed in the prior art section . it is notable that bubble shedding is effectively instantaneous . this foil goes from hydroplaning to fully submerged very smoothly , with no perceptible intermediate bubble stage . at higher speeds , the foil built with profile 28 comes to the surface more rapidly as would be expected . when it gets there , it rides in a true hydroplaning mode , with its top surface unwet . in this mode , the foil leading edge shears off a sheet of water that can rise to amazing heights . the surface planing is stable to increased foil loading . at still higher speeds , the foil , having come to the surface , rides on its trailing edge alone . in this mode , no water at all flies over the foil . instead , a highly turbulent boil flares , forward and to the side , and substantially parallel to the water surface , from under the foil . in this mode the foil is very stable to additional loading . if , in either of the two later speed ranges , the foil runs into a wave and submerges , it drives powerfully up to the surface . the dynamic behavior just described can be used to obvious advantage in a hydrofoil meant to track the water surface . thus , a hydrofoil built with profile 28 is appropriate for surface tracking . in fact , hydrofoils having profile 28 , or having a similar profile characterized by a high degree of camber near the trailing edge , may be best used for surface tracking . such foils , riding in a fully submerged mode , suffer high drag . when they come to the surface , however , and especially when riding there at very high speed , their drag decreases significantly . i remark again that profile 28 is particularly efficacious . other , similarly highly cambered sections , although much better than uncambered foils , do not shed bubbles as well as profile 28 . in my hydrofoil sailboard , i make use of the strong surface tracking just described by incorporating profile 28 into canard hydrofoil 16 . i minimize the drag disadvantage of profile 28 by making hydrofoil 16 small and lightly loaded . reliable surface tracking by canard hydrofoil 16 allows me to design main hydrofoil 14 to operate fully submerged , and to carry most of the combined weight of the hydrofoil sailboard and sailor . for the preferred embodiment of my invention , in cruising operation , canard hydrofoil 16 rides at the water surface in an attitude that lets it provide an excess of lift , by which i mean that additional loading will not cause hydrofoil 16 to sink appreciably . since even with all load removed , hydrofoil 16 will not rise completely above the water surface , it is easy to maintain a significant lift excess . main hydrofoil 12 is designed to trail at the height determined by the requirement that the lift produced by it supports the part of the combined weight of the sailor and hydrofoil sailboard that is not supported by canard hydrofoil 16 . ideally , the sailor adjusts his or her position so that this attitude yields the minimum drag possible for main foil assembly 8 at the speed of the moment . the length difference between canard support 18 and main support 14 is chosen so that in this cruising condition main hydrofoil 12 is well submerged . hydrofoil 12 flies more efficiently if it is further from the water surface , avoiding surface loss - of - lift effects and wave making . a traditional efficient , low lift , low drag section is used for hydrofoil 12 . too great an immersion of hydrofoil 12 is avoided since it means more drag from its support 14 . the absolute lengths of the support 14 and 18 are chosen large enough so board 4 flies sufficiently clear of the water surface that it only infrequently runs into waves , and the lengths are chosen small enough that the roll - rate to torque ratio does not get out of hand , or that structural strength problems occur . an advantage of the operation of my invention as described in the previous paragraph , is that with fixed sailor position , and with increasing speed , main hydrofoil 12 approaches a limiting height . this is a very stable situation . a second advantage is that wake interference from canard hydrofoil 16 on main hydrofoil 12 is eliminated . excess lift from canard hydrofoil 16 , together with the large horizontal distance between it and main hydrofoil 12 lead to good pitch stability . other important advantages of my hydrofoil sailboard over previous ones derive from the ability of streamlined fairing 24 to swivel on canard support rod 22 . the purpose of the swiveling for my invention is to allow , during operation , fairing 24 to align itself with the water flowing past it , and thereby eliminate , as nearly as possible , lateral resistance at the bow when the sailboard is moving in yaw . this is the same purpose as that of the more complicated swiveling canard assembly disclosed by hubbard , and separately , by cline . a second purpose , which is important for my hydrofoil sailboard , and which is also fulfilled by the swiveling canard assemblies of hubbard and cline , but is not mentioned by either , is that canard support 18 by not lifting laterally , provides the weakest possible ventilation path along its outside to canard hydrofoil 16 . in order to consolidate this advantage in the case of my swiveling streamlined fairing 24 , fairing 24 must be sealed to the rod in such a way that no air can travel along the inside the streamliner to the canard . seal 26 does the job . as a result of the swiveling of fairing 24 , the only foil elements of my hydrofoil sailboard that are affected by yaw ( only main support 14 , and main hydrofoil 12 itself if it is built with dihedral or anhedral ) are clustered at the position of main foil 12 . consequently the location of the center of lateral resistance of the entire craft is held rather constant in spite of varying immersion of supports 14 and 18 . this makes steering much more predictable . similar observations were made by hubbard and cline . another result of the swiveling of fairing 24 is dynamic roll stabilization of the hydrofoil sailboard . this is the same benefit that cline claims from his swiveling canard assembly . it is obtained in my invention in a mechanically simpler and more robust way by the combination of swiveling fairing 24 and fixed main support 14 . cline &# 39 ; s method is more effective than mine , but mine is adequate for my purpose . the principal constraint that distinguishes the design of sail driven craft from those powered by motors is the fact that , except when they are running straight down wind , sail powered vessels must always compensate for a significant lateral force component . this is as true for craft supported by hydrofoils as by any other means . i shall show below , that for my hydrofoil sailboard , the compensation can be accomplished simply by maintaining the board rolled to weather by an appropriate amount . this fixed amount of roll does not invalidate the discussion of other aspects of control discussed above . during operation under sail and when board 4 is free of the water , main hydrofoil 12 , canard hydrofoil 16 , and main support 14 , ( but not canard support 18 which swivels ) resist lateral forces from the sail . if board 4 is sailed flat , main support 14 provides all the resistance . as board 4 is rolled to weather , the contribution to the resistance from support 14 decreases , and the combined contribution from hydrofoils 12 and 16 increases . at a particular roll angle that depends on speed , and combined sailor and sailboard hydrofoil weight , the contribution from support 14 is zero . this is the optimum operating angle for my hydrofoil sailboard . at this angle , main support 14 , which is surface piercing , is not operating in yaw , so its tendency to ventilate , and thus to ventilate main hydrofoil 12 is minimal . this is an important advantage which is not appreciated in the prior hydrofoil sailboard art . all previous hydrofoil sailboards include extra fins or daggerboards , presumably to resist lateral sail force . none of the designs makes provision for preventing ventilation of these extra appendages . my experience in actual operation is that , even with my design operating at optimum roll , there is a speed above which , if main support ventilation fences 20 are omitted , adventitious departures from zero yaw cause main support 14 to ventilate , and the entire craft to lose yaw stability to the extent that it becomes completely uncontrollable . placement of fences 20 , however , solves the problem . when sailed at optimum roll , the center of lateral resistance of the entire craft coincides with the center of vertical lift , and with fore - and - aft position of the center of mass of the combined system of sailor and craft , which , since the sailboard hydrofoil is so light , is pretty much the position of the sailor . thus , for the hydrofoil sailboard and sail to be in balance , the sail must be positioned so that it provides no turning torque about that center . pg , 19 this is different from the lateral balance situation that arises for modern sailboards , and means that conventional sails must be used in a somewhat unusual manner on my hydrofoil sailboard , as described below . these days , high - performance sailboards have eliminated the historical centrally located daggerboard , and use only a single skeg at the very back of the board to resist lateral force . thus , their center of lateral resistance is always aft of the center of buoyancy , which is close to the sailor &# 39 ; s center of mass . to bring the center of lift forward , as is required by my hydrofoil sailboard , the sail must be raked forward further than is usual for conventional sailboards . this forward rake is most appropriately accomplished in conjunction with moving the mast foot aft . sails designed for use with my hydrofoil sailboard would have a squarer foot than is now customary , so that the slot between the lower edge of the sail and board 4 is be closed in the more forward raked sail attitude . in low speed operation , my hydrofoil sailboard works like an ordinary sailboard . as the speed increases , the foils take over an increasing share of the lift , until , at takeoff speed they lift the board completely free of the water . at all speeds the invention is controlled in substantially the same way , by adjustment of the sailor &# 39 ; s center of mass and by alteration of sail position . the details of the profiles , planforms , and rigging angles of main hydrofoil 12 and canard hydrofoil 16 are chosen according to the prior art so that with both hydrofoils 12 and 16 fully submerged , the craft is attitude stable . for takeoff , the sailor assumes a position aft of that for full flying , but in front of the center of lift of main foil hydrofoil 12 . this causes canard hydrofoil 16 to lift proportionally more than the main hydrofoil 12 and the bow rises . the sailor maintains the aft position as the canard hydrofoil 16 comes to the surface . in the absence of the plunging instability , canard hydrofoil 16 stays at the surface , and the main hydrofoil 12 rises . up to a point , the more it rises , especially as the board 4 itself clears the water , the less drag and the faster the craft goes . the increased speed allows more rise . as the speed increases , the sailor can move further forward to increase the load on canard hydrofoil 16 , always maintaining excess canard lift so that the hydrofoil 16 stays on the surface . eventually cruising attitude and speed are reached . as hydrofoils 12 and 16 begin to lift , board 4 is rolled to weather to carry sail side force . just as in high - performance boardsailing , rolling is the preferred method of turning . this works for my hydrofoil sailboard just as it does for other hydrofoil craft . hubbard &# 39 ; s explanation is excellent . when sailing in waves , my hydrofoil sailboard is meant to be sailed so that canard hydrofoil 16 drives through wave crests , alternately being fully submerged and completely airborne . this method of operation allows main hydrofoil 12 to keep a more constant height than it would if hydrofoil 16 always stayed precisely on the surface . the more lightly canard hydrofoil 16 is loaded , the more closely it will track the surface . the sailor should choose a loading that is appropriate to the conditions at hand . this completes the description and discussion of operation of the preferred embodiment of my hydrofoil sailboard . fig2 shows a ramification of the present invention in which two main supports 14 are used . this has considerable structural advantage , and , especially in the case that main hydrofoil 12 has small span , the endplate effect from supports 14 is helpful at high lift coefficients encountered during takeoff . against these advantages are balanced increased drag from having two supports , and susceptibility to a yaw instability caused by differential immersion of the two supports . the former effect is small , and the latter , which is proportional to the square of the distance between the supports is not a problem for distances on the order of a board width . fig4 , 6 , and 7 show four alternate means of mitigating the plunging instability . fig4 shows a number of protrusions 32 attached to the upper surface of canard hydrofoil 16 . such protrusions help to reduce plunging by breaking an air bubble into a number of smaller ones which trail in the protrusion wakes . this effectively sheds the bubble from at least some of the surface of hydrofoil 16 allowing it to lift more strongly . the bubbles hanging off the protrusions are more exposed to water flow , and dissipate more rapidly . fig5 shows a number of upper surface fences 34 that have the same sort of effect as the protrusions 32 . the fences generally work better than the protrusions . fig6 and 7 show the general shape and operation of two mechanical devices for shedding air bubbles . they both make use of my observation that bubbles tend to shed very rapidly from relatively uncambered foils when such foils operate at zero lift . in each device , the mechanism detects the loss in lift at the onset of a plunge , and in the configuration shown in fig6 momentarily flicks up a trailing edge flap 30 , and in the configuration shown in fig7 momentarily flicks canard hydrofoil 16 as a whole to lower attack . both mechanisms shed the bubble and return to high lift before the bow can drop significantly . specific flicking mechanisms can easily be designed by anyone knowledgable in the art of mechanical linkages . use of the mechanism shown in fig7 might be appropriate for high speed operation where a highly cambered canard might be too radical . fig1 shows a variant on the canard assembly 10 shown in fig8 and 9 . in the variant , rod 22 is fitted with a flexible streamlined fairing that is able to deform as shown in fig1 to deform to the water flowing past it . in fig1 the heavy arrow indicates the direction of water flow . fig1 shows the canard assembly 10 of fig8 with the addition of an air passage 40 that could be used as part of a scheme to maintain canard hydrofoil 16 at particular depth below the water surface . it would work this way : when hydrofoil 16 is near the water surface , an air intake 42 is exposed to the atmosphere , and passage 40 allows ventilation from intake 42 to the bottom of fairing 24 , whence the ventilating air escapes onto the top surface of canard hydrofoil 16 . such air flow would form a bubble on the portion of the top of hydrofoil 16 between the two fences 34 , causing a limited reduction in lift . in response to the loss in lift , canard hydrofoil 16 would drop , moving intake 42 under water . by suitable choice of passage size , and using the fact that water is more viscous than air , passage 40 would effectively be blocked . if hydrofoil 16 is able to shed the bubble very rapidly after this closing , the descent of hydrofoil 16 would stop . the key to the success of this scheme is the very rapid bubble shedding . fig1 shows a canard assembly like hubbard &# 39 ; s that could be used in place of the preferred one shown in fig8 . canard support 18 is attached to board 4 by a shaft 46 and a bearing 44 . finally , one can imagine might dispensing with the canard hydrofoil 16 entirely , and using instead a planing float that has significant static buoyancy . however , in waves , that would lead to major changes in drag , and a rather jarring ride . in any case , such a float would have to swivel for the same reasons that the fairing 24 must . the foils can be either permanently mounted on the board , or , more desirably , be removable . a convenient method of attachment is to equip the board with the standardized heavy - duty sailboard fin boxes that are now available , and insert the appropriately shaped tops of the main foil supports into them . another box can be mounted in the how for the canard support . although the main supports may as well mount in a fixed position , it is a good idea to allow the canard support angle to be adjustable for fine tuning the canard rigging angle . while there has been described what is at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of this invention , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention , and it is , therefore , aimed in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention . | 1 |
fig1 is a block diagram of a system 100 for tree - model visualization for pulmonary embolism detection according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig1 , the system 100 includes , inter alia , a scanning device 105 , a personal computer ( pc ) 110 and an operator &# 39 ; s console 115 connected over , for example , an ethernet network 120 . the scanning device 105 may be a magnetic resonance ( mr ) imaging device , a ct imaging device , a helical ct device , a positron emission tomography ( pet ) device , a 2d or 3d fluoroscopic imaging device , a 2d , 3d , or four - dimensional ( 4d ) ultrasound imaging device , or an x - ray device . the scanning device 105 may also be a hybrid - imaging device capable of ct , mr , pet or other imaging techniques . the pc 110 , which may be a workstation , portable or laptop computer , a personal digital assistant ( pda ), etc ., includes a central processing unit ( cpu ) 125 and a memory 130 , which are connected to an input 150 and an output 155 . the cpu 125 includes a tree - model visualization module 145 that includes one or more methods for tree - model visualization for pulmonary embolism detection . the memory 130 includes a random access memory ( ram ) 135 and a read only memory ( rom ) 140 . the memory 130 can also include a database , disk drive , tape drive , etc ., or a combination thereof . the ram 135 functions as a data memory that stores data used during execution of a program in the cpu 125 and is used as a work area . the rom 140 functions as a program memory for storing a program executed in the cpu 125 . the input 150 is constituted by a keyboard , mouse , etc ., and the output 155 is constituted by a liquid crystal display ( lcd ), cathode ray tube ( crt ) display , or printer . the operation of the system 100 is controlled from the operator &# 39 ; s console 115 , which includes a controller 165 , for example , a keyboard , and a display 160 , for example , a crt display . the operator &# 39 ; s console 115 communicates with the pc 110 and the scanning device 105 so that 2d image data collected by the scanning device 105 can be rendered into 3d data by the pc 110 and viewed on the display 160 . it is to be understood that the pc 110 can be configured to operate and display information provided by the scanning device 105 absent the operator &# 39 ; s console 115 , using , for example , the input 150 and output 155 devices to execute certain tasks performed by the controller 165 and display 160 . the operator &# 39 ; s console 115 further includes any suitable image rendering system / tool / application that can process digital image data of an acquired image dataset ( or portion thereof ) to generate and display 2d and / or 3d images on the display 160 . more specifically , the image rendering system may be an application that provides 2d / 3d rendering and visualization of medical image data , and which executes on a general purpose or specific computer workstation . moreover , the image rendering system enables a user to navigate through a 3d image or a plurality of 2d image slices . the pc 110 may also include an image rendering system / tool / application for processing digital image data of an acquired image dataset to generate and display 2d and / or 3d images . as shown in fig1 , the tree - model visualization module 145 may also be used by the pc 110 to receive and process digital medical image data , which as noted above , may be in the form of raw image data , 2d reconstructed data ( e . g ., axial slices ), or 3d reconstructed data such as volumetric image data or multiplanar reformats , or any combination of such formats . the data processing results can be output from the pc 110 via the network 120 to an image rendering system in the operator &# 39 ; s console 115 for generating 2d and / or 3d renderings of image data in accordance with the data processing results , such as segmentation of organs or anatomical structures , color or intensity variations , and so forth . fig2 is a flowchart showing an operation of a method for tree - model visualization for pulmonary embolism detection according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig2 , ct image data of a pulmonary vessel tree is acquired from a pair of lungs inside a patient ( 210 ). this is accomplished by using the scanning device 105 , in this example a ct scanner , which is operated at the operator &# 39 ; s console 115 , to scan the patient &# 39 ; s chest or lungs thereby generating a series of 2d image slices associated with the lungs . the 2d image slices of the lungs are then combined to form a 3d image of the pulmonary vessel tree . in addition to the lungs , it is to be understood that the ct image data can be acquired from any one of a leg , arm , brain or other body part containing branching blood vessels or airways . further , other types of data such as mr image data may be used in accordance with the present invention . after the ct image data of the pulmonary vessel tree is acquired , the vessel tree is segmented ( 220 ). it is to be understood that the vessel segmentation can be accomplished by using any suitable vessel segmentation method . for example , vessel segmentation techniques such as thresholding and size - based labeling , line - filter based or structure tensor - based segmentations may be used . it should also be understood that any method for obtaining a tree - model for vessels could be used with the present invention . this includes , for example , vessel - tracking methods that do not require vessel segmentation and when using such methods , steps 220 and 230 ( discussed below ) are not required . in such methods , the tree - model is obtained directly from the original image . for completeness , a vessel segmentation method for use with the present invention will now be discussed . first , a mask of the patient &# 39 ; s lungs is created via a high - threshold region growing from a seed point in the trachea . a dilation followed by erosion is then performed on the segmented vessel tree to fill empty spaces caused by vessels . it is to be understood that the erosion operator is slightly larger than the dilation operator to prevent the ribs and other structures near the chest wall from being included in the mask . lung vessels are then segmented by including all voxels above a threshold value within the lung mask . the threshold may be set so that it is low enough to capture both contrast - filled and non - contrast filled blood vessels , including those that are fully occluded by emboli . an example of the rendered segmentation just discussed is shown in image ( a ) of fig4 . in this image , in addition to illustrating the segmentation model , the surface is shaded by the inner contents . this image is also taken from a view of a shaded 3d vessel tree . a further example of the rendered segmentation is shown in image ( a ) of fig5 where the dark circular region 510 on the right branch signifies a pe . given the segmentation , a tree - model is then fit to the segmented image ( 230 ). it is to be understood that a variety of methods for fitting a tree - model to the segmented image can be used in this step . in addition , algorithm methods based on vessel tracking can be used to fit , or in other words , obtain a tree - model . one tree - fitting model for use with the present invention is discussed in , a . p . kiraly , et al ., “ three - dimensional path planning for virtual bronchoscopy ,” ieee transactions on medical imaging , vol . 23 , no . 11 , pp 1365 - 1379 , november 2004 , a copy of which is herein incorporated by reference . an example of the tree - fitting model discussed therein will be now be discussed with reference to fig3 . as shown in fig3 , tree computation begins with the skeletonization of previously segmented vessels and proceeds through several steps . first , a root site , r a , is defined for the root of the tree ( 310 ). the skeleton of the segmented image is computed using distance transforms to capture end - points followed by homotopy - preserving voxel elimination for thinning ( 320 ). next , a raw tree structure is formed using the skeleton , although it may contain false branches ( 330 ). the tree structure and the segmented image are then used to measure certain criteria for elimination of false branches ( 340 ). the skeleton is then smoothed and more accurately centered ( 350 ). finally , direction vectors are assigned to each point in the tree structure ( 360 ) to allow derived renderings such as unrolled views , perpendicular and parallel planes and endoscopic views inside the vessel tree . depending on the results of the vessel segmentation , the vessel tree may comprise one or more connected components . thus , root sites for each individual component should be selected . it is to be understood that locations closest to the patient &# 39 ; s heart are typically good choices for root sites . an exemplary result of the tree - fitting step is shown in image ( b ) of fig5 . more specifically , in image ( b ), the tree - model is fit to the tree structure of image ( a ) of fig5 . as shown in image ( b ), the thick , dark central lines 520 - 540 represent the tree model , which are then used to identify branches along with their hierarchy . in particular , the resulting model describes the vessel tree as a series of connected branches where each branch is defined as a set of points along the center axis . once this model is obtained , the individual branches can be presented in a hierarchical order , indicating , for example , a parent / child relationship between branches . this presentation enables the avoidance of navigational issues faced by 3d visualization methods because the branches may be scanned systematically . referring back to fig2 , before each branch is presented in a hierarchical order , it is converted into a 2d representation as illustrated by the examples in image ( c ) of fig5 ( 240 ). in one technique , a branch may be presented in a hierarchical order by unrolling the branch 540 as shown by 540 c - 2 in image ( c ). in this method , rays are cast in a circular fashion perpendicular to the branch direction for each individual site within the branch . a function of the voxels along the ray specifies the color for that specific ray . the color results for each ray are then stacked horizontally on a per - pixel basis to form a 2d image for presentation as shown by 540 d - 2 in image ( d ) of fig5 ( 250 ). instead of unrolling a branch , it can be represented as a projection of its inner contents , as shown by 540 c - 1 in image ( c ) of fig5 . an example of this will be described later . as shown in image ( d ), once this 2d representation is presented to a user of , for example the system 100 , the user only needs to view a single 2d image . once presented to the user , the user may click on points in the 2d images 520 d - 540 d - 2 of image ( d ) via a user interface and the points may then be indicated in a corresponding 3d display or axial slice for further interpretation and verification . referring back to step 240 , it is to be understood that several additional methods for converting each branch of the tree - model into a 2d image may be used in accordance with the present invention . the methods may include any type of function or functions that take a path through a 3d tube - like structure and presents the path as a 2d image to a user for viewing . in one alternative method for converting each branch of the tree - model to a single 2d image , image ( a ) of fig6 illustrates two renderings 610 a and 610 b of branches being displayed side - by - side with one rendering obtained from the “ front ” 610 a and the other from the “ back ” 610 b . this technique enables a full view around the branches to be observed . this rendering can also be done by performing a surface shading of the inner regions as evidenced by image ( a ) of fig6 . in another method , illustrated in image ( b ) of fig6 , each branch can be illustrated as a rotating structure 620 within an animated 2d image , thus allowing visualization of all sides without distortion . again , this rendering can be done by performing a surface shading of the inner regions as evidenced by image ( a ) of fig6 or through a projection of the data . in yet another method , a 2d mip limited to the voxels within the segmentation can be computed as shown by 630 in image ( c ) of fig6 . this technique allows for all of the voxels within the vessel to influence the view , thus allowing for visualization of features inside the vessel and eliminating the need to compute paths from the centerline to the surface . fig7 is included to illustrate the process and results of converting the vessel tree into a single 2d image . in image ( a ) of fig7 , an axial slice with an arrow indicating a pe is shown . in image ( b ) of fig7 , a visualization of a 3d pulmonary vessel tree is shown . the arrow in image ( b ) indicates the root of the sub - tree to be shown in image ( c ) of fig7 . in image ( c ) the computed tree - model for a portion of the vessel tree in image ( b ) is shown and in image ( d ) of fig7 the final 2d visualization of the vessel tree from image ( c ) is shown . in image ( d ), only a sub - tree is illustrated because the entire tree is too large to be shown within one printed page . as can be observed from a review of image ( d ) the dark areas indicating clots or pes ( indicated by the arrows ) are clearly visible as is the hierarchical relationship of the arteries ( e . g ., generations 1 - 4 ). in addition , the extent of the clots is also determinable from this view . thus , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention a method for representing vessels contained in a 3d ct image of the chest within a single 2d image for purposes of pe visualization is provided . in particular , the method first computes a tree - model for all vessel tree structures . once this model is obtained , the individual branches thereof are presented in a hierarchical order . this enables a full view of all sides of the vessels while preserving the hierarchical structure of the tree . in addition , each branch can be displayed as a rotating structure or flattened into a 2d image . in the latter scheme , the need for 3d navigation is eliminated . further , the representation schemes of the present invention allow a medical practitioner to click on a location and find its corresponding position in both the original ct data and 3d visualization further enhancing the diagnosis and detection of pe . it is to be further understood that the present invention may be implemented in various forms of hardware , software , firmware , special purpose processors , or a combination thereof . in one embodiment , the present invention may be implemented in software as an application program tangibly embodied on a program storage device ( e . g ., magnetic floppy disk , ram , cd rom , dvd , rom , and flash memory ). the application program may be uploaded to , and executed by , a machine comprising any suitable architecture . it is to be further understood that because some of the constituent system components and method steps depicted in the accompanying figures may be implemented in software , the actual connections between the system components ( or the process steps ) may differ depending on the manner in which the present invention is programmed . given the teachings of the present invention provided herein , one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to contemplate these and similar implementations or configurations of the present invention . it should also be understood that the above description is only representative of illustrative embodiments . for the convenience of the reader , the above description has focused on a representative sample of possible embodiments , a sample that is illustrative of the principles of the invention . the description has not attempted to exhaustively enumerate all possible variations . that alternative embodiments may not have been presented for a specific portion of the invention , or that further undescribed alternatives may be available for a portion , is not to be considered a disclaimer of those alternate embodiments . other applications and embodiments can be implemented without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . it is therefore intended , that the invention not be limited to the specifically described embodiments , because numerous permutations and combinations of the above and implementations involving non - inventive substitutions for the above can be created , but the invention is to be defined in accordance with the claims that follow . it can be appreciated that many of those undescribed embodiments are within the literal scope of the following claims , and that others are equivalent . | 6 |
referring to fig1 in the drawings , a motorcycle trike , or trike 11 , having a tilting independent suspension system according to the present invention is illustrated . trike 11 is three - wheeled motorcycle having a single front wheel 13 , and two rear wheels 15 and 17 . a frame 19 carries an engine 21 and a transmission 23 . front wheel 13 is coupled to frame 19 via a front fork and suspension system 25 . rear wheels 15 and 17 are coupled to frame 19 via a tilting independent suspension system 27 . referring now to fig2 and 3 in the drawings , tilting independent suspension system 27 is illustrated . suspension system 27 is preferably a double control - arm suspension and is operable between a non - tilting mode , as is shown in fig2 , and a tilting mode , as is shown in fig3 . trike 11 operates in the non - tilting mode when traveling in a straight direction , but transitions into the tilting mode when turning . this provides for better , safer , and more enjoyable handling of trike 11 . transmission 23 includes a belt drive or drive shaft unit 30 , a differential 31 , at least one disk brake 32 , axles 33 , universal joints 35 , half shaft drive links 37 , wheel uprights 39 , and wheel hubs 41 . wheels 15 and 17 are fastened to wheel hubs 41 . uprights 39 are connected to frame 19 via upper and lower controls arms , shown in the figures as upper h - arms 43 and lower h - arms 45 , which cooperate to allow each upright 39 to move in a generally vertical path relative to frame 19 as h - arms 43 , 45 pivot relative to frame 19 . frame 19 includes towers 46 that extend generally upward from each side of frame 19 . the movement of each upright 39 is constrained and damped by a shock absorber 47 , which may be an air shock absorber or any other appropriate type of suspension damper . the unique tilting feature of the subject invention is facilitated by two opposing rotating rocker arms 51 . in the preferred embodiment , each rotating rocker arm 51 is v - shaped , having an interior leg 52 and an exterior leg 54 , such that interior legs 52 and exterior legs 54 meet at vertices 56 and rotate relative to frame 19 about pivot pins 58 . it will be appreciated that rotating rocker arms 51 may be of different shapes , sizes , and configurations . rotating rocker arms 51 are pivotally connected to towers 46 at vertices 56 . the upper ends of shock absorbers 47 are pivotally coupled to exterior legs 54 , and the lower ends of shock absorbers 47 are pivotally coupled to lower h - arms 45 . shock absorbers 47 and lower h - arms 45 form tilt angles a . the two rotating rocker arms 51 are rigidly and pivotally linked together by an adjustable connecting rod 53 that extends between interior legs 52 . connecting rod 53 is selectively driven in opposing directions by a control actuator 55 . control actuator 55 may be a pneumatic , hydraulic , electric , or magnetic device , and actuator 55 is controlled by a control system 57 . actuator 55 may be a ball - screw device or other similar electro - mechanical device . control system 57 is activated by one or more sensors 59 operably associated suspension system 27 . sensors 59 preferably sense the orientation , speed , and / or acceleration of trike 11 , and may be pneumatic , hydraulic , electric , or magnetic devices , or any other suitable sensing apparatus . in the preferred embodiment , suspension system 27 allows free movement of uprights 39 until a selected tilt angle a is reached . when the selected tilt angle a is reached , such as during a turn , control system 57 is activated by sensor 59 . control system 57 then actuates actuator 55 , thereby causing movement of connecting rod 53 and corresponding rotational movement of rotating rocker arms 51 about pivot pins 58 . the rotational movement of rotating rocker arms 51 causes frame 19 to tilt in the direction of the turn , thereby improving the handling of trike 11 . it will be appreciated that a full lean is not necessary . one purpose of suspension system 27 is to “ break ” the steering so that front fork and suspension system 25 “ falls ” into the turn more easily . referring now to fig4 in the drawings , an alternate embodiment of trike 11 is illustrated . in this embodiment , control actuator 55 is disposed between one of towers 46 and one of rocker arms 51 . in this embodiment , it is preferred that one end of control actuator 55 be pivotally mounted to tower 46 at a pivot pin 58 , and the other end of control actuator 55 be pivotally mounted to rocker arm 51 at a second pivot pin 60 . as shown in the fig4 , control actuator 55 includes a housing 69 that defines two opposing fluid chambers 71 and 73 that are separated by a piston 75 . piston 75 is connected to an elongated shaft 77 . housing 69 is pivotally connected to pivot pin 58 , and elongated shaft 77 is pivotally connected to pivot pin 60 . fluid chambers 71 and 73 are in fluid communication with a control box 79 via conduits 81 and 83 . though shown in the figure as a pneumatic or hydraulic type , actuator 55 may be of any appropriate type , as described above . control box 79 includes vent ports 85 and 87 that are operably associated with fluid chambers 71 and 73 , respectively . it will be appreciated that in applications in which the control fluid is air , vent ports 85 and 87 may be open to the environment ; and that in applications in which the control fluid is a hydraulic fluid , vent ports 85 and 87 would be in fluid communication with a fluid reservoir . control box 79 is in fluid communication with a source of pressurized fluid , such as pressurized tank 89 , via a conduit 91 . pressurized tank 89 supplies pressurized fluid to control box 79 for controlling control actuator 55 . it is preferred that the fluid in control system 57 be air , and that tank 89 be maintained at about 80 psi . however , it should be understood that a wide variety of control fluids may be used over a wide range of pressures , depending upon the desired application , responsiveness , and cost . tank 89 is in fluid communication with and pressurized by a compressor 93 . a one - way check valve 95 and a pressure switch 97 may be disposed between compressor 95 and tank 89 . one - way check valve 95 ensures that the fluid does not pass back through to compressor when compressor is in the off mode . pressure switch 97 turns off compressor 95 when tank 89 has reached the desired pressure , and prevents compressor 95 from over - pressurizing control system 57 . in operation , when trike 11 is traveling straight , control actuator 55 is in a trim condition in which the pressures in chambers 71 and 73 are equalized . when trike 11 goes into a turn , sensors 59 send a signal to control box 79 . control box 79 then selectively increases the pressure in one of chambers 73 or 75 , and correspondingly decreases the pressure in the other chamber . vent ports 85 and 87 allow the fluid from the depressurized chamber to be appropriately vented . as a result , piston 75 moves in one direction or the other . because housing 69 is pivotally mounted to tower 46 , movement of piston 75 causes a corresponding rotation of rocker arms 51 . the rotational movement of rotating rocker arms 51 causes frame 19 to tilt in the direction of the turn , thereby improving the handling of trike 11 . control system 57 will maintain trike 11 in the tilted mode as long as sensors 59 sense that trike 11 is in the turn . as trike 11 leaves the turn and returns to straight travel , control box 79 causes the pressure in chambers 71 and 73 to again equalize and return control actuator 55 to the trim condition . it will be appreciated that control system 57 is preferably programmed or adjusted to provide a safe and smooth transition between tilting and straightening out . it should be understood that control system 57 may be operated manually or may be automated by computers , microprocessors , or any of a wide variety of automated control devices . for example , sensors 59 may be manual switches ( not shown ) disposed on the handlebars of trike 11 that are operated by the rider , or control system 57 may be configured to operate automatically without any input from the rider . in addition , it will be appreciated that trike 11 may include a means for manual or automatic override of control system 57 . referring now to fig5 in the drawings , an alternate embodiment of the present invention is illustrated . in this embodiment , a trike 111 has two front wheels 113 , 115 and one rear wheel 117 . in this embodiment , a suspension system 127 , which is similar in form and function to suspension system 27 , is operably associated with the front wheels instead of the rear wheels . suspension system 127 allows front wheels 113 , 115 to tilt when trike 111 turns , making trike 111 easier to handle . as is shown , trike 111 may include a body portion 119 that covers or encloses all or part of suspension system 127 . in those embodiments in which body portion 119 includes a main body 121 and separate fenders 123 , 125 , it will be understood that suspension system 127 may be appropriately scaled down in size and shape , or relocated on trike 111 to fit within the confines of main body 121 and / or fenders 123 , 125 . for example , the rotating rocker arms , the adjustable connecting rod , the control actuator , and the other components of suspension system 127 may be located beneath or in the same plane as the differential . one benefit of the present invention is that the components can be located in a wide variety of locations on the trike without adversely affecting the operation of the suspension system . referring now to fig6 - 10 in the drawings , differential 31 is shown in various views . in fig6 , differential 31 is shown installed in suspension system 27 . differential 31 is fixed to and rotates with a drive pulley 154 for transmitting torque to the wheels of the trike . differential 31 includes a base portion 151 and a cap portion 153 that encloses differential 31 . base portion 151 includes two inserts 155 , 157 that allow access to the interior of differential 31 for assembly and maintenance , and that provide internal operating surfaces for a pair of opposing bevel gears 159 , 163 . cap portion 153 also functions as a spacing means that allows differential 31 to be used to convert both shaft - drive and belt - drive motorcycles to trikes . in fig6 and 7 , differential 31 is shown installed on a belt - drive trike . in fig1 , cap portion 153 of differential 31 has been replaced with an alternate , reduced size cap portion 156 . cap portion 156 allows differential 31 to be used installed on a shaft - drive trike . cap portions 153 and 156 are shown side - by - side in fig7 for comparative purposes . differential 31 includes a plurality of internal bevel gears 159 , 161 , 163 , 165 that allow the two wheels of the trike , whether located on the front or on the rear , to rotate at different speeds as the trike travels through turns . gears 159 and 163 oppose each other and rotate on concave support surfaces located on the interior surfaces of inserts 155 , 157 . gears 159 and 163 are supported by a fixed shaft 169 . gears 161 and 165 oppose each other and are coupled together via gears 159 and 163 . gears 161 and 165 include internal splines 172 that are configured to matingly receive splined drive shafts ( not shown ) that extend outward from each side of differential 31 to continuously variable universal joints 171 , 173 . gears 159 , 161 , 163 , 165 rotate with base portion 151 and cap portion 153 and do no rotate relative to each other unless the trike is turning . in fig1 , differential 31 is installed on a trike 189 having a shaft - drive transmission . torque is transmitted to differential 31 from a drive shaft 191 through a 90 ° coupling member 193 . thinner cap portion 156 is best suited for this embodiment , due to the thickness of coupling member 193 . in this embodiment , the splined shaft on the side of coupling member 193 is longer so that it can pass through coupling member 193 to the continuously variable universal joint on that side . in these shaft - drive embodiments , the suspension system is mounted to the motorcycle with an adapter bracket 195 , a mounting link 197 , and a second hatchet - shaped adapter bracket ( see fig1 a - 11g ). referring now to fig1 a - 14g in the drawings , several different adapter brackets that are used to mount the suspension system to the motorcycle frame are illustrated . the adapter brackets shown in fig1 a - 12g are typically used to convert shaft - drive motorcycles to trikes . in fig1 a - 11g , an adapter bracket 201 for converting a shaft - drive motorcycle to a trike is shown . adapter bracket 201 includes a coupling end 203 and a shaft end 205 that is configured to be coupled to and / or telescopically mate with the frame of the motorcycle . adapter bracket 195 is shown in fig1 a - 12g . the adapter brackets shown in fig1 a - 14f are typically used to convert belt - drive motorcycles to trikes . adapter bracket 301 shown in fig1 a - 13 includes one or more arcuate slots 303 that allow the suspension system to rotate about a pivot point 305 . this allows the belt to be placed over the belt drive pulley and adjusted . likewise , adapter bracket 401 shown in fig1 a - 14f includes one or more arcuate slots 403 that allow the suspension system to rotate about a pivot point 405 . the dashed lines indicate that the shape of that portion of bracket 401 may vary . in another embodiment of the present invention , the belt drive pulley includes a central , hollowed - out can - shaped portion . this can shaped portion allows the differential and bearings to be completely or partially recessed therein . this configuration allows longer drive shafts to be used , which in turn , allows the suspension system to have a greater range of tilting angles . the suspension system of the present invention is particularly well suited for use in a universal rolling chassis according to the present invention . such a universal rolling chassis allows a user to install engines from a wide variety of manufacturers with little or no modification to the rolling chassis or suspension system . fig1 shows a rolling chassis 501 having a frame 503 , front suspension 505 , and rear tilting suspension 507 . a front wheel 509 is attached to front suspension 505 , and rear wheels 511 , 513 are attached to rear suspension 507 . frame rails 515 , 517 support an engine installed within frame 503 . it is apparent that an invention with significant advantages has been described and illustrated . although the present invention is shown in a limited number of forms , it is not limited to just these forms , but is amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof . for example , the invention is described as being used in motorcycles , but it should be understood that the tilting suspension system may also be used for other types of vehicles . | 1 |
referring to fig1 , we see a slitted tube 10 , opened out flat by parting the slitted tube at interface portions 12 , 14 and 16 to display , opened out flat , a succession of stenting rings i , ii , iii , iv arranged next to each other along the length of the slitted tube parallel to its long axis direction x . each of the four stenting rings exhibits a serial progression of n t struts , here 24 struts , ( 20 ) separated from each other by the slits through the wall thickness of the tubular workpiece , the succeeding struts of each stenting ring being joined by successive cusps 24 . in the unexpanded slitted configuration of fig1 , each cusp is in “ head - to - head ” relationship , along the axis direction x of the slitted tube , with a cusp of the adjacent stenting ring . as can be seen , each stenting ring is connected to the next adjacent stenting ring by four bridges 26 distributed at regular intervals ( 90 °) around the circumference of the slitted tube . the number of bridges per ring is n s and the number of struts between successive bridges is n s so : n t = s • n b . in stent technology , particularly stents made of shape memory alloy ( nitinol ), a strut matrix made by slitting a precursor tube is conventional . turning to fig2 , we see a portion of the fig1 slitted tube radially expanded so that the struts of each stenting ring are inclined to the axial direction x and present themselves as a zig - zag sequence of struts around the circumference of the stent . it will be noted that the cusps 24 of adjacent stenting rings are still in head - to - head disposition skilled readers will appreciate that any gross bending of a deployed stent is liable to bring opposing cusps on the inside of the bend into physical contact with each other . turning to fig3 , we can recognise the same pattern of 24 struts 20 making up 4 adjacent stenting rings i , ii , iii , iv , recognisably equivalent to what is shown in fig1 . further , just as in fig1 , each cusp 24 is in head - to - head relationship with a cusp of the next adjacent stenting ring . just as in fig1 , each stenting ring is connected to the next adjacent stenting ring by four bridges 26 . however , the slits 22 in the tube 10 , that have created the strut matrix , are axially staggered relative to each other , in a way which is not present in drawing fig1 . in consequence of this axial staggering , there is also axial staggering of the gaps 30 between each pair of facing cusps 24 . in fig3 , there is shown a greater axial separation between facing cusps 24 than is apparent from fig1 , but this is not the decisive difference between the fig1 concept and that of fig3 . reverting to fig1 , and concentrating on a pair of struts defining between them an individual gap 22 , one can see that the axial length of the two struts , one each side of the slit 22 1 is the same . however , when we look at fig3 , and a particular slit 22 , we notice that the length of the strut that extends down each side of the slit 22 , from the common cusp 24 at one end of the slit , are different . this has repercussions for the way the struts deform when the slitted tube of fig3 is radially expanded , to the zig - zag pattern shown in fig4 . comparing fig4 with fig2 , it is immediately evident that there are no longer pairs of cusps 24 facing each other , head to head . instead , each cusp points towards a gap between two adjacent cusps of the adjacent zig - zag stenting ring . the skilled reader will appreciate that when the stent of fig4 is bent ( into a banana shape ) each cusp is free to advance axially into the gap between two adjacent cusps of the adjacent stenting ring , rather than striking , head on , the facing cusp of the adjacent stenting ring , as in fig2 . fig5 is a perspective view but shows the same phenomenon as is drawn in drawing fig4 i with the same strut matrix . the skilled reader will grasp that the number of struts in each stenting ring need not be 24 , and the number of bridges between adjacent stenting rings need not be four . another arrangement that shows promise is one in which each stenting ring has 42 struts and adjacent stenting rings are connected by three bridges distributed at 120 ° intervals . such an arrangement is shown in fig9 and is described below . fig6 , 7 and 8 show another attractive design , namely , a slitted tube with 40 struts per ring and four bridges . since other aspects of the design are described above with reference to fig3 and 4 , the same reference numbers are used to identify corresponding features . of the design . again , it can be seen that when the fig6 slitted tube is opened out radially , the cusps 24 automatically move to positions where they are no longer facing head to head any cusp of the adjacent zig - zag stenting ring , with consequential advantages of avoiding cusp to cusp contact when the deployed stent is subjected to bending deformation . in fig6 , in loop iii , three successive bridges are labeled b 1 , b 2 , b 3 . bridges bland b 3 connect loop iii to loop iv . bridge b 2 is one of the four bridges that connect loop iii . between bridges b 1 and b 2 , and between bridge b 2 and b 3 , is a sequence of five struts . three of these struts s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , have the same length . each extends between two free cusps . the other two struts , s 4 and s 5 , have lengths different from each other . this length difference is what takes the free cusps of adjacent loops out of a head - to - head facing relationship in the expanded configuration of the stent , as can be understood from fig7 and 8 , which also reveal that the bridges are correspondingly skewed , relative to the long axis of the stent , in the expanded disposition of the stent . the lengthwise staggering of cusps that characterises the present invention can deliver useful technical effects that include the following . when a self - expanding strut is to be released from its catheter delivery system , the usual way is to withdraw proximally , relative to the stent , a restraining sheath that surrounds its abluminal surface . when all cusps in a loop are at the same point along the axis of the stent , all can spring radially outwardly from the sheath simultaneously . this impulsive release is not ideal for controlled release . axial staggering of cusps can assist in releasing the stent more progressively and steadily , cusps escaping one by one from the inward radial confinement of the proximally retreating sheath . for some stents , the design features non - identical proximal and distal ends , so that it is critically important to load the stent in the delivery system with its distal end nearer the distal end of the delivery system . an advantage of the present invention is that it permits the building of stents with identical distal and proximal ends , that are indifferent to the choice of stent end to lie closer to the distal end of the delivery system . the axial staggering opens up possibilities for “ recesses ” such as recesses 40 in fig3 , where radiopaque marker elements 50 can be located . these elements thus lie snug between circumferentially spaced apart cusps 42 , 44 and axially adjacent to intervening cusps 46 , to which it will be convenient to attach the marker . any axial pushing on the stent , while the confining sleeve is withdrawn is customarily applied to the end surface of the stent . by locating markers in the end recesses and arranging for the end elevation of the stent to comprise both cusps and markers , the stresses on the end elevation are distributed around the circumference as evenly as possible , and over the maximum area of surface of the implant , which is good for fatigue performance , quality control , and efficiency of stent release . finally , with markers recessed into the end zone of a stent , the markers when imaged give a true impression of where the stent matrix is , and where it is not . a short look at us 2006 / 0025847 serves to reveal the advantages of the present proposal over another recent proposal to deal with pushing forces . not to be underestimated is the advantage yielded by this invention , that a “ peak - to - valley ” distribution of cusps in the expanded deployed disposition is automatic , regardless how short are the bridges between adjacent stenting loops . short , strong , robust bridges that connect axially adjacent stenting loops are greatly to be welcomed , for many reasons . in particular / they are less vulnerable to inadvertent straining ( bad for fatigue performance if nothing else ) when stent matrices are being installed in a catheter delivery system , or when being deployed out of one . put another way , the stent with short stubby bridges can be rated for greater loads imposed on it during loading or deployment . since the radial force that a stent can exert on surrounding bodily tissue increases with the number of stenting loops per unit ( axial ) length of the stent , a reduction in the length of the bridges connecting axially adjacent stenting loops will give rise to an increased stenting force . however , short stubby bridges are disadvantageous , to the extent that they prejudice stent flexibility . the more flexible a stent is , the better its resistance to fatigue failure ( other things being equal ). one way to deliver more flexibility , despite an absence of much flexibility in the bridges , is to increase the number of struts in the sequence of struts between each bridge and the next bridge . on that basis , the arrangement of fig9 , with 7 struts between any two bridges b 1 , b 2 or b 2 , b 3 , is superior to the fig6 design with 5 struts , itself superior to that of fig3 , with 3 struts . when it comes to radiopaque markers , it is important to arrange the markers so that they are distributed around the circumference of the stent , in the radially compact delivery disposition of the stent , as evenly as is practicable . in fig3 , the arrangement is even . fig6 shows one possible arrangement of tantalum markers 60 , 62 , 64 , 66 which is not far from an even distribution in the compact form of the stent ( although further from evenly distributed when the stent is expanded ). in the fig9 design it is clear that each end of the stent offers only three recesses for installation of a set of three markers evenly distributed around the circumference of the stent . the markers can be of different shapes , in order to meet these design objectives , as is illustrated in fig6 , as one example . one thing that is striking about the present invention is how it delivers a simple pattern of linear slits in the compact configuration that exhibits in each stenting loop a sequence of stepwise displacements , up and down the axis of the stent , in the positions of the free cusps , yet , in the expanded disposition of the stent , the axial steps are gone . instead , the bridges are skewed , and the free cusps are circumferentially displaced , relative to the free cusps of the adjacent stenting loop that were facing them , head - to - head , in the compact disposition . of significance is that , in the expanded disposition , when the stent must exert radially outward stenting force on the bodily tissue that forms the wall of the stented bodily lumen , the zig - zag struts of each stenting rings march around the circumference of the lumen in a progression in which axial displacement of free cusps , relative to each other , is difficult to discern . instead , the stenting loops deploys in a way that is close to an optimal planar hoop , transverse t the axis , for generating a large mechanical radially outward stenting force . applicant &# 39 ; s wo 2007 / 135090 discloses a stent that is “ bend - capable ” in that cusps move out of a “ head - to - head ” facing relationship in the expanded deployed stent , when the stent tube is bent out of a straight configuration . it will be apparent to the skilled reader that the present invention ( lengthwise staggering of cusps ) can be combined with the invention of wo 2007 / 135090 ( skewed unit cell ) to deliver a stent matrix that avoids a head to head facing relationship of cusps , regardless of the extent to which the stent is bent out of a straight line after deployment . one way to accomplish the result explained in wo 2007 / 135090 is to arrange the strut matrix such that n 8 / 2 is an even number . it hardly needs to be added , that the stents taught in this disclosure can be used in the same way as prior art stents are used . they can carry graft material , or drugs , for example . they can be delivered transluminally , by a suitable catheter delivery system . they can carry radiopaque markers , as is taught in the state of the art . they will find particular application in situations where the stent , after deployment , is subject to a high degree of bending . the present drawings show specific embodiments which are to be assessed as exemplary , not limiting . the stent need not be made from shape memory metal and need not be laser cut . the inventive concept disclosed herein is applicable to a wide range of known stent technologies . | 0 |
as shown in fig1 , led display 102 is controlled by image workstation 104 through various links and interfaces . led display 102 can take various forms while remaining within the teachings of the invention . in a preferred embodiment , led display 102 is a large display appropriate for outdoor use and installation as a billboard . in another embodiment of the invention , led display 102 is used as a jumbo screen at sporting events including outdoor and indoor applications . in an embodiment of the invention that is compatible with color television , the led display 102 is capable of displaying 60 complete images per second and is further capable of displaying the color gamut of television . moreover , the teachings of the invention are applicable to monitors for use as computer displays . in one embodiment , image workstation 104 is a computer that provides a user interface to display system 100 . in other embodiments , the functions of image workstation 104 are distributed to various computers . and in yet another embodiment , the functions of image workstation are contained within self - contained hardware such as a pc card . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , image workstation 104 is operated remotely from led display 102 , however , one of skill in the art will understand that other configurations may be employed without deviating from the teachings of the invention . as shown in fig1 , image workstation 104 is locally connected to first communication interface 106 a , which can be in the form of a local area network ( lan ) or other suitable interface . communication interface 106 a is in turn connected to wide area network ( wan ) 108 that allows for communication with led display 102 , which is remotely located . wide area network 108 is then connected to a second communication interface 106 b . as with communication interface 106 a , communication interface 106 b can , but need not be , a local area network or other suitable interface . in the embodiment being described , display pc 110 is connected to communication interface 106 b . display pc 110 then controls the displaying of images on led display 102 . image workstation 104 and display pc 110 can be implemented as digital computers having at least a memory for storing and image computer code , and a processor for executing code . image workstation 104 and display pc 110 may be very similar in operation . however , because they may have different assigned tasks according to the invention , image workstation 104 and display pc 110 may have different features and performance capabilities . one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the communication elements of fig1 including communication interfaces 106 a and 106 b and wide area network 108 can be replaced with other communicating elements . when used as a public billboard , it is inevitable that some of the communicating elements may be susceptible to tampering . accordingly , it is important to use security encryption and virtual private networks ( vpns ). moreover , as communications technology advances other communicating elements will become available . for example , an embodiment of display system 100 provides for a direct communication link between image workstation 104 and led display 102 . as further shown in fig1 , another embodiment of the invention includes camera 114 to be used in a feedback control system . camera interface 112 is connected to communication interface 106 b and camera 114 to provide a monitoring function for led display 102 . camera 114 may be part of a feedback control system that continuously monitors led display 102 and adjusts the inputs to led display 102 for optimal display and viewing . in a preferred embodiment of the invention , camera 114 operates to detect the light pattern on led display 102 to produce a digital representation of the distribution of brightness and color on the sign . the present invention then uses this information to correct , on a pixel - by - pixel basis , any deviations from the pattern that was intended to be displayed . camera 114 is also used to detect display malfunctions such as fault detection and provides technical measurements used in the pre - production and production of original content displayed on led display 102 . in one embodiment , camera 114 is a digital camera capable of viewing the entire led display 102 . moreover , the digital camera is capable of operating over the entire brightness range of led display 102 . this operation may be accomplished through the use of aperture control or the use of neutral density filters . in an embodiment , the dynamic range of camera 114 is at least 2000 : 1 . field - of - view of camera 114 is preferably adjustable from an area containing less than 32 × 32 pixels on led display 102 to about 30 % more than the entire width of led display 102 . for proper operation , the output of camera 114 is at least an array of 360 × 360 pixels . in another embodiment , camera 114 is operated in timing with the display so that images are taken during intervals when led display 102 is blank or when led display 102 is displaying an image . in an embodiment of the invention implementing the feedback control system , on a bright day , the feedback control system increases the magnitude of the inputs to led display 102 , whereas on a dark , moonless night , the feedback control system decreases the magnitude of the inputs to led display 102 . an appropriate sensor for use in the feedback control system is a photocell . the current through the photocell can be calibrated for various brightness levels . moreover , display pc 110 and / or image workstation 104 may have stored on them various versions of the same image such that an optimal display image can be displayed for its preferred contrast or brightness effects . the control functions of the feedback control system are executed by display pc 110 in an embodiment of the invention . in another embodiment , the control functions are executed by image workstation 104 . in yet another embodiment , support and computing storage 116 executes the control functions . support and computing storage 116 may be implemented as similar to image workstation 104 or display pc 110 , however , because it may have very different tasks assigned to it , support and computing storage 116 may have different features and performance capabilities . in an embodiment support and computing storage 116 is a large bank of hard disk media with high speed processing capabilities for the operation and management of many led displays 102 . in an alternative embodiment of the invention , a plurality of displays such as led display 102 are controlled by image workstation 104 . furthermore , additional support computing and storage 116 may be provided to increase the processing capabilities of display system 100 . it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that display system 100 as illustrated is but one embodiment of the present invention and that modifications can be made without deviating from the invention . image data , control data , status data and exceptions may be communicated over the described communicating elements of display system 100 . standard ietf network protocols such as tcp / ip are used to communicate from the image workstation 104 to led display 102 . tasks that are performed over the communication links include transferring images , establishing image display sequences , reporting the status of operations , and receiving of error signals . in a preferred embodiment , all functionality of the led display 102 is controlled at image workstation 104 , remotely located from led display 102 . however , in another embodiment , image workstation 104 is collocated with led display 102 , where image workstation 104 further executes the tasks of display pc 110 . in the embodiment of fig1 , display pc 110 controls the sequence of images displayed on the sign , gathers status data and provides a record of the actual images shown with associated time and other ancillary data . in advance of transmission to led display 102 , image workstation 104 processes images from , for example , advertising agencies in preparation for transmission to led display 102 . moreover , image workstation 104 establishes the desired image sequences to be shown on led display 102 . as part of its functionality , image workstation 104 can query the status of display pc 110 , led display 102 , and camera 114 . according to a preferred embodiment of the invention , led display 102 comprises a matrix of discrete elements called pixels . fig9 a shows subassembly 902 comprising four pixels 904 . the four pixels are contained within multiple pixel block 906 which , as shown in fig9 b , has mounting apertures 908 on the back . as shown in fig9 b , connector 909 extends from multiple pixel block 906 . connector 909 is used to supply drive signals to the pixels including the multiple elements of the pixels , which are leds in the preferred embodiment of the invention . referring to fig9 c , subassembly grid 920 is configured to receive a plurality of subassemblies 902 arranged in rows and columns . mounting apertures 908 are used to mount subassemblies 902 to frame 924 , the back of which is not shown in the fig . in this way , pixels are arranged in a matrix of rows and columns . referring back to fig9 a , multiple pixel block 906 further has louver 910 . advantageously , louver 910 shades the pixels from direct sunlight thereby reducing the required drive to create a perceived brightness or contrast . louver 910 can reduce the viewing angle from above , however , because led display 102 is generally to be viewed from directly in front or from below , louver 910 generally does not create a reduction in performance . where viewing is desired from above , louver 910 can be removed . to further improve the performance of led display 102 , low reflectance resin 912 may be used to fill in spaced between the pixels . furthermore , the body of multiple pixel block 906 is preferably made of low reflectance plastic . fig1 a shows the elements comprising a pixel 904 according to an embodiment of the invention . as shown in fig1 a , pixel 904 is comprised of multiple leds including red led 206 , first green led 208 , a second green led 212 and blue led 210 . note that second green led 212 has a different chromaticity than first green led 208 . as shown in fig1 a , the four - colored leds are configured in a square pattern . fig1 b shows the four leds in a denser pattern achieved by offsetting a square pattern to form a diamond pattern 1004 . fig1 c also shows a four - colored pixel according to an alternative embodiment . the four colors are provided by a total of eight leds configured in a circular scattered pattern in pixel 908 . it has been found that the scattering of the four leds improves the human perceived chromacity emitted from the pixel 904 . according to an embodiment of the invention , the number of leds used for each of the four different colors is not equal . this is due to different performance qualities of the leds used . for example , blue and red are at extremes of human perceptible colors and therefore more leds may be necessary to create the same intensity as with , for example , green , which is near the middle of the range of human perceptible colors . moreover , leds are sometimes produced from different materials with different performance qualities . for example , red leds are typically made from arsenide alloys which produce a bright led whereas blue and greens are often produced using nitride alloys which produce a less bright led . furthermore , the advent of alingap leds for colors between red and yellow - orange produces a very bright output . accordingly , the number and scattering of leds within a scattered pixel such as pixel 908 is arranged according to the performance of the leds in use . for example , a higher number of low brightness leds can be included while reducing the number of high brightness leds . in this manner , more uniform intensity is achieved for a wide color gamut . as new semiconductor materials are developed and as led technology progresses different patterns can be used . fig1 d illustrate another circular pattern of leds according to an embodiment of the invention . by increasing the number of leds , this pattern allows for including different proportions of specific led colors in greater variety . in pixel 1008 , leds of a specific color are included in higher or lower numbers depending on the leds &# 39 ; performance characteristics . as is known in the art to which it pertains , about 50 % of the just - noticeable different colors can be produced by three led colors . the use of three led colors , however , cannot produce all human perceptible colors as previously explained . this can be understood with reference to fig1 which is taken from cie ( commission internationale de l &# 39 ; eclairage ) data . as shown in fig1 , boundary 1102 represents the limits of human perceptible color . typical humans can perceive all colors within boundary 1102 , but cannot perceive colors outside of boundary 1102 . using leds of three different colors , a triangular boundary 1104 is produced having vertices at red led 1106 , first green led 1108 and blue led 1110 . the points corresponding to red led 1106 , first green led 1108 and blue led 1110 correspond to the chromacity of a specified red , green and blue led respectively . triangular boundary 1104 represents the limits of colors that can be produced using these three colors . the illustrated three - color combination can therefore produce colors within triangular boundary 1104 , but cannot produce colors outside triangular boundary 1104 . according to the present invention , a greater range of perceptible colors is produced by including a fourth color in each pixel . if a fourth led , in this example second green led 1112 , is added to the system describe immediately above , a quadrilateral boundary 1114 , connecting points 1106 , 1108 , 1110 and 1112 , is produced . the addition of second green led 1112 significantly enriches the gamut of greens and deep greens . this improved system can therefore produce colors within quadrilateral boundary 1114 which is larger than triangular boundary 1104 . importantly , the color range outside quadrilateral boundary 1114 is smaller than for the triangular boundary 1104 . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , the performance and chromacity of the leds may be specified as follows : red led 1106 has cie chromacity coordinates near the 660 nm monochrome point with ( x , y )=( 0 . 730 , 0 . 270 ) ( where the ( x , y ) values are expressed according to the cie standard ): first green led 1108 has chromacity components near the 545 nm monochrome point ( x , y )= 0 . 266 , 0 . 724 ); second green led 1112 has chromacity components near 505 nm monochrome point ( x , y )=( 0 . 004 , 0 . 655 ); and , blue led 1110 has chromacity components near 465 run monochrome point ( x , y )=( 0 . 135 , 0 . 040 ). other specifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art . fig4 is a graphical display of the improved performance in an exemplary four led display system according to an embodiment of the invention . in this chart , the performance of the four color led display summarized above is shown . the performance of a three color led display without the second green led is also shown . fig4 shows a noticeable improvement of the four color led display over the three color led display . moreover , fig4 shows noticeable improvements over flat panel displays and high definition television . it has been observed that about 30 % more colors are available in a four - color led system as compared to a three - color led system . moreover , the use of a four - color led system allows for optimization or minimization of selected factors such as led power consumption or led lifetime . the use of multiple colors of leds to produce a perceived color is a control issue whereby an identified color within boundary 1102 has a unique coordinate as described by cie standards . thus , to reproduce a specified color becomes a mathematical issue of mixing different intensities of colors . where only three colors are used , such as red led 1106 , first green led 1108 and blue led 210 , there exists a unique combination of the three colors that produces a given color within boundary 1104 . where four colors are used , such as by the addition of second green led 1112 according to the present invention , however , there may not be a unique combination of colors that produces a specified color within boundary 1114 . in fact , usually many solutions exist to produce a given color . for example , in order to produce color 1120 the intensities of the four leds can be adjusted to produce color 1120 . this is a first solution for color 1120 . note that because color 1120 is within triangular boundary 1104 produced by blue led , red led and first green led , these three leds can be used to produce color 1120 . this is a second solution for color 1120 . moreover , because color 1120 is also within triangular boundary 1124 produced by blue led , red led and second green led , these three leds can be used to produce color 1120 . this is a third solution for color 1120 . in practice there are many more combinations available algorithms based on known mathematical formulas are used to produce colors using a four or more color led system . for example , see gunter wyszecki and w . s . styles , color science : concepts and methods , quantitative data and formulae , second edition ( new york : john wiley and sons , 1982 ), which is incorporated herein by reference . because there can be many different solutions for producing a given color , the present invention applies conditions that produce desirable effects . in particular , the present invention seeks to control certain operating parameters to enhance the appearance of the image or the efficiency of the display . for example , in one embodiment of the invention , it is desirable to minimize the amount of power used by the led display . it is well known in the art that leds of different types use different amounts of power . the difference in power usage is generally related to the wavelength of the light output and the semiconductor alloys used . for example , blue and red are at extremes of human perceptible colors and therefore use relatively more power to generate a perceived intensity . compared to green which is near the middle of the range of human perceptible colors , less power is generally needed to produce the same perceived intensity as with red or blue leds . moreover , red leds are typically made from arsenide alloys whereas blue and greens are produced using nitride alloys . in practice , it is observed that red leds use the most power followed by blue leds and then green leds . this observation is made at the time of the invention and is subject to change as new semiconductor materials are developed and as led technology progresses . in a four color led pixel according to an embodiment of the invention , the inputs , such as average current , are given by the vector x wherein i r corresponds to the input to red led 1106 , i g corresponds to the input to first green led 1108 , i g2 corresponds to the input to second green led 1112 , and i b corresponds to the input to blue led 1110 . the performance of a pixel can be expressed as a system of pixels . the system for the four - color led display is then given by array a a = [ x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 y 1 y 2 y 3 y 4 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4 ] wherein x j , y j and z j represent the cie tristimulus values for the leds producing the j - th color . then the vector result of the matrix - vector product ax is the vector of tristimulus values of the light produced by the pixel containing the leds . a desired color can be described by the vector of tristimulus values suppose that the error between two tristimulus vectors is given by the scalar - valued function e (., .) where e ( a , b )≧ 0 with equality if , and only if , a = b . the error between the desired color and luminance and that obtained with input x is then e ( c , ax ). let s be the set of inputs that minimize the error , i . e ., s ={ x | x = argmin e ( c , ax )}. this will normally consist of only a single vector if the leds consist of only three colors . with four or more colors the set s will typically contain many possible inputs ; then it will be possible to have some function g (.) of the inputs that can be minimized to optimize the choice of input . since the elements of the input vector are usually further constrained ( e . g ., to be non - negative ) to a set t , the optimal choice for input is then the choice of x that minimizes g ( x ) subject to xεs ∩ t , i . e ., x minimizes both e ( c , ax ) and g ( x ). in an exemplary embodiment , x is the current input to the leds . moreover , power may be minimized for all inputs greater than zero . in another embodiment , x is the power to the led which is the product of the current and voltage applied to the leds . and , in yet another embodiment , x is the operating time of an led . by minimizing the operating time of an led , the lifetime of that led is maximized . minimizing current or power input reduces the operating cost of a display as well as reduces the heat generated by the display . this minimization can be important for very large displays where tens of thousand to millions of individual leds are used . where certain short lifetime leds are used , it is desirable to minimize the operating time of such leds thus reducing costs associated with replacing such leds . other characteristics can be adjusted as desired by one of skill in the art . in a preferred embodiment embodiment , the minimization of the present invention provides for operation using side conditions . for example , a parameter is minimized by operating identified leds at extremes of their operating range . in an embodiment of the invention , the extremes are lower extremes such as operating an identified led at zero current . this can be understood by example . leds of four colors are provided within each pixel , however , only three or less leds are used to generate a specified color . for example , assume that it is desirable to minimize the operating time of second green led 1112 in order to maximize its life . referring again to fig1 , quadrilateral boundary 1124 has vertices at red led 1106 , first green led 1108 , second green led 1112 and blue led 1110 . also , quadrilateral boundary 1124 is a composite of triangular boundary 1104 ( with vertices at red led 1106 , first green led 1108 and blue led 1110 ) and triangular boundary 1126 ( with vertices at first green led 1108 , second green led 1112 and blue led 1110 ). minimization of the operating time of second green led 1112 becomes an application of threshold conditions . fig1 is a flowchart of a method for minimization according to the present invention . the method of fig1 is a minimization achieved with side conditions according to an embodiment of the invention and applicable to minimization of operating time as well as power and current . at step 1202 , an led , led - min , is identified for which operating time is to be minimized . at step 1204 , a region of chromacity with boundary , boundary - min , is identified . in minimizing the operating time of led - min , the region encompassed by boundary - min is minimized . at step 1206 , a region of chromacity with boundary , boundary - x , is identified . in this manner , the composite boundary , boundary - tot , created by boundary - min plus boundary - x produces the color gamut of the embodiment being describe . at step 1208 , a desired color is input . step 1210 is then a threshold operation to check whether the desired color is within boundary - x . the desired color will lie within boundary - x if it can be generated without use of led - min . if this condition is met , the desired color is generated at step 1212 without use of led - min . however , if the desired color does not lie within boundary - x , the desired color is generated at step 1214 through the use of led - min . the method of fig1 is maybe implemented in software byone of skill in the art . in another embodiment , certain steps of fig1 can be implemented in hardware . for example , boundary data may be stored in random access memory ( ram ). the method of fig1 is also applicable to current , power and other parameters as will be known to those of skill in art . the method of fig1 can be supplemented with a verification operation that would verify that the desired color lies within the composite boundary . led display 102 of fig1 must also operate over a wide range of ambient light . where led display is used indoors , it must operate at different levels of lighting . moreover , where led display 102 is used outdoors , it must operate in direct sunlight , in scattered light from fog , or on a dark moonless night . thus , led display 102 preferrably operates over a wide range of luminance . in a preferred embodiment of the invention , display system 100 operates in this wide range , from bright to very dark , using steps in luminance . preferrably , the steps in luminance are closely related to human perceived just - noticeable differences in luminance . thus , the difference in pixel luminance between adjacent steps is below the level that is just noticeable by human perception . in this manner , undesirable artifacts are not introduced into led display 102 . the present invention accommodates a wide range of luminance that is necessary to display images in bright daylight as well as moonless nights . this can be accomplished according to the invention by choosing the levels of the dynamic range of led display 102 in a non - linear manner and implementing these non - linearities in led control electronics . in this way , the present invention avoids noticeable artifacts in images with large areas of nearly constant brightness . to understand this aspect of the present invention , it is first necessary to understand the problem . fig5 is a simplified representation of the control electronics of an led display . a digital control signal , d , at input 502 is directed to a digital to analog converter ( dac ) 504 . in a typical implementation , an 8 - bit dac 504 produces 256 different levels at dac output 506 which is then input into linear control electronics 508 . linear control electronics 506 then drives led 510 . implementation of dac 504 with linear control electronics 506 then produces even increments of luminance at led display 102 . however , evenly distributed increments of luminance may produce some noticeable and undesirable artifacts , such as contouring within certain ranges of luminance . fig6 shows a linear scale 602 with increments 604 - 1 through 604 - 256 which are evenly distributed in the range from 0 lumens to 100 lumens in this example . increments 604 - 1 through 604 - 256 have increments of 0 . 3906 lumens when an 8 - bit dac 504 is used . fig6 also shows a just - noticeable difference scale 610 which is a representation of the increments of human perceived just - noticeable differences in luminance , which characteristically have unevenly distributed increments . for each increment of scale 610 , an average person would just perceive a difference in light intensity . of particular interest on scale 610 are the widely spaced increments for high intensities approximately greater than 90 lumens and the contrastingly closely spaced increments for low intensities approximately less than 10 lumens . in comparing the increments on scale 602 at high intensity over 90 lumens to the increments on scale 610 , the increments on scale 602 of 0 . 3906 lumens per increment are observed to be smaller than the just - noticeable increments for the same range of intensities on scale 610 which are about 1 lumen per increment . the result being that for a high intensity , the evenly distributed scale produces increments in intensity that are not noticeable by human perception . this is a desirable result . contrastingly , in comparing the increments on scale 602 at low intensities below 10 lumens to the increments on scale 610 , the increments on scale 602 at 0 . 3902 lumens per increment are observed to be larger than the just - noticeable increments for the same range of intensities on scale 610 which are about 0 . 2 lumens per increment . the result here for low intensities is that the evenly distributed scale produces increments in intensity that are undesirably noticeable by human perception . the prior art systems would not work properly producing an undesirable contouring effect . it is important to note that scale 610 is shown as an example . in practice , scale 610 varies for different colors of leds . for example , a just - noticeable difference scale would be different for red , blue and green leds . it can , therefore , be understood that to have evenly distributed increments in luminance from very low to very high luminance can produce human perceived noticeable differences at low luminance . this perceived noticeable differences are especially noticeable for large areas of low luminance to produce what is called contouring . the undesirable effect of contouring as addressed by the present invention can be understood with reference to an example . fig1 a represents an image 1302 with a wide range of luminance and further has a large area 1304 of almost constant brightness . in area 1304 , however , there are subtle changes in brightness that cannot be correctly represented . it is only when the difference in brightness exceeds a certain level that a range of pixels is displayed at a different intensity . this produces the undesirable effect of contouring . contouring produces a noticeable line such as line 1306 where a range of equal intensity transitions to another range of noticeably different intensity . the present invention solves this problem . fig1 b represents an image 1352 with a wide range of luminance which also has a large area 1354 of almost constant brightness . as with area 1304 , area 1354 has subtle changes in brightness . image 1352 , in contrast to image 1302 , is displayed with smaller increments of intensity for low intensities . thus , there is no noticeable contouring effect in image 1354 and no lines similar to line 1306 are present . thus , in one embodiment of the present invention , such a contouring problem is resolved by implementing a non - linear control function as part of the led control circuitry . fig7 is a simplified representation of a non - linear control electronics of an led display according to the invention . a digital control signal , d , at input 702 is directed to a digital to analog converter ( dac ) 704 . in an typical implementation , an 8 - bit dac 704 produces 256 different levels at dac output 706 which is then input into non - linear control electronics 708 . non - linear control electronics 706 then drives led 710 . in an embodiment of the invention , non - linear control electronics 706 is implemented to closely match the non - linear characteristic of just - noticeable difference scale 610 for any a desired chromacity . such non - linear control electronics 706 would then have a characteristic given by a function , f ( x ), as shown in fig8 a . using curve fitting methods known in the art , a third order function , y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , as shown in fig8 b is used to approximate the non - linear characteristic of scale 610 according to another embodiment of the invention . such curve fitting techniques can also be used to generate a quadratic function , y = ax 2 + bx + c , as shown in fig8 c . in yet another embodiment of the invention , an exponential function , y = ke ax , as shown in fig8 d is used to approximate the non - linear characteristic of scale 610 . the non - linear characteristic of scale 610 is implemented in another embodiment using several piece - wise linear functions , y 1 = m 1 x + b 1 1 , y 2 = m 2 x + b 2 1 , and y 3 = m 3 x + b 3 1 , as shown in fig8 e . fig8 e shows a representative of a piece wise linear control function using three different linear functions to approximate the non - linear function of scale 610 . the three ranges of the piece - wise linear function of fig8 e are then implemented using switching techniques for varying levels of intensities . using more piece - wise linear functions would provide even more improvement . the block diagram shown in fig8 f represents an implementation of non - linear control electronics implementing non - linear characteristics as shown in fig8 a - e . at block 802 , the various cie components are determined for a particular color which provides cie inputs 804 to curve fit block 806 . as shown , cie lab is used such that three inputs 804 are provided to curve fit block 806 . where a different standard is used more inputs may be necessary . it is curve fit block 806 that implements non - linear characteristics such as those shown in fig8 a - e . moreover , curve fit block 806 is preferably implemented in software such that changes can easily be made . hardware implementations can be more limiting , but can nonetheless be implemented . upon fitting a certain color to a non - linear characteristic , curve fit block 806 provides non - linear inputs 808 to brightness output block 810 . as a result of the processing of curve fit block 806 at least three non - linear inputs 808 are provided . it is brightness output block that provides led inputs 812 to a given pixel . the concept of fig8 f is therefore extended to the many pixels of an led display . among other implementations , led display 102 , as shown in fig1 , may be implemented as a standing signboard to display advertisements to the general public . moreover , led display may be implemented as a large video display for displaying moving images . accordingly , led display is appropriate for displaying images related to television or print media . in many implementations , however , the interaction of at least two parties is required to display a high quality image on led display 102 . moreover , there must be a efficient and effective transfer from a creator of original artwork to led display 102 . an image transfer interface according to an embodiment of the invention assures that original artwork generated in other media is properly displayed on led display 102 . television and print media are characterized by nonlinear luminance characteristic . television outputs its images onto a cathode ray tube (“ crt ”) which has an output luminance that is not directly proportional to the applied electrical drive . the non - linearity is further aggravated by the use of a non - linear mapping of the crt output to limit the dynamic range needed in studio equipment . print media , on the other hand , must deal with reflected luminance that is not directly proportional to the amount of ink per unit area . leds , however , have the advantage that their luminance characteristics can be applied linearly without need for a gamma transformation . hence , it is desirable that the signals sent to drive led display 102 have a representation that is linear in luminance for each color in each pixel . the present invention takes advantage of this linearity for each color in each pixel of the led display 102 . advantageously , the present invention provides the additional benefit that other operations such as the accommodation of reflected sunlight from the surface of led display 102 can be done directly without need to transfer to a linear luminance representation . moreover , in the present invention , chromacity is represented for each pixel individually . whereas many chromacity representations are available , adherence to a standard facilitates image transfer . with ever increasing computational power , adherence to the cie standard has become easily realizable . in this way chromacity is characterized in a widely understood digital format . advantageously , the representation of color and luminance of each pixel as digital data allows the direct transfer via a communications network such as the internet or other private digital network in an embodiment of the invention . adherence to the cie standard provides advantages and reduces confusion at the display interface sometimes associated with image transfer in the prior art . in one preferred embodiment , the present invention complies with standards of the cie and the international color consortium (“ icc ”) for the color management framework . thus , either ciexyz or cielab can be used . gunter wyszecki and w . s . styles provide background on color and the cie standards in their book color science : concepts and methods , quantitative data and formulae , second edition ( new york : john wiley and sons , 1982 ). such book is herein incorporated by reference as background . the cielab standard provides certain advantages because it can be used within a tiff framework whereas the ciexyz is not part of the tiff standard . conversions between cielab and ciexyz , however , are provided in wyszecki and styles . accordingly , either cielab or ciexyz are used in different embodiments of the invention . importantly , all data processing , including anti - aliasing and color transformations , must be performed before an image is encoded into the tiff - cielab format . in an embodiment of the invention , these tasks are performed by creators of original artwork . in implementing this the tiff - cielab format , the tasks to be performed by the operator of led display 102 are reduced to mapping the received image into the gamut of the led display and setting the overall image brightness level . prior to displaying the image , the operator of the led calibrates led display 102 . fig3 summarizes a process for the management of image transfer implemented in an embodiment of the invention . at step 302 , a workstation display is calibrated to conform with an identified standard such as cielab . this image workstation is used by creators of original artwork to be displayed on led display 102 . step 302 can typically be accomplished through hardware or software that performs a digital transformation to calibrated crt or other display media . in the present invention , an entity such as an advertising agency develops original artwork at step 304 using the workstation calibrated at step 302 . the present invention provides advantages over the prior art because displays are not typically calibrated and standardized such that upon transfer to a display medium , undesirable characteristics are sometimes visible on the final display medium , but were not visible on the display media upon which the original artwork was created . these undesirable characteristics can lead to unsatisfied customers . having developed original artwork , the creator then digitally represents the image at step 306 in compliance with a standardized manner . in an embodiment of the invention , the cielab standard is used in compliance with the tiff framework . part of step 306 includes performing anti - aliasing and color transformation tasks . implementing anti - aliasing techniques is important to avoid jagged edges . jagged edges can be created because the light from the pixels is not continuous over the surface of led display 102 . in led display 102 the light is concentrated at the leds with a non - illuminating surface surrounding it . thus , without implementing anti - aliasing techniques lines may appear jagged if the line is not aligned with the rows or columns of the pixels . solutions to this problem are well known in the art and can be achieved in software . at step 308 , the digitized image is then transferred to a recipient such as the operator of led display 102 . because the image is digitized , the image transfer can be accomplished through the use of a digital network such as wide area network 108 including the internet or other private network such as atm . in an embodiment of the invention , image workstation 104 serves as the recipient of the digital data . at step 310 , the image is then mapped into the gamut of led display 102 . step 310 is executed by either image workstation 104 , display pc 110 or support computing and storage 116 of fig1 . to optimize viewing of the led display , the image brightness level is controlled at step 312 . this step can be executed efficiently by display pc 110 . by implementing the method of fig3 , the quality of the images displayed on the led display can be closely controlled for quality . the method of the present invention provides an efficient scheme for accountability of the critical tasks necessary toward achieving a high quality image at led display 102 . because at least one party is involved in developing original artwork and a separate party is involved in displaying the image on led display 102 , the party operating led display 102 cannot guarantee strict calibration and compliance by the developer of the image . he can , however , guarantee his compliance with steps 310 - 312 . similarly , a party developing original artwork cannot guarantee the other party &# 39 ; s compliance ; the party developing original artwork can , however , guarantee compliance with steps 302 - 308 . in this way , overall quality control is achieved and liability for defective images is readily isolated . advantageously for the party operating led display 102 , tasks are reduced to only steps 310 and 312 and do not involve any judgments on chromacity . chromacity is strictly in the hands of the party developing the image . when implementing the method of fig3 , errors are often isolated to incorrectly calibrated crts or loose compliance with the display standard . because the party developing original artwork has the largest stake in a high quality image shown on led display 102 , he will be highly motivated to meticulously comply with steps 302 - 308 . in complying with steps 302 - 308 , the creator of original artwork should routinely maintain all the transfer functions from the original artwork to the color standard in use . calibrations of display media should be made in a scheduled manner and up to date transfer functions should always be used . similarly , transfer functions from the color standard in use to all output devices should be properly documented and controlled . moreover , the transfer functions should be routinely determined and stored for all operations . for example , up to date and correct transfer functions should be maintained for all crts in use , hard copy printouts and led display 102 of the present invention . several operating procedures are designed to reduce the risk of either faulty operation of the sign or its failure to operate . camera 114 , which can be operated autonomously , monitors led display 102 and provides failure or fault signals upon improper operation of led display 102 . in an embodiment , a feedback control system implemented at display pc 110 reduces improper operation as described above . in another embodiment , camera 114 provides failure or fault signals to image workstation 104 through the described communications link of fig1 . other signals available to both display pc 110 and image workstation 104 include internal operating temperatures and power system parameters . in a preferred embodiment , display pc 110 executes a program that interprets dispatch tables , sometimes called “ play lists ,” and places the scheduled images on led display 102 . as part of a fault tolerance scheme , display pc 110 contains a default play list that allows the sign to operate for extended periods of time without communication with image workstation 104 . such a default play list is desirable so as to limit the impact of a failure of the communications link between image workstation 104 and display pc 110 . fig2 is a flowchart of a fault tolerance implementation . in step 202 an initial image p 0 is input into display system 100 . at step 204 , the image p 0 is displayed on led display 102 . at step 206 , the algorithm checks for the occurrence of an exception . if an exception exists , the exception service is executed as shown at step 208 . an example of an exception is a command to abort the current play list to install another desired play list . if no exception exists , the algorithm at step 209 then checks whether the display system 100 is finished displaying image p 0 . if not , loop 210 is executed and image p 0 continues to be displayed . upon image p 0 being displayed for its allotted time , step 212 is executed to check whether the next image p 1 is present . p 1 is present upon the proper operation of display system 100 . in a remotely operated system such as that shown in fig1 , image workstation 104 transfers the image p 1 to display pc 110 . where the communication link between image workstation 104 and display pc 110 is working properly , p 1 will be present at step 212 . then , at step 214 , image p 1 is copied into p 0 and loop 216 reinitiates execution of step 202 . where the communication link between image workstation 104 and display pc 110 is not working properly , image p 1 may not exist . other undesirable situations can also prevent the availability of image p 1 . in such situations , step 218 is executed to copy the contents of a default image , p 2 , into image p 0 . loop 220 then reinitiates step 202 . in an embodiment of the invention , subsequent unavailability of p 1 at step 212 will iteratively copy different images p 2 into p 0 at step 218 . in this embodiment , p 2 is actually a set of images { p 2 a , p 2 b , . . . }. the present invention solves the control issues arising out of four color creation and further adds important features including increased color gamut , improved luminance dynamic range and realization , improved feedback control of image quality and improved image quality control . as this invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from the spirit of essential characteristics , the present embodiments are therefore illustrative and not restrictive . the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the description preceding them . all changes that fall within the meets and bounds of the claims , or equivalence of such meets and bounds are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims . | 6 |
the following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure , application , or uses . it should be understood that throughout the drawings , corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features . fig1 shows a rectangular housing 1 which preferably consists of sheet steel and into which a housing frame 2 is clipped at which a functional frame or reflector frame 3 is pivotally supported . a closing arrangement is provided between the housing frame 2 and the functional frame 3 which comprises a wire spring 4 which cooperates via a bolt element 5 formed at it with a latch receiver 10 which is integrated into the functional frame 3 in a flush manner . the closing arrangement is functionally designed as a “ push - push ” mechanism , i . e . the pivotally supported functional frame 3 is latched in the closed position by pressing in the closing direction relative to the housing frame 2 , whereas it is released from the latched position by exertion of a further pressure in the closing direction and can be pivoted open supported by spring action . fig2 shows the housing frame 2 , preferably made as an aluminum die cast frame , in connection with the partly opened functional frame 3 with the housing removed . the housing frame 2 is provided with an especially shaped cut - out 12 for the reception of the wire spring 4 of which the fixing region 6 , the spring section 7 and the connection region 9 can be seen . the fixing region 6 is substantially arranged in a shape matched manner in a correspondingly adapted region of the recess 12 , whereas the spring section 7 , which bears the bolt element 5 , is arranged in an extended region of the cut - out 12 which permits a pivoting of this spring section to the degree it is required by the necessary movements of the bolt element 5 in the associated latch receiver 10 . the connection region 9 of the wire spring engages over the housing frame 2 and extends into the inner region of the housing frame . the housing frame 2 is furthermore provided with a curved guide slit 16 through which the bolt element 5 inwardly extends . the bolt element 5 is formed by the end of the wire spring which is bent from the spring section at right angles and onto which a heat - resistant plastic sleeve 11 with a rear abutment and guidance flange is placed . the latch receiver 10 is arranged in a shape matched and outwardly flush manner in a cut - out provided in the functional frame 3 . the latch receiver 10 represents a finished part which can be inserted into the corresponding recess , which cooperates with the bolt element 5 and has an ingoing slider 13 , a latch position 14 and an outgoing slider 15 for its reception . the latch receiver 10 with its sliders 13 , 15 and the latch position 14 can preferably also be cast on directly i . e . be shaped and manufactured integrally as part of the molding process of the functional frame . fig3 shows a perspective inner view of the housing frame 2 and the functional frame 3 corresponding to the representation in fig2 . in addition to the bolt element 5 which extends inwardly through the guide slit 16 and is formed by the one end of the wire spring , the other end of the wire spring disposed at the frame inner side can be seen in the form of the spring limb 8 adjoining the connection region 9 . this spring limb 8 acts as a bias spring with respect to the functional frame 3 and engages into a presettable pivot region of the functional frame 3 at its inside end face . in this manner , the functional frame 3 is always brought into the compulsory open position shown in fig3 on a release of the closing arrangement . when the functional frame 3 is closed and also when the closing arrangement is actuated , the spring limb 8 generates the counter forces desired or needed in this process . the multifunctional spring 4 provided in accordance with the invention is shown perspectively in fig4 . there can be seen in this connection the spring limb 8 which is disposed at the frame inner side and is made angled , in particular in u shape , at its free end to ensure a good and reliably functioning contact with the functional frame 3 as well as the connection region 9 which the fixing region 6 adjoins . the spring section 7 whose end angled at right angles forms the bolt element 5 extends at a right angle to the fixing region 6 . the sleeve element 11 of a plastic material , e . g . teflon , which is placed onto the spring end , can also be seen in this representation . the partly sectional representation of fig5 shows the housing 1 coupled to the housing frame 2 , in particular via snap and latch connections , with an inwardly pivoted functional frame 3 located in the unlatched position . in this latched position , the functional frame 3 contacts a peripheral housing seal 17 , whereby a dustproof closure is achieved . the housing seal 17 is made such that it can be compressed by the functional frame 3 for the operation of the “ push - push ” latching to the required degree , e . g . by approximately 3 to 4 millimeters . in the latched position shown , the latching element 5 bearing the plastic sleeve 11 is in engagement with the latch receiver 10 . the positioning of the spring section 7 in the cut - out 12 of the housing frame 2 which is already shown in detail in fig2 and in which the wire spring is held by the housing clipped to the housing frame 2 can also be recognized in this representation . the basic functions of the latch receiver 10 already shown in a specific embodiment in fig1 in the form of a push - push mechanism are shown in fig6 and 7 . both figures each show the ingoing slider 13 , the latch position 14 for the bolt element 5 and the outgoing slider 15 . when the functional frame 3 is closed , the bolt element 5 moves into the ingoing slider 13 and springs into the latch position 14 in the region of the lower end of the resiliently made unit , where the bolt element 5 is fixed and held in a shape matched manner at a corresponding radius . the functional frame 3 is then located in its preset closed position and is precisely positioned in it . if — in accordance with the representation in fig7 — the functional frame 3 is again pressed in the closing direction , the bolt element 5 springs out of the position still shown in fig7 into the lowest position of the outgoing slider 15 and can then move outwardly by the outgoing slider 15 due to the action of the wire spring 4 , with the functional frame 3 being moved in a compulsory manner by the wire spring 4 into the compulsory open position shown in fig3 . the described function accordingly has the result that the closing and opening procedure can be carried out without any use of a tool by a simple exertion of pressure onto the functional frame , with the functional frame being positioned flush with the housing frame 2 in the slider of the latch receiver 10 by the latching procedure in the case of the closing of the functional frame , whereas the bolt element 5 is released and the functional frame 3 is pivoted outward in the opening procedure after a simple pressing onto this functional frame . it is thus ensured that a lamp change can be realized without a tool in an exceptionally easy manner . although the respectively required pivot axle 4 on the functional frame 3 can be realized in various manners , a particularly advantageous aspect of this pivot axle can be realized in the manner shown in fig8 . for this purpose , a pivot joint is in each case received in a passage bore of the housing frame 2 and a plug - in spigot 20 extending into a recess 21 of the functional frame 3 is formed , with the plug - in spigot 20 being held in its position by an elastically resilient region 19 of the housing . the elastic region 19 of the housing 1 , which preferably consists of spring steel , is achieved by a slit 18 in the housing 1 which is already shown in fig1 and is , for example , lasered free . the pivot axle realization shown in fig8 also above all has the advantage , in addition to the simplicity and the favorable price thus achieved , that in this aspect the functional frame 3 can be very simply clipped into the housing frame 2 or can also be fully removed for cleaning purposes . the description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and , thus , variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention . such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 5 |
referring now to fig1 there is illustrated one embodiment of the invention applied to a transceiver as a transmitting and receiving system . the transceiver according to the embodiment of fig1 is an am transmitting and receiving system for the 27 mh z citizen band in japan . in fig1 numeral 1 designates a transmitting and receiving antenna , which is connected through a duplex switch sw 1 to a transmitting circuit 2 and a receiving circuit 3 , respectively . the switch sw 1 has a movable contact m coupled to antenna 1 , and fixed contacts t and r on the transmission and reception sides , respectively . the transmitting circuit 2 , though not shown in its practical arrangement , is designed so that a carrier signal supplied to its input terminal shown at 2a can be amplitude - modulated by a sound signal from a microphone 4 and the amplitude - modulated signal delivered through a switch sw 1 to antenna 1 . the receiving circuit 3 has a reception signal system 13 that is composed of a high - frequency amplifier 5 , a matrix or mixer 7 which forms a frequency converter 6 , an intermediate - frequency amplifier 8 , an am demodulator 9 , a volume controller ( a variable resistor ) 10 , a low - frequency amplifier 11 and a loudspeaker 12 . in this illustration , antenna 1 is coupled through switch sw 1 to the input end of high - frequency amplifier 5 . the mixer 7 is supplied with a local oscillation signal from an input terminal 7a , and the am demodulator 9 has an agc signal output terminal 9a , from which an agc ( automatic gain control ) signal is fed to high - frequency amplifier 5 and / or intermediate - frequency amplifier 8 . a part of the intermediate - frequency signal from intermediate frequency amplifier 8 is fed to a received - signal level detector ( for example , a rectifier ) 14 , the output of which is applied to a muting controller 15 , which delivers its output through a diode 16 to a muting signal input terminal 11a of low - frequency amplifier 11 . the controller 15 is arranged so that the detected signal derived from detector 14 , after being voltage - divided by a muting level controller , a variable resistor vr as a variable means for changing a predetermined value of the received signal level and a semifixed resistor r 1 , is partially applied to the base of an emitter - grounded switching transistor q 1 which develops at its collector a muting signal to be fed through diode 16 to input terminal 11a . in this respect , b + indicates a power source , and c 1 a large - value capacitor for smoothing ( integrating ) which is connected between the base of transistor q 1 and ground . the received signal level detector 14 and controller 15 constitute a level detecting means 60 for detecting whether the level of the received signal is higher or lower than a predetermined value . shown at 20 is a local oscillator of a pll ( phase - locked loop ) frequency synthesizer configuration , which is designed to supply its oscillation signal through another similar duplex switch sw 2 which is in association with switch sw 1 to the input terminal 2a of transmitting circuit 2 as a carrier signal , and also to the input terminal 7a of mixer 7 included in the reception signal system 13 of receiving circuit 3 as a local oscillation signal , respectively . shown at 21 is a controller for controlling mainly the aforesaid local oscillator 20 , a portion 20a of which is combined with the controller 21 to form a single semiconductor integrated circuit 22 as indicated by a broken line . the portion 20a of oscillator 20 and the controller 21 are partitioned by a broken line as illustrated . characters t ( 1 ) to t ( 6 ), t ( t / r ), t ( ul ), t ( qa ), t ( m / s ), t ( chs ), t ( cd ) and t ( sq ) on the broken line each represents an external terminal of semiconductor integrated circuit 22 . now , let the local oscillator 20 be explained . an external circuit 23 including a crystal resonator is connected through terminals t ( 1 ) and t ( 2 ) to a crystal oscillator ( a fixed oscillator oscillating at 8 . 192 mh z ) 24 , the oscillation output of which is supplied to a frequency divider 25 of dividing ratio 1 / m (= 1 / 1024 ). as a result , an 8 - kh z signal in this case is fed therefrom to a phase comparator 26 , the output of which is applied to a voltage - control type variable oscillator 29 through a charge pumping circuit 27 , the external terminal t ( 3 ) and a low - pass filter 28 , as an oscillation - frequency controlling signal . the charge pumping circuit 27 is formed by a series circuit of , for example , p - and n - channel mos field effect transistors connected to a dc voltage source , the gates of which are each supplied with a compared output showing the lead or lag of phase from phase comparator 26 , and the output of which , having a reverse polarity according to the lead and lag of phase , is supplied from the junction point of both transistors to low - pass filter 28 . the oscillation output of the oscillator 29 is fed to a mixer 30 where it is mixed with the oscillation output from a crystal oscillator ( or a fixed oscillator oscillating at 26 . 008 mh z ) 31 to produce a 0 . 96 - mh z signal as a difference between the oscillation frequencies of oscillators 29 and 31 . this signal is applied through external terminal t ( 4 ) to a 1 / n - variable frequency divider ( or a programmable frequency divider ) 32 so as to be divided in frequency . the divided output therefrom is fed to the above mentioned phase comparator 26 . if , by way of example , the 27 - mh z citizen band is allowed to include 8 channels , then the dividing ratio , 1 / n of variable frequency divider 32 is varied 8 ways for each transmission and reception , or in a total of 16 ways . in this case , the value of dividing ration 1 / n varies upon transmission and reception even for the same channel . a signal of a frequency determined by the dividing ratio 1 / n of variable frequency divider 32 is applied from variable oscillator 29 through switch sw 2 either to transmitting or receiving circuit 2 or 3 as a carrier or local oscillation signal , respectively . the control signal for changing the dividing ratio 1 / n of the variable frequency divider 32 is fed thereto from the controller 21 , which will be described later . the controller 21 will now be discussed . shown at 33 is a fixed memory ( rom : read - only memory ) for changing the dividing ratio 1 / n of variable frequency divider 32 and which has stored therein the information of 16 types of dividing ratio 1 / n for the variable frequency divider 32 mentioned above . to this memory 33 is supplied a read control signal from a data selector 34 as described later and also a transmission and reception discriminating signal from the input terminal t ( t / r ) therefor . the input terminals t ( chs ) led out from the data selector 34 are used to receive a three - bit binary coded signal corresponding to the number of a channel which is manually selected from the eight channels 1 to 8 at the time of transmission or reception . shown at 35 is a scanning counter that is designed so that upon reception , the eight channels 1 to 8 can be successively continuously changed over in turn by altering the dividing ratio of variable frequency divider 32 , the output of the counter being supplied through data selector 34 to memory 33 . the scanning counter 35 consists of three flip - flop circuits , the outputs of which are combined to produce a three - bit binary coded signal corresponding to one of the channels 1 to 8 . in addition , the counter 35 is supplied with a 2 - h z clock signal that is obtained by applying the 8 - kh z signal from frequency divider 25 further to a frequency divider 36 of dividing ratio 1 / w ( in this case , 1 / 4000 ). shown at 37 is a counter control circuit for controlling the supply and cut - off of clock signals to counter 35 , as will be described later . the output of frequency divider 36 is fed to counter 35 through an and circuit 38 , to which the output of an and circuit 39 is applied as a gate signal . shown at 40 is an rs flip - flop circuit as a discrimination circuit the output of which becomes &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; when the transceiver is in a transmitting condition , &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; when it is switched from transmitting to a receiving condition , and &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; when it is in a receiving condition and the channels are successively changed over . in addition , the flip - flop circuit 40 has two input terminals , one of which is supplied with a set signal s and the other one of which is supplied with a reset signal r , the former input terminal being connected to the transmission and reception discriminating signal input terminal t ( t / r ), the latter input terminal being coupled to the input terminal t ( ul ) for an unlocking signal that indicates to successively switch from channel to channel . furthermore , the output q of flip - flop circuit 40 is supplied to and circuit 39 . the signal fed to input terminal t ( t / r ) becomes &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; under a transmitting condition and &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; under a receiving condition , while the signal fed to input terminal t ( ul ) becomes &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; when the channels are successively switched and &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; if this is not the case . furthermore , in the presence of the unlocking signal of &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; at input terminal t ( ul ), when the received signal level in a switched channel is higher than a predetermined value , the automatic switching operation stops at that channel , but when it is lower than the predetermined value , the switching operation continues . for this purpose , the following circuitry is employed . the output from the agc signal output terminal 9a is fed to the base of transistor q 2 of a differential amplifying circuit 41 that has transistors q 2 and q 3 . the output of transistor q 2 is supplied from its collector to an and circuit 42 through input terminal t ( cd ) that is used to receive a signal for detecting the presence or absence of received signals . also , the output of transistor q 1 of muting control 15 is connected from its collector through a resistor 44 to the base of a transistor q 4 of a differential amplifying circuit 43 having transistors q 4 and q 5 . the output of the transistor q 4 is applied from its collector through the squelch signal input terminal t ( sq ) to and circuit 42 , the output of which is fed in turn to a nor circuit 45 . the response curve of the agc signal to the received signal obtained from output terminal 9a is shown in fig2 from which it will be understood that as the received signal increases in level , the agc signal level decreases . in this case , when the received signal level is smaller than a predetermined value r o , the received signal is regarded as being absent , whereas the received signal , when it is higher in level than r o , is regarded as being present . in addition , it is assumed that the agc signal level corresponding to the received signal level r o is g o . thus , when no received signal is present , i . e ., when the agc signal is larger than g o , the transistor q 2 of differential amplifying circuit 41 is turned on to supply signal &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; to and circuit 42 . when a received signal is present , that is , when the agc signal level is smaller than g o , the transistor q 2 is turned off to apply signal &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; to and circuit 42 . further , transistor q 1 of muting controller 15 generates a muting signal at its collector under the control of a threshold level set by adjusting variable resistor vr . that is , when a received signal is smaller than a predetermined level , then transistor q 1 is turned off to provide muting for low - frequency amplifier 11 , and also transistor q 4 is turned on to supply signal &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; to and circuit 42 . on the contrary , when a received signal is larger than a predetermined level , transistor q 1 is turned on to release the low - frequency amplifier 11 from the muting , and also transistor q 4 is turned off to supply signal &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; to and circuit 42 . consequently , the and circuit 42 produces output signal &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; when a received signal is present and its level is larger than a predetermined value . the output signal &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; is then fed to nor circuit 45 , the output of which is applied as a signal &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; to and circuit 39 . the input terminal t ( m / s ) connected to data selector 34 is used to receive a manual or automatic switching signal that serves to choose either the manual channel selection or the automatic sequential channel selection . when the input terminal t ( m / s ) receives the above signal , a read control signal to be supplied from data selector 34 to fixed memory 33 is selected from signals that are fed from input terminal t ( chs ) or scanning counter 35 . further , the terminal t ( qa ) is used to receive a specific channel switching signal that , under automatic , continuous changeover of channels , serves to select a specific channel , for example , channel 1 by automatic switching . the input signal &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; from the above terminal t ( qa ) is delivered to data selector 34 and nor circuit 45 , respectively . when the input signal &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; is fed to nor circuit 45 , the nor circuit 45 produces output signal &# 34 ; 0 ,&# 34 ; which is supplied to and circuit 39 . in this case , the data selector 34 supplies a read control signal for channel 1 preset beforehand in the data selector 34 to fixed memory 33 , but the scanning counter 35 is not supplied with a clock signal . for this reason , the scanning counter 35 stores a binary coded signal corresponding to the channel at that time , for example , channel 3 . when a specific channel switching signal is not supplied to input terminal t ( qa ), then the read out signal from scanning counter 35 is fed through data selector 34 to fixed memory 33 . that is , the change over to channel 3 is again performed . in this case , when a received signal level is higher than a predetermined value , channel 3 is fixed , but the received signal , when it is less than a predetermined value , permits the channel selection to be continuously performed in turn from channel 3 to 4 , 5 to 6 , etc . under a receiving condition , when the channel selection is automatically performed and when a certain channel is fixed because the received signal level is higher than a predetermined value , there is a fear that the temporary interruption of the received signal will cause the output signal of and circuit 42 to become &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; and hence scanning counter 35 starts to count for automatic changeover of channels . to prevent the above possibility , the channel selection is allowed not to occur even if a received signal is interrupted for a predetermined time period , for example , less than three seconds . therefore , as a time detecting circuit for detecting such a time interval , a counter 46 is provided that is supplied with a 2 h z signal from frequency divider 36 so as to count for three seconds . the counter 46 , when a received signal disappears , i . e ., when an input signal to input terminal t ( cd ) becomes &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; as shown in fig3 a , starts to count and after three seconds stops counting with its state being reset . as illustrated in fig3 b , the output signal &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; is produced for the time interval of three seconds from the counter 46 . the output of the counter 46 is fed to nor circuit 45 , which produces the output as shown in fig3 c . thus , even when the input signal to be fed to input terminal t ( cd ) temporarily becomes &# 34 ; 0 ,&# 34 ; the scanning counter 35 does not count unless the &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; state duration exceeds three seconds , and hence there is no channel change - over . now , a display device 50 will be described that indicates the changed - over channel and channel switching condition . shown at 51 is an indicator , and at 52 an indicating portion that displays the changing condition of channels 1 to 8 , and that is composed of a display element such , for example , as a light emitting diode of a modified 8 shape . the indicating portion 52 changes its display by a display driving signal supplied to an input terminal 54 . therefore , a memory 56 such as a read - only memory ( rom ) is provided that is controlled by a signal from data selector 34 to produce a display driving signal corresponding to the channel fixed by switching upon transmission and reception , which display driving signal is fed through external terminal t ( 5 ) to input terminal 54 . shown at 53 is an indicating portion that displays the channel change - over condition and is composed of a display element such , for example , as a light emitting diode of dot shape . the indicating portion 53 is driven by a display driving signal supplied to an input terminal 55 . for this reason , a discriminating circuit 57 including logic circuits and the like is provided that is supplied with various kinds of signals to be discriminated which will be described later , and delivers the discriminated output through external terminal t ( 6 ) to input terminal 55 . the indicating portion 53 gives intermittent lighting when the channel change - over is automatically performed in turn with the scanning counter 35 being in operation , and the same is continuously lit when a received signal level is higher than a predetermined value during an automatic switching condition of channels , i . e ., when a certain channel is fixed with the scanning counter 35 being stopped , except for its extinguishment in the other case . the display state of the indicating portion 53 is determined by the logic in the truth values as shown in fig4 . here , column no represents the situation numbers and column cd input signals fed to the input terminal t ( cd ) that receives a signal for detecting the presence or absence of a received signal , the input signal being &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; in the presence of a received signal but &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; in the absence thereof . furthermore , column sq shows input signals that are applied to squelch signal input terminal t ( sq ), the input signal being &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; when a received signal is higher than a predetermined value but &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; when it is less than that . column qa represents signals that are applied to a specific - channel switching signal input terminal -- the signal being &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; when a specific - channel change - over is carried out but &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; if not so . column hl shows signals that are &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; when the transceiver is under transmitting condition , but &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; when the channel change - over is performed continuously in turn . column t / r are transmission and reception discriminating signals that are &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; upon transmission but &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; upon reception , and column ul are unlocking signals that are applied to input terminal t ( ul )-- the unlock signal being &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; when the channel change - over is performed continuously in turn but &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; if not so . this transceiver described above is able to automatically change over the channels upon reception . when a received signal is higher in level than a predetermined value , the corresponding channel is fixed . at this time , when channel 3 for example , is fixed , it is possible to carry out the automatic change - over to a specific channel , for example , channel 1 . if the changed - over state to a specific channel is released , since the scanning counter 35 contains a read signal corresponding to channel 3 , the previous channel 3 can be switched back to regardless of whether a received signal in the channel 1 is lower than a predetermined value or not . if the case of automatic channel change - over upon reception , even when a received signal level higher than a predetermined value decreases below a fixed value during a predetermined time or less , the channel change - over does not occur . when the channel change - over is automatically performed during a receiving condition , a predetermined value of a receiving signal level can be changed thereby to cause the previous channel to remain fixed or be changed . such a change of a predetermined value of a receiving signal level can be achieved simultaneously with that for muting low - frequency signals . when the transceiver , during automatic channel change - over during reception , changes its receiving state to a transmitting state , the previous channel remains fixed . when the transceiver again changes the above state to reception , the above fixed channel remains unchanged . at this time , to again institute automatic channel change - over , it is necessary to again perform the necessary operation . while the above description has applied the invention to a transceiver as a transmitting and receiving system , the system and construction of the transceiver may be arbitrarily provided and the invention can be also applied to a receiver for its exclusive use . in accordance with the invention described above , in a heterodyne receiver that is capable of automatic channel change - over such that the continuous channel change - over is performed successively when a received signal is lower in level than a predetermined value and that the corresponding channel is fixed when the level thereof is higher than a predetermined value , a specific channel can be temporarily fixed during the automatic channel change - over , and also , irrespective of the level of a received signal in the specific channel , the original channel can be fixed again by switching after the release of the specific channel , with the start of automatic channel change - over being possible from that channel . in addition , since the scanning counter is provided with the counter control circuit for controlling the supply and cut - off of supply of clock signals to the scanning counter , the scanning counter can also be used as a memory . thus , the invention is simple in construction as compared with the case where a means for storing the channels upon automatic channel change - over is provided besides the scanning counter . although various minor modifications may be suggested by those versed in the art , it should be understood that we wish to embody within the scope of the patent warranted hereon , all such embodiments as reasonably and properly come within the scope of our contribution to the art . | 7 |
in view of the shortcomings of the prior art , the embodiment of the present invention disclosed herein comprises a method of using fsk modulation / demodulation technique , especially f / 2f ( 600 hz representing binary ‘ 0 ’ and 1200 hz ( 2 × 600 hz ) standing for binary ‘ 2 ’), to simultaneously transmit 12 vrms power source in sinusoid waveform and the lighting control signals from the central controller to the led lamps over the 2 - wire power cord existing in the current swimming pool lighting infrastructure . in the first aspect of the present invention , a load - current sensing technique is employed to identify two different types of the led lamps , “ color or white ”, enabling the color and the white led lamps ready for pnp ( plug and play ). in the second aspect of the present invention , the central controller transmits the led lamps configured status on its ports to the smart phone for the screen display . in the third aspect of the present invention , the central controller uses the bluetooth protocol to communicate to the smart phone with a built - in bluetooth . in the fourth aspect of the present invention , the rf remote is designed specifically in the form of the lighting control gui for resembling the control operation as the smart phone . in the fifth aspect of the present invention , a specific color or white led lamp has a built - in circuit to demodulate the lighting control signals modulated with f / 2f technique from the central controller . in the final aspect of the present invention , a dry contact is made for an external relay to control the lamps . before embodiments of the invention are explained in detail , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the examples set forth in the following descriptions or illustrated drawings . the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out for a variety of applications and in various ways . also , it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting . as shown in fig1 , the entire system is comprised of a central controller 103 , 2 - wire power connection cords , specific led lamps 104 , and the manual controller — either a smart phone 102 or a rf remote controller 101 . the central controller has two bi - directional wireless communications modules working in 2 . 4 ghz bluetooth and 915 mhz bands , separately . the central controller has total 10 output ports 218 ( fig2 and fig5 ) which can be connected to the led lamps in color or white . each port has maximum 8 watts loading capability . fig2 shows a block diagram of central controller 103 . in fig2 , through a switch - mode power converter 208 , the worldwide universal commercial ac voltage rated from 90 through 305 vac is converted at +/− 18 vdc to provide the negative and the positive peak voltages required by an ac ( alternating current ) power source at 12 vrms ( root mean square ). a dc ( direct current ) converter 207 is to convert 18 vdc to 3 . 3 vdc to power all digital circuits and some analog circuits , such as bluetooth module 206 and rf module 205 , logic components 220 and 221 , and an 8 - bit mcu ( micro control unit ) 203 . two d / a ( digital to analog ) converters 209 and 222 generate two sinusoid waveforms at 600 hz and 1200 hz , separately . two lpf ( low pass filter ) 210 filters out all high frequency harmonics coming from two a / d outputs . two synchronized sinusoid waveforms reach 10 digital switches 214 in name from sw1 through sw10 . at default , meaning that no control signals are on the power line , all swx 214 switches are set to select 600 hz sinusoid waveform to pass to d - class power amplifier p - amp 204 to escalating the driving capability up to 8 w at all 10 ports 218 . for the power source path , isensex 219 can be taken as shorted due to its very small resistance . the color led chip , usually having 3 different diodes , red , green , and blue , is different from the white led having only one diode . in order to enable the central controller 103 to determine whether a particular port is configured with a white or a color led lamp , the isensex 219 ( where the x refers to a numbered lamp , shown in fig2 as isense1 , isense2 , etc .) as shown in fig9 , a current - sensing circuit , is added to measure the load current from the connected led lamp on each specific port . on the lamp side , the white lamp sets 10 % pwm duty cycle and the color lamp sets 50 %, after the lamp receives the type identification command . the type identification process is triggered by press - and - hold two pushbuttons 201 and 212 for 6 seconds . the central controller 103 sends the type identification command to all 10 ports one by one . turning now to fig9 , if a white lamp 906 is connected , the mcu on the lamp will adjust its pwm to 10 % to enable the load current - sensing circuit to obtain lower voltage across a current - sense resistor 901 ; while a color lamp will generate higher voltage through a coupling capacitor 902 and a diode 903 to convert 12 vsrm into a dc sampling voltage . then , a comparator 904 compares this sampling voltage “ vs ” to the preset reference voltage “ vref ” which is determined by a voltage divider composed of two resistors 905 . if vs is higher than vref , the comparator outputs logic low voltage “ 0 ” to isense bus 217 , representing that a white led lamp has been detected . otherwise , a logic high voltage “ 1 ” is output to the isense bus 217 , identifying a color led . turning back to fig2 , mcu 203 controls the encoders 221 to capture the logic voltage on each port until all 10 - port configured status has been identified . each port identifying process takes 12 cycles under the condition of the 600 hz power source . hereafter , mcu 203 knows where the color lighting control signals should go and where the white control signal should go . this is the way the pnp is implemented , meaning that the led lamp in either the color or the white can be readily connected to any ports with no setup need . the default power source powering the lamps over the 2 - wire power cord is 12 vrms in 600 hz sinusoid waveform . when a control signal is to be transmitted from the central controller 103 , mcu 203 modulates the control signal with 600 hz and 1200 hz for the binary bit “ 0 ” or “ 1 ” in sequence as shown in fig4 , which is usually called “ f / 2f modulation ”. the one period of sinusoid waveform 401 represents bit ‘ 0 ’ and 402 stands for bit ‘ 1 ’ with the transition at the phase zero . when a bit ‘ 1 ’ is to be transmitted , mcu 203 selects swx 214 by its output port 223 to toggle 600 hz to 1200 hz sinusoid for one complete period . if the next bit is bit ‘ 0 ’, it is toggled back to 600 hz for one period , but if another bit ‘ 1 ’, it remains at 1200 hz for another period , and so on , so forth , till all bits of the packet have been sent out , then return swx 214 to the default 600 hz position . four different lighting control units are available , a wireless computing device 102 such as a smartphone , an rf remote 101 , panel buttons 202 and 212 , and a dry contact 213 on an external relay . the alphanumeric led display panel 201 displays interactive information for human interfacing operation like bluetooth and rf remote pairing , type identification triggering , etc . two wireless modules 205 or 206 will receive the lighting control signals from either the rf remote 101 or the smart phone 102 . mcu 203 will send all color lighting control signals to all configured color led lamps and delivers the white lighting control signals to all connected white led lamps , based on its port status recorded in memory ( not shown ) such as eeprom after executing the type identification operation . the mcu 203 selects the appropriate port through an encoder 221 and swx control bus 215 for the lighting control signal transfer . whenever a lighting control command is to be transfer to the lamp through a specific port 218 , through a decoder 220 , the mcu is able to select the relevant switch 214 to toggle the output bitwise sinusoid wave frequency from two frequency sources , 600 hz and 1200 hz . every bit is modulated in this way . one byte is composed of 8 bits , and a lighting control command is usually a few bytes long . all 10 switches 214 are set with 600 hz sinusoid waveform output while no commands are being transmitted to the relevant port 218 , ready to be converted to 1200 hz when needed . the bluetooth module 206 functions to transfer the lighting control signals from a smart phone 102 to the central controller 103 and receive a confirmation message to acknowledge the control signal received by the phone 102 . in order to communicate with the central controller 103 , application software ( an “ app ”) must be downloaded from a specific server and installed on the phone 102 . after launching the app , the control gui is displayed as shown in fig7 . icon 705 is the power switching button ; 704 is the display mode increment button ; 703 is the brightness adjustment bar , allowing for adjustment of brightness on a sliding scale . color selection ring 701 is , in one aspect , a color gradient allowing the user to choose a color from an rgb lamp . instant color indicator 702 displays the current color , and also acts as a white selection button . touching any color point on the color ring 701 will instantly change the led lamp color and the instant color will be displayed on 702 . but if 702 is touched , the lamp will be changed to the white . every time 704 is touched , the display mode will cycle from 1 to 8 , and then recycle from mode 1 . the brightness bar 703 can be continuous adjusted . the cursor above the bar 703 will move and stay at the current brightness scale and the brightness percentage number will be shown beneath the bar 703 . when “ port ” 706 is touched , the gui will be switched to the port status gui , an example of which is shown in fig6 , in which indicator 602 shows that port 4 has no lamps associated . indicator 601 shows that port 3 has a color lamp connected , and gives different color selection options . indicator 603 shows port 7 has a white lamp connected , and gives white / dark options . the port status data is transmitted from the central controller 103 to the smart phone 102 through bluetooth right after central controller 103 finishes the type identification . the smart phone must be paired to the specific central controller 103 before use to reduce or eliminate interference from other smart phones in the valid bluetooth range . the rf remote shown in fig8 has the color ring 801 , the power switching button 802 , brightness adjustment bar 806 , and the display mode increment button 804 in almost same construction as the smart phone control gui in fig7 but no instant color indicator . touching central white solid circle 805 will send the white color control signal to all lights . the brightness adjustment bar 806 , different from the smart phone gui , is sliding - type . once a ringer sliding from the left to the right side on the bar will increase 25 % brightness to the current brightness level ; while from the right to the left will decrease 25 % brightness from the current . a white led indicator 803 on the top will flash when a control signal is being successfully transmitted to the central controller . when the control signal is send to the central controller either from the remote or the smart phone , the led display panel 201 will update the display of the mode number and the brightness level instantly . the rf remote must be paired to the specific central controller prior to use in order to prevent any interference from the other rf remote operation within the effective rf range . fig3 demonstrates the block diagram of a led lamp 104 as described earlier with reference to fig1 . 12 vrms ac power goes through a low pass filter 301 and a full bridge rectifier 302 to obtain 12 vdc . a dc converter 304 provides 3 . 3 vdc to mcu 305 inside the lamp and a constant current led driver 306 is employed to drive led chip 307 , if led chip 307 is white , as illustrated in fig3 . however , for the color lamp , where led chip 307 is an rgb led chip , 3 of constant - current driver 306 are needed . a demodulator 303 modulates “ 0 ” and “ 1 ” for the control signals by measuring the timing of the sinusoid period and send to mcu 305 . the mcu changes the white led brightness by adjusting the pwm ( pulse width modulation ) duty cycle output to driver 306 , and mixes the lighting color by proportionally adjusting 3 pwm duty cycles on the 3 output ports . considering most of existing pool led lamps work with a conventional 12 vac power source directly from a 12 vac transformer , every time the lamp powers up , mcu 305 will detect the frequency of the power source on the power line . if the frequency is 50 or 60 hz from a regular commercial ac electricity source , the lamp will disable demodulation function to enable the lamp compatible with the transformer driving . it the frequency is higher than 60 hz , the modulation function is enabled . fig5 shows the central controller structure . the controller &# 39 ; s box is made by plastic material and installed outdoors and waterproofed . the 10 led connection ports 218 are located at the bottom of the box . 915 mhz antenna ( not shown ) uses a pcb copper - etched antenna placed inside the box , so only one 2 . 4 ghz bluetooth antenna 206 is mounted on the top fame of the box . a commercial ac electricity power cord is input from the port 501 on the right top side and the relay dry - contact input 213 is on the left bottom side . referring to fig5 , there are two buttons on the central controller &# 39 ; s panel . the left button 201 is to pair bluetooth and rf remote plus the brightness adjustment ; the right button 202 to increment the display mode . total 8 different display modes are pre - stored on the lamp &# 39 ; s mcu . every time the right button is pressed , the mode is incremented . when it reaches 8 , one more button pressing will recycle the mode number to mode 1 . an external relay control 213 ( dry contact ) is available for any other swimming pool lighting control devices to control the display mode through a regular relay , functioning like the right button 202 operation . all lighting control signals abide by the communication protocol format defined as the following example . the first byte , a start byte “ 0x5f ”, is to notify the lamp of a control signal coming . all control signal packets here described have the same format . one byte of the start byte “ 0x5f ” must be transmitted first but excluding on each packet . the following byte is command byte and the last part is the data bytes which could be zero or more than one byte . bit 7 on the command byte is reserved for stop bit and is always set at “ 1 ”, and bit 6 is an odd parity bit . every byte is transferred from msb ( most significant bit ) first . the brightness is defined at 16 - level greyscale ( 4 - bit representation ) applying to both the white and the color lamp . the color lamp has 4 k color - mix with 4 - bit length for the red , the green , and the blue , separately , totaling 12 - bit color . timing data has 4 - bit length . 0x0 is instantaneous on ; 0x1 = 0 . 5 second interval ; 0x2 = second , . . . , 0xe = 7 seconds , and 0xf is continuous - on till asked to change . if the timing interval needs more than 7 seconds , the control box has to send this packet to the lamp before the last 7 - second runs out for the timing extension . a command byte includes 2 - bit start sentinel ( ss ) ‘ 0b11 ’ at bit 0 and bit 1 , 4 - bit payload at “ 0bxxxx ” bit 2 through bit 5 , 1 - bit odd parity ‘ 0bx ’ at bit 6 , and 1 - bit stop ‘ 0b1 ’ ( msb ). here b stands for a binary number and “ x ” for “ 0 ” or “ 1 ”. the odd parity includes all bits except the stop bit . the following is the list of some packet examples . 1 . the color - mix packet has 3 bytes length excluding the start byte ( all the same in the following example ). the command is 0x1b and two data bytes have one and a half bytes for rgb ( red , green , blue ) data and the 4 - bit brightness data is also included . bit7 bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 bit0 1st 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 byte 2 nd g - bit3 g - bit2 g - bit1 g - bit0 r - bit3 r - bit2 r - bit1 r - bit0 byte 3 rd byte t - bit3 t - bit2 t - bit1 t - bit0 b - bit3 b - bit2 b - bit1 b - bit0 in brief , r - bit 0 stands for red bit 0 , g - bit 0 for green bit 0 , b - bit 0 for blue bit 0 , and t - bit 0 for timing bit 0 . 2 . the brightness packet has 2 - byte length . the command is 0x17 . in brief , br - bit 0 is for brightness bit 0 . the data is one byte including 4 - bit timing and 4 - bit brightness together . bit7 bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 bit0 1st byte 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 nd byte t - bit3 t - bit2 t - bit1 t - bit0 br - bit3 br - bit2 br - bit1 br - bit0 this brightness packet applies to both the white and the color lamp . the zero brightness is similar to power - off of the lamp and 0xf is the full scale brightness . 3 . display mode increment packet has 1 byte length with no data bytes . the command is 0x83 . bit7 bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 bit0 first 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 byte the predefined 8 different modes are listed as soft color change , white , blue , green , red or aqua , amber , magenta , and flash color change . these modes are only stored in the mcu inside the color lamp . the 12 vac transformer is to increment the mode by power toggle the power switch once . but for the central controller , the mode is incremented by executing this command . mode 1 : soft color change — cycle starting from red , amber , green , blue , magenta , and white endlessly till asked to change . mode 8 : disco — the lamp flashes from red , amber , green , blue , magenta , and white in sequence at 0 . 5 second interval and cycle endlessly . this command is to ask the color lamp to increment the mode number from the current mode every time it is received . after mode 8 is reached , it starts over from mode 1 again . 4 . port status inquiry packet has 1 byte length . the command is 0xdb with no data bytes . bit7 bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 bit0 first 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 byte this command is to let mcu 203 identify all port configured status , so that the updated port status can be displayed on the smart phone &# 39 ; s gui and the mcu is able to send the appropriate lighting control signals to the right port . the above demonstrate some control signals for example descriptions , but not cover all commands . the examples noted here are for illustrative purposes only and may be extended to other implementation embodiments . while several embodiments are described , there is no intent to limit the disclosure to the embodiment ( s ) disclosed herein . on the contrary , the intent is to cover all alternatives , modifications , and equivalents obvious to those familiar with the art . | 7 |
now , the present invention will be described in detail in conjunction with preferred or exemplary embodiments thereof by reference to the drawings . fig1 is a schematic circuit diagram showing generally a configuration of an intra - lsi clock distribution circuit according to a first embodiment of the invention . as can be seen from the figure , an lsi chip 1 is divided into a plurality of blocks 2a , 2b , . . . , 2f . these blocks may constitute a set of logic gates or memory cell arrays . however , concrete function for which these blocks are to serve are less important for the invention . in the case of the instant embodiment , it is assumed that the individual blocks have sizes which differ from one to another . what is indispensably required is that clock signals are precisely in phase with one another at the time point when the clock signals are inputted to flip - flops 9a , 9b , 10 , 11 , etc . which belong to the blocks of different sizes provided in the lsi chip 1 . the clock signal is supplied to the lsi chip 1 via a pad 4 which is not necessarily required to be disposed at a peripheral location of the lsi chip as shown in fig1 . the clock signal applied to the pad 4 is first sent to an inter - block distribution circuit 5 . this circuit 5 should be disposed substantially at a center of the lsi chip 1 , because it then becomes easy to establish at least approximately equal distances between the inter - block clock distribution circuit 5 and individual blocks 2a , etc . and because it is easy to equalize the delay times of the clock signals supplied to the blocks to thereby make these signals in phase with one another , which will hereinafter be described in more detail . of course , when the delay times are equalized by adjusting not only the wiring lengths for the clock signals but also the circuit currents , it is not always necessary to position the main distribution circuit 5 at the center of the lsi chip 1 . however , in view of the fact that matching of the delay times by correspondingly selecting the wiring lengths is easier to realize than the last mentioned measures , i . e ., adjustment of the wiring length and currents , the main distribution circuit 5 should preferably be disposed at the center position of the lsi chip , as shown in fig1 . there are provided wires 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 and so forth which extend from the main distribution circuit 5 to intra - block distribution circuitries 6a , 6b , 6c , . . . , 6f , etc . for distributing the clock signal inputted via the pad 4 to these circuits 6a , etc . according to the teachings of the invention incarnated in the instant embodiment , the wires 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 and so forth are so designed that the wiring capacitances and resistances of these wires are equal to one another with a view to make equal the delay times of the clock signals fed via the wires 13 , 14 , 15 , etc . at this juncture , it should be mentioned that the circuit currents with which the main distribution circuit 5 drives the wires 13 , 14 , 15 , etc . are designed to be equal to one another . accordingly , the delay times involved during the travel of the clock signal to the intra - block distribution circuitries 6a , etc . can be made equal to one another substantially by making equal the wiring capacitances and resistances of the wires 13 , 14 , 15 , etc . one of the simplest methods of substantially equalizing the wiring capacitances and the wiring resistances of the wires 13 , 14 , 15 , etc . is to make equal the wiring lengths thereof . accordingly , in practical applications , a same wiring material and a same manufacturing process should preferably be employed for forming the wires of a same length with a constant width , whereon the wiring lengths are subsequently finely adjusted by taking into account minute variance in the wiring capacitance due to intersection of the wires . parenthetically , it should be mentioned that because the main distribution circuit 5 for driving the wires mentioned above are disposed concentratively at a given location within the lsi chip , variance in the driving capability of the circuits for driving the wires 13 , 14 , 15 , etc . can be neglected even in the case of a lsi chip of a large size . fig2 shows schematically a circuit configuration of the main distribution circuit 5 . the distribution circuit 5 is equipped with a number of outputs in order to supply the clock signal to the individual blocks 2a , 2b , . . . , 2f , wherein a corresponding number of clock drivers 32 , 33 , etc . are connected to a clock input circuit 31 . the output wires 14 , 15 , 16 , etc . of the clock drivers 32 , 33 , 34 , etc . lead to the blocks 2a , 2b , 2c , etc ., respectively . although the output wires 14 and others are led out from the mutually different clock drivers 32 , etc ., the output wires 14 , etc . scarcely exert any adverse influence to power consumption and other characteristic of the device even when the outlets of the clock drivers are connected to each other , because the distribution circuits 5 are disposed concentratively at a specific location on the lsi chip . alternatively , the clock drivers 32 , 33 and others may be implemented by a single large - size driver substantially to the same effect . disposed in each of the blocks 2a , 2b , . . . , 2f are intra - block clock distribution circuitries 6a , 6b , . . . , 6f , respectively , each of which serves for distributing the clock signal internally of the associated block . the intra - block distribution circuitries 6a , 6b , . . . , 6f are positioned substantially at centers within the associated blocks 2a , 2b , . . . , 2f , respectively , for the same reason described previously in conjunction with the inter - block clock distribution circuit 5 , i . e ., because of easiness in equalizing the distances to the flip - flops disposed within each associated block . in the case where the block constitutes a memory cell array , it is not preferred to dispose the intra - block distribution circuitry at the center of the block . in this case , the intra - block distribution circuitry should preferably be positioned substantially at the center in a group of circuits which require the clock signal for the operation thereof . thus , it is possible by adopting the methods mentioned above to realize matching among the delay times which the signals undergo before reaching the respective inlet ports of the individual blocks . further , in view of the fact that the number of the blocks and hence that of the wires leading to the blocks are in the range of 10 to 20 at the most , it is easy to equalize the delay times for the individual wires by carefully designing the layout . next , referring to fig3 description will be directed to a structure of the block by taking as example the block 2a . needless to say , the clock signal must be supplied to all the flip - flops implemented within the block 2a from the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a . in this conjunction , there are provided several stages of drivers through which the clock signal is finally distributed to the flip - flops , as in the case of the device of the conventional design . in the case of the illustrated block 2a , there are provided drivers 7 and 8 in a first stage . usually , a greater number of the drivers are provided for one stage . additionally , the number of the driver stages may be greater than two inclusive . by extending wires of a same length from the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a to the drivers 7 and 8 , the delays which the clock signals undergo can be made equal to one another because the parasitic load capacitances such as wiring capacitances are then equalized . in case the drivers must drive succeeding stage drivers , the wiring between these driver stages must be dimensioned so as to equalize the delay times of the clock signals . in the case of the exemplary circuit configuration shown in fig3 it is assumed for convenience of description that the drivers 7 and 8 directly drive the flip - flops 9a ; 9b and the flip - flops 10 ; 11 , respectively . in this case , the load equalizing wiring method is adopted . namely , the load capacitance of wiring for connecting the driver , e . g . driver 7 and the flip - flops 9a and 9b driven thereby is made equal to the load capacitance of the wiring for interconnecting the other driver and loads within the same block , e . g . the driver 8 and the flip - flops 10 and 11 . to this end , the connections may be realized by using wires of a same width , same of a length and same material . in the case of the instant embodiment of the invention , the blocks have respective sizes differing from one another . it is however assumed that the wiring for the clock signals within the blocks present equal load capacitance between or among the different blocks . with the implementation described above , the phases of the clock signals distributed to the individual flip - flops within a single block can be matched with one another with high accuracy . however , among the different blocks , there arises possibility that the phase matching can not always be realized with satisfactory accuracy . by way of example , let &# 39 ; s consider the blocks 2a and 2f which are greatly distanced from each other within the lsi chip . the intra - block distribution circuitries 6a and 6f as well as the drivers 7 and 8 within the blocks 2a and 2f may have variance in the characteristics . in that case , the delay times can not be equalized between the blocks 2a and 2f even when the wiring are designed on the basis of the load equalizing principle described previously . in order to deal with the problem mentioned above , a feedback concept is adopted according to the invention . this will be described by taking as example the block 2a . an output wire 17 of the driver 8 is selected as the representative of the output wiring within the block 2a and wired back to the intra - block distribution circuitry 6 by way of a wire 18 . since the load capacitance of the wire 17 increases due to the provision of the wire 18 , the latter should be so designed that the length thereof becomes as short as possible . as in the case of the conventional design , wire of low resistance is used for the wiring for the clock signal . accordingly , it may be presumed that the time taken for transferring the clock signal via a same wire can be neglected , which in turn means that difference in phase between the clock signal at the flip - flop 11 and the clock signal delivered to the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a is negligible . as described hereinbefore , the circuit is so designed that the clock signal on the wire 16 is in phase with the signal on the wire 17 . thus , the wire 17 can reasonably be selected as the representative . the intra - block distribution circuitry receiving the feedback signal has a function for comparing the phase of the clock signal as fed back with that of the clock signal inputted thereto via the wire 14 to thereby change correspondingly the phase of the clock signal as outputted . upon distribution of the clock signal via the wire 14 , phase matching is effected at the input timing to the individual intra - block distribution circuitries . accordingly , through the phase matching with the clock signal on the wire 14 , it is possible to match the phases of clock signals at the time of inputting to the individual flip - flops of all the blocks with high accuracy . fig3 illustrates in detail a clock signal distribution effected by the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a within the block 2a . referring to the figure , the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a is comprised of a variable delay circuit 41 , a phase comparison circuit 42 , a delay control circuit 43 , and driver circuits 50 and 44 , 46 , etc . the clock signal sent from the inter - block distribution circuit 5 is inputted to the variable delay circuit 41 and the phase comparison circuit 42 of the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a . the phase comparison circuit 42 compares the phase of the clock signal with that of the signal fed back via the wire 18 from the output wire 17 of the driver 8 selected as the representative . the phase comparison circuit 42 may be constituted by a conventional one such as disclosed in jp - a - 2 - 168303 or a corresponding u . s . pat . no . 5 , 043 , 596 or a corresponding epc patent application 89116782 ( filed sep . 11 , 1989 ). the result of phase comparison , i . e ., the information concerning which of the signals undergone the comparison advances in phase , is fed to the delay control circuit 43 which then controls the variable delay circuit 41 on the basis of the information to thereby change the delay time of the clock signal . in this manner , adjustment of the delay time is carried out such that the phase of the clock signal as fed back matches with that of the clock signal supplied from the inter - block distribution circuit 5 . it is known to impart a variable delay time to the clock signal in each of the lsis in order to realize the phase match of the clock distribution to a plurality of lsis , as is disclosed in the literature mentioned above . the clock distribution circuit which is capable of changing the phases of clocks and which has heretofore been used for reducing skew of the clock signals among the lsis may also be used as the intra - block distribution circuitry in the case of the instant embodiment . besides , the delay control circuit 43 and the variable delay circuit 41 used for adjustment of the delay time may be realized by resorting to known techniques such as those disclosed in jp - a - 2 - 168303 , fig4 and 5 ( or corresponding u . s . pat . no . 5 , 043 , 596 or epc appln . 89116782 filed sep . 11 , 1989 ). as is apparent from the foregoing , according to the teachings of the invention incarnated in the instant embodiment , it is possible to adjust the phases of the clock signals distributed to the clocks of individual blocks so that the phase of the clock signal matches with that of the clock signal supplied from the inter - block distribution circuit even when the phase of the clock signal supplied to the flip - flop incorporated in the block differs from one to another block due to the fact that the driving capability of the driver incorporated in or connected to the intra - block distribution circuitries differs from one to another block . thus , variance in the phase of the intra - block clock signals brought about by variance in the driving capability depending on the location of the block in the lsi as manufactured or variance of electrostatic coupling between the clock signal wire and other wire within the block in dependence on the locations in the lsi can be compensated for . in the case of the first embodiment of the invention , the lengths of the clock signal wires within a block are made equal to one another regardless of difference in the block size . by way of example , let &# 39 ; s assume that in the arrangement shown in fig1 the block 2a has a greater size than the block 2e and contains a larger number of flip - flops than the latter . according to the invention incarnated in the first embodiment , not only the lengths of plural clock wires within the block 2a but also those within other blocks are made equal to one another nevertheless of difference in the block size mentioned above . however , it is preferred from the standpoint of design to allow the wire length to differ on a block - by - block basis in dependence on the block size . in the case of the example mentioned above , it is desirable from the standpoint of design to allow the length of the clock wires within the block 2e to be shorter than that of the clock wires within the block 2a . with the second embodiment of the invention , it is contemplated to allow the wire length to differ from one to another block . according to the second embodiment , there are employed the inter - block distribution circuit and a plurality of intra - block distribution circuitries connected to the inter - block distribution circuit by wires of a same length , wherein in each of the individual blocks , the load capacities of plural clock wires or the lengths thereof , to say in more concrete , are equalized to one another , as shown in fig1 . further , the signal lines 18 are provided for feeding back the clock signal to the intra - block distribution circuitry from the clock wires within each block , as with the case of the arrangement shown in fig1 . however , differing from the configuration shown in fig1 the length of the clock signal wires within each block is allowed to differ from one to another block . with regards to the other respects , the second embodiment is same as or equivalent to the first embodiment . as is apparent from the description directed to the operation of the circuit according to the first embodiment , it is possible to match the phase of the clock supplied to the flip - flops within each block with the phase of the clock signal supplied from the inter - block distribution circuit even when the clock wire length differs from one to another block . thus , the second embodiment of the invention can provide advantage that the inter - block clock skew can be reduced notwithstanding of difference in the clock wire length on the block - by - block basis in addition to the advantages mentioned hereinbefore in conjunction with the first embodiment . in the case of the instant embodiment , it is necessary to design each of the intra - block distribution circuitries 6a and others such that a delay time required for canceling difference between the delay time due to the maximum clock wire in a given one of the block in the lsi and the delay times due to the clock wires within that one block is imparted to the clock signal inputted to the relevant intra - block distribution circuitry . accordingly , in the instant embodiment , it is necessary to employ the intra - block distribution circuit which can impart a longer delay time as compared with that employed in the first embodiment . thus , it is desirable to provide at the entrance of the variable delay circuit of each block a fixed delay circuit described below in place of the variable delay circuit described above . more specifically , such a fixed delay circuit is used which can ensure a delay time corresponding to difference between the delay time involved due to the clock wire in the block and the aforementioned maximum delay time . in this case , the variable delay circuit of the intra - block distribution circuit may be constituted by a delay circuit which can delay the clock signal over a block - independent variable time period . fig5 shows another embodiment of the invention for realizing the clock distribution scheme within the block 2a , and fig6 shows an exemplary layout for the circuit arrangement shown in fig5 . difference of the arrangement illustrated in fig5 and 6 from that of fig3 is seen in that wires 61 extending from the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a to the flip - flops 9a , 9b , 10 and others are used together with the plurality of drivers 62 for driving the wires 61 , wherein the clock signal is distributed to a clock of the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a via a wire 18 from an appropriate circuit point in a mesh - like wire connection 61 . parenthetically , use of the mesh - like wire connection is known in the art , as disclosed in the literatures mentioned hereinbefore . it should however be noted that in contrast to the known device in which only one mesh - like wire connection is provided for the whole chip , as described in the literatures mentioned above , the mesh - like wire 61 is used in each of the blocks according to the instant embodiment of the invention , wherein the mesh - like wires in the different blocks are not mutually connected . from the standpoint of lsi design , the use of the mesh - like wire 61 provides an advantage that the flip - flops 9a and other may be connected to the mesh - like wire 61 at given or appropriate positions thereof . the load capacitances of the mesh - like wires 61 of the individual blocks are designed to be same among the blocks . as a result of this , it is possible to match the clock transfer times via the mesh - like wires of the individual blocks . further , variance in the driving capability among the drivers 62 or the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a in dependence on the locations of them in the lsi can be adjusted or canceled out by adopting the feedback compensation technique described hereinbefore in conjunction with the first embodiment . when compared with the hitherto known device in which the mesh - like wire is provided for the whole lsi , the overall length of the mesh - like wires in the whole lsi chip in the case where the mesh - like wire is provided on a block - by - block basis can significantly be decreased . thus , power consumption ascribable to the wiring can be reduced when compared with the prior art device . in the case of the third embodiment of the invention , the overall length of the mesh - like wire provided blockwise is designed to be same regardless of difference in the block size . however , there may arise such situation in which the overall length of the mesh - like wire should preferably be determined on a block - by - block basis for the same reasons as described hereinbefore in conjunction with the second embodiment . thus , according to the fourth embodiment of the invention , it is taught to allow the overall length of the mesh - like wire 61 to differ from one to another block . in other respects , the instant embodiment is the same as the third embodiment . as can be appreciated from the description of the second and third embodiments , the clock skew among the blocks can be mitigated . thus , the instant embodiment provides an advantage in addition to those of the third embodiment that the clock skew can be reduced even when the overall length of the mesh - like clock wire is made different from one to another block . although the invention has been described in conjunction with the typical or preferred embodiments , it should be understood that numerous versions or modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , some of which will be mentioned below . ( 1 ) as is shown in fig7 drivers 62 connected in a multi - stage tree - like configuration which is known per se may be employed in the device according to the first or second embodiment . the multi - stage tree - like connection of the drivers 62 is effective when a large number of flip - flops 9a , 9b , 9c , etc . are employed or when they are to be driven at higher speed by the clock signal . in this case , the load capacitances of the wires extending from each driver 62 to the drivers of a succeeding stage should preferably be same for the drivers of one and the same stage . ( 2 ) fig8 shows a modification of the third or fourth embodiment in which multiple stages of drivers 62 known per se are provided between the mesh - like wire 61 and the intra - block distribution circuitry 6a . in this case , outputs of the drivers belonging to a same stage are mutually connected , differing from the arrangement shown in fig7 . ( 3 ) it is equally possible to adjust the phase of clock output by using a vco ( voltage controlled oscillator ) in place of the variable delay circuit of the intra - block distribution circuitry , as is suggested in the literature mentioned hereinbefore . as will now be understood from the foregoing description , it is possible according to a first aspect of the invention to make available the clock signal of the least skew even in an lsi of very high integration density or an lsi exhibiting significant variances in the characteristics . additionally , according to a second aspect of the invention , the clock signals for which skew is significantly reduced can be utilized in the whole lsi while allowing the lengths of the clock signal wires within the lsi to be variable in dependence on the positions of the clock signal wires in the lsi . besides , according to a third aspect of the invention , it is possible to supply the clock signal suffering less skew with a lower power consumption through relatively simple control of the wire length in the block when compared with the case where the net - like clock signal wiring is employed for the whole chip . | 7 |
embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to workpieces , such as semiconductor wafers , devices or processing assemblies for processing workpieces , and methods of processing the same . the terms workpiece , wafer , and semiconductor wafer mean any flat media or article , including semiconductor wafers and other substrates or wafers , glass , mask , and optical or memory media , mems substrates , or any other workpiece having micro - electric , micro - mechanical , or microelectro - mechanical devices . processes described herein are to be used for producing interconnects in the features of workpieces which include trenches and vias . in one embodiment of the present disclosure , the process may be used to produce small feature interconnects , for example , features having a width or diameter of less than 30 nm . however , it should be appreciated that the processes of the present disclosure are applicable to any feature size . the dimension sizes discussed in the present application are post - etch feature dimensions at the top opening of the feature . the processes described herein may be applied to various forms of copper , cobalt , nickel , gold , silver , manganese , tin , aluminum , and alloy deposition , for example , in damascene applications , both single and double damascene application . in embodiments of the present disclosure , damascene features may be selected from the group consisting of features having a size of less than 30 nm , about 5 to less than 30 nm , about 10 to less than 30 nm , about 15 to about 20 nm , about 20 to less than 30 nm , less than 20 nm , less than 10 nm , and about 5 to about 10 nm . it should be appreciated that the descriptive terms “ micro - feature workpiece ” and “ workpiece ” as used herein include all structures and layers that have been previously deposited and formed at a given point in the processing , and are not limited to just those structures and layers as depicted in the figures . although generally described as metal deposition in the present application , it should be appreciated that the term “ metal ” also contemplates metal alloys . such metals and metal alloys may be used to form seed layers or to fully or partially fill the feature . exemplary copper alloys may include , but are not limited to , copper manganese and copper aluminum . as a non - limiting example , the alloy composition ratio may be in the range of about 0 . 5 % to about 6 % secondary alloy metal , as compared to the primary alloy metal ( e . g ., cu , co , ni , ag , au , mn , sn or al ). as described above , the conventional fabrication of metal interconnects may include a suitable deposition of a barrier layer on the dielectric material to prevent the diffusion of metal into the dielectric material . suitable barrier layers may include , for example , ta , ti , tin , tan , mn , or mnn . suitable barrier deposition methods may include pvd , ald and cvd ; however , pvd is the most common process for barrier layer deposition . barrier layers are typically used to isolate copper or copper alloys from dielectric material ; however , it should be appreciated that in the case of other metal interconnects , diffusion may not be a problem and so a barrier layer may not be required . the barrier layer deposition may be followed by an optional seed layer deposition . in the case of depositing metal in a feature , there are several options for the seed layer . as described above , the seed layer may be ( 1 ) a seed layer ( as a non - limiting example , a pvd copper seed layer ), ( 2 ) a stack film composed of a liner layer and a seed layer ( as a non - limiting example , a cvd ru liner layer and a pvd copper seed layer ), or ( 3 ) a secondary seed layer ( as a non - limiting example , a cvd or ald ru secondary seed layer ). it should be appreciated , however , that other methods of depositing these exemplary seed layers are contemplated by the present disclosure . the seed layer may be a metal layer , such as copper , cobalt , nickel , gold , silver , manganese , tin , aluminum , ruthenium , and alloys thereof . as discussed above , a liner layer is a material used as an alternative seed or to help mitigate discontinuous seed issues and improve adhesion of the seed layer . liners are typically noble metals such as ru , pt , pd , and os , but the list may also include co and ni . currently , cvd ru and cvd co are common liners ; however , liner layers may also be formed by using other deposition techniques , such as pvd or ald . the thickness of the liner layer may be in the range of around 5 angstroms to 50 angstroms for damascene applications . also discussed above , a secondary seed layer is similar to a liner layer in that it is typically formed from noble metals such as ru , pt , pd , and os , but the list may also include co and ni , and also commonly cvd ru and cvd co . the difference is that the secondary seed layer serves as the seed layer , whereas the liner layer is an intermediate layer between the barrier layer and the seed layer . secondary seed layers may also be formed by using deposition techniques other than cvd , such as pvd or ald . the liner or secondary seed deposit may be thermally treated or annealed at a temperature between about 100 ° c . to about 500 ° c . in a forming gas environment ( e . g ., 3 - 5 % hydrogen in nitrogen or 3 - 5 % hydrogen in helium ) to remove any surface oxides , densify the secondary seed or liner layer , and improve the surface properties of the deposit . the liner or secondary seed deposit may additionally be passivated by soaking in gaseous nitrogen ( n2 gas ) or other passifying environments to prevent surface oxidation . passivation of the liner or secondary seed is described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 357 , 599 , issued jan . 22 , 2013 , the disclosure of which is herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety . after a seed layer has been deposited ( such as one of the non - limiting examples of pvd copper seed , pvd copper seed including cvd ru liner , or cvd ru secondary seed , or another deposition metal or metal alloy , layer combination , or deposition technique ), the feature may include a conformal metal layer after the seed layer . it should also be appreciated , however , that a conformal metal layer may be deposited directly on the barrier layer , i . e ., without a seed layer . in one embodiment of the present disclosure , the conformal metal layer is deposited using an ecd seed process , and then may be modified using a process that is referred to as ecd seed “ plus ” deposition ( or ecd seed “ plus ”), which includes a thermal treatment step . in other embodiments of the present disclosure , the conformal metal layer may be deposited using cvd , ald , or other deposition techniques . in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure , the conformal layer is flowable when subjected to thermal treatment or annealing . in this embodiment , ecd seed “ plus ” generally refers to ecd metal seed deposition plus a thermal treatment step , such as an annealing step . in one embodiment of the present disclosure , the thermal treatment step may result in reflow of some or all of the seed deposition . in contrast to conventional ecd metal fill ( using acid chemistry ), ecd seed “ plus ” deposition is similar to ecd seed deposition ( using basic chemistry ), but adds a thermal treatment step . moreover , instead of just depositing a seed layer , ecd seed “ plus ” can be performed so as to partially or fully fill the features . with the ecd seed “ plus ” process , substantially void - free fill of small features can be achieved . the ecd seed “ plus ” process is described in u . s . provisional application nos . 61 / 638 , 851 and 61 / 638 , 856 , incorporated herein by reference , and in corresponding u . s . patent application ser . nos . 13 / 801 , 786 and 13 / 801 , 860 , also incorporated herein by reference . the chemistry used in the ecd chamber for ecd seed “ plus ” deposition may include a basic chemistry , for example , cu ( ethylenediamine ) 2 at a ph in the range of about 8 to about 10 , and in one embodiment of the present disclosure about 9 . 3 . it should be appreciated , however , that acidic chemistries using proper organic additives may also be used to achieve conformal ecd seed deposition . after ecd seed deposition , the workpiece may then be subjected to the spin , rinse , and dry ( srd ) process or other cleaning processes . the ecd seed is then heated at a temperature warm enough to get the seed to reflow , but not too hot such that the workpiece or elements on the workpiece are damaged or degraded . for example , the temperature may be in the range of about 100 ° c . to about 500 ° c . for seed reflow in the features . appropriate thermal treatment or annealing temperatures are in the range of about 100 ° c . to about 500 ° c ., and may be accomplished with equipment capable of maintaining sustained temperatures in the range of about 200 ° c . to about 400 ° c ., and at least within the temperature range of about 250 ° c . to about 350 ° c . the thermal treatment or annealing process may be performed using a forming or inert gas , pure hydrogen , or a reducing gas such as ammonia ( nh3 ). during reflow , the shape of the deposition changes , such that the metal deposit may pool in the bottom of the feature . in addition to reflow during the thermal treatment process , the metal deposit may also grow larger grains and reduce film resistivity . an inert gas may be used to cool the workpiece after heating . the ecd seed deposition and reflow steps may be repeated to ensure the desired level of filling of the feature with ecd seed . in this regard , processes described herein may include one or more ecd seed deposition , cleaning ( such as srd ), and thermal treatment cycles . fig1 illustrates a reflow process 100 and exemplary features created by the reflow process are depicted . the workpiece 112 may be in an exemplary embodiment a dielectric material on a crystalline silicon substrate that contains at least one feature 122 . in exemplary step 102 , the feature 122 is lined with a barrier layer 114 and then a seed layer 115 . in exemplary step 104 , the feature 122 of the workpiece 112 has received a layer of ecd seed material 116 on the seed layer 115 . in exemplary anneal step 106 , the workpiece is annealed at an appropriate temperature to induce the exemplary reflow step 108 to encourage partial fill . during the anneal step , ecd seed material 116 flows into the feature 122 to form a fill section 118 . in an exemplary embodiment , ecd seed deposition step 104 , anneal step 106 , and reflow step 108 may be repeated to attain the desired characteristics of fill 118 . the number of repeating steps may depend on the structure . once fill 118 reaches desired dimensions , the remaining steps of the present process are carried out , as discussed below . fig2 is a chart of the various combinations of initial , previously developed processes that might be utilized with the present disclosure . some combinations of previously developed processes include the following . first , the main damascene process includes deposition of a barrier layer and a seed layer ( see fig3 ). second , the ecd seed ( also known as sle ) process includes deposition of a barrier layer , a seed layer and an ecd seed layer ( see fig4 ). third , the ecd seed ( sle ) with liner process includes deposition of a barrier layer , a liner layer , a seed layer , and an ecd seed layer ( see fig5 ). fourth , the ecd seed ( sle ) with secondary seed process includes deposition of a barrier layer , a secondary seed layer , and an ecd seed layer . fifth , the ecd seed ( sle ) with secondary seed and flash process includes deposition of a barrier layer , a secondary seed layer , a flash layer , and an ecd seed layer ( see fig6 ). sixth , the ecd seed ( also known as dob ) process includes deposition of a barrier layer and an ecd seed layer . additional pre - existing processes in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure include : seventh , designated as the ecd seed plus ( dob ) process , which includes deposition of a barrier layer and an ecd seed “ plus ” layer . eighth , the ecd seed plus process includes deposition of a barrier layer , a secondary seed layer , and an ecd seed “ plus ” layer . ninth , the ecd seed plus without secondary seed process includes deposition of a barrier layer , a seed layer , and an ecd seed “ plus ” layer ( see fig7 ). tenth , the ecd seed plus with liner and seed process includes deposition of a barrier layer , a liner layer , a seed layer , and an ecd seed “ plus ” layer . one embodiment of the present disclosure as applied to a dual damascene application is shown in fig8 . as noted above and as shown in fig8 , the process 200 of the present disclosure starts at step 202 with a workpiece 204 having a dielectric 206 on a crystalline silicon wafer ( not shown ), which has been processed to the point of presenting a feature 208 that has been plated in step 202 with a barrier layer 210 , as described above , and thereafter a seed layer 212 and / or platable film applied in a manner described above ( see fig8 ). in the next step 214 of the process , the feature 208 is partially filled with copper 216 or other metal . this step 214 can be carried out using the ecd seed “ plus ” process described above , which includes applying a layer of ecd seed material 218 to the seed layer 212 and then performing a thermal treatment . this annealing step induces reflow of the copper or other metal into the feature 208 to form a partial fill section . the ecd seed deposition step , the anneal step , and the reflow step can be repeated to achieve the desired characteristics of fill 216 . the number of times such steps are repeated may depend on the desired structure . alternatively , the feature 208 could be partially filled by ecd plating using conventional acid chemistry , which is typically a faster process than using ecd seed . of course , other processes may also be employed in place of copper plating , for example , pvd or cvd . next , in step 220 , a copper alloy ( or other metal alloy ) layer 222 is applied over the partial copper ( metal ) fill , thereby creating a laminated copper structure , as shown in fig8 . this copper alloy layer may be applied by plating or other deposition techniques . fig8 illustrates the copper alloy layer as being relatively thin and not filling the feature 208 to the upper surface of the dielectric 206 . however , the alloy can be plated or otherwise deposited so that the feature 208 is entirely filled , and even such that the copper alloy 222 forms an overburden on the dielectric and otherwise covers the workpiece 204 and possibly the entire workpiece . as such , the copper alloy can be applied in various thicknesses . it is thought to be desirable that a minimum thickness for the copper alloy would be about 10 å . the plating of the copper alloy can be carried out using basic chemistry . alloying or doping elements can consist of any transition or noble metal that assists in reducing electromigration . such alloys could include ag , au , co , ni , hf , mn , pd , pt , ti , zi , or zr , or other metals that are well known to persons skilled in the art . other doping elements can also be utilized , such as al , ge , s , se , si , sn , and te . it is also within the present disclosure that more than one copper alloy layer will be utilized . for example , a first layer can be composed of a first copper alloy , followed by a second layer of another copper alloy . also , the copper can be alloyed with more than one dopant . for example , the copper alloy ( s ) can consist of co and ag , co and au co and ti , etc . the metal layer 222 can be deposited by various techniques in addition to electroplating . such techniques can include pvd , cvd , or ald deposition techniques . moreover , the total thickness of the metal layer ( s ) can be less than 500 å , and could be as thin as 20 å . the next step 224 in the process is the application of copper to fill the feature 208 and the creation of an overburden layer 226 , as shown in fig8 . although copper is the preferred metalizing material , other metals can also be utilized , for example , co , ni , au , ag , mn , sn , w and al . while one method for applying the metal fill and overburden layer 226 is by electroplating , other metallization techniques can also be utilized , such as cvd or pvd . the copper overburden can be applied in various thicknesses from 200 nm to 1 , 000 nm . this thickness provides a basis for the cmp process , as described below . the next step 228 in the process of the present disclosure is to anneal the structure . the annealing process has several effects , including a controlled diffusion of the alloy from the layer 222 in the adjacent top portion of the underlying copper fill 216 located in the feature 208 . annealing is carried out at a high enough temperature to induce alloy migration or diffusion , but not so hot that the workpiece or elements on the workpiece may be damaged or degraded . in this regard the temperature range may be from about 100 ° c . to about 400 ° c . for successful annealing to occur . the annealing is carried out by using a furnace or other equipment capable of maintaining a sustained temperature in the required range . as can be appreciated , the temperature of the annealing process and its time duration can depend on the composition of the copper alloy and the extent of diffusion of the alloy desired . the annealing process may be performed using a forming or inert gas , pure hydrogen , or a reducing gas , such as ammonia ( nh 3 ). during annealing , thermal energy assists the alloy metal in layer 222 , to chemically bond with the copper atoms in the adjacent portions of the copper fill 216 . at the end of the annealing process , an inert gas may be used to cool the workpiece after heating . the annealed workpiece can change the electrical and other properties of the alloy layer 222 . as shown in fig8 , after the annealing has been carried out in step 232 , cmp procedures are used to remove the copper overburden and the material layers overlying the upper surface of the dielectric . this leaves a selective cap 234 that is co - extensive with the top surface 236 of the dielectric 206 . as noted above , this cap improves electromigration performance of the line by serving as a shunt layer . also , the cap promotes adhesion with the next metallization layer , which also enhances electromigration performance . this cap may be of a thickness sufficient to perform its function of improving electromigration performance . in one example , the cap may be of a thickness of from about 5 to 1000 nm . moreover , by performing the cmp process , no alloy residue remains between lines , which is a clear advantage over existing methods for producing metal caps . further metallization layers may be applied over cap 234 , in which case adhesion to the metal cap is promoted by using the above process . fig9 discloses a further embodiment of the present disclosure . as shown in fig9 , the process 300 begins at step 302 with a workpiece 304 that includes a dielectric 306 on a crystalline silicone wafer ( not shown ). the dielectric 306 has been processed to the point of presenting a feature 308 that has been plated first in step 302 with a barrier layer 310 , as described above . thereafter , a seed layer 312 and / or a platable film can be applied over the barrier layer 310 in a manner described above . the next step 314 in the process is to partially fill the feature 308 with copper ( or other metal ), labeled as 313 . this partial fill 313 can be carried out using the ecd seed “ plus ” process described above , which includes applying a layer of ecd seed material onto the seed layer , and then performing a thermal treatment . this annealing step induces reflow of the copper down into the feature 308 to form a partial fill section . the ecd seed deposition step , the anneal step , and the reflow step can be repeated to achieve the desired characteristics of fill 308 . the number of times such steps are repeated may depend on the desired structure of the partial fill 308 . in a manner described above with respect to fig8 , alternatively , the feature 308 may be partially filled by ecd plating using conventional acid chemistry , which is typically faster than using the ecd seed , but perhaps not as effective in eliminating voids and other discontinuities in the partial fill . of course , other processes may be employed in place of copper plating to achieve the partial fill 313 , for example , pvd or cvd . next , in step 320 , a copper alloy 322 is plated or otherwise deposited over the partial copper fill 313 . this step may be the same or very similar to the alloying step 220 described above with respect to fig8 . as described above with respect to fig8 , various alloying metals or combinations of alloying metals may be utilized . also , more than one metal alloy layer may be plated or deposited over the partial fill . in the next step 324 , copper ( or other metal ) is deposited to fill the feature 308 and create an overburden layer 326 , as shown in fig9 . one method for applying the copper fill and the overburden layer 326 is by electroplating , which is relatively fast and economical relative to other deposition methods , which also could be used . next , in step 328 , the workpiece 304 is annealed in the manner described above with respect to fig9 . however , unlike in fig9 , the post - plating anneal here is carried out to distribute the alloying element in the alloy 322 throughout the copper disposed in the feature 308 . in essence , a copper alloy ( bronze ) metallization interconnect 334 is created wherein the alloying element is diffused substantially uniformly throughout the copper fill . as noted above , the doping elements used to create the copper alloy may include any transition or noble metal that assists in reducing electromigration . such metals are listed above . in addition to those metals listed above , the alloying elements could include any bronze forming element or combination thereof . in this regard , in order to effectively plate a bronze film , it is necessary to co - plate the copper with another element . also , in some embodiments of the present disclosure , two or more elements are co - plated with the copper . complexes of the doping elements are needed in most situations , but not all , for effective plating to occur . typical examples of such chemistry for cuco bronze utilizes co and cu ethylenediamine complexes . such complexes are known to those skilled in the art . also , the ph level and concentrations of plating solution are adjusted appropriately in order to facilitate controlling the co - plating of the elements to form the desired bronze interconnect . after annealing has been completed so that the alloying element is diffused throughout the feature 308 in step 330 , next , in step 332 , cmp procedures are used to remove the copper overburden , as well as all layers above the dielectric 306 , so that the top surface 336 of the bronze interconnect 334 is coplanar with the top surface dielectric 306 . such interconnect 334 can provide the same advantages as provided by the selective cap 332 described above with respect to fig9 . in this regard , while the electrical resistance of the bronze interconnect may be somewhat higher than the resistance of copper , the interconnect is less likely to be subjected to electromigration and the detrimental effects thereof . fig1 discloses a further embodiment of the present disclosure where cobalt ( co ) is used as the interconnect material . as shown in fig1 , the interconnect process 400 begins at step 402 with a workpiece 404 that includes a dielectric 406 over a crystalline silicon wafer ( not shown ). dielectric 406 has been processed to a point of presenting a feature 408 . in the first step 402 , an optional barrier layer 410 can be applied to the surface of the feature . the barrier may be composed of a metal or a compound , including , for example , mn , mnn , ti , ta , tin , tan , etc . a seed layer 412 and / or a platable film can be applied over the barrier layer 410 in a manner described above , for example , by cvd . the seed layer can be composed of cvd co , or a cobalt alloy . rather than using cvd , a seed layer can also be formed using pvd , or ald , or other deposition techniques . the next step 414 in the process is to partially or entirely fill the feature 408 with cobalt or cobalt alloy , labeled as 416 . this partial or full fill process can be carried out using the ecd seed “ plus ” process described above . this process , which results in a void - free fill , includes applying a layer of ecd seed material on the seed layer , and then performing a thermal treatment . this annealing step induces reflow of the cobalt 416 into the feature 408 to form the fill section . the ecd seed deposition step , the anneal step , and the reflow step can be repeated as shown in step 420 to achieve the desired characteristics of the fill 416 with the number of times the ecd deposition step is carried out depending on the desired structure of the fill 416 . it will be appreciated that this process enables plating of the cobalt on high sheet resistance films up to 1000 ω /□. next , in step 424 , copper is deposited to fill the feature 408 , if not already filled with the cobalt , and create an overburden layer 426 . as discussed above , one desirable deposition process is to apply the copper fill and the overburden by electroplating , which is relatively fast and economical relative to other deposition methods , which also could be used . next in step 428 , the workpiece is annealed in a manner described above with respect to fig8 and 9 . one primary purpose of this heat treatment is to achieve a uniform alloy material composition in the feature 408 . the annealing process can be carried out in a manner that is similar or substantially the same as described above with respect to fig8 and 9 . after annealing has been completed in step 432 , cmp procedures are used to remove the copper overburden as well as any material layers over the dielectric 406 , as shown in fig1 , thereby to leave a cobalt or cobalt alloy interconnect 434 . the top 436 of the interconnect 434 is coextensive with the top surface of the dielectric 406 . as noted above , this interconnect procedure helps resolve cladding and , as a result , helps to reduce line resistance issues as well as the electromigration problems that commonly occur when copper is used for metallization . fig1 discloses a further embodiment of the present method applied to a single damascene situation . as shown in fig1 a , the disclosed metallization process 500 begins with a workpiece 504 composed of dielectric layers 506 and 507 separated by a uv block layer 509 , all positioned on a crystalline silicon wafer ( not shown ). as shown in the first step 502 , via etch has been carried out on the workpiece to define a via 508 . in the next step 514 , shown in fig1 b , a barrier layer 510 is applied to the via 508 . the barrier layer 510 can by applied as described above , including with respect to fig8 and 9 . thereafter , a platable seed layer 512 can be applied to the barrier layer in the manner described above . alternatively , a platable film can be applied over the barrier layer , as also discussed above . also as shown in step 514 ( fig1 b ), the via is plated with a metal conductor 513 , such as copper or copper alloy , using various techniques . this plating can be carried out using “ bottom - up fill ,” which is a process known in the art , or using ecd or ecd seed “ plus ” refill processes . as described above , the ecd seed “ plus ” process includes applying a layer of ecd seed on the seed layer 517 , next performing a thermal treatment . this treatment induces reflow of the copper 513 or other metalizing metal into the via 508 to perform a partial fill of the via . the ecd seed deposition step , the anneal step , and the reflow step can be repeated to achieve the desired characteristics of the via 508 . in this regard , the number of times such steps are repeated may depend on the desired structure of the fill . next , in step 520 ( fig1 c ), a metal ( such as co or cu ) or a metal alloy 522 is plated or otherwise deposited in the via , and also overlays the ecd seed plus layer . the plating of the metal 522 can be carried out in a manner very similar to the alloying in steps 220 and 320 , described above with respect to fig8 and 9 . as also noted above , various alloying metals or combinations of alloying metals may be utilized . in addition , more than one alloy layer may be plated or deposited over the ecd seed plus fill layer . in the next step 522 ( fig1 d ), a copper ( or other metal ) overburden 526 is plated on the alloy layer 522 . the overburden layer 526 , as discussed above , can be economically and relatively quickly applied by electroplating . however , other deposition methods may be used instead . next , in an optional step 528 ( fig1 e ), the workpiece 504 is annealed in a manner described above with respect to fig8 - 19 . the annealing step 526 results in a controlled diffusion of the alloy in layer 522 into the adjacent top portion of the copper fill 513 , in the via 508 ( fig1 f ). annealing can be carried out under the conditions and in the manner described above with respect to other embodiments of the present disclosure . as shown in fig1 g , after the annealing procedure has been performed , cmp procedures are used to remove the copper overburden in step 532 . in addition to the copper overburden , all of the other material layers are removed down to the dielectric 507 . this leaves a selective cap 534 over the via 508 , which is coextensive with the top surface 536 of the single damascene dielectric layer 507 . as will be appreciated , by using the cmp process , no metal residue is left between adjacent vias 508 . moreover , the selective cap 534 now serves as an etch stop layer for the next metallization layer applied over dielectric layer 507 . as shown in fig1 , by the present process 500 an alignment tolerant via 508 is formed . even if features 540 and 542 , found in an overlying dielectric layer 544 , overlap vias 508 , the selective cap 534 retains a separation between features 540 and 542 and underlying vias 508 . as can be appreciated , this enables workpieces to be produced with alignment tolerant vias 508 , thereby facilitating the semiconductor fabrication and manufacturing processes . in fig1 , the metallization of features 540 and 542 can be carried out in the same manner or in a manner similar to that described with respect to fig8 . in this regard , a selective metal cap 546 is formed over interconnects 540 and 542 . alternative embodiments of the processes of the present disclosure may include variations of the steps already described above , which also are directed at improving the performance and reliability of interconnects by providing for a wider process window for self - aligned vias and for self - aligned trench over via in single and dual damascene integration schemes . as noted above , the processes of the present disclosure allow for self - aligned selective metal caps disposed over metal lines to reduce electromigration occurrence . also , embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a selective metal cap or etch stop over vias to not only assist in electromigration performance by preventing “ bottomless vias ,” but also causing the vias to be alignment tolerant . some embodiments of the present disclosure also include metal alloy plating and / or laminated metal plating as part of the metallization of the interconnect lines . such alloys and metal laminates can be selected to improve electromigration performance . moreover , another advantage realized by the processes described herein is that a single tool , for example a raider ® electrochemical deposition , cleaning ( e . g ., srd ), and thermal treatment or anneal tool , manufactured by applied materials , inc ., can be used for carrying out the process steps described above . these process steps include the ecd seed deposition step ( or steps if repeated ), the cleaning step ( or steps , if repeated ), the thermal treatment step ( or steps , if repeated ), and the plating steps . as a result , workpieces do not have to be moved from location to location or machine to machine to perform the steps of the processes described above . while illustrative embodiments have been illustrated and described , it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . for example , the material deposition steps and procedures discussed above can be carried out using a multi - electrode system . examples of such systems are set forth in u . s . pat . nos . 7 , 351 , 314 , 7 , 351 , 315 , and 8 , 236 , 159 , incorporated herein by reference . | 7 |
the apparatus ( 10 ) according to the figures is comprised of a first dead bolt ( 12 ) positioned within the doorjamb ( 16 ) immediately adjacent to the first end of a door ( 14 ). the first dead bolt ( 12 ) is moveable between a first locked position within the first door end and a second unlocked position within the door jamb ( 16 ). the apparatus ( 10 ) is further comprised of a second deadbolt ( 18 ) positioned within the opposite end of the door ( 14 ). the second deadbolt ( 18 ) is also moveable between a first locked postion and a second unlocked position . finally the apparatus ( 10 ) is comprised of a means for actuating the first deadbolt ( 12 ) between its first locked position and its second unlocked position and a means for actuating the second deadbolt ( 18 ) in synchronization with the first deadbolt ( 12 ) between its first locked and second unlocked position . in one embodiment , the first deadbolt ( 12 ) is positioned above the door end when in its unlocked position and engages an opening the upper door end ( 11 ) when moved into its locked position . in a further embodiment , the second deadbolt ( 18 ) is housed in the door ( 14 ) when in its unlocked position and engages an opening in the door jamb or floor ( 13 ) beneath the door ( 14 ) when in its locked position . as depicted in fig3 and 4 a plurality of deadbolts may by utilized to increase the number of deadbolts securing both ends of the door ( 14 ). the greater the number of deadbolts , the more external force the door will be able to withstand . further , as depicted in fig3 the dead bolts ( 12 , 18 ) may be orientated horizontally on the door ( 14 ). the actuation means for the first deadbolt ( 12 ) may be an electric solenoid motor ( 20 ) with reversible motor means to cause the first deadbolt ( 12 ) to move between its unlocked and locked positions . as depicted in fig7 a first contact switch ( 30 ) may be positioned relative to the first deadbolt ( 12 ) such that when the first deadbolt ( 12 ) is in its retracted unlocked position , the switch ( 30 ) is engaged which in turn shuts off the electric motor ( 20 ). likewise , a second contact switch ( 36 ) may placed in a position such that it is engaged when the first deadbolt ( 12 ) moves into its locked position , which in turn causes the electric motor ( 20 ) to shut off . the electric motor ( 20 ) may also be connected to an exterior ( 42 ) and an interior switch ( 40 ) either of which , when used , will cause the electric motor ( 20 ) to activate and move the first deadbolt ( 12 ) between its locked and unlocked positions . the first contact switch ( 30 ) and the second contact switch ( 36 ) may also be indicator switches for illuminating unlocked ( 34 ) and locked ( 32 ) indicator lights . further , the electric motor ( 20 ) may be connected to a remote control switch ( 38 ) to permit the user to lock or unlock the door ( 14 ) from a distance , either wired or wirelessly . the actuation means for the second deadbolt ( 18 ) may be a locking rod ( 22 ) having a first locked position and a second unlocked position . in its second unlocked position the first end of the locking rod ( 22 ) is exposed in the upper door opening and is consequently displaced by the first deadbolt ( 12 ) when it moves into its locked position . this displacement causes the locking rod ( 22 ) to move into its first locked position . the locking rod ( 22 ) comprises a means for biasing the locking rod ( 22 ) into its unlocked position . the biasing means may be compression spring ( 24 ) or such other biasing means as are commonly used by one skilled in the art . the locking rod ( 22 ) may also be housed in a tube ( 26 ) affixed to the exterior of the door ( 14 ). the tube ( 26 ) may be constructed from steel tubing , however such suggestion is not intended to be limiting to the invention claimed herein . if a compression spring ( 24 ) is utilized as the biasing means for the locking rod ( 22 ), an interior tube ( 28 ) may be used to hold the spring ( 24 ) in position within the tube ( 26 ) as is depicted in fig5 and 6 . the use and operation of the apparatus ( 10 ) will now be described with reference to fig5 and 6 . to secure the door ( 14 ) the electric motor ( 20 ) is activated and the first deadbolt ( 12 ) is moved into its locked position causing it to protrude into the exterior tube ( 26 ) or door opening ( 11 ) and impinge upon the locking rod ( 22 ) as is shown in fig6 . the insertion of the first deadbolt ( 12 ) into the exterior tube ( 26 ) effectively secures that end of the door ( 14 ) until such time as the electric motor ( 20 ) is activated again and the first deadbolt ( 12 ) is retracted into its unlocked position . the entry of the first deadbolt ( 12 ) into the exterior tube ( 26 ) exerts pressure on the locking rod ( 22 ). the locking rod ( 22 ) is moved into the exterior tube ( 26 ) in a direction towards the opposite end of the door ( 14 ) compressing the adjacent spring ( 24 ). this pressure and corresponding movement causes the second deadbolt ( 18 ) connected to the other end of the rod ( 22 ) to be pushed out of the other end of the exterior tube ( 26 ) into its first locked position as shown in fig6 . the second deadbolt ( 18 ) will remain in its first locked position until such time as the first deadbolt ( 12 ) is retracted into its unlocked position . this effectively secures the other end of the door ( 14 ). to unlock the door ( 14 ), the first deadbolt ( 12 ) is retracted into its unlocked position . as the first deadbolt ( 12 ) is retracted , the pressure on the locking rod ( 22 ) is released and the spring ( 24 ) gradually decompresses pushing the locking rod ( 22 ) back to its original position as depicted in fig5 . as the locking rod ( 22 ) moves to its first unlocked position the interconnected second deadbolt ( 18 ) simultaneously withdraws into the exterior tube ( 26 ) until it reaches its second unlocked position as depicted in fig5 . it is anticipated the apparatus ( 10 ) as described could be adapted for commercial use or for use with other access points in a building that require securing such as windows and trap - doors . this apparatus ( 10 ) is relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture in comparison to the existing electronic deadbolt systems . this apparatus ( 10 ) also overcomes the problem of the inherent weakness of the door and the door - frame because the deadbolts are not housed within the door - frame or the door and unlike the solitary deadbolt system , the locking rod ( 22 ) transverses the entire length or width of the door meaning that external pressure or force on the door will be absorbed by the entire length of the locking rod ( 22 ). as will be apparent to those skilled in the art , various modifications , adaptations and variations of the foregoing specific disclosure can be made without departing from the scope of the invention claimed herein . | 8 |
in the following , preferred embodiments for implementation of the present invention will be explained with reference to the figures . fig1 is a figure showing an embodiment of a microscope system according to the present invention , and schematically shows the structure thereof . the reference symbol 10 denotes an inverted type microscope , and an electrically operated stage is provided to this microscope 10 . an electrically operated revolver 11 to which an objective lens 12 can be installed is provided below the electrically operated stage 30 , and an illumination device 14 for illuminating a test specimen is provided over the electrically operated stage 30 . a ccd image sensor , that serves as an image sensor , is provided internally to a camera 20 for photographing an observation image . the electrically operated stage 30 includes an xy stage that is driven by a dc motor or the like , and , by driving this xy stage , a petri dish ( a schale ) containing a test specimen may be shifted along the x and y directions . the x and y coordinates of this xy stage are detected by linear encoders ( not shown in the figures ) provided to the electrically operated stage 30 . and a stage controller 31 is connected to the electrically operated stage 30 , and controls the shifting operation of the electrically operated stage 30 . addresses are allocated to various objective fitting apertures in the electrically operated revolver 11 , so that the magnification of the objective lens 12 that is located upon the optical axis l can be detected from a table that is inputted in advance . it should be understood that it would also be acceptable to arrange for the electrically operated revolver 11 as well to be driven in the x and y directions by electrical operation , and for its xy coordinates to be acquired with linear encoders . that is to say , it would be acceptable for it to be possible to drive the electrically operated stage 30 and the electrically operated revolver 11 in the x and y directions relative to one another , and for it to be arranged to detect positional information ( x and y coordinates ) for both of them . the reference symbol 50 denotes a pc ( personal computer ) that performs control of the overall microscope system and image processing and the like ; the above described stage controller 31 and microscope 10 are connected to this pc 50 , and the positional information from the encoders , magnification information for the objective lens 12 , and photographic data and so on from the camera 20 are all inputted thereto . furthermore , a monitor 40 , a pointing device 60 such as a mouse or the like , and a keyboard ( not shown in the figures ) are connected to the pc 50 , so that a microscope image that has been photographed by the camera 20 may be displayed upon the monitor 40 . as shown in fig2 b , on the monitor 40 , there are provided a display region 40 y in which an overall image of the petri dish 13 ( i . e . a macro image ) is displayed , and a display region 40 x in which an image of a photographic point a , b , or c within the petri dish 13 ( i . e . a micro image ) is displayed . when observing living cells , the petri dish 13 is filled with a culture medium , and image photography is performed at predetermined intervals while the cells grow in that medium . if for example , during multi - point time lapse observation , there are to be three observation points , then photographic points a , b , and c are set in advance , as shown in fig2 a . fig3 is a flow chart showing the steps for time lapse setting and photography , and processing for setting and photography will be explained with reference to this flow chart . the pc 50 performs the flow chart of fig3 by executing a predetermined program . in the step s 1 of fig3 , a decision is made as to whether or not the conditions for multi - point time lapse photography have been inputted , and if it is decided that such input is present , then the flow of control proceeds to a step s 2 . as such conditions for time lapse photography , for example , there may be cited the photographic points , the time interval δt for repeating photography , the continuous time lapse period ttotal , and the like . the operator designates the photographic points by shifting the pointer p of the pointing device 60 to the positions in the macro image 13 a upon the display screen at which he desires to perform observations , while watching the photographic images 40 a , 40 b , and 40 c that are displayed upon the monitor 40 ( refer to fig2 a ). in the following , an example of a case of setting the three points a , b , and c shown in fig2 a as the photographic points will be explained . the operator shifts the pointer p to the position a by actuating the pointing device 60 , and , when he performs confirmation actuation , the position a is set as the photographic point . by performing a similar operation , the operator then sets the points b and c in order as the photographic points . by this setting process , the x , y coordinates of each of the photographic points a , b , and c are stored in the storage unit of the pc 50 . during the time lapse photography described hereinafter , photography is performed in order at these photographic points a , b , and c that have been inputted in this manner . furthermore , a condition input screen is displayed upon the monitor 40 , and the operator inputs the photographic time interval δt and the continuous time lapse period ttotal upon this screen by using the pointing device 60 and / or the keyboard . the photographic time interval δt is the time interval from when photography at the points a , b , and c ends until the next time photography at the points a , b , and c is performed , while the continuous time lapse period ttotal is the time period from the start of the photographic process until the end of the photographic process . for example , if the photographic time interval δt is set to 10 minutes and the continuous time lapse period ttotal is set to 60 minutes , then photography is performed 7 times at each of the photographic points , including photography when processing starts . in the following , the explanation will assume these conditions . when inputting of all of the conditions has been completed , a command is issued to start time lapse photography . in the step s 2 , a decision is made as to whether or not such a command to start time lapse photography has been issued , and if it is decided that such a command has been issued , then a series of commands is issued to the electrically operated stage 30 ( via the stage controller 31 ) and to the camera 20 according to the conditions that were inputted , so as automatically to execute the processing sequence of the steps s 3 and following . in the processing from the step s 3 to the step s 8 , one episode of photographic processing for the three photographic points a , b , and c is shown , and this photographic processing , of the sequence from the step s 3 to the step s 8 is repeatedly executed at the above described photographic time interval δt . first , in the step s 3 , based upon the x , y coordinate data xa , ya of the photographic point a that were stored when setting the photographic points , the electrically operated stage 30 is shifted by the stage controller 31 to a position in which the photographic point a is centered in the photographic screen , and the stage position xai , yai after shifting is stored . here , i specifies the order of data acquisition , and its initial value is i = 0 . in other words , the stage position data that is initially obtained when proceeding from the step s 2 to the step s 3 is xa 0 , ya 0 . and next , in a step s 4 , photography of a microscopic image is performed at the photographic point a . and the photographic image data ai that has been obtained is stored in correspondence with the stage position xai , yai and the magnification m of the optical system . next , in a step s 5 , based upon the x , y coordinate data xb , yb of the photographic point b that were stored when setting the photographic points , the electrically operated stage 30 is shifted by the stage controller 31 to a position in which the photographic point b is centered in the photographic screen , and the stage position xbi , ybi after shifting is stored . and next , in a step s 6 , photography of a microscopic image is performed at the photographic point b . and the photographic image data bi that has been obtained is stored in correspondence with the stage position xbi , ybi and the magnification m of the optical system . next , in a step s 7 , based upon the x , y coordinate data xc , yc of the photographic point c that were stored when setting the photographic points , the electrically operated stage 30 is shifted by the stage controller 31 to a position in which the photographic point c is centered in the photographic screen , and the stage position xci , yci after shifting is stored . and next , in a step s 8 , photography of a microscopic image is performed at the photographic point c . and the photographic imaged at a ci that has been obtained is stored in correspondence with the stage position xci , yci and the magnification m of the optical system . it should be understood that this photography of a microscopic image is performed by the pc 50 issuing a photographic command to the camera 20 , and subsequently receiving a photographic image that has been photographed by the camera 20 . and next , in a step s 9 , a decision is made as to whether or not the time elapsed from the start of the processing of the step s 3 has reached the photographic time interval δt , and if a decision is made that the elapsed time has indeed reached δt , then the flow of control proceeds to a step s 10 . in this step s 10 , a decision is made as to whether the value of i , that specifies the data acquisition order , has reached i = 6 or not , in other words whether the continuous time lapse period ttotal has elapsed or not . since , according to the conditions set in the step s 2 described above , the initial value of i at which photography was performed for the first of 7 times at each photographic point was i = 0 , therefore the decision condition as to whether the continuous time lapse period ttotal has elapsed or not becomes i = 6 . if in this step s 10 it is decided that i ≠ 6 ( no ) then the flow of control proceeds to a step s 11 , while if it is decided that i = 6 ( yes ) then this series of processing operations related to photographic image data acquisition terminates . if the flow of control has proceeded from the step s 10 to the step s 11 , then the value of i is increased by 1 to i + 1 , and the flow of control then returns to the step s 3 . and then acquisition of photographic image data for a second time ( with i = 1 ) is performed again , in a similar manner to the case when acquiring photographic image data as described above for the first time by the processing from the step s 3 through the step s 8 . since this processing from the step s 3 through the step s 8 is repeatedly performed until i = 6 achieves in the step s 10 , accordingly , as a result , a total of 21 (= 3 × 7 ) sets of photographic image data a 0 , a 1 , . . . a 6 , b 0 , b 1 , . . . b 6 , c 1 , c 2 , . . . c 6 are acquired , with the stage positions and the magnifications m of the optical system when the images for each point were acquired . these data sets are stored in the storage unit of the pc 50 . now , as possible types of position setting method when shifting the electrically operated stage 30 , there are available both open loop control and closed loop control in which feedback is performed . open loop control is a type of control in which the rotation amount for the motor for driving the stage that is required in order for the stage to arrive at its target position is calculated , and the motor is rotated based upon this calculated amount . on the other hand , in the case of closed loop control , the stage is shifted to its target position while feeding back the position of the stage as detected by a linear encoder . a predetermined range centered around the target position is set in advance , and the shifting of the stage is stopped when the position of the stage , as detected , comes within this predetermined range . although open loop control was assumed in the above explanation , in the case of closed loop control , the coordinates ( xa , ya ), ( xb , yb ), and ( xc , yc ) when setting the photographic points are set as the target positions for the photographic points a , b , and c . furthermore , instead of the coordinates ( xa , ya ); ( xb , yb ), and ( xc , yc ), it would also be acceptable to use the stage positions ( xa 0 , ya 0 ), ( xb 0 , yb 0 ), and ( xc 0 , yc 0 ) when acquiring photographic image data for the first time ( i = 0 ), as the target positions . and thereafter , for i = 1 to i = 6 , it would be acceptable to perform shifting of the stage to these coordinates ( xa 0 , ya 0 ), ( xb 0 , yb 0 ), and ( xc 0 , yc 0 ) as targets . by doing this , seven sets of photographic image data for different photographic time points are acquired for each of the plurality of photographic points a , b , and c , and these are replayed by being displayed upon the monitor 40 . for example , by replay displaying these seven photographic images successively in order , it becomes possible easily to appreciate the changes over time of a living cell . however , as previously described , the problem arises that shaking of the image occurs if the accuracy of setting the position of the stage is poor . in particular , if there are a large number ( several tens or several hundreds ) of photographic points or the like , then , due to the set time period for time lapse and the number of the photographic points , the time period available for stopping the stage at each photographic point becomes short , and it becomes necessary to drive the stage at high speed in order to shift from one photographic point to the next one , so that the accuracy by which the position of the stage is set may deteriorate . accordingly , in this embodiment , it is arranged to correct the images that have been acquired , so that , by displaying these images that have thus been corrected , image shaking during successive image replay may be eliminated . next , the method for correcting the photographic image data will be explained . since the correction method is the same for the photographic image data at each of the photographic points a , b , and c , accordingly the method of correction will be explained for the photographic image data at the point a . as described above , due to error in setting the position of the stage , when the seven photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 that have been obtained for the photographic point a are displayed simultaneously upon the monitor 40 , the deviation in the position of the display occurs , as shown in fig4 . it should be understood that the photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 are images that are based upon the photographic image data sets a 0 , a 1 , . . . a 6 , and in fig4 only the three photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , and ga 6 are shown , in order to avoid viewing difficulty occurring due to overlapping of the various photographic images . moreover , it should be understood that the rectangular region ga shown by the single dotted broken line indicates the ideal photographic image for the case that the position setting error = 0 . since , during photography , the electrically operated stage 30 is driven so as to center the photographic point a in the center of the image capture region , accordingly , if there were no position setting error , all of the photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 would be photographed so that the photographic point a was in the center of the image . however , since actually position setting errors are present , the photographic images are in fact photographed so that the photographic point a is positioned as deviated from the center of the images . because of this , as shown in fig4 , if the photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 are displayed so that the photographic point a comes to be centered in the monitor 40 , then the centers of the photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 come to be deviated from the center of the monitor screen . although the photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 shown in fig4 are images that are mutually deviated from one another , the rectangular region r shown by the sloping hatched lines is included in all of these photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 . thus , in this embodiment , it is arranged to trim down all of the photographic images ga 0 , ga 1 , . . . ga 6 to images of only this rectangular region r , and the resulting images ga 0 ′, ga 1 ′, . . . ga 6 ′ after this correction by trimming are replayed and displayed upon the monitor 40 . first , the required method for calculating the position setting error in order to perform trimming correction will be explained . as described above , the x , y coordinates of the photographic point a that are stored in the pc 50 by setting that photographic point a are xa , ya . the positional deviation amounts of the centers of the photographic images ga 0 ga 1 , . . . ga 6 with respect to the center of the monitor 40 ( the reference position ), in other words the positional deviation amounts upon the image capture surface of the image capture element , are obtained by multiplying the respective positional deviation amounts of the electrically operated stage 30 by the magnification m . since the positional deviation amounts of the stage 30 are the differences between the coordinates when setting the photographic point and the coordinates when photography is performed , accordingly the positional deviation amounts δxai , δyai upon the image capture surface are given by the following equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ): here , the ccd image sensor that is used in the camera 20 is supposed to be a square of side p ( in pixels ), so that , when the above described positional deviation amounts δxai , δyai are converted into numbers of pixels upon the ccd , the converted values δpxai , δpyai are given by the following equations ( 3 ) and ( 4 ): next , the method for image correction by trimming will be explained . in the following , it is supposed that the sizes of the rectangular regions ga and r , and the sizes of the photographic images , are expressed in terms of the number of pixels upon the ccd image sensor . the rectangular region r in fig4 indicates the size of the images after trimming , and this rectangular region r is obtained by trimming away a width of s 1 pixels from the region on the left side of the rectangular region ga , by trimming away a width of s 2 pixels from the region on the upper side of the rectangular region ga , by trimming away a width of s 3 pixels from the region on the right side of the rectangular region ga , and by trimming away a width of s 4 pixels from the region on the lower side of the rectangular region ga . as will be understood from fig4 , the left side of the rectangular region r coincides with the left side of the photographic image ga 6 that is deviated most to the right side . in a similar manner , the upper side of the rectangular region r coincides with the upper side of the photographic image ga 1 that is deviated most to the lower side , the right side of the rectangular region r coincides with the right side of the photographic image ga 0 that is deviated most to the left side , and the lower side of the rectangular region r coincides with the lower side of the photographic image ga 6 that is deviated most to the upper side . due to this , the trimming widths s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , and s 4 are given by s 1 = δpxa 6 , s 2 =− δpya 1 , s 3 =− δpxa 0 , and s 4 = δpya 6 . accordingly , when performing trimming correction of the photographic images gai , the trimming widths s 1 i through s 4 i for the four sides of each of the photographic images gai are determined as in the following equations ( 5 ) through ( 8 ): when the series of photographic operations shown in fig3 has been completed and all of the photographic images have been acquired , and after having performed calculation of the above described positional deviation amounts δxai , δyai upon the image capture surface and setting of the rectangular region r , then trimming correction of the various photographic images gai is performed using trimming widths that are calculated by the above equations ( 5 ) through ( 8 ). the photographic images gai ′ after correction are stored in the storage unit of the pc 50 in correspondence with the photographic images gai . on the other hand , it would also be acceptable to overwrite the photographic images gai with the photographic images gai ′ after correction . and , when performing replay and display of the photographic images in succession upon the monitor 40 , it is the photographic images gai ′ after correction that are displayed in succession . it should be understood that , since the trimming correction processing for the photographic images gbi and gci relating to the other two photographic points b and c is performed in exactly the same manner as the above described trimming in the case of the photographic images gai , accordingly the explanation thereof will be omitted . fig6 is a flow chart showing processing for calculating the deviation of the photographic images , processing for correcting them , and processing for displaying them . this flow chart is performed by the pc 50 executing a predetermined program . in a first step s 21 , the above described calculation processing for the deviations of the photographic images is performed . in the next step s 22 , the above described correction processing is performed . and , in the next step s 23 , it is decided whether or not the operator has commanded display of the time lapse photographic images . if it is decided that display has been commanded , then the flow of control proceeds to a step s 24 , while if it is decided that display has not been commanded , then the processing of the step s 23 is repeated and the system awaits a command . in the step s 24 , the photographic images gai ′ after correction are displayed in order . it should be understood that the steps s 21 and s 22 are steps that are performed after the processing of fig3 , described above , has been completed , while the step s 24 is a step that is performed according to a command from the operator . however , it would also be acceptable to arrange for the step s 23 to be performed before the processing of the step s 21 . in other words , it would also be acceptable to arrange , when a command has been issued by the operator for time lapse photographic imaging , for calculation processing of the deviations of the series of photographic images , correction processing of these images , and display processing of these images to be performed in order . it should be understood that although , in the above explanation , the trimming widths s 1 through s 4 were set by comparing together the rectangular region rand the rectangular region ga , and trimming of the photographic images was performed based upon the converted values δpxai , δpyai of the positional deviations of equations ( 3 ) and ( 4 ), it would also be acceptable to use , for example , the photographic image ga 0 , instead of the rectangular region ga . in this case , the positional deviation amounts δxai and δyai would be obtained by referring to the coordinates ( xa 0 , ya 0 ) of the photographic image ga 0 . since it is arranged to perform trimming correction in this manner upon the plurality of photographic images that have been photographed in succession for the same photographic point so that they all becomes images of the same photographic region that includes the photographic point , accordingly , even if position setting errors take place during photography , it is possible to eliminate shaking of the image when displaying these photographic images after correction successively in order . in the embodiment described above , the trimming widths were set after all of the photographic images gai , gbi , and gci were acquired , and trimming correction of the photographic images gai , gbi , and gci was performed by using these trimming widths . however , in the case of closed loop control in which position setting of the electrically operated stage 30 is performed by detecting the position of the stage and using feedback thereof , it would also be acceptable to arrange to set a trimming width initially , and to perform position setting of the electrically operated stage 30 with error ranges that this trimming width can handle . first , a trimming width s is set as shown in fig5 . in fig5 , the x , y coordinates of the photographic point a are the coordinates xa , ya that were read in when setting the photographic point a upon the monitor 40 . furthermore , the rectangular region ga shows the photographic region that has been set with the coordinates xa , ya as center , and the rectangular region r shows this photographic image region after trimming correction . the electrically operated stage 30 is set to its position by feedback control using the coordinates xa , ya as target position . now , the case in which the upper , lower , left and right trimming widths of the rectangular region ga are all set to s will be explained . the permitted position setting range when the trimming width s is set in this manner will be explained . the photographic image ga 1 in fig5 shows the case when the position setting error with respect to the target position ( xa , ya ) is too large . in this case , at the left side of the rectangular region r , a portion of this region r extends outside the photographic image ga 1 . in other words since , in the case of the photographic image ga 1 , there is no image data in the vicinity of the left side of the rectangular region r , accordingly it is not possible to trim the photographic image ga 1 to the size of the rectangular region r . conversely , trimming also becomes impossible in a similar manner if the photographic image ga 1 has undesirably deviated to the left side with respect to the rectangular region r by a large amount . accordingly , it is necessary to perform position setting control of the electrically operated stage 30 so that the position setting error lp xai in the left - right direction upon the image capture surface satisfies | δpxai |≦ s . when the situation with regard to the up - down direction is considered in a similar manner , it is necessary to ensure that the position setting error δpyai in the up - down direction upon the image capture surface satisfies | δpyai |≦ s . when , using equations ( 3 ) and ( 4 ), the position setting error upon the image capture surface is converted into a position setting error of the electrically operated stage 30 , the following equations ( 9 ) and ( 10 ) are obtained . and the stage coordinates x , y are controlled by closed loop control so as to satisfy the conditions specified by equations ( 9 ) and ( 10 ), and the electrically operated stage 30 is stopped at the time point that these conditions are satisfied . in this case , by setting the trimming width s to a size of such an order that hunting does not occur during closed loop control , it is possible to prevent the occurrence of hunting , and moreover it is possible to reduce the trimming width s . in this manner , with the present invention , by performing trimming correction upon the photographic images that have been acquired , it is possible to eliminate the influence of stage position setting errors upon the photographic images , and , during successive replay , it is possible to display a natural image in which no image shaking is present . furthermore , since a software type method of correcting the photographic images is employed , accordingly it is possible simply and easily to apply this method to a prior art microscope system , without any requirement arising physically to change its hardware structure . fig7 is a figure showing a situation in which a program that implements the above described microscope observation method is supplied for execution by the above described pc 50 . the pc 50 may receive supply of this program via a cd - rom 104 . furthermore , the pc 50 ( plus the monitor 40 ) is endowed with a function of connection with a communication circuit 101 . a computer 102 is a server computer that supplies the above described program , and that stores the program upon a recording medium such as a hard disk 103 or the like . the communication circuit 101 is a communication circuit such as the internet or the like , or a dedicated communication circuit or the like . the computer 102 may read out the program using its hard disk 103 , and may transmit the program to the pc 50 via the communication circuit 101 . in other words , the program may be transmitted via a communication circuit 101 by being carried as a data signal upon a carrier wave . in this manner , the program may be supplied as a computer - readable computer program product in various forms , such as a recording medium or a data signal or the like . moreover it should be understood that although , in the explanation of the embodiments provided above , a format for the microscope system was assumed in which the microscope 10 , the camera 20 , and the electrically operated stage 30 were connected to the pc main unit 50 as individual independently manufactured products , the present invention should not be considered as being limited by this feature . for example , this microscope system could also be implemented in the form of an integrated microscope , camera , and electrically operated stage . furthermore , although this microscope system according to the present invention was explained using an inverted type microscope 10 as an example , the present invention could also be applied , in the same manner , to a microscope system that uses an upright type microscope . in this case , as shown in fig7 , the program could be also supplied as a computer - readable computer program product in various forms , such as a recording medium or a data signal or the like . the above described embodiments are examples , and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
the present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention . this invention , however , may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein . rather , these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete , and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art . like numbers refer to like elements throughout . the prime notation , if used , indicates similar elements in alternative embodiments . as illustrated in fig1 - 9 , the highest level of reduced risk from contamination or exposure due to harmful agents in contents of mail m , for example , preferably is achieved by using multiple levels of detection , e . g ., multiple sensors 20 or multiple types of sensors within a system 15 . the first level , for example , preferably is to allow animals ( e . g ., dogs ) or olfactory systems as understood by those skill in the art to smell or sniff mail that is typically found in bulk containers waiting for processing or in the process of being transferred ( dumped ) for processing ( see fig3 - 4 ). although animals have been trained to detect agents by smell , it may be impractical to detect biological , germ , chemical or other harmful agents within individual pieces of mail with manual methods ( human or animal ), due to the large numbers of individual mailpieces being processed on a daily basis , e . g ., over 680 million pieces of mail every day collected from as many as 100 million points ( assuming residential and businesses may leave mail for the delivery carrier to pick up ). a system 15 according to the present invention preferably uses a preferred method of detection by physically touching , smelling , or sensing each mailpiece m after it has been introduced into processing equipment , e . g ., 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 , and separated from each other . this sensing preferably is performed at high speed , typically more than 15 pieces per second , using one or more of a variety of methods for agent detection . for example , laser scanning or pulsing detection systems , sensor “ sniffers ” that are as small as a microchip and can process instantly , and ultraviolet light can also be used in order to retard the growth of bacteria as understood by those skilled in the art . in addition , other methods can be used as well as understood by those skilled in the art as the threat of anthrax , smallpox , and other biological warfare agents are currently prevalent . olfactory systems or machines 30 which smell or sense different agents can be used as well . these olfactory systems 30 also can be mounted to vehicles t as a preliminary detection system 30 ′ for mail carriers , e . g ., using hand - held sensors 30 ″ or machines 30 ′ mounted to the vehicle ( see fig4 - 5 ). the hand - held sensor 30 ″ has the benefit of providing the carrier early detection prior to removing bulk mail from a mail box , drop box , or other collection box or location . a system 15 for detecting harmful agents within contents of or associated with mail is provided as illustrated . the system 15 preferably has a plurality of pieces of mail processing equipment 60 , 70 , 80 positioned within a mail processing facility ( see fig4 ) and a plurality of harmful agent sensors 20 each positioned adjacent one , e . g ., mounted to , connected to , or positioned with a housing of , the plurality of pieces of mail processing equipment 60 , 70 , 80 to sense the presence of a harmful agent in each individual piece of mail m as the mail is processed by each of the plurality of pieces of mail processing equipment 60 , 70 , 80 . at least one system processor 31 , such as provided by a computer , a microprocessor , or software and / or hardware device , is positioned in communication with each of the plurality of harmful agent sensors 20 to process data received from the plurality of harmful agent sensors 20 . at least one alarm indicator 33 , such as a bell , a light , a signal , or other indication , is responsive to the at least one system processor 31 to indicate that at least one of the plurality of harmful agent sensors 20 has sensed the presence of a harmful agent . advantageously , an automated dialer or other notification device 35 can be connected to or positioned in communication with the processor 31 and / or alarm 33 to dial for emergency help if desired should a harmful agent be detected . at least one of the plurality of harmful agent sensors 20 preferably is provided by an olfactory device 30 which includes a smell sensor positioned to sense smell associated with a piece of mail , an olfactory device processor 31 in communication with the smell sensor to process data received from the smell sensor , and a memory 32 in communication with the olfactory device processor 31 to store smell sensing data to be processed by the olfactory device processor ( see fig2 ). alternatively to or in addition to the above , the at least one of the plurality of harmful agent sensors 20 can be provided by at least one of the following : an olfactory device 30 , an ultraviolet device , an infrared device , an x - ray device , a laser device , a radio frequency device , and a heat sensing device . the system 15 can also include a harmful agent disabling fluid applicator 40 positioned to apply a harmful agent disabling fluid 45 to a plurality of pieces of mail m being processed to thereby disable harmful agents within the plurality of pieces of mail m during one of the following conditions : when all of the plurality of mail pieces m pass through at least one of the plurality of pieces of mail processing equipment 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 , 90 , when the presence of a harmful agent is detected in a mail piece m being processed , or when the absence of a harmful agent is detected in a mail piece m being processed . the harmful agent disabling fluid applicator 40 preferably includes a fluid storage container 42 positioned to supply the harmful agent disabling fluid 45 for application to each of the plurality of pieces of mail m such as through a supply line or tube 43 . the harmful agent disabling fluid 45 preferably is provided by either a liquid , a gas , or a combination thereof . as described further herein , the harmful agent disabling fluid 45 preferably includes a nanobomb material 47 such as a nanoemulsion or other nanobomb material as understood by those skilled in the art . for example , the harmful agent disabling fluid can advantageously include an ink 45 having the nanobomb material 47 associated therewith , such as premixed or supplied from an additive container 44 having the nanobomb material positioned therein and supplied to the fluid container 42 through another supply line 46 . this allows the ink 45 to be used in conjunction with the mail m in various applications without substantial risk to those contacting the mail m and with little or no indication of its presence on the mail . the nanobomb material 47 , for example , is preferably a plurality of uniformly sized droplets in a size range of about 200 nanometers to about 400 nanometers and is preferably an antimicrobial solution . although this size and type currently have particular advantages , the term nanobomb is used herein , however , can be liquids , gases , or combinations thereof having smaller or slightly larger particle sizes as well as understood by those skilled in the art . advantageously , for example , the harmful agent disabling fluid further includes an ink having the nanobomb material associated therewith , and the ink is applied to each of the plurality of mail pieces m being processed ( see fig6 ). also , for example , an olfactory machine or sensor 30 , 30 ′, 30 ″, as understood by those skilled in the art , of a system 15 according to the present invention preferably has data stored in memory 32 indicative of , representative of , or related to a plurality of biological , germ , chemical , or other harmful agents which have previously been isolated by the study of olfactory systems using humans or animals . these machines can then advantageously have a look - up table or a database stored in memory 32 and a processor 31 in communication with the memory 32 and one or more of a plurality of sensors 20 for processing and comparing sensed smells with this data in the look - up table to determine whether the sensed smell is a potential harmful agent . if so , then such mail m can be sent to an isolation station , alarms sounded or transmitted , and the mail m further inspected by protected investigators to determine its contents and source . the look up table or database of the memory 32 preferably has a plurality , e . g ., about 40 to about 150 , different potential harmful agents commonly associated with biological , germ , or chemical warfare such as described herein , e . g ., small pox , anthrax , hiv , herpes , hepatitis and various other bacteria , viruses , disease causing or other chemical agents . these systems 15 can then advantageously be added to or updated as new potentially harmful agents are developed , and the database advantageously be kept confidential so that only qualified inspectors or investigators know the list of agents . the database can then be updated remotely , e . g ., by a communications network such as the internet or a local area network , satellite , or radio frequency , infrared , or on - site to various locations throughout the country . remote updating to confidential databases , e . g ., with encrypted code , advantageously allows postal delivery companies to maintain low cost communication with the postal carriers and handlers throughout a postal delivery network and at postal handling and processing locations . for detection within a mail handling facility , for example , a method of detection for letters according to the present invention is to require that all non - verified and all unique mailpieces m be processed through a piece of equipment that will cancel and face mailpieces m such as with an advance facer canceler system 106 as understood by those skilled in the art . this process requires that the mailpieces m be individually separated and then individually canceled with a mechanical ink impression . this process allows for the sensors 20 to act individually on each mailpiece m , thereby increasing the accuracy and ensuring proper identification of the offending mailpiece m . additionally , such processes allow nanobombs , as understood by those skilled in the art , to be formed in ink , a spray mist , or other fluids , e . g ., liquids or gas , associated with mail processing such that when the ink , spray mist , gas or other fluid is applied to the mail m , the ink or fluid disables the harmful agents within the mail m . as understood by those skilled in the art , nanobombs , for example , are preferably small antimicrobial , i . e ., kill or disable microbes , or antichemical , i . e ., disables , dilutes , or changes chemicals , agents that employ uniformly sized droplets in the 200 - 400 nanometer range . for example , nanobio antimicrobial nanoemulsions are water / oil emulsions that employ uniformly sized droplets in the 200 - 400 nanometer range . these droplets can be stabilized by surfactant and can be responsible for cidal or cidal agent activity . in concentrated form , the nanoemulsions can be formulated in a variety of carriers allowing for gels , creams , sprays , mists , liquid and gas products to be used in conjunction with the emulsion . these nanobombs preferably have no toxicity . the nanobomb preferably destroys microbes effectively without toxicity or harmful residual effects and eradicates , destroys , or disables viruses such as hiv and herpes , bacteria such as e . coli and salmonella , spores such as anthrax , fungi such as candida albicans , byssochlamys fulva , disease causing agents such as smallpox , and other harmful agents as understood by those skilled in the art . also , nanoemulsions can be formulated to kill only one or two selected classes of microbes as desired . the nanobomb is preferably a non - toxic , non - corrosive , bio - defense decon material that can decontaminate equipment , personnel , structures , terrain , and , more particularly , mail , mail equipment , mail containers , and mail handling personnel in the event of a bioincident or other harmful agent being present in , present on , or associated with mail , equipment , containers or personnel . examples of this nanobomb technology or products can be seen and made available by companies such as nanobio corporation of ann arbor , mich . liquid or gas products can be used to decontaminate trays or boxes of mail as well by spray , mist , immersion , or other exposure techniques as understood by those skilled in the art . as also shown in fig1 and 4 , the preferred method of detection for flats is similar to that of letters except the equipment is typically called a model 15 flats canceler 111 . this equipment also separates and mechanically cancels that mailpiece , although at a substantially slower speed than letters . an automated sorter 112 can then receive the mail , redundantly sense if desired , and then reject to a manual case or pass the mail m on to a delivery unit or other destination 118 . because the canceler 111 physically touches the envelope and causes the contents to be “ shifted and shaken - up ” it advantageously allows certain biological , germ , or chemical sensors 20 to examine each mailpiece m as they pass by the device therefore detecting these harmful agents inside or associated with the mail m . alternatively , or in addition to the above , the present invention also provides a system 15 ′ of detecting and disabling harmful agents in mail m which applies a “ nanobomb ” or other disabling agent in mail processing fluid such as associated with ink 45 in a mail canceling station 106 where ink 45 is often applied . for example , within the ink pad , ink material itself , or other locations within a piece of equipment 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 111 , 112 , 115 , a disabling biological or chemical agent or reactant can be located so that when individual pieces of mail m are stamped , marked , or written on as being canceled , marked , or processed , the postal workers or personnel p handling mail m have increased confidence that mail m passing through the station is disabled or decontaminated . so , in essence , detection or mass processing is provided by the disabling agent itself within the ink 45 or other locations to which the ink 45 is associated , e . g ., applied to material of the pad itself of an ink pad . also , such nanobomb material 47 could be located within or associated with adhesive material such as labels , tabs , stamps , or the containers themselves , e . g ., envelopes , cartons , boxes , or filler material . a method of detection for parcels is to ensure separation is performed by mechanical equipment prior to directing the sensing devices towards the parcel . the equipment used for processing parcels is more varied but requires that the piece be separated prior to the sortation process . accordingly , hand cancelling 113 and / or a small parcel and bundle sorter 115 can be used as well as understood by those skilled in the art ( see fig1 , 4 , and 6 - 7 ). it is also realistic that different categories of mail can require different sensors 20 or levels of detection . in some cases , the detection will be from the outside of the package , and in some cases , the detection is a process of “ looking through ” the package using traditional contact methods or non - contact methods such as light , x - ray , radio frequency , or sound waves . molecular electronics in various tests have shown that with the creation of “ nano - bombs ” which are molecular size droplets , roughly { fraction ( 1 / 5000 )} the size of the head of a pin which are designed to “ blow - up ” various microscopic enemies , including anthrax and small pox , will render the infected piece harmless . the present invention preferably uses a sensing device or devices 20 that will detect the presence of biological , germ , chemical , or other harmful agents in the handling and processing locations of postal service companies engaged in the distribution or postal industries . this device or devices will detect the presence of these agents on or within the mailpiece when mailpieces or packages are processed on high speed equipment 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 111 , 112 , 115 currently utilized by postal or distribution companies . these systems 15 , 15 ′ advantageously can manage the flow of mail m in such a manner that all mailpieces of unknown origin or deposited by unknown individuals will be processed on postal equipment . this equipment will separate and sense each mailpiece m with the purpose of determining if there is a dangerous or harmful agent deposited on or within the mailpiece m . for example , the system 15 preferably provides an installed sensing device or devices 20 that will detect the presence of biological , germ , chemical , or other harmful agents in mail that is processed on culling and separation equipment . for example , as shown in fig1 , 4 , and 6 - 9 , a sensing device or devices 20 that will detect the presence of harmful biological , germ or chemical agents on or in mail advantageously can be positioned in association with multi - line optical character readers ( mlocr ) equipment 107 , delivery input / output subsystem ( dioss ) equipment otherwise known as optical character reader ( ocr ) equipment , delivery bar code system ( dbcs or mpbcs ) equipment 109 , carrier sequence bar code sorter ( csbcs ) equipment 108 , small parcel and bundle sorter equipment 115 , automated flat sorting ( afsm100 , fsm1000 , fsm881 ) equipment 112 , and / or advanced facer / canceler system ( afcs ) equipment 106 . the present invention also advantageously allows and provides for the creation of procedures 110 , 116 to divert mail to bio - chem inspection procedures ( e . g ., according to new osha rules ) for detection of harmful agents . also , the present invention provides a system 15 which can send a warning or indication such as a bell , light , or signal to evacuate and isolate as well as quarantine a building and automatically call 911 from the machine directly and notify a pre - recorded message once the line picks up stating the address and situation . the system 15 can also advantageously apply a counter - active reaction agent to render the infected mailpiece harmless to humans . as shown in fig1 - 9 and as described herein above , the present invention also advantageously includes methods of detecting and methods of disabling harmful agents associated with pieces of mail m . a method of detecting the presence of a harmful agent associated with mail m preferably includes smell sensing the presence of one of a plurality of harmful agents possibly associated with the contents of mail m by the use of an olfactory device 30 and indicating an alarm condition responsive to the sensed presence of one of a plurality of harmful agents . the olfactory device 30 preferably includes a memory 32 having indications of a plurality of smell sensed conditions stored therein . each of the plurality of smell sensed conditions are preferably indicative of , associated with , or representative of at least one of a plurality of harmful agents . the smell sensing step preferably includes comparing a sensed smell with at least one of the plurality of smell sensed conditions . the present invention also includes a method of disabling a harmful agent associated with a piece of mail m . the method preferably includes applying a harmful agent disabling fluid , e . g ., liquid , gas , mist , or spray , associated with processing mail m to one or more mail pieces , e . g ., to each of or a bundle , group , set , or container of a plurality of mail pieces . the fluid , for example , can advantageously include an ink material and a nanobomb material associated with the ink material . the applying step can then advantageously include applying the ink material having the nanobomb material associated therewith to each of the plurality of mail pieces such as in a cancellation , bar code , marking , or other ink application step associated with processing or handling mail . the present invention further also includes a method of detecting harmful agents associated with a piece of mail m . the method preferably includes positioning at least one harmful agent sensor 20 to be associated with each of a plurality of pieces of mail processing equipment positioned to process a plurality of pieces of mail m , sensing the presence of a harmful agent associated with at least one of the plurality of pieces of mail m , and indicating an alarm condition responsive to the sensed presence of a harmful agent in at least one of the plurality of pieces of mail m . the step of sensing can advantageously include the use of at least one harmful agent sensor 20 as described above . the at least one harmful agent sensor preferably includes at least one of the following : an olfactory device 30 , an ultraviolet device , an infrared device , an x - ray device , a laser device , a radio frequency , device , and a heat sensing device . in the drawings and specification , there have been disclosed a typical preferred embodiment of the invention , and although specific terms are employed , the terms are used in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation . the invention has been described in considerable detail with specific reference to these illustrated embodiments . it will be apparent , however , that various modifications and changes can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the foregoing specification and as defined in the appended claims . | 6 |
the present invention is concerned with the conversion of halogenated carboxylic acid esters to urethane by n alkylation . an alkali metal cyanate is placed in a polar , aprotic solvent , preferably with a relatively high boiling point , and is heated to reaction temperature . lithium -, sodium - or potassium cyanate can be used as alkali metal cyanates , with potassium cyanate being preferred . suitable solvents are , in particular , dimethylformamide , dimethylsulfoxide and methylpyrrolidone , with dimethylformamide being preferred . the reaction should generally be carried out at a temperature of greater than 80 ° c ., and more desirably , at a temperature of greater than 140 ° c . after the metal cyanate is heated , a mixture of halogenated carboxylic acid ester and alcohol is continuously charged while maintaining the reaction temperature until the complete conversion of the halogenated carboxylic acid ester has taken place . in contrast to many reactions described in the literature , an excess of metal cyanate is not needed and , as a result , less waste salt accumulates . the charging of alcohol and alkylation agent takes place during the entire reaction time , preferably in a time span of 0 . 5 to 4 hours and advantageously within 1 . 5 hours . a quantitative conversion to urethane is achieved , e . g ., in the reaction of potassium cyanate with 8 - chlorooctanoic acid ethyl ester and ethanol in dimethylformamide , after 4 hours . this effect was not predictable and represents a distinct improvement over other methods involving the use of chlorine - substituted carboxylic acid esters . an additional advantage of the method of the invention is the fact that it can also be used for longer - chain ω - chlorocarbomic acid esters . in an especially advantageous embodiment , ( 6 - chlorohexyl ) malonic acid diesters are reacted with metal cyanate and alcohol to form the corresponding urethane . this process has the advantage that three hydrolyses and two decarboxylations take place in the following reaction of the 6 -(( alkoxycarbonyl ) amino ) hexylmalonic acid esters with aqueous hydrochloric acid in a single reaction step . as a result , a large number of purification and isolation steps are avoided . thus , the method is especially well suited for large - scale use . metal chloride salt ( e . g ., potassium chloride ) accumulating during the reaction is separated off by filtration . the solvent used is separated from the product by distillation and can be reused in the reaction . urethanes formed can be used in raw form or after purification by distillation . in so far as a recycling of the organic solvent can be eliminated , the saponification can be performed even without a previous separation of the organic solvent by distillation . the hydrolysis of the urethanes produced by alkylation may be performed by placing the reactants in a receiver , without solvent if possible , and heating them to a reaction temperature of approximately 30 - 120 ° c . then acid , e . g ., aqueous hydrochloric acid , is charged and the reaction mixture heated further to 100 ° c . the aqueous hydrochloric acid should typically be in a 4 to 8 - fold excess and in a concentration of 10 - 37 %. in general , about a 6 - fold excess and a concentration of 15 - 20 % is preferred . the charging of the hydrochloric acid takes place over a period of 0 . 5 to 3 hours , and , advantageously , within 1 . 5 hours . during the hydrolysis , the urethane and the ester group are split in one step . carbon dioxide is produced as waste gas and may be used to follow the reaction . after complete conversion , the water present is spun out , e . g ., with the aid of an entraining agent , during which excess hydrochloric acid is also removed . suitable entraining agents include cyclohexane , ethylcyclohexane and toluene , with cyclohexane being preferred . during the spinning out of the water , the product precipitates as a solid . the isolation of the product takes place by filtration and a subsequent wash . alternatively , the amino acid can be isolated from aqueous solution ion - exchange methods well known in the art . if a ( 6 - chlorohexyl ) malonic acid diester is reacted to urethane , the non - decarboxylated ( 6 - amino hexyl ) malonic acid is obtained after hydrolysis , spinning out of water and separation of the entraining agent . when this compound is heated in substance or in a high - boiling solvent to above 130 - 150 ° c ., the desired 8 - amino octanoic acid hydrochloride precipitates as a solid after another decarboxylation . in contrast to many methods described in the art , the hydrolysis of the urethanes as described herein takes place without the addition of formic acid . in the case of the production of ω - amino carboxylic acids , complete conversion is achieved after only 3 hours . in the case of carboxylic acids substituted by chlorine , the method permits an exchange of chlorine atoms by a group carrying nitrogen in a surprisingly simple manner , and in a time frame and yield acceptable for a large - scale process . it should be recognized that even racemates of chiral amino acids can be obtained with the method in as far as a stereocenter is reconstructed by the reaction . the racemate can then be split into the individual enantiomers in a manner well known in the art . methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , butyl , isobutyl , sec - butyl , tert - butyl , pentyl , hexyl , heptyl or octyl plus all bond isomers are to be regarded as ( c 1 - c 8 ) alkyl . the groups can be simply or multiply substituted with heteroatoms such as n , p , s , o or uninterrupted . an aromatic group with 6 to 18 c atoms is to be understood under the term “ a ( c 6 - c 18 ) aryl group .” this includes , in particular , compounds such as phenyl -, naphthyl -, anthryl -, phenanthryl - and biphenyl groups . the aromatics can be simply or multiply substituted with ( c 1 - c 8 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 8 ) haloalkyl , oh , cl , nh 2 , no 2 . moreover , they can comprise one or more heteroatoms such as n , o , s . ( c 1 - c 8 ) alkoxy is a ( c 1 - c 8 ) alkyl group bound via an oxygen atom to the contemplated molecule . a ( c 7 - c 19 ) aralkyl group is defined as a ( c 6 - c 18 ) aryl group bound via a ( c 1 - c 8 ) alkyl group to the molecule . ( c 1 - c 8 ) haloalkyl is a ( c 1 - c 8 ) alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms . chlorine , fluorine and bromine are examples of halogen atoms that may be used . a ( c 3 - c 18 ) heteroaryl group is defined as a five -, six - or seven - member aromatic ring system of 3 to 18 c atoms that comprises heteroatoms such as , e . g ., nitrogen , oxygen or sulfur in the ring . in particular , groups such as 1 -, 2 -, 3 - furyl , 1 -, 2 -, 3 - pyrolyl , 1 -, 2 -, 3 - thienyl , 2 -, 3 -, 4 - pyridyl , 2 -, 3 -, 4 -, 5 -, 6 -, 7 - indolyl , 3 -, 4 -, 5 - pyrazolyl , 2 -, 4 -, 5 - imidazolyl , acridinyl , chinolinyl , phenanthridinyl , 2 -, 4 -, 5 -, 6 - pyrimidinyl are suitable heteroaromatics . they can be simply or multiply substituted with ( c 1 - c 8 ) alkoxy , ( c 1 - c 8 ) haloalkyl , oh , halogen , nh 2 , no 2 , sh , or s —( c 1 - c 8 ) alkyl . a ( c 4 - c 19 ) heteroaralkyl denotes a heteroaromatic system corresponding to the ( c 7 - c 19 ) aralkyl group . ( c 3 - c 8 ) cycloalkyl denotes cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl groups . the chemical structures presented refer to all possible stereoisomers that can be achieved by altering the configuration of the individual chiral centers , axes or planes . thus , the structures include all possible diastereomers as well as all optical isomers ( enantiomers ). 1 . 5 moles of potassium cyanate are placed in 750 ml dimethylformamide and heated to 140 ° c . then , a mixture of 1 . 5 moles of 8 - chlorooctanoic acid ethyl ester and 1 . 65 moles ethanol are charged in over a period of 1 hour . the mixture is agitated 3 more hours at 140 ° c ., until conversion is complete . the precipitated potassium chloride is filtered off and excess dimethylformamide is removed on a rotary evaporator under vacuum . the raw product obtained in this manner is placed in a receiver at 100 ° c . without further cleaning and without solvent . then , a mixture of 887 g of concentrated hcl and 162 g water is charged over a period of 1 . 5 hours . after complete conversion ( approximately 3 hours ), cyclohexane is added , water spun out and the precipitated solid filtered off . after multiple washings and dryings of the product in a vacuum , the hydrochloride of 8 - amino octanoic acid is obtained as a white , crystalline solid ( melting point : 141 - 144 ° c .) with 80 % yield . all references cited herein are fully incorporated by reference . having now fully described the invention , it will be understood by those of skill in the art that the invention may be performed within a wide and equivalent range conditions , parameters and the like , without affecting the spirit or scope of the invention or any embodiment thereof . | 2 |
in one embodiment , the interactive featured product catalog may be recorded on an optical read - only disc in a conventional dvd (“ digital versatile disc ” format ( preferably either as a separate track on the dvd containing a movie in which the featured products have been placed , or a separate disc that is shipped with the movie ), and is playable on a dedicated dvd player or computer equipped to read dvd - rom &# 39 ; s . in other embodiments , it is stored on a conventional magnetic storage medium such as the hard drive of a personal computer or cached in one or more networked servers , and is accessible by a home computer . the user can utilize either the dvd player controller or computer mouse to point to each button , and click the enter button or mouse button , respectively . as shown in fig1 upon being welcomed to the catalog at the welcome screen , the user clicks on next button 10 which presents the user with the main product selection menu of fig2 . if the interactive catalog is on the same disc as the movie , a play movie button ( not shown ) can also be included on the main menu to begin ( or return to ) the movie . once the product selection menu of fig2 has been selected , choosing select by scene ( for example by using the arrow or tab keys to highlight button 11 and then pressing the enter key ), results in navigation to the product selection by scene submenu shown in fig3 in which the user is presented with scene thumbnails 14 containing products used within the movie , choosing a specific scene button 14 presents the user with the corresponding product selection by scene display as shown in fig4 . the user can view additional scene buttons 14 by choosing next button 10 . choosing main menu button 13 returns user to the main product selection menu of fig2 . from the product selection by scene display of fig4 the user can choose a product name button 15 from the product information in scene list 16 corresponding to numerical identification 17 within the scene picture 18 . choosing a product name button 15 or numerical identification 17 presents the selected product &# 39 ; s product information display as shown in fig5 . the user is presented a product picture 19 and a product information area 20 containing manufacturer / marketing information specific to the chosen product , and a visit product website button 21 to be used to buy the depicted product and / or access further product information from the internet , as will be later described in more detail with reference to fig9 . the user can also view the catalog and access information about selected featured products by choosing select by category button 12 , which is shown highlighted in fig6 . choosing select by category button 12 presents the user with the product selection by category submenu shown in fig7 . the user can navigate over each available category button , for example the highlighted bicycles button 22 . choosing a category button 22 presents the product selection of category display shown in fig8 . the user can view and choose a desired product by selecting product button 23 . as described previously , the user can return to fig2 by choosing main menu button 13 , and can view additional product buttons 23 by choosing next button 10 or can review previous product buttons 23 within the same product category by choosing back button 14 . if there are no more products in that product category , next button 10 can advance the user to the next category on the category list 26 and / or back button 24 can return the user to the previous category on list 26 . choosing a product button 23 presents the selected product &# 39 ; s product information display as has already been described with reference to fig5 . the operation of the visit product website button 21 ( fig5 ) will now be described in more detail with reference to the connectivity flow chart of fig9 . in particular , choosing visit product website button 21 when viewing the product display 25 ( shown in more detail in fig5 ) of catalog storage media 26 from a dvd - compatible computer ( or other dvd - compatible device with internet access capability ) links the user from catalog storage media item 26 to an external transfer link server 27 which records each such user access attempt on a click ( hit ) counter 28 associated with that product and directs the user to the corresponding manufacturer &# 39 ; s product website 29 . the overall organization of the interactive catalog is illustrated in fig1 . the welcome screen 30 ( fig1 ) leads to a main menu 31 ( fig2 ). main menu 31 in turn branches into the previously described selection by category submenu ( fig7 ) or the previously described selection by scene submenu 33 ( fig3 ), the latter via an option intermediate scene range submenu 34 , in the event the interactive catalog 26 includes so many different scenes that it is not practical for the user to advance through all the scene submenus ( fig3 ) by means of next button 10 . from the product selection by scene submenu 33 , the user advances to the product selection in scene display 35 ( fig4 ) and then to the product information display 36 ( fig5 ). if instead the user has chosen to proceed via product selection by category submenu 32 , the user advances to the selection of product within category submenu 37 ( fig8 ) and thence to the selected product display 36 . similarly , in the event the interactive catalog 26 includes products featured only in deleted scenes , or not otherwise readily identifiable in the movie , main menu 31 may also include a branch to an alternate range selection submenu 38 leading to an alternative product selection submenu 39 ( for example , a product selection by scene menu similar to that of fig3 but displaying only selected deleted scenes ) which in turn leads to the selected product information display 36 . a similar alternate submenu process may be used to include related products and services ( for example , hotels , cruise ships , entertainment venues , designer goods , sporting goods , other entertainment productions and / or leisure and recreational activities ) not actually featured in the movie , but having an ongoing relationship or sponsorship with the movie &# 39 ; s producer , or otherwise intimately involved in the production . regardless of which branch is used to enter the product information display 36 , the user may either merely make a note of the displayed information , or if the catalog 26 is mounted on a device connected to the internet , the user may use the visit product web page button 21 to link to an external manufacturer &# 39 ; s webpage 29 via an interactive catalog hyperlink server 27 , as described previously with respect to fig9 . an exemplary process for creating an interactive featured product catalog will now be described with reference to fig1 . once a movie ( or television show , or other recorded event ) has been produced ( block 50 ) and a copy has been stored ( block 52 ) on a suitable digital medium ( such as dlt tape ), scenes with one or more placed products are extracted ( block 54 ) and cropped or otherwise edited ( block 56 ) to highlight the featured product ( s ). conventional dvd creation software may then be used to construct ( block 58 ) the menu structure ( fig1 ) and place the previously edited frames into that structure ( block 60 ), with the output of the dvd creation software being recorded ( block 62 ) onto dlt tape or other suitable digital medium for subsequent distribution . if the interactive catalog 26 is to be internet enabled , the server and internet links are defined and appropriate internet hyperlinks are integrated ( block 64 ) into the product information frames . two exemplary product placement methodologies will now described , one optimized for the motion picture sector and the other for the television sector . those skilled in the art will doubtless realized that variations of the described technology may be used for specific projects and / or for other industry sectors . moreover , although the described process assumes an interactive catalog that is created and distributed using digital editing and recording processes , and published in the form of tangible digital media ( such as a digital versatile disk ), those skilled in the art will doubtless be able to adapt the described process to other modes of production and distribution . the product placement process begins as in the prior art , with a concept / treatment / story board / script for an entertainment production , from which production designs ( including casts , sets , costumes and other properties , special effects ), schedules and budgets are formulated . as part of the budgeting process , one aspect of breaking down a script is to determine what props , costumes , and locations are called for in the script and the cost impact they will have on the budget . the product placement department reviews the script and set design components to determine potential companies that can be approached for placing their products in the movie as props , etc thereby reducing the production cost and increasing the eventual profitability of the project . in particular , the product placement department can now approach manufacturers for any item / product called for in the script or used within the design of a set . every product used in the creation of a movie , including those easily overlooked , for example — all floor coverings and all wall coverings ( including paint )— are now potential product placement items . depending on the agreements made between the studio / production company and the manufacturers , agreed upon fees may be paid to the studio / production company prior to the theatrical release of the movie . the movie is made and released theatrically , and any agreed promotional campaigns or tie - ins are executed . the initial theatrical release may be limited to the united states with release to foreign markets at a later time , or may be released domestically and internationally at the same time , with a subsequent re - release on video / dvd , pay - per - view , and other ancillary markets . alternatively , the theatrical release may be skipped entirely , and with the movie be released directly to one or more of those ancillary markets . although the video / dvd release of a movie may be advertised , often it is not , and the promotional campaigns and tie - in campaigns are non - existent because new promotional and tie - in campaigns are being waged at the theatrical release level for other new movies being released . in the specific example of a movie that is released ( or re - released ) on dvd , a separate dvd disc containing the digital interactive motion picture product catalog created uniquely for that movie may be included in the dvd box for both sales and rental , that showcases the specific products placed in the accompanying movie . alternatively , the catalog could be a separate track ( or “ title ”) on the same dvd as the movie , or could be published electronically over the internet at a website url identified on the dvd or its packaging possibly with a hyperlink that automatically connects the viewer to the interactive catalog . a similar electronic publication approach could also be employed for movies that are distributed over cable on a pay per view basis , or even during the original theatrical release , especially for high budget productions that are promoted on a dedicated website . the website could be located by conventional means such as displaying the url at the end of the movie or by making it available to search engines , or , if the viewer has selected the movie from an on screen menu , that same menu could direct the viewer to the corresponding product placement site . regardless of the medium and mode of distribution , the viewer / consumer is able to review the interactive catalog of products used and obtain enough pertinent information about the product ( s ), so as to empower the consumer to purchase said product ( s ) from a local vendor ; or purchase the desired product ( s ) directly from the manufacturers &# 39 ; web site , provided the web site has the capability to allow consumers to purchase products through said web site . as previously described with reference to fig9 contained in the digital interactive motion picture product catalog for each product are unique internet links that allow the consumer to directly interact with the product / manufacturer internet web site . these links are active anytime the consumer viewing the catalog dvd does so using any dvd device capable of internet connectivity . these unique links contained in the digital interactive motion picture product catalog provide a means to track the amount of internet traffic site by site , that is generated by persons using the digital interactive motion picture product catalog to access the product / manufacturer web site . by including the interactive catalog with all the published videos featuring a particular movie , product information contained therein is readily accessible to prospective consumers for as long as the video rental stores stock that movie , and / or for as long as the video purchaser keeps that movie in his / her home collection . similarly , the associated websites and links unique to that movie &# 39 ; s product placements may be maintained for a prolonged period of time with only minimal maintenance costs , which will typically be absorbed by the manufacturers of the placed products . this affords the consumer the ability to conveniently review and get current information for any product used in the corresponding movie years after the movie &# 39 ; s release , and affords the manufacturer an effective , abiding , focused impact per product for advertising dollars spent . a similar procedure can be used in the television sector , at least for those shows which are subsequently released on video and dvd . when these shows are released to video / dvd for rent and for sale , the digital interactive motion picture product catalog creates a “ backend ” revenue stream that can be capitalized upon using product placement . accordingly , in the development phase of television programs , especially for those shows that are likely to be released to video / dvd , the product placement department can now approach manufacturers for any item / product called for in the script or used within the design of a set and plan for an eventual accompanying interactive catalog of placed products and services . every product used in the creation of a television show , including those easily overlooked , for example — all floor coverings and all wall coverings ( including paint )— are now potential product placement items . depending on the agreements made between the television studio / network and the manufacturers , agreed upon fees can be paid to the television studio / network prior to the broadcast release of the television show for inclusion of manufacturers &# 39 ; products in the digital interactive motion picture catalog that will be released when the television show is released to video / dvd . this can be particularly beneficial to the television studio / television network for programs such as , but not limited to : mini - series ( commercial television ); mini - series ( commercial cable / satellite television ); mini - series ( premium cable / satellite television )— and for ongoing series ( commercial television ), ongoing series ( commercial cable / satellite television ); ongoing series ( premium cable / satellite television ). alternatively , the interactive catalog can be located on an internet website , linked not only to any subsequent video re - releases , but also to the original broadcast , for example by means of a hyperlink embodied in an interactive listing of television programs distributed by a cable operator , or via a sponsored link in an electronic program guide on the internet . | 6 |
the present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings , in which illustrative embodiments of the invention are shown . this invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein ; rather , these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete , and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art . like numbers refer to like elements throughout . as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art , the present invention may be embodied as a method , data processing system , or computer program product . accordingly , the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects all generally referred to herein as a “ circuit ” or “ module .” furthermore , the present invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer - usable storage medium having computer - usable program code embodied in the medium . any suitable computer readable medium may be utilized including hard disks , cd - roms , optical storage devices , a transmission media such as those supporting the internet or an intranet , or magnetic storage devices . computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in an object oriented programming language such as java7 , smalltalk or c ++. however , the computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may also be written in conventional procedural programming languages , such as the “ c ” programming language . the program code may execute entirely on the user &# 39 ; s computer , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer , as a stand - alone software package , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer . in the latter scenario , the remote computer may be connected to the user &# 39 ; s computer through a local area network ( lan ) or a wide area network ( wan ), or the connection may be made to an external computer ( for example , through the internet using an internet service provider ). the present invention is described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods , apparatus ( systems ) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention . it will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , can be implemented by computer program instructions . these computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer , special purpose computer , or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine , such that the instructions , which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus , create means for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . these computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer - readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner , such that the instructions stored in the computer - readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function / act specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . fig1 and the associated description represent an example of a suitable computing environment 100 in which the present invention may be implemented . the computer 100 has different layers of functionality that are built on top of each other to cooperatively operate . a hardware layer 102 includes the hardware resources in the computer 100 . the operating system layer 104 runs in conjunction with the hardware layer 102 and interconnects the hardware layer 102 with a software layer 106 . the software layer 106 contains the functionality with which a user interacts . the hardware layer 102 contains the physical components of the computer 100 and includes a central processing unit ( cpu ) 108 , a memory 110 , an input / output interface 114 and a bus 112 . the cpu 108 , the memory 110 and the input / output interface 114 are connected with one another via the bus 112 . the input / output interface 114 is configured so that it can be connected to an input / output unit 116 . the cpu 108 can be a commercially available cpu or a customized cpu suitable for operations described herein . other variations of the cpu 108 can include a plurality of cpus interconnected to coordinate various operations and functions . the computer 100 serves as an apparatus for performing the present method by the cpu 108 executing the present invention . the operating system layer 104 includes an operating system 118 that interfaces with the physical components in the hardware layer 102 . the operating system 118 may reside in the memory 110 , be executed by the cpu 108 and take advantage of the bus 112 to interact with other components in the hardware layer 102 . in the present invention the operating system 118 under consideration is aix ( advanced ibm unix ). the software layer 106 includes an execution environment 120 that transforms program code 122 supplied by a user into a form that can be executed by the computer 100 . the execution environment 120 includes a compiler 124 that accepts the program code 122 and translates it into an intermediate form . if the program code 122 is written in the java programming language , this intermediate form is bytecode . a virtual machine 126 in the execution environment 120 includes a just in time ( jit ) compiler 128 . the virtual machine 126 obtains the intermediate form of the program code 122 and provides it to the jit compiler 128 to generate machine instructions for execution of the code on the computer 100 . during production of the machine code from bytecode , the instructions that involve accessing an element of an array are identified and appropriate checks are inserted into the machine code . these checks include a null check to check the value of a reference to the array ( i . e . does the reference exist ) and an array bounds check to check the index of the element ( i . e . is the index for the element actually in the array ). the virtual machine 126 retains the state of the program code 122 during execution including an indication of all data and class definitions that have been loaded into the execution environment 120 . the present invention is incorporated in the jit compiler 128 which may be embodied in a program stored in , for example , the memory 110 . alternatively , the present invention may be recorded on any type of recording medium such as a magnetic disk or an optical disk . the present invention recorded on such a recording medium may be loaded to the memory 110 of the computer 100 via the input / output unit 116 ( e . g . a disk drive ). fig2 illustrates a method 200 in the jit compiler 128 of modifying a null check and an array bounds check of an access for an array during compiling . during compiling the jit compiler 128 detects an instruction that involves accessing an array element in the bytecode in step 202 . the instruction to access the array element is examined to determine if there is a null check and an array bounds check for the array element access associated with the instruction in step 204 . initially , all array access have an associated null check and array bounds check ; however , during processing some of these checks may be removed . if there is a null check and array bounds check for the array element access , as determined in step 204 , then step 206 determines whether or not there is an operation performed between the null check and the array bounds check that can cause an error . such an operation can include other checking operations , for example , a check to determine if the value of a divisor is zero . if there are multiple checks performed for the array access then the order of each check is pre - determined , such as by the virtual machine 126 . during compilation , optimizations occur that involve moving operations . however , if errors occur , they should occur in the original order of the operations . in the case of an array access , the reference to the array happens first and therefore the null check is performed first . the intervening operations that are considered in step 206 may be any operation that has the potential to cause an error . if there is no intervening operation between the null check and array bounds check that can cause an error then the null check is removed from the bytecode in step 208 . error handling for the array bounds check is modified in step 210 to add instructions to perform a null check . the error handling for the array bounds check may be modified to include the null check instructions or runtime code supporting the array bounds check may be modified . the null check functions are incorporated into the error handling for the array bounds check such if that the primary consideration ( i . e . is the index in the array ) fails then the null check is performed . that is , the null check is only performed in the event of an error for the array bounds check . since any errors that are generated should be issued as if the checks had never been modified , an error for the array bounds check is not immediately issued if the index for the access of the array is outside the bounds of the array . instead , the null check is performed and a null check error is issued if the check failed . only after the null check has been successfully performed can an array bounds check error be issued . the modification of the array bounds check error handling in step 210 may also be implemented by creating data that enables the virtual machine 126 to correctly handle any error created by the array bounds check and null check . the address of the array bounds check instructions is associated with the array address in step 212 . such an association may be provided by using a table that includes the address of the array bounds check instructions and the array address . the association may be realized via a table storing the address of the array bounds check instruction with the array address . for example , the array may be stored in a specific register location in the cpu 108 ( e . g . at the array bounds check instruction sequence ), thus the array address may be stored in an identified register . after the array bounds check instructions address is associated with the array address or if there was no null check and array bounds check in the bytecode or if there is an intervening operation that causes an error then other processing in the jit compiler 128 continues in step 214 . fig3 illustrates a method 300 of performing the modified array bounds check with the null check during execution of the bytecode . an instruction involving accessing an array is detected in step 302 . the array size is assessed in step 304 . the array size may be stored , for example , in registers in the cpu 108 , and accessed for step 304 . if the array size is null , as determined in step 304 , then the address of the current array bounds check instruction is determined in step 306 . the address of the array is determined in step 308 . if the address of the array is null , as determined in step 310 , then a null reference error is set in step 312 . the null address indicates that the array given by the address does not exist . the virtual machine 126 may handle the null reference error according to standard error handling techniques . for example , the virtual machine 126 may halt execution of the program code at the point of the error and resume execution at some other specified point . if the address of the array is not null , as determined in step 310 then an array bounds error is set in step 314 . the virtual machine 126 may handle the array bounds error according to standard error handling techniques . after the array bounds error has been set or if the element index was greater than null , as determined in step 304 , then other processing continues in step 316 . steps 306 - 314 handle an error condition for the array bounds check . in an exemplary implementation of the present invention , steps 302 , 304 and 316 may be performed during execution of the program code 122 whereas steps 306 - 314 may be performed by the virtual machine 126 when an array bounds check fails during execution . fig4 illustrates a system 400 in the jit compiler 128 for modifying the null check and the array bounds check according to an embodiment of the present invention . the system 400 comprises a controller 402 , an array detection mechanism 404 , a null check modification mechanism 406 , an array bounds check mechanism 408 , an intervener mechanism 410 and a check association mechanism 416 . the controller 402 coordinates processing by the other components of the system 400 to facilitate the process for modifying and performing the null checks and array bounds checks . the array detection mechanism 404 detects accessing of an array in the bytecode and produces an indication of such for the controller 402 . the intervener mechanism 410 examines the array access to determine if an operation that can potentially cause an error is to be performed between the null check and an array bounds check . if no such intervening operation exists then the intervener mechanism 410 provides the array access to the null check modification mechanism 406 via the controller 402 where the null check for the array access is removed . the controller 402 provides the array access to the array bounds check mechanism 408 . the array bounds check mechanism 408 comprises an address mechanism 416 , a null check addition mechanism 412 and an error issue mechanism 414 all of which collectively function to modify the array bounds check error handling to perform both the array bounds check and the null check functions . the array bounds check mechanism 408 modifies the handling of array bounds check errors . the address mechanism 416 obtains the address of the array and the current array bounds check instructions . the null check addition mechanism 412 adds a null check to the array bounds check to include a determination of whether the array reference is null or has a real value . the error issue mechanism 414 modifies the array bounds check error handling such that if an array bounds check fails then a null check is performed prior to the array bounds check error being issued . only if the null check passes is the array bounds check error issued , otherwise a null check error issues . the check association mechanism 420 provides an association between an address of the array bounds check instructions and the array address . it is apparent to one skilled in the art that numerous modifications and departures from the specific embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below . in the interest of clarity , not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification . it will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment , numerous implementation - specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers &# 39 ; specific goals , such as compliance with system - related and business - related constraints , which will vary from one implementation to another . moreover , it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time - consuming , but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure . the anterior lumbar interbody implant disclosed herein boasts a variety of inventive features and components that warrant patent protection , both individually and in combination . the implant consists of a top surface and a bottom surface , an anterior height and a posterior height , and a fusion aperture defined by an anterior wall , a posterior wall , and first and second lateral walls . in one embodiment , the anterior height of the body is greater than the posterior height of the body , such that the top surface creates a posterior - to - anterior angle relative to the horizontal axis . the implant anterior wall may have a central drive screw aperture and a plurality of bone fastener apertures . in one embodiment , there will be two upper bone fastener apertures and two lower bone fastener apertures , designed to receive bone fasteners . in the one embodiment the bone fasteners are spikes . as best appreciated in fig1 , and 8 , the upper spike apertures 116 pass through the anterior side 114 at an angle such that when the spikes 140 are inserted into the upper spike apertures 116 , they extend from the implant 110 at an angle and penetrate into the vertebral body superior to the implant 110 . by way of example only , the upper spike apertures 116 may be angled such that the spikes 140 penetrate into the vertebral body at an angle between 35 and 55 degrees , and preferably 45 degrees . lower spike apertures 118 also pass through the anterior side 114 at an angle , but in the opposite direction of the upper spike apertures 116 . thus , when the spike 140 is inserted into the lower spike apertures 118 , it extends from the implant 110 at an angle and penetrates the vertebral body inferior to the implant 110 . by way of example , the lower spike apertures 118 may be angled such that the lower spikes 140 penetrate into the vertebral body at an angle between 35 and 55 degrees , and preferably 45 degrees . the lateral spike apertures 116 , 118 may also be angled such that the distal end of the spikes 140 diverge away from each other . by way of example , the nail apertures may be oriented such that the spikes are angled laterally between 5 and 15 degrees , and preferably 12 degrees . the medial spike apertures 116 , 118 may also be angled such that the distal end of the spikes 140 diverge away from each other . by way of example , the spike apertures may be oriented such that the spikes are angled laterally between 5 and 15 degrees , and preferably 10 degrees . as demonstrated in fig1 - 3 , a drive screw aperture 120 extends through the anterior wall into the implant . the drive screw aperture 120 is located at the midpoint of the anterior wall 114 and , according to one embodiment , is threaded to receive the drive screw . in one embodiment , the drive screw aperture extends from the anterior wall into a medial support 112 extending from the anterior wall to the posterior wall . the medial support 112 is defined by a top and bottom surface , a first and second lateral wall , the anterior and posterior wall of the implant body , and has a threaded aperture to accommodate the drive screw 130 . the drive screw aperture 120 is centered along a horizontal axis that extends from the mid - point of the anterior wall to the mid - point of the posterior wall . the body of the drive screw , when in the final locked position , is fully contained within the implant . the spikes may be connected to the drive screw by any method such that the spikes may be advanced into the implant without the spikes rotating while turning the drive screw into the implant . the use of a collar around the neck of the drive screw or an intermediary plate is contemplated , but any composition may be used to achieve this purpose . as best seen in fig6 and 7 , the spikes are flexibly connected to the intermediary plate 150 and the intermediary plate has a central aperture 154 through which the drive screw can rotate freely . the intermediary plate consists of an anterior surface and a posterior surface . the anterior surface is smooth to reduce abrasion with the spinal anatomy . the posterior surface 152 has features to hold the heads of the bone nails and is designed to interface with the anterior surface of the implant . in one embodiment , the posterior surface has four sockets 156 to hold the heads of four spikes in a ball and socket configuration . the intermediary plate can be of any shape and size , but the preferred embodiment is such that the intermediary plate matches the shape of the anterior side of the implant and has minimal thickness , while maintaining structural integrity . with reference to fig5 , there is shown a spike 140 for use with the spinal fusion implant 110 . the spike 140 has a shaft 142 , a head 144 , and may have a neck or rim 148 . the head is such that it can be flexibly or rigidly connected to the intermediary plate . as seen in fig7 , in one embodiment , the head of the spike 144 is connected to the intermediary plate with a ball and socket joint . the spike head 144 may act as the ball in the ball joint . the spike is of a material sufficiently flexible to expand from a fully sheathed position prior to implant to an expanded position at the angle of the implant bone nail aperture when fully deployed . while the spike material is flexible enough to expand through the bone , it also must be rigid enough such that it can penetrate the superior and inferior vertebral processes with minimal deformity . with reference to fig4 , there is shown a drive screw 130 for use with the spinal fusion implant 110 . the drive screw has a head 134 , a threaded shaft 132 , and may have a neck separating the head and shaft . the drive screw head 134 further comprises a rim 136 and a tooling recess / engagement mechanism 138 , for engaging an insertion tool . the body of the drive screw will fit through the intermediary plate aperture and the diameter of the rim 136 is slightly larger than the diameter of the intermediary plate aperture such that the drive screw head 134 cannot fully pass through the intermediary plate aperture . the drive screw 130 draws the intermediary plate with it as the drive screw enters the implant and holds the plate to the implant , by way of the rim 136 , when in the final locked position . as appreciated in fig8 , when in the final locked position , the drive screw holds the intermediary plate to the implant and is fully inserted in the implant . with the intermediary plate connected to the implant , the spikes will protrude from the bone fastener apertures such that they extend superior and inferior to the implant to engage vertebral bodies through the endplates , fixing the implant in place . the present invention may include a plurality of inserters which provide the user with a suite of choices for implanting the implant 110 . according to a broad aspect of the present invention , the insertion instruments are capable of gripping and releasing the implant and screwing the drive screw into the implant . as described in fig9 - 14 , one embodiment of the insertion instrument consists of a handle , an outer elongated tubular shaft , an intermediary inserter shaft , an inner drive shaft , two thumbwheels , and gripping elements . the handle 178 is generally disposed at the proximal end of the insertion instrument 170 . the handle 178 may be further equipped with a universal connector 188 to allow the attachment of accessories for ease of handling of the insertion instrument 170 ( e . g . a straight handle , or a t - handle , not shown ). the handle 178 is fixed to the thumbwheel housing 180 allowing easy handling by the user . by way of example , the thumbwheel housing 180 holds the two thumbwheels 190 , a set screw 192 , and at least one spacer 194 . because the handle 178 is fixed , the user has easy access to the thumbwheels 190 and can stably turn the thumbwheels 190 relative to the thumbwheel housing 180 . additionally , the relative orientation of the thumbwheel housing 180 to the handle 178 orients the user with respect to the distal insertion head 186 . the inserter shaft 184 is attached to one of the thumbwheels 190 and is freely rotatable with low friction due to the spacer 194 . the inner drive shaft 185 is attached to the other thumbwheel and is freely rotatable with low friction due to a spacer . the user may then employ the first thumbwheel 190 to rotate the inserter shaft 184 thereby advancing it towards distal inserter head 186 . the user may employ the second thumbwheel to rotate the drive shaft , thereby turning drive the drive screw into the implant . best seen in fig1 and 13 , the outer elongated tubular shaft 182 is generally cylindrical and of a length sufficient to allow the device to span from the surgical target site to a location sufficiently outside the patient &# 39 ; s body so the handle 178 and thumbwheel housing 180 can be easily accessed by a clinician or a complimentary controlling device . the elongated tubular shaft 182 is dimensioned to receive a spring 196 and the proximal ends of both the inserter shaft 184 and the inner drive shaft 185 into the inner bore 188 of the elongate tubular element 182 . fig9 - 14 detail an insertion instrument 170 according to a first embodiment of the present invention , preferably adapted for insertion from an anterior approach . the distal inserter head 186 is comprised of a fixed inserter base 202 extending generally perpendicularly from gripping arm to rotate in relation to the actuating member 204 . each lateral channel 218 is sized and dimensioned such that the lateral aspect of each gripping arm 206 is seated within the lateral channel 218 . the central protrusion 220 is sized and dimensioned to be slideably received by central slot 214 on the inserter base 202 . as the central protrusion 220 of the actuating member 204 is being advanced by the inserter shaft 184 , it travels along the appropriate path within the central slot 214 . the two gripping arms 206 each contain a laterally - disposed guide post 222 , a medially - disposed pivot pin 224 , and a terminal engagement hook 226 . gripping arms 206 are seated within the inserter base 202 via the lateral channels 212 and seated within the actuating member 204 via the lateral channels 218 . gripping arms 206 are attached to the actuating member 204 via the pivot pins 224 received within the pin - receiving apertures 216 on the actuating member 204 . the gripping arms 206 are pivotably disposed within the fixed inserter base 202 via the guide posts 222 positioned within the guide slots 210 . the rotation of the first thumbwheel 190 in the clockwise direction causes the inserter shaft 184 to retreat within the elongate tube member 182 , which will result in pulling the actuating member 204 closer towards the inserter base 202 . this movement will cause the gripping arms 206 to pivot about the pivot pins 224 of the gripping arms 206 . when the inserter shaft 184 is fully retracted within the elongate tubular member 182 and the actuating member 204 has reached a final position with the inserter base 202 , the gripping arms 206 are releaseably engaged to the spinal fusion implant 110 such that the insertion instrument 170 is stabilized relative to the spinal fusion implant 110 . once the implant 110 has been successfully inserted into the disc space , the second thumbwheel 190 is rotated , thereby drive the drive screw and bone nails into the implant 110 . once the drive screw is fully inserted into the implant , the first thumbwheel is rotated in a counter clockwise direction , thereby de - coupling the inserter from the implant . according to a broad aspect , the inner drive shaft may be comprised of an elongate shaft portion 302 coupled to a distal drive portion 304 . the distal end of the guided straight driver 312 is placed within the drive screw engagement mechanism 138 . the rotation of the thumbwheel 190 in the clockwise direction causes the driver 312 to advance within the inserter shaft 184 and drives the screw 126 into the implant . it is expected that a standard anterior approach to the spine is performed per surgeon preference . an annulotomy template is placed onto the disc space and a centering pin is placed , penetrating the annulus at the midline . the centering pin may have a length of between 10 and 25 mm , preferably 20 mm . anterior - posterior fluoroscopy may be used to verify midline placement of the centering pin . additionally , lateral fluoroscopy may be used to check depth . a surgical knife is used to cut the annulus , using the lateral edges of the annulotomy template as a guide . additionally , if the spinal fusion implant is to be further used as a partial vertebral body replacement , the necessary resections may also be made to the vertebral body or bodies . a desired trial may be implanted into the annulotomy cut and gently impacted into the disc space such that it is subflush , preferably approximately 2 mm from the anterior lip of the vertebral body . the implant corresponding to the appropriate trial side should be selected and attached to the proper size implant inserter ( as described above ), and filled with an appropriate graft material . the implant is gently impacted into the disc space . lateral fluoroscopy may be used to confirm proper implant placement . once the implant is placed , the screw is driven into the implant and the nails are driven into the superior and inferior vertebral processes . while the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms , specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail . it should be understood , however , that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed , but on the contrary , the invention is to cover all modifications , equivalents , and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined herein . | 0 |
in fig1 and 2 , reference numeral 1 denotes a casing of a terminal crimping device a which is generally composed of a base 2 and opposite side plates 3 thereof . above the opposite side plates 3 , a servo motor 4 having a reduction gear 5 is mounted thereto to extend rearwardly thereof . said reduction gear 5 has an output shaft 6 which is secured to a disk 7 having an eccentric pin ( crank shaft ) 8 . there is provided a crank rod 9 having an upper end pivotally attached to the eccentric pin 8 . said crank rod 9 further has a lower end again pivotally attached to a ram 11 via a pin shaft 10 . said ram 11 is loaded within ram guides 12 attached to the inner walls of the opposite side plates 3 such that the ram 11 is adapted to slide upwardly and downwardly therebetween . thus , the disk 7 , the crank rod 9 and the ram guides 12 constitute a piston / crank mechanism b . the ram 11 is formed with an engagement recess 13 at an underside thereof such that an engagement head 16 formed in the crimper holder 15 attached to the crimper 14 is removably engaged in the engagement recess 13 . immediately beneath the crimper 14 , there is set an anvil 17 mounted on the base 2 in opposite relation to the crimper 14 . the numeral 18 denotes guide plates for guiding the crimper holder 15 which are secured to the inner faces of the side plates 3 by way of brackets ( not shown ). the servo motor 4 is adapted to rotate forwardly and backwardly such that the piston / crank mechanism b causes the ram 11 pivotally attached to the crank rod 9 and , thus , the crimper 14 to descend and ascend , the motor 4 being connected to the driver 34 which controls the operation thereof . a reference data input unit 22 to the driver 34 is connected to the driver 34 for inputting thereto reference data including terminal standards ( or sizes ), cable sizes corresponding thereto , crimper heights ( or lowest crimper positions ) and loads ( or electric currents ) applied to the servo motor 4 , or the like . the servo motor 4 has an output shaft ( not shown ) attached to a rotary encoder 33 which detects positions of the crimper 14 on the basis of the number of its rotation to be fed back to the driver 34 which reads out the load current . numeral 32 denotes a height sensor which detects the height of the crimper 14 at the time of terminal crimping operation to input the same to the driver 34 for determining whether the performance of the terminal attaching operation is good or not . the numeral 31 denotes a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the coil of the servo motor 4 . fig3 is a function block diagram of the driver 34 which drives the servo motor 4 . as shown therein , the driver 34 is incorporated as a control circuit like a central processing unit ; that is , the driver 34 is composed of data storage unit 23 , speed control unit 24 , current limiter 25 , a decision unit 26 , amplifier 27 , a electric current value detector 28 , an interface ( i / o ) 29 ( 29 - 1 through 29 - 8 ) and a microprocessor ( mpu ) 30 which performs the processing work . the operating principle of the terminal crimping device will not be explained since it is substantially the same as explained referring to fig1 and 11 which show the prior art . now back to fig3 data for driving the terminal crimping device a and data for determining whether the performance of the terminal crimping operation is good or not will be stored in advance into the data storage unit 23 by way of i / o 29 - 7 from the reference data input unit 22 prior to starting the operation of the terminal crimping device a . more specifically , the data to be stored for driving the terminal crimping device a , as shown in fig1 b , include ( i ) the acceleration after the start of a forward rotation of the motor and the position of the crimper 14 descending by the rotation of the motor at the time of the motor reaching a uniform speed , ( ii ) the position of the crimper 14 decelerated from the uniform speed and the deceleration at that time , iii ) the position of the crimper 14 at the time of starting the crimping , the given time period t and the drive current for driving the motor for the given time period , and iv ) the acceleration at the time of reversing the motor after completion of the crimping to elevate the crimper 14 , the position of the crimper 14 when the motor speed is brought to a uniform speed , the position of the crimper 14 when the motor is decelerated , and the position of the crimper 14 at a stop . the positions of the crimper 14 are stored as values related to the output values of the rotary encoder 33 attached to the servo motor 4 . these data are obtained by conducting preliminary experiments for respective terminals to be press attached and the thus obtained data are stored . in this connection , the data corresponding to a plurality of terminals may be stored such that relevant data are to be read out at the time of the operation . the positions of the crimper 14 are to be stored in the form of values corresponding to the rotational angles of the disk 7 such that there is no need for varying the level of the anvil , as required in the prior art , even in the event of terminal replacement ; that is , the procedure can be followed immediately to facilitate the adjustment of the crimper position at the start of crimping . the data for determining whether the performance of the terminal crimping operation is good or not will be explained later on . next , the operation of the driver 34 will be explained with reference to fig4 and 5 , which show a flow chart of the driver operation . at step s1 , the speed control unit 24 determines whether or not the signal for starting the crimping operation has been inputted and if the determination is no , the program is suspended until yes . at step s2 , the speed control unit 24 reads out from the data storage unit 23 the acceleration for causing the servo motor 4 to rotate forwardly and the acceleration is outputted to the amplifier 27 by way of i / o 29 - 1 where the power amplification is effected to supply the electric current to the servo motor 4 such that the required speed is obtained . in this connection , the acceleration for the motor rotation is obtained by reading out the output value of the rotary encoder 33 by way of i / o 29 - 3 , differentiating the read out value to obtain the speed , and further differentiating the speed to obtain the acceleration . at the step s3 , the speed control section 24 determines whether or not the output value of the rotary encoder 33 inputted by way of i / o 29 - 3 has become a uniform rotation position and if the determination is no , the acceleration applied at step s2 is continuously effected and if yes , the program proceeds to step s4 where the uniform speed rotation is effected . further , if the position for decelerated rotation is detected at the step s5 , the program proceeds to step s6 where the speed control unit 24 reduces the motor rotation . at step 7 , the terminal reaches the crimping position , when the current control unit 25 is thus notified . at step s8 , the current control unit 25 reads out the electric current value i which is stored at the data storage unit 23 to be supplied to the servo motor 4 at the time of terminal crimping operation . then , the program proceeds to step s9 where an amendment is made thereto on the basis of the temperature value from the temperature sensor 31 inputted by way of i / o 29 - 4 such that the torque of the servo motor 4 reaches the prescribed value to output the value at step s10 by way of i / o 29 - 1 . at step s11 , the decision unit 26 stores the determination data to a memory not shown . said data for determination will be explained in detail later on . at step 12 , the electric current control unit 25 determines whether or not the electric current i is supplied to the servo motor 4 for a time period t and if the determination is no , the program proceeds to the step s10 for execution of the steps s10 and s11 . at step 13 , the speed control unit 24 causes the servo motor 4 to rotate by accelerating the same to obtain a designated acceleration in the backward direction until a value for the uniform speed rotation is determined at step s14 as having been obtained . then , the program proceeds to step s15 to achieve a uniform speed rotation . at the step 16 , if the position for reduction speed rotation is determined as having been reached , the program proceeds to step s17 for decelerated rotation , and at step s18 the rotation is stopped when the stop position is reached . at step s19 , the decision unit 26 determines whether crimping is good or not on the basis of the data recorded at the step s11 . then , at the step 20 , an alarm is issued if necessary in the event of &# 34 ; not good &# 34 ; while the result is displayed 21 on the crimping monitor 21 . the determination whether the crimping is good or not is recorded at the step sll as shown in fig1 , at an interval of predetermined time period in the form of the electric current value ( drive value ) detected by the current value detector 28 as having flowed through the servo motor 4 and the height detected by the height sensor 32 are recorded . the current control unit 25 controls such that the uniform electric current having a value stored at the data storage unit 23 is supplied to the motor . although a uniform electric current is supplied while the motor is at a stop , the control balance is lost by the crimping operation when the motor starts to rotate with the result that the drive electric current varies . when crimping a terminal to a coreless cable or an unpeeled cable , it is often observed that the current supplied is larger than when crimping a normal terminal or that the total supply electric current is smaller . therefore , the determination of good or not in accordance with the preset amount is effected on the basis of a variation of the current supplied in correspondence with the crimping height . at the determination unit 26 , there are recorded reference values x0 , x1 , x2 - - - xn of the torque value ( electric current value ) to the crimp height ( c / h ) as shown in fig7 and predetermined values ( 3σ ) to the respective reference values x0 , x1 , x2 - - - xn . at step s19 , the decision unit 26 determines whether or not the data values recorded at step sll are within the range of predetermined allowances as explained referring to fig7 and if the value is within the range , it is determined &# 34 ; good &# 34 ;, and if outside thereof , it is determined &# 34 ; not good &# 34 ;. further , the determination unit 26 effects a continuous operation of the terminal crimping device and makes an amendment to the determined value in accordance with the operation shown in fig6 in case the servo motor 4 is heated to change the torque . at the step 30 , the crimp height detected by the height sensor 32 and the electric current value obtained from the i / o 29 - 5 are taken in . at step 31 , the difference δx between the peak value load x0 &# 39 ; and the reference value x0 or the ratio δx of the x0 &# 39 ; to x0 is calculated . at the step s32 , δx calculated at the step s31 and added or multiplied to the respective reference values x0 , x1 , x2 , - - - xn or multiplied thereby is obtained as new reference values . at the step s33 , a predetermined allowance is added to the new reference value obtained by calculation conducted at step s32 to obtain the decision value , thus completing the amendment to the determination value . more specifically , δx is obtained at step s31 , as shown in fig8 on the basis of the reference xo to the load current value x0 &# 39 ; ( shown in black dots ) to the peak value of the crimp height taken in at step s30 by conducting an arithmetic operation as follows : next , with regard to respective reference values x0 , x1 , x2 - - - xn at the step 32 , the arithmetic operations such as ( x2 + δx + 3 ), - - - ( xn + δx + 3 ) are produced by adding a predetermined value ( 3σ ) to the new reference values produced at the step 32 . on the basis of the thus produced new determination values , it is determined whether the taken - in values such as x1 &# 39 ;, x2 &# 39 ;, - - - xn &# 39 ; are out of the range of determination values or not and if out of the range , the crimping are determined &# 34 ; not good &# 34 ;. since amendments are made to the determination values as shown in the foregoing description , reliable determinations are made even in the event of any torque variation due to heated servo motor 4 . | 8 |
according to the present invention , a construction support device is provided which conveniently provides anchoring of a building element to a building site . as illustrated herein , the invention may be practiced in accordance with a first embodiment of fig1 wherein the construction support device is securely attached to a concrete base or pier . the device of fig1 can be inexpensively molded from plastic or stamped from metal and is simplified in its use and constructions . alternatively , the invention may be practiced in accordance with other embodiments , such as shown in fig1 and 17 . there , the device is inexpensively poured from concrete together with a pier block to form a single cast , one - piece body . in either type of embodiment , the invention provides a new and advantageous support for securely seating construction members in either a horizontal or vertical orientation . with reference first to fig5 through 8 , the numeral 10 represents a base or pier block of conventional structure which is commonly used to support decks , carports , etc . this block is generally constructed of concrete and assumes different shapes . in most cases , the block is tapered to a lesser dimension toward the top . the top and bottom surfaces 12 and 13 , respectively , are flat . fig1 - 8 illustrate a construction support device 14 in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention . construction support device 14 which may be molded , stamped , or otherwise formed from a tough plastic or metal . the body member of the device 14 includes a flat bottom wall 16 and four identically shaped or symmetrical upright quarter sections 18 . each of the sections 18 comprises four zig zag panels 18a joined integrally at right angles . these symmetrical quarter sections are shaped to form a recess or opening 20 on each side , with oppositely located recesses being laterally aligned . also , with this quarter section construction , a square central socket 22 is formed . laterally aligned recesses 20 provide a pair of full width slots open at the sides . each of the panel sections 18a has one or more apertures 24 therein provided to receive fasteners , to be seen hereinafter , for securement of building elements to the device 14 . as seen in fig2 cutouts 26 are provided in the bottom wall 16 for reducing the weight of the member as well as for conserving material . also , apertures 28 are provided in the wall 16 for secured attachment of the member 14 . to a base , such as to a block 10 , a concrete slab , or other support means . fig5 , 7 and 8 show various applications of the construction device 14 with building elements such as support members and pillars . fig5 for example shows a horizontal decking surface support member 30 seated edgewise on the bottom wall 16 and extending fully through the device and out both side recesses 20 . fig6 shows a support member 30 similarly supported as in fig5 but also showing a right angle support member 32 extending through a 90 degree side recess 20 and abutted against the support member 30 . fig7 shows a vertical pillar 34 supported on the device 14 and fitted in the central socket 22 . fig8 shows a pillar 34 similarly fitted in the socket 22 as in fig7 but also showing side beams 32 extending in from all four of the side recesses . these members may simply be fitted in the respective recesses 20 or socket 22 . preferably , however , secured attachment to the member 14 is accomplished by fasteners 36 extending through the apertures 24 . also , device 14 can first be secured to the base member 10 by fasteners extending through the apertures 28 . fig3 is a bottom perspective view of a construction device 14 &# 39 ; having a bottom wall 16 and side walls 18 in an arrangement similar to that shown in fig1 and 2 . this structure , however , is formed ( such as by integral molding ) with a plurality of depending foot members 38 . four of such foot members are shown , as well as a central foot member , but any number of such foot members may be provided . in the fig3 embodiment , the foot members 38 are hollow whereby long fasteners can be inserted down from the top through the wall 16 and into a base for secured attachment of the construction device 14 &# 39 ; to the base . fig4 shows a structure similar to fig3 except that the outer foot members 38 &# 39 ; are solid and not hollow . this embodiment may be employed in circumstances where it is not necessary to use vertical fasteners around an outer portion of the member . fig9 - 12 illustrate an embodiment of the invention employing means for anchoring the body member against lateral shifting . in this embodiment , the body member 14 &# 34 ; is the same as that shown in fig1 with respect to quarter panel sections 18a and their formation of aligned recesses 20 and central socket 22 . to accomplish the lateral anchoring feature , the outermost panel section 18a of each quarter section has a depending projection or lip 40 defined by a bottom wall portion 42 integral with side extensions 44 and a rear wall portion 46 . rear wall portion 46 preferably angles outwardly toward the bottom to coincide with the angle of the side surfaces of pier block 10 . reel wall portion 46 can extend at a desired angle , so as to have flush engagement with pier block sides of varying shape . fig1 and 12 show application of the device 14 &# 34 ; of fig9 to a pier block . in such arrangement , the device 14 &# 34 ; and the building elements therein are anchored or locked against lateral shifting . fasteners extending through the bottom wall of the device are not necessary , although such fasteners can be used if desired . the cross dimension of the device between rear wall portions 46 can be preselected according to the size of the pier block so that a snug or frictional fit is provided . referring to fig1 - 21 , it will be seen that the device 14 may be made of concrete and integrally molded into the upper surface 12 &# 39 ; of a pier block such as pier block 50 . as shown in fig1 - 16 , the four upright quarter sections 18 &# 39 ; include zig - zag walls 18a &# 39 ; which project from flat bottom wall 16 &# 39 ;. recesses 20 &# 39 ; define two perpendicular slot portions extending across the full width of upper surface 12 &# 39 ;. zig - zag walls 18a &# 39 ; also define the four corners of a square central socket 22 &# 39 ;. with reference to fig1 - 21 , the concept of the invention can also utilize a pier block 50 &# 39 ; having a central socket portion 22 &# 39 ; and only two equal narrower recesses 20 &# 39 ; which extend inward from outer edges of two opposite sides of the top surface of the block 50 &# 39 ; and lead into the central socket portion , as best shown in fig1 . the two narrower recesses 20 &# 39 ; form but a single slot for receiving a horizontal decking surface support member 30 which also passes through the central socket portion 22 &# 39 ;, as shown in fig2 . the central socket portion 22 &# 39 ; is for receiving vertical pillar supports 34 , independent of the two equal narrower recesses 20 &# 39 ;, as shown by fig2 the horizontal decking surface support members 30 and vertical pillar support members 34 being mutually exclusive to each other in the recess of block 50 &# 39 ; and also mutually interchangeable with each other in the same recess of the same block 50 &# 39 ;. the combination of slots and sockets allows a support in accordance with the invention to accommodate both vertical and horizontal beams , and is particularly well - suited for constructing decks on unprepared and unleveled building sites , two examples of those being shown in fig2 and 23 . such decks , by using the present block , are extremely simplified in their construction and can be supplied in pre - planned , pre - cut units . other advantages also exist in the structure , as will be apparent hereinafter . the deck shown in fig2 , designed by the numeral 52 , comprises the pier blocks 50 &# 39 ; as the base or ground support for the deck and can have such lumber as two - inch thick ( 11 / 2 inch thick nominal ) horizontal decking surface support member 30 received by the two equal narrower portions 20 &# 39 ;, also passing through the central socket portion 22 &# 39 ; when the vertical pillar support 34 is not in the block 50 &# 39 ;, those members 30 then supporting the deck surface structure 54 which is nailed in place and those blocks 50 &# 39 ; directly receiving member 30 being on localized high or level ground within an unprepared and unleveled building site . the deck shown in fig2 , designated by the numeral 56 , similarly uses some pier blocks 50 &# 39 ; as described above and also illustrates the use of some blocks 50 &# 39 ; as the base or ground support for vertical pillar supports 34 set in the central socket 22 &# 39 ; when the member 30 is not in block 50 , member 34 then providing support to member 30 when member 30 is not directly received by block 50 due to localized variations of the ground within an unprepared and unleveled building site . a deck support member 30 can also be fastened to a building 60 , as shown in fig2 . the particular structure of the manufactured pier blocks 50 and 50 &# 39 ; makes it possible to construct an extremely simplified deck and one which can be pre - planned and pre - cut if desired . that is , such lumber as 2 - inch thick deck support members 30 and vertical wood pillars 34 which can be used therewith comprise conventional existing material , namely , the two - inch thick deck support members 30 can comprise 2 × 6 &# 39 ; s or 2 × 4 &# 39 ; s and pillars 34 can comprise 4 × 4 &# 39 ; s . the two equal narrower recesses 20 &# 39 ; can be 2 inches deep and have a width of 13 / 4 inches . this latter dimension would receive conventional finished 2 × 6 &# 39 ; s ( 11 / 2 inches thick ) and 2 × 4 &# 39 ; s ( also 11 / 2 inches thick ), 2 × 6 &# 39 ; s and 2 × 4 &# 39 ; s have finished height dimensions of 51 / 2 and 31 / 2 inches , respectively , whereby the deck support members , whether 2 × 6 &# 39 ; s or 2 × 4 &# 39 ; s , project to a minimum necessary height above the top surface of the blocks 50 when seated in the recess for supporting the decking thereon . the central socket portion 22 &# 39 ; can be 2 inches deep , similar to the recess portion 20 &# 39 ;. such socket is square , and can have dimensions of 33 / 4 inches for receiving a conventional finished 4 × 4 ( 31 / 2 inches square ) lumber support pillar . the vertical pillar becomes sufficiently fixed in socket portion 22 &# 39 ; in the block for deck construction purposes , as does the deck horizontal support member in the two narrower portions 20 &# 39 ;, also being within the central socket portion 22 &# 39 ; when the member 34 is not in the block 50 , for lateral stability . pier blocks 50 and 50 &# 39 ; are designed to provide support to a deck on unleveled or unprepared building sites with no additional components required . for this purpose , the blocks 50 and 50 &# 39 ; are tapered to a larger dimension toward the bottom . the top and bottom surfaces are flat and square . the enlarged bottom surface allows the block to serve as its own footing . when two of such recesses 20 &# 39 ; are provided , they are standardly aligned across the block . furthermore , the width of these recesses is less than one - third the width of the block at the top , thus maintaining lateral integral strength of the block . this arrangement maintains a strong concrete block without the necessity of re - bar reinforcement and thus contributes to manufacture of a pier block and deck structure in a pre - planned and pre - cut unit which is also sufficiently simplified in its use , standardized in its manufacture , and sufficiently inexpensive for deck construction by the average do - it - yourself homeowner . since the recess can be two inches deep , the recesses of the pier blocks 50 and 50 &# 39 ; of fig1 and 17 automatically and non - mechanically center the horizontal decking surface support member 30 and vertical pillars 34 in the pier block ( fig2 and 21 ) and automates connection and securement of these support members to the pier block for deck constructions 52 and 54 shown in fig2 and 23 . mounted engagement of the horizontal surface support members and vertical pillars with the block is accomplished without metal - brackets or embedded connectors thus allowing individual blocks of a deck construction on unleveled and unprepared building sites to be adjusted without the need of any disassembly of the deck ( i . e . removing bolts , nails or screws ). also , the recess of the pier blocks 50 and 50 &# 39 ; maintains horizontal and vertical members in parallel which is critical in construction of the deck . it is to be understood that the forms of our invention herein shown and described are to be taken as preferred examples of the same and that other changes in the shape , size and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of our invention or the scope of the following claims . | 4 |
below , embodiments of the rotary input apparatus according to the invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . in the description with reference to the accompanying drawings , those components are rendered the same reference number that are the same or are in correspondence regardless of the figure number , and redundant explanations are omitted . fig1 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a rotary input apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention in an unassembled state , and fig2 is a cross - sectional view illustrating a rotary input apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention in an assembled state . in fig1 and 2 are illustrated a wheel 11 , a center hole 14 , a washer 25 , a center key 29 , a holder 15 , fastening portions 17 , holder holes 19 , a center hole 21 , a printed circuit board 31 , dome buttons 33 , a hall sensor 35 , an electromagnet part 50 , a control part 60 , a base 39 , fastening holes 41 , insertion holes 43 , and a guide part 70 . a rotary input apparatus according to the present embodiment may comprise a rotatably joined wheel 11 , a washer 25 , a center key 29 joined at the center of the wheel 11 , a ring - shaped magnet 13 secured to the bottom of the wheel 11 which rotates together with the wheel 11 , a holder 15 joined to the base 39 which rotatably supports the wheel 11 , a printed circuit board 31 joined to the upper surface of the base 39 , a hall sensor 35 positioned in a groove of the printed circuit board 31 which is a detection element for sensing the rotation of the magnet 13 , a control part 60 positioned in another groove of the printed circuit board which receives and processes external signals and then transmits the processed signals , an electromagnet part 50 positioned in other grooves of the printed circuit board 31 which receives signals from the control part 60 to allow the flow of an electrical current , and a guide part 70 capable of stably supporting the rotation of the wheel 11 . in the rotary input apparatus according to the present embodiment , the electromagnet part 50 , and the control part 60 which can control the electrical current flowing through the coil patterns 50 , are formed on the printed circuit board 31 , so that the wheel 11 may be rotated not only by external forces applied by the user , but also by electrical signals , etc ., from the outside , whereby the user may be provided with an improved visual effect . the wheel 11 may generally be shaped as a circular plate , with a center hole 14 formed in the center through which the center key 29 may be inserted . the wheel 11 may have a plurality of securing protrusions adjacent to the center hole 14 that protrude downwards . the securing protrusions may be inserted into the center hole of the washer 25 , so that the wheel 11 is secured to the holder 15 . the wheel 11 may be rotatably secured to the holder 15 , and on the bottom surface of the wheel 11 may be secured the magnet 13 , which is magnetized to have multiple poles . the wheel 11 may be rotated together with the magnet 13 by user operation , whereby a variety of inputs may be made as the hall sensor 35 senses the rotation angle , direction , and speed , etc ., of the magnet 13 . also , a portion may be pressed by the user , so that a push protrusion formed on the reverse side of the holder 15 presses the upper surface of a dome button 33 to activate a separate function . the securing protrusions 12 , as illustrated in fig2 , may be inserted through the center hole 21 of the holder 15 and the center hole of the washer 25 . the washer 25 is inserted and secured onto the center of the holder 15 , whereby the wheel 11 may be secured to the holder 15 . the magnet 13 is attached to the bottom surface of the wheel 11 to be rotated together with the wheel 11 , and such rotation of the magnet 13 may be sensed by the hall sensor 35 for an input based on the rotation angle . the magnet 13 may have the shape of a ring magnetized to have multiple poles , and the hall sensor 35 may detect the rotation angle , direction , and speed of the wheel 11 according to the changes in n - and s - poles above the hall sensor 35 . the holder 15 may be secured to the base 39 and may rotatably support the wheel 11 . also , the holder 15 may support the wheel 11 , such that when the particular force applied on the wheel 11 is removed , the wheel 11 is returned to its original position due to the elasticity of the holder 15 itself . as illustrated in fig1 , the holder 15 may have a center hole 21 in the middle , and holder holes 19 may be formed in fastening portions 17 that protrude in four directions around the center hole 21 . the holder 15 may also have ledges 23 formed adjacent the center hole 21 . the fastening portions 17 are protrusion portions formed in particular intervals around the holder 15 , and as illustrated in fig2 , may be inserted into the fastening holes 41 of the base 39 to prevent the base 39 from becoming detached . the fastening portions 17 may be made of metal or plastic , etc ., to have a certain degree of elasticity , and this elasticity may enable the wheel 11 to recover its original position , even when a particular portion of the wheel 11 is pressed so that the wheel 11 becomes tilted . the holder holes 19 formed in the fastening portions 17 are formed in correspondence with the hall sensor 35 mounted on the printed circuit board 31 , and as illustrated in fig2 , hold a portion of the hall sensor 35 . the center hole 21 is formed in the center of the holder 15 . also , the wheel 11 may be rotatably inserted onto a perimeter 22 forming the center hole 21 , to prevent the wheel 11 from becoming detached . the ledges 23 , as illustrated in fig2 , may be formed adjacent to the center hole 21 , and the washer 25 may be inserted and secured onto the ledges 23 . as illustrated in fig1 , a generally circular center hole may be formed in the washer 25 . the washer 25 may be inserted and secured onto the ledges 23 and may allow the wheel 11 to freely rotate 360 degrees . the center key 29 may be inserted through the center hole 14 of the wheel 11 and may be supported by elastic rubber ( not shown ), etc . the center key 29 may be pressed by the user to perform a particular function , examples of which include connecting to the internet or receiving dmb ( digital multimedia broadcasting ), etc . the printed circuit board 31 may have the shape of a circular plate in correspondence with the base 39 , with a plurality of dome buttons 33 formed on one side in correspondence with the push protrusions formed on the reverse side of the holder 15 . also on the printed circuit board 31 may be formed the electromagnet part 50 and the control part 60 which controls the operation of the electromagnet part 50 , which will be described later in more detail . the dome buttons 33 are pressed by push protrusions ( not shown ) formed on the reverse side of the holder 15 to perform separate functions . while in this embodiment dome buttons 33 are illustrated that are pressed by the wheel 11 , any composition may be used in which certain pressing performs separate functions . for example , pressure sensors or contact sensors may also be used instead of the dome buttons 33 . the electromagnet part 50 , in reference to fig1 , may be formed on the printed circuit board 31 , may be formed as coils wound in the shape of triangles , and as will be described later in more detail , may receive signals from the control part 60 for the flow of an electrical current . it is advantageous for the electromagnet part 50 to be arranged in constant intervals radially about the dome button 33 formed at the center of the printed circuit board 31 . this is because when it is not arranged in constant intervals so that there is an imbalance in angles , the forces applied by the electromagnet part 50 with respect to the magnet 13 are not formed uniformly , so that it is difficult for the magnet 13 , and the wheel 11 joined with the magnet 13 , to rotate in a stable manner . while in the present embodiment the electromagnet part 50 is presented as forming an angular balance in 90 degrees about the center of the printed circuit board 31 , it is obvious that the number and configuration of the electromagnets may be varied according to design requirements . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating the flow of a signal in a rotary input apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention . referring to fig3 , the control part 60 is illustrated , which is composed of a receiver part 63 , a central processor part 66 , and a transmitter part 69 , as well as the flow of a signal , when there is an external signal , which starts from the external signal , proceeds through the control part 60 , and reaches a controlled unit ( e . g . the electromagnet part 50 or the detection element 35 ). the control part 60 , in reference to fig3 , may include a receiver part 63 which receives signals , a central processor part 66 which processes the received signals , and a transmitter part 69 which transmits the control signals processed at the central processor part 66 to the driving part 55 . also , the driving part 55 may be positioned between the transmitter part 69 and the electromagnet part 50 to receive control signals from the transmitter part 69 and correspondingly allow the flow of an electrical current to the electromagnet part 50 . using as an example the case where the rotary input apparatus according to the present embodiment is formed in a mobile terminal , in reference to fig4 , the central processor part 66 may output a control signal that instructs the driving part not to output any signal when there are no incoming signals ( e . g . during stand - by ), whereas it may output a control signal that instructs the driving part 55 to output a sine wave when there is an incoming signal ( e . g . when there is an incoming phone call or a text message ). meanwhile , the incoming signal may include both signals received from a communication station or relay station , etc ., and signals generated by the mobile terminal itself ( e . g . signals generated by button input ). while in the present invention sine waves are illustrated as the signals provided by the driving part 55 to the electromagnet part 50 , it is obvious that various forms of signals may be outputted according to user preferences and design requirements , and it is also obvious that predetermined signals may be outputted even when there are no external signals received . fig5 is a flowchart illustrating an operation of a rotary input apparatus according to another embodiment of the invention . the control part 60 , in reference to fig5 , may allow the hall sensor 35 to operate normally when there are no external signals received ( e . g . during stand - by ) while stopping the function of the hall sensor 35 when an external signal is received . in this case , if the function of the hall sensor 35 is not stopped , a signal is generated and inputted to the hall sensor 35 , due to the rotation of the magnet 13 , whereby the rotary input apparatus performs a predetermined function ( e . g . switching to a text message input mode ), and an operation is executed that is not intended by the user . thus , a means to stop the function of the hall sensor 35 is necessary to avoid such malfunctions , to prevent the occurrence of unintended input created as the hall sensor 35 identifies signals generated due to the rotation of the magnet 13 , etc . receiving holes 37 may be formed in the printed circuit board 31 in correspondence with the holder holes 19 of the holder 15 , and at least a portion of the detection element 35 may be positioned in the receiving hole 37 , as illustrated in fig2 . thus , compared to the case of mounting the detection element 35 on the upper surface of the printed circuit board 31 , this embodiment may provide the additional effect of reducing the thickness of the input apparatus by the depth of the receiving hole 37 . the detection element may be a hall sensor ( hall effect sensor ), which is a silicon semiconductor using the effect of electromotive forces generated when electrons experience the lorentz force in a magnetic field such that their direction is curved . the hall sensors generate electromotive forces that are proportional to the rotation of the magnet 13 attached to the wheel 11 , which are transferred via the printed circuit board 31 to an outside control unit ( not shown ). of course , the detection element is not limited to a hall sensor , and any element may be used which can detect the rotation of the magnet 13 . for example , an mr ( magneto - resistive ) sensor or a gmr ( giant magneto - resistive ) sensor may be used for the detection element . an mr sensor or a gmr sensor is an element of which the resistance value is changed according to changes in the magnetic field , and utilizes the property that electromagnetic forces curve and elongate the carrier path in a solid to change the resistance . not only are the mr sensor and gmr sensor small in size with high signal levels , but also they have excellent sensitivity to allow operation in low - level magnetic fields , and they are also superior in terms of temperature stability . when the detection element is a hall sensor 35 , the hall sensor 35 is secured to the printed circuit board 31 by leads 36 , where the leads 36 are inserted through the insertion holes 43 of the base 39 and secured to the reverse side of the printed circuit board 31 . the base 39 , as illustrated in fig1 , has the shape of a circular plate , and rotatably supports the holder 15 and the wheel 11 . the base 39 has fastening holes 41 around it in correspondence with the fastening portions 17 of the holder 15 . the fastening portions 17 of the holder 15 are inserted into the fastening holes 41 of the base 39 . also , insertion holes 43 are formed on the base 39 in correspondence with the receiving holes 37 of the printed circuit board 31 . as illustrated in fig3 , portions of the hall sensors 35 are positioned in the insertion holes 43 , whereby the thickness of the rotary input apparatus may further be reduced by the depth of the insertion holes 43 . meanwhile , a rotational axis ( not shown ) may be formed in the center portion of the base 39 . in this case , a hole may be formed in the printed circuit board in a position and size corresponding with the rotational axis . then , the rotational axis may have one end formed on the base 39 , and may penetrate the hole formed on the printed circuit board so that the other end of the rotational axis may be formed in contact with the wheel 11 or the center key 29 , in order thus to support the wheel 11 for stable rotation . also , a guide part 70 may be formed on the base 39 for the stable rotation of the wheel 11 . the guide part 70 may comprise a stem 71 extending along the outer perimeter of the base 39 in a direction where the wheel is formed , and a curve portion 73 curvedly extending from the stem 71 and covering at least a portion of the wheel 11 . the guide part 70 prevents the wheel 11 from becoming detached due to excessive rotation . a description will now be provided on the operation of the rotary input apparatus according to the present embodiment . when a rotational force is applied by a user on an outer side of the center key 29 , the wheel 11 is rotated while inserted onto the perimeter 22 of the holder 15 , which causes the magnet 13 to rotate together with the wheel 11 . as the magnet 13 has a multiple number of alternately magnetized n - and s - poles , the hall sensor 35 can sense the changes in poles due to the rotation of the magnet 13 , to recognize the rotation direction , speed , and angle of the wheel 11 . the hall sensor 35 generates output signals corresponding to the rotation direction , rotation angle , and rotation speed of the wheel 11 , which are transmitted via the printed circuit board 31 to an outside control unit , and the control unit identifies the output signals to perform an input corresponding to the rotation of the wheel 11 . further , when an outer side of the center key 29 is pressed by a user , the wheel 11 is tilted in one direction while elastically supported by the holder 15 , which causes a push protrusion ( not shown ) formed on the reverse side of the holder 15 to press a dome button 33 . this allows each of the dome buttons 33 positioned on the printed circuit board 31 to perform its own function . for example , in the input apparatus illustrated in fig1 and 2 , there are four equally spaced dome buttons 33 that can be pressed by the push protrusions , where each dome button 33 may function as a hot key for launching a text message function , searching phone numbers , connecting to the internet , or receiving satellite broadcasts , etc . in addition , the center key 29 may also perform a separate function when pressed by a user . meanwhile , according to an embodiment of the invention , when the rotary input apparatus is formed on a device capable of receiving an external signal ( e . g . a mobile terminal ), the central processor part 66 does not make the driving part 55 output any signals during stand - by , so that there is no electric current flowing through the electromagnet part 50 . thus , there is no electric field formed by the electromagnet part 50 , and there is no force applied on the magnet 13 . this allows the wheel 11 not to rotate and to remain still . on the other hand , when there is a received signal , such as for an incoming phone call or a received text message , the central processor part 66 makes the driving part 55 output a sine wave , etc ., which is transferred to the electromagnet part 50 , so that there is an electric current flowing through the electromagnet part 50 . when an electric current is made to flow through the electromagnet part 50 , the flow of the electric current forms an electric field , whereby a force is applied on the magnet 13 . here , by supplying an alternating current such as of a sine wave , there are changes in the direction of the force , due to the changes in the magnetic field , so that the magnet 13 is able to rotate , as well as the wheel 11 that is formed as a single body with the magnet 13 . since the signals inputted to the hall sensor 35 by the rotation of the magnet 13 are blocked by the control part 60 , unintended input may be avoided . many embodiments , besides the embodiments set forth above , are encompassed within the claims of the present invention . according to embodiments of the present invention comprised as set forth above , a rotary input apparatus may be provided which allows improved convenience and greater aesthetic value , as the rotary input apparatus designed to be capable of various types of input through the rotation speed , direction , and angle , etc ., is made to rotate or vibrate , etc ., in response to externally inputted signals . while the present invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments , it is to be appreciated that various changes and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention , as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents . | 7 |
fig1 diagrammatically represents a decoy system 10 mounted on a supporting mast 12 , which is in turn fixed to a towing bar 14 which is attached to the front part of a vehicle 16 . as illustrated in fig2 , the supporting mast 12 can alternatively be fixed directly to the front of the vehicle 16 . the decoy system 10 is particularly suitable for making it possible , ahead of the passage of the vehicle 16 , to trip a mine or improvised explosive device laid on a road or buried . the distance separating the system 10 and the front of the vehicle 16 is sufficiently great to avoid destruction of the vehicle 16 when the mine or device explodes . as illustrated more visibly in fig3 , the decoy system 10 mainly includes a boiler 20 for the production of heat energy and an infrared radiation emission means 22 supplied with fluid by the boiler . the boiler 20 and the emission means 22 are fixed by any appropriate means to a supporting shielding 24 . the supporting shielding 24 includes clamping plates 26 and screws ( not represented ) for adjusting the position of and securing the system 10 on the mast 12 ( fig1 and 2 ). the emission means 22 is in a vertical position so as to be able to be detected by the sensor associated with the mine or explosive device . the boiler 20 is used to reheat a fluid , in this case air , and direct it to the means 22 for the purpose of the emission of radiations , in the infrared spectrum , likely to provoke the tripping of a mine or improvised explosive device . the boiler 20 is connected to a fuel tank 28 via a duct 30 . the boiler 20 includes a burner , a dosing pump and a ventilation means ( not represented ). the ventilation means sucks in air from an inlet opening 32 provided at a bottom end of the shielding 24 and expels it toward an exhaust duct 41 , after having mixed it with the fuel pumped from the tank 28 then passed through the burner . the reheated air at the outlet of the boiler 20 is conveyed by a duct 37 to feed the emission means 22 . as an indication , the boiler 20 can have a length of 550 mm , and a width and a thickness of 200 mm . in this embodiment , the boiler is of the air type . alternatively , it is , however , possible to provide a water boiler to feed the emission means 22 with heat energy . there now follows a description , with reference to fig4 , of the infrared radiation emission means 22 . the emission means 22 is represented here in cross section , the part of the emission means 22 not illustrated in the figure being identical to that which will be described . the emission means 22 includes a sealed chamber 34 provided internally with fins 36 a , 36 b arranged in the form of parallel successive rows , in this case twelve such rows . the chamber 34 is made of light alloy and here has a generally parallelepipedal shape . obviously , the chamber 34 could have a different overall shape . alternatively , it could also be possible to provide non - parallel fins . as an indication , the chamber 34 can have a height of 400 mm , a width of 800 mm and a thickness of 110 mm . the system 10 can have a weight of approximately 30 kg . the chamber 34 includes pairs of opposite edges 34 a , 34 b and 34 c , 34 d . in this figure , the emission means 22 is represented in a position that is assumed to be vertical . the edges 34 a , 34 b therefore respectively constitute top and bottom edges . the chamber 34 is fed with hot air via the duct 37 which extends from the boiler 20 and is fixedly mounted inside a feed orifice 38 provided in the top edge 34 a . as indicated previously , the horizontal internal fins 36 a , 36 b are arranged in the form of parallel successive rows . the vertical spacing provided between two immediately adjacent rows of fins is constant . the fins 36 a , 36 b extend between the edges 34 c and 34 d , being parallel to the edges 34 a and 34 b . the fins 36 a , 36 b of the first row situated in the vicinity of the duct 37 occupy substantially most of the width of the chamber 34 between the edges 34 c , 34 d . a first fin 36 a of this row extends from the edge 34 c to the vicinity of an area situated in the extension of the duct 37 , i . e . facing the feed orifice 38 . the second fin 36 b extends horizontally in the extension of the first fin 36 a while being laterally offset relative to the latter until it reaches the vicinity of the edge 34 d , while allowing a small space to remain between it and said edge . the fins 36 a , 36 b of the first row are separated from one another so as to delimit a space 40 situated facing the feed orifice 38 . the lateral dimension of the space 40 is substantially equal to the diameter of the feed orifice 38 . the space 40 allows the air inlet flow to be directed to the subsequent rows of fins 36 a , 36 b . downstream of the first row , using the direction of circulation of the air inside the chamber 34 as a reference , the second row includes a fin 36 a extending from the edge 34 c . the fin 36 a of the second row has a length slightly greater than that of the fin 36 a of the first row . the fin 36 b of the second row has a length identical to that of the first row while , however , being offset toward the fin 36 a of the second row so that the space 40 between fins of that row is slightly less than that of the first row . thus , a greater space is provided between the fin 36 b of the second row and the edge 34 d . the arrangement of each of the subsequent rows of fins relative to the immediately preceding row is similar to that of the second row with respect to the first row . thus , the space 40 between the fins 36 a , 36 b of one and the same row gradually decreases with distance away from the feed orifice 38 so that , for the last row of fins 36 a and 36 b situated in proximity to the bottom edge 34 b , the space between the two fins is almost zero . the space between the fin 36 b of this last row and the edge 34 d is substantially equal to the diameter of an outlet orifice 39 provided in the thickness of the bottom edge 34 b in the vicinity of the edge 34 d . the applicant has determined that the provision of a space 40 between fins that has a general v shape and decreases with distance away from the feed orifice 38 allows for a better distribution of the heat inside the chamber 34 . thus , a relatively uniform temperature of the chamber 34 is obtained . the fins 36 a , 36 b of the different rows are arranged perpendicularly to the direction of flow of the air at the outlet of the duct 37 so as to retain this air flow within the chamber 34 while progressively orienting it toward the outlet orifice 39 . the arrangement of the internal fins 36 a , 36 b in the chamber 34 tends to favor the concentration of heat inside the latter so as to facilitate the emission of an infrared radiation that is substantially greater than the ambient infrared radiation . the appearance of a hot area or spot that can be detected by a mine or improvised explosive device is thus obtained . obviously , it could be possible to provide a different arrangement of the fins 36 a , 36 b also tending to favor the concentration of heat . furthermore , so as to limit the heat dissipation by the emission means 22 , the outer walls of the chamber 34 are substantially smooth , i . e . without any fins or other means favoring the evacuation of heat . to adjust the hot air flow rate at the outlet from the chamber 34 , the latter includes a valve 42 , the position of which can be modified manually or mechanically , for example as a function of the outside temperature , so as to vary the degree of opening of the outlet orifice 39 . alternatively , it is possible not to provide such a valve . in a variant embodiment , it is also possible to provide a closed circuit mode of operation of the system . to this end , the chamber 34 includes , instead of the outlet orifice 39 or in association with said orifice and its closing valve 42 , a recirculation duct communicating with the inside of the chamber and reinjecting the hot air , or water , obtained from the chamber inside the boiler . such a closed circuit mode of operation is possible by virtue of the use of an air or water boiler . the exhaust duct 41 for the gases from the boiler 20 snakes up and down inside the chamber 34 . the exhaust duct 41 extends through the top edge 34 a in the vicinity of the duct 37 and discharges through the bottom edge 34 b in proximity to the outlet orifice 39 . the exhaust duct 41 participates in the raising of the temperature of the chamber 34 when the system 10 is started up , thus helping to reduce the time needed for the emission of the desired infrared radiation . referring once again to fig3 , the decoy system 10 also includes a control unit 46 fixed to the shielding 24 and controlling the operation of the boiler 20 as a function of the infrared radiation to be emitted . to this end , the system 10 includes a temperature sensor 48 mounted in the duct 37 and able to measure the temperature of the hot air at the outlet of the boiler 20 which is conveyed to the chamber 34 . the system 10 also includes a temperature sensor 50 mounted on the shielding 24 between the inlet opening 32 and the inlet of the boiler 20 so as to measure the temperature of the outside air that is directed toward said boiler . the temperature sensors 48 , 50 are connected to the control unit 46 via connections 52 , 54 that are diagrammatically illustrated as dotted lines . the control unit 46 includes , stored in memory , all the hardware and software means that make it possible to control the operation of the boiler 20 on the basis of measurements made by the sensors 48 , 50 . in this respect , the control unit 46 determines the difference between the temperature of the hot air entering into the chamber 34 and the outside temperature , and compares it to a predetermined threshold value . if the temperature difference is below the threshold value , an alarm signal that can be visual or audible is triggered by the control unit 46 to signal a failure of the operation of the boiler 20 . as a variant , the control unit 46 can drive the operation of the boiler 20 so as to maintain the difference between the temperature of the hot air entering into the chamber 34 and the outside temperature at a fixed value . in the embodiment described , the operation of the boiler is controlled and / or driven on the basis of the temperature measurements of the hot air introduced into the chamber 34 and of the outside air . it will be understood that it is also possible , without departing from the framework of the invention , to provide for the mounting of one or more temperature sensors directly inside the chamber 34 replacing the temperature sensor of the hot air mounted in the duct 37 . in the case of a plurality of temperature sensors mounted in the chamber 34 in different places , it is possible to provide for the control unit 46 to calculate an average of the measured temperatures in order to obtain a value representative of the temperature of the walls of the chamber 34 . in a variant embodiment , it is also possible to determine the temperature of the chamber 34 by means of charts or maps stored in the control unit 46 and obtained from previous trials on the basis of temperature measurements on the hot air introduced inside the latter , of the temperature of the outside air , and of the speed of the vehicle 16 to which the system 10 is attached . alternatively , it is also possible to provide for the control unit 46 to drive the operation of the boiler 20 , and therefore that of the emission means 22 , only as a function of the temperature of the chamber 34 determined by the sensor or sensors , i . e ., without considering the temperature of the outside air . in the embodiments described , the sensor or sensors provided for measuring the temperature of the hot air in the duct 37 or in the chamber 34 are temperature sensors . alternatively , to measure the temperature of the chamber 34 or of the air inside the duct 37 , it could be possible to provide a thermal analysis infrared sensor able to detect the infrared radiation emitted and convert it into an electrical signal in order for the control unit 46 to determine the temperature of the chamber 34 or of the air inside the duct 37 . when the system 10 is intended for use at altitude , for example above 1500 meters , it is possible to provide , in addition , an atmospheric pressure sensor ( not represented ) mounted on the shielding 24 and directly connected to the boiler so as to be able to regulate its combustion according to the density of the air to be burned , which reduces with altitude . the means 22 makes it possible to obtain , continuously , at the level of the chamber 34 , a temperature substantially greater than that which can be obtained with other technologies with comparable supplied energy , which makes it possible to generate a significant temperature difference with the outside temperature so as to be able to be detected equally by a mine arranged at the roadside and by an improvised explosive device , and to do so even when the speed of displacement of the vehicle 16 is relatively high , of the order of 50 kilometers per hour . furthermore , with the system 10 , a relatively short temperature rise time of the chamber 34 is obtained and the system can operate autonomously for several tens of hours at a stretch . it is , moreover , relatively compact and lightweight . in the application described , the system 10 is pushed by a following vehicle 16 . it will easily be understood that this vehicle 16 can be a transport vehicle or else a remotely - operated vehicle . as indicated previously , the system 10 is particularly suitable for the decoying of mines or improvised explosive devices . the system can , however , be used for other applications , for example for decoying infrared airborne missiles . further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention . it is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as examples of embodiments . elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , parts and processes may be reversed , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention . changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims . | 5 |
the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings . herein , the detailed description of a related known function or configuration that may make the purpose of the present invention unnecessarily ambiguous in describing the present invention will be omitted . exemplary embodiments of the present invention are provided so that those skilled in the art may more completely understand the present invention . accordingly , the shape , the size , etc ., of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for explicit comprehension . referring to fig1 , a remote diagnosis and management system of a robot according to the present invention is configured to include a robot 100 and a robot management server 140 . the robot management server 140 and the robot 100 can be connected to each other in a wired or wireless scheme through a network and a plurality of robots can be connected to the robot management server . herein , the robot may be a machine apparatus having a human appearance and other various appearances , which includes machine and electronic apparatuses and can be controlled , may be considered to be a robot . the remote diagnosis and management system of a robot may include an opros server 120 . the opros server 120 may be an external server connected to the robot management server 140 and may be collectively referred to as a server that is unified and operated with the robot management server 140 . meanwhile , the data from the robot management server 140 may be stored in an external database and may be connected to the external terminal to read the contents of the database . in order for the system to simultaneously operate multi - kinds robots , the standardization of the communication schemes , the standardization of the connection control and authentication schemes , and the support of different functions for each robot , the support of functions capable of supplementing the function limitation of the robot , etc ., are needed . to this end , a robot unified platform initiative ( rupi ) standard can be used . the rupi standard is a general standard and platform that provides standard environment for a network - based robot ( urc ), which supports the performance of various robot services by compatibly working with various robot platforms with the server . by using the rupi standard , compatibility between robot s / w components , various communications and interoperability with information devices , and interconnectivity with different kinds of communication networks all becomes possible . an internal configuration module of the robot , which is provided in the rupi , is generally shown in fig2 and 3 . the internal configuration module 300 of the robot is configured of a ‘ robot h / w 390 ’, a ‘ robot s / w component 360 ’, a ‘ robot service component 330 ’, and a ‘ module for each hierarchy of robot applications ’, as shown in fig3 . the ‘ robot h / w 390 ’ is configured to include a hardware device and a driver of the robot , that is , driving devices such as a head 406 , an arm 402 , a wheel 408 , etc ., sensor devices such as an ultrasonic wave sensor 392 , a gyro ( accelerator ) sensor 394 , a touch sensor 396 , an infrared sensor 398 , etc ., and general devices such as a mike 404 , a speaker 410 , a camera 400 , etc . the hardware device and the driver can be added or deleted according to the kind of robots . the ‘ robot s / w component 360 ’ is configured of a control module so that the robot applications and the software components can use the hardware devices of the robot , wherein the control module is bound with the devices . for example , the s / w component 360 is configured to include modules such as camera control 362 , sensor control 364 , arm control 368 , wheel control 370 , voice recording 366 , voice reproduction 372 , etc ., as shown in the drawings . in addition , the control module can be added and deleted according to the kind of robots . the ‘ robot service component 330 ’ is configured to include modules 342 , 344 , 346 , 348 , 350 , and 352 providing services using the ‘ robot s / w components 360 ’ and management modules 332 , 334 , 336 , 338 , and 340 managing them . the ‘ robot service component 330 ’ is configured to include a device manager 334 , a driving manager 338 , a sensor manager 340 , and a software component ( sc ) manager 332 , etc ., that manage a software module providing independent services such as image recognition 342 , voice recognition 344 , speaker recognition 348 , voice synthesis 350 , travelling 346 , collision avoidance 352 , etc ., and a configuration module of the ‘ robot h / w 390 ’ and the ‘ robot s / w component 360 ’. the robot applications are developed and performed by using the robot service components and the managers . for example , in order to perform the collision avoidance service 352 , that is , in order to perform the applications so that the robot moves in response to sound , the robot recognizes sound through the mike 404 and uses the wheel 408 so that the robot moves . in order to process sound input through the mike 404 , the robot performs voice recording 366 or determines that sound is input through the sensor control 364 and then move its wheel by the wheel control 370 . the sensor control 364 or the wheel control 370 is managed by the sensor manager 340 or the driving manager 338 . the services provided by the robot can be made by the hardware of the robot and the control thereof and the robot can provide services by controlling the hardware of the robot using the external server , etc ., in addition to services built therein . as shown in fig2 and 3 , the robot may include diagnosis agents 200 and 336 as robot service components . as shown in fig3 , the diagnosis agent is operated as one of service components . as shown in fig2 , the diagnosis agent plays a role of collecting results on whether the failure occurs in each hardware device and the software module by transmitting query to each manager module . for example , when any failure occurs in the camera , the diagnosis agent 200 instructs the sc manager 220 , the device manager 240 , the sensor manager 260 , and the driving manager 280 to diagnose whether the operations of each device are abnormal . as a result , the device manager 240 finds out the abnormal condition of the camera among the camera , the mike , and the led and informs the diagnosis agent 200 of the results . as such , the present invention is configured to include the standardized robot and the robot management server connected to the robot and may further include an external server , a terminal , and a database ( db ) that are connected separately . hereinafter , exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . the robot management server 430 is configured to include a robot manager 440 , robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 , robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 , and a management function module 480 ( connection management , authentication , diagnosis , profiling ). first , when the robot is connected , the robot management server 430 determines whether the robot meets the standards ( for example , rupi standard ) defined in the robot management server 430 . when the robot meets the standards , the robot permits connection with the robot management server 430 . the robot manager 440 generates the robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 and the robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 generate the robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 at the time when the robot is connected to the robot management server 430 . the robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 are generated by the number of actually connected robots and are managed by the robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 . each robot server 450 , 460 , and 470 is generated according to each kind of robot so that multi - kinds robots can be simultaneously managed by the robot management server 430 . in other words , one robot server can manage only the robot of the same kind such that the functional difference , the authentication scheme , and the difference of the functional expansion included in the different kinds of robots can be processed by each robot server . therefore , when one a kind robot is connected , the robot server and the robot object are generated one by one and when b kind of robot is further connected , the robot server and the robot object is further generated one by one . then , when the a kind robot is further connected , the robot server for the a kind is previously generated , such that only the robot object is further generated . the robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 generate the virtual components 456 , 458 , 476 , and 478 for the ‘ robot service components ’ included in each actual robot and the user or the remote robot applications can be connected to the functions of the actual robot through these virtual components . for example , when the robot has the functions of the image recognition , the voice recognition , and the voice synthesis , the robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 have the virtual components 456 , 458 , 476 , and 478 that can perform the functions and performs the virtual components 456 , 458 , 476 , and 478 to actually use the functions such as the image recognition , voice recognition , voice synthesis , etc ., in the robot . if the connected robot has any functions , it is stored in the robot according to a format defined by the standard , the robot processes the data , such that the robot management server 430 can know if any functions are built in the robot and allow the virtual components 456 , 458 , 476 , and 478 to store the functions in the robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 . the virtual components are simultaneously performed , making it possible to simultaneously control the plurality of multi - kinds robots . in addition , when functions are common to each kind of robot , the robot can simultaneously perform the functions by binding the functions . the robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 are generated at the time when authentication is succeeded by the connection of the robot and deleted when the access is released . herein , the robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 , from which all the robot objects 455 , 457 , 475 , and 477 are deleted , are not deleted from the memory and can wait for the connection of the robot . thereby , when the robot of the kind corresponding to the robot server , from which all the robot objects are deleted , is connected again , there is no need to generate the robot servers again . the robot manager 440 generates the robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 and provides the search functions . the management function module 480 has ‘ connection management 482 ’, ‘ authentication 484 ’, ‘ diagnosis 486 ’, ‘ functional expansion ( profiling ) 488 ’, etc . these modules are shared and used by the robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 and when the robot management server 430 starts , these modules are generated and responds to the request from the robot servers 450 , 460 , and 470 . in the present invention , a process from a point in time when the robot is connected to a point in time when the robot is disconnected will be described below with reference to fig8 . first , when the robot is connected ( s 800 ), the management function module of the robot management server authenticates whether the robot meets the standards and if not , ends the connection of the robot and if so , the authentication is succeeded ( s 805 ). if the authentication is succeeded , the robot management server receives the information of the kind of robot from the robot ( s 810 ). thereafter , it is determined whether the virtual robot server corresponding to the kind of robot connected to the robot management server is already generated based on the received information ( s 815 ). when the virtual robot server of the corresponding kind is generated , the virtual robot object corresponding to the connected robot is generated and the generated virtual robot object connects to the virtual robot servers that are already generated ( s 820 ). when the virtual robot server of the corresponding kind is not generated , the virtual robot object corresponding to the connected robot is generated , the virtual robot server corresponding to the kind of connected robot is generated , and then , the generated virtual robot object connects to the generated virtual robot server ( s 825 ). thereafter , when the connection of the robot ends , the virtual robot object is deleted ( s 830 ). through the above configuration , the present embodiment overcomes the functional limitation due to the different kinds of robots , thus the plurality of robots can be simultaneously managed by one server . fig5 is a diagram showing a second embodiment and is a diagram showing a shape where the robot management server proposed in the first embodiment is connected to the robot . first , when a robot 520 is connected , a robot manager of a robot management server 540 determines whether the robot meets the standards defined in the robot management server 540 . when the authentication process is performed and then the connection is completed , the robot manager reads the information of the kind of connected robot 520 and then , generates the robot server according to the kinds . when the same kind of the robot server is already generated , the robot server is not separately generated . thereafter , after the robot server generates the robot object and reads the functional information of the robot , it generates the robot object including the virtual component . as such , the reason why the kind of robot and the functional information of the robot can be read is that the robot stores information based on standardization . the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the robot management server may additionally have components in addition to the components built in the robot . for example , the robot 520 does not have the voice synthesizing function and may have only the mike and the speaker . in this case , the robot 520 transmits the data input through the mike to the robot management server 540 and the virtual component 545 in the robot management server 540 uses the input data to perform the voice synthesis process . thereafter , the processed data is transmitted to the robot 520 and the robot 520 can output the synthesized data through the speaker . through the above processes , the robot 520 may have the voice synthesis function without requiring a separate voice synthesis apparatus , such that miniaturization of the robot can be achieved and the function of the robot can be expanded . the virtual component 545 of the second embodiment differs from the virtual components 456 , 458 , 476 , and 478 of fig4 of the first embodiment in that the detailed contents of the component are implemented in the robot management server 540 , not the robot 520 . however , the second embodiment is the same as the first embodiment in that the functions of the robot are performed within the virtual robot object connected to the virtual robot server and therefore , their names are referred to as the virtual component like the first embodiment . the additional function of the above - mentioned virtual component 545 may be added after the robot 520 is connected to the robot management server 540 and the functions of other kinds of robots can also be used when the different kinds of robots are compatible . in addition , the robot management server 540 may be provided with a separate storage device 560 . in other words , the robot 520 transmits the information to be stored to the robot management server 540 at any time and the transmitted information is stored in the storage device 560 connected to the robot management server 540 . thereafter , the robot 520 can access the storage device of the robot management server 540 to receive necessary information . fig6 is a diagram showing a third embodiment , wherein the robot management server proposed in the first embodiment is connected to the robot and connected to a separate external server 660 . first , when a robot 620 is connected , a robot manager of a robot management server 640 determines whether the robot meets the standards defined in the robot management server 640 . when several standards can be compatible and the robot management server 640 includes the compatible function , robot management server can include a plurality of standards . when the authentication process is performed and then the connection is completed , the robot manager reads the information of the kind of connected robot 620 and then , generates the robot server according to the kind . when the same kind of robot server is already generated , the robot server is not separately generated . thereafter , after the robot server generates the robot object and reads the functional information of the robot , it generates the robot object including the virtual component . as such , the reason why the kind of robots and the functional information of the robot can be read is that the robot stores information due to the standardization . the third embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the robot management server may additionally have components in addition to the components built in the robot and differs from the second embodiment in that the robot management server is connected to the external server 660 . as described in the second embodiment , the robot 620 can use the voice synthesis function by the robot management server 640 without requiring the voice synthesis function . in other words , the second embodiment expands the function of the robot by including , functions , which are not included in the robot , in the robot management server , whereas in the third embodiment , the separate server 660 includes the functions of the robot . in other words , when the robot 620 needs the voice synthesis function , the robot management server 640 is connected to the external server 660 having the voice synthesis function . thereafter , the robot 620 transmits the voice data to the robot management server 640 , the robot management server 640 transmits the data to the external server 660 , the external server 660 processes the received voice data and then transmits the processed data to the robot management server 640 again . thereafter , the robot management server 640 transmits the processed data to the robot 640 again . through the above configuration , when the expanding function of the robot 620 is needed , the robot management server 640 is enough to connect to the external server 660 including the necessary functions , making it possible to very conveniently expand the functions of the robot . fig7 is a diagram showing a structure of a robot resource diagnosis according to the present invention , in particular , a diagram showing a structure of a module used for querying a system resource in a robot . in other words , the robot may include a diagnosis module that diagnoses the devices inside the robot . the diagnosis function monitors the state of the robot to generate information on whether the robot is normally operating and then reports it to the manager . to this end , operating information on a system internal hardware device , a hardware driver module , a software component , a software module , etc ., should be brought . a window operating system uses a windows management instrumentation ( wmi ) function to bring static information and dynamic operating information on all the hardware devices and software modules that are operated in windows . the diagnosis agent compatibly works with the wmi api to use the function such that it extracts information on malfunction , errors , etc ., of the robot in real time when the operating system of the robot is performed by the window operating system and transmits the extracted information to a remote place , thereby making it possible for the manager to monitor the state of the robot . in other words , a diagnosis agent 722 issues diagnosis instructions through wmi - based query api 724 when it needs resource information of the robot , and the wmi - based query api 724 receives the diagnosis results through a wmi system 740 . thereafter , the received information is transmitted to the diagnosis agent 722 . the resource information may be stored in the separate database and the terminal at a remote place can access the database to query the resource information . although the fourth embodiment describes configuration of the robot based on windows that is an operating system from microsoft co ., the robot can be configured of other operating systems such as linux , unix , etc . the present invention can be implemented as a computer - readable code in a computer - readable recording medium . the computer - readable recording media includes all types of recording apparatuses in which data readable by a computer system is stored . examples of the computer - readable recording media may include a rom , a ram , a cd - rom , a magnetic tape , a floppy disk , an optical data storage , etc . in addition , the computer - readable recording media also include one implemented in the form of a carrier wave ( i . e ., transmission through the internet ). further , the computer - readable recording media are distributed on systems connected over the network , and are stored and executed as the computer - readable code by a distribution method . as described above , the exemplary embodiments have been described and illustrated in the drawings and the description . herein , specific terms have been used , but are just used for the purpose of describing the present invention and are not used for qualifying the meaning or limiting the scope of the present invention , which is disclosed in the appended claims . therefore , it will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that various modifications are made and other equivalent embodiments are available . accordingly , the actual technical protection scope of the present invention must be determined by the spirit of the appended claims . | 6 |
the starting material for this process , 2 - cyano - 1 - oxaspiro [ 2 ] nonane , having formula ( i ), hereinafter referred to as an epoxynitrile , is a known compound and can readily be obtained by the condensation of chloroacetonitrile and cyclohexanone according to known chemical procedures . hydrogenation of the epoxynitrile to obtain cyanomethylcyclohexanol , having formula ( ii ), hereinafter referred to as hydroxynitrile , is carried out in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst . examples of hydrogenation catalysts which may be used include platinum , palladium , raney nickel and the like . the preferred catalyst for this hydrogenation step is platinum or palladium with palladium being most preferred . generally , the catalyst may be unsupported or supported on any conventional carrier such as silica , alumina , carbon , calcium sulfate , barium sulfate and the like . the amount of catalyst employed typically will be about 0 . 01 to 2 . 0 weight percent based on the amount of epoxynitrile used , with about 0 . 5 weight percent being preferred . this step of the process is most conveniently carried out in the presence of a solvent . suitable solvents include the lower carbon alkanols ( c 1 - c 4 ) and lower carbon aliphatic carboxylic acids ( c 1 - c 4 ) examples of the alkanol solvents are methanol , ethanol , 1 - propanol , 2 - propanol , and any of the butanols . typical carboxylic acid solvents are acetic acid , propanoic acid and butyric acid . the hydrogenation pressure of the reaction need not be elevated since the reaction is essentially complete in a matter of minutes . if desired , a moderately elevated pressure may be used . generally a pressure up to about 50 psig will be sufficient . to achieve a maximum yield of hydroxynitrile and to avoid the formation of undersirable by - products such as imines , aminals and polymers thereof it is important that the period of hydrogenation be controlled , i . e ., hydrogenation discontinued after the uptake of about one equivalent of hydrogen . on a small scale , such as in the experimental examples disclosed hereinafter , the period of uptake is about 10 minutes . of course this time can be expected to vary depending on the volume of reactant , pressure , equipment and the like . step ( b ) of my process involves hydrogenating the hydroxynitrile product of step ( a ) in the presence of a hydrogen treated rhodium catalyst in an acidic solvent . the rhodium catalyst can be unsupported or supported on any conventional support that is nonreactive with the solvent employed . carriers such as silica , alumina , and carbon are among the more commonly used catalyst supports which can be used . the amount of catalyst employed will normally be about 0 . 1 to 2 . 5 weight percent based on the amount of hydroxynitrile with about 1 . 5 weight percent being preferred . the solvent used will normally be a lower carbon aliphatic carboxylic acid ( c 1 - c 4 ) or a combination alkanol / inorganic acid . the alkanols can be the same as those employed in step ( a ) and the inorganic acids can be sulfuric acid , hydrochloric acid and the like . this reaction step can generally be carried out without the use of elevated pressure although a moderately elevated hydrogenation pressure is preferred . accordingly , a hydrogenation pressure up to about 500 psig can ordinarily be employed with a pressure of about 50 to 100 psig being preferred . as indicated a hydrogen treated rhodium catalyst is employed in this process step , that is the rhodium metal is contacted with hydrogen , normally by introducing hydrogen into a suitable reactor vessel containing the rhodium metal and solvent . the contacting of the rhodium metal with hydrogen is ordinarily maintained for several minutes , i . e . 10 minutes is usually sufficient when conducted on a laboratory scale such as in the experimental examples disclosed hereinafter . it is particularly advantageous to the operation of this step to contact the rhodium metal with hydrogen before the hydroxynitrile is added to the solvent - catalyst mixture . while success of this step does not depend on contacting the catalyst with hydrogen prior to the addition of the hydroxynitrile , decreased yields of the desired hydroxyamine compound are obtained when the hydroxynitrile is added in whole or in part prior to contacting the catalyst with hydrogen . it is also particularly advantageous to control the rate of addition of the hydroxynitrile , that is to add the hydroxynitrile gradually or in increments to achieve maximum formation of the desired 1 -( 2 - aminoethyl ) cyclohexanol . in a typical set - up the solvent and catalyst are placed in a suitable reactor vessel . the reactor vessel is then pressurized with hydrogen , normally for several minutes , e . g ., 10 minutes in the case of the experimental examples disclosed hereinafter . during this time it is advantageous to rock or shake the slurry of solvent and catalyst . the hydroxynitrile is then added to the reactor vessel in small individual portions or in a slow steady stream over a period of several hours . on a laboratory scale the addition time is normally about 3 to 15 hours . this time can naturally be expected to increase as the size of the operation increases . during the addition of the hydroxynitrile the hydrogenation pressure is maintained at about 50 to 100 psig . when conducted according to this typical set - up maximum yields of the desired hydroxyamine product normally can be obtained . however , if the hydroxynitrile is added too fast or all at once or if the catalyst is not first treated with hydrogen as previously described the yield and purity of the hydroxyamine are adversely affected and the formation of unwanted by - products increases . step ( c ) of my process is carried out according to known amidation procedures using conventional reaction conditions . the reaction of 1 -( 2 - aminoethyl ) cyclohexanol , having formula ( iii ) and hereinafter referred to as hydroxyamine , and 4 - methoxyphenyl acetic acid is carried out in an inert atmosphere , e . g ., nitrogen , to avoid possible product decomposition . water formed from the reaction is removed by azeotropic distillation . the mole ratio of hydroxyamine to 4 - methoxyphenyl acetic acid will be about 1 : 1 to 1 : 1 . 2 . the resulting product is a mixture of amides ( iv ) and ( v ) which are present in a ratio of about 4 : 1 , respectively . this process step is carried out in an inert solvent , preferably one capable of forming an azeotropic mixture with water . typical solvents which can be employed are the inert aromatic hydrocarbons such as decalin , toluene , xylene , benzene and the like . the reaction temperature normally will be at reflux , the actual temperature depending on the boiling temperature of the solvent . generally a temperature range of about 80 ° to 190 ° c . is suitable . according to the process of step d the mixture of compounds ( iv ) and ( v ) is dehydrated to obtain the desired product ( v ) in about 85 % to 90 % yield and containing about 5 % or less of compound ( iv ). the conversion of the mixture of ( iv ) and ( v ) to predominantly ( v ) is accomplished by conventional dehydration methods . a typical method is by heating the mixture under reflux conditions while azeotropically removing water . additionally the mixture may be dehydrated using known dehydrating agents such as sulfuric acid , phosphoric acid or dimethylsulfoxide . the preferred method for this step is by the use of a dehydrating agent , preferably dimethylsulfoxide . typically the mixture of compounds ( iv ) and ( v ) is heated in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide in an inert atmosphere , e . g . nitrogen , at a temperature of about 95 ° to 115 ° c . generally , about 1 to 10 moles of dimethylsulfoxide will be used per mole of ( iv ) and ( v ) combined . isolation of the product ( v ) is achieved according to conventional techniques . the following examples are given to further illustrate the invention , but it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited in any way by the details described therein . a dry 500 - ml three - necked round - bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer , thermometer , dropping funnel , and nitrogen atmosphere was charged with 28 . 125 g . ( 0 . 373 mol ) chloroacetonitrile , 31 . 5 g . ( 0 . 375 mol ) cyclohexanone , and 50 ml tert - butyl alcohol . this solution was cooled in an ice bath while a filtered solution of 112 g . ( 0 . 40 mol ) potassium t - butoxide in 170 ml t - butyl alcohol ( distilled from cah 2 ) was added dropwise over a five - hour period . the internal temperature was maintained between 8 ° and 15 ° c . during the addition , a precipitate ( kcl ) formed . the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 16 hours . the resulting slurry was concentrated in vacuo with moderate heating (˜ 70 ° c .) and then dissolved in 50 ml water followed by ether extraction ( 3x 30 ml ). the combined organic phases were dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to a red - brown oil weighing 39 g . kugelrohr distillation ( 110 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm ) afforded a clear , colorless oil with some white solid present ( pot residue : 0 . 90 g . red polymer ). the distillate was taken up in hexane , filtered ( 0 . 79 g white solid ), and evaporated to a clear colorless oil , homogeneous by tlc ( 3 % meoh in ch 2 cl 2 ) and gc ( 10 % ov - 101 on chrom whp 80 / 100 , 6 &# 39 ;× 1 / 8 &# 34 ; column ), 36 . 9 g ., 0 . 27 mol , 72 % yield . nmr ( cdcl 3 , tms ) δ 3 . 29 ( s , 1h ), 1 . 9 - 1 . 3 ( b , 10h ) ms e - 29885be m / e : 137 , 110 (- hcn ). in a 250 ml parr pressure vessel was placed 2 . 0 g . ( 0 . 0145 mol ) of ( i ), 50 ml ethanol ( 8082 ), and 400 mg 5 % pd / c ( engelhardt ) 1 weight % metal . the pressure vessel was placed on a parr shaker and pressurized with 50 psi h 2 . during the first five minutes , the h 2 uptake was extraordinarily rapid . the reaction was stopped after 10 minutes ; tlc ( 3 % meoh / chcl 3 ) showed that no starting material was left . the reaction mixture was filtered , evaporated to an oil in vacuo , taken up in ether , washed with dilute hcl , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), and evaporated to an oil which was kugelrohr distilled ( 130 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm ) to yield 1 . 42 g ( 70 % yield ) clear , colorless oil . nmr ( cdcl 3 , tms ) δ 3 . 32 ( s , 1h , exchangeable with d 2 o wash ), 2 . 72 ( s , 2h ), 1 . 9 - 1 . 1 ( b , 10h ) ms : m / e 139 , 79 , 40 . a 500 ml parr pressure vessel was charged with 200 ml acetic acid , 3 g . 5 % rh / c ( engelhardt ) 1 . 5 weight % metal , and shaken under h 2 ( 50 psi ) for 10 minutes . to this reaction mixture was added , in seven portions at 30 - 60 minute intervals , a solution of 10 g . ( 0 . 072 mol ) 13 in 50 ml acetic acid . when h 2 uptake ceased (˜ 2 hours after last addition ), the reaction mixture was filtered , concentrated in vacuo , dissolved in water , washed once with ether , basified with 50 % naoh , and extracted ( 5x 30 ml ) with ch 2 cl 2 . the combined organic fractions were dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and evaporated to yield a yellow oil . kugelrohr distillation ( 130 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm ) afforded 8 . 64 g . ( 0 . 06 mol , 84 % yield ). nmr ( cdcl 3 , tms ) δ 3 . 01 ( t , j = 6 hz , 2h ), 2 . 70 ( s , 3h , exchangeable with d 2 o wash ) 2 . 0 - 1 . 0 ( b , 12h ). ms ( e30013be ) m / e 143 , 125 , 82 . to 20 ml hot xylene ( under an n 2 blanket ) was added 1 gm ( 0 . 007 mol ) hydroxyamine ( iii ), and the solution was azeotroped dry by distilling out about 3 - 5 ml xylene . the reaction mixture was then cooled to 40 ° c . and 1 . 27 gm ( 0 . 0077 mol , 110 mol %) 4 - methoxyphenylacetic acid was added . the reaction mixture was then heated to reflux , azeotroping out water , under n 2 . after 16 hours , tlc ( silica gel , eluted with 3 % ethanol in chloroform ) showed the starting materials to have been consumed , and the products iv and v to have been generated . the reaction mixture was cooled , washed with saturated na 2 co 3 solution , then with dilute ( 3 %) hcl . ethyl acetate was added to the organic phase to prevent an oil from separating out of solution . the organic phase was then washed with brine , dried over na 2 so 4 , and evaporated to yield 2 . 06 g . ( 100 % yield ) yellow oil . after standing overnight , the oil solidified . hplc analysis showed the mixture to contain 19 : 81 ratio of v to iv . ( ultrasphere - octyl reverse phase column , eluted with 60 % methanol , 40 % water , uv detector set at 270 nm .) a sample of iv was isolated by preparative tlc ( silica gel , eluted with 3 % ethanol in chloroform ). anal . calcd . for c 17 h 25 no 3 : c , 70 . 07 ; h , 8 . 64 ; n , 4 . 80 . found : c , 70 . 07 ; h , 8 . 60 ; n , 4 . 97 ( a . s . no . 81 - 7222 ). mass spectrum , m / e 291 , 273 (- h 2 o ), 166 , 152 , 121 , 109 ( a . s . no . f81286 ). nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ 1 - 2 ( b , 12h ), 3 . 14 ( s , 2h , ar -- ch 2 ), 3 . 27 ( s , 1h , oh ), 3 . 40 ( m , 2h , ch 2 -- n ), 3 . 76 ( s , 3h , och 3 ), 6 . 7 ( bm , 1h , nh ), 6 . 94 ( dd , 4h , j = 12 hz , 8 hz ). demonstrating the dehydration of the mixture of iv and v to obtain predominantly v to 25 ml dimethylsulfoxide , under an n 2 blanket , was added 1 g . of a mixture of iv and v . the reaction mixture was then heated between 100 ° and 110 ° c . for three hours . the reaction was then added to 50 ml h 2 o and extracted 3x 25 ml ether . the combined ether layers were then washed ( 2x 20 ml brine ), dried ( na 2 so 4 ), and evaporated to yield 0 . 91 g . crystalline solid . recrystallization from ethyl acetate - heptane afforded 0 . 88 g of v . this compound was identical ( ir , nmr , ms , mixed melting point , gc retention time ) to the known material produced by literature methods . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention . | 2 |
advantages and features of the present invention and methods to achieve them will be elucidated from exemplary embodiments described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . therefore , the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein , but may be modified in many different forms . however , these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete , and will fully convey the technical spirit of the invention to those skilled in the art . in the drawings , the embodiments of the present invention are not limited the illustrated specific form , but in order to clearly understand and / or easily embody the present invention , configurations of the present invention will be enlarged in the accompanying drawings . herein , specific terms have been used , but are just used for the purpose of describing the present invention and are not used for qualifying the meaning or limiting the scope of the present invention , which is disclosed in the appended claims . it is understood that the term “ vehicle ” or “ vehicular ” or other similar term as used herein is inclusive of motor vehicles in general such as passenger automobiles including sports utility vehicles ( suv ), buses , trucks , various commercial vehicles , watercraft including a variety of boats and ships , aircraft , and the like , and includes hybrid vehicles , electric vehicles , plug - in hybrid electric vehicles , hydrogen - powered vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles ( e . g . fuels derived from resources other than petroleum ). as referred to herein , a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that has two or more sources of power , for example both gasoline - powered and electric - powered vehicles . the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention . as used herein , the singular forms “ a ,” “ an ” and “ the ” are intended to include the plural forms as well , unless the context clearly indicates otherwise . it will be further understood that the terms “ comprises ” and / or “ comprising ,” when used in this specification , specify the presence of stated features , integers , steps , operations , elements , and / or components , but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features , integers , steps , operations , elements , components , and / or groups thereof . as used herein , the term “ and / or ” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items . further , the control logic of the present invention may be embodied as non - transitory computer readable media on a computer readable medium containing executable program instructions executed by a processor , controller or the like . examples of computer readable media include , but are not limited to , rom , ram , compact disc ( cd )- roms , magnetic tapes , floppy disks , flash drives , smart cards and optical data storage devices . the computer readable medium can also be distributed in network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable media is stored and executed in a distributed fashion , e . g ., by a telematics server or a controller area network ( can ). hereinafter , embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings fig1 illustrates a charging coil equipped in a parking space of a parking lot and rssis in response to the charging coil . when a wireless charging system is installed in a parking lot , charging coils 111 to 116 may be installed at or near a floor ( e . g ., approximately ground level ) of each parking space . a vehicle 120 which is parked in the parking space may be wirelessly charged with electric energy by a charging coil 116 which is installed at the floor . further , each of the charging coils 111 to 116 may transmit signals related to its own position . a received signal strength indicator ( rssi ) in response to the transmission of the corresponding signal is in inverse proportion to a distance spaced apart from the corresponding charging coil . in particular , among left concentric circles 141 to 143 , an inner circle 143 having a small diameter has an rssi larger than that of an outer circle 141 having a large diameter . among right concentric circles 131 to 133 , an inner circle 131 having a small diameter has an rssi larger than that of an outer circle 133 having a large diameter . further , the parked vehicle 120 is wirelessly charged with power through the charging coil 116 which is disposed at a lower portion of the corresponding vehicle 120 , but may measure the rssis in response to the transmission of the signals from the charging coils 111 to 115 which are disposed at the lower portion of the parking space around the vehicle . as the result , the parked vehicle 120 receives the signals related to the positions of the charging coils 111 to 116 transmitted from the charging coils 111 to 116 to be able to calculate an rssi array based on the measured rssi . fig2 illustrates the rssi of the parking space within the parking lot by a gray scale in a method for pairing a wireless charging system to a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig2 , values from 0 to 10 regarding a value of the measured rssi are represented by a gray scale . each square represents a parking space , and diagonal lines 211 at parking spaces 217 and 220 shown by a solid line within the square represent a parking space in which the parked vehicle is present . further , a circle 230 outside the parking lot represents a tree or other object , as an example of the surrounding environment of the parking lot . the gray scale of fig2 represents the rssi array for the charging coils disposed at the floors of the parking lot , which are received by a vehicle a parked in a parking space 220 among the parking spaces 211 to 217 and 220 in which parked vehicles are present . in particular , since the value of the gray scale is increased as the vehicle approaches the parking space a 220 , the rssi is shown by a dark color , and since the value of the gray scale is reduced as the vehicle is far away from the parking space 220 , the rssi is shown by a light color . as described above , a distance from a vehicle to a parking space which measures the rssi and the rssi are in inverse proportion to each other . as illustrated in fig2 , when the rssi array is represented by the gray scale , the rssi array is more intuitively easily recognized at a glance than representing the corresponding value by number . fig3 is a flow chart illustrating a method for pairing a wireless charging system to a vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention . first , a first signal including positional information related to the parking space within the parking lot is transmitted through a processor which is included in a controller controlling the pairing of the wireless charging system to the vehicle . next , the processor receives a second signal transmitted from the vehicle ( s 310 ). here , the second signal includes information on the received signal strength indicators ( rssi ) array , in which the rssi array may be determined by the plurality of signals which are present within the parking lot . in detail , the plurality of signals which are present within the parking lot may be the signals related to the positions of the charging coils which are described with reference to fig1 and 2 . next , the processor determines the positions of the parking spaces of the parking lot based on the received second signal ( s 320 ). next , the processor compares the rssi array which is previously stored in a repository with an rssi array which is included in the second signal received in step s 319 ( s 330 ). here , the processor determines whether the rssi array previously stored matches the rssi array included in the second signal by using a signal processing algorithm . next , the processor transmits a third signal which provides a notification on the matching between the rssis indicating the pairing of the wireless charging system to the vehicle , to the vehicle ( s 340 ). here , the vehicle receiving the third signal may determine an accurate position of a current charging coil depending on the matching between the rssis and enters an appropriate parking space without confusion based on the determination and is then parked , such that the vehicle may be charged with electric energy . in particular , the first signal may be transmitted from the vehicle , and as the comparison result of the rssi array previously stored with the rssi array included in the second signal in step s 330 , if it is determined that the matching is not made , the processor stores a new rssi array which is not matched in the repository . that is , the processor stores the unmatched rssi array to store the latest parking space information , thereby updating the stored rssi array . as described above , the processor may recognize and store the rssi array as an rssi pattern and a detailed example thereof is the gray scale . here , the rssi pattern may be determined based on an environment ( e . g ., the tree 230 of fig2 ) around the parking lot . further , the second signal received by the vehicle may also be determined based on the repetitive attempt to put the corresponding vehicle into the parking space . further , a gps system may be used for the pairing of the wireless charging system to the vehicle according to the embodiment of the present invention . in this case , the corresponding vehicle may be more accurately guided to the parking space . the positional information as described above may be represented by position coordinates , for example , longitude and latitude , and as illustrated in fig1 , the charging coil which is a targeted parking point may be disposed at or near a center of the parking space . further , the processor executing the above - mentioned several steps preferably is included in a separate controller closely positioned to the parking lot to be able to control the parking of the electric vehicle . when the processor compares the rssi array previously stored with the rssi array included in the second signal in step s 330 as described above , the processor may determine whether the position of the rssi array previously stored matches the position of the rssi array included in the second signal by using the signal processing algorithm . consequently , according to the method for pairing a wireless charging system to a vehicle according to the embodiment of the present invention , the position of the charging coil for efficient wireless charging may be accurately understood as the latest information even though the environment and time are changed and a driver rapidly and accurately may park his / her own vehicle based on the understood position and may wirelessly charge electric energy in the vehicle . according to the embodiments of the present invention , the method for pairing a wireless charging system to a vehicle may provide the parking space for wireless charging by updating parking information provided from the plurality of signals within the parking lot . hereinabove , although the exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes , those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications , additions and substitutions are possible , without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims . accordingly , the scope of the present invention is not construed as being limited to the described embodiments but is defined by the appended claims as well as equivalents thereto . considering the above contents , if the modifications and changes of the present invention belong to the range of the following claims and equivalents , the present invention is considered to include the changes and modifications of the present invention . | 8 |
now , specific embodiments of the suspension for magnetic head according to the present invention will be described in detail below . [ 0040 ] fig1 is a plan view showing one example of a magnetic recording disk drive 4 including a suspension for magnetic head according to the present invention . in this example , a coarse actuator for positioning a magnetic head slider 6 to a predetermined track on a disk 8 is included of a voice coil motor ( vcm ) 12 including an arm 16 which is moved with a pivot rotational shaft 10 as a center . a load beam 14 is attached to a tip end portion of the vcm arm 16 . [ 0041 ] fig2 shows an exploded view of a suspension for magnetic head according to a first embodiment of the present invention . a component part 36 constituting a gimbal portion 20 , micro - beams 22 and 24 and a rotor portion 32 is attached to a tip end portion of the load beam 14 . more in detail , the micro - beams 22 and 24 have a structure in which long pieces 22 a and 24 a integrally connected respectively to both side edges of a tip end portion of a suspension component part main body 36 a are bent substantially perpendicularly to the side of the load beam 14 along the both side edges , the long pieces 22 a and 24 a are folded back substantially by 180 ° to the inside at the tip end position of the suspension component part main body 36 a , and a gimbal portion 20 and a rotor portion 32 are integrally connected to the tip ends of the long pieces 22 a and 24 a through joint portions 22 b and 24 b , respectively . a head slider 6 including a magnetic head ( not shown ) for reading / writing of data on a magnetic recording disk is attached to the gimbal portion 20 . if required , a stator portion 28 is attached to a tip end portion of the load beam 14 . the stator portion 28 is fixed , for example , by an epoxy based adhesive or by soldering , welding or the like . the stator portion 28 may be formed as one body with the load beam 14 . with the stator portion 28 and the rotor portion 32 respectively provided with electrodes , a micro - actuator utilizing an electrostatic force is formed . in this case , since the micro - beams 22 and 24 support the magnetic head slider 6 oscillatably , the degree of freedom in designing the electrodes is drastically enlarged . when a piezoelectric material is disposed between the stator portion 28 and the rotor portion 32 , a micro - actuator utilizing electrostriction is formed . in this case , since the micro - beams 22 and 24 support the magnetic head slider 6 , a high strength is not required at the piezoelectric material itself or at the adhesion interface , so that the degree of freedom of design is enlarged . with electromagnets or permanent magnets disposed at the stator portion 28 and the rotor portion 32 , a micro - actuator utilizing an electromagnetic force is formed . further , when a magnetostrictive material is disposed and adhered between the stator portion 28 and the rotor portion 32 and an electromagnet for impressing an electric field or the like is disposed in the surroundings of the magnetostrictive material , a micro - actuator utilizing magnetostriction is formed . the component part 36 constituted of an attachment portion 38 for attachment to the load beam 14 , the micro - beams 22 and 24 , the gimbal portion 20 and the rotor portion 32 is formed of a steel based spring material in the same manner as the gimbal in a conventional suspension for magnetic head , and has a thickness of about 0 . 025 to 0 . 1 mm . the micro - beams 22 and 24 extend from the side of the load beam 14 toward the side of the head slider 6 , are once folded at the tip ends thereof , and return to the side of the load beam 14 , where they support the rotor portion 32 and the gimbal portion 20 . this structure has the same effect as an arrangement of two beams on one side , and can maintain a high rigidity in the vertical direction and the like directions while maintaining elasticity in the tracking direction of the disk , as compared with the case of one beam . two or more fold points may be provided for obtaining predetermined elasticity and translational rigidity . the micro - beams 22 and 24 are produced by blanking a sheet by press working or etching in the same manner as the gimbal in a conventional suspension , and then bending the blanked sheet . the manner of processing and deformation in this case is as shown in fig3 . first , the component part 36 after blanking the sheet by press working or etching is as shown in fig3 a , where the positions of the rotor portion 32 and the gimbal portion 20 are reversed with respect to the attachment portion 38 for attachment to the load beam . both ends on the side of a fixing portion for fixing to the load beam are bent perpendicularly in the manner of forming a valley as indicated by arrows a and b , and the sides of the rotor portion 32 and the gimbal portion 20 are bent in the manner of forming a ridge as indicated by arrows c and d , resulting in the condition where the two micro - beams 22 and 24 are twisted , as shown in fig3 b . next , the rotor portion 32 and the gimbal portion 20 are rotated by 180 ° as indicated by arrow f with the straight line e connecting between midpoints of the micro - beams as an axis of rotation , and the midpoint portions of the micro - beams are bent at an appropriate curvature in the manner of folding back the micro - beams , resulting in the condition shown in fig3 c . in order to perform the series of processing with high accuracy , the portions to be bent may be preliminarily provided with a bending line . [ 0049 ] fig4 shows another manner of processing and deformation . a component part 36 after blanking a sheet by press working or etching is subjected to a processing in which fold - back portions of the micro - beams indicated by a straight line g are bent at a predetermined curvature as indicated by arrow h , as shown in fig4 a . next , as shown in fig4 b , both ends on the side of a fixing portion for fixing to the load beam and the sides of the rotor portion and the gimbal portion are bent perpendicularly in the manner of forming a valley as indicated by arrows i , j , k and l , resulting in the condition shown in fig4 c . [ 0050 ] fig5 shows an exploded perspective view of a suspension for magnetic head according to a second embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , a rotor portion 100 is provided between the micro - beams 96 and 98 , and a gimbal portion 102 is provided on the rear side of the rotor portion 100 , i . e ., on the side of an attachment portion 94 for attachment to the load beam . as shown in fig5 the stator portion 90 may be projected toward the front side by the amount by which the rotor portion 100 is moved toward the front side . [ 0051 ] fig6 shows an exploded perspective view of a suspension for magnetic head according to a third embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , a beam 46 is attached to the front side of the stator portion 50 in the first embodiment , and , further , the tip end of the beam 46 is provided with a hollow 49 . the hollow 49 makes point contact with a gimbal portion 20 , thereby playing the role of exerting a pre - load on a head slider 6 . if required , a bend portion 47 may be provided . referring to fig7 there is shown an exploded view of a suspension for magnetic head according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , a rotor portion 54 is bent to be higher than a gimbal portion 64 by about 0 . 3 to 1 . 5 mm , and the tip end of a load beam 56 is clamped between the rotor portion 54 and an attachment portion 62 in assembly . in the case of this embodiment , the tip end of the load beam 56 functions also as a stator portion , whereby the stator component part 28 used in the first embodiment can be omitted . referring to fig8 there is shown an exploded perspective view of a suspension for magnetic head according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , a hole portion 72 formed by beams 66 and 68 extending from the left and the right and a flat portion 70 integrally projected at the tip ends of the beams 66 and 68 in the manner of bridging therebetween is provided at the tip of the load beam 76 in the fourth embodiment , and the flat portion 70 is provided with a hollow 74 . the suspension has its rotor portion 54 attached to the load beam 76 through the hole portion 72 of the load beam 76 . fig9 shows a partial sectional view of the suspension for magnetic head according to this embodiment . in the case of this embodiment , since the tip end of the load beam 76 functions also as a stator portion , the stator component part 28 used in the first embodiment can be omitted , and , in addition , it is possible to exert a pre - load on a slider without increasing the number of component parts . referring to fig1 , there is shown an enlarged perspective view of a tip end portion of a component part according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , a stator portion 80 , micro - beams 82 and 84 , a rotor portion 86 and a slider attachment portion 88 are disposed in the inside of a gimbal portion 78 . in the case of this embodiment , with the stator portion , the micro - beams and the rotor portion contained in the gimbal portion , a further reduction in size can be realized . in this embodiment , the rotor portion 86 and the slider attachment portion 88 are integrally connected to the micro - beams 82 and 84 through joint portions 82 b and 84 b thereof . in this case , long pieces 82 a and 84 a forming the micro - beams 82 and 84 are integrally connected to both side edges of the stator portion 80 , and are bent at the both side edges ; besides , the long pieces 82 a and 84 a are extended toward the rear side ( the load beam side ), and are folded back at predetermined extension positions , and the rotor portion 86 and the slider attachment portion 88 are integrally connected thereto through the joint portions 82 b and 84 b , as described above . in this case , also , the same effects as those of the first to fifth embodiments are displayed . as has been described above , according to the present invention , it is possible to provide a suspension for magnetic head in which a magnetic head actuator capable of achieving an accurate positioning can be incorporated by a simple technique . the present invention is not limited to the details of the above described preferred embodiments . the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and all changes and modifications as fall within the equivalence of the scope of the claims are therefore to be embraced by the invention . | 6 |
fig1 illustrates the flowmeter system of the present invention which includes a transducer assembly 10 , shown in longitudinal section , which comprises a substantially cylindrical body having a central cylindrical opening , or bore 12 , through which a fluid medium flows in both directions , as indicated by the arrows 14 . the transducer assembly is made generally in accordance with the description in the u . s . patent to dewath , supra , and is provided with spaced apart cylindrical crystal transducers whose inner diameters are substantially coextensive with the cylindrical bore 12 so that the wall is substantially uniform with no obstructions or cavities to provide a place for particulate matter to collect or to provide an impediment for the flow of fluid therethrough . the purpose of the transducers is described in the dewath patent and in the hall and loveland patent , supra . while the hall and loveland patent also showed and described , in great detail , control circuitry for operating the crystal transducers to accomplish the desired results , for the purpose of this invention , this circuitry has been simplified into block diagrams and reference can be made to this patent if more detailed information on the operation of the circuit is thought necessary . as can be seen in fig1 the two ultrasonic crystal transducers , represented by crystals 16 and 18 , also identified as cr d and cr u , are alternately each connected to the transmission control circuitry via a switching mechanism 20 . when one transducer is connected to the transmission circuitry via switching mechanism 20 , the other transducer is in the receive mode the output of which in turn is connected via a second switching mechanism 26 to a phase detector 28 , a signal integrator 30 and two sample - and - hold circuits 32 and 34 , identified as upstream and downstream . the outputs of these two sample - and - hold circuits are connected to two operational amplifiers , one identified as a summing amplifier 36 and the other identified as a difference amplifier 38 . the output of the summing amplifier 36 will indicate the velocity of sound and the output of the difference amplifier will indicate the magnitude and direction of the measured fluid flow . the output of the summing amplifier is connected to a loop filter 40 and to a voltage controlled oscillator 42 ( vco ) which is connected back to the phase detector 28 and to a phase shifter and square - wave - to - sine wave converter 44 . the phase shifter and converter 44 output is connected back to the first switching mechanism 20 . also like the summing amplifier , the output of the difference amplifier 38 is connected to the vco 42 but through a multiplier 46 and a velocity of sound conditioning circuit 48 . one output of the multiplier is the magnitude and direction of the fluid flow as stated above and the second output represents the relative velocity of sound . shown connected by dotted lines are the first and second switching mechanisms 20 and 26 and two additional switching mechanisms 50 and 52 all under the control of a combinational logic and clock circuit 54 . the circuit 54 alternates transmit and receive functions of the two crystal transducers 16 and 18 , alternates the output of the upstream and downstream receivers 22 and 24 , operates the integrator 30 between reset , integrate and hold functions and , finally , operates the upstream and downstream sample - and - hold circuits 32 and 34 through a sample , hold , and sample function . as shown in this figure , the ultrasonic crystals 16 and 18 are alternately switched into either the transmit or receive mode by the combinational logic circuit . thus , while one crystal is receiving , the other crystal is transmitting . for each transmit / receive cycle , the phase difference between the transmit signal and the received signal is detected by the phase detector 28 . the average value is determined for each transmit / receive cycle by the integrator circuit 30 which goes through an integrate , hold and reset mode for each transmit / receive cycle . during each integrator hold period , the respective sample / hold circuit for the upstream phase and the downstream phase is ready to accept the new signal ( sample mode ) as data is available at the integrator output . the upstream and downstream sample / hold circuits are updated with new data at the end of each respective transmit / receive cycle and stores ( holds ) the information during the wait period . in the differential amplifier 38 , the stored values are then subtracted with the output indicating the direction and magnitude of the fluid flow . in addition , the same stored values are added together in the summing amplifier to determine if a common mode change has occurred in the fluid medium . a common mode change is caused by a change in the velocity of the ultrasound which , in turn , may be due to either temperature or fluid species change . the result is that the sum of the upstream and downstream data , held by the respective sample - and - hold circuits , changes in a manner which causes an error voltage signal at the voltage controlled oscillator ( vco ) 42 input to change the transmit frequency in a direction which returns the wave length of the ultra - sound frequency is its original value thereby keeping the wave length constant . the components of the control circuitry thus far described correspond to the control circuitry of the flowmeter system of the hall and loveland patent ; it being understood that the foregoing is a simplification of the patented control circuitry . for example , the switching mechanism 20 in this disclosure is actually a combination of high speed transistorized switches comprised of transistors q1 thru q8 controlled from the clock source by pulses x , y q3 and q3 applied to their respective inputs , switching mechanism 26 are transistors q9 and q10 with pulses a and b applied to their respective inputs operation of the logic and clock source but otherwise the block diagrams correspond to the patented circuitry , etc . other switching mechanisms exist in the circuitry of the patent through the operation of the clock source but otherwise the block diagrams correspond to the patented circuitry . it is understood that the other switching mechanisms were shown here to illustrate the operation of the circuitry in the block diagram only . as hereinabove , stated , this invention improves the patented system by increasing the loop gain ( gain is a function of components in the loop , eg , transducers , loop filter , integrator , vco , etc ), and this is accomplished by incorporating a new and improved loop filter into the flowmeter system . however , in order to understand the significant improvement in loop gain the prior art loop filter as used in the patented system will first be described . in connection with this , attention is now directed to fig2 , and 4 , where fig2 is the prior art passive loop filter , fig3 illustrates the phase detector input ( transmitted and received ) and output pulses , and fig4 illustrates the improved active loop filter comprising this invention as part of the flowmeter system . as illustrated in fig2 and as described in the hall and loveland patent , output pulses from the summing amplifier 36 are applied to the passive loop filter 40 which comprises a one megohm resistor r and a one micro - farad compacitor c connected in a conventional manner with the output therefrom applied directly to the input of the vco 42 . this filter , being passive , simply filters the input signal with no gain so that its output is simply a filtered voltage signal of essentially the same amplitude as the input pulse . to understand the need to improve loop gain , attention is now directed to fig3 showing the timing pulses where line a represents the transmit pulses applied to one transducer generating the acoustic compression waves in the fluid medium and line b represents the received pulses received from either the upstream or downstream receiver and applied to the phase detector 28 under a no flow condition with a fluid for which the instrument has been calibrated . thus , the received pulses are 90 ° out of phase with the transmitted pulses under a calibrated ideal condition . line c represents the output of the phase detector under such a condition . note the pulses in line c are 1 / 2 the length of the pulses in lines a and b at twice the frequency of the received pulses . however , in use , when the summing amplifier 36 indicates a change in density of the fluid in the cavity , an error signal is applied to the vco 42 so as to change the frequency of the transmit pulses applied to the transmitting transducer so that the wavelength of sound through the newly detected changed fluid remains the same . for example , as seen in line d of fig3 considering the transmitted frequency which has changed due to a fluid density change , as a constant , the received pulses have moved in phase relative to the transmitted pulses , as for example 30 ° on one side and 60 ° on the other side from its original position of 45 ° on both sides . this means that when the detected phase offset is as shown in line d , the system can only respond to a further shift of 30 ° ( due to a flow signal ) in the direction which is already at 60 ° before the maximum limit of 90 ° is reached before the system goes to an out - of - lock mode -- an inoperative mode . translating this into fluids being measured , for example , if the original instrument was calibrated to respond to a change of 6 liters per second in its original calibration , the system would only be capable of measuring 4 liters per second since 1 / 3 ( 60 °- 45 °) of phase detector range has been used to change the vco frequency . thus , a change of flow of greater than 4 liters per second in one direction would throw the system into an out - of - lock mode . what this means , is that , in the prior art , in order to have a change in phase error signal of one volt , wave form d would change its duty cycle . the duty cycle of wave form c is 50 percent and the signals entering the phase detector are exactly 90 ° ( when calibrated ) out of phase , but if the fluid density is changed , then the duty cycle of the wave form must change . in changing the duty cycle of this wave form , however , the range in one direction is not the same as the range in the other . thus , a sudden change of fluid in the wrong direction would cause the system to go into an inoperative mode . explaining the operation of the flowmeter system in another way , and to thus inferentially explain the importance of this invention , attention is directed back to fig1 where the upstream and downstream sample - and - hold circuits 32 and 34 have their outputs , respectively , identified as φ u and φ d , applied to the sum and difference amplifiers 36 and 38 . turning now to fig4 there is shown an active filter 40 which comprises a resistor r1 connected to the inverting input of an operational amplifier 70 and also connected through a second resistor r2 to a capacitor c1 which , in turn , is connected to the output of the operational amplifier . the noninverting input to the amplifier is grounded . the active filter is essentially an integrator , where c1 is the integrating component , r1 defines the unity gain crossover frequency and r2 is used for loop stability . thus , the voltage applied to this active filter 40 is multiplied several hundred thousand times according to , or equal to , the gain of the operational amplifier . it becomes apparent , then , that a minute change in density will cause a large error signal to be applied to the vco to change the transmit frequency . thus , the 50 % duty cycle wave form remains virtually unchanged and the dynamic range of the system is substantially uneffected . how this increases the loop gain by a tremendous amount is explained further in connection with fig5 which represents the open loop transfer function of the phase lock loop system -- gain versus frequency . as can be seen , as frequency is increased , the 3 db roll off point is reached at about 0 . 16 hertz and it continues to roll off until it reaches about 16 hertz . with the open loop gain of this system at about 100 , the error voltage required to change the vco frequency , is relatively high . this is true regardless of whether the phase detector is the one of the prior art or the new phase detector which is the subject matter of the currently filed u . s . patent application ser . no . 224 , 725 , supra . however , by replacing the passive filter of the prior art with the active loop filter , this loop gain increases by at least a hundred thousand , that is , the gain of the amplifier ( shown by the dash line below 0 . 16 hertz point ) times the gain of the loop provides a total open loop gain as a product of these two or 100 , 000 × 100 . thus , again the system maintains the 50 percent duty cycle wave form and the dynamic range of the system remains substantially unaffected by the change in flow or fluid density . it should be apparent from the foregoing that this invention may be incorporated into the circuitry of the hall and loveland patent , supra , to improve its performance , or may be incorporated in circuitry improved by the incorporation of any one or all of the inventions identified under related applications . supra into a circuit to improve the performance of such circuitry . if the invention of the application ser . no . 224 , 783 is not used , of course , line 56 , shown herein , would be omitted . | 6 |
in the following description , certain details are set forth such as specific quantities , sizes , etc . so as to provide a thorough understanding of the present embodiments disclosed herein . however , it will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art that the present disclosure may be practiced without such specific details . in many cases , details concerning such considerations and the like have been omitted inasmuch as such details are not necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present disclosure and are within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art . referring to the drawings in general , it will be understood that the illustrations are for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to be limiting thereto . drawings are not necessarily to scale . while most of the terms used herein will be recognizable to those of ordinary skill in the art , it should be understood , however , that when not explicitly defined , terms should be interpreted as adopting a meaning presently accepted by those of ordinary skill in the art . in cases where the construction of a term would render it meaningless or essentially meaningless , the definition should be taken from webster &# 39 ; s dictionary , 11th edition , 2008 . definitions and / or interpretations should not be incorporated from other patent applications , patents , or publications , related or not , unless specifically stated in this specification or if the incorporation is necessary for maintaining validity . “ clothing cover / napkin ” as defined herein shall include the present invention with the clothing cover and napkin not separated from each other , “ napkin ” as defined herein includes any wiping , or cleaning device including traditional napkins and wipes . “ clothing cover ” as defined herein includes bibs , mats , towels , and other drapings used to protect clothing . “ perforatable ” as defined herein includes any material that is capable of being perforated such that a user can tear the material along a perforation . “ adhesive ” as defined herein includes any material capable of adhering and securing objects to each other commonly known in the industry and can include , but are not limited to loop and book , ties , double sided tape , applied adhesive , or gel adhesives . in general , the apparatus , systems and methods of the present disclosure are distinguished from and advantageous over other clothing covers , and enhancements , that are conventional in the art , because the systems and methods of the present disclosure use a new and novel clothing cover / napkin that embodies both a clothing cover , or bib , and napkin in one easy to use viable product . fig1 illustrates , one embodiment of the exploded view of the present , invention . as illustrated the clothing cover / napkin 1 is shown with the napkin 15 detached from the clothing cover 10 . clothing cover / napkin 1 is preferable a flexible , flat , planar surface material . as illustrated , in fig1 , the perforation 30 is in substantially a horseshoe shape , but one of ordinary skill in the art can readily see that the perforation 30 can be one of any geometric patterns , including , but not limited to a horse shoe , oval , circle , rectangle , triangular , or any geometric shape . it is also envisioned that the napkin 15 and the clothing cover 10 are made of the same materials thereby allowing for mass production of product . in another embodiment of the present invention , the clothing cover / napkin 1 can be made of a spill resistant material as is known in the art . in one embodiment of the present invention , clothing cover / napkin 1 is preferably composed of an absorbent material , such as conventional fabric , paper , plastic or other materials such as nonwoven or woven materials that can absorb and retain moisture thereby preventing the clothing , or material , under the clothing cover 10 from contacting matter that falls onto the clothing cover 10 . it is envisioned that in several embodiments of the present invention , the materials are composed of “ green ” environmentally friendly materials and can be made of biodegradable or recycled materials , these materials can include , but are not limited to , biodegradable rice paper , biodegradable plastic resins , and biodegradable woven paper . it is envisioned in some embodiments of the present invention that during the manufacture process of the clothing cover / napkin 1 that an additional material coat of material known in the art for repelling moistures could be applied to the top of the clothing covey / napkin 1 , the napkin 15 or the clothing cover 10 individually . in some embodiments of the present invention , it is envisioned that the clothing cover / napkin 1 is comprised of a pliable plastic . as shown in fig1 , in at least one embodiment of the present invention napkin 15 is preferably designed to detach from the main clothing cover / napkin 1 along perforation 30 . since perforation 30 can be of any substantive geometric shape , it is envisioned that the napkin 15 can be round , rectangular , oval , or any other geometric shape that coincides with the edge formed by the perforation 30 . the perforation 30 is substantially of the type utilized in the industry to allow for the napkin 15 to be removed from the clothing cover / napkin 1 by use of a user pulling at the perforation 30 seams . as shown in fig1 , there are two adhesives 20 located adjacent to the napkin 15 and on what becomes the arms 12 of the clothing cover 10 , once the napkin 15 is removed . the adhesives 20 are preferably designed to adhere to each other or directly to clothing . the adhesives 20 are of those commonly known in the industry and can include , but are not limited to loop and hook , ties , double sided tape , applied adhesive , or gel adhesives . in some embodiments of the present invention , the adhesives 20 are permanently attached to the clothing cover 10 . it is envisioned that in manufacture of the present invention the adhesives 20 can be located on the same planar face side of the clothing cover 10 , or on opposite planar sides of the clothing cover 10 . as shown in fig1 , in some embodiments of the present invention , as an option , there is a folding ridge 55 located on the opposite end of the clothing cover / napkin 1 from the napkin 15 . located adjacent to the folding ridge are lower adhesives 60 . the lower adhesives 60 are preferably designed to adhere to the clothing cover 10 when the clothing cover 10 is folded on the folding ridge 55 . it is envisioned that in several embodiments of the present invention the folding ridge 55 can be scored . the lower adhesives 60 are of those commonly known in the industry and can include , but are not limited to loop and hook , ties , double sided tape , or gel adhesives . in some embodiments of the present invention , the adhesives 60 are permanently attached to the clothing cover 10 below the folding ridge 55 . as shown in fig1 , there is an optional perforation line 35 located on the clothing cover 10 . the perforation line 35 forms the upper edge of the napkin 15 as well as the upper edge of the clothing cover 10 near the adhesives 20 . it is envisioned that in some embodiments of the present invention , there is no perforation line 35 , as in when the present inventive device is sold in individual clothing cover / napkin 1 units . it is envisioned that in such embodiments the clothing cover / napkin 1 would be sold as individual wrapped sheets that can be folded , such as sanitary pads , or the like , and individually wrapped . as shown in fig3 , in one embodiment of the present invention , the clothing cover / napkin 1 can come in a roll 25 . in this embodiment of the present invention , the roll 25 , operates in a similar manner to that of the paper towel rolls known in the industry . as illustrated each clothing cover / napkin 1 is in tandem and attached to each adjacent clothing cover / napkin 1 by perforation line 35 . as shown in fig2 , in one embodiment of the present invention , as an option , there is adhesive 50 , which is located adjacent , but below , to perforation line 30 , on the clothing cover 10 . the adhesive 50 is preferably designed to adhere to each other or directly to clothing . the adhesive 50 is of that commonly known in the industry and can include , but it not limited to loop and hook , ties , double sided tape , or gel adhesives . in some embodiments of the present invention , the adhesive 50 is permanently attached to the clothing cover 10 . it is preferable that the adhesive 50 is manufactured to be located on the planar face of the clothing cover 10 that comes into direct contact with the clothing , when in use . as shown in fig3 , in one embodiment of the present invention , the clothing cover / napkin 1 can be stored in a container 40 . container 40 is preferably designed to operate in a similar manner to that of a tissue box that is known in the art , which is by having the clothing cover / napkin 1 units linked physically by being folded together . it is also envisioned that the container 40 can be mounted on a wall or other flat surface . it is also envisioned that the container 40 can house an embodiment of the present invention in which the clothing cover / napkin 1 are stored on a roll 25 . as shown in fig4 , in one embodiment of the present invention , as an option , there is a second napkin 85 located below the adhesive 60 . the second napkin 85 is substantially defined by the perforation 80 and the perforation 35 . in order to use the second napkin 85 a user need just tear along the perforation 80 and perforation 35 . second napkin 85 is preferably composed of the same materials as napkin 15 and clothing cover 10 . it should be noted that user does not have to tear off second napkin 85 and can leave second napkin 85 attached to extend the length of the clothing cover 10 . as shown in fig4 , in one embodiment of the present invention , as an option , napkin 15 can be of a smaller circular shape . also illustrated is and alternate embodiment of adhesive 50 shaped or configured in a semicircular shape . as shown in fig1 , one embodiment of the present inventive device operates in the following manner . a user can tear along perforation 30 on the clothing cover / napkin 1 thereby releasing the napkin 15 for use in any normal application of a napkin known in the art . the user can then take the clothing cover 10 and place it on the desired clothing to be covered . it is envisioned that the user place the arms of the clothing cover 10 ( the area with the adhesive 20 ) around the portion of the body adjacent to the area to be covered , such as the users neck , so that the adhesive 20 can be attached together , or directly to the clothing to be covered thereby securing the clothing cover 10 to the user . when the user is done with the napkin 15 and the clothing cover 10 , they can be discarded in the normal manner . optionally , in some embodiments of the present invention , the user can fold along the folding ridge 55 and use the adhesive 60 to make a pouch with the folder area of the clothing cover 10 . this affords the user a catch area 70 that can catch materials so the materials don &# 39 ; t fall on clothing not covered by the clothing cover 10 . as shown in fig2 , one embodiment of the present inventive device operates in the following manner . a user can unroll the desired amount of clothing cover / napkins 1 from the roll 25 . the user will then tear along perforation line 35 thereby separating out individual clothing cover / napkin 1 units . a user can then tear along perforation 30 on the clothing cover / napkin 1 thereby releasing the napkin 15 for use in any application of a napkin known in the art . the user can then take the clothing cover 10 and place it on the desired clothing to be covered . it is envisioned that the user place the arms of the clothing cover 10 ( the area with the adhesive 20 ) around the portion of the body adjacent to the area to be covered , such as the users neck , so that the adhesive 20 can be attached together or directly to the clothing to be covered . in some embodiments of the present invention , there is an additional adhesive 50 which can also be applied by the user to form a removable seal with the clothing to be covered , thereby preventing materials from contacting the clothing to be covered . generally , when , the user is done with the napkin 15 , napkin 85 ( per fig4 ) and / or the clothing cover 10 , they can be discarded in the normal manner . as shown in fig3 , one embodiment of the present inventive device operates in the following manner . a user can pull individual clothing cover / napkin 1 units from a container 40 . it is envisioned that the container 40 can be wall mounted or free standing . when the user is done with the napkin 15 and the clothing cover 10 , they can be discarded in the normal manner . fig3 demonstrates one embodiment of the invention in which adhesives 20 is on opposite planar surfaces to each other on clothing cover 10 . although several preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail herein , the invention is not limited hereto . it will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that various modifications can be made without materially departing from the novel and advantageous teachings of the invention . accordingly , the embodiments disclosed herein are by way of example . if is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not to be limited thereby . | 0 |
the preferred embodiment of the present invention is an audio player and file managing system . it runs as an application on a computer running an operating system such as windows or linux . the preferred audio player can appear in any of three display modes : small , medium , and large . the large mode , also referred to herein as the navigation console , is shown in fig1 . it includes two different types of controls : a group of “ hardware like ” controls that includes buttons and knobs , and a group of display - based controls . the hardware - like controls are operated by the user by clicking on them with a mouse and manipulating them . for example , the play button appears as a round green button with a triangle icon over it . when the mouse pointer is placed over this object , and the left mouse button is pressed , the player will begin to play the currently selected song . similarly , when the mouse is placed over the pause button and the mouse button is clicked , the currently playing song will be paused . pressing the pause button again will resume the playing of the song . these controls are called “ hardware - like ” because their operation mimics the operation of physical pushbuttons on a physical piece of audio equipment like a cd player or a cassette deck . the hardware - like section also includes a volume control knob , which is operated using the mouse , as explained in section 2 of the appendix . it also contains track forward and back buttons , a repeat button , a shuffle mode button , and a file select button . the hardware section also includes up and down buttons for toggling between various options , which will be described below . the hardware - like section also includes a slide - out panel , which pops out by clicking on the arrow icon ( at the bottom left of fig1 ) with a mouse . when the user pops this panel out , it reveals an additional set of hardware - like controls , as shown in fig2 . these controls are explained in section 10 of the appendix . the equalization settings of the player can be modified by clicking and dragging the equalization sliders up or down . the balance , amp , and pitch control knobs in the slide out panel operate in a similar manner as the volume control knob . the slide - out panel can be closed ( and returned to the configuration of fig1 ) by clicking on the arrow icon . in addition to the hardware - like control described above , the player also includes computer - like display based controls . these include a set of navigation buttons which appear as small circles in the upper right corner of the display area of the player . these navigation controls are described in section 2 of the appendix . at the very bottom of the display area is the title of the currently selected song . immediately above the selected song , to the left , is the version of the software running on the player . the central region of the display includes six selection objects : music download , playlist editor , visual mode , setup options , info about , and audio controls . the user can access any of these modes by clicking on the corresponding region of the display . the display regions shown in fig1 and 2 is called the console navigation screen , which and is also referred to as the main menu . [ 0034 ] fig3 shows the state of the display after when the visual mode icon has been clicked . the hardware - like controls at the right side and the bottom of the player do not change — they remain the same throughout all the modes . the navigation buttons in the top right of the display appear in this mode as well , as with the other modes . in the top left corner of the display is a visualization window . this window displays a moving graphic that is preferably related to the music being played . a track and time indicator is a digital readout located immediately beneath the visualization window . the track indicator indicates which track is being played . the time indicator indicates the amount of time that has elapsed in the track that is currently being played . if the mouse is clicked over the time indicator , it switches to display the amount of time remaining ( i . e . unplayed ) in the current track . the playlist progress indicator and a track progress ( time ) indicator are located beneath the digital readout . the playlist progress indicator is a linear display of the progress through the playlist , and the track progress indicator is a linear display of the progress through the track . at the beginning of a track , the track progress indicator is dark . as the song plays , the left side of the track progress indicator will light up . the illuminated portion on the left side will grow towards the right as the song progresses , until it reaches the right end of the track progress indicator at the end of the song . in addition to their display function , the user can use these progress indicators to jump to any portion in the song by clicking the mouse over the corresponding spot on the track progress indicator . for example , if the user wants to jump directly to the exact center of the song , he would click on the center of the track progress indicator . if the user wants to return to the beginning of the song , he would click on the left side of the track progress indicator . the playlist progress indicator operates in a similar manner , except that the different portions of the playlist indicator correspond to the different tracks of the playlist . thus , in the displayed example , where the playlist includes exactly two songs , the left half of the playlist progress indicator corresponds to the first song ( the first track ) and the right half of the playlist progress indicator corresponds to the second track . the user can jump directly to the first track by clicking on the left half of the playlist progress indicator , and can jump to the second track by clicking on the right half of the playlist progress indicator . in cases where there are n tracks on the playlist , the playlist progress indicator would be divided into n equally spaced control regions . as the mouse pointer is moved over the various portions of the playlist progress indicator , the name of the corresponding track appears on the bottom portion of the display . as the mouse pointer is moved over various portions of the track progress indicator , the corresponding time and the time remaining in that track appears at the bottom of the display . this is depicted in fig3 and 4 respectively . when the user clicks on the “ file info ” object of the main menu , the player generates an html page and a call is made to launch a browser to display the generated html page . preferably , this html page will contain additional information about the track currently being played . an example is shown in fig5 . returning to fig4 in the top right corner of the visualization area there are two small icons . when the rightmost of these icons is clicked , the display will switch to full - screen mode and fill the entire computer monitor . this is called the full screen vis mode . when the leftmost icon is clicked , the display changes into the full window vis mode . fig6 is an example of the display in the full window vis mode . when in this mode , the display can be returned to the normal vis mode ( as shown in fig4 ) by clicking the left icon . the controls operate the same way in full window vis mode and normal vis mode . controls are not , however , available in the full screen vis mode . to regain control of the player in the full screen vis mode , the user presses the escape button on the computer in both the full window and the normal vis mode , the up / down button toggles between the different display visualization options . fig7 shows an alternative visualization display which was selected by clicking on the up button . the various visual displays are sequenced through by pressing the up and down buttons . to return from the visual mode to the main menu , the user presses the right mouse button . an alternative way of returning to the main menu is to click on the left facing arrow and the small navigation button located at the top right of the display . [ 0043 ] fig8 shows the display after the user has clicked on the “ audio controls ” object of the main menu . the visual mode has been turned off in this figure for clarity , although it could remain on if the user so desires . in the audio control mode , the audio enhancement control panel is automatically opened , and an equalization graph is displayed above it . in this mode , the user can modify the frequency response of the player by sliding the equalization sliders ( located in the sliding control panel ) up or down . the display region also includes two boxes : equalizer enabled and spline tension . when the user clicks his mouse pointer in one of these boxes , an x is alternately placed or cleared in the box . by x - ing the equalizer enabled box , the user instructs the system to apply the equalizer settings to the audio being generated . when the equalizer enabled box is not xed , the equalizer settings are not applied . near the bottom of the display are load , safe , and reset icons , which are explained in section 10 of the appendix . when the user clicks on reset icon , the equalization settings all return to their center position . when spline tension is turned on , sliding one of the equalizer controls effects its neighbors with a rubber - band - like effect . thus , after resetting the equalizer settings by clicking on reset , if only the center equalizer knob number 10 is moved to the top , the result will be as shown in fig9 . preferably , this effect is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the sliders . in the preferred implementation , when the user first clicks on any slider , the state of all the sliders are saved . then , when the selected slider is moved , a difference for each of the sliders is computed and then applied to the original saved state of the other sliders . the saved state , however , is not updated until the slider that is currently being moved is released ( by releasing the mouse button . because the saved state is not updated dynamically , movement of any given slider control will not initiate time - variant rippling through the other controls . this arrangement also enables a slider that is returned to its original position and released to leave the other sliders in their original positions . in contrast , when spline tension is turned off and the equalizer is reset , and the equalization slider number 10 is then moved up to the top , the resulting frequency response will be as shown in fig1 . if the user has a particular equalization setting that he likes , he can save that setting by clicking on “ save ” near the bottom of the screen . a menu slides in and asks the user for a location name for saving the equalization settings . then , at any later time , the user can return to that equalization setting by clicking on the load on the bottom left of the audio control screen and selecting the corresponding preset file . the user can also select from various predefined presets by clicking on the left and right arrows at the bottom right corner of the display . these arrows will select predefined equalization settings such as classical , jazz , rock , pop , and dance . another menu that is accessible on the main level is setup options . when the setup options object is clicked , the screen changes to the configuration shown in fig1 . the general and plug - ins region at the bottom of the display select between two distinct menus . the selected menus appears at the right hand side of the display . in fig1 , the general menu is selected . this general menu includes entries of system , audio , visual , file type , vis fx , internet , and skins . in fig1 , the skins selection is wider than the other menu selections because that selection is currently selected . in this mode , the user can toggle through the various available skins by clicking on the up and down select buttons . after clicking on the up select bottom , the next skin is displayed , as seen in fig1 . the new skin takes effect when the visual mode is exited ( by either clicking on the right mouse button or on the left arrow navigation bottom ). the player will then take , on the appearance of the newly selected skin , as shown in fig1 . returning now to the setup options of the originally selected display skin , other submenus can be selected by clicking on the desired region displayed on the right side of the screen . for example , when the vis fx region is clicked , the display will appear as shown in fig1 . note that now the vis fx bubble is wider than the other bubbles , because it is selected . this mode is used to add special effects to visualization that are displayed in the visual mode . these special effects include blur , smoke , and zoom . the “ reverse ” check box reverses the direction of the zoom from zoom in to zoom out . when the “ plugins ” region at the bottom is clicked , the menu selectors at the right side shrink towards the right . meanwhile new menu selectors grow toward the left . in the plugins mode , these new menus include stardust , wmt 1 . 2 , mikit , and cd audio , as ; shown in fig1 . these setup options are discussed in section 8 of the appendix . when the “ info about ” region on the main menu is clicked , the display shown in fig1 appears . this display contains general information and also includes three mouse - selectable regions on the right : read me , what &# 39 ; s new , and license . when the user clicks on one of these selectable regions , the system generates an html page and launches a browser ( such as internet explorer or netscape navigator ) in a conventional manner . the launched browser will then display canned information associated with the selected word . when the “ playlist editor ” is selected from the main menu mode , the display will change to the configuration of fig1 . in this mode , the unit displays all of the tracks that are currently loaded into the unit . in the example of fig1 , two tracks are loaded : brahms intermezzo and mendelsohn electric guitar . the up and down buttons are used to point to the desired track , and the play button is then used to start the play function . after being pressed , the brightness of the play button momentarily increases , which provides the user with positive feedback . then , the green - light color of the play button slowly fades out , and it is replaced with a red - light colored stop button . preferably , the play button has a triangle icon , stop button has a square icon , and the fade in / out takes 200 msec . alternatively , the user may use a mouse and double click on the title in the play list to select and start the desired track . at the bottom of the playlist editor screen are sort , shuffle , reverse , clear , add , remove , and save . clicking on any of these words performs the associated function , as described in section 6 of the appendix . in particular , clicking on save opens a window on the computer screen asking for a destination file into which the playlist should be saved ; and clicking on add opens a similar window for loading a previously stored playlist from the computer . additional information is provided about each of these menu selections at the bottom of the display as the mouse pointer is moved over the corresponding selection region . when the “ music download ” button from the main menu is selected , a number of menu regions will appear on the screen , as shown in fig1 b . these regions preferably includes links provided by the player software manufacturer . when the user clicks on one of these links , the player sends a url to a browser and the browser obtains the associated web page . if the browser is not already running , the player will issue a call to start up the browser . the user then navigates the web in a conventional manner in order to download audio content . in the music download mode , whenever the mouse pointer is placed over one of the links , an explanatory message is displayed at the very bottom of the display . in general , when one menu is being replaced with another , the transitions are not abrupt . so instead of abruptly disappearing , an old menu will slide off to the side , to the bottom , or into a corner . then , the replacement menu will slide in from the side , bottom , or corner . this maintains a feeling that the virtual device is a single instrument , and not a plurality of individual windows of the type normally found on windows based computers . the sliding - tray audio controls ( shown in fig2 ) also contribute to this feeling . similarly , when menus within a page change , such as the setup option page , the menus do not abruptly disappear : they shrink off to the right and new menus grow in their place . the appearance of the unit can be changed with skins as described above , by toggling through the various skins to obtain the desired appearance . skin designers , do not , however , have complete control over the appearance of the unit . they only have control over the hardware - like portions of the user interface . the unit always retains control of the display portion of the user interface . this arrangement insures that the unit can be easily used no matter what skin is selected , and insures that the commands are easily recognizable . the skins can , however , change the colors of the display area . another advantage of limiting skin flexibility is that it enables old skins to work with new revisions of the software . by limiting new revisions to the display area , changes to the hardware - type area can be avoided . as a result , skins that only modify the hardware - like interface will work properly with new revisions of the software . the visual mode is integrated into the unit itself and is not implemented by opening another window on the windows - based computer . this provides a number of advantages : first , it enables the instrument to add text on top of the visual graphic display , which enables a large display to be used without taking up too much space on the computer screen . in addition , when the visual display window is incorporated within the unit itself , movement of the unit on the computer screen appears smooth . conventional systems , on the other hand , typically paint the graphics in a separate window . this can lead to disjointed movement when the unit is dragged , because the display window may not follow the main unit in lockstep . in addition , integrating the graphics into the unit facilitates the development of visual effects by third party developers . the software plug - ins developed by these developers does not need to obtain any knowledge of the text that is to appear over the images . the third party units render their graphics into a bit - map output and the unit modifies this bit - map output and paints the desired text on top of the background provided by the visual program . this approach also enables the unit to apply special effects to the video display , such as blurring and smoke , and does not require each developer of visual systems to provide their own special effects . preferably , the video content is correlated to the audio content in real time . but non - correlated systems may also be implemented . in addition , other non - audio outputs may also be added including , for example , a vibration output , a light show laser output , or a force - feedback output . these outputs are preferably correlated to the audio content in real time , but may be independent thereof . the second display size option is the medium size display , or mid - size mode . this display can be selected by clicking on the down arrow in the navigation buttons of the large display . the mid - state mode is shown in fig1 . in this mode , most of the hardware - like controls are available in the form of buttons or knobs located on the boundary of the unit . the display area is split into two regions — an upper region and a lower region . preferably , these regions are circularly shaped . the upper region is surrounded by a series of small indicator lights , which perform the same function as the play list indicators in the large mode . the lower region is surrounded by a second series of indicator lights , which correspond , to the track progress indicator of the large mode . track selection can be accomplished by clicking on the playlist progress indicator , and time selection may be accomplished by clicking on the track progress indicator , in a manner similar to the large display mode . visual effects appear in the upper window , as do the navigation buttons . although the equalizer settings and the amp and balance settings found in the audio enhancement control in the large mode are not present in this mode , the pitch control is provided as a rotary knob immediately left of the volume control . operation of this rotary control is similar to the operation of the other rotary controls described above . when the mouse pointer is placed in the lower portion of the upper display region , a menu pops up which allows the user to scroll through the various visualization displays . the user selects the desired visualization display by clicking on the right arrow or the left arrow . when the user clicks on one of these arrows , the name of the newly selected waveform appears on the lower display , as shown in fig1 . otherwise , the name of the track currently being played will appear on the lower display , along with the track number , followed by the time indicator , which indicates the time within the track being played . a third display mode is also available — the small - state mode . this can be selected by clicking on the down arrow navigator control from the mid - state mode or on the double down arrow navigator control from the large mode . in the small state mode , the unit appears as in fig2 . here , the number on the left indicates the track , and the number on the right indicates the time within the track ( or the time remaining in the track if the mouse button is clicked on the right hand field ). the play list progress indicator is implemented in a tiny row of lights immediately above the track and time indicators . the track progress indicator is implemented in a tiny row of lights immediately below the track and time indicators . when the mouse pointer is placed over the small - state display , a control tray pops out from the player , as shown in fig2 . this control tray contains the navigation controls found in the other two display modes . to return to the mid - size mode , the user clicks on the up button . to return to the large display mode , the user clicks on the double - up arrow button . in the small display mode , the hardware control buttons are located on this pop - out control tray , on the left side . the small state buttons on the left of the pop - out tray provide the play , stop , pause , track forward , track back , and file functions that correspond to the similar functions in the large - display mode . notably , the button tray slides out of the display as soon as the mouse pointer is placed over the display . no click of the mouse is required to pop the tray out . the button - tray configuration shown in fig2 appears whenever the unit is located in the top half of the computer screen . if , on the other hand , the unit is located on the bottom half of the display screen , the button tray will pop out of the top of the unit as shown in fig2 . the functionality of the buttons on the button tray is identical no matter if the tray pops out of the bottom or the top of the unit . if the small - size display is dragged from the lower half of the screen to the upper half of the screen , the button tray will flip to its appropriate position when the equator of the screen is crossed . normally , the bottom portion of the button tray contains an alphanumeric display which displays the name of the track currently being played . when the mouse pointer is placed over a button , the function of that button is temporarily displayed on this alphanumeric display . when the mouse pointer is placed over the play list progress indicator or track progress indicator , this alpha numeric display will display the name of the track corresponding to that position , or the time within the track , respectively . the user can jump to any desired track or any desired time within a track by clicking on the track progress indicator and / or the play list progress indicator in this mode as well . the various display modes can be selected using the up / down arrows on the navigation buttons as described above . alternatively , the user can toggle through the display mode by double clicking on an inactive area of one of the displays ( corresponding to the chassis of the unit ). when the user double clicks on the large display mode , the display will shift to the small display mode . when the user double clicks on the small display mode , the display will shift to the mid - size display mode . finally , when the user double - clicks on an inactive area on a mid - size display unit , the large display unit will appear . the up and down buttons are context sensitive . for example , when the skin setup mode is selected , the up and down arrow will toggle through the various available skins . when the visual mode is selected , the up and down buttons will toggle between the various available visual effects . notably , the up and down buttons are always visible — they do not appear and disappear . in addition , their functionality is conserved between the various display modes . as a result , multiple sets of independent selectors for each perimeter are not needed , and the up and down buttons can be used for performing all selections . in addition , the functions of the navigation control buttons , the play / stop button , the pause button , and the track forward and back buttons operation are conserved between modes . by using the pop out button draw , the small - state modes uses a just - in - time philosophy , where the user is presented with options only when the user indicated that he wants to change an option . unique features of this mode include the following : first , the draw pops out of the window , and is not a sub - window that pops out within a larger window . second , the button draw will pop out of the small - state display even when the player is not the active window in a windows operating system computer . third , the button tray includes control buttons — not a menu of text items . fourth , the direction in which the tray pops depends on the position of the window on the screen . fifth , the use of a pop - out button tray consumes less space than a text based pop down menu . optionally , advertisement or commercial output may be output in sync , or alternatively not in sync , with the audio content being played . optionally , in the audio control mode , the user can manipulate the equalization settings by clicking on the equalization curve itself displayed in the display window and dragging the curve . optionally , equalization presets can be used to compensate for the frequency response characteristics of output devices made by particular manufacturers . in this case , the hardware manufacturers would provide an equalization curve file . this file could then be selected by referencing the name of the manufacturers ( e . g ., by naming the file “ logitech usb speakers ”). when the file information object in the visual mode display is clicked , the unit dynamically generates an html output . optionally , it may also link to a web site by referencing either , a url encoded in the audio source or by providing the title and artist of the song being played to a search engine , and capturing the output of the search engine . a graphic for the visual mode may also be downloaded from the internet by referencing a search engine in a similar manner . the methods of implementing virtual hardware devices ( e . g ., virtual buttons and volume controls ) using a mouse as a pointing device are well known . while the present invention has been explained in the context of the preferred embodiments described above , it is to be understood that various changes may be made to those embodiments , and various equivalents may be substituted , without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention , as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art . | 6 |
the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the arthroscopic repair of tom tissue and bone at a surgical repair site using an inventive device which is a combination tissue grasper and suture placement device . although the present invention is described primarily in conjunction with the repair of a tom rotator cuff , the apparatus and method could also be used in arthroscopic repair at other sites , such as the knee , elbow , hip surgery , and for other surgical techniques for securing suture in the soft tissues of the body . a description of the basic functional elements of suture capture and retrieval , in accordance with the principles of the invention , follows . referring to fig1 a through 1e , there may be seen a plan view of the distal end of a suturing device 10 that includes a pair of needles 12 a and 12 b , a lower jaw 14 , and a suture cartridge 16 . the needles 12 a , 12 b further include sliding tubes or sheaths 18 a and 18 b , needle shafts 20 a and 20 b , needle points 22 a and 22 b , and hooks 24 a and 24 b . the suture cartridge 16 comprises a molded tip 26 with grooves 28 a and 28 b , into which the two ends 30 a and 30 b of a length of suture are threaded . referring to fig1 b , the needles 12 a , 12 b are advanced distally toward the suture cartridge 16 in preparation for capture and retrieval of the two ends 30 a , 30 b of the length of suture . it is to be understood that the entire length of the suture which includes the two ends 30 a , 30 b is not seen in this illustration . the loop of suture between the two ends 30 a , 30 b trails beneath the distal end of the suturing device 10 and is thus not visible . it will be described more fully later how the capture of the two ends of a suture can be used to create what is known in the art as a mattress stitch . referring now to fig1 c , it may be seen that the needles 12 a , 12 b are further advanced distally toward the suture cartridge 16 and past the two ends 30 a , 30 b of the suture , placing the hooks 24 a , 24 b in position past the two suture ends 30 a , 30 b in preparation for capture . as it may be seen in fig1 d , as the needles 12 a , 12 b are retracted proximally , the hooks 24 a , 24 b engage the two suture ends 30 a , 30 b and capture them for retrieval . as the needles 12 a , 12 b are further retracted proximally as shown in fig1 e , the sliding tubes 18 a , 18 b , held stationary by frictional forces exerted by tissue ( not shown ), cover the hooks 24 a , 24 b and assist in the engagement of the two ends 30 a , 30 b . having understood the basic structure and nature of the suture retrieval mechanism , a more complete disclosure of how this mechanism may be used to place a stitch , and more specifically , a mattress stitch , in soft tissues will now be described . referring now to fig2 a through 2e , there may be seen detail side views of the same suturing device 10 as described in fig1 a through 1e . the inventive device 10 includes the suture ends 30 a , 30 b of a single strand of suture 32 , and an upper jaw 34 , which includes teeth 36 . referring now to fig2 b , soft tissue 38 is introduced into the space between the upper jaw 34 and the lower jaw 14 . by means of a mechanism not discussed or shown herein , but of a type well known to those skilled in the art , the upper jaw 34 is pivoted about an axis , causing it to clamp or grasp the soft tissue 38 and immobilize it between the teeth 36 of the upper jaw 34 and the lower jaw 14 . referring now to fig2 c , it may be seen that the needles 12 have been advanced distally through the soft tissue 38 and in engagement with the suture cartridge 16 with the needle points 22 a , 22 b advancing beyond the suture ends 30 a , 30 b . it is to be understood that in this view , only one needle 12 a of the two needles 12 a 12 b may be visualized , but that a concomitant needle 12 b is penetrating the tissue along a substantially parallel path , as previously illustrated in fig1 c . the relative position of the needles 12 a , 12 b in fig1 c and 2c is substantially the same . as seen in fig2 d , the needles 12 a , 12 b are retracted proximally , trailing the suture 32 by virtue of having captured the suture ends 30 . in this way , the suture 32 is placed through the soft tissue . referring to fig2 e , it may be seen that the upper jaw 34 has been pivoted away from the soft tissue 38 , allowing the suturing device 10 to be retracted away from the soft tissue 38 , pulling the suture 32 completely through the soft tissue 38 . the result of this action is the placement of a mattress stitch in the grasped tissues in a manner similar to that previously described . as will now be shown , there are certain characteristics , geometries and interfaces between parts that combine to optimize the performance of the suture capture mechanism . repeatable capture of the suture material , as well as minimizing damage to the suture ends are objects of the present invention . by referring to fig3 a through 3 e , the specific methods and devices that facilitate suture capture in accordance with the principles of the invention will be described . fig3 a through 3e depict cross sections taken along the lines 3 - 3 in fig2 a . referring now to fig3 a , there is seen the suture device 10 which includes the needles 12 a , 12 b , lower jaw 14 , suture cartridge 16 , and suture ends 30 a , 30 b . the upper jaw 34 and the soft tissue 38 have not been shown in these figures for clarity . it is possible to now see entrance ramps 40 a , 40 b and retraction ramps 42 a , 42 b that are in the path of the needles 12 a , 12 b . by referring to fig3 b , it may be seen that as the needles 12 a , 12 b move distally in the direction of the suture cartridge 16 , the tips of the needles 12 a , 12 b engage the entrance ramps 40 a , 40 b . the engagement with the entrance ramps 40 a , 40 b deflects the needles 12 a , 12 b such that the needle points 22 a , 22 b are directed over and away from the suture ends 30 a , 30 b , preventing the needle points 22 a , 22 b from piercing or otherwise damaging the suture ends 30 a , 30 b . further distal movement of the needles 12 a , 12 b , as shown in fig3 c , allows the hooks 24 a , 24 b to be disposed distally of the suture ends 30 a , 30 b and in position to capture the suture upon retraction . it is to be noted that , at this juncture , the sliding tubes 18 a , 18 b have entered the area of the entrance ramps 40 a , 40 b , and have begun to ride up the entrance ramps 40 a , 40 b , thus further deflecting the needles 12 a , 12 b . referring now to fig3 d , it may be appreciated that as the needles 12 a , 12 b are retracted proximally , the needle hooks 24 a , 24 b ride down the retraction ramps 42 a , 42 b and under the suture ends 30 a , 30 b , thereby capturing the suture ends 30 a , 30 b in the hooks 24 a , b , and allowing the suture ends 30 a , 30 b to be peeled away from the suture cartridge 16 and retracted proximally . it may also be appreciated that as the needle shafts 20 a , 20 b retract , the sliding tubes 18 a , 18 b remain motionless in the soft tissue ( not shown ), allowing the sliding tubes to cover the gap made by the hooks 24 a , 24 b and allowing smooth passage through the tissue . this retraction may be appreciated by comparing the position of the sliding tubes 18 a , 18 b relative to the hooks 24 a , 24 b in fig3 d and 3e . once the sliding tubes 18 a , 18 b have covered the gap , they retract along with the needle shafts 20 a , 20 b back through the soft tissue 38 . a more complete and detailed description of the construction and operation of the needles may be understood by referring to fig4 , 5 and 9 , where there may be seen , in isolation , a needle 112 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention , wherein like elements to those described in prior embodiments bear like reference numerals , preceded by the numeral 1 . it is intended that the needles described in connection with these figures may be utilized in the embodiments shown in fig1 - 3 . the needle 112 thus includes a needle shaft 120 , and a flattened distal portion 154 . the flattened distal portion 154 of the needle 112 includes a hook 124 , comprising a bump 158 , a hook terminus 160 , a hook entrance 162 , a suture holding area 164 , and a needle point 122 . the specific geometry of the needle 112 that is described herein is to be understood as being representative of a family of configurations that embody the design parameters that are now to be described . for instance , the needle point 122 shown herein is a beveled cutting point , but may be , for example , a conical or trocar point . further , the position of the bump 158 may be on the opposite side of the hook entrance 162 . these , and other nuances will be discussed in more detail further below . when the needle 112 has been introduced through soft tissue ( not shown ) and has been driven past the suture to be captured as previously illustrated in fig1 c , 2 c , and 3 c and has begun to be retracted back through the soft tissue , the hook terminus 160 rides along one of the retraction ramps 42 a , 42 b and underneath one of the ends 30 a , 30 b of the suture , thus forcing the suture through the hook entrance 162 and past the bump 158 into the suture holding area 164 . the hook terminus 160 , being cantilevered , has some flexibility , and opens slightly as the suture passes the bump 158 , creating a subtle tactile sensation as the suture seats in the suture holding area 164 . the suture holding area 164 is sized so that its cross sectional area is slightly smaller than the cross sectional area of the suture it is designed to capture , thus creating some compression of the captured suture by virtue of the spring loading provided by the above described deformation of the hook terminus 160 . it is important to understand that this particular configuration of needle 112 , and indeed all of the needles described in connection with the present invention , are configured to capture a section of suture substantially near one of the ends of the suture . as such , and because the needle is not capturing the suture near the center of the stand of suture where the drag on both legs of the suture as it is retracted through the tissue would be equalized , it is important to prevent the suture from migrating in or through the suture holding area 164 . it is also important to secure the suture in the needle while the instrument is being withdrawn , to form and complete , for example , a mattress stitch . therefore , the combination of deformation , tactile sensation , and compression conspires to hold the suture securely . another aspect of the present invention that is to be understood is the mechanism described to effect smooth passage of the needle hook with captured suture back through the soft tissue as the needles are retracted . to that end , fig5 illustrates the needle 112 together with a sliding tube 118 , which includes an inner lumen 170 , and a lumen opening 172 . the sliding tube 118 is dimensioned so that the needle shaft 120 may slide freely through the inner lumen 170 , but does not allow sufficient clearance between the inner lumen 170 and the needle shaft 120 to permit tissue to enter the lumen opening 172 . as the needle 112 is retracted through the tissue as previously described , the sliding tube 118 remains motionless , closing the opening formed by the hook terminus 160 and the suture holding area 164 . the lumen opening 170 ultimately bottoms out against needle shoulders 174 a , 174 b , and assists in pinching and holding any suture that may be captured in the needle hook 124 . an alternative needle embodiment is illustrated in fig6 , wherein like elements to those of the embodiment of fig4 and 5 are denoted by like reference numerals , except that they are increased by 100 . in this embodiment , there may be found a needle 212 that has features similar to that of the needle 112 described above . in this embodiment , a barb 276 is included as part of the suture holding area 264 , and is configured to penetrate the suture weave and assist in immobilizing the suture . needle shaft is denoted in fig6 by reference numeral 252 fig7 and 8 illustrate additional embodiments of the needle , and as above , like elements are denoted by like reference numerals , except in the case of fig7 , the labels are increased by 100 respective to fig6 , and in fig8 , increased by 200 respective to fig6 . accordingly , in fig7 there may be seen a needle 312 that includes a needle shaft 320 , and a flattened distal portion 354 . the flattened distal portion 354 of the needle 312 includes a hook 329 , comprising a bump 358 , a hook terminus 360 , a hook entrance 362 , a suture holding area 364 , and a needle point 322 . the needle 312 is illustrated along with a sliding tube 318 which includes an inner lumen 370 , and a lumen opening 372 , and lumen end 374 . it is important to note from this illustration that the sliding tube 318 may bottom out on the end of the hook 324 as opposed to covering it as previously described . also , the bump 358 is shown here on the opposite side of the hook entrance 362 . referring now to fig8 , there may be seen a needle 412 that includes a needle shaft 420 , and a flattened distal portion 454 . the flattened distal portion 454 of the needle 412 includes a hook 429 , comprising a bump 458 , a hook terminus 460 , a hook entrance 462 , a suture holding area 464 , and a needle point 422 . this embodiment is provided to illustrate that the suture holding area 464 may take on a shape different from that previously disclosed . to those skilled in the art , the use of a beveled point needle may seem to solve some of the aforementioned problems of spearing the suture by creating a needle that , by virtue of its completely beveled nature , is able to smoothly move over the suture material without snagging . however , it must be noted that a beveled needle , when forced through soft tissue , has a pronounced tendency to wander , and targeting of the needle in order to place it in an advantageous position for the retrieval of the suture material is quite challenging . in fact , this wandering tendency in the direction of the bevel is uncontrollable to the degree that repeatable suture capture is not possible . another way of ensuring that the needle point does not spear the suture is to have the needle diameter be more than twice the suture diameter , so that the pointed face that interfaces with the suture puts the needle point above the profile of the suture diameter . this , however is a limitation , in that the hole left by the needle as it penetrates the soft tissues is considerably larger than the suture material left in its place . although an apparatus for the placement of mattress stitches has been disclosed here , instruments for other stitches , for example , a simple stitch , require only a single needle . such instruments comprising only a single needle , or , in other instances , perhaps more than two needles , are within the scope of the present invention . the apparatus and method of the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics . the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive . the scope of the invention is , therefore , indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description . all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope . | 0 |
referring now to the drawings , a conventional prior art condenser , commonly known as a &# 34 ; cold finger &# 34 ;, is indicated generally at 11 in fig1 and is removably mounted in a gas outlet conduit 12 from a furnace ( not shown ). the condenser 11 includes a hollow tube portion 14 , closed at both ends , and mounted generally co - axial with the axis of the conduit 12 , the tube portion 14 having a diameter less than that of conduit 12 such that gases may surround and pass by tube portion 14 within conduit 12 . tube portion 14 is mounted in a plug 16 which closes the output end of conduit 12 . condenser 11 is removably mounted in conduit 12 using a clamp ring 18a and bolts 18b in a manner conventional in the art . as heated gas passes from conduit 12 through an exit port 19 adjacent to tube 14 , the cold exterior surface of tube 14 causes sublimated products in the gas to condense . the carrier gas continues on through exit port 19 for later use . once tube 14 becomes covered with condensate it is removed from conduit 12 by removing bolts 18b from clamp ring 18a , thereby releasing plug 16 from conduit 12 . the condensate is then removed from tube 14 using a dissolving wash or the like . tube 14 may then be replaced in conduit 12 for reuse . since some fly ash pellets are composed of materials which fuse at lower temperatures than are efficient for purposes of an air - cooled condenser , a radically different approach to recovery of the sublimate product has been taken . the germanium suboxides produced in the reducing atmosphere from such fly ash are highly volatile , and thus , do not easily give up their sublimate products . the inventors have therefore presented a condenser with a very large surface - to - volume ratio , so that volatile gases must pass over a great amount of surface within a generally short linear distance . thus , the volatile gases have a greatly increased chance of giving up their sublimate products to a surface of the appropriate temperature . referring now to fig2 one embodiment of the collection system , designated generally at 20 , is mounted to the output end 22a of a furnace exhaust gas conduit 22 . collection system 20 includes a hollow cylindrical container 24 open at one end 24a and having a restricted opening 26 in the other end 24b . the container 24 is removably mounted with its open end 24a connected to conduit output end 22a so that heated gases containing sublimate will pass into the container 24 and exit through opening 26 . container 24 is removably mounted using a clamp ring 28a and bolts 28b in a manner conventional in the art . container 24 is filled with a coarse grade of particulate material 30 , which affords a very large surface - to - volume ratio . as noted above , this large surface - to - volume ratio is especially suited to volatile gases . in the instant case , sand was utilized as the particulate material 30 . because of the inexpensive materials which may be utilized , the invention will function much more economically than an air - cooled condenser . sand 30 is held in place within container 24 by a layer of gas permeable material 32 mounted across open end 24a of container 24 . an aperture 32a near the center the material 32 serves to increase the gas flow through the center of the sand 30 , thereby allowing the gases to percolate through the sand more uniformly . because of the large surface - to volume ratio , the gas will travel past a large surface area before it escapes through opening 26 . for this reason , the volatile gases will have a greatly increased chance of giving up their sublimate products to a specific surface of the appropriate temperature at the appropriate time . as the sand 30 becomes saturated with condensate , the container 24 is removed from conduit 22 by releasing bolts 28b from clamp ring 28a . the material layer 32a is removed from container 24 and the sand 30 may be removed from container 24 and washed in a dilute acid to remove the sublimate products . the sand 30 may then be replaced in the container and reused to collect more sublimate products . in operation , sand collection system 20 would be positioned an effective distance from the hot zone of the furnace . obviously , this distance will vary in relation to the rate at which the gases within conduit 22 dissipate heat . these parameters are based such factors as the materials utilized in the conduit , operating temperature , etc ., and are easily determined by known methods . for purposes of the embodiment of fig2 it is assumed that this effective distance has been predetermined and that the furnace would be continuously operated within a narrow range of temperatures , such that it would be unnecessary to change this effective distance . alternatively , conduit 22 could be made removable from the furnace and replaced with varying lengths , such that a variety of effective distances may be obtained . referring now to fig3 another embodiment of the invention is disclosed , which is merely adapted to slide within conduit 22 , rather than being mounted on its end . because container 24 may be selectively mounted in varying positions within conduit 22 , the effective distance to the hot zone of the furnace may also be varied . thus , in this embodiment , the furnace may be operated at different temperatures with the container 24 being adjusted in response thereto . since all of the parts of the embodiment of fig3 functionally correspond to the parts of the embodiment of fig2 they have been numbered with corresponding numbers in the 100 series . the major difference between the two embodiments is that the diameter of container 124 in fig3 is slightly less , such that it will slide within the interior of conduit 122 . with any of the disclosed embodiments , it is desirable to locate the forward end 24a of container 24 at a distance which corresponds to a temperature slightly higher than that which will cause condensation , so that condensation will not occur in material 32 . in this way , condensation will begin immediately adjacent material 32 within sand 30 . in any event , such parameters are easily determined by known methods . it can therefore be seen that the above disclosed device fulfills at least all of the objectives of this invention . | 2 |
throughout the description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention , like components will be identified by like reference numerals . fig1 is a simplified schematic representation of an exemplary disintegrative member 10 . in a typical application of the present invention , the disintegrative member 10 is a salt core . the disintegrative member 10 is shaped to conform with a desired shape of a cavity which is intended to be formed in a cast metallic object . the disintegrative member 10 has an internal surface 16 . as will be described below , the internal surface 16 in one embodiment of the present invention is a surface of an internal opening 20 that is formed within the disintegrative member 10 and shaped to receive an extension of a die , such as a mandrel of a die casting mold . with continued reference to fig1 , the internal opening 20 can be shaped to have a hexagonal cross section , the disintegrative member 10 can be made of salt , and the cast metallic object can be an engine block with the cavity being a cylinder in the engine block . with continued reference to fig1 , the exemplary disintegrative member 10 is shown with two protrusions , 24 and 26 , extending from its outer surface portion 14 . these protrusions are intended to form openings in the wall of the cavity , such as air intake passages through the wall of a cylinder within an engine block . fig2 is a highly simplified exemplary representation of two portions , 30 and 32 , of a die which are usable in a die casting machine . the internal cavity 36 of the die is shaped to define the desired surfaces of the cast metallic object . one portion 32 of the die is provided with a mandrel 40 that is shaped to hold a disintegrative member in place during the die casting operation . fig3 shows a bottom view of the second portion 32 of the die which illustrates the hexagonal shape of the mandrel 40 , or extension . fig4 shows the disintegrative member 10 associated with the mandrel 40 , or extension , of the second portion 32 of the die . the internal opening 20 of the disintegrative member 10 , discussed above in conjunction with fig1 , is shaped to receive the mandrel 40 within it and retain the disintegrative member 10 in place prior to and during the injection of molten metal into the cavity 36 of the die . the presence of the disintegrative member 10 within the cavity 16 of the die allows a cavity to be formed within the cast metallic object . after the cast metallic object is removed from the die , the disintegrative member 10 can be disintegrated , or dissolved , to remove it from the cast metallic object , leaving a precisely shaped cavity within the metallic object . those skilled in the art of die casting are familiar with the use of disintegrative members and are also familiar with the many different applications in which these disintegrative members 10 can be used . cylinders of an engine block are only one of numerous examples where salt cores are shaped to define internal cavities within the cast metallic object and are then later dissolved and removed from the cast metallic object , leaving precisely shaped and dimensioned cavities in the cast metallic object . fig5 is an enlarged representation of the disintegrative member 10 and the portion of the mandrel 40 which is disposed within the internal opening 20 of the disintegrative member 10 . for purposes of illustration , the space 50 surrounding the mandrel 40 within the internal opening 20 is shown in an enlarged representation in fig5 . in reality , the internal opening 20 is shaped to provide a sliding fit between the internal surface 16 of the internal opening 20 and the outer surface 52 of the mandrel . that space 50 is exaggerated in fig5 for purposes of facilitating a description of the beneficial operation resulting from the present invention . with continued reference to fig5 , a vent opening 60 is illustrated through a portion of the wall of the disintegrative member 10 between the outer surface portion 14 and the internal surface 16 of the internal opening 20 . as a result , when molten metal surges against the outer surface of the disintegrative member 10 , the vent opening 60 provides a path through which gases can flow and move away from the material of the cast metallic object . it prevents entrapment of those gases in the metallic object . the flow of these gases , and some molten metal , is represented by the arrows g in fig5 . in order to fully understand the benefit provided by the present invention , it is necessary to understand one of the problems that can be encountered in die casting processes , particularly in die casting processes which use disintegrative members . it has been observed that porosity within the structure of the cast metallic object can occur in certain regions , particularly those regions proximate the outer surface of the disintegrative member , during the die casting process . metallographic analysis has shown that the porosity , which is typically exposed by subsequent machining of the cavity , is different from normal porosity that typically affects engine block integrity . the porosity experienced in the vicinity of the disintegrative member is a layered porosity and is associated with the hot metal immediately proximate to the disintegrative member , such as the salt core . this hot metal is inhibited from cooling in a normal manner because the salt core is an efficient insulator . as a result , the disintegrative member , or salt core , does not allow the same type of heat transfer through its structure that occurs through the metallic structure of the die . as a result , engine blocks or other large structures , that are made with large salt cores , experience a disadvantageous situation because the large disintegrative members change the temperature gradient profile through the cast metallic object during the solidification of the molten metal . as a result , a plane of porosity occurs at the interface between the solidification front of the molten metal and the outer surface of the disintegrative member . rapid heat extraction through the metal dies and the delayed solidification front near the salt core surface contribute to this problem . the interface next to the outer surface of the disintegrative member forms adjacent to the salt core and is generally exposed at a later time during the machining of the cylinder bore or cavity formed by the salt core . trapped cavity gases normally do not have a path for escaping from the molten metal as it solidifies . these cavity gases reside at the interface near the outer surface of the salt core . examination of these cast metallic objects suggest that a thermal gradient phenomena results during the solidification event and the evidence indicates that certain portions of the molten metal remain in “ hot spots ” and cool at a slower rate because of the insulating characteristic of the disintegrative member , such as the salt core . the intent of the present invention is to provide a way to allow these gases to escape from these “ hot spots ” that result from the low thermal conductivity of the material used to make the disintegrative cores . since a small amount of space 50 is available between the internal surface 16 of the internal opening 20 and the outer surface 52 of the mandrel 40 , a hole , such as the vent opening 60 , formed in a location such as that represented in fig5 can allow gases g to escape from the molten and solidifying metal to the space 50 . it is also likely that a quantity of molten metal will pass from the region proximate the outer surface portion 14 and flow through the vent opening 60 into the space 50 proximate the internal surface 16 . however , that small amount of metal can be removed by machining after the salt core 10 is removed from the solidified cast metal object . with continued reference to fig1 – 5 , it should be understood that the disintegrative member 10 need not have a large number of vent openings 60 formed through its wall structure . instead , the number and location of the vent openings 60 can be limited to those areas that have previously been identified as being regions where porosity has formed or is likely to form as a result of the overall conditions of the die cavity , the quantities of molten metal used to form the cast metallic object , and the geometries associated with the disintegrative members 10 . after a region of porosity is identified , a hole 60 can be formed in that specific region to allow the escape of gases through the vent opening 60 and into the space 50 within the internal opening 20 . it should be understood that fig1 – 5 are simplified representations which are illustrated in a basic manner for the purpose of describing the underlying philosophy of the present invention . in the figures that will be described below , a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention will be disclosed in relation to an engine block of a v - 6 engine that is die cast with the use of six disintegrative members that define the shape and size of six cylinders of the engine . fig6 is an isometric view of a v - 6 engine 70 in which the cylinder bores are made through the use of the disintegrative members 10 . the cylinder bores , 71 – 76 , are each shown in fig6 with the disintegrative member 10 remaining in place subsequent to the die casting operation through which the engine 70 was formed . as is known to those skilled in the art , the disintegrative members 10 are subsequently dissolved , through the use of water , and the shape of the disintegrative member 10 and its various protrusions result in the shape of the cylinder 71 – 76 and its various intake ports and exhaust ports . the internal surface 16 is identified in conjunction with cylinders bores 73 and 76 in fig6 . in the embodiment of the disintegrative member 10 shown in fig6 , the internal surface 16 is generally hexagonal and is shaped to receive the mandrel 40 which is described above in conjunction with fig2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 . the other portions of the engine 70 illustrated in fig6 are not directly related to the use of the disintegrative member 10 and will not be described in detail herein . fig7 shows the engine 70 after the disintegrative members have been removed by dissolving them with water . each of the cylinder bores is provided with several intake ports and an exhaust port . with reference to cylinder bore 76 in fig7 , an intake port 80 is visible along with intake ports 82 . it should be understood that in the particular engine block shown in fig7 , other intake ports are also provided in each cylinder , but are not readily visible in fig7 . in addition , each cylinder is provided with an exhaust port 86 . the exhaust ports 86 of cylinders 71 – 73 are visible in fig7 where they extend into the exhaust manifold which is located centrally between the two banks of cylinders . fig8 is an isometric view of a disintegrative member 10 made in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention . the disintegrative member 10 has an outer surface portion 52 which , as described above , is shaped to conform with the desired shape of the cavity to be shaped in the cast metal object . in other words , the outer surface portion 52 is generally cylindrical and shaped to form the cylindrical portion of a cylinder , such as one of the cylinders 71 – 76 described above in conjunction with fig6 and 7 . several protrusions are shown extending radially outwardly from the outer surface portion 52 . for example , the protrusions identified by reference numerals 90 and 92 are shaped to result in the formation of intake openings through the wall of the cylinder of the cast metallic object , such as the engine 70 described above in conjunction with fig7 . it should be noted that the protrusions 90 and 92 are generally analogous to the exemplary protrusions 24 and 26 described above in conjunction with fig1 and 5 . another protrusion 96 extends from the outer surface portion 52 of the disintegrative member 10 and is shaped to result in the formation of an exhaust cavity 86 which was described above in conjunction with fig7 . at the end of the disintegration member 10 , a protrusion 98 is shaped to result in an opening through which a connecting rod extends for connection between a piston and a crankshaft of the engine . the vent opening 60 is illustrated at a location which is below the protrusion 96 for the exhaust port and between that protrusion and the closed end 100 of the disintegrative member 10 . as described above in conjunction with fig5 , the purpose of the vent opening 60 is to allow gases to pass radially inwardly toward the internal surface 16 of the disintegrative member 10 , such as a salt core , in order to vent those gases away from the region proximate the outer surface portion 52 of the disintegrative member 10 . with continued reference to fig8 , one particular embodiment of the present invention utilizes a single vent opening 60 for these purposes . however , it should be understood that other applications of the present invention could use a plurality of vent openings 60 to prevent porosity at other locations close to the outer surface portion 52 of the disintegrative member 10 . in a possible application of the present invention , regions of porosity can be identified after occurrence and detection and , subsequently , the salt core can be provided with a vent opening 60 in the particular region identified as being a problem area with regard to the formation of porosity that results because of the insulative characteristics of the disintegrative member 10 . fig9 is an isometric view of the disintegrative member 10 showing the open end of the salt core . the internal surface 16 , which is generally hexagonal in cross section , is shown along with a bottom rib 110 formed in the bottom of the internal opening of the disintegrative member 10 . an alignment protrusion 114 is formed in one surface of the hexagonally shaped opening and is used as an indexing aid to make sure that the disintegrative member 10 is properly aligned in association with the mandrel 40 which is shaped to be received within the opening and in close proximity to the internal surfaces 16 . the vent opening 60 is not visible in fig9 , but is located behind the protrusion 96 that forms the exhaust port in the cast metallic object . in addition to the protrusions , 90 and 92 , which form the intake ports of the cylinders , protrusions 106 are provided to form intake ports . with reference to fig1 – 9 , it can be seen that the method for producing a cast metallic object having a cavity formed therein , in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention , comprises the steps of providing a disintegrative member 10 having an outer surface portion 52 which is shaped to conform with a desired shape of the cavity , such as a cylinder 71 – 76 . the disintegrative member 10 has an internal surface 16 . the method of the present invention further provides a vent opening 60 extending between the outer surface 52 and the internal surface 16 . an internal opening 20 is provided within the disintegrative member 10 and this opening 20 is shaped to receive an extension of a die , such as a mandrel 40 . the internal opening 20 has a generally hexagonal cross section in a preferred embodiment of the present invention and the disintegrative member 10 is made of salt which is dissolvable through the use of water after the cast metallic object solidifies . the cast metallic object can be an engine block 70 and the cavity formed by the disintegrative member 10 can be a cylinder of the engine block . the outer surface portion 52 of the disintegrative member 10 is generally cylindrical and the vent opening 60 can be a hole extending through the outer surface portion 52 and through the internal surface 16 . by providing the vent opening 60 , gases are allowed to escape inwardly into the central opening 20 of the disintegrative member 10 and porosity in the region proximate the outer surface portion 52 can avoided . although the present invention has been described with considerable specificity and illustrated to show a particularly preferred embodiment in conjunction with an engine block , it should be understood that alternative embodiments are also within its scope . | 1 |
this present invention concerns the electronic representation of a publication 1 in a 3 - dimensional space . such a publication may be provided on a computer screen monitor , 3 - dimensional virtual reality goggles or similar such devices . the intention of the present invention is to provide a publication that can be viewed in 3 - dimensional space such as may be used in a virtual reality setting whereby a user may be able to view the publication from any orientation . as shown in fig1 a , the publication 1 may comprise a plurality of pages 3 containing text , graphics or other material 2 . additionally , the present invention provides rotation 4 of a turning page so as to endeavour a realistic page - turn to the multi - page document . as shown in fig1 a through to 1 d , the publication and the turning page 4 can assume a variety of different orientations depending on the orientation in which the publication is viewed as well as the particular position of the turning page during an animated sequence that constructs a complete page - turn . the turning page 4 may lift from a publication and rotate to an opposed side of the publication in the same manner as the movement of pages of a book . however , to provide such a page - turn in 3 - dimensional space , both the orientation of the publication itself and the relative representation of the turning page need to be considered . referring to fig2 , the publication 1 can comprise a large number of pages 3 with the remaining pages intended to line substantially planar to the base to again simulate the typical pages of a book . referring to fig3 a to 3e , a series of specific frames from a page - turn animation are shown through fig3 a to 3e . it can be seen that the publication 1 may commence in fig3 a as a substantially planar document . upon activation of any suitable control so as to commence the page - turn sequence such as tapping or clicking a cursor on a page the page 5 may begin to lift from a revealing page 6 at the commencement of its rotation towards a facing page 7 . it should be appreciated that fig3 a to 3e only show five frames from an animated sequence that may contain a large number of frames so as to make the animation smooth and substantially continuous . furthermore , to improve the accuracy of the animation sequence , the preferred form of this invention calculates the position of the turning page 5 for each frame in terms of the elapsed time since the commencement of the page - turn animation . this may be performed by utilizing a high - resolution timer in the computer and recalculating the page position according to elapsed time . the page - turn sequence preferably allows a user to control the total time for the page - turn sequence as a preferential control . the use of a timer and calculation of the position of the page in terms of elapsed time ensures that the page - turn sequence may be substantially similar on machines of different processing speed and will not slow down or speed up according to instantaneous demands on the processor of the computer concerned . the position of the turning page is made independent of the processor speed and the variable is the number of frames that will be able to be produced in the entire sequence with slower processors producing less frames during the total elapsed time . nevertheless , provided the page - turn is configured to generate sufficient frames on a relatively slow processor , there would be little visual difference between slow and faster processor machines . the construction of the page - turn in 3 - dimensional space in this preferred form of the invention not only provide a rotating page but seeks to provide some natural curvature to the turning page so that it more closely approximates an elliptical shaped page . the use of such an elliptical edge to the turning page provides a smoother transition to the centre line about which it turns and to the page as it leaves and lands on the revealing and facing pages respectively . as shown in fig4 , the preferred invention commences with the orientation of the publication 1 having been determined due to the position in the virtual 3 - d space . typically , the position of the publication 1 in the 3 - dimensional space is controlled by the user as the user moves through or re - orientates the virtual space or their position within the space . such controls are already known to those skilled in the art . the preferred form of the invention constructs the publication 1 in terms of a plane 11 formed from the revealing page 6 and facing page 7 or some other such plane through the publication . the limits of the space through which the publication may move or the turning page 5 may move can be determined by constructing a page - turn cage 12 . the page - turn cage is essentially the box bounded by the outer parameter of the publication 1 being the plane 11 and extended out from the publication to a height 14 corresponding to the width of the turning page 5 . the outer corners of the turning page 5 are resumed to progress along a page - turn arc 15 being substantially a semi - circular path on opposed sides of the page - turn cage 12 . the edge 16 of the turning page 5 is provided in an elliptical shape that may be described by bezier control points . it will be noted that any curve can be defined in terms of one or more bezier control points together with a start and end point . the start and end point of the ellipse 16 are defined by the start point being the centre line 18 and the end point being on the page - turn arc 15 and determined by the amount of time elapsed and on the assumption that the page is undergoing substantially constant rotation throughout the total time required to complete the page - turn . the bezier control points for the ellipse 16 are described subsequently although it should be noted that these are preferably provided by two bezier control points although can also possibly be defined in terms of a single bezier control point intermediate of the start and end points . in constructing the full page - turn cage , the outer cage 12 is constructed based on the dimensions of the page . the page - turn arc may then be constructed on opposed sides as a semi - circular arc and also represents the proportional time limit for the whole page - turn sequence . for example , after 30 % of the expected elapsed time for the entire sequence , the page - turn elapsed end point 20 would be 30 % along the length of the page - turn arc . once the elapsed time is determined , the page - turn elapsed end point 20 is determined and the page - turn elapsed start point is already known and taken as the spine of the publication . these two points provide the semi - major and semi - minor axes of an ellipse , ¼ of which forms the elliptical edge 16 of the turning page . the bezier control points 21 and 22 may then be determined . the box in which the turning page is to be drawn for any particular frame can be see to be defined by : all of these particular points can be determined as specific points in the page - turn cage and , for the time being , can be independent of the orientation of the viewer in viewing the cage . if it is then desired to consider the orientation of the page , the basic orientation in relation to the cage itself may be determined and all the various control points can be rotated in 3 - d space by rotation of the control points being the outer corners of the cage and the bezier control points for the page - turn arc and the page - turn ellipse . the advantage of this method is that there is no necessity to try and calculate rotation of the edge of the page or the curves themselves but instead only those control points . rotation of specific points in a 3 - d space can be performed to then provide correct orientation in 3 - d space . it can be seen that the page - turn arc 15 may be provided with its own bezier control points 23 and 24 so as to also allow its orientation to be determined in 3 - d space and rotated as desired . fig2 shows a plane view of the control points and the page - turn cage which correspond to the manner in which prior art 2 - dimensional page - turn applications may show the publication . referring to fig6 , the publication itself is removed to show only the cage and the control points for greater clarify . referring to fig7 , the geometry of the page - turn is shown in cross section in respect of a publication lining flat and showing the edge of the turning page 5 alone . the page - turn arc and time line 15 is determined by the total page width 26 . assuming constant rotation of the page , the page - turn end point 20 corresponds to the elapsed time point as time progresses constantly around the page - turn arc . the semi - major axis of the ellipse of which the turning page forms ¼ is shown as 27 in fig7 and the semi - minor axis as 28 . the actual values for the semi - major and minor axes may be determined by determining the elapsed time , calculating the degree of rotation in radians and using sin and cos functions of the angular rotation times the page width 26 to determine the values for 27 and 28 . to then construct the edge of the page as shown in fig8 , it needs to be appreciated that the ¼ arc ellipse that represents the edge of the page 16 in this preferred embodiment can be defined in terms of the start point which corresponds to the spine of the publication 18 , the end point 20 as defined by the progression of the page around the page - turn arc and bezier control points 21 and 22 . this provides a cubic bezier curve to represent the ellipse . the bezier control points 21 and 22 have been determined to correspond to a constant distance along the semi - major and semi - minor elliptic axes 27 and 28 . the particular constant utilized in this preferred embodiment of the invention is 0 . 55228474983 . of course , it will be appreciated that other representations could be used for the curve to provide a slightly different page edge . once the four x and y points are determined being points 18 , 20 , 21 and 22 , a cubic bezier curve can be used to plot the page edge and the advantage of bezier curve points is that it is possible to rotate the bezier control points in 3 - d space as well as translating the points to a 2 - dimensional screen to rotate the curve to any orientation determined by the user . in other words , all that is required to plot the page edge of the tuning page is the position of the bezier control points according to the turn of the page in respect of time and then the orientation of those points in the 3 - dimensional space according to the orientation determined by the users movements or selection . x = x 0 ( 1 − t ) 3 + 3 x 1 t ( 1 − t ) 2 + 3 x 2 t 2 ( 1 − t )+ x 3 t 3 y = y 0 ( 1 − t ) 3 + 3 y 1 t ( 1 − t ) 2 + 3 y 2 t 2 ( 1 − t )+ y 3 t 3 this cubic bezier curve equation plus the correct page edge where the start point 18 provides the values for x 0 and y 0 , the end point 20 provides the points x 3 y 3 and the bezier control points for the elliptic quadrant 21 and 22 provide the values for x1 , y1 , x2 and y2 . the value of “ t ” in the previous equation is a value between 0 and 1 as a progression along the elliptical curve . once the cage has been constructed in the form of fig4 including all the control points for the curvature of the turning page and the control points for the page - turn arc 15 , the entire page together with the control points can be rotated to the orientation of the user at that instant . it will be appreciated that in any 3 - dimensional representation of the publication , the x and y points of the edge of the page as defined previously are done in terms of x and y points on the side face of the publication cage 12 as defined in 3 - dimensional space . the entire cage is an orientated about a point of rotation on , in or in reference to the page - turn cage 12 . for convenience in this preferred example , the page rotation point is taken as the central point of the substantially planar revealing and facing pages 7 being the point 35 as shown in fig9 . the page - turn cage in terms of its critical points including the bezier control points for the page - turn arc and the particular curvature of the page at that instant are rotated to their new 3 - dimensional orientations by the following equation : these points then need to be translated back to the 2 - dimensional screen of the computer monitor or virtual reality goggles or similar . prior to this point , the said component of the 3 - dimensional point and space is merely a positive or minus value around the centre of rotation . to then translate the image back to a 2 - d screen , it is necessary to include a value relating to camera distance from the centre of rotation which equates to the zoom or distance to the publication in the 3 - dimensional space . it will be appreciated that this may not be an absolute value but instead is merely a proportional value . the following equation is used to translate the points to the 2 - dimensional screen : in this equation , c equates to the camera distance from the centre of rotation and horres and vertres are the corresponding horizontal and vertical screen resolutions of the monitor or similar display . following the drawing of the page and the bezier control points to the screen , the actual lines outlining the publication can be filled in in terms of the facing and revealing pages 6 and 7 and the turning page 5 . to lay out the text or images onto the turning page , it will be appreciated that rotation of the page - turn cage together with the bezier control points for the elliptic curves of the turning page allow the edges 36 and 37 of the page to be plotted and the page itself may be constructed by taking information from an origin page being a representation of the text or images on the page 5 when lining flat and plotting these onto the page . the actual plotting of these lines will be explained in further detail subsequently in terms of the overall program processing . a publication including video images , still pictures and text may be constructed with each of the images plotted accurately to the tuning page regardless of the orientation of the publication 1 as shown in fig1 . in providing this page - turn , the preferred embodiment of this invention incorporates the entire page - turn animation and its 3 - dimensioanl nature into a program to run on a personal computer or similar to display such a publication . preferably , the program is written in assembly code due to the high number of calculations required to accurately calculate the colours of pixels in remapping the information to the turning page . such calculations may prove too time consuming in higher - level languages . the basic processes of the program can be seen in fig1 . the process may start when a user initiates a page - turn by some form of suitable controls such as use of a mouse or any form of virtual reality tool . from the moment the page - turn request is made , a 64 bit high resolution timer may be initiated so that the program may control the page - turn such that the page - turn is completed in a predetermined time and the animations are accurately placed regardless of intermediate intervals in time between specific frames . having started the timer , this program is intended to operating conjunction with microsoft windows by setting windows into a screen refresh loop . windows does not execute this loop in a consistent time interval and it is only once the loop reaches a flag in a windows memory device context requiring a media repainting at the specific frame to be painted is then calculated . once windows has requested information from the program concerning the repainting , the program interrupts windows and determines the elapsed time from the time in terms of radians of a value between 0 and pi / 2 to determine how far the page has turned in calculating the single frame . the page - turn box 12 and its corners including the page - turn arc control points 23 and 24 may be calculated and , by knowing the semi - major and semi - minor axes links 27 and 28 of the ellipse of the turning page from the known elapsed time as shown in fig7 , it is possible to calculate the position of the page edge bezier control points 21 and 22 as shown in fig8 for both sides of the page . the x and y points together with the said component has determined by the page - turn cage itself for the start point , end point and two bezier control points for each curved page edge of the turning page are then known and translated back to two dimensions as defined previously . at this point it is possible to draw the edge of the turning page using the formula for the cubic bezier curves provided previously where t is a proportion of the distance along each of the curves between a value of 0 and 1 being the end of the curve . the page lines may be drawn in and antialiased by averaging values across adjacent pixels to smooth joints and edges . it is then possible to resume windows and pass this image via the memory device context and windows will repaint the screen normally . windows may then loop to the next screen refresh . once the elapsed time from the 64 - bit high - resolution timer has reached the predetermined value for completion of the page - turn , the publication is now again lining flat awaiting the next command for turning of a page . windows may be free from the memory device context and the windows refresh loop released . in mapping the actual origin page containing all the information of the text and images 4 the turning page to the turning page 5 may be performed , in a preferred embodiment , by constructing substantially vertical lines down the page between the two elliptical edges 36 and 37 . in practice , this is performed as the page edges themselves are constructed . furthermore , this calculation may be performed to a suffix or level to provide significantly sharper lines and images throughout the publication . as an example of how this may be performed , we can perhaps consider the origin page when the page is lining flat to be , purely by example , 20 pixels wide . of course , in practice , the pages many many times the size . upon translation of the critical points of the publication to the page - turn cage , drawing of the turning page is performed by the formula provided previously for drawing a cubic bezier curve . commencing from the spine of the publication and using this as the bezier curve start point , t in the equation may be incremented on each of the outer curves 36 and 37 of the turning page and pixel colour values plotted down the turning page to complete the image . if it is wished to provide a sharper image to a suffix or level in the example as mentioned , rather than taking each pixel colour value in its entirety from the origin page and trying to plot this to a suitable number of pixels on the turning page , t may be taken as being , for example , 16 times the number of increments of the pixels so that the resolution is to a 16 th of a pixel . instead of t plotting 20 points along the elliptic curves 36 and 37 , t may be made equal to one over 320 , two over 320 , three over 320 , etc . the colour value of each pixel from the origin page may be suitably divided by 16 in performing this plotting . additionally , it will be appreciated that a single pixel from the origin page no longer equates to the exact size of a pixel on the turning page in its final orientation . a single pixel from the origin page may be spread over a number of pixels in the destination page due to the expansion of the page towards the user in the turning motion . similarly , a single pixel from the origin page may form only a fraction of a pixel on the destination page . at each increment of t in the bezier curve equations to construct the elliptic curves 36 and 37 , a 16 th of the colour value of a pixel from the origin page may be mapped against anyone or more pixels on the destination page to which it would map . it should be noted this also includes some expansion towards the user of the pixels from the origin page from the elliptic curve 36 to the elliptic curve 37 due to the perspective nature of the view of the publication . once sufficient increments of t have been completed to have mapped all relevant portions of the orientation page to a pixel on the destination page , this pixel may be mapped to the final image with the colours averaged and antialiased as desired . it should be noted that this is only one possible method of mapping the images on the origin page to the destination page 5 . however , this method allows a high degree of position to be maintained on the image on the curved page for that particular frame of the animation . it should also be noted that , in taking the calculations to a suffix or level , the use of portions of a pixel in terms of 16 th is merely a preferential choice . the use of a figure that is a power of 2 such as 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 is advantageous in performing quick calculations due to the ability to shift numerical numbers in registers to multiply or divide by such numbers . thus it can be seen that this invention provides a 3 - dimensional publication which can be redrawn to any orientation and indeed the orientation of the publication may change between one frame of the animation to another . the orientation of the user in relation to the publication is considered in the repaint of each frame of the animation so that a turning page may move fluently from one side of the publication to the other even as a user moves around the publication in 3 - dimensional space . although calculations for the page - turn would be substantially simplified by turning the page as a flagged page , the use of an elliptic curve provides a far more visually realistic turning page and the definition of the elliptic curve in terms of bezier control points allows easy manipulation of those curves in 3 - dimensional space and its remapping to a 2 - dimensional screen . although this invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiment , those skilled in the art to which the invention relates will understand that the description of the preferred embodiment should not be considered limiting to the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . various integers described in the preferred embodiment are deemed to incorporate known equivalents where appropriate . | 6 |
in fig1 a louvered plastic film 10 and a transparent plastic film 12 are being fed into a 2 - roll coater 14 while a monomer composition from an extrusion bar 16 forms a coating 17 on the louvered plastic film . upon passing beneath a bank of ultraviolet lamps 18 , the monomer composition polymerizes to an adhesive state , and the resulting composite is wound upon itself into a roll 19 . when the transparent plastic film 12 has a release surface contacting the polymerized coating 17 , it may be peeled from the coating to allow the louvered plastic film 10 to be adhered by the exposed adhesive coating to a substrate . the composite 20 shown in fig2 has a central louvered plastic film 21 , a pair of adhesive coatings 22 , 23 , and a pair of transparent plastic films 24 , 25 through which the adhesive coatings have been exposed to ultraviolet radiation from two banks of lamps ( not shown ), one facing each broad surface of the composite . the composite 20 of fig2 may be used as illustrated in fig3 by peeling off and discarding one of the transparent plastic films 24 and adhering the exposed adhesive coating 22 to a bezel of an instrument panel 30 . the other transparent plastic film 25 , which may be a polycarbonate film , remains permanently in place to protect the louvered plastic film 21 . a decorative covering 32 protects the exposed edges of the louvered plastic film 21 . a louvered plastic film was prepared as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 128 , 685 at column 2 , lines 27 - 49 . as there disclosed , its light - collimating louver elements comprise a mixture of finely divided silica and an unpurified black polyazo dye directly dispersed in an acrylate , its clear layers were cellulose acetate butyrate , and its thickness was about 0 . 15 mm . onto one surface of the louvered plastic film was applied a coating ( 0 . 05 mm thick ) of a partially polymerized blend of the photoinitiator was 2 , 2 - dimethoxy - 2 - phenyl acetophenone (&# 34 ; irgacure 651 &# 34 ;). the photoactive crosslinking agent was &# 34 ; photoactive s - triazine b &# 34 ; of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 330 , 590 . after covering the coating with a disposable transparent polyester film having a release surface , the coating was irradiated by a bank of 40 - watt fluorescent black light lamps , i . e ., f40t12 / bl sylvania , to provide an exposure of 400 millijoules , thus polymerizing the coating to a pressure - sensitive adhesive state . the resulting 3 - layer composite was wound upon itself into roll form . after removing the disposable transparent plastic film from a piece of the composite , its adhesive layer was used to laminate the louvered plastic film to biaxially oriented poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) film , the surface of which had been coated with polyvinylene chloride . with the louvered plastic film of the resulting composite against a rigid back plate , the polyester film was peeled back in an instron tensile tester at the rate of 0 . 5 cm / sec . resistance to peelback was about 90 to 110 n / dm , showing that the adhesive coating had become strongly bonded to the louvered plastic film . in contrast , when a comparable preformed pressure - sensitive adhesive layer was transferred to an identical louvered plastic film , the resistance to peelback was on the order of 10 n / dm . after removing the disposable film from another piece of the composite of this example , its exposed adhesive was used to laminate the louvered plastic film to a piece of polycarbonate film 0 . 5 mm in thickness . this composite was adhered to a bezel of a back - lighted instrument panel as in fig3 with the louver elements extending horizontally . in a darkened room , no reflections were observed on a pane of glass positioned to simulate the windshield of an automobile . after removing the disposable film from another piece of the composite of this example , it was suspended vertically in an oven at 65 ° c . for 7 days . no observable change occured . in contrast , an identical piece of louvered plastic film without any adhesive coating became physically deformed . after removing the disposable film , a fresh piece of the composite of this example was suspended vertically in an oven at 38 ° c . and 100 % relative humidity for 7 days . no observable change occurred . in contrast , an identical piece of louvered plastic film without any adhesive coating split . | 2 |
the present invention generally provides a method for adding the definition , visualization , specification , and / or storage of generalized attributes and group attributes for a class of electronic design automation ( eda ) design assembly tools . the present invention may be applied generally to a variety of products . in one example , the present invention may provide an approach that may be standardized . as used herein the term standardized encompasses both ( i ) similar configuration of the manner in which tools use auxiliary configurations and / or auxiliary attributes and ( ii ) agreement amongst companies to use a specific method and / or apparatus ( e . g ., creation of a standard ). the present invention generally facilitates inclusion of foreign attributes into a design assembly tool along with rules for using the attributes and processing a design according to the attributes . examples of design assembly tools include mentor graphics platform express ®, synopsys coreassembler ®, prosilog magillem ®, and beach solutions easi - studio ®. in general , xml ( extensible markup language ) may be used to carry descriptions of cores and designs built from the cores . in one example , an xml schema similar to the spirit schema , offered by the spirit consortium , may be implemented . the present invention generally enables unique and non - unique aspects of a design platform device ( e . g ., a platform or structured application specific integrated circuit ( asic )) to be expressed , manipulated and collected by the eda tools . in general , the set of attributes and attribute sets are not known at the design time of the tool . the present invention may provide a process for defining and adding attributes and attribute sets to a design assembly tool in a dynamic , standard , cross - platform , and / or tool - neutral manner . referring to fig1 , a flow diagram 100 is shown illustrating an example platform design flow in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention . the design flow 100 may comprise three partitions : a validation focus 102 , abstraction layers 104 and example representations 106 . the validation focus 102 may be comprise ( i ) an algorithmic stage 110 , ( ii ) a software and hardware ( sw / hw ) partition 112 , ( iii ) a hardware design intent stage 114 , ( iv ) a hardware performance size stage 116 and ( v ) a manufacturing detail stage 118 . the abstraction layers 104 of the platform design flow 100 may comprise a number of levels corresponding to the stages of the validation focus 102 . in one example , the abstraction layers may comprise ( i ) function calls 120 , ( ii ) transactions 122 , ( iii ) signals , logic and states 124 , ( iv ) gates and transistors 126 and ( v ) circuit layout 128 . the platform design flow 100 generally moves through the abstraction layers starting with function calls 120 and moving towards the circuit layout 128 as a design is realized . in general , the earlier in the design flow a design realization step occurs , the higher the abstraction of the design realization step . a number of representations 106 may be used for the abstraction layers 104 . in one example , the function calls abstraction layer 120 may be represented by matlab ® equations 130 ( matlab is a registered trademark of the mathworks , inc ., natick , mass .). the transactions abstraction layer 122 may be represented in system c or system verilog ( e . g ., block 132 ). the signals , logic and states abstraction layer 124 may be represented in vhdl and / or verilog ( e . g ., block 134 ). the gates and transistor abstraction layer 126 may be represented using netlists and / or schematics ( e . g ., block 136 ). the circuit layout abstraction layer 128 may be represented using gdsii and / or shapes ( e . g ., block 138 ). however , other representations may be implemented accordingly to meet design criteria of a particular implementation . referring to fig2 , a more detailed flow diagram of the abstraction layers 104 is shown illustrating an ip model co - relationship in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention . in one example , each of the abstraction layers may be implemented with one or more tools . for example , the function calls abstraction layer 120 may be implemented with tools 140 . the transactions abstraction layer 122 may be implemented with tools 142 . the signals , logic and states abstraction layer 124 may be implemented with tools 144 . the gates and transistor abstraction layer 126 may be implemented with tools 146 . the circuit layout abstraction layer 128 may be implemented with tools 148 . the tools 140 - 148 may be implemented with conventional techniques . in one example , the tools 140 - 148 may be configured to use configurators 150 that are built into the tools and configurators 152 that are referenced by and / or supplied with cores being added to a particular design . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , the tools 140 - 148 may be further configured to use auxiliary ( or ancillary ) configurators , attributes and / or group attributes 160 . the configurators 150 and 152 are generally defined either as a fixed base capability of one of the tools 140 - 148 or as an add - on capability supplied with particular cores . in contrast to the configurators 150 and 152 , the auxiliary configurators 160 are generally not referenced by either cores or built - in to the tools . in one example , the auxiliary configurators , attributes and / or group attributes 160 may be implemented in extensible mark - up language ( xml ). the auxiliary configurators , attributes and / or group attributes 160 may comprise attribute and / or groups of attributes that may be collected by one or more of the tools 140 - 148 implementing the abstraction layers 104 of the design flow 100 . examples of attributes that may be specified and collected at the design capture stage may include , but are not limited to , ( i ) implementation mode , ( ii ) use mode and ( iii ) partition mode . the implementation mode attribute may comprise , in one example , modes including full - mask programmable , metal - mask programmable , electrically programmable , and software programmable . the use mode attribute may comprise , in one example , modes including functional core , verification core , and proxy implementation core . the partition mode attribute may comprise , in one example , modes including base platform , off - die , and off - die system in package . however , other modes may be implemented to meet the design criteria of a particular implementation . examples of group attributes that may be specified and captured during the design capture stage may include ( a ) grouping of components such as ( i ) memories , ( ii ) serializer / deserializers ( serdes ), and / or ( iii ) processors ( cpus ) that may be assigned to a specific off - die system in package component , ( b ) grouping of cores with an electrically - programmable implementation mode , ( c ) assignment of the groups to specific electrically programmable regions of the base platform , and ( d ) grouping of cores across use modes to specify or confirm core alternatives for synthesis , verification , packaging , etc . in general , the tools 140 - 148 represent available eda industry tools configured to work at the respective abstraction layers . for example , in a fairly complex design ( e . g ., where one part of the design performs control flow or processor oriented control flow for operating on data and another part of the design performs data streaming or data driven operations on data ) multiple different tools may be used to facilitate the design at a particular abstraction level ( e . g ., function calls ). for example , different tools may be utilized to design the control flow and the data flow portions of the design separately . however , at a subsequent layer of abstraction to realizing the design ( e . g ., the transactional layer ), one tool may be sufficient to perform the tasks at that transaction level . in general , the present invention may be implemented with multiple tools at a given layer of abstraction , with each of those tools having a respective output . the multiple outputs may be imported into one or possibly more tools down at the next layer of abstraction . for example , instead of one stream of data going down through the abstractions layers , multiple streams of data may be merging all the way down to one final design in the end . for example , a chip is generally manufactured at one location and a single tool may be used to draw all the shapes for producing the reticle masks . in general , the present invention may facilitate a physical design tool flow that may import multiple design descriptions . in one example , the auxiliary configurators , attributes and / or groups of attribute 160 may be made available to every layer of abstraction in the design flow 100 . as used herein , logic generally refers to hardware , code generally refers to software ( e . g ., c code , etc . ), and netlist generally refers to the hardware analog to assembler code . in one example , deliverables as used herein may refer to one or more of code , logic , assembler code , and netlists . in another example , deliverables may also refer to layout information and even microcode for one or more cores . in one example , code may comprise a driver routine for a particular piece of hardware , a device driver for a particular piece of hardware , a diagnostic code to run to make sure the corresponding logic is connected properly , etc . in general , the design assembly tool flow 100 allows a user to navigate a design and establish settings for the attributes , as well as group cores and / or interfaces into the attribute sets . in general , the tool may be unaware of the purpose for which the attributes and attribute sets are defined . the settings for the attributes and attribute sets are generally stored along with the specification for the design . generators or other tools provided in the flow 100 may be configured to use the settings ( e . g ., for automating certain views of the design , etc .). an advantage of adding the capability of the present invention to the design assembly tool ( which does not understand the attributes being collected ) is that the design assembly tool is preferably the only step in the flow where the entire design is visualized and managed at an abstracted block diagram level . adding the capability provided by the present invention to the design assembly tool is more advantageous than defining and developing yet another tool that visualizes the design at the same level of abstraction for the sole purpose of collecting the ancillary attributes . adding the capability provided by the present invention to the design assembly tool is more advantageous because ( 1 ) design visualization tools are especially difficult to develop and ( 2 ) the user experience of buying and learning another tool for each set of ancillary attributes can be onerous and may prevent some users from selecting a product . referring to fig3 , a detailed diagram is shown illustrating a portion of a design assembly tool flow 170 in accordance with the present invention . in one example , the design assembly tool flow 170 may have a first input that may receive core xml descriptions from multiple vendors 172 a - 172 n , a second input that may receive one or more auxiliary configuration xml descriptions 174 , a third input that may receive one or more attribute set xml descriptions 176 , a fourth input that may receive specifications 178 and an output that may present a design specification file 179 . in one example , the core xml descriptions , the auxiliary configuration xml descriptions and the attribute set xml descriptions may be from multiple vendors . in one example , the design flow 170 may comprise a process ( or state ) 180 , a process ( or state ) 182 , a process ( or state ) 184 , a process ( or state ) 186 , a process ( or state ) 188 and a process ( or state ) 190 . the process 180 may be configured to read in core intellectual property ( ip ) xml descriptions to populate a core library . the process 182 may be configured to read in auxiliary configuration and attribute group xml descriptions . the process 184 may be configured to receive designer specifications for specifying a structural design in the design assembly tool . the process 186 may be configured to receive designer specifications for requested auxiliary configuration parameters . the process 188 may be configured to receive designer assignments between design elements and attribute groups . the process 190 may be configured to generate design specification xml files . during a design assembly process , the design assembly tool 170 may enter the process 180 . the process 180 may be configured to read in the core xml descriptions 172 a - 172 n that may be provided by various vendors . when the core xml descriptions have been read in , the tool flow 170 may move to the process 182 . in the process 182 , the tool flow 170 may read in the one or more auxiliary configuration xml descriptions 174 and the one or more attribute group xml descriptions 176 . when the auxiliary configuration and attribute group descriptions have been read in the design assembly tool 170 may move to the process 184 . in the process 184 , design specifications 178 are received from the designer . the design specifications may specify a structural design in the design assembly tool 170 . when the structural design in the design assembly tool has been specified , the design assembly tool 170 may move to the process 186 . in the process 186 , the designer may be prompted ( or requested ) to specify auxiliary configuration parameters . the auxiliary configuration parameters sought may be specified by the one or more auxiliary configuration xml description 174 . when the auxiliary configuration parameters have been received ( or entered ), the design assembly tool 170 may move to the process 188 . in the process 188 , the design assembly tool 170 may prompt ( or request ) the designer to assign design elements to attribute groups specified by the attribute group xml descriptions 176 . when the design elements have been assigned to attribute groups , the design assembly tool 170 may move to the process 190 . in the process 190 , the design assembly tool 170 may be configured to generate the design specification xml file 179 based on the core xml descriptions , the one or more auxiliary configuration xml descriptions , the one or more attribute set xml descriptions , the design specifications from the designers , the auxiliary configuration parameters from the designer and the assignment of design elements to attribute groups . in one example , an auxiliary configuration xml description file for an auxiliary configurator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented as illustrated by the following sample definition : & lt ; auxconfigurator & gt ; & lt ; vendor & gt ; vendor_x & lt ;/ vendor & gt ; & lt ; library & gt ; library_x & lt ;/ library & gt ; & lt ; name & gt ; configurator_x & lt ;/ name & gt ; & lt ; version & gt ; 1 . 0 & lt ;/ version & gt ; & lt ; appliesto & gt ; busdefinition businterface channel component design & lt ;/ appliesto & gt ; & lt ; configurators & gt ; configurator . java & lt ;/ configurators & gt ; & lt ; choices & gt ; & lt ; choice & gt ; & lt ; name & gt ; choicetypes & lt ;/ name & gt ; & lt ; enumeration & gt ; null fpga aspp asic emul struct & lt ;/ enumeration & gt ; & lt ;/ choice & gt ; & lt ;/ choices & gt ; & lt ; parameter name =“ logictype ” id =“ logicchoice ” dependency =“ user ” choicestyle =“ combo ” choiceref =“ choicetypes ” prompt =“ how will this logic be implemented ?”& gt ; null & lt ;/ parameter & gt ; & lt ;/ auxconfigurator & gt ; the structure of the auxiliary configurator definition may be presented in a manner that may be mapped easily to a spirit consortium schema for describing and establishing parameters for a design component . in one example , the auxiliary configurator and the spirit component schema may share many parameters for descriptions . because an auxiliary configurator shares many of the same parameters for description as in the component schema , the basic schema for the spirit component schema is used for illustration and familiarity to those skilled in the relevant art ( s ). in one example , the auxiliary configurator may be named , identified , and versioned in the “ nlnv ” set of tags ( e . g ., & lt ; vendor & gt ;, & lt ; library & gt ;, & lt ; name & gt ;, and & lt ; version & gt ;). parameters may be established and parameter values may be constrained using the & lt ; parameter & gt ; and & lt ; choices & gt ;& lt ; choice & gt ; tags . any configurator code implemented to establish intermediate files and / or to provide complex logic steps in the setting of the parameters may be provided by the & lt ; configurators & gt ; tag . the & lt ; auxconfigurator & gt ; schema and corresponding xml generally differ from the & lt ; component & gt ; schema because of the existence and interpretation of the & lt ; appliesto & gt ; tag in the auxiliary configurator description . the & lt ; appliesto & gt ; tag may be used to explicitly identify the design elements to which the auxiliary configurator may be applied . in one example , the values listed may correspond to identified spirit design elements . for example , identified design elements may include “ component ”, “ design ”, “ businterface ”, “ busdefinition ”, “ channel ”, “ memorymap ”, “ constraints ”, and “ verificationip ”. however , other elements ( e . g ., future design elements that may be added to spirit ) may be added by extension . in the example above , a sample auxiliary configurator is illustrated that establishes a design parameter that applies to bus interfaces , busses and channels , components , or the entire design . for each instantiation of the design element types in the design , the auxiliary configurator establishes a persistent parameter that holds a value constrained to be one of null , fpga , aspp , asic , emul , or struct . given the auxiliary configurator definition , a design assembly tool may present a question such as “ how will this logic be implemented ?” for each of the design element types listed in the & lt ; appliesto & gt ; tag . the answer ( s ) collected by the design assembly tool may be constrained , in one example , to a value such as null , fpga , aspp , asic , emul , or struct . the answer ( s ) may be associated with the selected design element in the design and stored in the design xml file for the design . an example of information that may be stored is illustrated below in connection with an example of a design xml file . in one example , an xml file for an attribute set description in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented as illustrated in the following sample attribute set definition : & lt ; attributeset & gt ; & lt ; vendor & gt ; vendor_x & lt ;/ vendor & gt ; & lt ; library & gt ; library_x & lt ;/ library & gt ; & lt ; name & gt ; attribute_set_x & lt ;/ name & gt ; & lt ; version & gt ; 1 . 0 & lt ;/ version & gt ; & lt ; appliesto & gt ; busdefinition businterface channel component design & lt ;/ appliesto & gt ; & lt ; parameter name =“ logictypegroup ” dependency =“ user ” prompt =“ logic type grouping ”& gt ;& lt ;/ parameter & gt ; & lt ;/ attributeset & gt ; the structure of the attribute set definition may be configured in a manner that may be mapped easily to the spirit consortium schema for describing and establishing parameters for a design component . the basic schema for the spirit component schema may be used for illustration and familiarity to those skilled in the relevant art ( s ). the attribute set description may be named , identified , and versioned using the “ nlnv ” set of tags ( e . g ., & lt ; vendor & gt ;, & lt ; library & gt ;, & lt ; name & gt ;, and & lt ; version & gt ;). parameters may be established using the & lt ; parameter & gt ; tag . what sets the & lt ; attributeset & gt ; schema and corresponding xml apart from , for example , the & lt ; component & gt ; schema is the existence and interpretation of the attribute set & lt ; appliesto & gt ; tag . following the & lt ; appliesto & gt ; tag the design elements to which the attribute set may be applied are explicitly listed . in one example , the values listed may correspond to identified spirit design elements including “ component ”, “ design ”, “ businterface ”, “ busdefinition ”, “ channel ”, “ memorymap ”, “ constraints ”, and “ verificationip ”. however , other elements ( e . g ., future design elements that may be added to spirit ) may be added by extension . in the sample attribute set above , and example is given of an attribute set definition that establishes a design parameter that may apply to bus interfaces , busses and channels , components , or the entire design . in general , the above xml description defines a specific type of attribute set that may be instantiated ( defined and named by the user ) and have design elements added into the defined attribute set . in the ongoing example of specifying logic implementation types for different logic design elements in the design , the sample attribute set xml description above would generally accompany a corresponding sample auxiliary configuration xml description file for a sample auxiliary configurator . the two descriptions in combination may configure a design tool to collect auxiliary information on design elements , and also establish attribute sets where the design elements may be grouped together for a useful design partition . for example , a design may use the tool to identify which design elements are to be implemented in fpga logic . the designer , via an attribute set description , may group those fpga - targeted design elements into one or more “ logic type grouping ” attribute sets such that the design is partitioned across several fpga partitions or chips . a similar outcome with the above examples may be obtained for logic targeted for an emulator or cell - based asic logic . in one example , the example auxiliary configuration xml description and the example attribute set xml description from above may be used by a tool to produce a design xml file as illustrated in the following sample xml design file : & lt ; design & gt ; & lt ; vendor & gt ; vendor_name & lt ;/ vendor & gt ; & lt ; library & gt ; library_name & lt ;/ library & gt ; & lt ; name & gt ; sample_design & lt ;/ name & gt ; & lt ; version & gt ; 1 . 0 & lt ;/ version & gt ; & lt ; componentinstances & gt ; & lt ; componentinstance & gt ; & lt ; instancename & gt ; core_1_a & lt ;/ instancename & gt ; & lt ; componentref vendor =“ core_vendor ” library =“ core_library ” name =“ core_1 ”/& gt ; & lt ; auxconfiguratorref vendor =“ vendor_x ” library =“ library_x ” name =“ configurator_x ”& gt ; & lt ; configuration & gt ; & lt ; configurableelement referenceid =“ logictype ”& gt ; & lt ; configurableelementvalue & gt ; fpga & lt ;/ configurableelementvalue & gt ; & lt ;/ configurableelement & gt ; & lt ;/ configuration & gt ; & lt ;/ auxconfiguratorref & gt ; & lt ;/ componentinstance & gt ; & lt ; componentinstance & gt ; & lt ; instancename & gt ; core_2_a & lt ;/ instancename & gt ; & lt ; componentref vendor =“ core_vendor ” library =“ core_library ” name =“ core_2 ”/& gt ; & lt ; auxconfiguratorref vendor =“ vendor_x ” library =“ library_x ” name =“ configurator_x ”& gt ; & lt ; configuration & gt ; & lt ; configurableelement referenceid =“ logictype ”& gt ; & lt ; configurableelementvalue & gt ; fpga & lt ;/ configurableelementvalue & gt ; & lt ;/ configurableelement & gt ; & lt ;/ configuration & gt ; & lt ;/ auxconfiguratorref & gt ; & lt ;/ componentinstance & gt ; & lt ;/ componentinstances & gt ; & lt ; attributesets & gt ; & lt ; attributeset & gt ; & lt ; attributesetname & gt ; logic group 1 & lt ;/ attributesetname & gt ; & lt ; auxconfiguratorref vendor =“ vendor_x ” library =“ library_x ” name =“ attribute_set_x ”& gt ; & lt ; configuration & gt ; & lt ; configurableelement referenceid =“ logictypegroup ”& gt ; & lt ; configurableelementvalue & gt ; core_1_a core_2_a & lt ;/ configurableelementvalue & gt ; & lt ;/ configurableelement & gt ; & lt ;/ configuration & gt ; & lt ;/ auxconfiguratorref & gt ; & lt ;/ attributeset & gt ; & lt ;/ attributesets & gt ; & lt ;/ design & gt ; the xml design file may be presented as the output of the design assembly tool 170 . in the above example , the design is illustrated containing two cores . each core is specified , via auxiliary configurators , to be implemented in fpga ( field programmable gate array ) logic . the two cores are grouped in the same logic type attribute group so that further design processing may place the two cores within the same fpga logic function . again , the structure is shown in a manner that may be mapped easily to the spirit consortium schema for describing a design . in general , the spirit design schema is used for illustration and familiarity to those practicing in the relevant art ( s ). in one example , the design may be named , identified , and versioned using the “ nlnv ” set of tags & lt ; vendor & gt ;, & lt ; library & gt ;, & lt ; name & gt ;, and & lt ; version & gt ;. in the above example , the design is illustrated containing two cores from a vendor named “ core_vendor ”. the cores are named core_ 1 and core_ 2 . the two cores may be instantiated in the design with the names core_ 1 _a and core_ 2 _a , respectively . each instantiated core has an auxiliary configurator from vendor “ vendor_x ” and the name of the auxiliary configurator is “ configurator_x ” corresponding to the other examples above . the user specified information collected by the design assembly tool 170 includes that core_ 1 _a and core_ 2 _a are to be implemented in fpga logic ( e . g ., as illustrated by setting and storing in the xml file the “ logictype ” parameter value of “ fpga ”). the example design xml file also illustrates where the user , via the design assembly tool 170 , has specified that an instance of the attribute group named “ attribute_set_x ” should be created and named “ logic group 1 ”. the example further illustrates where the designer has specified that both core_ 1 _a and core_ 2 _a should be placed in the attribute group “ logic group 1 ”. referring to fig4 , a flow diagram is shown illustrating a process 200 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention . in one example , the process 200 may comprise a state ( or block ) 202 , a state ( or block ) 204 , a state ( or block ) 206 , a state ( or block ) 208 and a state ( or block ) 210 . the states 202 , 206 and 208 may be implemented as process defining states . the states 210 and 212 may be implemented as configuration states . in the state 202 , the process 200 may define a procedure for adding auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets . the process 200 may move from the state 202 to the state 204 . in the state 204 , the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets may be linked to known ( or predetermined ) object points in the abstracted design ( e . g ., cores , bus interfaces , signals , address spaces ). the information for representing an auxiliary configurator or auxiliary attribute set generally comprises the following items : a . name , vendor , library , version information . b . denotation of auxiliary configurator or attribute set . c . design element ( s ) the configurator applies ( e . g ., bus interface , address space , component , signal , module , i / o buffer ). d . any enumerated values that should be collected and set for the design elements . e . help text for the configurator . after the procedure for adding auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets is defined and the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets are linked to the known object points in the abstracted design , the process 200 may move to the state 206 . in the state 206 , the process 200 may define a procedure for tools to reference the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets . in one example , the procedure for tools to reference the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets may be a standardization of the manner in which the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets are used by the design capture tools . in one example ( e . g ., for spirit ), the manner in which the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets are used by the design capture tools may be implicit in the top - level attribute in the schema ( e . g ., spirit has no package structure , yet ). after the procedure for the tools to reference the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets is defined , the process 200 may move to the state 208 . in the state 208 , the process 200 may define a procedure for storing results collected from the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets . the procedure for storing results collected from the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets may leverage and / or extend existing mechanisms for storing collected parameters . the information used for storing collected information for the auxiliary configurators or auxiliary attribute sets may include , but is not limited to , the following : a . unique instance name of the auxiliary configurator or auxiliary attributed set . b . name of the referenced auxiliary configurator or auxiliary attributed set . c . for auxiliary configurators , a collected value for the design element . d . for auxiliary attribute sets , a listing of design elements included in the set . in one example , ( e . g ., for spirit ), the design information may be stored within an extension to the currently defined design database schema . after the procedure for storing results collected from the auxiliary configurators and auxiliary attribute sets is defined , the process 200 may move to the state 210 . in the state 210 , the process 200 may be configured to establish whether the design capture tools are configured to determine how to express / visualize auxiliary setting summaries . after establishing that the design capture tools are configured to determine how to express / visualize auxiliary setting summaries , the process 200 may move to the state 212 . in the state 212 , the process 200 may be configured to establish whether the design capture tools are configured to determine how to collect the auxiliary settings . in a preferred embodiment , the present invention may provide a set of spirit namespace schema for ( i ) the auxiliary configurators , ( ii ) design database extensions , and ( iii ) example xml . the present invention may further provide flow diagrams illustrating how the auxiliary configurators are used in the design flow by ( i ) the design capture tools collecting the auxiliary parameters and ( ii ) the downstream generators acting upon the parameters . the present invention may further provide example screenshot depictions of ( i ) settings collection dialogs and ( ii ) settings visualization summaries . the function ( s ) performed by the flow diagrams of fig3 and 4 may be implemented using a conventional general purpose digital computer programmed according to the teachings of the present specification , as will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art ( s ). appropriate software coding can readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure , as will also be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art ( s ). the present invention may also be implemented by the preparation of asics , fpgas , or by interconnecting an appropriate network of conventional component circuits , as is described herein , modifications of which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art ( s ). the present invention thus may also include a computer product which may be a storage medium including instructions which can be used to program a computer to perform a process in accordance with the present invention . the storage medium can include , but is not limited to , any type of disk including floppy disk , optical disk , cd - rom , magneto - optical disks , roms , rams , eproms , eeproms , flash memory , magnetic or optical cards , or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions . while the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
referring to fig1 - 2 there is illustrated a photo - luminescent display 5 system made in accordance with the present invention . the display system functions by converting excitation light to emitted , visible light . in the embodiment illustrated , each pixel 10 in display 5 is comprised of one or more sub - pixels ; sub - pixels are typically comprised of a red sub - pixel 11 , a green sub - pixel 12 , and a blue sub - pixel 13 , as shown in fig2 . colors other than red , green , and blue are caused by the admixture of these primary colors thus controlling the intensity of which the individual sub - pixels adjusts both the brightness and color of a pixel 10 . those skilled in the art understand that other primary color selections are possible and will lead to a full color display . color generation in the display is a consequence of the mixing of multiple - wavelength light emissions by the viewer . this mixing is accomplished by the viewer &# 39 ; s integration of spatially distinct , differing wavelength light emissions from separate sub - pixels that are below the spatial resolution limit of the viewer &# 39 ; s eye . typically a color display has red , green , and blue separate and distinct sub - pixels , comprising a single variable color pixel . monochrome displays may be produced by the use of a single color pixel 10 or sub - pixel 11 , 12 , 13 , or by constructing a single pixel capable of emitting “ white ” light . the spectral characteristics of a monochrome display pixel will be determined by the choice of lumiphore or combination of lumiphores . white light generation can be accomplished through the use of multiple doping schemes for the light emitting resonator 30 as described by hatwar and young in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 727 , 644b2 . photo - luminescence is used to produce the separate wavelength emission from each pixel ( or subpixel ) element . the photo - luminescence may be a result of a number of physically different processes including , multi - step , photonic up - conversion processes and the subsequent radiative emission process , direct optical absorption and the subsequent radiative emission process , or optical absorption followed by one or more energy transfer steps , and finally , the subsequent radiative emission process . use of combinations of these processes may also be considered to be within the scope of this invention . fig1 is schematic top view of an optical flat panel display 5 made in accordance with the present invention . the display 5 contains an array 7 of light emitters comprised of a matrix of pixels 10 each having a light emitting resonator 30 ( shown in fig2 a , b , and c ) located at each intersection of an optical row waveguide 25 and column electrodes 28 . a power source 22 is used to activate the light source array 15 . the light source array 15 provides optical power or light 20 , used to excite the photo - luminescent process in each pixel 10 . typical light source array elements 17 may be diode lasers , infrared laser , light emitting diodes ( leds ), and the like . these may be coherent or incoherent light sources . these light sources may be visible , ultraviolet , or infrared light sources . there may be a one - to - one correspondence between the light source array element 17 , and an optical row waveguide 25 , or alternatively , there may be a single light source array element 17 multiplexed onto a number of optical row waveguides 25 , through the use of an optical switch to redirect the light 20 output from the single light source array element 17 . a principal component of the photo - luminescent flat panel display system 5 is the optical row waveguide 25 , also known as a dielectric waveguide . two key functions are provided by the waveguides 25 . they confine and guide the optical power to the pixel 10 . several channel waveguide structures have been illustrated in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 028 , 977 . the optical waveguides must be restricted to tm and te propagation modes . tm and te mode means that optical field orientation is perpendicular to the direction of propagation . dielectric waveguides confining the optical signal in this manner are called channel waveguides . the buried channel and embedded strip guides are applicable to the proposed display technology . each waveguide consists of a combination of cladding and core layer . these layers are fabricated on either a glass - based or polymer - based substrate . the core has a refractive index greater than the cladding layer . the core guides the optical power past the resonator in the absence of power coupling . with the appropriate adjustment of the distance between the optical row waveguide 25 and the light emitting resonator 30 , power is coupled into the light emitting resonator 30 . at the light emitting resonator 30 the coupled optical light power drives the resonator materials into a luminescent state . the waveguides 25 and resonators 30 can be fabricated using a variety of conventional techniques including microelectronic techniques like lithography . these methods are described , for example , in “ high - finesse laterally coupled single - mode benzocyclobutene microring resonators ” by w . - y . chen , r . grover , t . a . ibrahim , v . van , w . n . herman , and p . - t . ho , ieee photonics technology letters , 16 ( 2 ), p . 470 . other low - cost techniques for the fabrication of polymer waveguides can be used such as imprinting , and the like . nano - imprinting methods have been described in “ polymer microring resonators fabricated by nanoimprint technique ” by chung - yen chao and l . jay gao , j . vac . sci . technol . b 20 ( 6 ), p . 2862 . photobleaching of polymeric materials as a fabrication method has been described by joyce k . s . poon , yanyi huang , george t . paloczi , and amnon yariv , in “ wide - range tuning of polymer microring resonators by the photobleaching of cld - 1 chromophores ” by , optics letters 29 ( 22 ), p . 2584 . this is an effective method for post fabrication treatment of optical micro - resonators . a wide variety of polymer materials are useful in this and similar applications . theses can include fluorinated polymers , polymethylacrylate , liquid crystal polymers , and conductive polymers such as polyethylene dioxythiophene , polyvinyl alcohol , and the like . these materials and additionally those in the class of liquid crystal polymers are suitable for this application ( see “ liquid crystal polymer ( lcp ) for mems ”, by x . wang et . al ., j . micromech . microeng , 13 , ( 2003 ), p . 628 - 633 .) this list is not intended to be all inclusive of the materials that may be employed for this application . excitation of the light emitting resonator 30 ( shown in fig2 a , b , and c ) by the row waveguide 25 under the control of the column voltage source 18 and column electrodes 28 causes the light emitting resonator 30 to emit visible light . the excitation of the light emitting resonator 30 is caused by optical pumping action of the light 20 shown in fig1 from a row light source array element 17 through the row waveguide 25 and controlling voltage to the column electrodes 28 by multiplex controller 19 from a column voltage source 18 . the excitation process is a coordinated row - column , electrically activated , optical pumping process called electro - optical addressing . those skilled in the art know that the roles of columns and rows are fully interchangeable without affecting the performance of this display 5 . now referring to fig2 a , electro - optical addressing is defined as a method for controlling an array 7 ( not shown ) of light emitting resonators 30 that form the optical flat panel display 5 ( see fig1 ). in fig2 a , a pixel 10 comprised of three sub - pixels , 11 , 12 , and 13 is shown . in electro - optical addressing , the selection of a particular pixel that appears to be light emitting is accomplished by the specific combination of excitation of light in a particular optical row waveguide 25 , and voltage applied to a particular set of column electrodes 28 . the light emitting resonator 30 is excited into a photo - luminescent state through the absorption of light 20 as a result of the close proximity to the row waveguides 25 . the physics of the coupling of energy between the resonator 30 and the optical row waveguide 25 is well known in the art . it is known to depend critically upon the optical path length between the row waveguide 25 and the light emitting resonator 30 ; it can therefore be controlled by the distance ( h shown in fig6 a and 6b ) separating the two structures or by various methods of controlling the index of refraction . typical methods for control of the index of refraction include heat , light , and electrical means ; these are well known . these methods correspond respectively to the thermo - optic , photorefractive , and electro - optic methods . the invention disclosed herein makes use of control of the distance parameter via a mems device to control the energy coupling , and thus affect the intensity of photo - luminescent light generated in the pixel 10 . in an example , the light emitting resonator 30 is composed of a light transmissive material but incorporating ( doped with ) a light emitting photo - luminescent species . the base material ( the material excluding the photo - luminescent species or dopant ) for the light emitting resonator may be the same or different from the optical row waveguide 25 material . typical base materials can include glasses , semiconductors , or polymers . photo - luminescent species or dopants can include various fluorophores , or phosphors including up - converting phosphors . the selection of a particular dopant or dopants will primarily determine the emission spectrum of a particular light emitting resonator 30 . these lumiphores ( fluorophores or phosphors ) may be inorganic materials or organic materials . the light emitting resonator 30 can include a combination of dopants that cause it to respond to the electro - optic addressing by emitting visible radiation . dopant or dopants include the rare earth and transition metal ions either singly or in combinations , organic dyes , light emitting polymers , or materials used to make organic light emitting diodes ( oleds ). additionally , lumiphores can include such highly luminescent materials such as inorganic chemical quantum dots , such as nano - sized cdse or cdte , or organic nano - structured materials such as the fluorescent silica - based nanoparticles disclosed in u . s . patent application publication us 2004 / 0101822 by wiesner and ow . the use of such materials is known in the art to produce highly luminescent materials . single rare earth dopants that can be used are erbium ( er ), holmium , thulium , praseodymium , neodymium ( nd ) and ytterbium . some rare - earth co - dopant combinations include ytterbium , erbium , ytterbium , thulium and thulium : praseodymium . single transition metal dopants are chromium ( cr ), thallium ( tl ), manganese ( mn ), vanadium ( v ), iron ( fe ), cobalt ( co ) and nickel ( ni ). other transition metal co - dopant combinations include cr : nd and cr : er . the up - conversion process has been demonstrated in several transparent fluoride crystals and glasses doped with a variety of rare - earth ions . in particular , caf 2 doped with er 3 + . in this instance , infrared up - conversion of the er3 + ion can be caused to emit two different colors : red ( 650 nm ) and green ( 550 nm ). the emission of the system is spontaneous and isotropic with respect to direction . organic fluorophores can include dyes such as rhodamine b , and the like . such dyes are well known having been applied to the fabrication of organic dye lasers for many years . the preferred organic material for the light emitting resonator 30 is a small - molecular weight organic host - dopant combination typically deposited by high - vacuum thermal evaporation . it is also preferred that the host materials used in the present invention are selected such that they have sufficient absorption of the excitation light 20 and are able to transfer a large percentage of their excitation energy to a dopant material via förster energy transfer . those skilled in the art are familiar with the concept of förster energy transfer , which involves a radiationless transfer of energy between the host and dopant molecules . an example of a useful host - dopant combination for red - emitting lasers is aluminum tris ( 8 - hydroxyquinoline ) ( alq ) as the host and [ 4 -( dicyanomethylene )- 2 - t - butyl - 6 -( 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 - tetramethyljulolidyl - 9 - enyl )- 4h - pyran ] ( dcjtb ) as the dopant ( at a volume fraction of 1 %). other host - dopant combinations can be used for other wavelength emissions . for example , in the green a useful combination is alq as the host and [ 10 -( 2 - benzothiazolyl )- 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 , 1 , 7 , 7 - tetramethyl - 1h , 5h , 11h -[ 1 ] benzopyrano [ 6 , 7 , 8 - ij ] quinolizin - 11 - one ] ( c545t ) as the dopant ( at a volume fraction of 0 . 5 %). other organic light emitting materials can be polymeric substances , e . g ., polyphenylenevinylene derivatives , dialkoxy - polyphenylenevinylenes , poly - para - phenylene derivatives , and polyfluorene derivatives , as taught by wolk et al . in commonly assigned u . s . pat . no . 6 , 194 , 119b1 and references therein . electro - optical addressing employs the optical row waveguide 25 to deliver light 20 to a selected light emitting resonator 30 . the light emitting resonator 30 is the basic building block of the optical flat panel display 5 . referring now to fig2 a , 2 b , and 2 c , an enlarged top view of a red light 41 , green light 42 and blue light 43 light emitting resonator 30 respectively , is illustrated respectively in these figures . using the red light 41 , green light 42 and blue light 43 light emitting resonators to create red 11 , green 12 , and blue 13 pixels , a full color optical flat panel display 5 can be formed . the wavelength of the emission of the red 41 , green 42 and blue 43 light is controlled by the type of material used in forming the light emitting resonators 30 . selection of a particular pixel 10 or sub - pixel ( 11 - 13 ) is based upon the use of a mems device to alter the distance and affect the degree of power transfer of light 20 to the light emitting resonator 30 . note that in each instance , light 20 is directed within an appropriate optical row waveguide 25 to excite a particular light emitting resonator 30 . through the combination of excitation specific optical row waveguide with light 20 and excitation of a specific mems device , controlled by the column electrodes 28 , a particular pixel 10 ( subpixel ) is excited . the light emitting resonator 30 may take the form of a micro - ring or a micro - disk . these forms are shown in fig2 and 5 , respectively . note that in order for the light emitting resonator 30 to produce sufficient light to be viewable , the resonator 30 must be fabricated in a manner so that it is ‘ leaky ”; there are a number of methods to accomplish this lowering of the cavity q , including but not limited to increasing the surface roughness of the resonator cavity surface . additionally , one could lower the refractive index of the material comprising the light emitting resonator 30 . the display substrate or support 45 ( see fig3 ) can be constructed of either a silicon , glass or a polymer - based substrate material . a number of glass and polymer substrate materials are either commercially available or readily fabricated for this application . such glass materials include : silicates , germanium oxide , zirconium fluoride , barium fluoride , strontium fluoride , lithium fluoride , and yttrium aluminum garnet glasses . a schematic of an enlarged cross - sectional view of the optical flat panel display 5 taken along the line 3 - 3 of fig2 is shown in fig3 . the column electrodes 28 are not shown for simplicity . on a substrate 45 is formed a layer 35 containing the optical row waveguide 25 and the light emitting resonator . for such a buried - channel waveguide structure it is imperative that the refractive index of optical row waveguide 25 ( the core ) be greater than the surrounding materials , in this instance the layer 35 . the layer 35 acts as the cladding region in this embodiment . an optional layer 32 is shown ; this may be of a relatively lower index material in order to better optically isolate the optical row waveguide 25 . a top layer 52 is provided on the top surface 47 of layer 35 for protection of the underlying structures . in the case of fig3 the entire structure is shown surrounded by air 55 . integrated semiconductor waveguide optics and microcavities have raised considerable interest for a wide range of applications , particularly for telecommunications applications . the invention disclosed herein applies this technology to electronic displays . as stated previously , the energy exchange between cavities and waveguides is strongly dependent on the spatial distance . controlling the distance between waveguides and microcavities is a practical method to manipulate the power coupling and hence the brightness of a pixel 10 or sub - pixel ( 11 - 13 ). an ideal resonator or cavity has characteristics of high quality factor ( which is the ratio of stored energy to energy loss per cycle ) and small mode volume . dielectric micro - sphere and micro - toroid resonators have demonstrated high quality factors . micro - cavities possess potential to construct optical resonators with high quality factor and ultra - small mode volume due to high index - contrast confinement . small mode volume enables small pixel 10 or sub - pixel ( 11 - 13 ) dimensions , consistent with the requirements of a high resolution display . a mems device structure for affecting the amount of light 20 coupled into a light emitting resonator 30 is shown in fig4 . fig4 is an enlarged cross - sectional view of the optical waveguide showing the electrode geometry , field lines 46 , and resulting downward electrostatic force 44 for affecting the power coupling change . mems actuators using electrostatic forces in this instance , move a waveguide to change the distance h e , shown in fig6 a between a resonator and the optical row waveguide 25 , resulting in a wide tunable range of power coupling ratio by several orders of magnitude which is difficult to achieve by other methods . based on this mechanism , the micro - disk / waveguide system can be dynamically operated in the under - coupled , critically - coupled and over - coupled condition . in high - q micro - resonators , varying the gap spacing or distance h , between the waveguide and the micro - disk or micro - ring resonator by simply a fraction of a micron leads to a very significant change in the power transfer to the light emitting resonator 30 from the optical row waveguide 25 . fig5 is an enlarged perspective view of the display of fig1 showing a light emitting ring resonator 30 ; optical waveguide 25 , and electrodes 28 . as shown in fig5 , a suspended waveguide is placed in close proximity to the micro - ring or micro - toroid light emitting resonator 30 . the initial gap ( not shown ) (˜ 1 μm wide ) is large so there is no coupling between the waveguide and the resonator . referring to fig5 , the suspended optical row waveguide 25 can be pulled towards the micro - ring resonator by four electrostatic gap - closing actuators , the electrodes 28 . therefore , the coupling coefficient can be varied by applied voltage . for high index - contrast waveguides , the coupling coefficient is very sensitive to the critical distance . 1 - um displacement can achieve a wide tuning range in power coupling ratio , which is more than five orders of magnitude . typically , the radius of micro - ring resonator is 10 μm and the width of waveguide is 0 . 7 μm . but these sizes may vary depending upon the display type and application . in fig5 the optical waveguide 25 is shown displaced downward so as to affect a maximum power transfer to the light emitting resonator 30 . fig6 a is an enlarged cross - sectional view of the display of fig5 , which shows the location of a mems device used to control the pixel intensity . the area surrounding the optical row waveguide 25 and the light emitting ring resonator 30 has been etched back to expose the top surfaces 48 to air 55 . the optical row waveguide 25 is aligned to the edge of the light emitting resonator 30 and vertically displaced to preclude a high degree of coupling . the waveguide 25 is electrically grounded and actuated by a pair of electrodes 28 at the two ends , which forms an electro - coupling region 58 . due to the electrostatic force , the waveguide is pulled downward toward the light emitting resonator 30 , resulting in the decreased gap - spacing h . the optical row waveguide 25 is shown in the rest position d in fig6 a . in fig6 a , the distance between the optical row waveguide 25 and the light emitting ring resonator 30 is large ; coupling of light into the light emitting resonator 30 is precluded and there is no light emission from the pixel . initially , in the absence of the application of the control voltage , the optical row waveguide 25 is separated from the light emitting resonator by a distance significantly greater than the critical distance “ h c ” 31 ( see fig6 c ) and hence there is no light emission from the light emitting resonator 30 . in fig6 b , the vertical distance d ″ is shown where there exists a degree of coupling between the optical row waveguide 25 and the light emitting ring resonator 30 , and hence light emission from the pixel occurs . by varying the distance d ′, the intensity of the light emission from the pixel can be varied in a controllable manner . in fig6 c , the distance d ′ is shown that corresponds to the displacement of the optical row waveguide 25 necessary to place the optical row waveguide 25 at the critical coupling distance h c and thereby optimize power coupling . this configuration will produce the maximum emitted light intensity from the pixel . note that light emitting resonator is shown with a roughened surface 60 ; this will be discussed below . the optical row waveguide can be fabricated from silicon appropriately doped to provide electrical conductivity . alternatively , the optical row waveguide can be fabricated from other optically transparent conductive materials such as polymers that meet the optical index of refraction requirement disclosed above . in the embodiment shown in fig6 c , the light emitting resonator 30 is shown spaced the critical distance 31 , h c from the optical row waveguide 25 . excitation light 20 is emitted from top roughened surface 60 of the light emitting resonator 30 , which causes the light emitting resonator to leak light and become visible to a viewer . as shown in fig6 c , a light emitting layer 49 is placed within the light emitting resonator . this layer 49 contains photo - luminescent species or lumiphores 65 that absorb the pump or excitation light 20 and via the luminescence processes discussed above , produce the visible light directed to the viewer . the wavelength of the light produced in the emitting layer 49 is determined by the material composition as previously disclosed . the light emitting layer 49 may be formed on the top surface of the light emitting resonator 30 as well as placed within the internal structure of the light emitting resonator as is shown in fig6 c . fig6 c shows the emitting layer 49 displaced vertically from the bottom surface 39 of light emitting resonator 30 . fig7 is an enlarged cross - sectional view of the resonator elements showing an alternative embodiment for the light - emissive resonator 30 . in this embodiment the lumiphores 65 are shown uniformly distributed within the light emitting resonator 30 . fig8 is an enlarged top plan view showing an alternative resonator embodiment in the form of a disk . the critical distance “ h c ” 31 is shown as well as the light emitting disk 67 resonator . a number of structures have been demonstrated for the resonator element including ring , disk , elliptical and racetrack or oval structures . the coupling of optical power into such structures is well known to those skilled in the art . the use of such structures as light emitting resonators is considered within the scope of this invention . the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment however , it will be appreciated that variations and modifications can be affected by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention . in particular , it is well known in the art that the optical row waveguide 25 can be placed adjacent to the light emitting resonator 30 in the same horizontal plane , and tuned for power transfer by affecting a lateral , that is in - plane or horizontal displacement , rather than the vertical displacements depicted above . additionally , it may be advantageous to place the optical row waveguide 25 above the light emitting resonator 30 adjacent to the periphery of the light emitting resonator 30 . in this latter case the electro - coupling region 58 would be placed vertically above the edge of the light emitting resonator 30 and power transfer affected by a vertical displacement of the optical row waveguide 25 relative to the top surface of the light emitting resonator 30 . many other such variations are possible and considered within the scope of this invention . | 6 |
referring now specifically to the drawings , in accordance with the present invention , there is illustrated a first ( fig2 - 4 ) and second ( fig1 ) embodiment of an automated filtration and drying system , generally designated as 10 , wherein like reference numbers refer to like parts throughout the drawings . as illustrated in fig2 the automated filtration and drying system 10 is adapted to be utilized in conjunction with a spray booth 12 to remove any overspray produced while coating a product 14 with a spray gun 16 or other suitable applicator . referring to fig1 - 4 , contaminated air is drawn into a capture apparatus 19 within the automated filtration and drying system 10 , as indicated by the directional arrows 18 , by a backward inclined curved vane blower impeller 20 and associated blower motor 22 . a computer regulated motor amperage feedback loop , including a pair of first stage static pressure sensors 24 , 26 , a pair of main filter static pressure sensors 28 , 30 , a motor amperage draw / rpm sensor 32 and a computer controlled variable frequency drive system 34 , is provided to regulate the speed of the blower motor 22 to compensate for increased static pressure due to filtration loading , and variations in supply voltage . as indicated in fig3 the outputs of the static pressure sensors 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 and the output of the motor amperage draw / rpm sensor 32 are provided to a system host computer 36 through a peripheral interface panel assembly 38 . in response thereto , the host computer 36 provides the appropriate speed compensation signal to the variable frequency drive system 34 , again through the peripheral interface panel assembly 38 . more specifically , as the total differential static pressure between the pair of first stage static pressure sensors 24 , 26 and the pair of main filter static pressure sensors 28 , 30 increases due to filtration loading , as determined by the host computer 36 , the speed of the blower motor 22 is increased accordingly via the variable frequency drive system 24 , thereby providing a predetermined ( application specific ) constant airflow volume and airflow velocity through the capture apparatus 19 . analogously , the speed of the blower motor 22 is modified in accordance with variations in the supply voltage to again provide the requisite constant airflow volume and velocity . the motor speed may be adjusted in a continuous manner or in response to predetermined variations in static pressure levels . static pressure sensors 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 preferably comprise a pitot tube having a closed end and a plurality of radial holes disposed proximate a static pressure tip , wherein the holes are presented to the airflow stream at 90 degrees , thereby providing an accurate static pressure reading . the static pressure tip is connected through flexible tubing to a pressure transducer or other suitable pressure indicating unit which is adapted to supply a 4 - 20 ma signal to host computer 36 through peripheral interface panel assembly 38 . again , referring to fig1 - 4 , the overspray contaminants are captured and removed from the incoming stream of contaminated air 18 as it passes into and through the capture apparatus 19 . more specifically , as indicated by the flow of directional arrows , the blower impeller 20 is utilized to draw contaminated spray booth air through a dry type multi - stage filtration system comprising an arrestor pad arrangement 40 , a secondary prefilter arrangement 42 , a primary prefilter 44 , a main h . e . p . a . filter 46 and a gas separation filter 48 . after passing through the multi - stage filtration system , the filtered air is either expelled into the work environment through a painting cycle discharge port 50 , or passed through a drying module , generally designated as 52 , and returned to the spray booth 12 through a drying cycle air outlet 54 . as illustrated in fig1 - 4 , a damper actuator 56 , preferably including an electric motor drive and associated linkage , is utilized to regulate the position of a damper door 58 under control of host computer 36 , thereby selectively directing the filtered air through the painting cycle discharge port 50 or into the drying module 52 . as stated above , the drying module 52 may comprise either a heat based system ( fig2 - 4 ) or a refrigeration based system ( fig1 ). the invention , as shown in fig1 - 4 and 16 , also has the additional distinct advantage of providing an automated filtration and drying system 10 that is easily mounted , or coupled , to a drying booth 12 . these embodiments only require a single interface wall unit between the drying booth 12 and the filtration and drying system 10 . thus the design , manufacture and usability of the drying booth is greatly enhanced . moreover , the interface wall need only provide an opening for removing air 18 and returning air 54 . the interface wall unit may be comprised of filtering devices 40 , 42 and 64 and a return duct 54 . therefore , unlike other systems , these embodiments do not require underground or roof mounted equipment . referring now to fig2 - 4 , the first embodiment ( which incorporates a heat based system ) is illustrated . this system preferably utilizes a regenerative twin tower dryer including hydro - absorber banks 60 , regenerator assembly 62 and a computer controlled heating element 63 which may be separate from or integral with regenerator assembly 62 . the painting cycle airflow path through the present invention is illustrated in fig3 . as indicated by directional arrows 18 , air , which has been contaminated by overspray , is drawn into the automated air filtration and drying system 10 by the blower impeller 20 and subsequently passes through the arrestor pad arrangement 40 , the secondary prefilter arrangement 42 and a quadrant diffusion system 64 . after advancing past a sensor array area 66 , the partially filtered air passes through the primary prefilter 44 , the main high efficiency particulate air filter ( h . e . p . a .) 46 , the gas separation filter 48 and the blower impeller 20 . during the painting cycle , the damper door 58 is secured over the intake 68 of the drying module 52 , and the filtered air is directed into the work environment through the painting cycle discharge port 50 . referring to fig1 , an additional embodiment is shown . this embodiment is essentially the same as those shown in fig1 - 4 , except that the blower impeller 200 ( 20 of fig1 - 4 ) is horizontally mounted on the rear wall rather than vertically mounted on the ceiling . it is envisioned that either a heat based or refrigeration based drying system could be utilized therein . as evidenced by a comparison of fig3 and 4 , the initial portions of the drying cycle and painting cycle airflow paths are identical . namely , referring now specifically to fig4 air from the spray booth is drawn by the blower impeller 20 through the arrestor pad arrangement 40 , the secondary prefilter arrangement 42 , the quadrant diffusion system 64 , the sensor array area 66 , the primary prefilter 44 , the main h . e . p . a . filter 46 and the gas separation filter 48 . unlike the painting cycle airflow path , however , the filtered air is directed into the drying module 52 during the drying cycle after passing through the blower impeller 20 . more specifically , during the drying cycle , the damper door 58 is secured over the painting cycle discharge port 50 , and the filtered air is conducted into the drying module 52 through the intake 68 thereof . after flowing through the hydro - absorber banks 60 , the regenerator assembly 62 and the computer controlled heating element 63 of the drying module , the filtered , heated and dehumidified air exits the drying module through the drying cycle air outlet 54 and passes into the spray booth . the filtered , heated and dehumidified air is subsequently passed over a coated product which is drying within the spray booth to further absorb and eliminate moisture therefrom , before again being drawn into the air filtration and drying system 10 by the blower impeller 20 . advantageously , the spray booth air is continuously filtered , dehumidified and heated as it is recycled through the multi - stage filtration system and the drying module 52 , thereby drastically reducing the drying times required for waterborne based coatings . referring now to fig1 a second embodiment ( which incorporates a refrigeration based system ) is illustrated . this system is functionally equivalent to the first embodiment with the exception of the components located within the drying module 52 . the air filtering mechanisms are equivalent in both embodiments . thus , the two embodiments will only function differently when damper door 58 is closed and the air flow is forced into the drying module 52 ( see fig1 and 4 ). under this second embodiment , the hydro - absorber bank 60 , the regenerator assembly , and the computer controlled heating element 63 of the first embodiment ( fig2 - 4 ) are removed . instead , the present system will typically utilize components that may include a compressor 71 , a liquid refrigerant or receiver tank 73 , an expansion valve 75 , a condenser or reheat coil 77 , an evaporator or cooling coil 79 and a drain 81 . as noted , when the damper door 58 is closed the air is forced into the drying module 52 . the air , which is therein subjected to a refrigeration system , is chilled below its dew point temperature to then give up moisture in the form of condensation on the nearest surface it encounters . the dryer air is then passed back into the spray booth via outlet 54 where it acts as a sponge absorbing the product moisture . the components that make up the refrigeration system are typical of the present art . referring now to fig1 , a drying / filtration system is depicted that further includes a remote condenser unit 83 and a humidifier 91 . the remote condenser unit 83 includes a condenser coil 87 and a cooling fan 85 . the operation of the remote condenser unit 83 and the humidifier is further detailed in fig1 . fig1 depicts a dehumidification system 52 for maintaining a predetermined temperature and humidity that may be located within the drying / filtration module . moist air 212 first enters into the enclosed passageway 220 and is cooled by evaporator 79 . in addition to cooling , evaporator 79 removes the moisture from the air to create a cool dry air 214 . the moisture from the evaporator 79 is thereafter drained away ( not shown ). after the air is cooled , it passes through a reheat coil 77 , which creates a warm dry air 216 . warm dry air 216 can then be passed back into the drying booth to collect moisture from a wet coated surface . compressor 271 drives the system by pumping a refrigerant fluid 210 into the evaporator 79 . because this process warms up the refrigerant fluid , the reheat coil 77 can be used to reheat the cold air to a suitable temperature . however , if the refrigerant gets too hot , a solenoid valve 222 or the like can be used to redirect the refrigerant to a remote condenser 87 , which is used to cool the refrigerant . the remote condenser 87 is located exterior to the drying / filtration system such that any unwanted heat can be removed from the system and exhausted into the work environment . a fan 85 may be used to further enhance the cooling effect of the remote condenser 87 . air temperature may therefore be regulated by a thermostat , plc , or similar device ( not shown ). based on a preset temperature , the solenoid 222 will decide whether or not to sent refrigerant to the reheat coil 77 or the remote condenser 87 . as air being continuously circulated throughout the system , the humidity is continuously dropping . a humidifier 91 may be used to introduce humidity back into the system as needed to control the level of humidity in the system . any known humidity detection system may be used in conjunction with the humidifier to allow a user to preset the humidity level . thus , these components allow the user to control the drying environment by preselecting the exact temperature and humidity . because different types of paint require different drying conditions , such control in critical in obtaining across - the - board drying efficiency . with the disclosed components , this system can readily provide a temperature anywhere in the range of 45 to 125 degrees fahrenheit and a relative humidity ( rh ) anywhere in the range of 25 to 95 percent . choosing a particular system setting ( e . g ., 50 ° f ., 45 % rh ) will depend on various factors including paint thickness and paint type . while it is envisioned that this system will accelerate drying for almost any water - based paint with a coating thickness of from 0 . 1 to 15 mils , it is not necessarily limited to such applications . it is also envisioned that performance outside of the above stated ranges could be reached by making relatively simple modifications to the drying / filtration system . referring now to fig1 - 4 and 11 , a volatile organic compound ( voc ) breakthrough sensor 70 is utilized to detect the presence of organic solvent vapors and other volatile or hazardous vapors . the voc breakthrough sensor 70 includes a sensing element , preferably having a vapor sensitive conductivity or the like , which is adapted to transmit a 4 - 20 ma signal to the host computer 36 through the peripheral interface panel assembly 38 . if the host computer 36 determines that dangerous vapors are present in the system during the painting or drying cycles , in response to the output of the voc breakthrough sensor 70 , it will actuate the appropriate visual and / or audio alarms to advise personnel that a hazardous compound is present in the system and that immediate maintenance , perhaps due to a malfunctioning or improperly installed gas separation filter 48 , is required . the output of the voc breakthrough sensor 70 is further utilized to control the operation of the damper actuator 56 and the drying module 52 , and the associated position of the damper door 58 . more specifically , in response to a positive reading from the voc breakthrough sensor 70 ( voc present ), the host computer 36 sends a drying cycle disable signal through the peripheral interface panel assembly 38 to a dry system interlock 72 , comprising an electromechanical relay or the like , resulting in the shut down of the drying module 52 and the securement of the damper door 58 over the intake 68 of the drying module 52 via damper actuator 56 . analogously , when a voc is not detected , the voc breakthrough sensor 70 outputs a negative reading to the dry system interlock 72 , thereby enabling the damper door 58 and allowing the initiation or continuation of a drying cycle . advantageously , the operational longevity of the desiccant within the hydro - absorber banks 60 ( fig2 - 4 ) is greatly increased by preventing voc contaminated air from entering the drying module 52 . an outlet humidity sensor 74 and ambient humidity sensor 76 are utilized to monitor and control the operation of the drying module 52 . the outlet humidity and ambient humidity sensors 74 , 76 preferably include a humidity sensitive element , having a humidity responsive ac resistance , and a thermistor which is adapted to compensate for the temperature dependency of the humidity sensitive element . each humidity sensor provides a 4 - 20 ma signal which is fed to the host computer 36 through the peripheral interface panel assembly 38 . during the drying cycle , the outputs of the outlet and ambient humidity sensors 74 , 76 provide the host computer 36 with data corresponding to the humidity of the air that is flowing out of the drying module 52 and into the capture apparatus 19 , respectively . when the humidity level measured by one or both of the humidity sensors falls below a predetermined humidity limit , indicating that a coated product within the spray booth 12 ( fig2 ) has dried / cured to a sufficient degree , the drying cycle is disabled via the dry system interlock 72 , and the damper door 58 is subsequently secured over the intake 68 of the drying module 52 . correspondingly , the drying cycle is enabled while the measured humidity level remains above the predetermined humidity limit during the drying cycle . in a similar manner , if the humidity level fails to reach the drying cycle humidity limit after a predetermined amount of time has elapsed , indicating possible system malfunction , the drying cycle is disabled . the present invention incorporates outlet and ambient temperature sensors 78 , 80 , to provide the host computer 36 with outlet and ambient airflow temperature measurements , respectively . preferably , each temperature sensor includes a thermistor and related circuitry to supply a 4 - 20 ma signal to the host computer 36 through the peripheral interface panel assembly 38 . if the outlet and / or ambient temperature measurements deviate sufficiently from a predetermined , application specific , optimum drying temperature during the drying cycle , the host computer 36 transmits the necessary temperature adjustment signal to a temperature controller 82 which subsequently provides the appropriate temperature adjustment signal to the computer controlled heating element 63 ( fig2 - 4 ) or the refrigeration system ( fig1 ) located within the drying module 52 . sensor area 66 further includes an airflow sensor 84 , for measuring input airflow in cubic feet per minute ( cfm ), and an air velocity sensor 86 for measuring input air velocity in feet per minute ( fpm ), wherein the sensor outputs are supplied to host computer 36 through peripheral interface panel assembly 38 . preferably , the airflow sensor 84 and air velocity sensor 86 include an auto sensor tube assembly similar in construction to the above - described static pressure sensors 24 , 26 , 28 , and 30 , although any appropriate sensor technology may be utilized . the data obtained by sensors 84 and 86 is primarily utilized for system monitoring purposes . however , since airflow and air velocity are directly related to the degree of filtration loading , the outputs of sensors 84 , 86 may be utilized by the host computer 36 in lieu of or in conjunction with the outputs of the static pressure sensors 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , to thereby control the speed of the blower motor 22 via the variable frequency drive system 24 . particulate sensors 88 , 90 , of the type known in the art , are utilized to provide the host computer 36 with measurements of the upstream ( unfiltered ) and downstream ( filtered ) particulate concentrations , respectively . if the particulate concentrations deviate from expected values , or if decontamination efficiency of the capture apparatus 19 falls below a predetermined minimum level , the host computer 36 is adapted to output the necessary status information to a system operator . referring to fig1 ( and 2 ), there is illustrated , in partial block form , the energy and environmental management system according to the present invention . as stated above , the energy and environmental management system includes a host computer 36 for monitoring and controlling the operation of the automated air filtration and drying system 10 . a peripheral interface panel assembly 38 is utilized to direct the system information received from the plethora of sensors disposed within the spray booth 12 , the capture apparatus 19 and the drying module 52 into the host computer 36 and to output any requisite control information to the appropriate computer actuated / controlled system components . a display 92 is utilized to provide an operator with a visual indication of some or all of the sensor readings received by the host computer 36 , thereby allowing the operator to monitor the operational status of the automated air filtration and drying system of the present invention . preferably , a datalog of the received sensor readings is stored for future analysis in a data storage system 93 such as a hard disk drive or the like . the energy and environmental management system includes an operator control panel 94 for controlling the basic operation of the air filtration and drying system , wherein the blower motor 22 and system controls are activated or deactivated by the manually actuated run and stop buttons 96 and 98 , respectively , and the drying cycle is activated or deactivated by the manually actuated dry and paint buttons 100 and 102 , respectively . the operator control panel 94 further includes a plurality of highly visible , multicolored status lights 104 which are adapted to quickly provide a system operator with system status information corresponding to static pressure , blower motor rpm , airflow , air velocity , outlet temperature , ambient temperature , outlet humidity , ambient humidity , voc presence , particulate concentration and the like . preferably , a green status light is utilized to indicate normal system operation within preset ranges , a yellow status light is utilized to indicate that the system is nearing diagnostic or maintenance stages and a red ( flashing ) status light is utilized to indicate system malfunction , system shutdown or the necessity of immediate system maintenance / repair . a keyboard 106 is provided on the operator control panel 94 for data analysis , record keeping and operational or application specific program updates / modifications , such as outlet temperature and humidity requirements , blower motor speeds and the like . referring now to fig5 the airflow across the collection face 108 of currently available overspray filtration systems oftentimes produces an unbalanced overspray impact pattern 110 on the collection face 108 as the overspray is drawn into the filtration system after passing around a product 112 being coated . as the underlying portion of the collection face 108 begins to clog , thereby preventing air from being drawn therethrough , the periphery of the overspray impact pattern 110 migrates outward as indicated by directional arrows 114 . to prevent the formation of such an unbalanced overspray impact pattern , the present invention provides a novel quadrant diffusion system 64 for producing a balanced flow of air across the collection face of the automated air filtration and drying system 10 . as previously described with respect to fig1 and 3 - 4 , the quadrant diffusion system 64 is preferably disposed behind the arrestor pad arrangement 40 and secondary prefilter arrangement 42 . as illustrated in fig6 - 10 , the quadrant diffusion system 64 includes at least one pair of overlapping , parallel panels 116 , 118 , each including a patterned series of apertures therethrough , wherein the pattern of apertures in each panel offers a minimal restriction to airflow . although the front panel 116 and the rear panel 118 include the same number of apertures , the apertures on the rear panel incorporate a slightly larger center to center pattern . as such , the nominal flow center of air through the panels 116 , 118 may be altered by moving the panels 116 , 118 slightly off center from one another as illustrated in fig7 . preferably , the front panel 116 remains stationary and the rear panel 118 is shifted as necessary along the x and y - axes to provide the required flow center of air . for example , as shown in fig8 the nominal flow center of air occurs at aperture 120 when the panels 116 , 118 are mutually centered . if the rear panel 118 is shifted in a negative direction along the x and y - axes , as depicted in fig9 the nominal flow center of air is shifted toward the upper right region of the panel arrangement . as should be readily apparent , the nominal flow center through the parallel panels may be shifted as necessary in accordance to application specific requirements by altering the relative orientation of the front and rear panels 116 , 118 . an application of the quadrant diffusion system 64 , incorporating nine pairs of overlapping , parallel panels to balance the flow over the collection face ( arrestor pad arrangement 40 ) of the air filtration and drying system 10 , is illustrated in fig1 . more specifically , nine pairs of parallel panels 116 , 118 , are arranged in a three - by - three matrix behind the arrestor pad arrangement 40 and secondary prefilter arrangement 42 , with the nominal flow center of air through each pair of panels 116 , 118 adjusted to provide the airflow pattern indicated by directional arrows 124 . advantageously , the resultant overspray impact pattern produced while coating product 14 is distributed substantially equally over the entire collection face area of the arrestor pad arrangement 40 , due to the balanced airflow provided by the quadrant diffusion system 64 . referring now to fig1 - 15 , several bar graphs are shown comparing drying times of a product in and out of a booth built in accordance with this invention . in each of the graphs represented in these figures , the clear bars represent drying time wherein the booth is utilized and the cross - hatched bars represent drying times wherein the booth is not utilized . [ 0104 ] fig1 , which depicts the drying time of a round casting at a wetness of 4 - 5 mils , shows that it only took 12 . 5 minutes for a casting to completely dry when placed in the booth as opposed to 69 minutes when not placed in the booth . [ 0105 ] fig1 , which depicts the drying time of a round casting at 4 - 6 mils with a fan blowing on the casting , shows that it only took 11 . 5 minutes for a casting to completely dry when placed in the booth as opposed to 69 minutes when not placed in the booth . [ 0106 ] fig1 , which depicts the drying time for an assembled pump ( 2800 lbs .) at 6 - 8 mils , shows that it only took 42 . 5 minutes for the pump to completely dry when placed in the booth as opposed to 123 minutes when not placed in the booth . [ 0107 ] fig1 , which depicts the drying time for an assembled pump ( 2800 lbs .) at 3 . 5 - 5 mils , shows that it only took 16 . 5 minutes for the pump to completely dry in the booth as opposed to 90 minutes when not placed in the booth . [ 0108 ] fig1 and 20 show total capture systems of coating various substrates with powder or water based paint . there are shown substrate introduction into a washing stage which can include an optional preclean , a chemical wash , a rinse with potable city or deionized water , additional rinses with deionized water and virgin deionized water , and an air blow off . the wet substrate is then introduced into the drying stage where it experiences a rapid dry in accordance with the practice of the invention followed by a maintain dry stage . the application stage involves either the powder coating of the dry substrate , as shown in fig1 , or the liquid application as shown in fig2 . curing of the applied coating is effected by an oven cure as shown in fig1 or a paint dry as shown in fig2 . the coated substrate which can be metal , such as steel , plastic or wood can be prepared for storage or shipment . as a result of the above described improvements in the temperature and humidity control system using a separate condenser and humidifier component , means are provided for achieving more control over proper drying by being able to preset the required rh and temperature . these rh and temperature control features have been found to be particularly important when affecting the drying of substrates which have been washed prior to being powder coated or painted , where such substrates , such as metal , plastic or wood , can have a wide range of thicknesses and drying characteristics . while the following example illustrates the effectiveness of the practice of the method of the present invention to dry previously washed steel substrate prior to being powder coated a substantially similar drying procedure can be used to paint the substrate : a strip of wet steel sheet having a surface area of about 10 sq . ft is thoroughly washed and rinsed in distilled water . the wet steel having an initial surface water vapor pressure of about 1 . 67 ( in . hg ) is introduced into booth 12 shown in fig2 . the wet steel strip is positioned to allow full exposure of its surface to a filtered air stream in a substantially parallel manner within the booth . the filtered air steam has a surface velocity of at least 50 feet per minute , and an rh value of about 25 % at 81 ° f . the air stream impinges on the wet steel surface in a substantially parallel manner for a period of about 10 minutes . there is obtained , a steel sheet having an average water vapor pressure of about 0 . 30 ( in . hg ) under ambient conditions within the booth . the dried steel substrate is electrostaticly treated with charged powder comprising a thermosetting resinous composition which is subsequently cured by a standard procedure , such as shown by j . m . lucas in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 567 , 468 . there is obtained steel substrate uniformly coated with cured resin . while the above example is directed to the drying of a particular substrate , such as steel , it should be understood that the present invention also can be used to dry the surfaces of plastic and wood which can thereafter be powder coated , or painted . however , those skilled in the art would also recognize that in particular situations , rh values can vary depending upon the particular location and time a measurement is made . for example , the temperature at which the condenser is run , or whether the rh is based on the moisture level of the air stream evolving directly from the dryer system at 10 and return at 54 shown in fig1 or whether the rh is measured within the booth which can have a totally different value based on the initial wetness and volume of moisture removed while the air stream impinges the substrate while it is drying within the booth . the foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed , and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . such modifications and variations that may be apparent to a person skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined by the accompanying claims . | 1 |
the compounds of this invention of formula v are prepared from appropriately substituted anilines , e . g ., 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( z - w - substituted )- anilines ( viii ) or derivatives thereof in which the 3 - hydroxy group is protected by a group ( y 1 ) easily removable to regenerate the hydroxy group . suitable protective groups are those which do not interfere with subsequent reactions of said 3 -( protected hydroxy )- 5 - substituted anilines and which can be removed under conditions which do not cause undesired reactions at other sites of said compound or of products produced therefrom . representative protective groups ( y 1 ) are methyl , ethyl , benzyl , substituted benzyl wherein the substituent is , for example , alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms , halo ( cl , br , f , i ), and alkoxy having from one to four carbon atoms . the exact chemical structure of the protecting group is not critical to this invention since its importance resides in its ability to perform in the manner described above . the selection and identification of appropriate protecting groups can easily and readily be made by one skilled in the art . the suitability and effectiveness of a group as a hydroxy protecting group are determined by employing such a group in the above - illustrated reaction sequence . it should , therefore , be a group which is easily removed to permit restoration of the hydroxy groups . methyl is favored as a protecting alkyl group since it is easily removed by treatment with pyridine hydrochloride . the benzyl group , also a favored protecting group , is removed by catalytic hydrogenolysis or acid hydrolysis . when z is --( alk 1 ) m -- x --( alk 2 ) n --, y 1 is preferably benzyl or a substituted benzyl group since it can subsequently be removed without detriment to the z group . the protected aniline derivative ( viii ) is then converted to a compound of formula ix by known technology as described herein . an abbreviated reaction sequence ( flow sheet a ) for preparing representative compounds of formula v beginning with a 3 -( protected hydroxy )- 5 -( z - w - substituted ) aniline ( viii ) wherein -- z -- w is och 3 is given below : ## str9 ## r ° in the above flow sheet represents alkyl having from one to six carbon atoms . ( r 5 , for the purpose of illustration in the overall flow sheet , is represented as hydrogen . however , in the sequence viii → x or viii → v - b , r 5 can be hydrogen , methyl or ethyl .) the 5 - substituent of formula viii compounds can be group -- z -- w desired in compounds of formulae ii or i , or a group readily convertible to said group . when the z moiety of group -- z -- w is --( alk 1 ) m -- x --( alk 2 ) n -- wherein x is o or s and each of m and n is 0 , the 5 - substituent , when w is hydrogen , is -- xh ( i . e ., oh or sh ) or a protected -- xh group of the formula -- x -- y 1 wherein y 1 is as defined above . when , of course , -- z -- w is --( alk 1 ) m -- x --( alk 2 ) n -- w wherein m is 1 , n is 0 and w is hydrogen , the 5 - substituent becomes --( alk 1 ) m -- x -- h . the -- xh group is advantageously protected in the manner described above . the appropriate 3 - hydroxy - 5 - substituted anilines discussed above are reacted , preferably in the form of derivatives in which the 3 - hydroxy group ( and 5 - hydroxy group if one is present ) is protected as mentioned above in order to achieve satisfactory reactions , with an alkyl β - ketoester , e . g ., an alkyl acetoacetate , in the presence of acetic acid to provide the corresponding β -[( 3 - protected hydroxy )- 5 - substituted anilino ]- β -( r 4 )- acrylate ( ix ). the reaction is generally conducted in a reaction - inert solvent such as benzene or toluene at temperatures of from about 50 ° c . to the reflux temperature of the solvent under conditions which result in removal of by - product water . benzene and toluene are efficient solvents when the reaction is conducted at the reflux temperature , since they permit azeotropic removal of by - product water . other means of water removal - or effective removal of water - such as molecular sieves can be employed , as can other solvents which permit azeotropic removal of water . favored protecting groups for the 3 - hydroxy - 5 - substituted aniline reactants are methyl , ethyl and benzyl groups since the ethers are easily prepared , afford satisfactory yields of compounds of formulae ix and x and are conveniently removed . the alkyl β - ketoester , preferably one in which the alkyl group has from one to six carbon atoms , is generally used in excess to insure maximum conversion of the aniline reactant to the corresponding alkyl β - anilino - β -( r 4 )- acrylate ( ix ). ten to twenty percent excess of alkyl β - ketoester is usually sufficient to achieve satisfactory conversions . acetic acid is used in catalytic amounts to facilitate reaction . the alkyl β - anilino - β -( r 4 )- acrylate ( ix ) is then reduced to the corresponding alkyl - 3 -[( 3 - protected hydroxy )- 5 - substituted anilino ]- 3 -( r 4 )- propionate ( x ) by , for example , sodium borohydride - acetic acid and catalytic hydrogenation . a preferred catalyst is platinum dioxide since it conveniently permits the reaction to be carried out at low pressures , i . e ., at pressures under 50 p . s . i . other catalysts such as noble metals , e . g ., platinum , palladium , rhodium , supported or unsupported , can be used along with pressures of hydrogen ranging from about atmospheric to superatmospheric , e . g ., 2000 p . s . i . in addition to such catalysts which are heterogeneous catalysts , this step can be carried out using homogeneous catalysts such as wilkinson &# 39 ; s catalyst , tris ( triphenylphosphine ) chlororhodium ( i ). of course , when the protecting group or groups are benzyl or substituted benzyl , catalytic hydrogenation will result in their removal . for this reason , methyl or ethyl groups are preferred as protecting groups for the 3 - and / or 5 - hydroxy groups of formula viii reactants . alternatively , compounds of formula x can be prepared directly from compounds of formula viii by reaction of formula viii compounds with an alkyl 3 , 3 - r 4 r 5 - acrylate in acetic acid . the reaction is conveniently carried out by reacting equimolar quantities of the alkyl 3 , 3 - r 4 r 5 - acrylate and disubstituted aniline ( viii ) in from 0 . 1 to 2 equivalents of glacial acetic acid at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to the reflux temperature . alternatively , compounds of formula v - b may be prepared directly by condensation of equimolar quantities of viii with the appropriate substituted acrylic acid ( r 4 r 5 c ═ ch -- cooh ) in pyridine hydrochloride at 150 °- 200 ° c . in addition , when the r 4 , r 5 groups are both alkyl , treatment of viii and the alkyl r 4 , r 5 acrylate in a reaction - inert solvent , e . g . tetrahydrofuran , with mercuric acetate followed by reduction with sodium borohydride gives x . direct conversion of compounds of formula viii to compounds of formula x is also conveniently achieved by treating a 3 , 5 -( diprotected hydroxy ) aniline hydrochloride with an excess of an alkyl acetoacetate , e . g . ethyl acetoacetate , in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride in a solvent such as methanol . the alkyl 3 - anilino - 3 -( r 4 )- propionate ( x ) is then cyclized to the corresponding 2 -( r 4 )- quinolin - 4 - one ( formula v - a or - b ) by means of a suitable cyclizing agent such as polyphosphoric acid ( ppa ), hydrogen bromide - acetic acid , sulfuric acid , oleum ( fuming sulfuric acid ), hydrogen fluoride , trifluoroacetic acid , phosphoric acid - formic acid and others known to those skilled in the art . in a modification of this conversion , the alkyl 3 - anilino - 3 -( r 4 )- propionate ( x ) can be converted to the corresponding acid by , for example , saponification of the ester followed by acidification , prior to cyclization . the ether protecting , or blocking , groups on the 3 -( and 5 -) hydroxy groups can be removed at the time of cyclization through the use of hydrobromic acid in acetic acid as cyclizing agent and deblocking agent . hydrobromic acid , 48 % aqueous , is generally used since it affords satisfactory cyclization and deblocking . the reaction is conducted at elevated temperatures and desirably at the reflux temperature . however , when z is --( alk 1 ) m -- x --( alk 2 ) n -- cyclization conditions such as polyphosphoric acid or trifluoroacetic acid must be used to avoid cleavage of the ether or thioether linkage . alternatively , the protecting group ( or groups ) can be removed subsequent to the cyclization reaction . hydrobromic acid - acetic acid is also a favored agent for deblocking at this stage of the overall synthesis . the reaction is carried out as described above . other reagents such as hydriodic acid , pyridine hydrochloride or hydrobromide can be used to remove protecting ether groups such as methyl and ethyl groups . when the protecting groups are benzyl or substituted benzyl groups , they can be removed by catalytic hydrogenolysis . suitable catalysts are palladium or platinum , especially when supported on carbon . alternatively , they can be removed by solvolysis using trifluoroacetic acid . of course , when group -- z -- w contains sulfur , acid debenzylation is used rather than catalytic debenzylation . a favored method for the transformation of compounds of formula x to compounds of formula v which affords satisfactory yields and permits use of relatively mild conditions comprises conversion of formula x compounds to n - carbalkoxy derivatives wherein the n - carbalkoxy group has from two to five carbon atoms by reaction with the appropriate alkyl or benzyl chloroformate . the n - carbalkoxy or carbobenzyloxy derivative of formula x is then cyclized by means of a polyphosphoric acid to the corresponding n - carbalkoxy or carbobenzyloxy derivative of formula v compounds . the n - substituted derivatives of formula x compounds can , if desired , be hydrolyzed to the corresponding 3 -[( n - substituted )- 3 -( protected hydroxy )- 5 - substituted anilino ]- 3 -( r 4 )- propionic acid prior to cyclization . polyphosphoric acid generally produces maximum cyclization and is a preferred cyclizing agent . compounds of formula v in which the hydroxy group or groups are protected and in which the nitrogen atom is substituted with carbalkoxy are treated with hydrobromic acid - acetic acid to give compounds of formula v - a . when the hydroxy protecting group or groups are benzyl or substituted benzyl , regeneration of the hydroxy groups is accomplished by catalytic hydrogenolysis . a carbalkoxy group if present on the nitrogen atom is unchanged by this reaction . it can , if desired , be subsequently removed by treatment with hydrobromic acid - acetic acid or any of a variety of acids or bases . removal of the benzyl protecting group by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid also removes any n - carbalkoxy group present . when the -- z -- w substituent of formula v compounds is -- xh ( x = o or s ), and it is desired to have said -- z -- w substituent represent , in compounds of formulae ii or i , a group -- x --( alk 2 ) n -- w wherein x is o , s , so or so 2 , and w is as previously defined , conversion of group -- xh to group -- x --( alk 2 ) n -- w is conveniently and advantageously undertaken at this point in the overall reaction sequence . thus , the 7 - xh group of formula v - b above represented , for the purposes of illustration , as -- oh , is transformed by the williamson reaction with the appropriate bromide [ br --( alk 2 ) n -- w ], mesylate or tosylate , to group -- o --( alk 2 ) n -- w ( formula v - c ). similarly , when group -- z -- w of formula v is --( alk 1 )-- x -- h , its conversion to --( alk 1 )-- x --( alk 2 ) n -- w wherein n is 0 or 1 and w is other than hydrogen is conveniently undertaken at this stage of the reaction sequence via the williamson reaction . a variety of groups , such as those included within the definition of r 6 , can be used in place of carbalkoxy or carbobenzyloxy in this favored method to mask the nitrogen against protonation . group r 6 , if not already present in compounds of formulae v - a , v - b or v - c , can be introduced prior to formation of the hydroxymethylene derivative ( formula vi ) by reaction with the appropriate cl - r 6 or br - r 6 reactant according to known procedures . of course , when an acyl , e . g ., acetyl , group r 6 is desired in products of formulae i or ii , such groups are generally introduced at that point in the reaction sequence ( flow sheet b ) following formation of formula ii compounds wherein r 6 is hydrogen , e . g ., by acylation with the appropriate acyl halide according to known procedures . compounds of formula v and , of course , of formulae v - a , v - b and v - c , are converted by the following illustrative sequence ( flow sheet b ) to representative compounds of formulae ii and i ( r 5 = h in the illustration ). ## str10 ## the quinolines of formula v are converted to hydroxymethylene derivatives of formula vi by reaction with ethyl formate and sodium hydride . this reaction , a formylation reaction , produces the bis - formylated derivative ( vi ) in excellent yield . treatment of the bis - formylated derivative with methyl vinyl ketone gives a mixture of the corresponding mono - n - formylated michael adduct ( vii ) and 1 , 3 - bis - formylated michael adduct . the two products are conveniently separated by column chromatography on silica gel . the conversion of compounds of formula vii to compounds of formula iii is achieved by an aldol condensation of the mono - n - formyl compound of formula vii . the 1 , 3 - bis - formylated michael adduct when subjected to the aldol condensation produces a spiro - annelation product ( iii - a ) as the major product . however , vii - a can be converted to vii by treatment with an equivalent of ## str11 ## potassium carbonate in methanol . in addition to the spiro - annelation product , small amounts of the desired enone ( formula iii ) and ( v ) are also produced . the enone of formula iii is converted by birch reduction to the compound of formula ii . both the cis - and trans - isomers are produced . this reduction is conveniently carried out using lithium as the metal . sodium or potassium can also be used . the reaction is conducted at a temperature of from about - 35 ° c . to about - 80 ° c . the birch reduction is favored because it offers stereoselectivity resulting in formation of the desired trans - ketone of formula ii as the major product . the hydroxy ketones of formula ii ( compounds wherein r 0 is oxo and r 1 is hydrogen ) and the dihydroxy compounds of formula i ( r = or 1 = oh ) appear to be rather unstable . upon standing they undergo oxidation as evidenced by formation of purple to red colors . formation of the colored by - products occurs even when the hydroxy ketone is subjected to sodium borohydride reduction . it has been found that formation of the colored by - products can be prevented by acylation , particularly acetylation , of the 1 - hydroxyl group ( or 1 ) with acetic anhydride in pyridine , and by formation of acid addition salts , e . g ., hydrochlorides . the acetyl derivatives are stable upon standing and even when subjected to further reaction . the aforesaid colored by - products are believed to have a quinonoid structure arising from oxidation of the 1 - hydroxy group ( or 1 ) to oxo and introduction of a second oxo group at the 2 - or the 4 - position . the by - products are themselves active as cns agents , especially as analgesics and tranquilizers , and as hypotensives , and are used in the same manner and at the same dosage levels as are compounds of formulae i and ii . reduction of the 9 - oxo group of compounds of formula ii , and preferably for reasons of stability mentioned above , of the acetylated derivative of formula ii , via metal hydride reduction affords compounds of formula i wherein the hydroxyl group at the 1 - position is present as its acetylated derivative . sodium borohydride is favored as reducing agent in this step since it not only affords satisfactory yields of the desired product , but retains the acetoxy group at the 1 - position , and reacts slowly enough with hydroxylic solvents ( methanol , ethanol , water ) to permit their use as solvents . a temperature of from about 0 ° c . to about 30 ° c . is generally used . lower temperatures , even down to about - 70 ° c ., can be used to increase selectivity of the reduction . higher temperatures cause reaction of the sodium borohydride with the hydroxylic solvent and deacetylation . if higher temperatures are desired , or required for a given reduction , isopropyl alcohol or the dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol are used as solvents . a preferred reducing agent is potassium tri - sec - butyl borohydride since it favors stereoselective formation of the 9α - hydroxy group . the reduction is conducted in dry tetrahydrofuran at a temperature below about - 50 ° c . using equimolar quantities of the 9 - oxo compound and reducing agent . reducing agents such as lithium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride require anhydrous conditions and non - hydroxylic solvents , such as 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane , tetrahydrofuran , ether , dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol . alternately , and more desirably , compounds of formula iii , especially those wherein the 1 - hydroxy group is protected as an ester or benzyl ether , are converted to compounds of formula i by catalytic hydrogenation . a convenient procedure comprises catalytic hydrogenation over palladium , e . g . palladium - on - carbon , or other noble metal , supported or unsupported . an especially preferred procedure for producing the compounds of formula i having an r 4 and r substituent β and a trans ( 6a , 10a ) ring structure in good yield with a high degree of stereoselectivity comprises reducing the corresponding formula iii compound ( r 4 is β , r 5 = h ) in methanol with from 1 / 2 to equal amounts by weight of pd / c in a hydrogen atmosphere . the acetylated derivatives of formula i thus produced are converted to the corresponding hydroxy derivatives by cleavage of the acetyl group by standard methods . the isomeric 9 - α - and 9 - β - hydroxy compounds having formula i are produced in the above - described reducing steps . treatment of the keto compounds of formulae ii - iv with the appropriate alkylene glycol or alkylene dithiol having two to four carbon atoms in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as p - toluenesulfonic acid , or other acid , used in ketalization ( oxalic , adipic ), affords the corresponding ketals or thioketals ( fahrenholtz et al ., j . am . chem . soc ., 89 , 5934 [ 1967 ]). compounds of formula i wherein r is hydroxymethyl are prepared via the wittig reaction of the corresponding 9 - oxo compound of formula ii with methylenetriphenylphosphorane or other appropriate methylide . the reaction is conducted under relatively mild conditions to produce the corresponding 9 - methylene compound . hydroboration - oxidation of the 9 - methylene compound then affords the hydroxymethyl derivative . borane in tetrahydrofuran is favored for the hydroboration step since it is commercially available and gives satisfactory yields of the desired hydroxymethyl compound . the reaction is generally conducted in tetrahydrofuran or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether ( diglyme ). the borane product is not isolated but is directly oxidized with alkaline hydrogen peroxide to the hydroxymethyl compound . compounds of formulae i and ii , including those wherein each of r 4 and r 5 is alkyl , are also prepared by the sequence of flow sheet c below : ## str12 ## the first step of this sequence comprises conversion of the previously described enones ( formula iii , flow sheet b ) to the corresponding ketals by reaction with an appropriate alkylene glycol ( e . g ., ethylene glycol ) in the presence of approximately equivalent amounts of p - toluenesulfonic acid or other acid commonly used for ketal formation as described above in benzene with azeotropic removal of water . a mixture of two ketals is obtained ; ii - a , the reduced form , and iv - a , the oxidized form . formation of iv - a is favored by addition of agents such as air , pd / c , sulfur or 2 , 3 - dichloro - 5 , 6 - dicyanobenzoquinone to the reaction mixture . the exclusion of oxidizing agents from the reaction mixture or the addition of reducing agents to the reaction mixture favors formation of ii - a . deketalization of formulae ii - a and iv - a compounds by procedures known to those skilled in the art affords compounds of formulae ii and iv . these latter compounds are then converted to compounds of formulae i and iv by the procedures of flow sheet b . the reduced formula ii - a compounds are oxidized ( dehydrogenated ) by a variety of oxidants , including iodine , by standard techniques to produce formula iv - a compounds . the heteroaromatic system of compounds of formula iv - a readily adds organometallic reagents to the azomethine bond . organolithium reagents , e . g . methyl and ethyl lithium , react with iv - a to produce adducts of formula iii - b . oxidation of the thus - formed adduct by various oxidizing agents , conveniently air , aromatizes the adduct to give formula iv - b substituted in the 6 - position . further reaction of the 6 - substituted iv - b compounds with organolithium reagents affords the 6 , 6 - disubstituted products of formula ii - b . the addition of the second group ( r 5 ) to the 6 - position , particularly when r 5 is larger than methyl , is facilitated by activation of the azomethine bond by quaternization . activation is conveniently achieved by reaction of formula iii - b with an alkyl halide ( e . g . methyl or ethyl iodide ), or an aralkyl halide , desirably an aralkyl bromide [ c 6 h 5 ( ch 2 ) x br ] such as benzyl bromide to give formula iii - c compounds substituted in the 5 - position . the thus - activated compounds readily react with an excess of organolithium or grignard reagents ( see hoops , et al ., j . org . chem ., 33 , 2995 - 6 , 1968 ) to provide trisubstituted formula ii - b compounds . hydrolysis of the ketals of formulae ii - b and iii - c affords the corresponding enones which are converted to formulae ii and i compounds by procedures described above . of course , when r 6 of formulae iii or iii - c compounds is benzyl , lithium - ammonia reduction of the enone also cleaves the benzyl group . a further procedure for introduction of alkyl groups at the 6 - position with ultimate production of compounds of formulae i and ii is that of flow sheet d : ## str13 ## the 6 - oxohexahydrobenzo [ c ] quinolines of formulae iv - c and iv - e are prepared from compounds of formula iv - a and iv - d by reacting them with sodium or potassium hydroxide at elevated temperatures , e . g . at about 200 °- 300 ° c . quaternization of the nitrogen of iv - a , by reacting iv - a with methyl or ethyl iodide , benzyl bromide or other aralkyl halide , permits the reaction with sodium or potassium hydroxide to be carried out under milder conditions . the intermediate adduct formed is easily oxidized with mild oxidizing agents , including air , to the oxo compound of formula iv - e but which , of course , as a result of the quaternization reaction , bears a substituent ( methyl , ethyl , aralkyl ) on the nitrogen atom . an alternative procedure comprises treating iv - a with a peracid , e . g . m - chloroperbenzoic acid , peracetic , to form the corresponding n - oxide which is then reacted with acetic anhydride in an n - oxide rearrangement to give iv - c ( boekelheide rearrangement ). other methods known to those skilled in the art can be used for the conversion of n - oxides to lactams . compounds of formula iv - c or iv - e are then treated with an excess of an appropriate grignard reagent , e . g . methyl or ethyl magnesium bromide , to give the corresponding 6 , 6 - dialkyl compound ii - b . the 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( z - w - substituted ) anilines are prepared from corresponding 5 -( z - w - substituted ) resorcinols via the bucherer reaction which comprises reacting the appropriate 5 -( z - w - substituted ) resorcinol with aqueous ammonium sulfite or bisulfite . the reaction is conducted in an autoclave at elevated temperatures , e . g . from about 150 ° to about 230 ° c . the aniline product is isolated by acidifying the cooled reaction mixture and extracting the acid mixture with , for example , ethyl acetate . the acid solution is neutralized and extracted with a suitable solvent , e . g . chloroform , to recover the aniline product . alternatively , the aniline product is isolated by extracting the cooled reaction mixture with an appropriate solvent followed by column chromatography of the crude product . the 5 -( z - w - substituted ) resorcinols , if not known , are prepared from 3 , 5 - dihydroxybenzoic acid . the procedure comprises esterifying 3 , 5 - dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are protected ( e . g ., as methyl , ethyl or benzyl ethers ); or alternatively , amidating the 3 , 5 -[ di ( protected hydroxy )] benzoic acid . the overall abbreviated sequence is illustrated below ( flow sheet e ): ## str14 ## the starting material , 3 , 5 - dihydroxybenzoic acid xi is converted to a compound of formula xii wherein y 2 represents an alkoxy group , desirably methoxy or ethoxy for ease of preparation , or an amino group ; and y 1 is a hydroxy protecting group , by methods described in the literature . the diprotected benzoic acid derivative xii is then converted to a compound of formula xiv to known technology . in one procedure xii is hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid ( y 2 = oh ), or lithium salt , and reacted with the appropriate alkyl lithium to produce an alkyl disubstituted phenyl ketone ( y 2 = alkyl ). when methyl lithium is used , the resulting acetophenone derivative is treated with a grignard reagent ( w - z &# 39 ;- mgbr ). the intermediate adduct is hydrolyzed to the corresponding alcohol which is then hydrogenolyzed to replace the hydroxy group with hydrogen . this procedure is especially useful for those compounds wherein z is alkylene . the ether groups are deblocked by suitable means : treatment with pyridine hydrochloride ( y 1 = methyl ) or catalytic hydrogenolysis ( y 1 = benzyl ), or by treatment with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid , hydrochloric , hydrobromic or sulfuric acids . acid debenzylation is , of course , used when the group -- z -- w contains sulfur . a further method for converting compounds of formula xii to those of formula xiv comprises reaction of a ketone of formula xii ( y 2 = alkyl ) with the appropriate triphenyl phosphonium bromide derivative [( c 6 h 5 ) 3 p + - z - w ] br - in the presence of a base ( e . g ., sodium hydride ). the reaction proceeds via an alkene which is subsequently catalytically hydrogenated to the corresponding alkane ( z - w ) and deblocked to the dihydroxy compound xiv . of course , when -- z -- is ( alk 1 ) m - x -( alk 2 ) n and y 1 is benzyl , the catalytic hydrogenation also results in cleavage of the benzyl ethers . alternatively , conversion of structure xii compounds to those of structure xiv can be achieved by the sequence xii → xiii → xiv . in this sequence , the diprotected benzamide ( xii , y 2 = nh 2 ) is converted to the ketone ( xiii , z &# 39 ;= z less one ch 2 group ) by reaction with the appropriate grignard reagent ( brmg - z &# 39 ;- w ) followed by reaction with methyl - or ethyl - magnesium halide to form the corresponding carbinol . dehydration of the carbinol , e . g ., with p - toluenesulfonic acid , affords the corresponding alkene which is then catalytically hydrogenated ( pd / c ) to the alkane ( xiv ). the ether groups are deblocked ( converted to hydroxy ) as described above . when z is alkylene , y 1 is desirably alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms or benzyl . the function of group y 1 is to protect the hydroxy groups during subsequent reactions . it is its ability to perform a specific function ; e . g ., protection of the hydroxy groups , rather than its structure which is important . the selection and identification of appropriate protecting groups can easily and readily be made by one skilled in the art . the suitability and effectiveness of a group as a hydroxy protecting group are determined by employing such a group in the above - illustrated reaction sequence . it should , therefore , be a group which is easily removed to permit restoration of the hydroxy groups . methyl is favored as a protecting alkyl group since it is easily removed by treatment with pyridine hydrochloride . the benzyl group , if used as a protecting group , is removed by catalytic hydrogenolysis or acid hydrolysis . when z is --( alk 1 ) m -- x --( alk 2 ) n --, y 1 is preferably benzyl or a substituted benzyl group since it can subsequently be removed without detriment to the z group . formula viii - a compounds can , alternatively , be prepared from 3 - amino - 5 - hydroxybenzoic acids via the procedure of flow sheet f below . compounds of formula viii - a wherein -- z -- w is -- alkylene -- w or --( alk 1 )-- x &# 39 ;--( alk 2 ) n -- w wherein ( alk 1 ), ( alk 2 ), w and n are as defined above and x &# 39 ; is o or s , are obtained by the following sequence ( flow sheet f ): ## str15 ## the first step in the above sequence ( the wittig reaction ) provides opportunity , by choice of appropriate reactants , to produce compounds having straight or branched alkylene groups . the amino group is protected by acetylation according to standard procedures . in the given illustration , the value of r &# 34 ; as methyl or ethyl permits formation of a compound having alkyl substitution on the carbon atom ( α ) adjacent to the phenyl group . substitution of a methyl or ethyl group at other sites , e . g ., the β - carbon atoms of the alkylene group , is achieved by choice of the appropriate carboalkoxy alkylidene triphenylphosphorane , e . g . ( c 6 h 5 ) 3 p ═ c ( r &# 34 ;)-- cooc 2 h 5 . the unsaturated ester thus produced is reduced to the corresponding saturated alcohol by reaction with lithium aluminum hydride . the presence of a small amount of aluminum chloride sometimes accelerates this reaction . alternatively , when y 1 is other than benzyl ( e . g . methyl ), the alcohol is produced by catalytic reduction of the unsaturated ester using palladium - carbon , followed by treatment of the saturated ester thus produced with lithium aluminum hydride . conversion of the alcohol to the corresponding tosylate or mesylate followed by alkylation of the tosylate or mesylate with an alkali metal salt of the appropriate hx &# 39 ;--( alk 2 ) n -- w reactant , and finally removal of the protecting groups ( y 1 ) affords the desired compound viii - a . when x &# 39 ; is sulfur , the protecting group y 1 is methyl . a variation of the above sequence comprises bromination of the alcohol rather than converting it to a tosylate or mesylate . phosphorous tribromide is a convenient brominating agent . the bromo derivative is then reacted with the appropriate hx &# 39 ;--( alk 2 ) n -- w in the presence of a suitable base ( williamson reaction ). the bromo compounds also serve as valuable intermediates for increasing the chain length of the alkylene moiety in the above sequence to give compounds wherein z is -- alkylene -- w . the process comprises treating the bromo derivative with triphenyl phosphine to produce the corresponding triphenylphosphonium bromide . reaction of the triphenylphosphonium bromide with the appropriate aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride or n - butyl lithium affords an unsaturated derivative which is then catalytically hydrogenated to the corresponding saturated compound . in this variation , the value of the protecting group ( y 1 ) selected depends upon the particular sequence followed . when the vertical sequence on the right is used , benzyl is the preferred protecting group by reason of the catalytic hydrogenation step . methyl is the preferred protecting group when the left vertical sequence is followed , since it is conveniently removed by treatment with acid as described herein . compounds of formula ii wherein -- z -- w is --( alk 1 ) m -- x --( alk 2 ) n -- w and x is -- so -- or -- so 2 -- are obtained by oxidation of the corresponding compounds in which x is -- s --. hydrogen peroxide is a convenient agent for oxidation of the thio ethers to sulfoxides . oxidation of the thio ethers to corresponding sulfones is conveniently accomplished by means of a peracid such as perbenzoic , perphthalic or m - chloroperbenzoic acid . this latter peracid is especially useful since the by - product m - chlorobenzoic acid is easily removed . esters of compounds of formulae ii - iv wherein r 1 is alkanoyl or -- co --( ch 2 ) p -- nr 2 r 3 are readily prepared by reacting formulae ii - iv compounds with the appropriate alkanoic acid or acid of formula hooc --( ch 2 ) p -- nr 2 r 3 in the presence of a condensing agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide . alternatively they are prepared by reaction of a formula ii - iv compound with the appropriate alkanoic acid chloride or anhydride , e . g ., acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride , in the presence of a base such as pyridine . esters of formula i compounds in which each of the r and r 1 groups is esterified are prepared by acylation according to the above - described procedures . compounds in which only the 9 - hydroxy group is acylated are obtained by mild hydrolysis of the corresponding 1 , 9 - diacyl derivative , advantage being taken of the greater ease of hydrolysis of the phenolic acyl group . formula i compounds in which only the 1 - hydroxy group is esterified are obtained by borohydride reduction of the corresponding formula ii ketone esterified at the 1 - position . the thus - produced formula i compounds bearing 1 - acyl - 9 - hydroxy substitution or 1 - hydroxy - 9 - acyl substitution can then be acylated further with a different acylating agent to produce a diesterified compound of formula i in which the ester group at the 1 - and the 9 - positions are different . the presence of a basic group in the ester moiety ( or 1 ) in the compounds of this invention permits formation of acid - addition salts involving said basic group . when the herein described basic esters are prepared via condensation of the appropriate amino acid hydrochloride ( or other acid addition salt ) with the appropriate compound of formula i - iv in the presence of a condensing agent , the hydrochloride salt of the basic ester is produced . careful neutralization affords the free base . the free base form can then be converted to other acid addition salts by known procedures . acid addition salts can , of course , as those skilled in the art will recognize , be formed with the nitrogen of the benzo [ c ] quinoline system . such salts are prepared by standard procedures . the basic ester derivatives are , of course , able to form mono - or di - acid addition salts because of their dibasic functionality . the analgesic properties of the compounds of this invention are determined by tests using thermal nociceptive stimuli , such as the mouse tail flick procedure , or chemical nociceptive stimuli , such as measuring the ability of a compound to suppress phenylbenzoquinone irritant - induced writhing in mice . these tests and others are described below . the method used is modified after woolfe and macdonald , j . pharmacol . exp . ther ., 80 , 300 - 307 ( 1944 ). a controlled heat stimulus is applied to the feet of mice on a 1 / 8 &# 34 ; thick aluminum plate . a 250 watt reflector infrared heat lamp is placed under the bottom of the aluminum plate . a thermal regulator , connected to thermistors on the plate surface , programs the heat lamp to maintain a constant temperature of 57 ° c . each mouse is dropped into a glass cylinder ( 61 / 2 &# 34 ; diameter ) resting on the hot plate , and timing is begun when the animal &# 39 ; s feet touch the plate . at 0 . 5 and 2 hours after treatment with the test compound the mouse is observed for the first &# 34 ; flicking &# 34 ; movements of one or both hind feet , or until 10 seconds elapse without such movements . morphine has an mpe 50 = 4 - 5 . 6 mg ./ kg . ( s . c .). tail flick testing in mice is modified after d &# 39 ; amour and smith , j . pharmacol . exp . ther ., 72 , 74 - 79 ( 1941 ), using controlled high intensity heat applied to the tail . each mouse is placed in a snug - fitting metal cylinder , with the tail protruding through one end . this cylinder is arranged so that the tail lies flat over a concealed heat lamp . at the onset of testing , an aluminum flag over the lamp is drawn back , allowing the light beam to pass through the slit and focus onto the end of the tail . a timer is simultaneously activated . the latency of a sudden flick of the tail is ascertained . untreated mice usually react within 3 - 4 seconds after exposure to the lamp . the end point for protection is 10 seconds . each mouse is tested at 0 . 5 and 2 hours after treatment with morphine and the test compound . morphine has an mpe 50 of 3 . 2 - 5 . 6 mg ./ kg . ( s . c .). the method is a modification of the receptacle procedure developed by benbasset , et . al ., arch . int . pharmacodyn ., 122 , 434 ( 1959 ). male albino mice ( 19 - 21 g .) of the charles river cd - 1 strain are weighed and marked for identification . five animals are normally used in each drug treatment group with each animal serving as its own control . for general screening purposes , new test agents are first administered at a dose of 56 mg ./ kg . intraperitoneally or subcutaneously , delivered in a volume of 10 ml ./ kg . preceding drug treatment and at 0 . 5 and 2 hours post drug , each animal is placed in the cylinder . each cylinder is provided with holes to allow for adequate ventilation and is closed by a round nylon plug through which the animal &# 39 ; s tail protrudes . the cylinder is held in an upright position and the tail is completely immersed in the constant temperature waterbath ( 56 ° c .). the endpoint for each trial is an energetic jerk or twitch of the tail coupled with a motor response . in some cases , the endpoint may be less vigorous post drug . to prevent undue tissue damage , the trial is terminated and the tail removed from the waterbath within 10 seconds . the response latency is recorded in seconds to the nearest 0 . 5 second . a vehicle control and a standard of known potency are tested concurrently with screening candidates . if the activity of a test agent has not returned to baseline values at the 2 - hour testing point , response latencies are determined at 4 and 6 hours . a final measurement is made at 24 hours if activity is still observed at the end of the test day . groups of 5 carworth farms cf - 1 mice are pretreated subcutaneously or orally with saline , morphine , codeine or the test compound . twenty minutes ( if treated subcutaneously ) or fifty minutes ( if treated orally ) later , each group is treated with intraperitoneal injection of phenylbenzoquinone , an irritant known to produce abdominal contractions . the mice are observed for 5 minutes for the presence or absence of writhing starting 5 minutes after the injection of the irritant . mpe 50 &# 39 ; s of the drug pretreatments in blocking writhing are ascertained . a modification of the procedure of haffner , experimentelle prufung schmerzstillender . mittel deutch med . wschr ., 55 , 731 - 732 ( 1929 ) is used to ascertain the effects of the test compound on aggressive attacking responses elicited by a stimulus pinching the tail . male albino rats ( 50 - 60 g .) of the charles river ( sprague - dawley ) cd - strain are used . prior to drug treatment , and again at 0 . 5 , 1 , 2 and 3 hours after treatment , a johns hopkins 2 . 5 - inch &# 34 ; bulldog &# 34 ; clamp is clamped onto the root of the rat &# 39 ; s tail . the endpoint at each trial is clear attacking and biting behavior directed toward the offending stimulus , with the latency for attack reported in seconds . the clamp is removed in 30 seconds if attacking has not yet occurred , and the latency of response is recorded as 30 seconds . morphine is active 17 . 8 mg ./ kg . ( i . p .). a modification of the flinch - jump procedure of tenen , psychopharmacologia , 12 , 278 - 285 ( 1968 ) is used for determining pain thresholds . male albino rats ( 175 - 200 g .) of the charles river ( sprague - dawley ) cd strain are used . prior to receiving the drug , the feet of each rat are dipped into a 20 % glycerol / saline solution . the animals are then placed in a chamber and presented with a series of 1 - second shocks to the feet which are delivered in increasing intensity at 30 - second intervals . these intensities are 0 . 26 , 0 . 39 , 0 . 52 , 0 . 78 , 1 . 05 , 1 . 31 , 1 . 58 , 1 . 86 , 2 . 13 , 2 . 42 , 2 . 72 , and 3 . 04 ma . each animal &# 39 ; s behavior is rated for the presence of ( a ) flinch , ( b ) squeak and ( c ) jump or rapid forward movement at shock onset . single upward series of shock intensities are presented to each rat just prior to , and at 0 . 5 , 2 , 4 and 24 hours subsequent to drug treatment . results of the above tests are recorded as percent maximum possible effect (% mpe ). the % mpe of each group is statistically compared to the % mpe of the standard and the predrug control values . the % mpe is calculated as follows : ## equ1 ## in the tables below , the analgesic activity is reported in terms of mpe 50 , the dose at which half of the maximal possible analgesic effect is observed in a given test . the compounds of the present invention are active analgesics via oral and parenteral administration and are conveniently administered in composition form . such compositions include a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice . for example , they may be administered in the form of tablets , pills , powders or granules containing such excipients as starch , milk sugar , certain types of clay , etc . they may be administered in capsules , in admixtures with the same or equivalent excipients . they may also be administered in the form of oral suspensions , solutions , emulsions , syrups and elixirs which may contain flavoring and coloring agents . for oral administration of the therapeutic agents of this invention , tablets or capsules containing from about 0 . 01 to about 100 mg . are suitable for most applications . the physician will determine the dosage which will be most suitable for an individual patient and it will vary with the age , weight and response of the particular patient and the route of administration . generally , however , the initial analgesic dosage in adults may range from 0 . 01 to 500 mg . per day in single or divided doses . in many instances , it is not necessary to exceed 100 mg . daily . the favored oral dosage range is from about 0 . 01 to about 300 mg ./ day ; the preferred range is from about 0 . 10 to about 50 mg ./ day . the favored parenteral dose is from about 0 . 01 to about 100 mg ./ day ; the preferred range from about 0 . 01 to about 20 mg ./ day . by means of the above procedures , the analgesic activity of several compounds of this invention and of certain prior art compounds are determined . pbq = phenylbenzoquinone - induced writhing ; tf = tail flick ; hp = hot plate ; rtc = rat tail clamp ; fj = flinch jump ; and ti = tail immersion assays . table i__________________________________________________________________________analgesic activity ( mpe . sub . 50 - mg ./ kg ., s . c .) [* = hydrochloride salt ] [+= 9α - oh ] ## str16 ## r r . sub . 1 r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 zw 6a , 10a pbq tf hp__________________________________________________________________________h h ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 cis / trans 1 . 05 1 . 32 10 - 32h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 1 . 0 - 1 . 78 1 . 0 5 . 6h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans * 100 @ 10 5 . 6 5 . 6h h ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 0 . 5 3 . 2 10coch . sub . 3coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 1 . 78 - 3 . 2 10 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans * & lt ; 10 5 . 6 - 10 & gt ; 10h h ch . sub . 3 h coch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans & gt ; 10 & gt ; 10 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 100 @ 10 1 - 3 . 2 3 . 2 - 5 . 6h h ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 1 - 0 . 56 1 - 3 . 2 1 - 3 . 2h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 25 0 . 42 1 - 3 . 2h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 0 . 56 - 1 . 0 1 - 3 . 2 3 . 2 - 10h h ch . sub . 3 h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 0 . 09h coch . sub . 3 h h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 10 & gt ; 10 & gt ; 10h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 05h coch . sub . 3 h h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 83h coch . sub . 3 h h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 1 0 . 32 - 0 . 56 0 . 56 - 1 . 0h coch . sub . 3 h h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 100 @ 3 . 2 100 & lt ; 100morphine 0 . 8 3 . 2 - 5 . 6 4 . 0 - 5 . 6h h ch . sub . 3 h coc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans & gt ; 10h coch . sub . 3 h h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 098 0 . 32h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 05 0 . 016h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 6 . 09coch . sub . 3coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans & gt ; 56h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 28 1 . 46h h ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 80 2 . 1coch . sub . 3coch . sub . 3 h h i - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans & gt ; 10h . sup .+ coch . sub . 3 h h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 cis ≦ 10 & gt ; 10h . sup .+ coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 1 . 64 7 . 65h coch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 11h coch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 0 . 22h . sup .+ coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 0 . 46h . sup .+ coch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 78h coch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 14 0 . 34h coch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis * 0 . 12 0 . 44 0 . 61h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans . sup . ( a ) 0 . 14 0 . 26h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans . sup . ( b ) 7 . 40h oh ch . sub . 3 h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 21 1 . 47 3 . 64h oh ch . sub . 3 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 14 . 33h oh ch . sub . 3 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 29 @ 10h oh ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 0 . 50h oh ch . sub . 3 h n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 100 @ 0 . 32h oh ch . sub . 3 h c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 1 . 29h oh ch . sub . 3 h c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 27 . 85h oh ch . sub . 3 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 60 @ 56h oh ch . sub . 3 h c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 42 . 36h oh ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 100 @ . 56h coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 15 0 . 73 1 . 59h coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 32h . sup .+ coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 11h . sup .+ coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis * 0 . 82h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis * 45 @ 56h coch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 3 . 56h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 50 @ 10h coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 18 . 01h coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 3 . 05 7 . 94h coch . sub . 3 h c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 1 . 32 3 . 76h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 . sup . ( c ) trans * 0 . 22 0 . 23h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 . sup . ( d ) trans * 1 . 73 1 . 69h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 . sup . ( d ) 1 . 50h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 . sup . ( c ) trans . sup . ( b ) 0 . 07 0 . 21 0 . 44h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 . sup . ( c ) trans 0 . 01 0 . 04 0 . 09h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 trans 0 . 19h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 trans * 0 . 13h coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 7 trans * 16 @ 56h coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 trans * 5 0 . 89h coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 trans * 5 0 . 08__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . ( a ) = 6s , 6ar , 9r , 10ar . sup . ( b ) = 6r , 6as , 9s , 10as ## str17 ## ## str18 ## table ii__________________________________________________________________________ ## str19 ## r . sub . 1 r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 zw 6a , 10a pbq tf hp__________________________________________________________________________h ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 cis / trans 3 . 2coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 cis 100 @ 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 10 & gt ; 10 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h coch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans & gt ; 10 & gt ; 10 & gt ; 10h ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 100 @ 10 ˜ 10 ˜ 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 0 . 1 - 0 . 56 3 . 2 - 5 . 6 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 1 . 78 2 . 4 & lt ; 10coch . sub . 3 h h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans 100 @ 10coch . sub . 3 h h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 100 @ 10 1 . 0 - 3 . 2 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 h h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 100 @ 28coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis * 0 . 31 3 . 9h ch . sub . 3 h coch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans & gt ; 10 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 h h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans & gt ; 10 , & lt ; 56 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h coc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans & gt ; 10h ch . sub . 3 h coc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 trans & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 17coch . sub . 3 h h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 2 . 07 ˜ 5 . 6h ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 1 . 33coch . sub . 3 h h h och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 cis & lt ; 10 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans ≦ 56coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis * 5 . 3 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 & gt ; 56 & gt ; 10coch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 2 . 31coch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 5 . 59coch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 0 . 38 2 . 37 83 @ 10coch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis * 0 . 16 1 . 76coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis *. sup . ( a ) 25 @ 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis *. sup . ( b ) 0 . 62coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans *. sup . ( a ) 2 . 11coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans *. sup . ( b ) 7 . 28coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 0 . 17 0 . 78 1 . 62coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 35 @ 10coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans * 1 . 60coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 21 @ 10coch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 100 @ 10coch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 34 @ 10coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 22 @ 56coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 12 @ 56coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 14 @ 10coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 14 @ 10coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 trans 4 . 36coch . sub . 3 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h h och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cis 16 @ 10__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . ( a ) = 6s , 6ar , 10ar . sup . ( b ) = 6r , 6as , 9s , 10as their antihypertensive utility is determined by their ability to lower the blood pressure of conscious hypertensive rats and dogs a statistically significant degree when administered orally to said hosts at the above - mentioned dosages . their tranquilizer activity is demonstrated by oral administration to rats at doses of from about 0 . 01 to 50 mg ./ kg . with subsequent decreases in spontaneous motor activity . the daily dosage range in mammals is from about 0 . 01 to about 100 mg . the use of these compounds for the treatment of glaucoma is believed to be due to their ability to reduce intraocular pressure . their effects on intraocular pressure are determined by tests on dogs . the test drug is instilled into the eye of a dog in the form of a solution or is administered systemically at various periods of time after which the eye is anesthetized by instillation of tetracaine hydrochloride , 1 / 2 %, 2 drops . a few minutes are this local anesthesia , intraocular pressure readings are taken with a schiotz mechanical tonometer and , after fluorescein dye is administered , with a holberg hand application tonometer . the test drug is conveniently used in a solution such as the following : test drug ( 1 mg . ), ethanol ( 0 . 05 ml . ), tween 80 ( polyoxyalkylene derivative of sorbitan mono - oleate , available from atlas powder co ., wilmington delaware 19899 ) ( 50 mg .) and saline ( to make 1 ml . ), or in a more concentrated solution wherein the ingredients are present in proportions of 10 mg ., 0 . 10 ml . 100 mg . and 1 ml ., respectively . for human use , concentrations of drug from 0 . mg ./ kg . to 10 mg ./ kg . are useful . their activity as diuretic agents is determined by the procedure of lipschitz et al ., j . pharmacol ., 79 , 97 ( 1943 ) which utilizes rats as the test animals . the dosage range for this use is the same as that noted above with respect to the use of the herein described compounds as analgesic agents . this invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions , including unit dosage forms , valuable for the use of the herein described compounds as analgesics and other utilities disclosed herein . the dosage form may be given in single or multiple doses , as previously noted , to achieve the daily dosage effective for a particular utility . the compounds ( drugs ) described herein can be formulated for administration in solid or liquid form for oral or parenteral administration . capsules containing drugs of this invention ; i . e . ; compounds of formulae i or ii are prepared by mixing one part by weight of drug with nine parts of excipient such as starch or milk sugar and then loading the mixture into telescoping gelatin capsules such that each capsule contains 100 parts of the mixture . tablets containing compounds of formulae i or ii are prepared by compounding suitable mixtures of drug and standard ingredients used in preparing tablets , such as starch , binders and lubricants , such that each tablet contains from 0 . 01 to 100 mg . of drug per tablet . suspensions and solutions of these drugs , particularly those wherein r 1 ( formulae i and ii ) is hydroxy , are generally prepared just prior to use in order to avoid problems of stability of the drug ( e . g . oxidation ) or of suspensions or solution ( e . g . precipitation ) of the drug up on storage . compositions suitable for such are generally dry solid compositions which are reconstituted for injectable administration . a mixture of 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline ( 95 . 7 g ., 0 . 624 mole ), ethyl acetoacetate ( 87 . 2 ml ., 0 . 670 mole ), benzene ( 535 ml .) and glacial acetic acid ( 3 . 3 ml .) is refluxed for 15 hours under an atmosphere of nitrogen and water collected by means of a dean - stark trap . the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature , decolorized with activated charcoal , filtered , and then concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product , ethyl 3 -[ 3 , 4 - dimethoxy ) anilino ]- 2 - butenoate , as an oil ( 168 . 7 g .). a mixture of ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino )- 2 - butenoate ( 5 . 0 g ., 18 . 7 mmole ) in glacial acetic acid ( 42 ml .) and platinum oxide ( 250 mg .) is hydrogenated in a parr shaker at 50 p . s . i . for 1 . 5 hours . the reaction mixture is filtered through filter - aid , benzene ( 50 ml .) added and the solution concentrated under reduced pressure to an oil . the oil is taken up in chloroform , the solution washed successively with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 50 ml .) and saturated sodium chloride solution . it is then dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product as an oil ( 5 . 1 g .). repetition of the above procedure but using 168 . 7 g . of ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino )- 2 - butenoate , glacial acetic acid ( 320 ml .) and platinum oxide ( 2 . 15 g .) gives 160 . 8 g . of product . to a solution of 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline hydrochloride ( 370 g ., 1 . 45 mole ), reagent grade methanol ( 4 . 5 l .) and ethyl acetoacetate ( 286 . 3 g ., 2 . 64 mole ) in a 12 liter round bottom , 3 neck flask fitted with mechanical stirrer and reflux condenser is added sodium cyanoborohydride ( 54 g ., 0 . 73 mole ) in one portion . after the refluxing subsides ( 10 minutes ) the mixture is heated on a steam bath for an additional 20 minutes . to the cooled reaction mixture is added additional sodium cyanoborohydride ( 5 . 4 g ., 0 . 07 mole ) and ethyl acetoacetate ( 28 . 6 g ., 0 . 26 mole ) and the mixture refluxed for 30 minutes . this latter process is repeated once more . the reaction mixture is isolated in portions by pouring ca . 500 ml . onto 1 liter of ice - water / 500 ml . methylene chloride , separating the layers and backwashing the aqueous phase with additional methylene chloride ( 100 ml .). ( this process is repeated using 500 ml . portions until the entire reaction mixture is worked up .) the methylene chloride layers are combined and dried ( mgso 4 ), decolorized with charcoal , filtered and evaporated to yield a yellow colored oil . the excess ethyl acetoacetate is distilled ( at 130 ° c . oil bath temperature and 1 - 5 mm . pressure ) leaving the crude ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino ) butyrate ( an amber colored viscous oil ): 376 g . ( 72 % yield ) which is used without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 5 . 82 - 6 . 0 ( m , 3h , aromatic ), 4 . 20 ( q , 2h , ester methylene ), 3 . 80 - 4 . 00 ( m , 2h ,-- nh and ## str20 ## 3 . 78 ( s , 6h , -- och 3 ), 2 . 40 - 2 . 55 ( m , 2h ,-- ch 2 cooet ), 1 . 78 ( d , 3h , methyl ) and 1 . 29 ( t , 3h , methyl ). following the procedure of example 2 , condensation of 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline hydrochloride and ethyl butyrylacetate gives ethyl d , l - 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino ) hexanoate . it is converted to the hydrochloride salt by addition of hydrogen chloride to a methylene chloride solution thereof ; m . p . 127 °- 129 . 5 ° c . recrystallization from cyclohexane / benzene ( 5 : 1 ) gives the analytical sample , m . p . 126 °- 128 . 5 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 16 h 25 o 4 n . hcl : c , 57 . 91 ; h , 7 . 90 ; n , 4 . 22 %. found : c , 57 . 89 ; h , 7 . 74 ; n , 4 . 40 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 10 . 76 - 11 . 48 ( b , variable , 2h , nh 2 +), 6 . 77 ( d , j = 2 hz , 2h , meta h &# 39 ; s ), 6 . 49 , 6 . 45 ( d of d , j = 2 hz , 1h , meta h ), 4 . 08 ( q , 2h , och 2 ), 3 . 77 ( s , 6h , [ och 3 ] 2 ), ca . 3 . 5 - 4 . 8 ( m , 1h , ch -- n ), 2 . 90 ( t , 2h , ch 2 -- c ═ o ), ca . 1 . 4 - 2 . 2 ( m , 4h , [ ch 2 ] 2 ), 1 . 21 ( t , 3h , o -- c -- ch 3 ), 0 . 84 ( t , 3h , -- c -- ch 3 ). ethyl chloroformate ( 71 . 4 ml . 0 . 75 mole ) is added dropwise over a 45 minute period to a mixture of ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino ) butyrate ( 159 . 8 g ., 0 . 598 mole ), methylene chloride ( 100 ml . ), and pyridine ( 100 ml ., 1 . 24 moles ) at 0 ° c . under a nitrogen atmosphere . the mixture is stirred for 40 minutes following addition of the ethyl chloroformate and is then poured into a mixture of chloroform ( 750 ml .) and ice - water ( 500 ml .). the chloroform layer is separated , washed successively with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 3 × 500 ml . ), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 300 ml .) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride ( 1 × 400 ml .) and then dried ( mgso 4 ). it is then decolorized with activated charcoal and concentrated under reduced pressure to an oil ( 215 g .). the product is used as is . under a positive nitrogen atmosphere a mixture of ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino ) butyrate ( 376 g ., 1 . 4 mole ), methylene chloride ( 1 . 4 liters ) and anhydrous potassium carbonate ( 388 . 8 g ., 2 . 81 mole ) is stirred and cooled in an ice bath to 0 °→ 5 ° c . ethyl chloroformate ( 153 g ., 1 . 41 mole ) is added in one portion . the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature over a period of one hour , ethyl chloroformate ( 153 g ., 1 . 41 mole ) is added once more and the mixture is refluxed on a steam bath for one hour . it is then allowed to cool to room temperature and the potassium carbonate removed by filtration . the red colored filtrate is washed successively with water ( 2 × 1000 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 500 ml . ), dried ( mgso 4 ), and then decolorized and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 439 g . of crude product which is used without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 6 . 2 - 6 . 42 ( m , 3h , aromatic ), 4 . 65 ( sextet , 1h , -- n -- ch --, ch 3 ), 4 . 10 - 4 . 15 ( 2quartets , 4h , ester methylenes ), 3 . 70 ( s , 6h , -- och 3 ), 2 . 30 - 2 . 60 ( m , 2h , -- ch 2 cooet ), 1 . 00 - 1 . 40 ( m , 9h , 3 methyl ). ethyl 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyrate ( 202 g ., 0 . 595 mole ), aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 595 ml . of 1 n ) and ethanol ( 595 ml .) are combined and stirred at room temperature overnight . the reaction mixture is concentrated to about 600 ml . volume under reduced pressure , the concentrate diluted with water to 1200 ml . volume and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 750 ml .). the aqueous layer is then acidified with 10 % hydrochloric acid to ph 2 and extracted again with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 750 ml .). these latter extracts are combined , washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title product as an oil ( 163 . 5 g ., 88 . 2 %). a 5 liter 3 neck , round bottom flask equipped with mechanical stirrer and reflux condensor is charged with a solution of ethyl 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ]- butyrate ( 439 g ., 1 . 41 moles ) in ethanol ( 2 liters ). sodium hydroxide ( 2 liters of 1 n ) is added and the mixture refluxed on a steam bath for 3 hours . the reaction mixture is poured onto 5 liters of ice - water and extracted in one liter portions with diethyl ether ( 500 ml ./ portion ). the aqueous layer is cooled by adding ca . one liter of ice and then acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid ( 1 . 75 ml ., 2 . 1 moles ). it is extracted in portions of one liter with methylene chloride ( 250 ml ./ portion ). the methylene chloride layers are combined and dried over magnesium sulfate , decolorized with charcoal and evaporated to dryness to yield a viscous yellow oil . crystallization from ether / cyclohexane ( 1 : 2 ) affords 224 g . ( 55 . 3 %) of crystalline product , m . p . 78 °- 80 ° c . this material is used without further purifications in the following step . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 6 . 24 - 6 . 53 ( m , 3h , aromatic ), 4 . 65 ( sextet , 1h , -- n ( cooc 2 h 5 ) ch ( ch 3 ) ch 2 cooc 2 h 5 ), 4 . 10 ( quartet , 2h , ester methylene ), 3 . 78 ( s , 6h , -- och 3 ), 2 . 40 - 2 . 60 ( m , 2h , -- ch 2 cooh ), 1 . 18 ( t ), 1 . 28 ( d , 6h , methyl ), 10 . 8 ( bs , variable , 1h , cooh ). an analytical sample , obtained by recrystallization from ethyl acetate / hexane ( 1 : 5 ), melted at 89 °- 91 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 15 h 21 o 6 n : c , 57 . 86 ; h , 6 . 80 ; n , 4 . 50 %. found : c , 58 . 08 ; h , 6 . 65 ; n , 4 . 46 %. a mixture of d , l - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid ( 136 . 6 g ., 0 . 44 mole ) and l - ephedrine ( 72 . 5 g ., 0 . 44 mole ) is dissolved in methylene chloride ( 500 ml .). the methylene chloride is then removed in vacuo to yield the l - ephedrine salt of d , l - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid as an oil , [ α ] d 25 =- 20 . 0 ( c = 1 . 0 , chcl 3 ). addition of ether ( 1500 ml .) causes crystallization of a white solid which is separated by filtration and dried ( 102 g . ), m . p . 114 °- 116 ° c . recrystallization from ethyl acetate / hexane ( 1 : 1 ) affords 71 . 1 g . ( 34 %) of the l - ephedrine salt of l - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid ; m . p . 126 °- 127 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 36 o 7 n 2 : c , 63 . 00 ; h , 7 . 61 ; n , 5 . 88 %. found : c , 62 . 87 ; h , 7 . 64 ; n , 5 . 88 %. the l - ephedrine salt of the l - isomer is stirred in a mixture of ethyl acetate ( 1000 ml .) and 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 400 ml .) for ten minutes . the organic phase is separated , washed with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 400 ml . ), dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to an oil . crystallization of the oil from ethyl acetate / hexane ( 400 ml . of 1 : 1 ) affords 34 . 6 g . of l - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid , m . p . 96 °- 97 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 15 h 21 o 6 n : c , 57 . 86 ; h , 6 . 80 ; n , 4 . 50 %. found : c , 57 . 90 ; h , 6 . 66 ; n , 4 . 45 %. the mother liquor remaining from recrystallization of the l - ephedrine salt of the l - isomer is treated with hydrochloric acid as described above to give crude d - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid . treatment of the crude acid with d - ephedrine affords , after crystallization from ether , the d - ephedrine salt of the d - isomer , m . p . 124 °- 125 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 36 o 7 n 2 : c , 63 . 00 ; h , 7 . 61 ; n , 5 . 88 %. found : c , 62 . 82 ; h , 7 . 47 ; n , 5 . 97 %. the d - ephedrine salt is converted to d - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid in the same manner as described above for conversion of the l - ephedrine salt to the free acid . m . p . 96 °- 97 ° c . after recrystallization from ethyl acetate / hexane ( 3 : 5 ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 15 h 21 o 6 n : c , 57 . 86 ; h , 6 . 80 ; n , 4 . 50 %. found : c , 57 . 95 ; h , 6 . 57 ; n , 4 . 35 %. a mixture of 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline ( 114 . 9 g ., 0 . 75 mole ), methyl acrylate ( 69 . 73 g ., 0 . 81 mole ) and glacial acetic acid ( 2 ml .) is refluxed for 20 hours . reflux is discontinued and the reaction mixture is concentrated and then distilled in vacuo , to yield 106 . 8 g . ( 73 . 9 %) of the title product , b . p . 174 °- 179 ° c . ( 0 . 7 mm .). 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 5 . 62 - 5 . 95 ( m , 3h , aromatic ), 4 . 1 ( variable , bs , 1h , -- nh ), 3 . 74 ( s , 6h , -- och 3 ), 3 . 68 ( s , 3h , cooch 3 ), 3 . 41 and 2 . 59 ( two 2h triplets , -- nch 2 ch 2 co 2 ). repetition of this procedure but using the appropriate aniline reactant in place of 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline affords the following compounds . ______________________________________ ## str21 ## y . sub . 1 zw______________________________________ c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3______________________________________ the procedure of example 7 is repeated but using the appropriate ester r 4 r 5 c ═ ch -- cooch 3 in place of methyl acrylate and the appropriate protected aniline reactant to give the following compounds . when r 5 is hydrogen , the same products are obtained by the procedure of examples 1 and 2 but using methyl acetoacetate and methyl propionylacetate in place of ethyl acetoacetate and the appropriate protected aniline reactant . ______________________________________ ## str22 ## y . sub . 1 zw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5______________________________________ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3______________________________________ a mixture of 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl )- aniline ( 1 . 0 g . ), methyl acrylate ( 345 mg . ), and acetic acid ( 0 . 1 ml .) is heated at 106 °- 110 ° c . overnight . the cooled residue is dissolved in 100 ml . ethyl acetate and washed twice with 100 ml . of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . the organic phase is then dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated to a crude residue which is chromatographed on 130 g . of silica gel using benzene - ether ( 2 : 1 ) as the eluant . after elution of less polar impurities , 540 mg . ( 40 %), d , l - methyl 3 -{[ 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl )] anilino } propionate is collected . it has the following spectral characteristics : 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 14 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 5 . 83 - 6 . 13 ( m , 3h , aromatic ), 3 . 66 ( s , 3h , -- cooch 3 ), 3 . 37 ( t , 2h , -- nch 2 ), 2 . 16 - 2 . 78 ( m , 5h , -- ch 2 coo and benzylic ), 1 . 28 - 1 . 69 ( m , 4h , --( ch 2 ) 2 --), 1 . 11 ( d , 3h , ## str23 ## 4 . 4 - 5 . 2 and 1 . 28 - 2 . 78 ( variable , 1h , nh , oh ). ethyl chloroformate ( 2 . 0 g ., 8 . 4 mmole ) is added dropwise over a 10 minute period to a mixture of methyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino ) propionate ( 1 . 0 ml ., 10 . 5 mmole ), methylene chloride ( 5 ml .) and pyridine ( 5 ml .) at 0 ° c . under a nitrogen atmosphere . the mixture is stirred at 0 ° c . for 20 minutes following addition of the ethyl chloroformate and then at room temperature for an additional 20 minutes , and is then poured into a mixture of methylene chloride ( 75 ml .) and ice - water ( 50 ml .). the methylene chloride layer is separated , washed successively with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 50 ml . ), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 30 ml .) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride ( 1 × 40 ml .) and dried ( mgso 4 ). it is then decolorized with activated charcoal and concentrated under reduced pressure to an oil ( 2 . 72 g .). the product is used as is . similarly , d , l - methyl - 3 -[ 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) anilino ] propionate is converted to d , l - methyl - 3 -{[ 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl )- n - ethoxycarbonyl ] anilino } propionate and the following compounds are prepared from compounds of examples 7 and 8 by reaction with the appropriate alkyl chloroformate or other reactant of formula r 6 br where r 6 is other than hydrogen : ______________________________________ ## str24 ## y . sub . 1 zw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 6 r . sub . 5______________________________________ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 h coon - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h ch . sub . 2 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 h cooch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 h cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 h coon - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 cooch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 cooch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 coon - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3 cooch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 cooch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooi - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 h cooc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3 h i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 cooch . sub . 2 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 cooch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 cooch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 cooch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 cooch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 cooch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 sch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 coch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cho ch . sub . 3c . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3 coc . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 coch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 co ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 h coch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 h n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 hch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 hch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cooch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 oc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 cooc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 cooc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 och . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 coch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 sch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 coon - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 cooc . sub . 7 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3______________________________________ methyl 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] propionate ( 2 . 72 g ., 8 . 36 mmoles ), aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 8 . 4 ml . of 1 n ) and ethanol ( 8 . 4 ml .) are combined and stirred overnight under nitrogen at room temperature . the reaction mixture is then concentrated under reduced pressure to half - volume , diluted with water ( 35 ml .) and then extracted with ethyl acetate . the aqueous phase is acidified to ph 2 with 10 % hydrochloric acid and extracted with methylene chloride ( 3 × 50 ml .). the combined extracts are washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give the product as an oil ( 2 . 47 g .) which is used as is . in like manner , the remaining compounds of example 10 are hydrolyzed to their corresponding alkanoic acids having the formula ## str25 ## a mixture of 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] propionic acid ( 1 . 10 g ., 3 . 7 mmole ) and polyphosphoric acid ( 4 g .) is heated at 65 ° c . for 45 minutes under an atmosphere of nitrogen and is then cooled to 0 ° c . it is then taken up in a mixture of methylene chloride - water ( 200 ml . of 1 : 1 ). the organic layer is separated and the aqueous phase extracted again with methylene chloride ( 2 × 100 ml .). the combined extracts are washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 3 × 100 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 100 ml .) and then dried ( mgso 4 ). concentration of the dried extract gives the product as an oil which crystallizes from benzene . yield = 645 mg ., m . p . 109 °- 111 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 14 h 17 o 5 n : c , 60 . 21 ; h , 6 . 14 ; n , 5 . 02 %. found : c , 60 . 11 ; h , 6 . 14 ; n , 4 . 80 %. a mixture of glacial acetic acid ( 60 ml . ), 48 % hydrobromic acid ( 60 ml .) and 1 - carbethoxy - 5 , 7 - dimethoxy - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 4 . 0 g ., 14 . 3 mmole ) is refluxed overnight and is then concentrated in vacuo to a dark oil . the oil is dissolved in water ( 50 ml .) and the aqueous solution neutralized to ph 6 - 7 with 1 n sodium hydroxide . a saturated solution of salt water ( 50 ml .) is added and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 150 ml .). the extracts are combined , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to an oil . the oil is taken up in benzene - ethyl acetate ( 1 : 1 ) and the solution charged to a silica gel column . the column is eluted with a volume of benzene equal to the volume of the column and then with benzene - ethyl acetate ( 250 ml . of 4 : 1 ) and benzene - ethyl acetate ( 250 ml . of 1 : 1 ). fractions ( 75 ml .) are collected . fractions 4 - 9 are combined and evaporated under reduced pressure . the oily residue is crystallized from ethanol - hexane ( 1 : 10 ). yield = 1 . 86 g ., m . p . 166 °- 169 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 9 h 9 o 3 n : c , 60 . 33 ; h , 5 . 06 ; n , 7 . 82 %. found : c , 60 . 25 ; h , 4 . 94 ; n , 7 . 55 %. by means of the procedure of example 12 and this procedure , 3 -{[ 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl )- n - ethoxycarbonyl ] anilino } propionic acid is transformed to 5 - hydroxy - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , and the following compounds are prepared from compounds of example 11 : ______________________________________ ## str26 ## r . sub . 6 r . sub . 4 xh r . sub . 5______________________________________h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh hh h sh hh ch . sub . 3 sh hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sh hch . sub . 3 h oh hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 oh hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 oh hn - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch . sub . 3 oh hi - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h sh hch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 oh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 oh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 oh hch . sub . 3 h sh hch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh hch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 sh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sh hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h oh hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 sh hh ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 oh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ch . sub . 3 oh hh ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 sh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 2 cooh h oh hch . sub . 2 cooh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh hch . sub . 2 cooh ch . sub . 3 oh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 cooh h sh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 cooh ch . sub . 3 sh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 cooh ch . sub . 3 oh hh n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 oh hh n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 sh hh n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 oh hh ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3h n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 oh ch . sub . 3h n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 oh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5h n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 oh ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 oh ch . sub . 3h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 oh ch . sub . 3h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 oh ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 sh ch . sub . 3h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 sh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 oh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 oh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 oh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 2 cooh ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 cooh ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 cooh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 oh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 2 cooh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 sh ch . sub . 3i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 sh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 2 cooh ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 sh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5n - c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 cooh ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 sh ch . sub . 3h n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 sh ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh hn - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 oh hch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h oh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 cooh ch . sub . 3 sh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 cooh h oh hh ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 sh hi - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 sh ch . sub . 3______________________________________ a solution of 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid ( 4 . 0 g ., 12 . 8 mmole ) in chloroform ( 2 ml .) is added dropwise with stirring to polyphosphoric acid ( 5 . 0 g .) heated to 60 ° c . on a steam bath . the reaction mixture is held at 60 °- 65 ° c . for two hours and is then poured into a mixture of ice ( 100 g .) and ethyl acetate ( 100 ml .). the aqueous layer is further extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 100 ml .) and the combined organic extracts washed successively with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 3 × 100 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 100 ml . ), and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate . concentration of the dried extract under reduced pressure gives 2 . 6 g . of crude product . purification is accomplished by column chromatography of a benzene solution of the crude product ( 2 . 5 g .) on silica gel ( 95 g .). the column is eluted with a volume of benzene equal to one - half the volume of the column , followed by benzene / ethyl acetate ( 1 : 1 ). fractions ( 40 ml .) are collected . fractions 9 - 18 are combined and evaporated in vacuo to give 1 . 55 g . of product which is purified further by recrystallization from petroleum ether -- 1 . 33 g ., m . p . 92 . 5 °- 94 ° c . recrystallization of this product from hot ethyl acetate / hexane ( 1 : 1 ) affords an analytical sample ; m . p . 94 °- 95 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 15 h 19 o 5 n : c , 61 . 42 ; h , 6 . 53 ; n , 4 . 78 %. found : c , 61 . 54 ; h , 6 . 55 ; n , 4 . 94 %. a mixture of glacial acetic acid ( 240 ml . ), 48 % hydrobromic acid ( 240 ml .) and 1 - carbethoxy - 5 , 7 - dimethoxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 16 . 0 g ., 55 mmole ) is refluxed overnight and is then concentrated in vacuo to a dark oil . the oil is dissolved in water ( 200 ml .) and the aqueous solution neutralized to ph 6 - 7 with 1 n sodium hydroxide . a saturated solution of salt water ( 200 ml .) is added and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 500 ml .). the extracts are combined , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to a dark oil ( 12 . 8 g .). hexane - ethyl acetate ( 10 : 1 ) is added to the oil and the resulting crystals recovered by filtration ( 3 . 8 g . ); m . p . 158 °- 165 ° c . trituration of the crystals in ethyl acetate gives 1 . 65 g . of product ; m . p . 165 °- 168 ° c . additional material separates from the mother liquors on standing ( 2 . 9 g . ); m . p . 168 °- 170 ° c . column chromatography of the filtrate on silica gel using benzene - ether ( 1 : 1 ) as solvent gives an additional 4 . 6 g . of product , m . p . 167 °- 169 ° c . further purification is achieved by recrystallizing the product from ethyl acetate ; m . p . 173 °- 174 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 10 h 11 o 3 n : c , 62 . 16 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 7 . 25 %. found : c , 62 . 00 ; h , 5 . 83 ; n , 7 . 14 %. a mixture of d , l - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - n - ethoxycarbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid ( 100 g ., 0 . 32 mole ) and 48 % hydrobromic acid ( 500 ml . )/ glacial acetic acid ( 300 ml .) is heated in an oil bath at 110 ° c . for 2 hours . the oil - bath temperature is then increased to 145 ° c . and heating is continued for an additional 2 hours . during this last heating period an azeotropic mixture distills ( boiling point 42 °→ 110 ° c ., ˜ 200 - 300 ml .) and the deep - red homogeneous solution is allowed to cool to room temperature . the mixture is poured onto ice - water ( 3 liters ) and ether ( 2 liters ), the layers are separated and the aqueous solution is washed with ether ( 2 × 1000 ml .). the ether layers are combined and washed successively with water ( 2 × 1000 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 500 ml . ), saturated nahco 3 solution ( 4 × 250 ml .) and brine ( 1 × 500 ml .) and then dried ( mgso 4 ). decolorization with charcoal and evaporation of the ether affords a yellow foam which is crystallized from ca . 300 ml . methylene chloride to give 31 . 3 g . ( 50 . 4 %) of pure 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline . additional product can be isolated from the mother liquor by silica gel chromatography . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ tms ( 100 mg . sample / 0 . 3 ml . cdcl 3 / 0 . 2 ml . cd 3 socd 3 ) ( ppm ): 12 . 40 ( s , 1h , c 5 - oh ), 5 . 72 ( d , 2h , meta h ), 5 . 38 - 5 . 60 ( bs , 1h , c 7 - oh ), 3 . 50 - 4 . 00 ( m , 1h , c2h ), 2 . 38 - 2 . 60 ( m , 2h , c 3 - h 2 ), 1 . 12 ( d , 3h , methyl ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 10 h 11 o 3 n : c , 62 . 16 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 7 . 25 %. found : c , 62 . 01 ; h , 5 . 85 ; n , 7 . 02 %. similarly , methyl d , l - 3 -{[ 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl )] anilino } propionate is converted to d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline which is purified by column chromatography using silica gel and benzene / ether ( 5 : 1 ) as eluant . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 22 ( s , 1h , 5oh ), 7 . 14 ( s , 5h , c 6 h 5 ), 6 . 04 ( d , j = 2 . 5 hz , 1h meta h ), 5 . 87 ( d , j = 2 . 5 hz , 1h meta h ), 4 . 19 - 4 . 60 ( b , 1h , nh ), 3 . 48 ( t , 2h , ch 2 n ), 2 . 18 - 2 . 89 ( m , 5h , arch , arch 2 , ch 2 - c ═ o ), 1 . 38 - 1 . 86 ( m , 4h , --[ ch 2 ] 2 --), 1 . 13 ( d , 3h , ch 3 ). and ethyl d , l - 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyanilino ) hexanoate hydrochloride is converted to d , l - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - propyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ; m . p . 117 °- 119 ° c . ( from methylene chloride ). and l - 3 -[( 3 , 5 - dimethoxy -( n - ethoxy carbonyl ) anilino ] butyric acid is converted to d - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , m . p . 167 °- 168 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 10 h 11 o 3 n : c , 62 . 16 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 7 . 25 %. found : c , 61 . 87 ; h , 5 . 62 ; n , 6 . 96 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 10 h 11 o 3 n : c , 62 . 16 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 7 . 25 %. found : c , 61 . 82 ; h , 5 . 83 ; n , 7 . 22 %. a mixture of 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline ( 230 g ., 1 . 5 moles ), methyl crotonate ( 150 g ., 1 . 5 moles ) and glacial acetic acid ( 90 g ., 1 . 5 moles ) is heated at reflux for 6 hours . additional glacial acetic acid ( 90 g ., 1 . 5 moles ) is added and the mixture refluxed overnight . hydrobromic acid ( 1000 ml . of 48 % solution ) and glacial acetic acid ( 850 ml .) are added to the reaction mixture which is heated at reflux for 4 . 5 hours . the title product is isolated and purified according to the procedure of example 13 . yield = 36 g ., m . p . 166 °- 170 ° c . repetition of this procedure but replacing methyl crotonate with methyl acrylate , methyl 3 - ethyl acrylate or methyl 3 , 3 - dimethylacrylate affords 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - ethyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , and 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 , 2 - dimethyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , respectively . a mixture of 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline ( 4 . 6 g ., 0 . 03 mole ), crotonic acid ( 2 . 54 g ., 0 . 03 mole ) and pyridine hydrochloride ( 3 . 0 g ., 1 . 26 moles ) is heated at 185 °- 200 ° c . for 45 minutes . the cooled reaction mixture is suspended in water ( 500 ml .) ( ph ˜ 3 ) and the ph adjusted to 7 and the resultant mixture stirred for 10 minutes . the organic layer is separated , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to 3 . 2 g . of a yellow oil . a mixture of glacial acetic acid ( 110 ml . ), 48 % hydrobromic acid ( 110 ml .) and the yellow oil is refluxed for one hour and is then concentrated in vacuo to a dark oil . the oil is dissolved in water and the aqueous solution neutralized to ph 6 - 7 with 1 n sodium hydroxide . a saturated solution of salt water is added and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate . the extracts are combined , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to a dark oil ( 2 . 8 g .). column chromatography of the crude residue on silica gel using benzene - ether ( 4 : 1 ) as eluant gives an additional 510 mg . of product , m . p . 168 °- 170 ° c . further purification is achieved by recrystallizing the product from ethyl acetate ; m . p . 173 °- 174 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 10 h 11 o 3 n : c , 62 . 16 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 7 . 25 %. found : c , 62 . 00 ; h , 5 . 83 ; n , 7 . 14 %. in a similar manner , 3 , 3 - dimethyl acrylic acid and 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline gives after purification by silica gel chromatography ( benzene / ether 1 : 1 as eluant ) 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 , 2 - dimethyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline as a yellow oil . analysis ( ms ): parent peak ( m + ). calc &# 39 ; d for c 11 h 13 o 3 n : 207 . 0895 . found : 207 . 0895 . base peak ( m + - 15 ). calc &# 39 ; d for c 10 h 10 o 3 n : 192 . 0661 . found : 192 . 0655 . similarly , styryl acetic acid and 3 , 5 - dimethoxyaniline are condensed to yield d , l - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - benzyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline as an oil after purification using benzene / ether ( 3 : 1 ) as eluant . nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ ( ppm ): 8 . 76 ( s , 1h , 5 - oh ), 7 . 18 - 7 . 6 ( m , 5h , c 6 h 5 ), 5 . 84 ( d , j = 3 hz , 1h ), and 5 . 62 ( d , j = 3 hz , 1h ) for the meta coupled aromatics , and 2 . 14 - 4 . 82 ( 4m , 7h ), for the remaining protons ( 7 - oh , ch - n , ch 2 - c ═ o , -- ch 2 -- c 6 h 5 and n - h ). following the procedures of examples 9 - 15 , the compounds tabulated below are prepared from appropriate 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( z - w ) anilines and appropriate esters of the formula r 4 r 5 c ═ ch -- cooch 3 wherein each of r 4 , r 5 is hydrogen , methyl or ethyl . __________________________________________________________________________ ## str28 ## r . sub . 5 r . sub . 4 z w__________________________________________________________________________h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 2 - pyridylh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridylh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 2 - pyridylh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - pyridylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 3 - pyridylh ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - pyridylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 3 - pyridylh ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - pyridylh h ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridylh h ch . sub . 2 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 2 3 - pyridylh h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 4 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 hh h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 hh h ch . sub . 2 hh ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 hh h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o 4 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3och ( ch . sub . 3 ) 4 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2och ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2och . sub . 2 ch ch . sub . 3 ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4och ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 3 - piperidylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 4 - pyridylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4och . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o 2 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 2 h . sub . 8h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h h ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2och ( ch . sub . 3 ) 4 - piperidylh h ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) och . sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9h ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5h h ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o 2 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 12h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3sch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s 4 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - pyridylh ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) h h ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2sch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - pyridylh h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2och ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2och ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2och ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2och . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - pyridylh h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2och ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3h h ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) och ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 2 - pyridylch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridylch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - pyridylc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 3 - pyridylch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - pyridylh n - c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridylh i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidylch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - piperidylch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 4 - piperidylch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13h n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 hch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3h n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 hh n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o 4 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3och ( ch . sub . 3 ) 4 - piperidylh n - c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2och c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4och ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 3 - piperidylch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4och . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o 2 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 2 h . sub . 8ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o 4 - piperidyl ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2o 2 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 12ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3sch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s 4 - piperidylch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s 4 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2so c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2s 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3s 4 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 h__________________________________________________________________________ of course , when z contains an ether or thioether linkage , the procedure of example 14 is used for the cyclization step . potassium hydroxide pellets ( 325 mg ., 52 mmole ) is added to a solution of d , l - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 1 . 0 g ., 52 mmole ) in n , n - dimethylformamide ( 10 ml .). the mixture is slowly heated to 100 ° c . and to the resulting solution d , l - 2 - bromoheptane ( 1 . 08 g ., 60 mmole ) is added all at once with good stirring . after 10 minutes additional potassium hydroxide ( 160 mg .) is added followed by additional d , l - 2 - bromoheptane ( 500 mg .). the addition of potassium hydroxide and d , l - 2 - bromoheptane was repeated two more times using 80 mg . potassium hydroxide and 250 mg . d , l - 2 - bromoheptane each time . the reaction mixture is stirred an additional 10 minutes and is then cooled . chloroform ( 50 ml .) and aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 25 ml . of 1 n ) are added , the mixture stirred for 10 minutes and the layers separated . the chloroform extraction is repeated , the extracts combined , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to a dark oil . the oil is chromatographed on silica gel ( 120 g .) using benzene as solvent . fractions of 30 ml . each are collected . the 12th - 18th fractions are combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to a light yellow oil ( 850 mg .) which crystallizes upon standing . the desired product is separated by filtration and recrystallized from hot hexane , m . p . 76 °- 77 ° c . the above procedure is repeated on a 20 - fold scale but using benzeneethyl acetate ( 9 : 1 ) as chromatographic solvent . fractions of 750 ml . each are collected . combination of the 2nd - 6th fractions affords 32 g . of oil which partially crystallizes from hexane upon standing and cooling to give 18 . 2 g . of product . an additional 3 . 2 g . is obtained by concentrating the mother liquor and allowing it to crystallize by standing in the cold . total yield = 21 . 4 g . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 17 h 25 o 3 n : c , 70 . 07 ; h , 8 . 65 ; n , 4 . 81 %. found : c , 69 . 82 ; h , 8 . 67 ; n , 4 . 93 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 13 . 3 ( s , 1h , phenolic ), 5 . 5 and 5 . 7 ( d , 2h , j = 2 hz , aromatic ), 4 . 6 ( bs , 1h , -- nh ), 4 . 1 - 4 . 6 ( m , 1h , -- o -- ch --), 3 . 3 ( t , 2h , j = 7 hz , -- ch 2 --), 2 . 6 ( t , 2h , j = 7 hz , -- ch 2 --), 2 . 0 - 0 . 7 ( m , remaining protons ). example 20 the following compounds are prepared according to the procedure of example 19 but using the appropriate br -( alk 2 ) n - w reactant and the appropriate 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - r 4 r 5 - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline or 5 - hydroxy - 7 - thiol - 2 - r 4 r 5 - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline . __________________________________________________________________________ ## str29 ## r . sub . 5 r . sub . 4 x alk . sub . 2 - w r . sub . 6__________________________________________________________________________h h o ch . sub . 2 h hh ch . sub . 3 o ch . sub . 2 h hh ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 h hh h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 h ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 h hh ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 h hh h o ch ( ch ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3h h o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 coohh ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 coohh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 6 o ch . sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 hh h o ch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 hh ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3h h o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh h o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hh h o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - pyridyl c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridyl hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridyl n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9h ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 2 - pyridyl hh h o ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 hh ch . sub . 3 o ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 hh ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7 hh ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 hh ch . sub . 3 o ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 hh ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 hh ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 hh h o -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh ch . sub . 3 o -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3h h o -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 hh h o -- 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh h o -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 hh ch . sub . 3 o -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 hh h o -- c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 hh h o -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 4 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 4 ch . sub . 3h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 hh h o -- 3 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 12 hh h o -- 4 - pyridyl c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 o -- 4 - pyridyl hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o -- 4 - piperidyl hh ch . sub . 3 o -- 2 - pyridyl hh ch . sub . 3 o -- 3 - piperidyl hh h s ch . sub . 2 h hh ch . sub . 3 s ch . sub . 2 h hh h s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 coohh ch . sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 coohh h s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 h hh ch . sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 h hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 h hh h s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 h hh ch . sub . 3 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 coohh h s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 h hh ch . sub . 3 s ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 hh h s ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 hh ch . sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 hh h s ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7 hh h s ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hh ch . sub . 3 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hh h s c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 hh ch . sub . 3 s c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 hh ch . sub . 3 s ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh ch . sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh h s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh ch . sub . 3 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 s ch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 hh h s ch . sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 hh ch . sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridyl hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 2 - pyridyl hh h s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh ch . sub . 3 s -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 s -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 hh ch . sub . 3 s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 hh h s -- 4 - pyridyl hh ch . sub . 3 s -- 4 - piperidyl ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 s -- c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 hh ch . sub . 3 s -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 4 hh ch . sub . 3 s -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 hh h s -- 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 hh h s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3h h s c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9h ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 coohh h o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 coohh h o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 coohch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ch . sub . 2 h hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 h ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 h hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hh n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7h ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 coohh ch . sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 coohch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridyl ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridyl hch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 o -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 o -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o -- 4 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o -- c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 hh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o -- 3 - piperidyl hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 4 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o -- 3 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 12 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 coohch . sub . 3 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 coohch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s -- 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s -- c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 hh n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 s -- 4 - pyridyl ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 s -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ch . sub . 2 coohch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 coohch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 s ch . sub . 2 h hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 h ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 h i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 s c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 h hch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 s 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 4 h hh n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 o c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 h hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 o ch . sub . 2 4 - pyridyl hch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 hc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 s -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9ch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 cooh__________________________________________________________________________ a mixture of 5 - phenyl - 2 -( r , s )- pentanol ( 16 . 4 g ., 100 mmole ), triethylamine ( 28 ml ., 200 mmole ) and dry tetrahydrofuran ( 80 ml .) under a nitrogen atmosphere is cooled in an ice / water bath . methanesulfonyl chloride ( 8 . 5 ml ., 110 mm ) in dry tetrahydrofuran ( 20 ml .) is added dropwise at such a rate that the temperature holds essentially constant . the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and is then filtered to remove triethylamine hydrochloride . the filter cake is washed with dry tetrahydrofuran and the combined wash and filtrate evaporated under reduced pressure to give the product as an oil . the oil is dissolved in chloroform ( 100 ml .) and the solution washed with water ( 2 × 100 ml .) and then with saturated brine ( 1 × 20 ml .). evaporation of the solvent affords 21 . 7 g . ( 89 . 7 %) yield of the mesylate of d , l - 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentanol which is used in the next step without further purification . a mixture of d , l - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 1 . 0 g ., 5 . 2 mmole ), potassium carbonate ( 14 . 35 g ., 0 . 104 mole ), n , n - dimethylformamide ( 60 ml .) and d , l - 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentanol mesylate ( 13 . 68 g ., 57 mmole ), under a nitrogen atmosphere , is heated to 80 °- 82 ° c . in an oil bath for 1 . 75 hours . the mixture is cooled to room temperature and then poured into ice / water ( 300 ml .). the aqueous solution is extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 50 ml .) and the combined extracts washed successively with water ( 3 × 50 ml .) and saturated brine ( 1 × 50 ml .). the extract is then dried ( mgso 4 ), decolorized with charcoal and evaporated to give the product . the above procedure is repeated but using 114 . 8 g . ( 0 . 594 mole ) of d , l - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , 612 ml . of n , n - dimethylformamide , 174 . 8 g . ( 1 . 265 moles ) of potassium carbonate and 165 . 5 g . ( 0 . 638 mole ) of d , l - 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentanol mesylate . the reaction mixture is cooled and poured onto ice water ( 4 liters ) and the aqueous solution extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 4 liters ). the combined extract is washed with water ( 4 × 2 liters ), brine ( 1 × 2 liters ) and dried ( mgso 4 ). evaporation affords 196 g . of the title product . it is used without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 73 ( s , 1h , oh ), 7 . 22 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 5 . 80 ( d , j = 3 h 3 , 1h , meta h ), 5 . 58 ( d , j = 3 h 3 , 1h , meta h ), 1 . 25 ( d , 6h , ch 3 -- ch -- n and ch 3 -- ch -- o --), 1 . 41 - 4 . 81 ( m , 11h , remaining protons ). repetition of the procedure of example 21 but using 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline in place of the 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline affords d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline as an oil in 74 % yield . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 23 no 3 : c , 73 . 70 ; h , 7 . 12 ; n , 4 . 31 %. found : c , 73 . 69 ; h , 7 . 15 ; n , 4 . 08 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 6 ( bs , 1h , phenolic ), 7 . 3 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 5 . 8 ( d , 1h , aromatic , j = 2 hz ), 5 . 6 ( d , 1h , aromatic , j = 2 hz ), 4 . 7 - 4 . 1 ( m , 2h , nh and o - ch ), 3 . 5 ( t , 2h , ch 2 , j = 7 hz ), 3 . 1 -- 2 . 1 ( m , 4h , 2 - ch 2 --), 2 . 1 - 1 . 5 ( m , 4h , 2 - ch 2 ), 1 . 3 ( d , 3h , -- ch -- ch 3 , j = 6 hz ). similarly , d , l - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 27 g ., 0 . 14 mole ) is alkylated with 4 - phenylbutyl methanesulfonate ( 35 . 2 g ., 0 . 154 mole ) to yield 41 . 1 g . ( 90 %) of the desired d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , m . p . 88 °- 90 ° c . recrystallization from ethyl acetate - hexane ( 1 : 2 ) gives the analytical sample , m . p . 90 °- 91 ° c . calc &# 39 ; d for c 20 h 23 o 3 n : c , 73 . 82 ; h , 7 . 12 ; n , 4 . 30 %. found : c , 73 . 60 ; h , 7 . 09 ; n , 4 . 26 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 58 ( s , 1h , -- oh ), 7 . 21 ( s , 5h , c 6 h 5 ), 5 . 74 ( d , j = 2 . 5 hz , 1h , meta h ), 5 . 5 ( d , j = 2 . 5 hz , 1h , meta h ), 4 . 36 ( bs , 1h , nh ), 3 . 33 - 4 . 08 ( m , 3h , -- o -- ch 2 , -- ch -- n ), 2 . 29 - 2 . 83 ( m , 4h , -- ch 2 -- c ═ o , c 6 h 5 -- ch 2 ), 1 . 51 - 1 . 92 ( m , 4h , --[ ch 2 ] 2 ]), 1 . 23 ( d , 3h , ch 3 --). in like manner , alkylation of d - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline with d - 2 - octylmethanesulfonate gives d - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 ( 2 -( r )- octyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , m . p . 64 °- 68 ° c . and alkylation of d , l - 5 , 7 - dihydroxy - 2 - propyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline with d , l - 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentanol mesylate gives d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 2 - propyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ; m / e -- 367 ( m + ). the following compounds are prepared from appropriate reactants by the procedure of example 21 . the necessary alkanol reactants not previously described in the literature are prepared from appropriate aldehydes or ketones by the procedure of preparations g and h . __________________________________________________________________________ ## str30 ## r . sub . 5 r . sub . 4 alk . sub . 2 w__________________________________________________________________________h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 ch . sub . 3h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 2 - pyridylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - pyridylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 2 - pyridylh h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 2 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - pyridylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 3 - pyridylh ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridylh ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidylh c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidylh h ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 -- 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h h -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 -- c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5h h -- c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5h ch . sub . 3 -- c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9h ch . sub . 3 -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11h ch . sub . 3 -- c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13h ch . sub . 3 -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 4h ch . sub . 3 -- 1 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 4 h . sub . 6h ch . sub . 3 -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 8h ch . sub . 3 -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 -- 3 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10h ch . sub . 3 -- 4 - pyridylh ch . sub . 3 -- 4 - piperidylh ch . sub . 3 -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10h h -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10h ch . sub . 3 -- 3 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 12h ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 9 ch . sub . 3h h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3h c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3h ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 -- 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - pyridylh ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 hh ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 hch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 5h i - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - piperidylh n - c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 hh n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 hch . sub . 3 n - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10__________________________________________________________________________ a solution of d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 195 g ., ca . 0 . 58 mole ) in ethyl formate ( 1140 g ., 14 . 6 moles ) is added dropwise to sodium hydride ( 72 g ., 3 . 0 moles , obtained by washing 144 g . of 50 % sodium hydride with hexane , 3 × 500 ml . ), with good stirring . after about 1 . 5 hours when 2 / 3 of the ethyl formate solution is added , the addition is discontinued to allow the vigorous foaming to subside . diethyl ether ( 600 ml .) is added and the mixture stirred for 15 minutes before adding the remainder of the ethyl formate solution . when addition is complete , diethyl ether ( 600 ml .) is added , the reaction mixture stirred for an additional 10 minutes and then poured onto ice water ( 2 liters ). it is acidified to ph 1 with 10 % hcl and the phase separated and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 2 liters ). the combined organic solutions are washed successively with water ( 2 × 2 liters ), brine ( 1 × one liter ) and dried ( mgso 4 ). concentration gives 231 g . of red - brown oil which is used without further purification . r f = 0 . 1 - 0 . 5 ( stretched ) on thin layer chromatography , silica gel plates , benzene / ether ( 1 : 1 ). similarly , d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 2 - propyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline is converted to d , l - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 3 - hydroxymethylene - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 2 - propyl - 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline . it is used in subsequent examples as is . to sodium hydride ( 18 . 2 g ., 0 . 38 mol ) obtained by washing 50 % sodium hydride in mineral oil dispersion with pentane is added dropwise , over a half - hour period , a solution of d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 11 . 1 g ., 0 . 038 mole ) in ethyl formate ( 110 g ., 1 . 48 moles ). exothermic reaction occurs with vigorous evolution of hydrogen and formation of a yellow precipitate . the reaction mixture is cooled , ether ( 750 ml .) added and the resulting mixture then heated at reflux and stirred for 3 hours . it is then cooled to 0 ° c . and neutralized by addition of 1 n hydrochloric acid ( 400 ml .). the ether layer is separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether 82 × 150 ml .). the ether extracts are combined , washed successively with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 100 ml .) and brine ( 1 × 150 ml .) and then dried ( mgso 4 ). concentration of the dried extract affords an orange foam ( 10 . 8 g .). an additional 2 . 3 g . is obtained by acidifying the sodium bicarbonate wash solutions with concentrated hydrochloric acid followed by extraction of the acid solution with ether ( 2 × 100 ml .). concentration of the combined ethereal extracts after drying gives 2 . 3 g . of product ( total = 13 . 1 g .). the product is used as is . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 27 ( bs , 1h , aroh ), 8 . 8 - 11 . 9 ( m , 1h , variable , ═ coh ), 8 . 73 ( s , 1h , n -- cho ), 7 . 41 ( s , 1h , ═ ch ), 6 . 32 ( s , 2h , aromatic ), 5 . 52 ( q , 1h , -- ch -- n ), 4 . 18 - 4 . 77 ( m , 1h , -- o -- ch ), 0 . 6 - 2 . 08 ( m , 17h , ch 3 -- c -- c 5 h 11 and ch 3 -- c -- n ). 1 h nmr : ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 22 ( bs , 1h , aroh ), 8 . 8 - 11 . 6 ( variable , 1h , ═ coh ), 8 . 64 ( s , 1h , -- cho ), 7 . 21 ( bs , shoulder at 7 . 30 , 6h , aromatic and ═ ch ), 6 . 23 and 6 . 17 ( two 1h doublets , j = 2 hz , meta ), 5 . 42 ( bq , 1h , n -- ch ), 4 . 18 - 4 . 70 ( m , 1h , -- och ), 2 . 4 - 3 . 0 ( m , 2h , ar -- ch 2 ), 1 . 53 - 2 . 0 ( m , 4h , --( ch 2 ) 2 --), 1 . 29 ( overlapping doublets , 6h , ch 3 -- c -- n and ch 3 -- c -- o ). 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 1 ( bs , 1h , phenolic ), 8 . 8 ( s , 1h , -- n -- cho ), 8 . 1 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 3 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 1 ( s , 2h , aromatic ), 4 . 5 ( bs , 2h , -- ch 2 --), 4 . 2 - 4 . 8 ( m , -- o -- ch 2 --), 2 . 0 - 0 . 7 ( remaining protons ). 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 4 ( bs , 1h , phenolic ), 8 . 5 ( s , 1h , cho ), 7 . 2 ( m , 6h , aromatic and ═ ch --), 6 . 2 ( m , 2h , aromatic ), 4 . 5 ( s , 2h , -- ch 2 --), 4 . 4 ( m , 1h , -- ch -- ch 3 ), 2 . 6 ( bt , 2h , -- ch 2 --), 1 . 7 ( m , 5h , remaining protons ), 1 . 3 ( d , 3h , -- ch -- ch 3 , j = 6 hz ). and d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline is converted to d , l - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 3 - hydroxymethylene - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , m . p . 132 °- 135 ° c . ( from hexane ). recrystallization from hot methanol provides the analytical sample , m . p . 131 °- 132 ° c . calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 23 o 5 n : c , 69 . 27 ; h , 6 . 08 ; n , 3 . 67 %. found : c , 69 . 25 ; h , 5 . 88 ; n , 3 . 88 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 4 - 13 . 6 ( m , h , ## str31 ## 12 . 26 ( s , 1h , 5 - oh ), 8 . 62 ( s , 1h , -- c (═ o )-- h ), ca . 7 . 18 - 7 . 48 ( m , 1h , ## str32 ## 7 . 27 ( s , 5h , c 6 h 5 ), 6 . 26 ( bs , 2h , meta h &# 39 ; s ), 5 . 46 ( q , 1h , ch - n ), 3 . 82 - 4 . 23 ( m , 3h , -- ch 2 -- o ), 2 . 49 - 2 . 80 ( m , 3h , arch 2 ), 1 . 67 - 2 . 02 ( m , 4h , --[ ch 2 ] 2 --), 1 . 27 ( d , 3h , ch 3 ). to a solution of d , l - 1 - formyl - 3 - hydroxymethylene - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 229 g ., ca . 0 . 58 mole ) in methanol ( 880 ml .) under a nitrogen atmosphere is added triethylamine ( 27 . 2 ml .) with stirring . methyl vinyl ketone ( 97 . 0 ml .) is then added and the mixture stirred overnight at room temperature . the reaction is complete at this point and comprises a mixture of the title compound and d , l - 1 , 3 - diformyl - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 3 -( 3 - oxobutyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline . the following steps are required to convert the diformyl compound to the desired title compound . the reaction mixture is diluted with ether ( 6 liters ) and then washed successively with 10 % aqueous sodium carbonate ( 4 × 1700 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 2 liters ) and then dried ( mgso 4 ). concentration of the solution affords 238 g . of a red - brown oil . the oil is dissolved in methanol ( 1920 ml .) and the solution cooled to 0 ° c . potassium carbonate ( 21 . 2 g .) is added , the mixture stirred for 3 hours at 0 ° c . and then treated with acetic acid ( 18 . 7 g .) the methanol is removed under reduced pressure and the resultant oil stirred with water ( 2 liters ) and ethyl acetate ( 2 liters ) for 10 minutes . the aqueous phase is separated , extracted with ethyl acetate ( 1 × 2 liters ) and the combined ethyl acetate solutions washed with water ( 2 × 2 liters ), brine ( 1 × 2 liters ) and dried ( mgso 4 ). concentration under reduced pressure and chromatography of the concentrate on silica gel ( 1 . 8 kg .) gives 159 g . of the title product . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 7 ( s , 1h , oh ), 8 . 78 ( bs , 1h , -- cho ), 7 . 22 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 6 . 22 ( bs , 2h , meta h &# 39 ; s ), 2 . 12 , 2 . 07 ( s , 3h , -- ch 3 -- co --), 1 . 31 ( d , 3h , -- ch 3 -- c -- o --), and 1 . 57 - 5 . 23 ( m , 13h , remaining protons ). similar treatment of 35 g . ( 0 . 09 mole ) of dl - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 3 - hydroxymethylene - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline gives 22 . 7 g . ( 60 %) of dl - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 3 -( 3 - oxobutyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline , m . p . 101 °- 103 ° c . the analytical sample is obtained by recrystallization from methanol , m . p . 104 °- 105 ° c . calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 29 o 5 n : c , 70 . 90 ; h , 6 . 90 ; n , 3 . 31 %. found : c , 70 . 77 ; h , 6 . 81 ; n , 3 . 46 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 88 ( s , 1h , -- oh ), 9 . 08 ( bs , 1h , -- cho ), 7 . 29 ( s , 5h , c 6 h 5 ), 6 . 25 ( bs , 2h , meta h &# 39 ; s ), 4 . 88 - 5 . 43 ( m , 1h , -- chn ), 3 . 86 - 4 . 21 ( m , 2h , -- ch 2 -- o --), ca . 2 . 49 - 3 . 02 [ m , 7h , arch 2 , --( ch 2 ) 2 -- c (═ o )--, -- ch -- c (═ o )], 2 . 18 [ s , 3h , ch 3 -- c (═ o )], 1 . 68 - 2 . 03 [ m , 4h , --( ch 2 ) 2 --], 1 . 13 ( d , 3h , ch 3 ). to a solution of d , l - 5 - hydroxy - 3 - hydroxymethylene - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 13 . 1 g ., 37 . 7 mmol . ), in methanol ( 56 ml .) and methyl vinyl ketone ( 5 . 52 mg ., 68 mmol .) is added triethylamine ( 1 . 3 ml ., 9 . 3 mmol .). the mixture is stirred for 18 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature and is then diluted with ether ( 550 ml .). the solution is washed with 10 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution ( 4 × 60 ml . ), followed by brine ( 1 × 100 ml .) and dried ( mgso 4 ). removal of the ether by evaporation gives a dark oil ( 16 g .). the oil is dissolved in a minimum volume of benzene and the solution charged to a column of silica gel ( 500 g .). the column is then eluted with a volume of benzene equal to the volume of the column . the eluting solvent is then changed to 15 % ether - benzene and 100 ml . fractions collected when the first color band begins to elute off the column . fractions 5 - 13 are combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give d , l - 1 , 3 - diformyl - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 3 -( 3 - oxobutyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline as a yellow oil ( 8 . 7 g .). the column is eluted further with 15 % ether - benzene . fractions 19 - 37 are combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give d , l - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 3 -( 3 - oxobutyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline as an oil ( 4 . 6 g .). additional monoformyl product is obtained in the following manner : 1 g . of diformyl product is stirred with 200 mg . potassium carbonate in methanol ( 25 ml .) for two hours at 0 ° c . the solvent is then evaporated in vacuo and the residue suspended in ether and filtered . the filtrate is concentrated and the residue partitioned between ether and water . the organic layer is separated , the aqueous phase acidified with 10 % hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether . the combined ether extracts are washed successively with saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine , and then dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and concentrated to yield additional monoformyl product . 1 h nmr ( 60 mh 2 ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 73 ( s , 1h , aroh ), 8 . 87 ( s , 1h , n -- cho ), 6 . 12 ( s , 2h , aromatic ), 4 . 78 - 5 . 50 ( m , 1h , n -- ch ), 4 . 11 - 4 . 72 ( m , 1h , -- o -- ch ), 2 . 21 ( s , 3h , ch 3 -- c (═ o )--), 0 . 63 - 3 . 12 ( m , 22h , remaining hydrogens ). 1 h nmr ( 60 mh 2 ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 8 ( s , 1h , phenolic ), 8 . 7 ( s , 1h , n -- cho ), 6 . 1 ( s , 2h , aromatic ), 4 . 1 - 4 . 6 ( m , 1h , -- o -- ch ), 4 . 1 ( d , 2h , j = 5h 2 , -- ch 2 --), 2 . 3 - 3 . 0 ( m , 3h , ch 2 and ch -- c (═ o )), 2 . 2 ( s , 3h , -- c (═ o )-- ch 3 ), 2 . 3 - 0 . 7 ( remaining protons ). 1 h nmr ( 60 mh 2 ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 12 . 68 ( s , 1h , -- oh ), 8 . 82 ( b , s , 1h , -- c ( o ) h ), 7 . 20 ( b , s , 5h , c 6 h 5 ), 6 . 18 ( b , s , 2h , aromatic ), 4 . 78 - 5 . 34 ( m , 1h , -- n -- ch ), 4 . 18 - 4 . 68 ( m , 1h , -- o -- ch ), 2 . 17 ( s , 3h , -- c ( o ) ch 3 ), 1 . 30 ( d , 3h , -- o -- c -- ch 3 ), 1 . 12 ( d , 3h , -- n -- c -- ch 3 ), 1 . 4 - 3 . 1 ( m , 11h , remaining h &# 39 ; s ). also produced as by - product in each of these preparations is the corresponding 1 , 3 - diformyl derivative . following the procedures of examples 25 and 27 , the 5 - hydroxy - 2 - r 4 - 7 -( z - w )- 4 - oxo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinolines of examples 18 , 20 and 23 are converted to compounds having the formula below wherein r 4 , r 5 , z and w are as defined in examples 18 , 20 and 23 . when r 6 of the tetrahydroquinoline reactants is hydrogen , it is converted to formyl ( cho ). ## str33 ## a solution of d , l - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 3 -( 3 - oxobutyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 174 g ., 0 . 398 mole ) in methanolic 2 n koh ( 5 . 9 liters ) and methanol ( 5 . 9 liters ) is stirred and heated at reflux overnight under a nitrogen atmosphere . to the cooled solution is added acetic acid ( 708 g .) dropwise with stirring over a 15 minute period . the resulting solution is concentrated by rotary evaporation ( in vacuo , water aspirator ) to a semisolid which is filtered and washed first with water to remove potassium acetate and then with ethyl acetate until all the black tar is removed . yield = 68 g . ( 44 %) yellow solids , m . p . 188 °- 190 ° c . recrystallization from hot ethyl acetate affords the pure product , m . p . 194 °- 195 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 29 o 3 n : c , 76 . 09 ; h , 7 . 47 ; n , 3 . 58 %. found : c , 76 . 43 ; h , 7 . 48 ; n , 3 . 58 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ tms ( 100 mg . dissolved in 0 . 3 ml . cd 3 od and 0 . 3 ml . cd 3 s ( o ) cd 3 ) ( ppm ): 7 . 21 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 5 . 80 ( s , 2h , meta h &# 39 ; s ), 1 . 20 ( d , 6h , ch 3 -- cho and ch 3 -- ch -- n ). from the mother liquors , a small amount of the corresponding axial methyl derivative is obtained upon evaporation . it is purified by column chromatography on silica gel using benzene / ether ( 1 : 1 ) as eluant . evaporation of the eluate and recrystallization of the residue from ether / hexane ( 1 : 1 ) affords analytically pure material , m . p . 225 °- 228 ° c . its r f value upon thin layer chromatography on silica gel using 2 . 5 % methanol in ether as eluant and visualization with fast blue is 0 . 34 . the 6β - methyl derivative exhibits r f = 0 . 41 . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ tms ( 100 mg . dissolved in 0 . 3 ml . cd 3 od and 0 . 3 ml . cd 3 s ( o ) cd 3 ) ( ppm ): 7 . 19 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 5 . 75 ( s , 2h , meta h &# 39 ; s ), 1 . 21 ( d , 3h , ch 3 -- cho --), and 0 . 95 ( d , 3h , ch 3 -- ch -- n ). similar treatment of 22 g . of d , l - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 3 -( 3 - oxobutyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinolines gives 17 . 1 g . ( 87 %) of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one , m . p . 222 °- 224 ° c . the analytical sample is obtained by recrystallization from methanol , m . p . 224 °- 225 ° c . calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 27 o 3 n : c , 76 . 36 ; h , 7 . 21 ; n , 3 . 71 %. found : c , 76 . 03 ; h , 7 . 08 ; n , 3 . 68 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) [ 1 : 1 mixture of ( cd 3 ) 2 so and dc 3 od ]: 1 . 24 ( d , 3h , 6β -- ch 3 ) evaporation of the mother liquor gives 2 . 8 g . ( m . p . 185 °- 195 ° c .) of product shown by nmr to be a mixture of the 6β - methyl derivative ( ca . 40 %) and d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6α - methyl - 3 -( 4 - phenyl butyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinoline - 9 ( 8h )- one . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) [ 1 : 1 mixture of ( cd 3 ) 2 so and cd 3 od ): 1 . 24 ( d , 1 . 2h , 6β -- ch 3 ] and 0 . 95 ( d , 1 . 8h , 6α -- ch 3 ). a solution of d , l - 1 - formyl - 5 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 4 - oxo - 3 -( 3 - oxobutyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroquinoline ( 4 . 5 g ., 11 . 5 mmol .) in methanol ( 150 ml .) is treated with 2 n methanolic potassium hydroxide solution ( 150 ml .). the mixture is stirred for one hour at room temperature and then heated at reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 20 hours . the dark red mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature , neutralized with acetic acid and concentrated under pressure to about 100 ml . the concentrate is diluted with water ( 400 ml .) and the brown - red solid separated by filtration , washed with water and dried (- 6 g .). it is triturated first in ether and then in methanol , filtered and dried ( 1 . 96 g . ); m . p . 223 °- 229 ° c . recrystallization from hot methanol affords crystals melting at 235 °- 237 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 21 h 29 o 3 n : c , 73 . 43 ; h , 8 . 51 ; n , 4 . 08 %. found : c , 73 . 22 ; h , 8 . 30 ; n , 4 . 11 %. additional material is recovered by evaporation of all mother liquors and by chloroform extraction of the aqueous solution from which the brown - red crude product is obtained and subsequent evaporation of the extract . the combined residues are purified by silica gel chromatography using ether as eluant . in like manner , the following compounds are prepared from appropriate reactants : __________________________________________________________________________ ## str34 ## m / e (° c .) calc &# 39 ; d foundzw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 ( m . sup .+) m . p . formula c , h , n c , h , n__________________________________________________________________________och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h 405 155 - 6 c . sub . 26 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 3 n c - 77 . 00 c - 76 . 86 h - 7 . 71 h - 7 . 62 n - 3 . 45 n - 3 . 45och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 h h 461 139 - 141 c . sub . 30 h . sub . 39 o . sub . 3 n c - 78 . 05 c - 78 . 16 h - 8 . 52 h - 8 . 53 n - 3 . 03 n - 3 . 09och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 h h 447 150 - 3 c . sub . 29 h . sub . 37 o . sub . 3 n c - 77 . 81 c - 77 . 73 h - 8 . 33 h - 8 . 19 n - 3 . 13 n - 3 . 13och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h h 433 160 - 2 c . sub . 28 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 3 n c - 77 . 56 c - 77 . 28 h - 8 . 14 h - 7 . 92 n - 3 . 23 n - 3 . 18och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h 433 95 - 98 c . sub . 28 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 3 n c - 77 . 56 c - 77 . 86 h - 81 . 4 h - 8 . 37 n - 3 . 23 n - 3 . 17och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h 481 200 - 201 c . sub . 32 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 3 n c - 79 . 80 c - 79 . 64 h - 7 . 33 h - 7 . 34 n - 2 . 91 n - 2 . 93c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2c . sub . 6 h . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h 355 261 - 2 c . sub . 23 h . sub . 33 o . sub . 2 n c - 77 . 70 c - 77 . 94 h - 9 . 36 h - 9 . 21 n - 3 . 94 n - 3 . 99o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 349 248 - 250 c . sub . 22 h . sub . 23 o . sub . 3 n c - 75 . 62 c - 75 . 26 h - 6 . 63 h - 6 . 66 n - 4 . 01 n - 3 . 93och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h h 377 170 - 173 c . sub . 24 h . sub . 27 o . sub . 3 n c - 76 . 36 c - 76 . 38 h - 7 . 21 h - 7 . 21 n - 3 . 71 n - 3 . 85och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 h h h 329 208 - 209 c . sub . 20 h . sub . 27 o . sub . 3 n c - 72 . 92 c - 72 . 92 h - 8 . 26 h - 8 . 31 n - 4 . 25 n - 4 . 42och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 n - c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h h -- 164 - 166 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 33 o . sub . 3 n c - 77 . 29 c - 76 . 97 h - 7 . 93 h - 7 . 98 n - 3 . 34 n - 3 . 41och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 . sup . ( a ) ch . sub . 3 h h 391 176 - 178 c . sub . 25 h . sub . 29 o . sub . 3 n c - 76 . 69 c - 76 . 32 h - 7 . 47 h - 7 . 36 h - 3 . 58 h - 3 . 33och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 . sup . ( b ) ch . sub . 3 h h 391 172 - 174 c . sub . 25 h . sub . 29 o . sub . 3 n c - 76 . 69 c - 76 . 40 h - 7 . 47 h - 7 . 39 n - 3 . 58 n - 3 . 51__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . ( a ) l - enantiomer ; [ α ]. sub . d . sup . 25 = - 416 . 0 ° ( c = 0 . 33 , ch . sub . 3 oh ) . sup . ( b ) d - enantiomer ; [ α ]. sub . d . sup . 25 = + 412 . 9 ° ( c = 1 . 0 , ch . sub . 3 oh ) the compounds of example 28 are reacted according to the procedure of example 30 , to produce compounds having the formula shown below wherein r 4 , r 5 , r 6 , z and w are as defined in example 28 . ## str35 ## a suspension of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 1 . 0 g ., 2 . 91 mmole ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 20 ml .) is added dropwise via an addition funnel to a rapidly stirred solution of lithium ( 0 . 1 g .) in liquid ammonia ( 75 ml ., distilled through potassium hydroxide pellets ). the addition funnel is rinsed with tetrahydrofuran ( 10 ml .). the mixture is stirred for 10 minutes and then solid ammonium chloride is added to discharge the blue color . the excess ammonia is allowed to evaporate and the residue taken up in water ( 100 ml .) and ethyl acetate ( 50 ml .). the ethyl acetate layer is separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 50 ml .). the combined extracts are washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to a brown semisolid product ( 1 . 35 g .). trituration of the semi - solid in pentane / ether ( 1 : 1 ) gives a light brown solid ( 0 . 884 g . ); m . p . 130 °- 138 ° c . the above procedure is repeated but using 1 . 84 g . ( 5 . 36 mmole ) of the benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 - one reactant , 0 . 184 g . of lithium , 140 ml . of liquid ammonia and 45 ml . of tetrahydrofuran . the residue ( 2 . 1 g .) remaining after evaporation of the ammonia is dissolved in benzene and charged to a chromatography column ( 3 . 8 × 61 cm ) containing silica gel ( 250 g .). the column is eluted with a volume of degassed benzene equal to the volume of the column and then with 1700 ml . of degassed benzene - ether ( 9 : 1 ). continued elution ( 1100 ml .) gives a brilliant red eluate which is concentrated to a light purple solid ( 580 mg .) under reduced pressure and triturated in benzene - ether ( 1 : 1 ) to give 370 mg . of solid ; m . p . 154 °- 156 ° c . it is stored under nitrogen and in the dark . the isolated solids are mixtures of the cis - and trans - forms of the title product . 1 h nmr ( 100 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 6 . 85 and 7 . 49 ( 1h , broad variable , oh ), 5 . 67 , 5 . 71 , 5 . 85 , 5 . 93 ( d , j = 2 hz , 2h total , aromatic hydrogens for cis / trans mixture ), 0 . 90 ( t , 3h , terminal ch 3 ), 1 . 12 - 4 . 43 ( m , remaining h ). following the procedure of example 32 , the compounds of example 30 and 31 are converted to products having the formula ## str36 ## wherein r 4 , r 5 , r 6 , z and w are as defined in examples 30 and 31 . both cis - and trans - forms are produced . pyridine ( 2 . 2 ml .) is added to a suspension of 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 , 10 , 10a - hexahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 222 mg ., 0 . 642 mmole ) in acetic anhydride ( 2 . 2 ml .) under a nitrogen atmosphere . the mixture is stirred for 1 . 5 hours at room temperature and is then poured onto ice ( 50 ml .). the gum which separates is extracted with ether ( 3 × 50 ml .) and the combined extracts washed first with water ( 4 × 50 ml .) and then with brine ( 1 × 60 ml .). the extract is dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated under reduced pressure to a red oil ( 250 mg .). the oil is dissolved in a minimum of hot ether and charged to a silica gel ( 45 g .) column , packed and eluted with pentane - ether ( 3 : 1 ). the column is eluted with pentane - ether ( 3 : 1 , 200 ml .). elution is continued and fractions ( 10 ml .) collected . fractions 22 - 32 are combined and concentrated to a foam ( 113 . 5 mg .) which is crystallized from petroleum ether as white crystals ; m . p . 112 °- 114 ° c . fractions 33 - 50 are combined and concentrated to a foam ( 89 . 7 mg .) which is recrystallized from petroleum ether as white crystals ; m . p . 78 °- 82 ° c . by means of this procedure the products of example 33 are converted to their isomeric 1 - acetoxy derivatives . compounds having the formula below are thus prepared . ## str37 ## wherein r 4 , r 5 , r 6 , z and w are as defined in example 33 . substitution of acetic anhydride by benzoic anhydride , propionic anhydride , butyric anhydride or valeric anhydride in this procedure affords the corresponding isomeric 1 - benzoyloxy , 1 - propionyloxy , 1 - butyryloxy and 1 - valeryloxy derivatives . 3 . 49 g . ( 0 . 008 mole ) of dl - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one is dissolved in 20 ml . ( alcohol - free ) chloroform , the solution is cooled in an ice - water - bath then added 14 ml . pyridine ( dried over potassium hydroxide pellets ) followed by 0 . 95 ml . ( 0 . 013 mole ) of acetyl chloride which is dissolved in 5 ml . chloroform . the homogeneous solution is then stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours . the reaction mixture is poured onto 50 ml . ice - water and extracted twice with chloroform ( 25 ml . each ). the combined organic layers are washed with 25 ml . sat . sodium bicarbonate , 25 ml . water , 25 ml . brine , dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure . purification is achieved via chromatography ( 200 g . brinkman silica gel , solvent : cyclohexane 3 , ether 1 ) to afford 2 . 20 g . ( 83 . 8 % yield ) of the above title compound . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 29 h 35 o 5 n : c , 72 . 90 ; h , 7 . 39 ; n , 2 . 80 %. found : c , 72 . 69 ; h , 7 . 48 ; n , 2 . 49 %. i . r . ( kbr ): 2 . 90μ ( m ), 3 . 38μ ( s ), 3 . 48μ ( s ), 5 . 62μ ( s ), 5 . 78μ ( s ), 6 . 00μ ( s ), 6 . 15μ ( s ), 6 . 30μ ( s ). 1 hnmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms : 7 . 20 ( m , 5h , arom . ), 6 . 53 ( d , 1h , c - 2 ), 6 . 39 ( d , 1h , c - 4 ), 4 . 71 - 4 . 08 ( m , 2h , methines ), 2 . 29 ( s , 3h , acetate me ), 2 . 02 & amp ; 2 . 04 ( 2s , 3h , amide me ), 1 . 25 & amp ; 1 . 23 ( 2d , 3h , c - 6 me ), 1 . 12 ( d , 3h , side chain me ), 3 . 20 - 1 . 36 ( variable remaining protons ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 29 h 35 o 5 n : c , 72 . 90 ; h , 7 . 39 ; n , 2 . 80 %. found : c , 72 . 80 ; h , 7 . 35 ; n , 2 . 70 %. 1 hnmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms : 7 . 22 ( m , 5h , arom . ), 6 . 55 ( 2d , 2h , c 2 & amp ; c 4 ), 5 . 02 - 4 . 62 ( m , 1h , c - 6 methine ), 4 . 52 - 4 . 12 ( m , 1h , side chain methine ), 2 . 28 ( s , 3h , acetate me ), 2 . 11 & amp ; 2 . 13 ( 3h , amide me ), 1 . 26 & amp ; 1 . 28 ( 3h , c - 6 me ), 1 . 22 ( d , 3h , side chain me ), 3 . 42 - 1 . 65 ( variable remaining protons ). i . r . ( kbr ): 2 . 95μ ( w ), 3 . 43μ ( s ), 5 . 65μ ( s ), 5 . 81μ ( s ), 6 . 02μ ( s ), 6 . 16μ ( s ), 6 . 32μ ( s ), 6 . 70μ ( s ). the procedure of example 32 is repeated but using double the quantities of reactants . the product ( 2 . 22 g .) is then directly acetylated according to the procedure of example 34 to give 2 . 35 g . of acetylated product . this product is triturated in pentane - ether ( 3 : 1 ) to a tan solid ( 905 mg .) which when recrystallized from ethanol gives 404 mg . of light tan crystals ; m . p . 112 °- 113 . 5 ° c . the mother liquors from which each of the above solids is separated are combined and concentrated . the residue is dissolved in a minimum of benzene - ether - methylene chloride ( 1 : 1 : 1 ) and charged to a silica gel ( 275 g .) column ( packed and eluted with petroleum ether - ether [ 3 : 1 ]). the column is eluted first with 2 liters of petroleum ether - ether ( 3 : 1 ) followed by 1 . 5 liters of petroleum ether - ether ( 2 : 1 ) and 2 liters of petroleum ether - ether ( 1 : 1 ). fractions 2 - 11 ( 50 ml . each ) of eluate from the 1 : 1 solvent system are collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to a foam ( 496 mg .). crystallization from petroleum ether affords white crystals ; m . p . 100 °- 113 ° c . ( 410 mg .). recrystallization from ethanol - water ( 1 : 1 ) gives d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one melting at 111 °- 112 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 33 o 4 n : c , 71 . 29 ; h , 8 . 58 ; n , 3 . 61 %. found : c , 70 . 95 ; h , 8 . 64 ; n , 3 . 58 %. fractions 12 - 18 and 19 - 27 ( 50 ml . each ) are collected and concentrated to afford 273 mg . and 208 mg ., respectively , of acetylated product . crystallization of the residue from fractions 19 - 27 from petroleum ether gives white crystals ( 119 mg . ); m . p . 84 °- 88 ° c . recrystallization from ethyl acetate - hexane ( 1 : 10 ) gives d , l - cis - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aβ - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 6 . beta .- methyl - benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one , m . p . 84 °- 86 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 33 o 4 n : c , 71 . 29 ; h , 8 . 58 ; n , 3 . 61 %. found : c , 71 . 05 ; h , 8 . 48 ; n , 3 . 56 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n : c , 74 . 45 ; h , 7 . 64 ; n , 3 . 22 %. found : c , 74 . 43 ; h , 7 . 73 ; n , 3 . 28 %. d , l - cis - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aβ - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one , m . p . 172 °- 176 ° c . as the hydrochloride salt from acetone - ether ( 1 : 1 ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 71 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 2 . 97 %. found : c , 68 . 86 ; h , 7 . 16 ; n , 2 . 97 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 71 ; ii , 7 . 26 ; n , 2 . 97 %. found : c , 69 . 24 ; h , 7 . 30 ; n , 3 . 01 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 71 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 2 . 97 %. found : c , 70 . 20 ; h , 7 . 23 ; n , 3 . 07 %. analysis : cal &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 71 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 2 . 97 %. found : c , 68 . 92 ; h , 7 . 23 ; n , 3 . 09 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 71 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 2 . 97 %. found : c , 68 . 67 ; h , 7 . 23 ; n , 3 . 02 %. ammonia ( 1150 ml .) is condensed directly into a flame - dried 3 liter / 3 neck flask ( under a nitrogen atmosphere ) equipped with mechanical stirrer , a 500 ml . dropping funnel and solid co 2 / acetone cooling (˜- 75 ° c .). lithium wire ( 2 . 2 g ., cut into 1 / 4 &# 34 ; pieces ) is added and a characteristic blue color forms immediately . to the stirred blue solution at - 78 ° c . is added d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 21 . 5 g ., 0 . 055 mole ) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran ( 250 ml .) dropwise over a 10 minute period . after an additional 5 minutes of stirring at - 78 ° c ., the reaction mixture is quenched by the addition of dry ammonium chloride ( 20 g .). the cooling is then discontinued and the reaction mixture warmed slowly on a steam bath to evaporate the ammonia . when almost dry , ethyl acetate ( 2 liters ) and water ( 1 liter ) are added and the mixture stirred for 10 minutes . the layers are then separated and the aqueous phase is extracted once more with ethyl acetate ( 500 ml .). the combined organic extracts are washed once with water ( 1 liter ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to a brown semi - solid (˜ 28 g .). this residue is immediately dissolved in methylene chloride ( 200 ml . ), 4 - dimethylaminopyridine ( 7 . 5 g ., 0 . 061 mole ) and triethylamine ( 6 . 1 g ., 0 . 061 mole ) added and the stirred solution cooled to 0 ° c . ( ice / water cooling ) under a nitrogen atmosphere . acetic anhydride ( 6 . 1 g ., 0 . 061 mole ) is then added dropwise over 5 minutes with good stirring . after an additional 30 minutes of stirring at 0 ° c ., the reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate ( 2 liters ) and water ( 1 liter ) and stirred for 10 minutes . the aqueous is extracted once more with water and the combined organics washed successively with water ( 4 × 1 liter ), saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 1 liter ), brine ( 1 × 1 liter ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to a light brown oil (˜ 27 g .) the residue is chromatographed on 1 . 8 kg . of silica gel using benzene 15 / ethyl acetate as the eluting solvent . one liter fractions are collected . after elution of less polar impurities , fractions 16 - 20 combined and evaporated to a residue which is crystallized from ether / petroleum ether to yield 5 . 6 g . ( 23 . 4 %) of the trans - isomer of the title product . fractions 21 - 27 are combined to give 7 . 6 g . ( 31 . 8 %) of a mixture of the trans - and cis - isomers , and fractions 28 - 32 are combined to give 2 . 5 g . ( 10 . 4 %) of the cis - isomer of the title product . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 24 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 5 . 97 ( s , 2h , meta h &# 39 ; s ), 2 . 28 ( s , 3h , ch 3 - coo ), 1 . 23 ( d , 3h , ch 3 -- ch -- o --), 1 . 20 ( d , 3h , ch 3 - ch - n ), 1 . 3 - 4 . 5 ( m , 17h , remaining protons ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n : c , 74 . 45 ; h , 7 . 64 ; n , 3 . 22 %. found : c , 74 . 15 ; h , 7 . 68 ; n , 3 . 18 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 71 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 2 . 97 %. found : c , 68 . 86 ; h , 7 . 16 ; n , 2 . 97 %. following the procedure of example 36 , dl - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one is first reduced with lithium and ammonia and then acylated to yield the desired hexahydro isomers . separation by column chromatography on silica gel using ether as eluant provides first dl - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one , m . p . 155 °- 156 ° c . after recrystallization from ethyl acetate / pentane ( 1 : 5 ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 26 h 31 o 4 n : c , 74 . 08 ; h , 7 . 41 ; n , 3 . 32 %. found : c , 74 . 00 ; h , 7 . 47 ; n , 3 . 22 %. further purification of later fractions by additional column chromatography on silica gel using cyclohexane - ether ( 1 : 1 ) as eluant yields the isomeric dl - cis - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aβ - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one , m . p . 95 °- 96 ° c . after recrystallization from ethyl acetate / hexane ( 1 : 5 ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 26 h 31 o 4 n : c , 74 . 08 ; h , 7 . 41 ; n , 3 . 32 %. found : c , 73 . 95 ; h , 7 . 51 ; n , 3 . 31 %. a solution of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 3 -( 2heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 9 . 0 g .) in tetrahydrofuran ( 100 ml .) is added dropwise to a rapidly stirred solution of lithium ( 0 . 1 g ) in liquid ammonia ( 750 ml .). an additional 0 . 1 g . of lithium is added portionwise during the addition to insure a blue color . the mixture is stirred for 10 minutes and then the blue color discharged by addition of excess ammonium chloride . the excess ammonia is allowed to evaporate and the residue is taken up in a mixture of water and ethyl acetate . the organic layer is separated and the aqueous phase extracted twice more with ethyl acetate . the combined extracts are washed with water , brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated to give 8 . 45 g . of crude product as a brown solid . the crude product ( 8 . 0 g .) is suspended in methylene chloride ( 48 ml .) at 0 ° c . and treated with n , n - dimethyl - 4 - aminopyridine ( 3 . 24 g .) and triethylamine ( 3 . 72 ml .). acetic anhydride ( 2 . 52 ml .) is then added to the mixture which is then stirred for 30 minutes at 0 ° c . it is diluted with methylene chloride ( 300 ml .) and the methylene chloride layer separated , washed with water ( 3 × 150 ml . ), saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 100 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 100 ml . ), and dried ( mgso 4 ). evaporation of the methylene chloride gives 13 . 7 g . of dark oil which is chromatographed on a silica gel ( 450 g .) column . the column is eluted sequentially with ether - hexane ( 1 : 1 ), ether - hexane ( 2 : 1 ) and ether . fractions of 18 ml . each are collected . fractions 176 - 224 are combined and concentrated to an oil which is crystallized from hexane to give 3 . 24 g . ( 32 %) yield of the trans - isomer of the title compound as light yellow crystals ; m . p . 65 . 5 ° - 68 ° c . fractions 246 - 290 are combined and concentrated to give 0 . 55 g . ( 5 %) of crude cis - isomer of the title compound as an oil . it is purified further by column chromatography as described above to give the pure cis - isomer as an oil . ir ( chcl 3 ): 5 . 82 ( ketone c = o ), 5 . 67 ( ester c = o ), 2 . 92 ( nh ) μ . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 31 o 4 n : c , 70 . 75 ; h , 8 . 37 ; n , 3 . 75 %. found : c , 70 . 90 ; h , 8 . 54 ; n , 3 . 79 %. fractions 225 - 245 are combined and evaporated to give 2 . 69 g . ( 26 %) of a mixture of cis - and trans - isomers which are separated by the procedure described above . __________________________________________________________________________ ## str38 ## (° c .) m / e calc &# 39 ; d foundzw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 9 m . p . ( m . sup .+) formula c , h , n c , h , n__________________________________________________________________________och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h 125 - 130 449 c . sub . 28 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n . c - 69 . 18 c - 68 . 89 h - 7 . 47 h - 7 . 45 n - 2 . 88 n - 2 . 90och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h 153 - 155 449 c . sub . 28 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n . c - 69 . 18 c - 69 . 18 h - 7 . 47 h - 7 . 32 n - 2 . 88 n - 2 . 93och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 h h 103 - 104 505 c . sub . 32 h . sub . 43 o . sub . 4 n c - 76 . 00 c - 75 . 88 h - 8 . 57 h - 8 . 47 n - 2 . 77 n - 2 . 84och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 h h 100 - 101 505 c . sub . 32 h . sub . 43 o . sub . 4 n c - 76 . 00 c - 75 . 62 h - 8 . 57 h - 8 . 39 n - 2 . 77 n - 2 . 63och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ## str39 ## h h 100 - 105 525 c . sub . 34 h . sub . 39 o . sub . 4 n c - 77 . 68 h - 7 . 48 n - 2 . 66 c - 77 . 54 h - 7 . 40 n - 2 . 65och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ## str40 ## h h 118 - 119 525 c . sub . 34 h . sub . 39 o . sub . 4 n c - 77 . 68 h - 7 . 48 n - 2 . 66 c - 77 . 62 h - 7 . 61 n - 2 . 64och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 h h 99 - 100 491 c . sub . 31 h . sub . 41 o . sub . 4 n c - 75 . 73 c - 75 . 82 h - 8 . 41 h - 8 . 31 n - 2 . 85 n - 3 . 12och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 h h 129 - 130 491 c . sub . 31 h . sub . 41 o . sub . 4 n c - 75 . 73 c - 75 . 68 h - 8 . 41 h - 8 . 26 n - 2 . 85 n - 2 . 95och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h h 86 - 88 477 c . sub . 30 h . sub . 39 o . sub . 4 n c - 75 . 44 c - 75 . 50 h - 8 . 23 h - 8 . 12 n - 2 . 93 n - 2 . 91och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h h 104 - 106 477 c . sub . 30 h . sub . 39 o . sub . 4 n c - 75 . 44 c - 75 . 76 h - 8 . 23 h - 8 . 26 n - 2 . 93 n - 3 . 02o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 132 - 134 407 c . sub . 25 h . sub . 29 o . sub . 4 n c - 73 . 68 c - 73 . 93 h - 7 . 17 h - 7 . 05 n - 3 . 44 n - 3 . 41o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 110 - 112 407 c . sub . 25 h . sub . 29 o . sub . 4 n c - 73 . 68 c - 73 . 45 h - 7 . 17 h - 7 . 23 n - 3 . 44 n - 3 . 39och ( ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h h oil 421 c . sub . 26 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 4 n c - 74 . 08 c - 74 . 16 h - 7 . 41 h - 7 . 59 n - 3 . 32 n - 3 . 20och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h h oil 421 c . sub . 26 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 4 n c - 74 . 08 c - 74 . 04 h - 7 . 41 h - 7 . 49 n - 3 . 32 n - 3 . 54och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h ch . sub . 3 h 107 - 110 . sup . ( a ) 435 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 33 o . sub . 4 n . c - 68 . 71 c - 68 . 92 h - 7 . 26 h - 7 . 17 n - 2 . 96 n - 2 . 86och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h ch . sub . 3 h 94 - 102 . sup . ( b ) 435 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 33 o . sub . 4 n . c - 68 . 71 c - 68 . 71 h - 7 . 26 h - 7 . 26 n - 2 . 96 n - 3 . 12__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . ( a ) and ( b ) transformed to hydrochloride salts by general procedure of salt formation . on thinlayer chromatography in benzene / ether ( 1 : 1 ) r . sub . f of ( a ) = 0 . 74 and r . sub . f of ( b ) = 0 . 72 . to a stirred suspension of 150 mg . ( 0 . 39 mmole ) d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one in ethanol ( 10 ml .) at 0 ° c . is added 40 mg . of sodium borohydride . after 0 . 5 hr ., the reaction mixture is poured into a mixture of ice cold 5 % acetic acid ( 50 ml .) and ether ( 75 ml .). after separation of the ether layer , the aqueous phase is extracted further with ether ( 2 × 50 ml .). the combined ether extracts are washed successively with water ( 2 × 50 ml . ), saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 50 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 75 ml . ), dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 156 mg . of a white foam containing a mixture of the axial ( minor amount ) and equatorial ( major amount ) alcohols of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline . nmr ( 60 mhz , δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms )- showed a characteristic singlet at 2 . 28 ppm for the acetate methyl . the major and minor isomers are separated in the following manner : 180 mg . of the alcohols of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinoline are charged to a column containing 15 grams of silica gel and eluted with a solvent mixture of 3 parts benzene to 1 part ether . 15 ml . fractions are collected . fractions 6 - 8 are combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 13 mg . of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9α - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline . fractions 11 - 16 are combined and concentrated to yield 83 mg . of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9β - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline . other compounds prepared from appropriate reactants by the above procedure include the following : conversion to the hydrochloride yielded a solid ( m . p . 188 °- 190 ° c .). recrystallization from acetone / methanol / ether ( 25 : 1 : 100 ) affords an analytical sample of the 9β - alcohol , m . p . 193 °- 194 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 35 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 42 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 2 . 96 %. found : c , 68 . 48 ; h , 7 . 70 ; n , 2 . 89 %. conversion to the methanesulfonate ( with methanesulfonic acid in dichloromethane ) gives a solid which is recrystallized from ethyl acetate to yield white crystals , m . p . 110 °- 114 ° c . ir ( chcl 3 ): 2 . 95 , 3 . 70 , 3 . 95 , 5 . 60 , 6 . 06 , 6 . 19 and 6 . 27μ . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 35 o 4 n . ch 4 o 3 s : c , 63 . 02 ; h , 7 . 37 ; n , 2 . 63 %. found : c , 62 . 90 ; h , 7 . 31 ; n , 2 . 74 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 35 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 42 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 2 . 96 %. found : c , 68 . 24 ; h , 7 . 68 ; n , 3 . 00 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d or c 27 h 35 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 42 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 2 . 96 %. found : c , 68 . 41 ; h , 7 . 54 ; n , 2 . 95 %. in like manner , the compounds tabulated below are prepared from appropriate reactants . __________________________________________________________________________ ## str41 ## m / e calc &# 39 ; d foundzw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 r . sub . 8 salt * m . p . (° c .) ( m . sup .+) formula c h n c h n__________________________________________________________________________5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy h ch . sub . 3 h h hcl 110 - 130 437 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n . 68 . 42 7 . 66 2 . 96 68 . 45 7 . 60 3 . 085 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy h ch . sub . 3 h h oil 4375 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h hcl 78 - 82 4515 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h hcl 163 . 5 - 165 4514 - phenylbutoxy ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h 134 - 135 437 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n 74 . 11 8 . 06 3 . 20 73 . 59 8 . 07 3 . 244 - phenylbutoxy ch . sub . 3 h h h hcl 187 - 188 423 c . sub . 26 h . sub . 33 o . sub . 4 n . 67 . 89 7 . 45 3 . 04 67 . 85 7 . 37 2 . 972 - heptyloxy h h h h oil 375 c . sub . 21 h . sub . 22 o . sub . 4 n 70 . 37 8 . 86 3 . 73 69 . 85 8 . 87 3 . 632 - heptyloxy h h h h oil 375 c . sub . 22 h . sub . 33 o . sub . 4 n 70 . 37 8 . 86 3 . 73 70 . 55 8 . 70 3 . 715 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy h h h h oil 4235 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h h h hcl 205 - 206 465__________________________________________________________________________ * prepared by addition of hcl gas to ether solution of base form . sodium borohydride ( 7 . 57 g ., 0 . 20 mole ) is added to methanol ( 200 ml .) under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled in an acetone / dry ice bath to about - 75 ° c . the mixture is stirred for about 20 minutes to dissolve most , if not all , the sodium borohydride . a solution of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 8 . 71 g ., 0 . 02 mole ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 88 ml .) is cooled to about - 50 ° c . and then added dropwise over a 5 - 10 minute period to the sodium borohydride solution . the reaction mixture is stirred at about - 70 ° c . for 30 minutes and is then poured onto a mixture of water ( 1000 ml .) containing ammonium chloride ( 45 g ., 0 . 80 mole ), crushed ice ( 250 ml .) and ethyl acetate ( 250 ml .). the layers are separated and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 200 ml .). the combined extracts are washed with water ( 1 × 100 ml .) and dried , ( mgso 4 ). the dried extract is cooled to about 5 ° c . a solution of ethyl acetate ( 15 ml . )/ hcl , 1 . 5 n ( 0 . 025 mole ) is then added dropwise over a 15 minute period . upon stirring the mixture at 0 °- 5 ° c ., the hydrochloride salt of the title product precipitates . the mixture is stirred for a half - hour , filtered and the salt dried at 25 ° c ./ 0 . 055 mm . to give 6 . 378 g . ( 67 . 3 %) of product , m . p . 195 °- 198 ° c . ( dec .). the following compounds are prepared from appropriate reactants in like manner . __________________________________________________________________________ ## str42 ## (° c .) m / e calc &# 39 ; d foundzw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 m . p . ( m . sup .+) formula c , h , n c , h , n__________________________________________________________________________och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 11 h h 209 - 210 493 c . sub . 31 h . sub . 43 o . sub . 4 h . c - 70 . 23 c - 70 . 04 h - 8 . 37 h - 81 . 6 n - 2 . 64 n - 2 . 59och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 9 h h 159 - 160 479 c . sub . 30 h . sub . 41 o . sub . 4 n . c - 69 . 82 c - 70 . 05 h - 8 . 20 h - 8 . 44 n - 2 . 71 n - 2 . 66och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 130 - 138 409 c . sub . 25 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 4 n . c - 67 . 33 c - 67 . 60 h - 7 . 23 h - 7 . 22 n - 3 . 14 n - 3 . 06och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h h 199 - 200 527 c . sub . 34 h . sub . 41 o . sub . 4 n . c - 72 . 39 c - 72 . 33 h - 7 . 51 h - 7 . 38 n - 2 . 48 n - 2 . 50och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h h 193 - 195 465 c . sub . 29 h . sub . 39 o . sub . 4 n . c - 69 . 35 c - 69 . 89 h - 8 . 03 h - 8 . 36 n - 2 . 79 n - 3 . 05och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h h 154 - 157 451 c . sub . 28 h . sub . 37 o . sub . 4 n . c - 68 . 88 c - 68 . 58 h - 7 . 85 h - 7 . 52 n - 2 . 87 n - 2 . 79och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 h h 196 - 199 507 c . sub . 32 h . sub . 45 o . sub . 4 n . c - 70 . 61 c - 69 . 75 h - 8 . 53 h - 8 . 19 n - 2 . 58 n - 2 . 51och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 h ch . sub . 3 154 - 156 479 c . sub . 30 h . sub . 41 o . sub . 4 n . c - 69 . 79 c - 69 . 76 h - 8 . 21 h - 8 . 16 n - 2 . 72 n - 2 . 74o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 210 - 212 395 c . sub . 24 h . sub . 29 o . sub . 4 n . c - 66 . 73 c - 66 . 37 ( dec .) h - 7 . 00 h - 6 . 93 n - 3 . 24 n - 3 . 18c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 h h 114 - 115 401 c . sub . 25 h . sub . 39 o . sub . 3 n c - 74 . 77 c - 74 . 47 h - 9 . 79 h - 9 . 24 n - 3 . 49 n - 3 . 24__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . ( a ) cis 6a , 10a alternatively , the title compound is prepared by the following procedure ( method b ). a heterogeneous mixture of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 3 . 0 g ., 7 mmole ) and palladium - on - carbon ( 5 %, 3 . 0 g .) in methanol ( 30 ml .) is hydrogenated at room temperature in a parr apparatus under 50 p . s . i . hydrogen for three hours . the catalyst is then filtered and the methanol filtrate evaporated under reduced pressure to give the title product . the product is taken up in ethyl acetate ( 300 ml .) and the resulting solution cooled to 0 ° c . an excess of a saturated solution of hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate is then added to precipitate the hydrochloride salt of the title product as a white solid . it is filtered , washed with ethyl acetate , and dried . ______________________________________ ## str43 ## (° c .) m / e . sup . ( b ) analysis . sup . ( c ) configuration m . p . ( m . sup .+) c h n [ α ] . sub . d . sup . 25 ( d ) ______________________________________ (-) 2 &# 39 ; r , 6s , 6ar , 9r , 10ar 145 - 437 68 . 41 7 . 66 2 . 95 - 100 154 ( dec . )(-) 2 &# 39 ; s , 6s , 6ar , 9r , 10ar 224 - 437 68 . 09 7 . 47 2 . 94 - 118 225 ( dec . )+ 2 &# 39 ; s , 6r , 6as , 9s , 10as 135 - 437 67 . 29 7 . 56 3 . 02 + 110 140 ( dec . )+ 2 &# 39 ; r , 6r , 6as , 9s , 10as 218 - 437 67 . 75 7 . 58 2 . 89 + 110 220 ( dec .) ______________________________________ . sup . ( b ) 100 % . sup . ( c ) calc &# 39 ; d for c . sub . 27 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 41 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 295 . sup . ( d ) c = 1 . 0 , ch . sub . 3 oh to a stirred solution of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 4 . 5 g ., 0 . 0115 mole ) in pyridine ( 45 ml .) at room temperature is added acetic anhydride ( 45 ml .). the resulting solution is stirred for 3 . 5 hours and is then poured onto ice - water ( 250 ml .) and the mixture extracted with diisopropyl ether ( 2 × 250 ml .). the combined extracts are washed with water ( 3 × 200 ml . ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated under reduced pressure to a yellow - brown oil which solidifies on scratching the walls of the flask containing it . trituration of the solid with n - heptane gives 2 . 0 g . of the 1 - acetoxy derivative ( 40 % yield ). it is purified by recrystallization from hot chloroform - n - hexane ( 1 : 4 ) to give the pure ester ; m . p . 136 °- 140 ° c . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 21 ( bs , 5h , aromatic ), 6 . 62 ( d , j = 1 . 5 hz , 1h , c ═ c -- h ), 5 . 97 ( d , j = 3 hz , 1h , meta h ), 5 . 86 ( d , j = 3 hz , 1h , meta h ), 2 . 27 [ s , 3h , ch 3 -- c (═ o )], 1 . 21 ( d , j = 7 hz , 6h , ch 3 -- c -- n , ch 3 -- c -- o ), 1 . 49 - 4 . 51 ( m , 14h , remaining protons ). the following tetrahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- ones are similarly prepared from appropriate reactants according to the above procedures . __________________________________________________________________________ ## str44 ## (° c .) m / e calc &# 39 ; d foundzw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 m . p . ( m . sup .+) formula c , h , n c , h , n__________________________________________________________________________c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 13 ch . sub . 3 h h 108 - 112 397 c . sub . 25 h . sub . 35 no . sub . 3 c - 75 . 53 c - 75 . 62 h - 8 . 87 h - 8 . 73 n - 3 . 52 n - 3 . 52och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h ch . sub . 3 h 125 - 130 433 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 4 n c - 74 . 80 c - 74 . 96 [ 6r , 6ar ] h - 7 . 21 h - 7 . 11 n - 3 . 23 n - 3 . 19och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 145 - 146 433 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 4 n c - 74 . 80 c - 74 . 91 [ 6s , 6ar ] h - 7 . 21 h - 7 . 20 n - 3 . 23 n - 3 . 24och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 167 - 168 433 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 4 n c - 74 . 80 c - 74 . 66 [ 2 &# 39 ; s , 6s , 6ar ] h - 7 . 21 h - 7 . 20 n - 3 . 23 n - 3 . 33och ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 120 - 121 433 c . sub . 27 h . sub . 31 o . sub . 4 n c - 74 . 80 c - 74 . 58 [ 2 &# 39 ; r , 6s , 6ar ] h - 7 . 21 h - 7 . 19 n - 3 . 23 n - 3 . 27och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h h 159 - 160 391 c . sub . 24 h . sub . 25 o . sub . 4 n c - 73 . 63 c - 73 . 38 h - 6 . 44 h - 6 . 41 n - 3 . 58 n - 3 . 59__________________________________________________________________________ to a solution of d , l - cis - 5 , 6 , 6β , 7 , 10 , 10aβ - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 1 . 0 g ., 2 . 296 mmole ) in dry tetrahydrofuran ( 100 ml .) at - 78 ° c . is added , with stirring , potassium tri - sec - butyl borohydride ( 4 . 6 ml . of 0 . 5 m , 2 . 296 mmole ) dropwise over a period of five minutes . the reaction mixture is stirred an additional 30 minutes at - 78 ° c . and is then poured , with stirring , into a solution of 5 % acetic acid ( 250 ml .) and ether ( 500 ml .) pre - cooled to 0 ° c . the layers are separated and the aqueous layer extracted with additional ether ( 250 ml .). the combined ether extracts are washed successively with water ( 2 × 250 ml . ), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 1 × 250 ml .) and brine ( 1 × 250 ml . ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow oil ( 1 . 4 g .). the crude oil is chromatographed on silica gel ( 100 g .) using benzene / ether ( 3 : 1 ) as eluant . after elution of less polar impurities , the title compound is isolated as a clear oil ( 700 mg .). the oil is dissolved in ether ( 35 ml .) and treated with ether saturated with hcl gas to give the hydrochloride salt of the title compound ( 448 mg . ), m . p . 115 °- 124 ° c . after recrystallization from ether / chloroform . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 35 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 41 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 2 . 96 %. found : c , 68 . 52 ; h , 7 . 91 ; n , 2 . 73 %. the following compounds are prepared in like manner from appropriate reactants : ______________________________________ ## str45 ## m . p . mszw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 r . sub . 8 (° c .) ( m . sup .+) ______________________________________5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ch . sub . 3 h h h 168 - 437 170 *. sup . ( a ) 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy h ch . sub . 3 h h oil5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy h ch . sub . 3 h h oil 4375 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h 159 - 451 162 *. sup . ( b ) ______________________________________ * hcl salt . analysis : . sup . ( a ) calc &# 39 ; d . for c . sub . 27 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 41 ; h , 7 . 66 n , 2 . 96 % found : c , 68 . 48 ; h , 7 . 57 ; n , 2 . 93 % . sup . ( b ) calc &# 39 ; d . for c . sub . 28 h . sub . 37 o . sub . 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 88 ; h , 7 . 85 n , 2 . 87 % found : c , 68 . 42 ; h , 7 . 78 ; n , 2 . 75 % following the procedure of example 40 but using the appropriate 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 , 10 , 10a - hexahydro - 1 - acyloxy - 6 - r 4 - 3 -( z - w )- benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- ones of examples 35 , 37 , 47 and 49 and the appropriate acid anhydride affords the isomeric alkanoyloxy compounds having the formula ## str46 ## wherein r 4 , r 5 , r 6 , z and w are as defined in examples 35 , 37 , 47 and 49 and r 1 is acetyl , propionyl , butyryl , valeryl or benzoyl . 1 . 2 g . of the unchromatographed reduction product of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline from example 40 is stirred with excess acetic anhydride and pyridine overnight at room temperature . the mixture is poured into ice water , the aqueous mixture extracted with ether ( 3 × 100 ml .) and the combined extracts washed with water , brine , then dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated . the residue is subjected to column chromatography ( 40 g . silica gel , benzene / ether [ 9 : 1 ] as eluting solvent ) to give 680 mg . of the desired d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - diacetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , which crystallizes on addition of hexane and ethyl acetate , m . p . 86 °- 87 ° c . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 5 . 88 ( bs , h 2 , h 4 - 2h ), 2 . 28 and 2 . 05 [ 2 three - proton singlets , ch 3 -- c (═ o )--], and ca . 0 . 8 - 5 . 0 ( multiplets , remaining protons ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 25 h 37 o 5 n : c , 69 . 57 ; h , 8 . 64 ; n , 3 . 25 %. found : c , 69 . 51 ; h , 8 . 54 ; n , 3 . 14 %. similar treatment of 60 mg . d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9β - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline in pyridine ( 1 ml .) and acetic anhydride ( 1 ml .) for 1 hour at room temperature yields the desired d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9β - diacetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 4 - phenylbutyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , m . p . 146 °- 147 ° c . after recrystallization from ethyl acetate / hexane ( 1 : 1 ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 28 h 35 o 5 n : c , 72 . 23 ; h , 7 . 58 ; n , 3 . 01 %. found : c , 72 . 17 ; h , 7 . 61 ; n , 3 . 08 %. similarly , acylation of the compounds of examples 40 , 43 and 61 with the appropriate acid anhydride affords 1 , 9 - diacyloxy derivatives having the formula below wherein r 1 , r 4 , r 5 , r 6 , z and w are as defined in examples 40 , 43 and 61 and r &# 39 ; is acetoxy , propionyloxy , butyryloxy , valeryloxy or benzoyloxy . ## str47 ## the 1 - acyloxy derivatives of examples 40 and 43 are acylated at the 9 - position according to the procedure of example 44 but using an acid anhydride which provides an acyl moiety different from that of the acyl moiety at the 1 - position . in this manner , diacyloxy derivatives having different acyloxy groups at the 1 - and 9 - positions are prepared . a solution of 130 mg . d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinoline and 46 mg . potassium carbonate in 35 ml . methanol is stirred at room temperature . after 30 minutes , the reaction mixture is neutralized with acetic acid and concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue is dissolved in ether ( 100 ml . ), washed successively with water ( 2 × 35 ml . ), saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 1 × 35 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 40 ml . ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 96 mg . d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinoline as an amorphous solid , m . p . 80 °- 100 ° c . ( dec .). the nmr ( cdcl 3 , 60 mhz ) shows no absorption for the acetate methyl and the ir ( chcl 3 ) had no absorption for an ester carbonyl . in like manner , the following compound is prepared from the corresponding 1 - acetoxy derivative of example 41 . similarly , d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - methyl - 6 . beta .- methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one is hydrolyzed to the corresponding 1 - hydroxy compound ; m . p . 157 °- 160 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 33 o 3 n : c , 73 . 50 ; h , 9 . 25 ; n , 3 . 90 %. found : c , 73 . 16 ; h , 9 . 14 ; n , 3 . 85 %. hydrolysis of the 1 - acyloxy derivatives of example 43 according to the above procedure affords compounds having the formula below wherein r 4 , r 5 , r 6 , z and w are as defined in example 43 . ## str48 ## to a stirred solution of the product of example 36 , d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 812 mg .) in 2 . 5 ml . pyridine is added 421 mg . benzoyl chloride in 5 ml . chloroform . after two hours , the reaction mixture is poured onto ice and extracted twice with ether . the combined ether extracts are washed with water , sodium bicarbonate , dried ( mgso 4 ) and filtered to yield , after concentration and crystallization from ether / petroleum ether , d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 5 - benzoyl - 6β - methylbenzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one , m . p . 108 °- 110 ° c . repetition of this procedure but using an equivalent amount of acetyl chloride in place of benzoyl chloride and the appropriate benzo [ c ] quinoline affords the following compound : in like manner , the remaining compounds of example 36 and those of example 34 are converted to their corresponding benzoyl , acetyl , propionyl , butyryl , valeryl , 2 - phenylacetyl and 4 - phenylbutyryl derivatives by reaction with the appropriate acyl chloride . the compounds have the formula ## str49 ## wherein r 4 , r 5 , z , w and r 1 are as defined in examples 34 and 36 and r 6 is benzoyl , acetyl , propionyl , butyryl , valeryl , 2 - phenylacetyl or 4 - phenylvaleryl . to a stirred solution of 387 mg . d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one in 3 ml . acetonitrile cooled to 15 ° c . is added 0 . 5 ml . 37 % aqueous formaldehyde followed by 100 mg . sodium cyanoborohydride . acetic acid is added to maintain a neutral ph until the reaction is complete as evidenced by no remaining starting material by thin layer chromatography . the product is isolated in the following manner . ice water and ether is added to the reaction mixture , the ether layer separated and the aqueous extracted once more with ether . the combined ether layers are combined , dried and evaporated to yield the desired d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - methyl - 6 . beta .- methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one as an oil . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz , cdcl 3 ) shows a characteristic absorption at 2 . 85 ppm for & gt ; n -- ch 3 . in like manner , the following compounds are prepared from appropriate reactants : __________________________________________________________________________ ## str50 ## m / ezw r . sub . 4 r . sub . 5 r . sub . 6 r . sub . 8 m . p . ( m . sup .+) __________________________________________________________________________ ## str51 ## ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h 94 °- 97 ° c .. sup . 1 449 ## str52 ## ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h oil . sup . 2 449o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 h ch . sub . 3 h 102 °- 103 ° c .. sup . 3 435__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . 1 as the hcl salt . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c . sub . 28 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n . hcl : c , 69 . 19 ; h , 7 . 47 ; n , 2 . 88 % found : c , 68 . 72 ; h , 7 . 18 ; n , 2 . 74 % . sup . 2 analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c . sub . 28 h . sub . 35 o . sub . 4 n : c , 74 . 80 ; h , 7 . 85 ; n , 3 . 12 % found : c , 74 . 66 ; h , 8 . 05 ; n , 2 . 66 % m . p . 69 °- 75 ° c . as the hcl salt . . sup . 3 analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c . sub . 27 h . sub . 33 o . sub . 4 n : c , 74 . 45 ; h , 7 . 64 ; n , 3 . 22 % found : c , 73 . 89 ; h , 7 . 51 ; n , 3 . 04 % repetition of the procedure of example 48 but using the compounds of examples 34 and 36 - 39 as reactants affords compounds having the formula below wherein r 4 , r 5 , r 1 , z and w are as defined in said examples : ## str53 ## to a solution of 100 mg . lithium aluminum hydride in 5 ml . dry tetrahydrofuran ( cooled in an ice / water bath ) is added dropwise a solution of 90 mg . d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 5 - acetyl - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline in 3 ml . tetrahydrofuran . after the addition is complete , the reaction mixture is heated at reflux for one hour and is then allowed to cool to room temperature . equivalent amounts of water , followed by 3 n potassium hydroxide are added , the resultant precipitate filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to yield the desired n - ethyl derivative as an oil . similarly , the 5 - acyl derivatives of example 47 are reduced to the corresponding aralkyl or alkyl derivatives having the formula ## str54 ## wherein r 4 , r 5 , z and w are as defined in said example and r 6 is aralkyl or alkyl . formaldehyde ( 1 . 1 ml . of 37 % aqueous ) is added to a solution of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline - 9 ( 8h )- one in acetonitrile ( 15 ml .) at room temperature , followed by sodium cyanoborohydride ( 0 . 262 g .). the reaction mixture is stirred for one hour during which time the ph is maintained at neutral ph by addition of acetic acid as needed . additional sodium cyanoborohydride ( 0 . 262 g .) and methanol ( 15 ml .) are added to the reaction mixture , which is then acidified to ph 3 , stirred for two hours , and concentrated under reduced pressure to an oil . the oil is diluted with water ( 50 ml . ), the ph then adjusted to 9 - 10 by means of aqueous sodium hydroxide , and the alkaline mixture extracted with ether ( 3 × 200 ml .). the combined ether extracts are washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to a clear oil . the oil is then dissolved in 50 % ether - hexane and charged to a silica gel column . the column is eluted first with 50 % ether - hexane followed by 60 %, 70 % and 75 % ether - hexane . the eluate is monitored by thin layer chromatography ( ether - 10 , hexane - 1 ). the first product collected is d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 , 10 , 10a - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 0 . 125 g .) analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 33 o 4 n : c , 74 . 45 ; h , 7 . 64 ; n , 3 . 22 %. found : c , 74 . 06 ; h , 7 . 77 ; n , 3 . 31 %. the second product is the 9α - hydroxy diastereomer of the title compound ( 25 mg .). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 35 o 4 n : c , 74 . 11 ; h , 8 . 06 ; n , 3 . 20 %. found : c , 73 . 96 ; h , 8 . 34 ; n , 3 . 00 %. the third product is the 9β - hydroxy diastereomer of the title compound ( 0 . 7 g .). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 35 o 4 n : c , 74 . 11 ; h , 8 . 06 ; n , 3 . 20 %. found : c , 73 . 56 ; h , 7 . 86 ; n , 3 . 21 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 33 o 4 n : c , 71 . 29 ; h , 8 . 58 ; n , 3 . 61 %. found : c , 70 . 78 ; h , 8 . 71 ; n , 3 . 27 %. analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 23 h 35 o 4 n : c , 70 . 92 ; h , 9 . 06 ; n , 3 . 60 %. found : c , 70 . 56 ; h , 8 . 95 ; n , 3 . 56 %. d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9β - hydroxy - 5 - methyl - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , which is isolated as the hydrochloride salt ; m . p . 163 °- 165 ° c . a solution of isobutyryl chloride ( 114 mg ., 1 . 07 mmole ) in chloroform ( 20 ml .) is slowly added with stirring to a solution of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 450 mg ., 1 . 07 mmole ) in dry pyridine ( 1 . 5 ml .) at 0 ° c . and under a nitrogen atmosphere . the reaction mixture is stirred for five hours and is then poured into ice / water ( 50 ml .). the chloroform layer is separated and the aqueous layer extracted with chloroform ( 2 × 20 ml .). the chloroform extracts are combined and washed with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 10 ml . ), followed by brine ( 1 × 10 ml . ), and then dried ( mgso 4 ). concentration of the chloroform solution in vacuo gives a yellow oil which solidifies upon standing . trituration of the solid with hexane affords a white crystalline solid , which is recovered by filtration and dried ( 400 mg . ), m . p . 128 °- 129 ° c . sodium borohydride ( 38 mg ., 1 . 0 mmole ) is slowly added to a solution of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - isobutyryl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 260 mg ., 0 . 529 mmole ) in absolute ethanol ( 20 ml .) 5 °- 10 ° c . under a nitrogen atmosphere . the reaction mixture is stirred for one hour and is then acidified with 10 % hydrochloric acid . the ethanol is removed by concentration under reduced pressure . water ( 10 ml .) is added to the remaining solution which is then extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 50 ml .). the extracts are combined , washed with brine and then dried ( mgso 4 ). concentration in vacuo affords the title compound as an amorphous solid ( 213 mg .) which is used without further purification . under a nitrogen atmosphere , a solution of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9β - hydroxy - 5 - isobutyryl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline ( 213 mg ., 0 . 432 mmole ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 5 ml .) is added to a slurry of lithium aluminum hydride ( 100 mg ., 2 . 6 mmole ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 5 ml .) at room temperature . the mixture is stirred overnight and then water ( 0 . 1 ml . ), 15 % sodium hydroxide solution ( 0 . 1 ml .) and water ( 0 . 3 ml .) are added . it is then filtered under nitrogen and the filter cake washed with tetrahydrofuran ( 2 × 5 ml .). the combined filtrate and wash solution are concentrated to a reddish oil ( 0 . 174 g .). the oil is dissolved under nitrogen in pyridine ( 1 ml .) and the solution cooled to 0 ° c . acetic anhydride ( 1 ml .) is added , with stirring , to the pyridine solution and the reaction mixture stirred for 30 minutes at 0 ° c . it is then poured into water ( 25 ml .) and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 25 ml .). the extracts are combined , washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to a brown oil ( 184 mg .). the oil is flushed with nitrogen and chromatographed on silica gel ( 40 g .) using benzene / ether ( 9 : 1 ) as eluant . fractions of 10 ml . each are collected . fractions 2 - 10 are combined and concentrated to an oil ( 109 mg .). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 32 h 43 o 5 n : c , 73 . 67 ; h , 8 . 31 ; n , 2 . 68 %. found : c , 74 . 33 ; h , 8 . 89 ; n , 2 . 23 %. 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 22 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 6 . 05 ( d , 1h , aromatic ), 5 . 90 ( d , 1h , aromatic ), 4 . 90 ( bs , 1h ), 4 . 30 ( bs , 1h ), 3 . 10 ( d , 2h , n -- ch 2 ), 2 . 90 ( d , 2h , n -- ch 2 ), 2 . 70 ( bs , 2h ), 2 . 40 and 2 . 15 ( s , 6h , 2 -- ch 3 -- coo --), 1 . 85 ( bs , 2h , h 7 and h 8 ), 1 . 5 ( m ), 1 . 05 ## str55 ## 1 . 0 - 3 . 0 ( variable , remaining protons ). a . triphenylmethyl phosphonium bromide ( 742 mg ., 2 . 12 mmole ) is added to a solution of sodium hydride ( 0 . 95 g ., 2 . 0 mmole ) in dimethyl sulfoxide ( 50 ml .) at 50 ° c . the reaction mixture is then heated at 70 ° c . for three hours after which d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - acetyl - 6 . beta .- methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 0 . 858 g ., 2 . 0 mmole ) in dimethyl sulfoxide ( 50 ml .) is added . the reaction mixture is heated at 70 ° c . overnight , and then cooled and poured into a mixture of ice and water containing sodium bicarbonate ( 12 . 5 g .). the aqueous mixture is extracted with benzene , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and evaporated under reduced pressure to give the crude product . it is purified by column chromatography over silica gel in hexanebenzene ( 1 : 1 ). a slurry of 0 . 94 g . ( 0 . 039 mole ) of sodium hydride ( obtained by washing 1 . 87 g . of 50 % sodium hydride in mineral oil dispersion with dry pentane ) in 57 ml . dimethylsulfoxide is heated at 50 ° c . for 2 . 5 hours . after the addition of 15 . 32 g . ( 0 . 043 mole ) of triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide , the reaction is heated for 2 hours at 60 ° c . a solution of 1 . 86 g . ( 0 . 004 mole ) of dl - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - acetyl - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline - 9 ( 8h )- one , in 57 ml . dimethylsulfoxide is added and the reaction is heated at 60 ° c . for 30 minutes . the cooled reaction mixture is poured into 200 ml . ice - water containing 20 g . of sodium bicarbonate . this is extracted twice with ethylacetate ( 50 ml . each ), the combined organic layers are washed with 50 ml . water , 50 ml . brine , dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered and evaporated the solvent to afford an orange colored oil ( contains triphenylphosphine oxide by thin - layer chromatography ). purification is achieved via chromatography ( brinkman silica - gel 125 g . ; solvent : cyclohexane 3 , ether 1 ) to afford the title compound , 1 . 251 g . ( 74 % yield ), m . p . 174 °- 176 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d . for c 28 h 35 o 3 n : c , 77 . 56 ; h , 8 . 14 ; n , 3 . 23 %. found : c , 77 . 29 ; h , 7 . 96 ; n , 3 . 22 %. i . r . ( kbr ): 2 . 98μ ( s ), 3 . 34μ ( m ), 3 . 38μ ( m ), 3 . 44μ ( m ), 6 . 10μ ( s ), 6 . 24μ ( s ), 6 . 58μ ( s ), 6 . 90μ ( s ). 1 hnmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms : 8 . 80 ( s , 1h , phenol ), 7 . 16 ( m , 5h , arom . ), 6 . 32 ( d , 1h , c - 2 h ), 6 . 09 ( d , 1h , c - 4 h ), 4 . 64 ( broad s , 2h , vinyl ), 1 . 96 & amp ; 1 . 93 ( 2s , 3h , amide - ch 3 ), 1 . 27 & amp ; 1 . 25 ( 2d , 3h , c 6 - ch 3 ), 1 . 02 , d , 3h ( side chain ch 3 ), 0 . 9 - 4 . 5 ( variable remaining protons ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d . for c 28 h 35 o 3 n : c , 77 . 56 ; h , 8 . 14 ; n , 3 . 23 %. found : c , 77 . 25 ; h , 8 . 14 ; n , 3 . 12 %. 1 hnmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms : 8 . 82 ( s , 1h , phenol ), 7 . 16 ( m , 5h , arom . ), 6 . 36 ( d , 1h , c - 2 h ), 6 . 12 ( d , 1h , c - 4 h ), 4 . 68 ( s broad , 2h , vinyl ), 2 . 08 & amp ; 2 . 06 ( 2s , 3h , amide - ch 3 ), 1 . 22 & amp ; 1 . 20 ( 2d , 3h , c - 6 ch 3 ), 1 . 10 ( d , 3h , side chain ch 3 ), 1 . 50 - 4 . 50 ( variable remaining protons ). i . r . ( kbr ): 2 . 95μ ( m ), 3 . 36μ ( s ), 6 . 10μ ( s ), 6 . 33μ ( s ), 6 . 88μ ( s ), 7 . 20μ ( s ), 7 . 35μ ( s ), 8 . 50μ ( s ). similarly , the remaining keto derivatives described herein are converted to their corresponding 9 - methylene derivatives . to a solution of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 5 - acetyl - 6 . beta .- methyl - 9 - methylene - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline ( 0 . 855 g ., 2 mmole ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 30 ml .) at 0 °- 5 ° c ., is added dropwise a 1 m solution of diborane in tetrahydrofuran ( borane - tetrahydrofuran complex ) ( 6 ml .). after the addition the reaction mixture is held at room temperature for 30 minutes and then treated with water to decompose excess hydride . the reaction mixture is then warmed to 50 ° c . on a water bath and 3 n sodium hydroxide ( 3 ml .) added followed by dropwise addition of 30 % hydrogen peroxide ( 3 ml .). after addition , the mixture is held at room temperature for one hour , potassium carbonate ( 1 . 5 g .) added and the tetrahydrofuran layer separated . the aqueous phase is extracted with tetrahydrofuran ( 3 × 10 ml . ), the extracts combined , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give the product . purification is achieved by column chromatography on silica gel using ether - hexane . in like manner , the remaining 9 - methylene compounds of formulae ii , iii and iv wherein the 1 - hydroxy groups are protected by acetylation and compounds of formulae ii and iii wherein the 5 - nh groups are protected by acetylation or alkylation are converted to their corresponding methylene derivatives . the n - acetyl groups are , of course , converted to n - ethyl groups and acetyloxy groups are converted to hydroxy groups . a suspension of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 0 . 50 g ., 1 . 52 mmoles ), ethylene glycol ( 0 . 43 ml ., 7 . 70 mmoles ) and p - toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate ( 0 . 28 g ., 1 . 46 mmoles ) in benzene ( 25 ml .) is heated at reflux for 45 minutes . the by - product water is azeotropically removed . the dark suspension thus produced is taken up in a mixture of ether and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . the organic layer is separated , washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution , dried ( mgso 4 ), and concentrated to an oil which is then chromatographed on silica gel ( 50 g .) using ether as eluant . fractions of 10 ml . each are collected . fractions 12 - 18 are combined and evaporated to give 203 mg . of the ethylene ketal of the hexahydro derivative . ir ( chcl 3 ): 2 . 98μ ( superposition of n - h and o - h stretch ). 1 nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 5 . 7 ( s , 2h , aromatic ), 4 . 0 ( s , 4h , ketal ethylene ) and absorption for remaining protons . fractions 42 - 65 are combined and concentrated to afford 146 mg . of a yellow solid . trituration of the solid in ether - pentane ( 1 : 1 ) gives 85 mg . of 7 , 10 - dihydro - 1 - hydroxy - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ethylene ketal , m . p . 171 °- 173 ° c . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 8 . 6 ( s , 1h , c - 6 aromatic ), 6 . 6 and 7 . 0 ( bd , 2h , aromatic ), 4 . 1 ( bs , 4h , ethylene ketal ), 3 . 9 ( bs , 2h , c - 10 methylene ), 3 . 1 ( t , 2h , c - 7 ethylene ), 2 . 0 ( bt , 2h , c - 8 methylene ) and other absorptions for remaining protons . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 22 h 29 o 4 n : c , 71 . 13 ; h , 7 . 87 ; n , 3 . 77 %. found : c , 71 . 19 ; h , 7 . 67 ; n , 3 . 61 %. in like manner , d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 , 10 , 10a - hexahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 6 - methylbenzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ethylene ketal is converted to d , l - 7 , 10 - dihydro - 1 - hydroxy - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy )- 6 - methylbenzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ethylene ketal . m / e -- 385 ( m + ). 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 6 . 8 and 6 . 4 ( two 1h doublets , aromatic ) 5 . 7 ( bs , 1h , phenolic ), 4 . 0 ( bs , 4h , ethylene ketal ), 3 . 9 ( bs , 2h , c - 10 -- ch 2 --), 3 . 1 ( bt , 2h , c - 8 -- ch 2 --), 2 . 5 ( s , 3h , 6 - ch 3 ), 2 . 0 ( bt , 2h , c - 7 -- ch 2 --), and other absorptions for remaining protons . in like manner , the compounds of examples 29 - 31 are converted to compounds having the formulae : ## str56 ## equimolar amounts of m - chloroperbenzoic acid and d , l - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptylthio ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one are added to a mixture of chloroform and acetic acid ( 2 : 1 ) and the reaction mixture stirred for one hour at room temperature . the organic phase is then separated , washed with water , dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated to dryness to give the title product . in like manner , the thio ethers of examples 31 , 33 , 34 , 43 - 47 , 49 , and 50 are oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides . the procedure of example 58 is repeated but using two equivalents of m - chloroperbenzoic acid or oxidizing agent per mole of thio ether reactant to give the title compound . similarly , the thio ethers of examples 31 , 33 , 34 , 43 - 47 , 49 and 50 are oxidized to their sulfonyl derivatives . following the procedure of example 57 but using the appropriate ketone compound of formula ii , iii or iv and the appropriate alkylene glycol or alkylene dithiol having formula h - x &# 39 ;- alkylene - x &# 39 ;- h wherein x &# 39 ; is oxygen or sulfur and alkylene has from 2 to 4 carbon atoms affords compounds having the formulae : ## str57 ## to a stirred solution of 1 . 0 g . ( 0 . 0021 moles ) ( 2 &# 39 ; r , 6s , 6ar , 9r , 10ar )-(-)- 1 - acetoxy - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10a - octahydro - 9 - hydroxy - 6 - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy )- benzo [ c ] quinoline hydrochloride in 30 ml . chcl 3 is added 30 ml . saturated nahco 3 solution , and the mixture stirred 5 minutes at room temperature . the layers are separated and the aqueous layer re - extracted with 20 ml . chcl 3 . the combined chloroform layers are dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield the free base as a colorless foam . this foam is dissolved in 40 ml . tetrahydrofuran and combined with 1 . 0 g . 5 % pd / c , 1 . 05 ml ( 0 . 018 moles = 8 . 7 equiv .) glacial acetic acid and 15 . 8 ml . ( 0 . 20 moles = 100 equiv .) 37 % aqueous formaldehyde . the mixture is placed in a parr apparatus at 50 p . s . i . and hydrogenated for 50 minutes . the catalyst is filtered through diatomaceous earth , washing well with ethyl acetate . the filrate is diluted to 150 ml . with ethyl acetate then washed successively 3x with 100 ml . saturated nahco 3 solution , 75 ml . h 2 o 3x , 75 ml . brine 1x , and dried over mgso 4 . the solvent is filtered and removed in vacuo yielding a yellow viscous oil which is chromatographed on 50 g . silica gel ( 0 . 04 - 0 . 63 mm .) and eluted with toluene / diethyl ether ( 1 : 1 ). similar fractions are combined and removed in vacuo to yield a colorless oil which is redissolved in 50 ml . diethyl ether and dry hcl bubbled in under a nitrogen atmsophere with stirring . the resulting white solid is filtered under a nitrogen atmosphere and dried in vacuo ( 0 . 1 mm .) for 24 hours at room temperature to yield 0 . 45 g . ( 44 %) of the title product , m . p . 90 °- 95 ° c . ( d ). calc . for c 28 h 37 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 90 ; h , 7 . 85 ; n , 2 . 87 %. found : c , 68 . 60 ; h , 7 . 92 ; n , 2 . 77 %. c 31 h 43 o 4 n . hcl : calc &# 39 ; d . : c , 70 . 21 ; h , 8 . 37 ; n , 2 . 6 %. found : c , 71 . 02 ; h , 8 . 43 ; n , 2 . 6 %. a stirred suspension of 47 . 4 g . ( 0 . 10 mol ) of dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1 - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ( benzo [ c ] quinoline , hydrochloride and 500 ml . of chcl 3 under a n 2 atmosphere is cooled to 0 ° c . and treated with 250 ml . pyridine followed by 58 ml . ( 0 . 50 mole ) benzoyl chloride in 500 ml . chloroform . the resultant homogeneous solution is then refluxed on a steam bath for one hour . the reaction mixture is poured onto crushed ice and extracted with chloroform . the organic extracts are combined , washed successively with water ( 2 × 500 ml . ), 10 % hydrochloric acid , saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 500 ml .) and saturated brine solution ( 500 ml . ), dried over mgso 4 , filtered and concentrated to give 119 g . of a light yellow oil . chromatography on 2000 g . silica gel ( 20 % etoac - cyclohexane ) affords 50 . 5 g . ( 78 %) of dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - benzoyl - 9 - benzoyloxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1 - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , m . p . 125 °- 30 ° c . anal . calcd . for c 41 h 43 o 6 n : c , 76 . 24 ; h , 6 . 72 ; n , 2 . 17 %. found : c , 76 . 35 ; h , 6 . 92 ; n , 2 . 19 %. recrystallization of 50 . 5 g . dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - benzoyl - 9 - benzoyloxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1 - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline from 2 l . 2 - propanol yielded 23 . 8 of white solids , m . p . 136 °- 8 °, which are recrystallized twice more from 2 - propanol and once from acetonitrile to yield 5 . 7 g . of dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - benzoyl - 9 - benzoyloxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , m . p . 148 °- 9 ° c . the filtrate from the original 2 - propanol recrystallization of dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - benzoyl - 9 - benzoyloxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1 - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline is evaporated to a white foam and triturated with 500 ml . ether to yield 12 . 9 g . of white solids , m . p . 129 °- 132 °. these solids are triturated twice again with ether to yield 3 . 8 g . of dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - benzoyl - 9 - benzoyloxy - 6 . beta .- methyl - 3 -( 1α - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , m . p . 139 °- 141 ° c . to a stirred solution of 2 . 0 g . ( 5 . 3 mmol ) lithium aluminum hydride in 150 ml . tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen atmosphere is added a solution of 5 . 7 g . ( 8 . 8 mmole ) dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - benzoyl - 9 - benzoyloxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline in 112 ml . tetrahydrofuran dropwise over a five minute period . the resultant mixture is heated at reflux for 45 minutes , cooled and poured carefully onto an ice cold mixture of 1125 ml . 5 % acetic acid in water and 2250 ml . ether . this biphasic mixture is stirred for ten minutes and the layers separated . the aqueous layer is extracted with an additional 500 ml . ether and the combined ether extracts are washed successively with water ( 3 × 500 ml . ), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 500 ml .) and saturated brine solution ( 1 × 500 ml . ), dried over mgso 4 , filtered and evaporated to yield 5 . 4 g . dl - 5 - benzyl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline as a light purple oil . dl - 5 - benzyl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy )- benzo [ c ] quinoline is immediately taken up in 450 ml . methanol and hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure over 4 . 27 g . pd / c for 3 hours to yield dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline after filtration of the catalyst and evaporation of the methanol . dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline is immediately dissolved in 210 ml . methylene chloride , cooled to 0 ° c . under a nitrogen atmosphere , and treated successively with 1 . 35 ml . triethylamine , 1 . 19 g . ( 9 . 7 mmol ) of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine and finally with 0 . 834 ml . ( 8 . 8 mmol ) of acetic anhydride . after stirring for 30 minutes , the reaction mixture is poured onto 250 ml . of water and the organic layer separated . the aqueous layer is extracted once more with methylene chloride and the combined methylene chloride layers washed successively with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 150 ml . ), water ( 150 ml .) and a saturated brine solution , dried over mgso 4 , filtered , evaporated and chromatographed on 300 g . silica gel using 33 % ether - toluene as eluent to give 1 , 4 g . dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , hydrochloride as the free base . treatment of dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , hydrochloride in ether with hcl ( gas ) yields 795 mg . dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1β - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline , hydrochloride , m . p . 213 °- 215 ° c . after filtration and trituration in acetone , m / e = 437 ( m + , 100 %). anal . calcd . for c 27 h 35 o 4 n . hcl ; c , 68 . 42 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 2 . 96 . found : c , 68 . 48 ; h , 7 . 63 ; n , 3 . 05 . similarly prepared from 3 . 8 g . dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 5 - benzoyl - 9 - benzoyloxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 1α - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline is 1 . 1 g . dl - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9α , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6 . beta .- methyl - 3 -( 1α - methyl - 4 - phenylbutoxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline hydrochloride , m . p . 202 °- 205 ° ( d . ), m / e = 437 ( 100 %, m + ). anal . calcd . for c 27 h 35 o 4 n . hcl : c , 68 . 42 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 2 . 96 . found : c , 68 . 20 ; h , 7 . 56 ; n , 3 . 04 . to a solution of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 0 . 51 g ., 1 . 5 mmole ) in dry methylene chloride ( 25 ml .) is added 4 - morpholinobutyric acid hydrochloride ( 0 . 315 g ., 1 . 5 mmole ) and the mixture stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere . a 0 . 1 m solution of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in methylene chloride ( 12 . 5 ml ., 1 . 5 mmole ) is added dropwise and the mixture stirred for 24 hours . it is then filtered and evaporated to give the title product which is purified by column chromatography on silica gel . repetition of this procedure but using the appropriate reactants of formula iii and the appropriate alkanoic acid or acid of formula hooc -( ch 2 ) p - nr 2 r 3 . hcl affords the following compounds : ## str60 ## wherein r 1 , r 4 , r 5 , z and w are as defined in examples 29 , 30 and 31 . basic esters are obtained as their hydrochloride salts . careful neutralization with sodium hydroxide affords the free basic esters . to a 25 ° c . solution of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline ( 1 . 0 g ., 2 . 53 mmoles ) in methylene chloride ( 20 ml .) is added 4 - n - piperidylbutyric acid hydrochloride ( 0 . 524 g ., 2 . 53 mmoles ) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 0 . 573 g ., 2 . 78 mmoles ). the reaction mixture is stirred at 25 ° c . for 6 hours and then cooled for 12 hours and filtered . evaporation of the filtrate and trituration of the residue with ether gives 1 . 3 g . of solid of the monohydrochloride salt . preparative layer chromatography of a portion of this solid on 0 . 5 mm . thick silica gel and elution with 10 % methanol - methylene dichloride affords the free base , d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 -( 4 - n - piperidylbutyryloxy )- 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 1 . 12 ( d , j = 7 hz , c - 3 side - chain methyl ), 1 . 25 ( d , j = 6 hz , c - 6 methyl ), 5 . 84 ( s , two arh ) and 7 . 16 ( s , 5h ). treatment of this free base with excess hydrogen chloride in ether yields the dihydrochloride salt as a hygroscopic powder . to a 25 ° c . solution of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline - 9 ( 8h )- one ( 550 mg ., 1 . 41 mmole ) in methylene chloride ( 26 ml .) is added 4 - n - piperidylbutyric acid hydrochloride ( 291 mg ., 1 . 41 mmole ) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 319 mg ., 1 . 55 mmole ). this reaction mixture is stirred for 18 hours and is then cooled to 0 ° c . and filtered . evaporation of the filtrate and trituration of the residue with ether gives 800 mg . of d , l - 5 , 6 , 6a , 7 - tetrahydro - 1 ( 4 - n - piperidylbutyryloxy )- 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline - 9 ( 8h )- one hydrochloride as a hygroscopic yellow powder . ir ( chcl 3 ): 2 . 92 , 4 . 14 ( hn ═. sup .⊕), 5 . 69 ( ester ), 6 . 00 , 6 . 20 and 6 . 40μ . in like manner , d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 -( 4 - n - morpholinobutyryloxy )- 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline hydrochloride is prepared from 4 - n - morpholinobutyric acid and d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 , 9 - dihydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 ( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline : similarly , the remaining compounds of formulae i , ii , iii and iv described herein are converted to basic esters of the hydroxy group at the 1 - position . esters wherein the r 1 moiety has the following values are prepared : a solution of d , l - 7 , 10 - dihydro - 1 - hydroxy - 3 -( 2 - heptyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one ethylene ketal ( 371 mg ., 1 . 0 mmole ) in ether ( 50 ml .) is slowly added to an ice - cold solution of methyl - lithium ( 44 mg ., 2 . 0 mmole ) in ether ( 25 ml .) the 5 - lithio - 6 - methyl derivative thus obtained is dissolved in dry ether and treated with dry oxygen to give , after filtration and evaporation of the solvent , the title compound . repetition of this procedure but using the compounds of example 57 and the appropriate alkyl lithium , aralkyl lithium reactant or , when r 4 is hydrogen , lithium aluminum hydride , affords compounds having the formula ## str61 ## wherein z and w are as defined in example 57 and r 4 is methyl , n - butyl , n - hexyl , benzyl , phenethyl , 4 - phenylbutyl or hydrogen . excess hydrogen chloride is passed into a solution of the appropriate benzo [ c ] quinoline of formulae i or ii and the resulting precipitate separated and recrystallized from an appropriate solvent , e . g . methanol - ether ( 1 : 10 ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 27 h 36 o 4 ncl : c , 68 . 48 ; h , 7 . 70 ; n , 2 . 89 %. found : c , 68 . 42 ; h , 7 . 66 ; n , 2 . 96 %. the remaining compounds of formulae i and ii are converted to their hydrochlorides in like manner . similarly , the hydrobromide , sulfate , nitrate , phosphate , acetate , butyrate , citrate , malonate , maleate , fumarate , malate , glycolate , gluconate , lactate , salicylate , sulfosalicylate , succinate , pamoate , tartrate and embonate salts are prepared . one hundred mg . of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 5 - methyl - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline are intimately mixed and ground with 900 mg . of starch . the mixture is then loaded into telescoping gelatin capsules such that each capsule contains 10 mg . of drug and 90 mg . of starch . a tablet base is prepared by blending the ingredients listed below : sufficient d , l - cis - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 10 , 10aα - hexahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinolin - 9 ( 8h )- one is blended into this base to provide tablets containing 0 . 1 , 0 . 5 , 1 , 5 , 10 and 25 mg . of drug . suspensions of d , l - trans - 5 , 6 , 6aβ , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10aα - octahydro - 1 - acetoxy - 9 - hydroxy - 6β - methyl - 3 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyloxy ) benzo [ c ] quinoline are prepared by adding sufficient amounts of drug to 0 . 5 % methylcellulose to provide suspensions having 0 . 05 , 0 . 1 , 0 . 5 , 1 , 5 and 10 mg . of drug per ml . to phosphorous pentabromide , prepared by addition of bromine ( 9 . 0 g .) in methylene chloride ( 10 ml .) to phosphorous tribromide ( 15 . 0 g .) in methylene chloride ( 15 ml .) at 0 ° c ., is added 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentanol ( 812 g .) in methylene chloride at 0 ° c . the mixture is stirred for 2 . 5 hours at 0 ° c . and is then allowed to warm to room temperature . water ( 50 ml .) is added , the mixture stirred for one hour and the methylene chloride layer separated . the extraction is repeated and the combined extracts washed with water , saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , brine and then dried over magnesium sulfate . concentration of the dried extracts gives 12 . 4 g . of title product as a light yellow oil . nmr : δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms 1 . 6 ( d , 3 , methyl , j = 7 hz ), 1 . 6 - 2 . 0 ( m , 4 , ethylene ), 2 . 3 - 3 . 0 ( bd , t , 2 , benzylic - methylene ), 3 . 7 - 4 . 2 ( m , 1 , methine ), 6 . 9 - 7 . 4 ( m , 5 , aromatic ). a solution of 1 - bromopropylbenzene ( 51 . 7 g .) in ether ( 234 ml .) is added dropwise over a 2 - hour period to a refluxing mixture of magnesium ( 7 . 32 g .) in ether ( 78 ml .). the reaction mixture is refluxed for 30 minutes longer and then a solution of 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - acetophenone ( 50 g .) in ether ( 78 ml .) is added dropwise and heated to reflux for 1 . 5 hours . the reaction is quenched by addition of saturated ammonium chloride ( 234 ml . ), the ether layer is separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether ( 3 × 200 ml .). the combined ether extracts are dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to yield 81 g . of an oil . forty grams of the oil is hydrogenated in a mixture containing ethanol ( 300 ml . ), concentrated hydrochloric acid ( 2 ml .) and 5 % palladium - on - carbon ( 5 g .). the catalyst is filtered off and the ethanol removed under vacuum . the residue is distilled under vacuum yielding 28 g . of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 5 - phenylpentane ( b . p . 0 . 125 mm ., 154 °- 159 ° c .) nmr : δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms 1 . 25 ( d , 3 , α - ch 3 ), 1 . 3 - 2 . 1 ( m , 4 , ethylene ), 2 . 2 - 2 . 9 ( m , 3 , benzylic - methylene , methinyl ), 3 . 45 ( s , 6 , methoxy ), 6 . 2 - 6 . 7 ( m , 3 , aromatic ), 7 . 2 ( s , 5 , aromatic ). a mixture of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 5 - phenylpentane ( 22 g .) and pyridine hydrochloride ( 94 g .) under nitrogen is heated to 190 ° c . for 2 hours with vigorous stirring . the reaction mixture is cooled , dissolved in 6 n hydrochloric acid ( 200 ml .) and diluted with water to 600 ml . the aqueous solution is extracted with ethyl acetate ( 4 × 100 ml . ), the ethyl acetate extracts dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to yield 24 g . of crude product . the product is purified by silica gel chromatography to yield 19 . 2 g . of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxyphenyl )- 5 - phenylpentane as an oil . nmr : δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms 1 . 1 ( d , 3 , α - methyl ), 1 . 35 - 1 . 65 ( m , 4 , ethylene ), 2 . 2 - 2 . 8 ( m , 3 , benzylic - methylene , methinyl ), 6 . 1 - 6 . 5 ( m , 3 , aromatic ), 6 . 65 ( bd . s , 2 , hydroxyl ), 7 - 7 . 4 ( m , 5 , aromatic ). following the procedures of preparations b and c , the compounds listed below are prepared by substituting the appropriate 1 - bromoalkylbenzene for 1 - bromopropylbenzene : 2 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxyphenyl )- 6 - phenylhexane -- nmr : δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms 1 . 1 ( d , 3 , α - methyl , j - 7 cps ), 1 . 0 - 1 . 9 [ m , 6 , φch 2 ( ch 2 ) 3 - ch ( ch 3 )- ar ], 2 . 2 - 2 . 8 ( m , 3 , benzylic methylene , methinyl ), 6 . 0 ( bd . s , 2 , phenolic oh ), 6 . 2 - 6 . 4 ( m , 3 , aromatic ), 7 . 1 - 7 . 4 ( m , 5 , aromatic ). 2 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxyphenyl - 4 - phenylbutane ( an oil )-- nmr : δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms 1 . 1 , 1 . 25 ( d , 2 , methyl ), 1 . 45 - 2 . 0 ( m , 2 , methylene ), 2 . 15 - 2 . 7 ( m , 3 , benzylic - methylene , methinyl ), 6 . 3 ( s , 3 , aromatic ), 6 . 85 ( s , 2 , hydroxyl - d 2 o overlay ), 7 . 1 ( s , 5 , aromatic ). the following compounds are prepared in like manner from the appropriate alcohol and 3 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde or 3 , 5 - dimethoxyacetophenone by the methods of preparations a , b and c : ______________________________________ ## str62 ## z w______________________________________ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch ( ch . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5______________________________________ a solution of n - butyl lithium ( 29 ml . of 2 . 2 m ) is added dropwise to 3 , 5 - dimethoxybenzyl triphenylphosphonium bromide ( 31 . 5 g .) in tetrahydrofuran ( 200 ml .) with stirring and the resulting deep red solution is stirred for one - half hour . benzyl acetone ( 9 . 4 g .) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture stirred for 12 hours . it is then adjusted to ph 7 by addition of acetic acid and concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue is extracted with methylene chloride and the extract evaporated to give crude 1 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 2 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1 - butene as an oil . it is purified by chromatography on silica gel ( 400 g .) and elution with benzene . yield : 10 g . as an oil . nmr : δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms 1 . 95 ( s , 3 ), 2 . 3 - 3 . 1 ( m , 4 ), 3 . 8 ( s , 6 ), 6 . 15 - 6 . 6 ( m , 3 ), 7 . 1 - 7 . 5 δ ( m , 6 ). the 1 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 2 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1 - butene ( 9 . 4 g .) thus prepared is dissolved in ethanol ( 250 ml .) and catalytically hydrogenated at 45 p . s . i . in the presence of palladium - on - charcoal ( 1 g . of 10 %) and concentrated hydrochloric acid ( 1 ml .). yield : 9 . 4 g . of 1 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 2 - methyl - 4 - phenylbutane as an oil . nmr : δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms 0 . 9 ( d , 3 ), 1 . 35 - 1 . 95 ( m , 3 ), 2 . 2 - 2 . 9 ( m , 4 ), 3 . 75 ( s , 6 ), 6 . 35 ( s , 3 ), 7 . 25 δ ( s , 5 ). it is dimethylated according to the procedure of preparation c to give 1 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxyphenyl )- 2 - methyl - 4 - phenylbutane . the 3 , 5 - dimethoxybenzyl triphenylphosphonium bromide is prepared by refluxing a mixture of 3 , 5 - dimethoxybenzyl bromide ( 12 g .) and triphenylphosphine ( 14 . 2 g .) in acetonitrile ( 200 ml .) for one hour . the reaction mixture is then cooled and the crystalline product recovered by filtration , washed with ether and dried ( 20 g . ); m . p . 269 °- 270 ° c . to a solution of the grignard reagent prepared from 2 - phenylbromoethane ( 5 . 5 g . ), magnesium ( 0 . 8 g .) and dry ether ( 60 ml .) is added a solution of 2 - methyl - 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) propionitrile ( 2 . 75 g .) in dry ether ( 20 ml .). the ether is distilled off and replaced by dry benzene ( 50 ml .) and the mixture refluxed for 48 hours . it is then decomposed by careful treatment with dilute sulfuric acid and heated on a steam bath for one hour . the mixture is then extracted with ether , the extract dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to an oil . distillation of the oil in vacuo affords 2 - methyl - 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 5 - phenyl - 3 - pentanone ; b . p . 168 ° c ./ 0 . 2 mm . ( yield : 2 . 32 g ., 60 %). the thus - produced pentanone ( 58 g .) is dissolved in ethanol ( 400 ml .) and treated with sodium borohydride ( 10 g .) at room temperature . the reaction mixture is stirred for 12 hours and is then cooled and neutralized with 6 n hydrochloric acid . the ethanol is removed under reduced pressure and the residue extracted with ether . the extract is dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give 2 - methyl - 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 5 - phenyl - 3 - pentanol as an oil ( 52 g ., 88 % yield ). the pentanol ( 16 g .) is taken up in ether ( 100 ml .) and reacted with powdered potassium ( 2 . 5 g .) in ether ( 200 ml .). carbon disulfide ( equimolar to the potassium ) is added and the mixture stirred for a half - hour . methyl iodide ( 9 . 0 g .) is then added and the reaction mixture stirred for 6 hours . the resulting suspension is filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue is taken up in ethanol ( 150 ml . ), raney nickel added ( 25 g .) and the mixture refluxed for 18 hours . evaporation of the alcohol and distillation of the residue gives 2 - methyl - 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 5 - phenyl - 3 - pentene . the pentene derivative is catalytically hydrogenated according to the procedure of preparation d and the resulting 2 - methyl - 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 5 - phenyl - 3 - pentane demethylated via the procedure of preparation c to give the product . over a period of 1 . 5 hours , methyl lithium ( 531 ml . of a 2 molar solution , 1 . 06 m ) is added under a nitrogen atmosphere to a rapidly stirring solution of 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxybenzoic acid ( 175 g ., 0 . 532 m ) in ether ( 250 ml . ) tetrahydrofuran ( 1400 ml .) maintained at 15 °- 20 ° c . after stirring an additional 0 . 75 hour at 10 °- 15 ° c ., water ( 600 ml .) is slowly added keeping the reaction temperature below 20 ° c . the aqueous layer is separated and extracted with ether ( 3 × 250 ml .). the organic phases are combined , washed with saturated sodium chloride solution ( 4 × 300 ml . ), dried over sodium sulfate , and concentrated under vacuum to give an oil which slowly crystallized from isopropyl ether . the crude product is recrystallized from ether - hexane to yield 104 . 7 g . ( 59 %) of product ; m . p . 59 °- 61 ° c . a mixture of 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyacetophenone ( 43 . 2 g ., 0 . 13 mole ) and carbethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane ( 90 . 5 g ., 0 . 26 mole ) is heated under a nitrogen atmosphere at 170 ° c . for 4 hours . the clear melt is cooled to room temperature , triturated with ether and the precipitate of triphenyl phosphine oxide removed by filtration . the filtrate is concentrated under vacuum to an oily residue which is chromatographed over silica gel ( 1500 g .) and eluted with benzene : hexane solutions of increasing benzene concentration beginning with 40 : 60 and ending with 100 % benzene . concentration of appropriate fractions gives an oily residue which is crystallized from hexane . yield : 40 . 2 l g . ( 77 %); m . p . 73 °- 75 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 26 h 26 o 4 : c , 77 . 58 ; h , 6 . 51 %. found : c , 77 . 72 ; h , 6 . 60 %. in like manner , ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) crotonate is prepared from 3 , 5 - dimethoxyacetophenone ( 51 . 7 g .) and carbethoxymethylene triphenylphosphorane ( 200 g .). yield = 61 . 8 g ., 86 %, b . p . 146 °- 162 ° c . at 0 . 3 mm . a solution of ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyphenyl ) crotonate ( 24 . 1 g ., 60 mm ) in ether ( 250 ml .) is added to a mixture of lithium aluminum hydride ( 3 . 42 g ., 90 mm ) and ether ( 250 ml .). aluminum chloride ( 0 . 18 g ., 1 . 35 mm ) is added and the mixture refluxed for 12 hours and then cooled . water ( 3 . 4 ml . ), sodium hydroxide ( 3 . 4 ml . of 6 n ) and water ( 10 ml .) are then added successively to the reaction mixture . the inorganic salts which precipitate are filtered off and the filtrate is then concentrated in vacuo to give the desired alcohol as an oil -- 2 . 4 g . ( 98 %). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 24 h 26 o 3 : c , 79 . 53 ; h , 7 . 23 %. found : c , 79 . 37 ; h , 7 . 11 %. in like manner , ethyl 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) crotonate ( 60 . 4 g .) is reduced to 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) butanol ( 48 . 0 g ., 90 %). tosyl chloride ( 11 . 1 g ., 58 . 1 mm ) is added to a solution of 3 -( 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyphenyl )- 1 - butanol ( 20 . 7 g ., 57 mm ) in pyridine ( 90 ml .) at - 45 ° c . the reaction mixture is held at - 35 ° c . for 18 hours and is then diluted with cold 2 n hydrochloric acid ( 1500 ml .) and extracted with ether ( 5 × 250 ml .). the combined extracts are washed with saturated sodium chloride solution ( 4 × 250 ml .) and then dried ( na 2 so 4 ). concentration of the dried extract affords the product as an oil . it is crystallized by treatment with ether - hexane . yield : 24 . 63 g . ( 84 %). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 31 h 32 o 5 s : c , 72 . 06 ; h , 6 . 24 %. found : c , 72 . 05 ; h , 6 . 29 %. a solution of phenol ( 4 . 56 g ., 48 . 6 mm ) in dimethylformamide ( 40 ml .) is added under a nitrogen atmosphere to a suspension of sodium hydride ( 2 . 32 g ., 48 . 6 mm of 50 % previously washed with pentane ) in dimethylformamide ( 70 ml .) at 60 ° c . the reaction mixture is stirred for one hour at 60 °- 70 ° c ., after which a solution of 3 -( 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyphenyl ) butyl tosylate ( 23 . 93 g ., 46 . 3 mm ) in dimethylformamide ( 80 ml .) is added . the reaction mixture is stirred at 80 ° c . for a half - hour and is then cooled to room temperature , diluted with cold water ( 2500 ml .) and extracted with ether ( 4 × 400 ml .). the combined extracts are washed successively with cold 2 n hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 300 ml .) and saturated sodium chloride solution ( 3 × 300 ml .) and then dried ( na 2 so 4 ). removal of the solvent under reduced pressure affords the product as an oil . the oily residue is dissolved in benzene and filtered through silica gel ( 100 g .). concentration of the filtrate under reduced pressure gives the product as an oil . yield : 14 . 86 g . ( 73 %). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 30 h 30 o 3 : c , 82 . 16 ; h , 6 . 89 %. found : c , 82 . 07 ; h , 6 . 84 %. repetition of procedures g through j , but using the 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxy derivatives of benzaldehyde , acetophenone or propiophenone , the appropriate carbethoxy ( or carbomethoxy ) alkylidene triphenyl phosphorane ; and the appropriate alcohol , phenol , thiophenol , hydroxypyridine or hydroxypiperidine as reactants affords the following compounds : ## str63 ## for convenience , the various values of w for given values of --( alk 1 )-- x --( alk 2 ) n -- are collectively tabulated . __________________________________________________________________________alk . sub . 1 x alk . sub . 2 n w__________________________________________________________________________ ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 o -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 , 4 - pyridyl , 3 - pyridyl , 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 , 4 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 , 4 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 o ch . sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 , 4 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - piperidyl , 2 - pyridyl . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - pyridyl , ch . sub . 3 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 , 4 - pyridyl , c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 , 3 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 , 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 , 2 -( 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . sub . 4 h . sub . 6 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ch . sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , 2 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , 4 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 , c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - pyridyl , 2 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 , 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 . - ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , 3 - piperidyl , c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ch . sub . 2 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 2 - pyridyl , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - piperidyl , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 , 2 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 12 . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 , 2 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 , c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , 2 - pyridyl , 4 - piperidyl , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 o -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7 , 2 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 o ch . sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , 3 - pyridyl , 4 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 o ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , 2 - pyridyl , 3 - piperidyl , 4 - piperidyl , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - pyridyl , 3 - piperidyl , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 s -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , 2 - pyridyl , 2 - piperidyl , 4 - piperidyl , ch . sub . 3 , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 , c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 , 4 -( clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . su b . 6 h . sub . 10 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 s ch . sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , 2 - pyridyl , 4 - pyridyl , 3 - piperidyl , c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , ch . sub . 3 , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 . ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - piperidyl , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 s -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - pyridyl , 3 - pyridyl , 4 - piperidyl , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 7 , 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 s ch . sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , 2 - pyridyl . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - pyridyl , 3 - piperidyl . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - pyridyl . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 s -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 , 4 - pyridyl , 3 - pyridyl , 2 - piperidyl , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 s ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - piperidyl . ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - pyridyl . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 o -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl , c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 , c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13 , 2 -( 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . sub . 5 h . sub . 8 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 o ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 1 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , 3 - pyridyl , 4 - piperidyl , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 s -- 0 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , ch . sub . 3 , 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 2 - pyridyl , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 , 3 -( 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 10 . ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 s ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 1 ch . sub . 3 , c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 , 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 , 4 - pyridyl . __________________________________________________________________________ a solution of 3 -( 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyphenyl )- 1 - phenoxybutane ( 14 . 7 g ., 133 . 5 mm ) in a mixture of ethyl acetate ( 110 ml . ), ethanol ( 110 ml .) and concentrated hydrochloric acid ( 0 . 7 ml .) is hydrogenated for 2 hours under 60 p . s . i . hydrogen in the presence of 10 % palladium - on - carbon ( 1 . 5 g .). removal of the catalyst by filtration and concentration of the filtrate gives an oil . the oil is purified by chromatography on silica gel ( 100 g .) and eluting with benzene - ethyl acetate consisting of 0 - 10 % ethyl acetate . the middle fractions are combined and concentrated to give the title product : 7 . 8 g . ( 80 %), as an oil . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 16 h 18 o 3 : c , 74 . 39 ; h , 7 . 02 %. found : c , 74 . 13 ; h , 7 . 00 %. in like manner , the remaining ethers ( x = o ) of preparation j are debenzylated to afford the corresponding 3 , 5 - dihydroxy derivatives . the thio ethers are debenzylated by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid . the procedure comprises stirring a solution of the dibenzyl ether ( x = s ) in trifluoroacetic acid at room temperature for two hours . the reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness and the residue taken up in ether . the ether solution is washed with water , dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated to give the debenzylated compound . a solution of phosphorous tribromide ( 5 . 7 ml ., 0 . 06 mole ) in ether ( 30 ml .) is added to a solution of 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 1 - butanol ( 30 . 0 g ., 0 . 143 mole ) in ether ( 20 ml .) at - 5 ° c . to - 10 ° c . and the reaction mixture stirred at - 5 ° c . to - 10 ° c . for 2 . 5 hours . it is then warmed to room temperature and stirred for an additional 30 minutes . the mixture is poured over ice ( 200 g .) and the resulting mixture extracted with ether ( 3 × 50 ml .). the combined extracts are washed with 5 % sodium hydroxide solution ( 3 × 50 ml . ), saturated sodium chloride solution ( 1 × 50 ml .) and dried ( na 2 so 4 ). removal of the ether and vacuum distillation of the residue affords the title product ; 25 g . ( 55 % yield ); b . p . 125 °- 132 ° c . at 0 . 4 mm . the following compounds are prepared from 3 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde , 3 , 5 - dimethoxyacetophenone and 3 , 5 - dimethoxypropiophenone and the appropriate carbethoxyalkylidene triphenylphosphorane by the procedures of preparations g , h and l . a mixture of 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) butyl triphenylphosphonium bromide ( 19 . 0 g ., 35 . 4 mmoles ) in dimethylsulfoxide ( 50 ml .) is added to 4 - pyridinecarboxaldehyde ( 3 . 79 g ., 35 . 4 mmoles ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 40 ml .). the resulting mixture is then added dropwise to a slurry of 50 % sodium hydride ( 1 . 87 g ., 39 mmoles ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 20 ml .) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0 °- 5 ° c . following completion of addition , the mixture is stirred for one hour at 0 °- 5 ° c . and then concentrated under reduced pressure . the concentrate is diluted with water ( 200 ml .) and then acidified with 6 n hcl . the aqueous acid solution is extracted with benzene ( 4 × 50 ml .). it is then made basic and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 50 ml .). evaporation of the combined extracts after drying ( mgso 4 ) affords 4 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 1 -( 4 - pyridyl )- 1 - pentene ( 7 . 1 g ., 70 %) as an oil . catalytic hydrogenation of the thus - produced pentene derivative according to the procedure given in preparation d gives 4 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 1 -( 4 - pyridyl ) pentane in quantitative yield ; m . p . 131 °- 133 ° c . the pentane derivative thus obtained is demethylated by heating a mixture of the compound ( 7 . 15 g ., 25 mmoles ) and pyridine hydrochloride ( 35 g .) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 210 ° c . for 8 hours . the hot mixture is poured into water ( 40 ml .) and the resulting solution made basic with 6 n sodium hydroxide . water and pyridine are removed by distillation in vacuo . ethanol ( 50 ml .) is added to the residue and the inorganic salts which precipitate are filtered off . the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and the residue chromatographed on silica gel ( 150 g .) using as eluting agents 5 % ethanol / benzene ( 4 liters ), 10 % ethanol / benzene ( 1 liter ), 13 % ethanol / benzene ( 1 liter ) and 16 % ethanol / benzene ( 5 liters ). the product is isolated as a glassy solid by concentration of appropriate fractions of the eluate . yield = 5 . 0 g ( 78 %). the 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide is prepared by refluxing a mixture of 1 - bromo - 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) butane ( 21 . 5 g ., 78 . 5 mmoles ) and triphenyl phosphine ( 20 . 5 g ., 78 . 5 mmoles ) in xylene ( 60 ml .) for 18 hours . the reaction mixture is then cooled to room temperature and filtered . the filter cake is washed with ether and dried in a vacuum desicator to give 36 . 4 g . ( 86 %) yield of product ; m . p . 190 °- 200 ° c . repetition of this procedure but using the appropriate bromo -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) alkane and the appropriate aldehyde or ketone affords the following compounds . ______________________________________ ## str65 ## z w______________________________________ ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 2 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 2 - piperidyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - piperidyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 2 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 3 - piperidyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - piperidylch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 2 - pyridylch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - piperidylch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 3 - pyridylch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - pyridylch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 3 - piperidylch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ) 2 - pyridylch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 3 - pyridylch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidylch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridylch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - piperidylch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - pyridylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - pyridylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - piperidylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidylch . sub . 2 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 2 3 - pyridylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - piperidylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 2 - pyridylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - pyridylch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) ch . sub . 2 2 - piperidyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 7ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 9ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 13ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ) 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ) 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) 4 - piperidylch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11______________________________________ to a solution of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide ( 69 . 4 mm ) in dimethyl sulfoxide ( 65 ml .) at room temperature is added solid 3 , 5 - dimethoxyacetophenone ( 10 g ., 55 . 5 mm ). the reaction mixture is stirred for one hour at 25 ° c ., for one - half hour at 50 ° c . and is then cooled . the mixture is diluted with water ( 50 ml .) and added to a mixture of ice water ( 200 ml .) -- ether ( 250 ml .) -- low boiling petroleum ether ( 25 ml .). the organic extract is washed twice with water ( 250 ml . ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated to an oil . fractional distillation of the oil yields 8 . 0 g . ( 75 %) of 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - α - methylstyrene oxide , b . p . 93 °- 97 ° c ., 0 . 2 mm . ir ( ccl 4 ): 2780 , 1595 , 1196 , 1151 , 1058 cm - 1 . pmr ( cdcl 3 ) ( 60 mhz ): δ1 . 70 ( s , ch 3 --), 2 . 76 ## str66 ## 2 . 95 ## str67 ## 6 . 41 ( t , j = 2 hz , arh ) and 6 . 58 ( d , j = 2 hz , arh ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 11 h 14 o 3 : c , 68 . 02 ; h , 7 . 27 %. found : c , 67 . 96 ; h , 7 . 28 %. a mixture of dry 2 - phenylethanol ( 30 ml ., 251 mm ) and sodium metal ( 690 mg ., 30 mm ) is heated at 110 ° c . for 30 minutes . the resulting 1 m solution of sodium 2 - phenylethoxide is cooled to 60 ° c ., 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - α - methylstyrene oxide ( 2 g ., 10 . 3 mm ) added and the reaction heated 15 hours at 60 ° c . the reaction mixture is cooled and added to a mixture of ether and water . the ether extract is dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated . excess 2 - phenylethanol is removed by vacuum distillation ( b . p . - 65 ° c ., 0 . 1 mm .) leaving a 3 . 5 g . residue . the residue is purified via column chromatography on merck silica gel 60 ( 300 g .) and eluted in 15 ml . fractions with 60 % ether - pentane . fractions 52 - 88 yielded 2 . 9 g . ( 89 %) of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 2 - hydroxypropyl 2 - phenylethyl ether . ir ( ccl 4 ): 3534 , 1595 , 1202 , 1153 cm - 1 . pmr ( cdcl 3 , 60 mhz ): δ1 . 46 ( s , ch 3 --), 2 . 86 ( s , oh ), 2 . 86 ( t , j = 7 hz , -- ch 2 -- ph ), 3 . 53 ( s ,-- ch 2 o ), 3 . 71 ( t , j = 7 hz , -- ch 2 o ), 3 . 80 ( s , och 3 ), 6 . 38 ( t , j = 2 hz , arh ), 6 . 61 ( d , j = 2 hz , arh ) and 7 . 23 ( s , phh ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 19 h 24 o 4 : c , 72 . 12 ; h , 7 . 65 %. found : c , 71 . 92 ; h , 7 . 63 %. to a 0 ° c . solution of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 2 - hydroxypropyl 2 - phenylethyl ether ( 550 mg ., 1 . 74 mm ) in pyridine ( 2 ml .) is added dropwise phosphorous oxychloride ( 477 ml ., 5 . 22 mm ). the reaction is allowed to warm to 20 ° c . over a 1 . 5 hour period . it is then stirred for 1 . 5 hours at 20 ° c . and then added to ether ( 150 ml .) and 15 % sodium carbonate ( 100 ml .). the organic phase is separated and washed with 15 % sodium carbonate ( 3 × 50 ml . ), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to an oil . the oil is dissolved in absolute ethanol ( 15 ml . ), 10 % palladium - on - carbon ( 100 mg .) added and the mixture stirred under one atmosphere of hydrogen gas . when hydrogen uptake ceases ( 26 . 5 ml ., 20 min . ), the reaction is filtered through diatomaceous earth and the filtrate evaporated to an oil . the oil is purified via preparative layer chromatography on silica gel plates , eluted twice with 6 : 1 pentane : ether to yield 211 mg . ( 40 %) of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) propyl 2 - phenylethyl ether . ir ( ccl 4 ): 1600 , 1205 , 1155 , 1109 cm - 1 . pmr ( cdcl 3 , 60 mhz ) δ1 . 22 ( d , j = 7 hz , ch 3 --), 2 . 82 ( t , j = 7 hz , ch 2 ph ), - 2 . 8 ( h -- c -- me ), - 3 . 6 (-- ch 2 -- o -- ch 2 --), 3 . 75 ( s , och 3 ), 6 . 35 ( m , arh ) and 7 . 18 ( s , phh ). a mixture of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl ) propyl 2 - phenylethyl ether ( 195 mg ., 0 . 65 mm ), pyridine ( 0 . 4 ml ., 4 . 96 mm ) and dry pyridine hydrochloride ( 4 g ., 34 . 6 mm ) is heated at 190 ° c . for 6 hours . the reaction mixture is cooled and added to a mixture of water ( 100 ml .) and ether ( 150 ml .). the ether extract is washed once with water ( 50 ml .) and , along with a second ether extract ( 50 ml .) of the aqueous phase , is dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to an oil . the oil is purified via preparative layer chromatography on silica gel plates , eluted six times with 30 % ether - pentane to yield 65 . 8 mg . ( 37 %) of 2 -( 3 , 5 - dihydroxyphenyl ) propyl 2 - phenylethyl ether . ir ( chcl 3 ): 3559 , 3279 , 1605 , 1147 , 1105 cm - 1 . pmr ( cdcl 3 , 60 mhz ) δ1 . 18 ( d , j = 7 hz , ch 3 --), 2 . 80 ( t , j = 7 hz , -- ch 2 ph ), 2 . 80 ( h -- c -- me ), 3 . 4 - 3 . 8 (-- ch 2 och 2 --), 6 . 08 ( t , j = 2 hz , arh ), 6 . 21 ( d , j = 2 hz , arh ) and 7 . 16 ( s , phh ). the following compounds are prepared from appropriate alkanols by the methods of procedures o and p . ______________________________________ ## str68 ##( alk . sub . 2 ) w______________________________________ ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ) 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - pyridyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - piperidylch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 4 - piperidyl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 3c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3______________________________________ under a nitrogen atmosphere a mixture of 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyacetophenone ( 50 . 0 g ., 0 . 15 m ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 175 ml .) and 3 - phenoxypropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide ( 7 . 18 g ., 0 . 15 m ) in dimethylsulfoxide ( 450 ml .) is added dropwise over 1 . 75 hours to a suspension of 50 % sodium hydride ( 7 . 89 g ., 0 . 165 m ) ( previously washed with pentane ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 75 ml .) maintained at 0 °- 5 ° c . after stirring for 4 hours at 0 °- 5 ° c . the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature and is then carefully stirred into ice water ( 2000 ml . ), acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid , and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 5 × 400 ml .). the combined organic phases are washed with saturated sodium chloride solution ( 3 × 300 ml . ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to yield an oil which is triturated with ether to precipitate triphenylphosphine oxide . filtration , followed by concentration of the filtrate , gives an oily residue which is chromatographed over silica gel ( 1300 g .) eluting with benzene - hexane consisting of 30 % to 100 % benzene . from the middle fractions 51 g . ( 75 %) of 4 -( 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyphenyl )- 1 - phenoxypent - 3 - ene is isolated as an oil ; r f = 0 . 8 ( silica gel , 2 - benzene : 1 - hexane ); m / e -- 450 ( m + ). analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 31 h 30 o 3 : c , 82 . 63 ; h , 6 . 71 %. found : c , 82 . 90 ; h , 6 . 69 %. a solution of 4 -( 3 , 5 - dibenzyloxyphenyl )- 1 - phenoxypent - 3 - ene ( 51 g ., 0 . 113 m ) in a mixture of absolute ethanol ( 160 ml . ), ethyl acetate ( 160 ml .) and concentrated hydrochloric acid ( 0 . 2 ml .) is hydrogenated for 12 hours under 55 lbs . hydrogen in the presence of 10 % pd / c . removal of the catalyst by filtration and concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yields 30 . 8 g . ( 100 %) of product as a viscous oil . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 17 h 20 o 3 : c , 74 . 97 ; h , 7 . 40 %. found : c , 74 . 54 ; h , 7 . 45 %. to a - 78 ° c . solution of diphenylsulfonium ethylide ( 1 . 0 mole ) in tetrahydrofuran ( one liter ) is slowly added 3 , 5 - dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 1 . 0 mole ). the reaction mixture is stirred at - 78 ° c . for 3 hours and then allowed to warm to room temperature . it is then added to ether - water and the ether phase separated . the ether phase is washed with water , dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated . fractional distillation of the residue gives the title product . to a solution of sodium butoxide in butanol ( 0 . 5 liters of 1 m ) is added 3 , 5 - dimethoxy - β - methylstyrene oxide ( 6 . 33 m ). the mixture is heated for 18 hours at 70 ° c . and is then cooled and added to a mixture of ether - water . the ether solution is separated , dried ( mgso 4 ) and evaporated to give 3 -( 3 , 5 - dimethoxyphenyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 2 - propylbutyl ether . it is purified by column chromatography on silica gel with ether - pentane elution . by means of the procedure of preparation p the title product is produced . ______________________________________ ## str69 ##( alk . sub . 2 ) w______________________________________ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - pyridylch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5______________________________________ a solution of 3 , 5 - dihydroxyphenylmercaptan ( 3 . 5 g ., 0 . 01 mole ) in absolute ethanol ( 50 ml .) is made just alkaline with sodium ethoxide . the appropriate bromide of formula br -( alk 2 ) n - w ( 0 . 01 mole ) is added and the mixture refluxed for 3 hours . it is then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue extracted with ether . evaporation of the ether affords the product . ______________________________________ ## str70 ## n ( alk . sub . 2 ) w______________________________________1 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 31 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 31 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 31 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 ch . sub . 31 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 31 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 51 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 51 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 51 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 51 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 111 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 111 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 111 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 131 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 131 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 71 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 51 ( ch . sub . 2 ) 2 - piperidyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - piperidyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ) 2 - pyridyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 2 - pyridyl1 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - pyridyl1 ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridyl1 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 41 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 41 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 40 -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 50 -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 40 -- 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 40 -- c . sub . 3 h . sub . 50 -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 90 -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 110 -- c . sub . 7 h . sub . 130 -- 4 - pyridyl0 -- 2 - piperidyl0 -- 2 - pyridyl0 -- 2 ( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 40 -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 100 -- 3 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 120 -- ch . sub . 3______________________________________ olivetol ( 1 . 8 g ., 0 . 01 m ), ammonium chloride ( 2 . 65 g ., 0 . 05 m ), sodium bisulfite ( 5 . 2 g ., 0 . 05 m ) and ammonium hydroxide ( 12 . 5 ml .) are combined and heated in a steel bomb at 230 ° c . for a half - hour . the bomb is then cooled , the contents dissolved in ethyl acetate ( 350 ml .). hydrochloric acid ( 300 ml . of 10 %) is added , the mixture stirred and then the organic layer separated . the extraction is repeated two more times . the aqueous acid solution is neutralized with 6 n sodium hydroxide and then extracted with cholorform ( 3 × 300 ml .). the combined chloroform extracts are dried and concentrated . the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate , decolorized with charcoal and concentrated . the addition of hexane to the residue causes it to crystallize : 270 mg . ; m . p . 88 °- 91 ° c . when recrystallized from hot ethyl acetate - hexane ( 1 - 1 ) it melts at 95 °- 96 ° c . analysis : calc &# 39 ; d for c 11 h 17 on : c , 73 . 70 : h , 9 . 56 ; n , 7 . 81 %. found : c , 73 . 64 ; h , 9 . 62 ; n , 7 . 91 %. in like manner , the compounds of preparations c , d , e , k , m , q , r , t , u and cc are converted to the corresponding aniline derivatives having the formula ## str71 ## wherein z and w are as defined in said preparations . a solution of 2 . 4 g . ( 9 . 5 mmole ) d , l - 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline in 24 ml . pyridine and 24 ml . acetic anhydride is stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes . the reaction mixture is poured onto 200 ml . each of water and ethyl acetate . after stirring for 10 minutes , the organic layer is separated and washed successively with water ( 4 × 100 ml . ), brine ( 1 × 100 ml . ), dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and concentrated to yield 3 . 5 g . of crude d , l - n - acetyl - 3 - acetoxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline . a solution of d , l - n - acetyl - 3 - acetoxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline . and 1 g . potassium carbonate in 100 ml . methanol is stirred at room temperature for one hour , filtered , concentrated and dissolved in ethyl acetate . the organic solution is washed with water , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to an oil which is crystallized from hexane to yield 1 . 5 g . d , l - n - acetyl - 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline , m . p . 128 °- 130 ° c . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 8 . 64 ( bs , 1h , - nh ), 7 . 12 , 6 . 58 and 6 . 45 ( bs , 1h variable , aroh ), 2 . 19 - 2 . 78 ( m , 3h , ar - ch and ar - ch 2 ), 2 . 05 ( s , 3h , ch 3 -- c (═ o )--), 1 . 3 - 1 . 78 ( m , 4h , ( ch 2 ) 2 ), 1 . 12 ( d , 3h , -- c -- ch 3 ). to a stirred solution of 1 . 2 g . d , l - n - acetyl - 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline ( 4 . 03 mmole ) in 50 ml . tetrahydrofuran is added 193 mg . of 50 % sodium hydride ( 4 . 03 mmole ). after 30 minutes of stirring , 1 . 38 g . ( 8 . 06 mmole ) of α - bromotoluene is added and stirring continued for 16 hours . the reaction mixture is then filtered , 1 ml . of acetic acid added to the filtrate which is then concentrated and chromatographed ( silica gel , benzene / ether [ 2 : 1 ] as eluent ) to yield 1 . 43 g . d , l - n - acetyl - 3 - benzyloxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline as an oil . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 88 ( bs , 1h , n - h ), 7 . 38 , 7 . 20 , 6 . 84 , 6 . 59 ( bs , 5h , 6h , 1h , 1h , aromatic ), 5 . 0 ( s , 2h , -- o -- ch 2 ar ), 2 . 21 - 2 . 98 ( m , 3h , ar - ch and ar - ch 2 ), 2 . 07 ( s , 3h , ch 3 -- c (═ o )- n ), 1 . 30 - 1 . 69 ( m , 4h , --( ch 2 ) 2 ), 1 . 15 ( d , 3h , ## str72 ## a solution of 1 . 4 g . d , l - n - acetyl - 3 - benzyloxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline , 14 ml . 20 % potassium hydroxide , 14 ml . methanol and 10 ml . 2 - propanol is heated at reflux on a steam bath for 4 days . after cooling , water and ethyl acetate are added and the mixture stirred for 10 minutes . the organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase extracted again with ethyl acetate . the organic solutions are combined , dried ( mgso 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and chromatographed ( 35 g . silica gel , benzene / ether [ 3 : 1 ] as eluent ) to yield d , l - 3 - benzyloxy - 5 -( 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentyl ) aniline as an oil . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 32 ( bs , 5h , aromatic ), 7 . 13 ( bs , 5h , aromatic ), 6 . 01 - 6 . 33 ( m , 3h , aromatic ), 4 . 95 ( s , 2h , arch 2 o ), 3 . 48 ( bs , 2h variable , nh 2 ), 2 . 17 - 2 . 88 ( m , 3h , ar - ch and ar - ch 2 ), 1 . 32 - 1 . 76 ( m , 4h , ( ch 2 ) 2 ), 1 . 14 ( d , 3h , -- c -- ch 3 ). following the procedures of preparations w and x , the 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( z - w )- anilines of preparation v are converted to 3 - benzyloxy - 5 -( z - w ) anilines wherein z and w are as defined in preparation v . the procedures of preparations w and x are repeated but using methyl bromide in place of α - bromotoluene to give the title product . similarly , the compounds of preparation v are reacted with methyl bromide or ethyl bromide to give compounds having the formula ## str73 ## wherein z and w are as defined in preparation v and y 1 is methyl or ethyl . a mixture of 3 - ethoxy - 5 - hydroxynitrobenzene ( 8 . 7 g . ), diethyl sulfate ( 9 . 1 g . ), potassium carbonate ( 7 . 4 g .) and toluene ( 200 ml .) is heated at reflux for four hours . the toluene is removed by steam distillation and the residue cooled . the solid product 3 , 5 - diethoxy nitrobenzene is recovered by filtration and dried . the solid ( 11 g .) is dissolved in glacial acetic acid ( 100 ml .) and water ( 100 ml .). tin ( 1 g .) is added , followed by a solution of stannous chloride ( 7 g .) in concentrated hydrochloric acid ( 70 ml .). the mixture is stirred vigorously and held at 40 ° c . for six hours . it is then made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and extracted with ether ( 3 × 100 ml .). the combined extracts are dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and evaporated to give the product . it is purified by vacuum distillation . the procedure of huitric et al ., j . org . chem ., 23 , 715 - 9 ( 1962 ) is employed but using the appropriate cycloalkylene oxide and p - halo ( cl or f ) phenyl lithium reactants to produce the following compounds . ______________________________________ ## str74 ## a x a x______________________________________2 cl 2 f3 cl 3 f5 cl 5 f______________________________________ a benzene solution containing equimolar amounts of 4 - fluorostyrene and 2 - methoxybutadiene and hydroquinone ( 1 % by weight based on diene ) is heated in a sealed tube at 150 ° c . for 10 hours . the reaction vessel is cooled , the contents removed and concentrated to give 1 - methoxy - 4 ( and 5 )- 4 -( fluorophenyl ) cycloheptene which are separated by distillation in vacuo . hydrolysis of the ether with 3 % hydrochloric acid affords 3 - and 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) cyclohexanones . sodium borohydride reduction of the ketones according to the procedure of example 31 affords the hydroxy compounds . in like manner , the corresponding 3 - and 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl ) cyclohexanols are prepared from 4 - chlorostyrene . this compound is prepared from cyclohexane oxide and p - fluorophenyl lithium according to the procedure of huitric et al ., j . org . chem ., 27 , 715 - 9 ( 1962 ), for preparing 2 -( 4 - chlorophenyl ) cyclohexanol . a solution of 3 , 5 - dihydroxyphenylmercaptan ( 3 . 5 g ., 0 . 01 mole ) in absolute ethanol ( 50 ml .) is made just alkaline with sodium ethoxide . the appropriate bromide of formula br -( alk 2 ) n - w ( 0 . 01 mole ) is added and the mixture refluxed for 3 hours . it is then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue extracted with ether . evaporation of the ether affords the product . ______________________________________ ## str75 ## n ( alk . sub . 2 ) w______________________________________1 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 h1 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ) ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 31 c ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 31 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 8 ch . sub . 31 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 31 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 51 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 51 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 51 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 51 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 111 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 111 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 111 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 7 c . sub . 5 h . sub . 91 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 131 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 c . sub . 7 h . sub . 131 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 4 h . sub . 71 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 c . sub . 3 h . sub . 51 ( ch . sub . 2 ) 2 - piperidyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - piperidyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ) 2 - pyridyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 3 - pyridyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 2 - pyridyl1 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 2 - pyridyl1 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - pyridyl1 ch ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - piperidyl1 ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 41 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 41 ch ( ch . sub . 3 )( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 40 -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 50 -- 4 - fc . sub . 6 h . sub . 40 -- 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 40 -- c . sub . 3 h . sub . 50 -- c . sub . 5 h . sub . 90 -- c . sub . 6 h . sub . 110 -- c . sub . 7 h . sub . 130 -- 4 - pyridyl0 -- 2 - piperidyl0 -- 2 - pyridyl0 -- 2 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 3 h . sub . 40 -- 4 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 6 h . sub . 100 -- 3 -( c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 ) c . sub . 7 h . sub . 120 -- ch . sub . 3______________________________________ to a stirred solution of 5 - phenyl - 2 - pentanol ( 482 g . ; 2 . 94 moles ) in tetrahydrofuran ( 2250 ml .) at 0 ° c . is added methanesulfonyl chloride ( 300 ml .) at such a rate that the internal temperature does not rise above 10 ° c . ( total addition time 4 . 5 hours ). after addition is complete , the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring is continued for an additional hour . the reaction mixture is filtered and the supernate concentrated to a light yellow oil ( 2800 g .) which is dissolved in chloroform ( 2 l .) and washed with water ( 4 × 1 l . ), brine ( 1 × 1 l . ), charcoal treated ( 50 g .) dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered through diatomaceous earth and concentrated to a light orange oil ( 687 g ., 95 % yield ). this material is suitable for use without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 23 ( s , 5h , aromatic ), 4 . 53 - 5 . 13 m , 1h , -- ch -- o --), 2 . 93 ( s , 3h , o -- so 2 -- ch 3 ), 2 . 42 - 2 . 93 ( m , 2h , -- ch 2 c 6 h 5 ), 1 . 50 - 1 . 92 ( m , 4h , --( ch 2 ) 2 --), 1 . 23 ( s , 3h , o -- ch -- ch 3 ). 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 7 . 22 ( bs , 5h , aromatic ), 4 . 08 - 4 . 34 ( m , 2h , -- ch 2 -- o --), 3 . 93 ( s , 3h , so 2 ch 3 ), 2 . 40 - 2 . 82 ( m , 2h , -- ch 2 c 6 h 5 ), 1 . 51 - 1 . 93 ( m , 4h , --( ch 2 ) 2 --). 1 h nmr ( 60 mhz ) δ cdcl . sbsb . 3 tms ( ppm ): 4 . 79 ( bg , 1h , -- ch -- o --), 2 . 97 ( s , 3h , s -- ch 3 ), 1 . 40 ( d , 3h , ch 3 -- ch ), 0 . 87 ( t , 3h , ch 3 -- ch 2 ), 1 . 0 - 2 . 0 ( m , 10 h , --( ch 2 ) 5 --). | 2 |
fig4 shows a block diagram of an image information reading apparatus of one embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig4 the image information on the card is converted into an electrical analog signal by means of a photoelectric sensor 6 and the analog signal is amplified by an amplifier 7 and is applied to a peak hold circuit 8 , a first comparator 9 having a deep slice level b and a second comparator 10 having a usual shallow slice level a . the output of the peak hold circuit 8 is applied to the first and second comparators 9 and 10 . the output co b of the first comparator 9 is applied to a 9 - bit shift register 11 . the bit parallel output terminals q &# 39 ; a , q &# 39 ; b , . . . , q &# 39 ; i are in parallel coupled to the input terminals a 0 , a 1 , . . . a 7 of a read only memory 13 . the output ro of the read only memory 13 is coupled to one input of a nand gate 14 and through an invertor 15 to one input of a nand gate 16 . the output of only the fifth bit output terminal q &# 39 ; e that is the center of nine bits is applied to the other input of the nand gate 14 . the output co a of the second comparator 10 is applied to a 5 - bit shift register 12 and the output terminal qe out of the parallel output terminals qa , qb , . . . qe of the shift register 12 is applied to the other input terminal of the nand gate 16 . the ouputs from the nand gates 14 and 16 are applied to the inputs to a nand gate 17 . the output from the nand gate 17 is applied to the d terminal of a d type flip - flop 18 . the output terminal q of the flip - flop 18 is utilized to withdraw the image information output . the shift registers 11 and 12 are structured to be operative responsive to a timing signal t . similarly , the flip - flop 18 is structured to be operative responsive to the timing signal t . for the purpose of providing a train of timing signals t , a timing signal generator ts is provided operatively coupled to the sensor 6 . a timing relation between the output video from the sensor 6 and the timing signal t is seen in fig3 to be described subsequently . now the operation of the fig4 embodiment will be described in the following . a paper sheet carrying image information thereon is subjected to the light beam and the light beam reflected therefrom including the image information is converted into an analog signal by means of the photoelectric sensor 6 . the analog signal is amplified by means of the amplifier 7 up to the level sufficient enough to drive the comparators . the peak hold circuit 8 comprises a circuit for holding a positive going peak that is adapted to detect a signal corresponding to the background of the paper sheet , normally white . thus , in such a situation , the white is represented by the high level or a logic one while the black is represented by the low level or a logic zero , as shown in the example of the color pattern shown in fig2 . the comparators 9 and 10 are structured to have different predetermined slice levels b and a , respectively , which are differently level set with respect to the level of the background white of the paper sheet which is denoted as v peak . in consideration of the resolution of the optical system , the slice level a is usually set to the 70 percent value with respect to the peak value v peak , while the slice level b is selected to be the value of about 60 percent with respect to the peak value v peak , and normally the value of the slice level b is selected to be smaller than the value of the slice level a . since the value of the slice level b of the comparator 9 is set deeper than the value of the slice level a of the comparator 10 , the white portion in the β region in the example of the color pattern shown in fig2 can be detected as a white area without any error . fig3 shows a timing relation of the outputs co a and co b of the comparators 10 and 9 obtained in response to the video information signal corresponding to the color pattern examples α and β shown in fig2 with the clock signal t which is utilized as a synchronizing signal of the image information reading apparatus shown in fig4 . the output co b of the comparator 9 is transferred to the 9 - bit shift register 11 having a bit parallel output and the output co a of the comparator 10 is transferred to the 5 - bit shift register 12 having a bit parallel output , both in synchronism with the rise edge of the clock pulse t . the fifth bit output qe of the 5 - bit shift register 12 is applied to one input to the nand gate 16 and the fifth bit output q &# 39 ; e of the central bit position of the 9 - bit shift register 11 is applied to one input of the nand gate 14 . the remaining eight bit outputs q &# 39 ; a , q &# 39 ; b , . . . q &# 39 ; i of the shift register 11 are applied in parallel to the parallel inputs a 0 , a 1 , . . . a 7 of the read only memory 13 . the read only memory 13 makes determination as to whether the image information being presently scanned includes a white portion of a small area in the black background in the light of the pattern of the digital signal stored in the four forward bit positions q &# 39 ; a , q &# 39 ; b , q &# 39 ; c and q &# 39 ; d and the four backward bit positions q &# 39 ; f , q &# 39 ; g , q &# 39 ; h and q &# 39 ; i with respect to the fifth bit position q &# 39 ; e of the shift register 11 . to that end the read only memory 10 is preset such that the same provides a logic one level output from the output terminal ro if and when the determination is &# 34 ; yes &# 34 ; and provides a logic zero output from the output terminal ro if and when the determination is &# 34 ; no .&# 34 ; one example of the information being preset in the read only memory 13 is shown in table 1 , wherein the data has been preloaded such that a logic one or a logic zero is obtained from the output terminal ro of the read only memory 13 depending on the logic state pattern stored in the four forward bit positions and the four backward bit positions with respect to the central position q &# 39 ; e . the output ro of the read only memory 13 is coupled to the other input of the nand gate 14 and through the invertor 15 to the other input to the nand gate 16 . if and when a white portion of a small area is included in the black background , the output ro of the read only memory 13 becomes a logic one and the output from the bit position q &# 39 ; e which was obtained from the comparator 9 having the deep slice level b becomes a logic one . therefore , the output of the nand gate 14 becomes a logic zero . on the other hand , the output from the bit position qe of the shift register 12 which was obtained from the comparator 10 having the normal shallow slice level a becomes a logic zero . since both inputs to the nand gate 16 become logic zeros , a logic one output is obtained therefrom . therefore , no output is obtained from the nand gate 17 . accordingly , in the foregoing case , determination of the black and white is made based on the deep slice level b . as a result , the image information can be read with high fidelity . on the other hand , if and when the black and white have been distributed in an ordinary manner or a black portion of a small area exists in the white background , the output ro of the read only memory 13 becomes a logic zero . therefore , regardless of whether the output from the bit position q &# 39 ; e obtained from the comparator 9 having the deep slice level b had been a logic one or a logic zero , the output from the nand gate 14 becomes a logic one and accordingly the output from the nand gate 17 becomes a logic zero . therefore , the output from the bit position q &# 39 ; e of the shift register 11 is not adopted , but instead the output from the bit position qe of the shift register 12 obtained from the comparator 10 having the ordinary shallow slice level a appears as a logic one at the output from the nand gate 17 . the output from the nand gate 17 is applied to the terminal d of the d type flip - flop 18 and is latched in synchronism with the rise of the clock pulse t and the output is obtained from the output terminal q of the flip - flop 18 . fig5 shows a schematic diagram of only the peak hold circuit 8 , and first and second comparators 9 and 10 shown in fig4 . the output video from the amplifier 7 is applied to the base electrode of a pnp transistor constituting an input circuit of the peak hold circuit 8 and is also applied to the + input of the first comparator compb having the deep slice level b and to the + input of the second comparator compa having the shallow slice level a . the transistor is configured as an emitter follower , so that the emitter potential of the transistor tr1 is higher by the base emitter forward drop than the video output . the emitter electrode of the transistor tr1 is connected to the base electrode of an npn transistor tr2 in the subsequent stage . the collector of the transistor tr2 is connected to the positive power supply + 12v , and the emitter of the transistor tr2 is grounded through a capacitor c1 and is also connected to provide the signal v peak . it is appreciated that the emitter potential of the transistor tr2 , i . e . the level of the signal v peak is lower by the base emitter forward drop v be than the base potential of transistor tr2 . accordingly , if and when the following relation is selected c1 ·( r 2 + r 3 )& gt ;& gt ; the scanning cycle period of the photoelectric sensor , and cl ·( r 4 + r 5 ) & gt ;& gt ; the scanning cycle period of the photoelectric sensor where r 2 , r 3 , r 4 and r 5 are to be described subsequently , then the level v peak comes to settle down to the value in the vicinity of the maximum value . the level v peak is applied to the potentiometer implemented by the resisters r 2 and r 3 for the first comparator 9 and to the potentiometer implemented by the resistors r 4 and r 5 for the second comparator 10 . if r 3 /( r 2 + r 3 ) = 0 . 6 is selected , then the slice level b = 0 . 6 × v peak is attained , and therefore the slice level b comes to be the level of the value as large as 60 percent of the level v peak . the slice level b is applied to the minus input terminal of the comparator compb . therefore , the output co b from the comparator compb becomes as follows . if video & gt ; 0 . 6 × v peak , then co b = &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ;, and if video & lt ; 0 . 6 × v peak , then co b = &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; if r 5 /( r 4 + r 5 ) = 0 . 7 is selected , then the slice level a = 0 . 7 × v peak is attained , and the slice level a comes to be the level of the value as large as 70 percent of the level v peak . the slice level a is applied to the minus input terminal of the comparator compa . therefore , the output co a from the comparator compa becomes as follows ; if video & gt ; 0 . 7 × v peak , then co a = &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ;, and if video & lt ; 0 . 7 × v peak , then co a = 0 &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ;. in the foregoing , the embodiment was described in which the 9 - bit shift register and the 5 - bit shift register were utilized , which were adopted as an example believed to operate effectively with a less number of bit positions for providing the signals obtained at the first and second slice levels . however , this should not be construed by way of limitation , inasmuch as various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . table i______________________________________q &# 39 ; a q &# 39 ; b q &# 39 ; c q &# 39 ; d q &# 39 ; e q &# 39 ; f q &# 39 ; g q &# 39 ; h q &# 39 ; i______________________________________a . sub . 0a . sub . 1 a . sub . 2 a . sub . 3 a . sub . 4 a . sub . 5 a . sub . 6 a . sub . 7 ro0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 11 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 11 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 11 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 11 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 11 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 11 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 10 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1addresses other than the foregoing 0______________________________________ | 6 |
fig1 shows a representative overlay network 10 in accordance with one embodiment . the overlay network includes a number of nodes 100 a - e , which may be geographically dispensed across the transmission region of interest . while fig1 shows the overlay networks located in the united states , the invention is not limited to this embodiment . for example , one or more nodes may be located in other countries . additionally , there is no upper limit to the number of overlay nodes that may be included in the overlay network . the overlay network serves to create reliable or semi - reliable transmissions across the underlying ip network . this overlay network may be a message - oriented overlay network ( moon ), although other types of overlay networks may also be used . in one embodiment , the overlay network may be based on the implementation known as spines , available from www . spines . org . in other embodiments , the moon may be based on resilient overlay network ( ron ), available from the massachusetts institute of technology . of course , other overlay network architectures may be used as well . in one embodiment , each overlay node is a general purpose computer , executing the spines software and having memory elements and one or more network interfaces . the spines software is resident in the memory elements , and is executing by a processing unit in the general purpose computer . the processing unit may be any suitable processor , multi - core processor , or may be a plurality of processors . the purpose of the overlay network is to reduce the time needed to re - transmit dropped packets . traditionally , the sequence numbers are only monitored by the source and destination of a transmission on the internet . thus , if a destination in new york determines that a packet was dropped when receiving a content flow from a source in california , the node in new york must request retransmission of this packet . this entails sending the request through multiple nodes until it reaches the original source . by using an overlay network , this delay can be reduced . in an overlay network , each overlay node tracks sequence numbers and dropped packets . thus , upon detection of a dropped packet , an overlay node can request retransmission from the overlay node which it received the packet from . since these overlay nodes are closer together , the time to discover the error and request and receive a retransmission is much reduced . fig2 shows a representative transmitting appliance 200 which may be used in accordance with one embodiment . the appliance 200 may be in communication with a video encoder 250 via an encoder interface 210 . the encoder 250 encodes baseband video into an mpeg format , such as but not limited to mpeg - ts . this content flow is then divided into packets , which are sent to the transmitting appliance 200 . in one embodiment , the mpeg - ts packets are transmitted via udp . in other embodiments , a different network protocol is used to transmit the packets . although the encoder 250 and the transmitting appliance 200 are shown as separate components , in some embodiments , these two elements may exist within one physical component . the transmitting appliance 200 receives packets from the encoder 250 via the encoder interface 210 . in the coding block 220 , a predetermined number of redundant packets are created . this coding block 220 receives a group of packets , where the size of the group is predetermined , but programmable . it then uses this group of packets to create a set of redundant packets , where the number of redundant packets is selectable by the user or by the transmitting appliance 200 . for example , the coding block 220 may accept ten packets , and create five redundant packets based on the information in these ten packets . the purpose of this redundancy is to create a mechanism by which the original ten packets can be reconstituted , even if those original ten packets do not reach the destination . for example , assume that the fourth of the ten original packets did not reach the destination , but the five redundant packets arrived . using the nine original packets and the five redundant packets , it is possible to reconstruct the missing fourth packet . the number of packets in a group and the number of redundant packets are implementation decisions , and their choices are not limited by the present disclosure . additional redundant packets provide better insurance against lost packets , since the destination is better able to reconstruct packets when more redundant information is available . of course , this added number of redundant packets requires additional bandwidth for the transmission . thus , if five redundant packets are created for every group of ten original packets , the content flow will require 50 % more bandwidth than the original content flow . in one embodiment , the coding block uses forward erasure correction ( fec ) algorithms to create the redundant packets . one such embodiment may be found at www . openfec . org , although other embodiments may also be used . in one particular embodiment , the ldpc staircase codec may be utilized . the resulting set of packets ( where a set is defined as the original group plus the redundant packets ) is then moved to the packet formation block 230 for further processing . the packet formation block 230 generates a header for each packet in the set . the header may contain various information . for example , in one embodiment , the header includes packet sequencing information , transmission identification information , and the fec ratio ( i . e . the ratio of the redundant packets to the group size ). the header is appended to each packet . these packets are then transmitted over the overlay network using the transmission block 240 . the packet formation block 230 contacts the transmission block 240 using a standard api . in one embodiment , the transmission block 240 executes the spines software and the api provided by the spines software . the transmission block 240 then forwards the packets across the overlay network . the transmitting appliance 200 is an additional node in the overlay network shown in fig1 . in other words , any transmitting appliance 200 ( of which there may be many , depending on the number of remote content generation sites ) is an end node for the overlay network of fig1 . fig2 shows the transmitting appliance 200 subdivided into four blocks 210 - 240 . this division is for illustration purposes only , and the invention is not required to partition the functions performed by the transmitting appliance 200 in this way . as shown in fig3 , the transmitting appliance 200 may be a general purpose computing element , having a processing unit 201 , associated memory elements 202 and one or more network interface cards ( nics ) 203 . the associated memory 202 may be in the form of semiconductor memory , magnetic memory ( such as disk drives ) or optical memory ( such as cdromso . the semiconductor memory may be volatile , such as ram , non - volatile , such as rom , or a re - writable non - volatile memory , such as flash eprom . the instructions needed to perform the functions described above are stored in the memory elements associated with the processing unit 201 . the processing unit 201 may be a single processor , a multi - core processor , or may be a plurality of processors . the transmitting appliance 200 may also include other hardware , such as dedicated hardware to perform the coding ( such as fec ) algorithm , or dma ( direct memory access ) machines to facilitate movement of data through the appliance 200 . of course , the coding algorithm can also be performed using a software implementation running on the processing unit 201 . in one embodiment , data is received from the encoder 250 via nic 203 , processed in the memory 202 by the processing unit 201 , and passed out to the overlay network via the nic 203 . of course , the transmitting appliance 200 may be constructed in a variety of different ways . for example , the transmitting appliance 200 may be a special purpose device , constructed specifically for this task . it may also be a traditional pc ( personal computer ), running the software needed to perform these functions . the appliance may also be integrated into third party encoding or decoding equipment to allow for compatibility with the overlay network . as stated above , the transmission block 240 transmits the packets to the overlay network shown in fig1 . at the destination , a receiving appliance is disposed . the receiving appliance is a node which is part of the overlay network shown in fig1 . a representative functional diagram of a receiving appliance 300 is shown in fig4 . the data from the overlay network enters the receiving appliance 300 and is received by the input block 310 . this input block 310 may execute the same software found in the transmission block 240 of the transmitting appliance 200 . in one embodiment , this software is the spines or ron software described above . the input block 310 passes the received packets to the header deconstruction block 320 , which serves to read the header of every packet to determine the transmission id , the fec ratio and current sequence number of the incoming stream . the header deconstruction block 320 uses this to detect changes in the stream in the event of stop / start of the transmitter , and is therefore also able to handle changes in fec ratio . the header deconstruction block 320 waits to receive a set of packets ( defined as a group of original packets and the redundant packets ), or until a sufficient time has elapsed such that any missing packets are assumed to be lost . the set of packets is then passed to the coding block 330 , which accepts the set of packets ( or the received packets from a set ). the coding block 330 may then reconstruct any missing or corrupted original packets , using the information available in the set of packets . if all original packets were properly received , the coding block 330 can simply discard the redundant packets . however , in all other cases , the redundant packets are used to reconstruct the missing original packets . the packets , which define the original group transmitted by video encoder 250 to the transmitting appliance 200 , are then forwarded to the output block 340 . the output block 340 forwards the group of packets to a video decoder 350 . this transmission may be using udp or some other network protocol . as described above , the video decoder 250 may be part of the same physical component as the receiving appliance 300 , or may be a separate device . furthermore , the underlying architecture of the receiving appliance 300 may be similar to that of the transmitting appliance 200 , as shown in fig3 . the following describes one method in which the above system may operate . referring to fig5 , assume that a content provider 400 is located in oregon and the destination site 401 is in massachusetts . a transmitting appliance is located at the content provider 400 in oregon . this transmitting appliance receives a video stream from a video encoder , as described above . the transmitting appliance is a node on the overlay network and makes the video feed available using a protocol such as multicast . at the destination 401 , a user determines that they desire to view the video stream being sourced at the content provider 400 in oregon . the receiving appliance , located at the destination 401 , requests that multicast group from its localhost daemon . that daemon then determines the best route to the source , using the overlay nodes . in this example , the daemon selects a route that utilizes overlay nodes 100 e , 100 b and 100 a . the transmitting appliance transmits packets over the overlay network , after performing all of the steps and functions described above . thus , when the content stream exits the content provider 400 and is transmitted to overlay node 100 a , the individual packets each have headers , and the redundant packets have been created and are transmitted with the original group of packets . this stream reaches overlay node 100 a , which checks to make sure that all packets arrive . this may be done by checking sequence numbers or some other similar mechanism . any packets that do not arrive are requested again by overlay node 100 a . the overlay node may have sufficient buffering so that it can receive packets out of order and keep track of which packets are missing . in this way , unnecessary retransmissions are minimized . the overlay node 100 a does not provide any of the coding functions described above . rather , the overlay node 100 a executed the software needed to create the overlay network and forwards the packets to the next overlay node 100 b . the overlay node 100 b performs the same checks to insure that all of the packets have been received and forwards the packets ( including the original group of packets and the redundant packets ) to overlay node 100 e . overlay node 100 e performs the same functions as the other overlay nodes 100 a , 100 b and forwards the packets to the destination 401 . the receiving appliance located at the destination 401 is also part of the overlay network , so it is able to request retransmissions if it determines that one or more packets were lost . the receiving appliance then performs the functions described above , where it strips off the headers , reorders the packets , and reconstructs any lost original packets . the original group of packets is then delivered , such as by using udp , to the video decoder . this configuration provides the reliability improvement inherent in an overlay network . this improvement is further augmented by using fec ( or some other forward erasure or error coding ) to further protect against dropped or lost packets , thus offering a robust , low cost mechanism to transmit time sensitive information , such as a video stream across the internet . in one particular embodiment , this internet - based video delivery system can be combined with the remote controlled studio camera system , as disclosed in copending u . s . patent publication 2012 / 0212609 . for example , the first subsystem described in that application may include the transmitting appliance described herein . the other subsystems that receive a video stream from the first subsystem , such as but not limited to the fourth subsystem , may include a receiving appliance as described herein . the present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein . indeed , other various embodiments of and modifications to the present disclosure , in addition to those described herein , will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings . thus , such other embodiments and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure . further , although the present disclosure has been described herein in the context of a particular implementation in a particular environment for a particular purpose , those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that the present disclosure may be beneficially implemented in any number of environments for any number of purposes . | 7 |
the present invention relates to a continuously passively engaged rotary seal for providing fluid communication between a rotary slip bowl and a stationary slip ring . [ 0033 ] fig1 depicts an outer perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the invention including a rotary support table 10 defining a central cylindrical opening or bore 12 . the central bore 12 being arranged such that a pipe or drill string 14 can be suspended therein and turned about a vertical axis 16 in the central bore 12 . the rotary support table 10 further includes an outer stationary housing 18 having a top cover 19 and a rotary slip bowl 20 disposed within the outer stationary housing 18 and arranged coaxially about the vertical axis 16 of the drill string 14 within the central bore 12 . a power slip system ( not shown ) according to the present invention is disposed within the rotary support table 10 . [ 0034 ] fig2 depicts a top view of the rotary support table 10 with the top cover removed . as shown , the rotary support table 10 includes an outer stationary housing 18 defining a cylindrical inner surface 22 . a slip ring 24 is fixedly mounted to the inner surface 22 of the outer housing 18 . the slip bowl 20 is rotatably mounted within the slip ring 24 axially about the central bore 12 such that the slip ring inner surface 26 is adjacent to the slip bowl outer surface 28 creating a seal gap 29 therebetween ( shown in fig4 ). in operation , a slip assembly ( not shown ) is rotatably disposed within the slip bowl 20 . any suitable slip assembly may be utilized in the slip bowl 20 of the current invention . in most conventional designs the slip assembly includes a plurality of slips having tapered outer walls that are adapted to engage the tapered inner wall 30 of the slip bowl 20 such that the slip assembly is prevented from lateral , but not rotational movement within the slip bowl 20 . conventionally , each slip carries along its inner surface an engaging insert designed to gripingly engage the drill string to prevent it from falling into the central bore 12 . with reference to fig2 any slip bowl 20 suitable for engaging the inner surface 26 of the slip ring 24 and the outer surface of a slip assembly can be utilized with the inventive seals . in one exemplary embodiment the slip bowl 20 , shown in fig2 includes an arc - shaped center section 32 hinged between a pair of arc - shaped side sections 34 and to form a partially enclosed annular body . in such an embodiment , each section is preferably cast from cms 02 grade 150 - 135 steel , or more preferably cms 01 steel , or most preferred cms 02 grade 135 - 125 steel , and includes an outer surface , and an upwardly tapered inner surface 30 . the sections are symmetrically disposed about a vertical axis to form a central bore 36 for receiving a slip assembly . internally , the slip bowl 20 should be configured to retain a slip assembly from lateral movement while enabling the slip assembly to rotate within the bowl against the frictional contact between the slips and the bowl . in one exemplary embodiment , shown in fig2 the tapered inner surfaces 30 of the slip bowl 20 are corrugated to form a plurality of grooves 38 that extend into the central bore 12 . the grooves are defined by their tapered contact surfaces which are adapted to engage the outer surfaces of the slip assembly . referring to fig2 the sections 34 of the slip bowl 20 are hinged at opposite ends of the center section 33 about a plurality of hydraulic actuators 40 , which swing the sections of the slip bowl 20 between an “ open ” position and a “ closed ” position . in the open position , the side sections 34 are swung “ open ” to receive the slip assembly within the central bore 12 . in the closed position , the side sections 34 are swung closed to retain the slip assembly within the bowl &# 39 ; s central bore 12 . an arc - shaped door may be removably coupled between open ends of the side sections of the slip bowl 20 to retain the side sections 34 in their enclosed “ closed ” positions and form an enclosed annular body that retains the slip assembly . although any conventional slip assembly may be utilized in the current invention , most conventional slip assemblies include a generally annular body formed by a plurality of slips . the slips are generally symmetrically disposed about the vertical axis 16 ( fig1 ) of the bore hole 12 to form an orifice 36 ( fig2 ) for receiving the drill string 14 . the slips may be made of any suitable material , but in one exemplary embodiment , the slips are cast from cms 02 grade 150 - 135 steel or cms 01 steel . the slips may be hinged such that the opposite ends of the slip assembly can be brought into abutment by a plurality of hydraulic rams that bias the ends of the slips towards each other . the slip assembly may also include a means coupled to the slip assembly which locks the slips into engagement to “ close ” the slip assembly or to retain the ends of the slips in abutment and form an enclosed orifice to allow insertion of a drill stem 14 therein . any slip design suitable for engaging and holding a drill stem 14 within the central bore 12 may be utilized in the current invention , such as , for example , the varco bj ® ps 21 / 30 power slip system . in one conventional design , each slip has an arcuate body shape defined by a radial interior surface and a downwardly tapered exterior surface . in any embodiment , the interior surfaces of the slips must be adapted to receive an insert that extends essentially cylindrically about a central orifice to grip and support a pipe 14 . the inserts may further include teeth for assuring effective gripping engagement with a pipe 14 . for example , the tapered exterior surface of the slips may be corrugated to form a plurality of fingers that outwardly extend from the slip &# 39 ; s body . in such an embodiment , the fingers are defined by their tapered contact surfaces which are adapted to engage the inner contact surfaces 30 of the slip bowl 20 . the fingers are configured to retain the slip from lateral movement with the bowl 20 while the bowl 20 rotates about the slips against the sliding friction generated between the contact surface 30 of the bowl 20 . regardless of the slip design utilized , under normal operating conditions , the slips must be capable of supporting lateral loads of about 300 tons to about 600 tons . since cold welding between the slips and the bowl 20 is caused in part by the use of similar steels used in casting the slips and the slip bowl 20 , it is desirable that either the slips or the slip bowl 20 is cast from a material dissimilar to steel , namely a material that has little or no tendency to dissolve into the atomic structure of steel ( for example ). but casting the slips or bowl 20 out of a material other than steel requires specialized hardware and is more expensive to fabricate than steel . thus , it is desirable to coat the steel slips or the bowl 20 with a dissimilar material along its contact surfaces , such as , for example , copper , a bronze alloy , such as nialcu , tungsten carbide , mounting bracket 50 or any other metal in the nickel , aluminum or bronze family . as shown in fig4 and 5 , in the exemplary embodiment , the outer surface 28 of the slip bowl 20 is defined by a cylindrical shoulder 44 that outwardly extends from an upper portion of the slip bowl 20 . a reduced diameter outer cylindrical slip ring engaging member 46 is disposed on the shoulder 44 of the slip bowl 20 . the inner surface 22 of the outer housing 18 is also defined by a cylindrical shoulder 48 that outwardly extends from an upper portion of the outer housing 18 . a cylindrical top gap element 50 is adjustably attached to the inner wall 22 of the stationary housing 18 via adjustment screws 52 which allow the cylindrical top element 50 to be moved vertically relative to the slip bowl 20 . the cylindrical top gap element 50 includes a slip bowl engaging groove 54 , which outwardly extends from shoulder 48 of the outer housing 18 such that the outer cylindrical slip ring engaging member 46 of the slip bowl 20 rotatingly engages the adjustable top gap element 50 . the top gap element 50 further includes a slip bowl seal 56 designed to sealingingly engage the outer surface 28 of the slip bowl 20 such that contaminants and debris are prevented from entering the seal gap 29 between the slip ring 24 and the slip bowl 20 . although one potential means of sealing the gap 29 between the slip bowl 20 and the slip ring 24 is shown in fig4 and described above , any suitable means of preventing mud , drilling fluids or other debris from entering the seal gap 29 and fouling the slip ring 24 or slip bowl 20 could be utilized with the slip assembly of the current invention . as shown in fig6 and 5 , the hydraulic actuators 40 in the rotary slip bowl 20 are connected to a stationary power source external to the outer housing 18 through slip bowl inlets 61 via a rotary slip ring seal assembly 62 arranged cylindrically around the circumference of the inner surface 26 of the slip ring 24 . as shown , the slip ring seal assembly 62 substantially fills the seal gap 29 between the slip ring 24 and the slip bowl 20 . the rotary seal assembly 62 is in turn in fluid communication with a power source via a plurality of external lines 64 disposed within the body of the outer housing 18 . as best shown in fig4 to 6 , the rotary slip seal assembly 62 , includes a cylindrical annular body with a plurality of sets of hydraulic inlets 66 a , 66 b and 66 c in fluid communication with the outlet of the fluid power supply and outlets 68 a , 68 b , 68 c and 68 d in fluid communication with the filter storage tank inlet of the power supply disposed thereupon . each set of inlets 66 is arranged within an annular groove 70 . within each annular groove 70 is received an elastomeric slip ring communication seal 72 a , 72 b , 72 c arranged and designed to sealingly engage a predetermined slip bowl inlet 61 , 61 b and 61 c . in addition to the communication seals 72 , the rotary slip seal assembly 62 further includes a plurality of annular wiper seals 74 a , 74 b and 74 c . the wiper seals 74 a , 74 b and 74 c are designed to provide a wiping seal with the outer surface 28 of the rotary slip bowl 20 such that the hydraulic communication seals 72 , the inlets 66 and the outlets 68 disposed between the wiper seals 74 are kept free from foreign substances . the wiper seals 74 a , 74 b and 74 c can include any seal design suitable for providing fluid sealing means across the gap between the outer surface 28 of the rotary slip bowl 20 and the inner surface 26 of the slip ring 24 . for example , the wiper seals 74 could include conventional resilient polymer o - ring - type seals which apply a continuous and steady fluid sealing pressure against the outer surface 28 of the slip bowl 20 . although three wiper seals 74 a , 74 b and 74 c are shown in the exemplary embodiments depicted in fig4 to 7 , any number of wiper seals 74 may be used such that the area of the slip ring 24 containing the communication seals 66 are kept substantially free of foreign contaminants and fluid within the area bounded by the wiper seals 74 is kept substantially within that area . one exemplary embodiment of the hydraulic communication seals 72 are shown in detail in fig5 . as shown , the hydraulic communication seals 72 include a ribbon of elastomeric material having inner 76 and outer 78 annular grooves running on opposite sides of a seal wall 80 . the outer edges of each seal 72 are held within the groove 70 of the slip ring 24 and sealed by a groove engaging member 82 , which resiliently engages and attaches the seal 72 within the groove 70 such that fluid applied to the outer surface 78 of the seal 72 is directed through the communication seal inlets 66 and simultaneously prevented from leaking around the edges of the seal 72 . the groove engaging member 82 may include any annular member suitable for sealingly attaching the seals 72 within the grooves 70 . in one embodiment , for example , the engaging member is a conventional elastomeric o - ring designed to fit around the circumference of the slip ring 24 within the annular groove 70 and resiliently press the seal 72 within the groove 70 . as shown in fig5 the surface area of the outer annular groove 78 is made smaller than the surface area of the inner 76 annular groove such that when pressurized with hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic power source , a differential pressure is established between the hydraulic fluid on the inner and outer side of the seal wall 80 . this differential pressure creates a differential force on the inner side of the seal wall 80 such that the inner seal surface of the elastomeric hydraulic communication seal 72 is engaged against the outer wall of the slip bowl 28 . when sufficient pressure is exerted on the outer surface of the seal 78 , a fluid sealed passage can be formed between the seal 72 and the outer surface of the slip bowl 28 by the inner annular groove 76 of the seal 72 such that the hydraulic fluid from the power source 60 can flow through the seal inlets 66 into the inner annular groove 76 and then through the slip bowl inlets 61 to activate the hydraulic rams in mechanical communication with a slip assembly . although any differential size between the inner 76 and outer 78 annular grooves sufficient to create a differential pressure to press the inner surface of the seal 72 against the outer surface of the slip bowl 28 , in one exemplary embodiment the inner seal surface has a surface area of 186 inches 2 and the outer seal surface has a surface area of 190 inches 2 , for a ratio of 0 . 9 . in one exemplary embodiment of the invention , the inner seal surface 76 has dimensions of 3 . 14 × 59 × 1 inches and the outer seal surface 78 has dimensions of 3 . 14 × 59 × 0 . 5 inches and the inlets 66 include holes having diameters of 0 . 25 inch . although specific suitable dimensions for both the seals 72 and the inlet holes 66 are described above , it should be understood that any dimensioned seals and holes may be utilized such that a differential pressure is created from the outside of the seal to the inside such that the inside surface of the seal is suitably sealingly engaged against the outer surface of the slip bowl . as shown in fig6 the hydraulic inlets 66 and outlets 68 are arranged around the circumference of the seals 72 within the inner annular grooves 76 such that hydraulic fluid can be evenly distributed within the entire circumference of the inner groove 76 such that an exact alignment of the hydraulic inlets 66 and the slip bowl inlets 61 is not required . [ 0046 ] fig7 and 8 show schematic diagrams of one exemplary embodiment of the hydraulic power supply and control system according to the invention . as shown in fig8 the hydraulic seal inlets 66 a , 66 b , and 66 c are connected through hydraulic tubing 64 to a series of control valves 84 a , 84 b and 84 c which in turn connect the inlets to a hydraulic power source manifold 86 . hydraulic seal outlets 68 a , 68 b and 68 c are connected through hydraulic drain lines 88 to the hydraulic power source manifold 86 . the control valves 84 are powered via valve power supply 90 and are hydraulically interlocked via interlock lines 92 to the system pressure of the rotary support table 10 , such that the control valves 84 cannot be opened to pressurize the hydraulic seal inlets 66 during rotation of the slip bowl 20 . as shown in fig7 the slip bowl 20 is connected to this external fluid power supply 60 via internal slip bowl conduits 94 disposed within the slip bowl and in fluid communication between the slip bowl inlets 61 and the actuators 40 ( shown schematically here ). in one embodiment , as shown in fig8 the hydraulic system further includes a shuttle valve 96 which connects the hydraulic power source 60 to the slips set control valve 84 b such that the slips set control valve 84 b is activated automatically when either the slips up 84 a or slips down 84 c valves are opened . in this embodiment , the hydraulic power system further includes a pressure sensitive slips set check valve 98 ( fig7 ) disposed within the slip bowl 20 and in fluid communication with all of the slip bowl conduits 94 such that upon full engagement or disengagement of the slips from the drillstem by the actuating rams and the subsequent rise in pressure that results as pressurized fluid continues to build up within the conduits 94 once the actuating ram has completed its travel , the check valve 98 opens allowing pressurized fluid to flow out through the slips set conduit 94 b to a sensor in the slips set control valve 84 b such that a signal indicating the disengagement or engagement of the rams is communicated to the operator . any hydraulic lines and control valves suitable for containing the pressurized fluid may be utilized in this invention . during operation , a pressurized fluid , such as , for example air or hydraulic fluid is constantly applied through the power supply to the inlet of each of the control valves 84 . an interlock signal indicative of the rotary table system pressure is also provided to the control valves 84 through the interlock signal lines 92 such that the control valve is incapable of opening during rotation of the rotary slip bowl . although an engaging pressure is not permitted during rotation because of the interlock , during rotation a constant tank pressure is applied through the lines to the hydraulic seal inlets 66 such that the fluid is constantly flowing out of the seal inlets 66 and against the slip bowl outer surface 28 providing lubrication between the seal 72 and the slip bowl 20 and providing positive flow pressure out of the inlets 66 such that contaminants are not permitted to flow back through the inlets 66 into the hydraulic lines and control valves 84 . excess fluid is trapped within the rotary seal manifold 62 by wiper seals 74 such that the fluid flows through outlets 68 into drain lines 88 , is filtered and then directed back into the power supply manifold tank 86 . referring the fig7 and 8 , during operation of the rams 40 to engage and hold a drill stem in the central bore of the rotary table for either a load - in or load - out procedure , first the rotation of the slip bowl is stopped by an operator . after stopping , the interlock lines 92 automatically indicate that rotation of the rotary table has stopped to the control valves 84 . then the operator can activate the slips down control valve 84 c . pressurized fluid then passes through the slips down control valve 84 c and flows into the outer groove 78 of the slips down hydraulic seal 72 c such that a differential pressure is created between the outer and inner surfaces of the seal wall 80 , thereby energizing the seal 72 c to resiliently expand inwardly toward the slip bowl to engage the outer surface of the slip bowl . the fluid then flows through the plurality of seal inlets 66 c around the circumference of the seal 72 c and into the slip bowl slips down inlets 61 c disposed about the outer circumference of the slip bowl . the fluid then passes through slip bowl slips down conduit 94 c , shown in fig8 and into the actuating rams such that the actuators push a set of slips inwardly to engage the drillstem 14 . after the drill stem operation is complete and drilling is to be continued , the operator closes the slips down control valve 84 c and opens the slips up control valve 84 a . pressurized fluid from the power supply manifold 86 then passes through the slips up lines 64 a to the outer seal groove 78 in the slips up seal 72 a thereby energizing the seal 72 a to press against the outer surface of the slip bowl such that the inner groove 76 of the slips up seal 72 a forms a fluid conduit between the slips up seal inlet 66 a and the slip bowl sips up inlet 61 a . the pressurized fluid then passes through the slip bowl slips up conduit 94 a and into the actuating rams such that the actuating rams are pushed outwardly to disengage the drillstem . as shown in fig7 the slips up and slips down lines 64 a and 64 c are connected to the slips set line 64 b via a shuttle valve 96 such that when the pressurized fluid passes through one of the lines the shuttle valve 96 is opened to allow pressurized fluid to also energize the slips set seal 72 b such that the slips set seal 72 b also engages the outer surface of the slip bowl 28 such that a fluid passage is formed between the slip bowl slips set inlet 61 b and the slips set seal inlet 66 b . when the actuating ram has reached its full up or down stroke and the slips are fully set against the drillstem or fully disengaged from the drillstem , the pressure of the fluid inside the slip bowl conduits 94 rises and triggers a slips set check valve 98 , which is in fluid communication with both the slips up and slips down conduits 94 a and 94 c , to open allowing the fluid to move from the slip bowl slips down or up conduits 94 a or 94 c and into the slip bowl slips set conduit 94 b . the fluid passes outward through the slip bowl slips set inlet 61 b , in fluid communication with the slip bowl slips set conduit 94 b and into the slips set seal 72 b . the fluid then passes through the slips set seal inlets 66 b and into the slips set line 64 b such that the fluid interacts with the slips set control valve 84 b signaling that the rams 40 have either been fully engaged or disengaged , and thus that the associated slips are fully engaged or disengaged from the drillstem , i . e ., that the slips are in a “ set ” position . once the rams 99 are “ set ” in the up position , or fully disengaged from the drillstem , the operator can once again start rotation of the rotary slip bowl , which in turn will automatically pressurize the interlock line 92 preventing the activation of the control valves 84 to engage the rams 99 . while several forms of the present invention have been illustrated and described , it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , it is not intended that the invention be limited , except as by the appended claims . | 4 |
in the following description , like reference numerals will be used to refer to like or corresponding elements in the different figures of the drawings . referring now to the drawings , and particularly to fig1 there is shown an emissions monitoring and tracking system 10 in accordance with the principles of the invention . a joint 12 is shown which connects two pipes used to conduct hydrocarbons such as petroleum and petroleum by - products . the joint is referred to as a &# 34 ; release point &# 34 ; and under various environmental rules and regulations , is subject to periodic testing for leakage of the hydrocarbons conducted . an identification tag 14 has been attached to the joint in a permanent manner such as by use of rivets , an adhesive , a protected container or screws . in the embodiment shown , the tag is in the form of a barcode . the identification tag may be formed of different materials depending upon the substances conducted by the item to which it is attached . materials resistant to deleterious environments should be used in the identification tag . in the case where hydrocarbons are conducted , the tag may be formed of oxidized aluminum . the bar code may be imbedded in the aluminum and then laminated . the identification tag is attached at or near the item to be inspected . in the example of the joint between two pipes as shown , the identification device could also be strapped to one pipe near the joint . where the release point permits , the tag may be attached by brads , chain or some other locking device . while a barcode identification system is shown and described above , other systems such as a magnetic identification system may also function adequately . in one embodiment , where the system in accordance with the invention is to be applied to a refinery having numerous joints , fittings , packing glands , flanges and other types of release points , the identification tag carries a unique identification code . each release point in the system therefore has a unique identification code and can be tracked individually . in one embodiment , bar code symbology code 39 was used . the selection of the width and number of the bar code elements is well known to those skilled in the art and no further explanation is provided here . also shown in fig1 is a portable barcode scanner 16 . in the embodiment shown , the scanner is a laser type capable of reading the bar code from a distance . the output of the laser barcode scanner 16 along line 17 is a signal representative of the barcode value scanned . such a scanner is very light in weight and can be easily transported from release point to release point by many means , one of which is a holster worn on the belt of the inspector . the output of the laser barcode scanner is coupled to a portable data collector ( pdc ) 24 . the portable data collector 24 receives the identification signal from the barcode scanner on line 17 and formats it as necessary into identification data for storage in an internal storage medium such as a random access memory . in one embodiment , the portable data collector 24 includes a display 26 for indicating the sensed emissions data which , in this case , is displayed as parts per million ( ppm ). laser barcode scanners coupled with data collectors are known in the art , one example is the pc - wand model 800 from unitech computer co ., ltd ., paramount , calif . further referring to fig1 a portable organic emissions sensor 18 is shown . the analyzer includes a movable probe 20 and an output line 22 which carries a signal representative of the vapors sensed and analyzed by the analyzer 18 . such an analyzer may provide a signal representative of the total organic vapor concentrations and qualitative analysis as selected . a vapor analyzer or emissions sensor such as the century ova 108 portable organic vapor analyzer sold by the foxboro company , east bridgewater , mass ., is an example of an emissions sensor usable in accordance with the invention . the foxboro ova 108 weighs approximately 26 kilograms ( 12 pounds ). the portable data collector 24 receives the sense signal from the emissions sensor 18 on line 22 and stores the sense signal as emissions sense data in the memory . in the case of the ova 108 analyzer from foxboro , the sense signal is first converted from an analog signal to a digital signal by means of an analog - to - digital converter . the portable data collector 24 in one embodiment is used to collect various forms of data . for example , at the start of an inspection tour , the inspector scans his or her badge barcode and the identification barcodes of the emissions sensor and the portable data collector itself . these laser scanner signals are each given a date and time and are stored in the portable data collector 24 as data as pertaining to all following inspections of release points on this tour . when making a release point inspection , the release point identification tag is scanned , and it and the date and time are stored as data along with the emissions signal from the emissions sensor 18 . an end of the present inspection tour may be indicated to the portable data collector 24 by closing a switch or other means . after receiving the end of tour signal , new inspector , emissions sensor and portable data collector identifications may be entered . safeguards may be built into the portable data collector 24 , such as a time limit within which signals must be received . in one embodiment , the release point identification tag is first scanned with the laser scanner 16 and upon such scanning , the portable data collector 24 opens a new record in its memory . the inspector must then complete an emissions reading and scan the identification tag a second time within two minutes or the record will not be retained in memory . the second scan of the same identification tag causes the portable data collector 24 to conclude that a successful inspection has been made and the results are to be stored . failure to scan the identification tag a second time within the two minute limit causes the portable data collector 24 to conclude that an inspection was not successful 43 and no record is stored 45 as shown in fig3 . additionally , audio cues may be provided to the inspector . for example , audible tones may be provided upon each successful scan of an identification tag . the portable components of the system 10 are light in weight and may be carried by an inspector from release point to release point . in a further embodiment , the emissions sensor 18 may be integrated with the portable data collector 24 . the portable data collector 24 may be configured with harness or belt means , holsters , etc . for carrying by the inspector , or may be configured with wheels or a cart for mobility , depending on the size and type of the system . referring now to fig2 the rear of a portable data collector 24 is shown so that one example of possible cable connections may be viewed . the bar code scanner is connected with a nine - pin , standard serial interface , rs - 232c connector while the emissions sensor is connected with an amthenol five - pin connector . in this embodiment , the connector used for the laser scanner may also be used as a connector for connecting the portable data collector 24 to the main computer 28 as will be described below in more detail . thus , as described above and shown in the figs ., the portable subsystem provides an indentification and emissions sensing subsystem which is automated . the inspector &# 39 ; s tasks include merely scanning test equipment bar codes and finding the correct release point at the facility to be inspected . once the release point is found , the inspector &# 39 ; s tasks are simply mechanical in nature and require no subjective performance . the inspector simply scans the associated identification tag and then applies the emissions sensor to the release point until a reading has been taken . such automation increases reliability and decreases inspection time . under certain emission control regulations , release points must be inspected periodically and the results of the inspection reported . in some areas , these reports must be forwarded to the responsible government agency and in other areas , the reports must be maintained for discretionary inspection by the government agency . the release points are subject to corrective action in the event of an excessive leak and the results of such action must also be reported or at least records of the results maintained . referring now to fig1 and 3 , in the preferred embodiment , the main computer 28 determines whether a release point passed or failed an inspection and generates the appropriate written reports . additionally , an inspection history of each release point may be stored in a magnetic medium for future reference . report generation may be tailored to the applicable government requirements and in the preferred embodiment , the main computer 28 also issues repair lists . a schedule 30 of release points to be inspected is given to the inspector . this schedule may be generated by the main computer 28 from a listing of all the release points in the facility , their locations , their inspection frequency and their inspection histories . a dedicated scheduling program may be used or a commercially available scheduling program such as one which might be used for the entire plant ( for example &# 34 ; finest hour &# 34 ; manufactured by primavera systems , inc . having an address of cynwyd , pa .). in one embodiment , the main computer 28 is used to track all inspections by quarter . during each quarter , a current - quarter database is created and the test results from the current quarter and the previous four quarters are retained by the main computer . this arrangement permits tracking test results over a selected period of time for each release point . certain emissions control regulatory schemes allow a greater time between inspections for items which have passed a certain number of successive quarterly inspections . for example , california rule 1173 permits yearly inspections of a release point which has successfully passed five successive quarters . also , release points requiring frequent repair or parts replacement can be identified . in accordance with california rule 1173 , in the event that a release point fails an inspection six times within four quarters , the release point must be replaced with the best available commercial technology / best available replacement technology ( bact / bart ). the main computer is capable of tracking such a history . upon receipt of a portable data collector 24 , an emissions sensor 18 and the schedule , the inspector may scan 32 his or her identification code and the codes of this equipment by the portable data collector 24 itself . the portable data collector 24 will then apply this data to the following emissions test data until an end - of - tour signal is received . the inspector then locates the release point to be inspected and scans 34 its previously attached bar code label with the portable scanner 16 . this first scanning of the identification tag causes the portable data collector 24 to open 36 a record . the inspector then tests 38 the release point for emissions with the emissions sensor 18 , 20 until a reading has been taken and recorded 40 by the portable data collector . an audible cue may be provided to the inspector by the portable data collector 24 indicating that the processor has received and recorded emissions test data . the inspector then scans the identification tag of the release point a second time 42 . the portable data collector 24 accepts this second scan and closes 44 the record and stores it for future upload . the inspector continues inspecting 46 until the tour is over . at the end of each day or inspection tour the inspector may upload 48 the stored records from the portable data collector 24 to the central computer 28 . in the embodiment shown in fig1 and 2 , the cable to the laser scanner would be removed from the portable data collector 24 and a standard serial cable attached . the serial cable may be connected at its other end directly to the main computer 28 or other means for communicating with the main computer 28 . in the main computer 28 , the sense data in the uploaded record for each inspected release point is compared 50 to a predetermined criterion and a &# 34 ; passed &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; failed &# 34 ; status of that release point for that test is determined . in the event that the release point passed the test , its inspection history is updated 52 . in the event that the release point failed the test , the severity of the leak is determined 54 and the release point is added to a repair list 56 . depending upon the severity , different repair schedules 58 can be issued . for example , in the case where the leak is greater than 1000 ppm but less than or equal to 10 , 000 ppm , the leak is classified as minor and a fourteen day work order may be issued . in the case of a leak in a pressure relief device which is greater than 200 ppm , the leak is classified as major and a five day work order may be issued . in the case where the leak is greater than 10 , 000 ppm but less than or equal to 50 , 000 ppm , the leak is classified as major and a five day work order may be issued . in the case where the leak is greater than 50 , 000 ppm but less than or equal to three drops per minute , the leak is classified as a major leak and a one day work order may be issued . in the case where the leak is greater than three drops per minute , the leak is classified as a liquid leak and a one - day work order may be issued . also in the case of the last two leak classifications , a work order requiring replacement with bact / bart will be issued if there have been five significant repairs in a continuous twelve month period . when the release point is added to the repair list , such action is indicated on its inspection history 52 and failure reports generated 59 . when the repairs are completed 60 the leak / repair history is updated again 52 and the component is scheduled for reinspection 30 . the process for reinspection of an item is identical to the procedure described above . where repairs or reinspections are not made by the time another repair list is prepared , the unrepaired or uninspected release points appear again on the repair list . in one embodiment , a release point database is set up in the main computer 28 wherein each item of equipment is identified along with its attributes . these attributes might include the following , by way of example : an id number assigned to the item ; its bar code tag number ; what the item services ; the unit number of what the item services ; location of the item , whether accessible or inaccessible , and the drawing number ( s ) of the plant drawings showing the item ; what type of equipment the item is ; whether it is a major or minor component of the plant ; the maximum parts per million ( ppm ) reading allowable for the item when tested ; the inspection frequency ( i . e . annually , quarterly , etc . ); the number of repairs on the item ; the schedule status ( i . e . not currently scheduled for inspection , passed , or under repair ); the old id number of this item if it has been replaced . also in this embodiment , a list of inspectors may be kept as a safeguard in the main computer . the information contained in this database includes for each inspector : his or her name , id number assigned , and the company the inspector is employed by . this database may be used to keep track of which inspectors are authorized to make inspections and which inspectors inspected what components . the program checks to make sure the identification number is correct and that the inspector is in the database . if not , data processing is delayed . the embodiment may also track the portable data collector 24 and the emissions analyzer 18 by the main computer 28 as a safeguard . a database containing the identification numbers , the model numbers , and the serial numbers is maintained . this information is used to keep track of the calibration of test equipment . also , which sensor device was used in each test is tracked . a leak / repair history database is maintained and has the following fields for example : release point identification number ; repair due date ; repair that was made ; date of repair ; work order number ; leak class ( minor , major , over 50 , 000 ppm , liquid leak ); repair complete , needs reinspection . the fields of this database are updated as to each leak found and work order issued . it is also updated as work orders are completed . repair schedules and release point reinspection schedules are generated . in the latter case the process is repeated for repaired equipment as discussed above . periodically , inspection history and leak / repair history reports may be created 62 based on the data residing in the main computer 28 . the reports can be specially formatted for submission to the government agencies that may require such reporting . it will be apparent from the foregoing that , while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described , various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , it is not intended that the invention be limited , except as by the appended claims . | 6 |
as a comparison , fig1 shows a known serial receiver arrangement 100 , including a deserializer portion 110 and a physical coding sublayer ( pcs ) portion 120 . incoming data are received on terminals 111 ( typically the data are differential , but in some cases the data may be single - ended in which case only one of terminals 111 may be used ) and input to equalizer 112 . equalizer 112 operates according to one of the analog equalization techniques discussed above , such as ffe or analog dfe , or a combination of the two such as ffe followed by analog dfe . the resulting equalized serial data stream 113 is input to analog cdr circuitry 114 , which extracts clock 115 and data 116 . data 116 are then deserialized by demultiplexer 117 , which typically is a digital component , under control of clock 115 , which is propagated through to pcs 120 along with the n - bit - wide parallel data stream 118 . any demultiplexer described herein may be assumed to have associated circuitry to divide down recovered clock 115 . with the deserialized data accompanied by divided - down , recovered clock 115 , the data transfer to the pcs becomes source - synchronous . thus , in known serial receivers , equalization is performed first , and in the analog domain . in contrast , in accordance with the present invention , the received serial data are first digitized , and subsequent processing occurs in the digital domain . for example , serial receiver 200 of fig2 includes a deserializer portion 210 , and a pcs portion 120 like that in receiver 100 . in deserializer portion 210 , unlike in deserializer portion 110 , the data received on terminal ( s ) 111 are digitized by digitizing circuitry 211 prior to any other processing . digitizing circuitry 211 preferably includes analog - to - digital ( a / d ) converter 212 and a clock recovery unit ( cru ) 213 . cru 213 preferably is sense - amplifier - based , and thus preferably looks only for transitions in the data to derive the clock 214 , unlike cdr circuitry 114 which must correctly determine the data as well . the data are sampled in a / d converter 212 by recovered clock 214 , then passed on at full rate with m number of bits representative of the resolution desired , generally in binary format . digitizing circuitry 211 may also optionally include preamplifier ( pa ) 215 . pa 215 could be used to provide adjustable linear gain and provide a mechanism to adjust the input threshold to minimize the bit error rate , particularly under highly nonlinear inter - symbol interference ( isi ) conditions . if pa 215 is not used , the sense amplifier used in cru 213 may provide sufficient limiting amplifier action on the incoming data to avoid or lessen metastability in cru 213 . this might be the case where the isi is more linear and perhaps less heavy . after being digitized in circuitry 211 , the m - bit digitized serial data 216 are passed to digital dsp circuitry 220 where dsp techniques are used to equalize the data . the particular dsp techniques may vary according to the application , but can include equalization in the digital domain , which could be adaptive , to overcome isi . they also may include decoding of bit - error - rate - lowering transmission techniques . the dsp techniques also may include techniques that are particularly well - adapted to be performed in a digital domain , such as those that depend on a priori knowledge of certain properties of the data . thus , in cases where termination mismatch or link discontinuities may cause echoes or reflections , knowledge of the geometry of the signal paths and the associated mismatches or discontinuities allows prediction of which bits may be affected , so that they can be compensated for ( e . g ., subtract out every nth bit ). similarly , serial receivers of this type frequently include a number of parallel channels , which can give rise to crosstalk . with knowledge of the characteristics of other channels , dsp techniques may be used to reduce or even cancel such crosstalk . other digital filtering techniques , such as finite impulse response ( fir ) or infinite impulse response ( iir ) filtering also may be used . iir filtering may be particularly well adapted to produce peaking effects that can be used as the digital equivalent of “ peak forward ” equalization ( similar to pre - emphasis ). the output of dsp circuitry 220 preferably is a 1 - bit wide serial digital data stream 221 that is then deserialized by digital demultiplexer 117 . both dsp circuitry 220 and demultiplexer 117 preferably are clocked by the same clock 214 from cru 213 that is used by a / d converter 212 . clock 214 is then propagated through to pcs 120 as divided - down ( 1 : n ) clock 219 along with the n - bit - wide parallel data stream 218 . many serial data channels operate at very high data rates , particularly considering that many operate at multiples of the system clock rate — e . g ., with data sampled on both rising and falling edges of the clock ( effectively twice the clock rate , or “ half - rate ” clocking ), or in quadrature mode ( effectively four times the clock rate , or “ quarter - rate ” clocking ). at such high rates — e . g ., over 6 gbps or even over 10 gbps — the requisite speed and resolution may be difficult to achieve in conventional cmos processes in certain components , including the dsp and the a / d converter . in particular , it may be difficult to implement all but the simplest dsp functionality ( e . g ., using only high - speed shift - register - based logic ) at data rates at or above 5 - 10 gbps . as logic complexity increased , the maximum possible data rate would decrease . to compensate , half - rate and quarter - rate variants of the invention may be implemented . a half - rate embodiment 300 of a receiver in accordance with the invention is shown in fig3 . receiver 300 as shown includes a deserializer portion 310 , and a pcs portion 120 like that in receivers 100 , 200 . in deserializer portion 310 , like in deserializer portion 210 , the data received on terminal ( s ) 111 are digitized by digitizing circuitry 311 prior to any other processing . digitizing circuitry 311 includes two a / d converters 212 , 312 . a / d converter 212 is clocked on the rising edges of clock 214 , while a / d converter 312 is clocked on the falling edges of clock 214 , providing respective odd and even m - bit serial data streams 316 , 318 . these even and odd data are received by parallel - processing dsp circuitry 320 which operates at half - rate ( i . e ., half the data rate ) and provides the same functionality as full - rate dsp 220 of fig2 , but more conducive to functional operation using cmos technologies . digitizing circuitry 311 alleviates the speed constraints on the a / d converters 212 , 312 , as well as dsp circuitry 320 , as none of them needs to operate at the full data rate . the output of the half - rate dsp circuitry 320 is then sent serially as odd and even data streams 321 , 322 to the demultiplexer 317 , which operates at half - rate . each of the half - rate components — a / d converters 212 , 312 , dsp circuitry 320 and demultiplexer 317 — receives a half - rate recovered clock 214 ( in half - rate systems , the cru produces a half - rate recovered clock ), with both the rising and falling edges of clock 214 being used . in the case of a / d converters 212 , 312 , for example , each is an ordinary a / d converter clocked by a rising and falling edge of the half - rate clock , respectively ( or vice - versa ). similar techniques can be used inside dsp circuitry 320 and demultiplexer 317 . half - rate clock 214 is received by demultiplexer 317 which then produces n bits of deserialized data along with a divided - down clock 219 . a further extension of the half - rate embodiment of fig3 is a quarter - rate embodiment 400 as shown in fig4 , which further alleviates speed constraints . in digitizing circuitry 411 of deserializer 410 , quadrature clocks 401 , 402 , 403 , 404 , each running at one - quarter of the full base data rate , but offset by 90 ° of phase , are implicitly part of clock bundle 214 output by cru 213 ( which may be implemented using quadrature voltage - controlled - oscillators ), and sample quadrature data from a / d converters 405 , 406 , 407 , 408 , each of which is a basic a / d converter like a / d converter 212 , capable of operating at one - quarter of the full base rate . resulting quadrature m - bit data streams 416 are input to quarter - rate parallel - processing dsp circuitry 420 . quarter - rate demultiplexer 417 accepts four single - bit quadrature data streams 421 as clocked by the quadrature clocks 401 - 404 ( also denoted as clock bundle 214 ). this gets demultiplexed into an n - bit word and is accompanied by demultiplexed clock 219 which is divided down by a ratio of 4 : n to equal the parallel data rate to the pcs . in all of the foregoing embodiments , the dsp circuitry came before the demultiplexer , so the dsp circuitry had to operate fast enough to deal with the serial data , even in the half - or quarter - rate embodiments of fig3 and 4 , respectively . in the embodiments of fig5 , 6 and 7 , the dsp circuitry follows the deserializer in full -, half - and quarter - rate embodiments respectively . in such embodiments , although the dsp circuitry must be larger to deal with the parallel data , it need not deal with it as fast ( i . e ., at the full data rate ). specifically , the dsp circuitry can operate at 1 / r times the respective full -, half - or quarter - rate , where r is the byte width — i . e ., the number of bits per byte . specifically , receiver 500 of fig5 includes deserializer portion 510 and pcs portion 120 . deserializer portion 510 includes digitizing circuitry 511 , which is similar to digitizing circuitry 211 of receiver 200 . demultiplexer 517 receives the m - bit data and the recovered clock 214 from digitizing circuitry 511 and deserializes it by the serialization factor r , outputting parallel data 521 , as well as clock 514 which is clock 214 divided by r . dsp circuitry thus has to process m × r bits instead of m bits , but need operate at only 1 / r of the data rate ( or 1 / r of the clock rate in this case ). it also is possible to partition some of the dsp circuitry right before and right after demultiplexer 517 ( somewhat similarly to the case shown in fig8 below ). in such a case , the number of bits into and out of the pre - demux portion of the dsp circuitry would be m bits wide and the number of bits into the post - demux portion of the dsp circuitry would be m × r bits wide . similarly , receiver 600 of fig6 is like receiver 300 of fig3 , except that the dsp circuitry need operate at only 2 / r of the half - rate clock . specifically , receiver 600 includes deserializer portion 610 and pcs portion 120 . deserializer portion 610 includes digitizing circuitry 611 , which is similar to digitizing circuitry 311 of receiver 300 , outputting half - rate odd and even data 616 , 618 . demultiplexer 617 receives the two m - bit half - rate data streams 616 , 618 along with the recovered half - rate clock 214 from digitizing circuitry 611 and deserializes the half - rate data by half the serialization factor ( i . e ., by r / 2 ), outputting parallel data 621 , as well as clock 614 which is clock 214 divided by r / 2 . dsp circuitry 620 thus has to process 2 × m × r bits instead of m bits , but need operate at only 2 / r of the halved data rate ( i . e ., the deserialized data rate ). and again , receiver 700 of fig7 is like receiver 400 of fig4 , except that dsp circuitry 720 need operate at only 4 / r of the quarter - rate ( quadrature ) clock . specifically , receiver 700 includes deserializer portion 710 and pcs portion 120 . deserializer portion 710 includes digitizing circuitry 711 , which is similar to digitizing circuitry 411 of receiver 400 , outputting quadrature data streams 716 . demultiplexer 717 receives the four m - bit quadrature - rate data streams 716 and the recovered quarter - rate clock 214 ( a bundle of four quarter - rate quadrature clocks , separated from one another by 90 ° of phase ) from digitizing circuitry 711 and deserializes the quarter - rate data by one - quarter of the serialization factor ( i . e ., by r / 4 ), outputting parallel data 721 , as well as clock 714 which is clock 214 divided by r / 4 . dsp circuitry thus has to process 4 × m × r bits instead of m bits , but need operate at only 4 / r of the quarter - rate ( quadrature ) clock . as a further refinement of the present invention , instead of recovering the clock before equalization , the clock and data can be recovered by analog or digital cdr circuitry after digital equalization . a full - rate embodiment of a receiver 800 includes deserializer portion 810 and pcs portion 121 . deserializer portion 810 includes digitizing circuitry 811 , which is similar to digitizing circuitry 211 of receiver 200 , except that it lacks clock recovery unit ( cru ) 213 . the m - bit data 816 is equalized by dsp circuitry 820 and the serial output 818 is separated by clock - data recovery ( cdr ) circuitry 813 , which could be analog or digital , into recovered clock 814 and recovered serial data 819 . clock 814 used to clock adc 212 of digitizing circuitry 811 , dsp circuitry 820 and demultiplexer 817 . data 819 are deserialized by demultiplexer 817 by the serialization factor r , outputting parallel data 821 , as well as passing on clock 814 . further dsp circuitry 822 in pcs 121 may be used to decode the deserialized data . although clock 814 is not immediately valid , cdr circuitry 813 recovers the clock from data 818 within an acceptable number of clock cycles . cdr 813 outputs high - speed serial data 819 which then goes on to demultiplexer 817 for further deserialization from 1 to n bits , as well as the recovered clock 814 which is divided down by n in demultiplexer 817 to provide divided - down clock 812 . fig9 shows a half - rate embodiment of a receiver 900 using cdr after digital equalization . deserializer portion 910 includes digitizing circuitry 911 , which is similar to digitizing circuitry 311 of receiver 300 without cru 213 , outputting m - bit half - rate odd and even data 916 , 918 which are equalized by dsp circuitry 920 . equalized odd and even serial output 915 , 919 is separated by cdr circuitry 913 , which could be analog or digital , producing recovered 0 ° and 180 ° half - rate clocks 914 and recovered odd and even serial data 923 , 925 . clocks 914 are used to clock adcs 212 , 312 of digitizing circuitry 911 , dsp circuitry 920 and demultiplexer 917 . data 923 , 925 are deserialized by demultiplexer 917 by half the serialization factor r ( i . e ., by r / 2 with respect to the recovered half - rate clock ), and output as parallel data 921 , along with clock 924 which is one of clocks 914 divided by r / 2 . in receiver 1000 of fig1 , dsp circuitry 1020 need operate at only 4 / r of the quarter - rate quadrature clock . specifically , receiver 1000 includes deserializer portion 1010 and pcs portion 121 . deserializer portion 1010 includes digitizing circuitry 1011 , which is similar to digitizing circuitry 411 of receiver 400 without cru 213 , outputting quadrature data streams 1016 which are equalized by dsp circuitry 1020 . equalized quadrature serial output 1015 is separated by cdr circuitry 1013 , which could be analog or digital , generating recovered quadrature clocks 1014 and recovered quadrature serial data 1021 , all at quarter - rate . quarter - rate quadrature clocks 1014 are used to clock adcs 1005 - 1008 of digitizing circuitry 1011 , dsp circuitry 1020 and demultiplexer 1017 . data 1021 are deserialized by demultiplexer 1017 by one quarter of the serialization factor ( i . e ., by r / 4 with respect to the quarter - rate recovered clock ), and output as parallel data 1021 , along with clock 1024 which is one of clocks 1014 divided by r / 4 . different portions of a receiver according to the present invention may have different power consumption and speed requirements . accordingly , such a receiver can be implemented as a system - in - a - package , using different technologies for different portions . for example , receiver 1100 of fig1 shows receiver 800 with digitizing circuitry 811 , dsp circuitry 820 and cdr circuitry 813 implemented in sige , while demultiplexer 817 and pcs portion 121 are implemented in cmos , with the sige and cmos portions connected by interposer 1101 . a programmable integrated circuit device such as a programmable logic device ( pld ) 90 , having a serial interface incorporating a receiver according to the present invention , may be used in many kinds of electronic devices . one possible use is in a data processing system 1200 shown in fig1 . data processing system 1200 may include one or more of the following components : a processor 1201 ; memory 1202 ; i / o circuitry 1203 ; and peripheral devices 1204 . these components are coupled together by a system bus 1205 and are populated on a circuit board 1206 which is contained in an end - user system 1207 . system 1200 can be used in a wide variety of applications , such as computer networking , data networking , instrumentation , video processing , digital signal processing , or any other application where the advantage of using programmable or reprogrammable logic is desirable . pld 90 can be used to perform a variety of different logic functions . for example , pld 90 can be configured as a processor or controller that works in cooperation with processor 1201 . pld 90 may also be used as an arbiter for arbitrating access to a shared resources in system 1200 . in yet another example , pld 90 can be configured as an interface between processor 1201 and one of the other components in system 900 . it should be noted that system 1200 is only exemplary , and that the true scope and spirit of the invention should be indicated by the following claims . various technologies can be used to implement plds 90 as described above and incorporating this invention . and although the invention has been described in the context of plds , it may be used with any programmable integrated circuit device . receivers such as those described above can be used in systems in which a plurality of circuit boards are connected to a common backplane and data is transmitted between circuit boards across that backplane , or across optical interfaces that include optical fiber . a plurality of channels may be involved . each circuit board may include one or more serial data channels , and there may be a plurality of boards . thus , even if each board has only one channel , there still may be a plurality of channels across the backplane or optical interface . fig1 shows an example in which backplane 1300 includes two connectors 1301 each having a line card 1302 mounted therein . a plurality of traces 1303 cross the backplane carrying multiple data channels between the two line cards 1302 . in this example , because the geometry and other characteristics of the multiple data channels are known , the dsp equalization circuitry will be able to more easily compensate for crosstalk among the channels . similarly , because the locations of all connectors and other features that may cause echoes or reflections are known , the dsp equalization circuitry will be able to more easily to compensate for those phenomena as well — e . g ., by intentionally dropping certain bits or packets of bits which , based on their timing , are likely to have been the result of echo or reflection . although the example of fig1 includes only two line cards 1302 with multiple channels between them , in other examples ( not shown ) there may be more line cards 1302 , with any one pair of line cards 1302 having one or more channels between them , so that there will be multiple channels even if there is only one channel between the line cards in a respective pair of line cards . it will be understood that the foregoing is only illustrative of the principles of the invention , and that various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . for example , the various elements of this invention can be provided on a pld in any desired number and / or arrangement . one skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments , which are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation , and the present invention is limited only by the claims that follow . | 7 |
the following description is of the best - contemplated mode of carrying out the invention . this description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and should not be taken in a limiting sense . the scope of the invention is best determined by reference to the appended claims . fig2 a and 2 b show embodiments of communication systems 200 and 201 according to the invention . in fig2 a , a communication system 200 comprises a first module 210 , a second module 220 and a third module 230 sharing one high frequency oscillator 202 and one low frequency oscillator 204 . the high frequency oscillator 202 generates first high frequency signal # hclk 1 for operations in busy mode , and the low frequency oscillator 204 generates a low frequency signal # lclk for idle mode . the high frequency oscillator 202 is enabled by an enable signal # en sent from an enablement unit 206 coupled to the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 . when one of the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 switches to busy mode , a corresponding one of request signals # en 1 , # en 2 or # en 3 is delivered to the enablement unit 206 . the enable signal # en is asserted if any of the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 is asserted , and the high frequency oscillator 202 is enabled to generate the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 . conversely , if none of the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 is asserted , the enable signal # en is not sent to enable the high frequency oscillator 202 , and the high frequency oscillator 202 may cease to work , reducing the total power consumption of the communication system 200 . since the high frequency oscillator 202 is simultaneously coupled to multiple modules , the pushing power of the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 is important . the high frequency oscillator 202 comprises a first high oscillator 112 as a source of the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 , and a first buffer 250 coupled to the first high oscillator 112 . the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 is amplified to gain the pushing power before output to the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 . likewise , the low frequency oscillator 204 comprises an oscillation source 114 as a source of the low frequency signal # lclk , and a second buffer 260 coupled to the oscillation source 114 , amplifying the low frequency signal # lclk to gain the pushing power thereof . when any of the first module 210 , second module 220 or third module 230 switches to idle mode , the low frequency signal # lclk is used for corresponding operations . alternatively in the communication system 201 of fig2 b , the low frequency signal # lclk is provided by oscillation source 114 specially coupled to the first module 210 . the second buffer 260 as shown in fig2 a is removed , and the low frequency signal # lclk is amplified by the first module 210 before outputting via an output terminal l_out 1 , from which the second module 220 and third module 230 receives the low frequency signal # lclk for idle mode operations . generally , the low frequency signal # lclk may range from 32 khz to 32 . 768 khz , and accuracy thereof is not strictly required . the range of low frequency signal # lclk is not limited , and any frequency below 100 khz may be covered to be the low frequency signal # lclk . conversely , the first high frequency signals # hclk 1 , # hclk 2 and # hclk 3 used in busy mode are required to be accurate . the first module 210 may be a mobile phone chip following communication standard such as global system for mobile communication ( gsm ), general packet radio service ( gprs ), and enhanced data rates for gsm evolution ( edge ), wideband code division multiple access ( wcdma ) or code division multiple access ( cdma ), and the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 is for example , 13 mhz . the second module 220 may be a bluetooth chip using a second high frequency signal # hclk 2 of , for example , 16 mhz , and the third module 230 may be a wifi chip using a third high frequency signal # hclk 3 of , for example , 20 mhz . thus , the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 sent to the second module 220 and third module 230 should be converted before use . for example , the second module 220 may comprise a first pll circuit 222 , converting the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 to the second high frequency signal # hclk 2 , and a bluetooth module 120 coupled to the first pll circuit 222 , operating at the second high frequency signal # hclk 2 when in busy mode . similarly , the third module 230 comprises a second pll circuit 232 to generate the third high frequency signal # hclk 3 from the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 , and a wifi module 130 performing wifi operations at the third high frequency signal # hclk 3 when in busy mode . fig3 shows an embodiment of an enablement unit 206 according to fig2 a and 2 b . since the enable signal # en is asserted when any of the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 is asserted , the enablement unit 206 may be implemented by or gates 310 , 320 and 330 serially cascaded , each receiving a corresponding enable signal . based on the serially coupled architecture , the number of or gates may be extended if more than three modules are implemented in the communication system 200 or 201 . as shown in fig2 a and 2 b , the first module 210 comprises an auto frequency controller 208 controlling the accuracy of first high frequency signal # hclk 1 . the first module 210 usually works in a mobile environment with varying effects , thus auto frequency control ( afc ) is required to adjust the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 to adapt the frequency variations in communication . the auto frequency controller 208 generates an adjustment signal # afc to fine tune the high frequency oscillator 202 . the auto frequency controller 208 is triggered when the first request signal # en 1 is asserted . in the embodiment , the adjustment signal # afc is generated based on the enable signal # en . fig4 shows a waveform of the enable signals and the adjustment signals . the voltage curves afc_a and afc_b show voltage states of the adjustment signal # afc in two conventional cases based on the architecture in fig1 . when the first request signal # en 1 is asserted , the voltages afc_a and afc_b rapidly wobble as the auto frequency control proceeds . when the first request signal # en 1 is disabled , the voltage afc_a stays at a constant high level , whereas the voltage afc_b is uncharged to a low level . if the voltages afc_a and afc_b are used in the architecture of fig2 a and 2 b , disadvantages may occur . in the intervals i d where all the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 are not active , the voltage afc_a staying high is considered wasteful . additionally , in the intervals i e where request signals # en 2 or # en 3 are enabled , the voltage afc_b of low level causes the high frequency oscillator 202 to generate inaccurate first high frequency signal # hclk 1 . to solve the disadvantages , the auto frequency controller 208 in fig2 a and 2 b is triggered based on the enable signal # en sent from the enablement unit 206 , and the voltage status of the adjustment signal # afc is shown as voltage afc_c . when any of the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 is enabled , the enable signal # en is enabled , and the voltage afc_c is sent as the adjustment signal # afc to maintain the accuracy of first high frequency signal # hclk 1 . during the intervals i d where none of the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 are asserted , the voltage afc_c is uncharged to reduce the power consumption . fig5 is a flowchart of the oscillation signal provision method . the low frequency signal # lclk is generated in step 510 . in step 502 , it is determined whether the enable signal # en has been asserted . if so , the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 is generated in step 504 . in step 506 , any of the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 which operates in busy mode utilizes the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 while the remainder of the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 which operates in idle mode utilizes the low frequency signal # lclk . if the enable signal # en is not asserted , all of the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 are in idle mode , and as shown in step 512 , all of them operate at the low frequency signal # lclk . fig6 shows an embodiment of the enablement unit 206 as shown in fig2 a or 2 b . the enablement unit 206 may contain at least a buffer 620 storing a look - up table , and a control unit 610 selectively asserts the enable signal # en according to the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 and the stored look - up table . an exemplary look - up table can be shown in fig7 , in which “ 1 ” represents assertion . with reference to the look - up table , the control unit 410 asserts the enable signal # en when at least one of the request signal # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 is asserted . the buffer 620 may be implemented in registers , random access memory ( ram ), read only memory ( rom ), flash memory or others . fig8 shows an embodiment of the enablement unit 206 as shown in fig2 a or 2 b . since the enable signal # en is asserted when any of the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 is asserted , the enablement unit 206 may be implemented by nand gates 810 , 820 and 830 serially cascaded with corresponding pairs of input inverters 811 and 812 , 821 and 822 , and 831 and 832 , each receiving a corresponding enable signal . based on the serially coupled architecture , the number of nand gates with corresponding pairs of input inverters may be extended if more than three modules are implemented in the communication system 200 or 201 . fig9 shows an embodiment of the enablement unit 206 as shown in fig2 a or 2 b . since the enable signal # en is asserted when any of the request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 is asserted , the enablement unit 206 may be implemented by nor gates 910 , 920 and 930 serially cascaded with corresponding output inverters 911 , 921 , and 931 , each receiving a corresponding enable signal . based on the serially coupled architecture , the number of nor gates with corresponding output inverters may be extended if more than three modules are implemented in the communication system 200 or 201 . those skilled in the art may implement similar but different logic circuits in the enablement unit 206 . fig1 a and 10 b show embodiments of communication systems 200 and 201 according to the invention . in fig1 a , a communication system 200 comprises a first module 211 , a second module 220 and a third module 230 sharing one high frequency oscillator 202 and one low frequency oscillator 204 . certain details of the high frequency oscillator 202 , low frequency oscillator 204 , modules 210 , 220 and 230 may refer to the above description and are omitted herein for brevity . the high frequency oscillator 202 is disabled by a disable signal # dis sent from a disablement unit 209 coupled to the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 . when one of the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 switches to idle mode , a corresponding one of request signals # dis 1 , # dis 2 or # dis 3 is delivered to the disablement unit 209 . the disable signal # dis is asserted if all of request signals # dis 1 , # dis 2 and # dis 3 are asserted , and the high frequency oscillator 202 is disabled to stop generation of the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 , reducing the total power consumption of the communication system 200 . conversely , if not all of request signals # dis 1 , # dis 2 and # dis 3 is asserted , the disable signal # dis is not sent to disable the high frequency oscillator 202 , and the high frequency oscillator 202 may continue to work . fig1 shows an embodiment of the disablement unit 209 as shown in fig1 a or 10 b . the disablement unit 209 may contain at least a buffer 1120 storing a look - up table , and a control unit 1110 selectively asserts the disable signal # dis according to the request signals # dis 1 , # dis 2 and # dis 3 and the stored look - up table . an exemplary look - up table can be shown in fig1 , in which “ 1 ” represents assertion . the buffer 1120 may be implemented in registers , random access memory ( ram ), read only memory ( rom ), flash memory or others . with reference to the look - up table , the control unit 1110 asserts the disable signal # dis when all of request signals # en 1 , # en 2 and # en 3 are asserted . fig1 shows an embodiment of the disablement unit 209 as shown in fig1 a or 10 b . since the enable signal # dis is asserted when all of request signals # dis 1 , # dis 2 and # dis 3 are asserted , the disablement unit 209 may be implemented by and gates 1310 , 1320 and 1330 serially cascaded , each receiving a corresponding disable signal . based on the serially coupled architecture , the number of and gates may be extended if more than three modules are implemented in the communication system 200 or 201 . fig1 shows an embodiment of the disablement unit 209 as shown in fig1 a or 10 b . the disablement unit 209 may be implemented by nand gates 1410 , 1420 and 1430 serially cascaded with corresponding output inverters 1411 , 1421 , and 1431 , each receiving a corresponding disable signal . based on the serially coupled architecture , the number of nand gates with corresponding output inverters may be extended if more than three modules are implemented in the communication system 200 or 201 . fig1 shows an embodiment of the disablement unit 209 as shown in fig1 a or 10 b . the disablement unit 209 may be implemented by nor gates 1510 , 1520 and 1530 serially cascaded with corresponding pairs of input inverters 1511 and 1512 , 1521 and 1522 , and 1531 and 1532 , each receiving a corresponding disable signal . based on the serially coupled architecture , the number of nor gates with corresponding pairs of input inverters may be extended if more than three modules are implemented in the communication system 200 or 201 . those skilled in the art may implement similar but different logic circuits in the disablement unit 209 . fig1 shows a waveform of the disable signals and the adjustment signals . disadvantages of the architecture in fig1 , fig1 a or 10 b may refer to description of the fig4 . to solve the disadvantages , the auto frequency controller 208 in fig1 a or 10 b is triggered based on the disable signal # dis sent from the disablement unit 209 , and the voltage status of the adjustment signal # afc is shown as voltage afc_c . when all of request signals # dis 1 , # dis 2 and # dis 3 are asserted , the disable signal # dis is asserted , and the voltage afc_c is sent as the adjustment signal # afc to maintain the accuracy of first high frequency signal # hclk 1 . during the intervals i d where all of request signals # dis 1 , # dis 2 and # dis 3 are asserted , the voltage afc_c is uncharged to reduce the power consumption . fig1 is a flowchart of the oscillation signal provision method . the low frequency signal # lclk is generated in step 1701 . the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 is generated in step 1702 as well . in step 1703 , it is determined whether the disable signal # dis has been asserted . if so , the generation of first high frequency signal # hclk 1 is ceased in step 1704 , and then , as shown in step 1705 , all of the first module 211 , second module 220 and third module 230 are in idle mode and operate at the low frequency signal # lclk . otherwise , in step 1706 , at least one of the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 operating in busy mode utilizes the first high frequency signal # hclk 1 while the remainder of the first module 210 , second module 220 and third module 230 which operates in idle mode utilizes the low frequency signal # lclk . while the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto . to the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements ( as would be apparent to those skilled in the art ). therefore , the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements . | 8 |
referring to fig1 a and 1b , a description shall first of all be given of a simplified example of a magnetic recording / reading head . the magnetic head 1 proper is shown in the right - hand part of fig1 a and 1b . it has two magnetic poles 10 , 10 &# 39 ; separated by a gap 12 . the magnetic circuit of these poles is closed by a substrate 3 made of magnetic material . an electrical conductor 11 passes between the poles and the substrate to induce a magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit . on the left - hand part of fig1 a and 1b there is the control circuit for the magnetic head . it has a conductor 21 connected to the conductor 11 of the magnetic head . as shown in fig1 b , the conductors 21 and 11 form a closed loop . the conductor 21 is made on the substrate 3 . an element made of magnetic material 20 partially overlaps the conductor 21 . this conductor 21 is localized on a portion 31 of the substrate which is made of non - magnetic material beneath the conductor 21 . the element 20 sets up a magnetic coupling between the two parts of the substrate 30 and 30 &# 39 ;, made of magnetic material , located on either side of the portion 31 . to the substrate 3 there is attached a plate 4 having a groove 40 through which there is wound a conductor wire 41 around the plate 4 . the coil 41 is designed to be supplied with a control current . the current then induces a magnetic flux φ in the magnetic circuit formed by the plate 4 , the parts 30 and 30 &# 39 ; of the substrate 3 and the magnetic element 20 . consequently , the conductor 21 is the seat of an induced current . this current flows in the conductor 12 which induces a magnetic flux in the magnetic head 1 . a magnetic head such as this has the advantage of having only one excitation conductor 11 beneath its magnetic poles 10 , 10 &# 39 ;. this makes for easy manufacture even when the pitch of the head is very small . the conductor 21 and the coil 41 constitute a transformer . by planning for a sufficient number of turns for the coil 41 , it is possible , from a relatively low supply current for the coil , to obtain a high current in the conductor 21 and hence in the conductor 11 . it is possible to envisage controlling the coil 41 by means of an electronic circuit without providing for excessive power values . fig2 a and 2b show a set of magnetic heads 1 , 1 &# 39 ;, 1 &# 34 ; and their control circuits 2 , 2 &# 39 ;, 2 &# 34 ;. each magnetic head and its control circuit is made in the same way as in fig1 a and 1b . the particular features of this exemplary embodiment are that the magnetic substrate 3 may be common for all three magnetic heads , that the magnetic element 20 may be made as a single piece for all three control circuits and that the conductors 11 , 11 &# 39 ;, 11 &# 34 ; are connected by a common conductor 5 to the conductors 21 , 21 &# 39 ;, 21 &# 34 ;. the coil 41 controls the magnetic head 1 , the coil 41 &# 39 ; controls the magnetic head 1 &# 39 ; and the coil 41 &# 34 ; controls the magnetic head 1 &# 34 ;. referring to fig3 a to 9b , we shall now describe an exemplary embodiment of the magnetic heads according to the invention made in matrix form . fig3 a and 3b show a plate 4 made of magnetic material comprising , in its face 42 , horizontal grooves 40 . 1 and vertical grooves 40 . 2 . a coil passes through each groove and surrounds the plate by passing through the face opposite the face 42 . there is thus shown a horizontal coil 41 . 1 and two vertical coils such as 41 . 2 . to the face 42 of the plate 4 , there is attached a substrate plate 3 such as the one shown in fig4 a and 4b . this plate is formed by horizontal bands such as 31 . 1 and vertical bands such as 31 . 2 made of a non - magnetic material ( glass for example ). these bands correspond to the grooves of the plate 4 . between the horizontal and vertical bands , there is magnetic material such as 30 and 30 &# 39 ;. the central part 35 of the substrate plate 3 has a square surface made of magnetic material . the plate 3 is attached by its face 33 to the face 42 of the plate 4 . an array of conductors 21 . 1 is made on the face 34 . a horizontal conductor 21 . 1 is made above each band of non - magnetic material 31 . 1 as shown in fig5 . on the upper part of the face 34 , there are provided , for example , four conductors and in the lower part there are provided four conductors . eight parallel conductors 11 . 1 are then provided with each having one end connected to a conductor 21 . 1 . the other ends of the conductors 21 . 1 are connected by the conductor 5 . 1 to the free ends of the conductors 11 . 1 . the entire unit is covered with a layer of insulator material . an array of vertical conductors 21 . 2 and 11 . 2 is made above the insulator ( see fig6 ). this array is similar to that of fig5 but is oriented by 90 ° with respect to the conductors 21 . 1 and 11 . 1 . the conductors 21 . 2 are located above the non - magnetic vertical bands 31 . 2 . the entire unit is again covered with an insulating layer . the conductors 11 . 1 and 11 . 2 form the control conductors of a matrix of magnetic heads . indeed , above each point of intersection of the conductors 11 . 1 and 11 . 2 , magnetic heads are made . each magnetic head has two magnetic poles 10 and 10 &# 39 ; preferably made in a thin layer by means of a material with very high magnetic permeability ( for example , sendust , i . e . an alloy of aluminium , iron and tin ). the two magnetic poles are separated by a gap 12 . they have , for example , a geometry as shown in fig7 a each having a part 14 , 14 &# 39 ; with a relatively large surface area . the two parts 14 , 14 &# 39 ; are located diagonally with respect to the point of intersection . two narrow elements 15 , 15 &# 39 ; interrupted by the gap 12 join the parts 14 , 14 &# 39 ;. preferably , as can be seen in the section cc of fig7 b , the parts of magnetic poles 14 and 14 &# 39 ; are in direct contact with the zone 35 made of magnetic material of the substrate 3 . for this purpose , the layers of insulator material deposited on the conductors 11 . 1 and 11 . 2 have been etched at the location of these parts 14 and 14 &# 39 ;. finally , the conductors 21 . 1 and 21 . 2 are covered with a magnetic layer 20 to close the magnetic circuit above each conductor in a manner similar to what has been shown in fig1 a . in fig8 the arrays of superimposed conductors 21 . 1 and 21 . 2 have been shown . the magnetic layer 20 is demarcated by the dashes 23 and 24 and is between these dashes above the conductors 21 . 1 and 21 . 2 . thus , according to the invention , the making of the thin layer conductors of the magnetic head proves to be technologically far simpler than the making of a multiple - turn coil . it is not necessary to provide for the return of the internal end of the wire by means of another thin layer , separated by an insulating layer in which zones have been etched enabling the resumption of contact . the absence of a return wire in thin layer form provides for a gain by a factor of 2 in the resistance and hence in the thermal dissipation . the manufacturing rule is less restrictive and enables the etching of layers that are thicker and hence less resistive . the invention thus makes it possible to send a control signal to the front face of the component and to perform the transformer functions needed for the use of a single - turn thin layer coil . the substrate shown in fig4 a and 4b is obtained by the sawing of a ferrite block , filling with glass and thinning by polishing . it differs from the prior art structure in that the passage of the fluxes is done through the peripheral part . the central part on which the magnetic heads are deposited is a ferrite monolith . furthermore , the fluxes transferred to the front face are no longer the 1 × c fluxes corresponding to each coil intersection and the corresponding gap but only the 1 + c fluxes corresponding to the 1 horizontal coils and the c vertical coils . the matrix arrangement of these 1 + c fluxes is obtained by the conductive layers shown in fig9 . the variation of flux encircling each of the peripheral upright structures of the circuit elements generates potentials in these elements inducing a current that flows in the central part . as has been seen , fig1 a shows the elements in which this flux flows . these are the ferrite block 4 which is grooved and wound on the rear face , the glass - ferrite composite unit 3 used as a substrate and a thin layer of magnetic material 20 covering the thin layer turn 21 on the front face . this layer 20 is preferably deposited at the same time as the layers 10 , 10 &# 39 ; forming the magnetic head . the flux that may be induced in the circuit is limited by the saturation of this thin layer ( in the range of 1 tesla ). on a 5 mm groove and a 4 μm layer , a flux of 20 nwb may be induced . the variation of this flux at 15 mhz induces a voltage of 2 volts in the thin layer circuit . if the resistance of the turn is less than 10 ohms , a current sufficient for the writing may be induced . this corresponds typically to a layer with a resistivity of 0 . 1 ohm 2 / cm . this is equivalent to a fraction of a micron for a layer made of a good conductor such as copper , gold or aluminium . the structure of the magnetic head differs little from the structure described in the patent application 2 605 783 . for moderate magnetic head pitch values , it is not indispensable to hollow out the insulating layers ( as in fig8 ) used for the separation of the conductive circuits . for very small pitch values ( of some tens of microns ), it is preferable to do so as shown in fig8 so as to properly close the magnetic circuit . the making of a matrix magnetic head thus described could be done in the following method . orthogonal grooves 40 . 1 and 40 . 2 are made in a plate 4 of magnetic material . in each groove , there is made an excitation coil 41 . 1 , 41 . 2 that goes into the groove and on the face opposite the grooves ( fig3 a and 3b ). furthermore , grooves are made in a substrate plate made of magnetic material 3 and filled with a non - magnetic material 31 . 1 , 31 . 2 ( see fig9 a and 9b ). the face opposite the grooves is machined to obtain the face 33 of fig4 b . this machining can be done now or subsequently . the horizontal control conductors 21 . 1 as well as the induction conductors 11 . 1 are made on the horizontal bands 31 . 1 of non - magnetic material , as shown in fig5 . fig1 a shows a sectional view of an induction conductor 11 . 1 for example . as shown in fig1 b , the unit is covered with an insulator layer especially above the zone 35 where the induction conductors 11 . 1 and 11 . 2 must intersect . the vertical control conductors 21 . 2 as well as the vertical induction conductors 11 . 2 are then made as shown in fig6 . fig1 c shows a sectional view of a point of intersection between a horizontal induction conductor 11 . 1 and a vertical induction conductor 11 . 2 . the entire unit is again covered with an insulating layer ( fig1 d ). the two insulating layers deposited previously are then etched ( fig1 e ) diagonally on either side of each point of intersection to gain access to the central zone 35 , made of magnetic material , of the substrate 3 . then the different magnetic heads as shown in fig8 are made , for example according to the technique described in the patent application no . 2 605 783 . in the same operation , it is possible to cover the control conductors 21 . 1 and 21 . 2 with a layer of magnetic material . finally , the previously wound plate 4 is attached by its face 42 to the face 33 of the plate of the substrate 3 opposite the one having the magnetic heads and the conductors so as to obtain continuity in the magnetic control circuits and so that the coils are substantially below the bands of non - magnetic material 31 . 2 of the substrate plate 3 . | 6 |
fig1 through 3 , discussed below , and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present disclosure in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the disclosure . those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present disclosure may be implemented in any suitably arranged communication system . a scheme for effective reallocation of memory based on a terminal usage history , such as a usage history for each application , a memory usage history for each application and an option setting history for each application by user , in mobile communication terminal according to the present invention is described below . the usage history for each application of user may include a text message service , a mms , a file manager function , an e - mail service , a camera function , a video recorder function , a voice recorder function , a media player function , a memo function , a scheduling function , a tasking function , an anniversary notifying function and so forth . also the memory usage history for each application may include various applications such as an inbox for a text message service , a outbox for a text message service , an inbox for a mms , an outbox for a multimedia message service , a file manager function , an inbox for an e - mail service , a phone book function , an organizer function ( i . e ., for a memo function , a scheduling function , a tasking function and an anniversary notifying function ) and so forth . also , user may set options such as a size of a message , a size of a file , the number of stored transmissions / receptions , a size of a picture and so forth in a memory . fig1 illustrates a mobile communication terminal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . as illustrated in fig1 , the mobile communication terminal includes a controller 100 , a memory 110 , a memory reallocation unit 120 , a communication unit 130 , an input unit 140 and display unit 150 . referring to fig1 , the controller 100 controls and processes overall operations of the terminal . more particularly , the controller 100 controls and processes a function of for reallocation of memory based on a terminal usage history , such as a usage history for each application , a memory usage history for each application and an option setting history for each application by user according to the present invention . the memory 110 stores programs used for overall operations of the terminal and a variety of information . more particularly , the memory 110 stores and manages a terminal usage history , such as a usage history for each application , a memory usage history for each application and an option setting history for each application by user according to the present invention . the terminal usage history may be divided according to current time or a position of user , or a schedule of user or an event of user . that is , the memory 110 may store not only a normal terminal usage history , but also terminal usage history divided according to current time or a position of user , or a schedule of user or an event of user . herein , the normal terminal usage history means a terminal usage history irrelevant to current time or a position of user , or a schedule of user or an event of user . also in the memory , information of each application and condition are additionally added . the information for each application is a data for extraction of a terminal usage history . the information for each application , for example , includes use information for each application and information of unit memory ( i . e . the minimum memory ) for each application . the information for the condition includes current time or a position of user , or a schedule of user or an event of user . the memory reallocation unit 120 extracts the terminal usage history of user from the memory 110 , generates a memory reallocation scenario based on the extracted terminal usage history and reallocates the memory 110 according to the memory reallocation scenario . the terminal usage history may be enlisted by ranking according to the frequency of use . for example the usage history for each application may list the applications depending on frequency of use by ranking . also , the memory usage history for each application may list the applications of a memory depending on frequency of use by ranking , or the applications depending of required memory capacity by ranking . also , the option setting history for each application may list the applications depending on frequency of option setting by ranking . the communication unit 130 processes a signal transmitted and received through an antenna . the input unit 140 includes a plurality of function keys to provide the controller 100 with data corresponding to a key pressed by a user . the display unit 150 displays state information , numeric characters , alphabetic characters , and the like which are generated during the operation of the terminal . fig2 illustrates a method for reallocation of memory in mobile communication terminal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig2 , in step 201 , the terminal starts an application requiring a use of memory . then , in step 203 , the terminal determines whether an available memory capacity of the application is less than a threshold value . if the available memory capacity of the application is less than the threshold value in step 203 , the terminal in step 205 determines whether a memory usage history for each and every application by user exists . conversely , if the available memory capacity of the application is not less than the threshold value in step 203 , the terminal terminates the procedure of the present invention . in another embodiment , if the available memory capacity of the application is not less than the threshold value in step 203 , the terminal may reallocate an available memory for each application according to a predetermined method . if the memory usage history for each and every application by user exists in step 205 , in step 207 , the terminal detects a normal terminal usage history , stored in a memory , for each application . herein , the normal terminal usage history means a terminal usage history ( i . e ., a usage history for each application , a memory usage history for each application and an option setting history for each application by user ) irrelevant to a current time or a position of user , or a schedule of user or an event of user . conversely , if the memory usage history for each and every application by user does not exist in step 205 , the terminal terminates the procedure of the present invention . then , in step 209 , the terminal detects a current time and a position of user . then , in step 211 , the terminal detects a terminal usage history according to the current time and the position of user , for each application . that is , the terminal detects a usage history for each application , a memory usage history for each application and an option setting history for each application by user according to the current time and the position of user . the current time means a specific time in a day or a specific day in a month . then , in step 213 , the terminal detects a schedule of user and an event of user . then , in step 215 , the terminal detects a terminal usage history according to the schedule of user and the event of user , for each application . that is , the terminal detects a usage history for each application , a memory usage history for each application and an option setting history for each application by user according to the schedule of user and the event of user . then , in step 217 , the terminal generates and outputs a memory reallocation scenario based on the detected terminal usage history to a speaker or a display unit . therefore , the user may select reallocation of the memory according to the outputted memory reallocation scenario . then , in step 219 , the terminal determines whether reallocation of the memory is selected by user . if reallocation of the memory is selected by user in step 219 , in step 221 , the terminal reallocates the memory according to the memory reallocation scenario . conversely , if reallocation of the memory is not selected by user in step 219 , the terminal terminates the procedure of the present invention . in another embodiment , the step 201 may be replaced by a power - on of the terminal or starting of another application irrespective of use of memory . in this case , the step 201 may directly go to step 205 without going to step 203 . fig3 illustrates a method for generating of memory reallocation scenario in mobile communication terminal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig3 , it is assumed that a usage history for each application includes usage histories for a camera function , a phone book function , a sms , a mms , an mp3 function , an image function , a picture function , a voice recorder function , a call service and a scheduling function in a normal terminal usage history detected by the terminal . also , it is assumed that an option setting history for each application includes a size of a camera picture , a resolution of a camera picture , the number of stored sms transmissions / receptions , storing a sms or not , an mms capacity , the number of mp3s and the number of schedules in a normal terminal usage history detected by the terminal . also , it is assumed that a usage history for each application includes a camera function and an mp3 function for ‘ travel ’, a sms for ‘ evening before the appointed day ’, a call service and a sms for ‘ appointed day ’, a call service and a voice recorder function for ‘ visiting ’ and a phone book function for ‘ meeting ’ in a terminal usage history according to a schedule of user and an event of user detected by the terminal . also , it is assumed that a usage history for each application includes a call service and an mp3 function for ‘ weekday morning ’, an mp3 function for ‘ weekday afternoon ’, an image function and a photo function for ‘ weekend afternoon ’ in a terminal usage history according to the current time detected by the terminal . also , it is assumed that a usage history for each application includes an mp3 function for ‘ way to work ’, a call service for ‘ office ’ and a call service , a sms , an image function , a photo function , a scheduling function , a memo function , a tasking function and event function for ‘ home ’ in a terminal usage history according to the position of user detected by the terminal . if a detected current schedule of user is ‘ weekend travel ’, the terminal may detect that a terminal usage history includes a camera function , an mp3 function , a memo function and a call service . then , the terminal may generate a memory reallocation scenario that recommend to set camera option , delete existing memo or delete existing mp3 files and photos based on the detected terminal usage history . also , the terminal may generate a memory reallocation scenario that recommend to reduce capacity of existing mp3 files and photos , to increase available memory capacity of specific application frequently used by user or to decrease available memory capacity of specific application based on the detected terminal usage history . meanwhile in case of detecting great change on usage history for each application , time or position of user , or when user intends to operate specific application under lack of available memory capacity of the specific application the terminal may generate a memory reallocation scenario as apply to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . although the present disclosure has been described with an exemplary embodiment , various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art . it is intended that the present disclosure encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims . | 6 |
before explaining the disclosed embodiments of the present invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangements shown since the invention is capable of other embodiments . also , the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation . this is a divisional of u . s . patent application ser . no . 14 / 485 , 177 filed sep . 12 , 2014 , now issued as u . s . pat . no . 9 , 352 , 357 , which is a divisional of u . s . patent application ser . no . 13 / 683 , 332 filed nov . 21 , 2012 , now abandoned , which is a divisional of u . s . patent application ser . no . 13 / 676 , 784 filed nov . 14 , 2012 , now u . s . pat . no . 8 , 795 , 768 , which is a divisional of u . s . patent application ser . no . 12 / 813 , 873 filed jun . 11 , 2010 , now u . s . pat . no . 8 , 343 , 579 , which is a divisional of u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 649 , 647 filed jan , 4 , 2007 , now issued as u . s . pat . no . 7 , 858 , 149 , which is a continuation - in - part of u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 246 , 825 filed oct . 7 , 2005 , now issued as u . s . pat . no . 7 , 517 , 409 , which is a divisional of u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 649 , 288 filed aug . 27 , 2003 , now issued as u . s . pat . no . 7 , 160 , 574 on jan . 9 , 2007 , which claims the benefit of priority to u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 406 , 602 filed aug . 28 , 2002 , all of which are incorporated by reference . fig1 shows the general six steps for a project overview for applying the barrier coating leak sealant to an existing piping system , which include step one , 10 program diagnosis , step two , 20 project planning , step three , 30 drying piping system , step four 40 , profiling the piping system , step five , 50 applying barrier coating leak sealant to the interior walls of the pipes in the piping system , and final step six 60 evaluation and return to operation of the piping system . for step one , 10 , several steps can be done to diagnose the problem with a piping system in a building , and can include : ( a ) interview onsite engineering staff , property mangers , owners or other property representatives as to the nature of the current problem with the piping system . ( b ) evaluation of local and on - site water chemistry being used in the piping system for hardness and aggressive qualities . ( c ) engineering evaluation , if necessary , to determine extent of present damage to the wall thickness of the piping and overall integrity of the piping system . ( d ) additional on - site testing of piping system , if necessary , identifying leaks or the nature or extent of leaking . ( e ) corrosion control , leak sealing proposal development for client , including options for pipe and fitting replacement where necessary . after completion of step one , 10 , the project planning and setup step 20 can be started . for step two , 20 , several steps can be followed for planning and setup for restoring the integrity of the piping system in a building , and can include : ( a ) complete contract development with client , after the diagnosis contract has started . ( b ) commence project planning with site analysis crew , project management team , and on - site engineering / maintenance staff . ( c ) plan delivery of the equipment and supplies to the worksite . ( d ) complete equipment and supply delivery to worksite . ( e ) commence and complete mechanical isolation of the piping system . ( f ) commence and complete set up of hosing and equipment . step three — air drying — step 1 method of corrosion control and leak repair 30 for step three , 30 , the piping system to be prepared for the coating by drying the existing pipes , and can include : ( a ) piping systems are mapped . ( b ) isolations of piping systems or pipe sections are prepared and completed . ( c ) the isolated piping system to receive the barrier coating leak sealant is adapted to be connected to the barrier coating equipment . ( d ) the isolated pipe section or system is drained of water . ( e ) using moisture and oil free , hot compressed air , a flushing sequence is completed on the piping system to assure water is removed . ( f ) piping system is then dried with heated , moisture and oil free compressed air . ( g ) length of drying sequence is determined by pipe type , diameter , length complexity , location and degree of corrosion contained within the piping system , if any . ( h ) exiting debris is captured with use of an air filter vacuum , drawing air , which is used simultaneously with compressor . ( i ) inspections are completed to assure a dry piping system ready for the barrier coating and sealant . step four — piping system profiling — step 2 of method of corrosion control and leak sealant 40 for step four , 40 , the piping system is to be profiled , and can include : ( a ) dried pipes can be profiled using an abrasive agent in varying quantities and types . the abrasive medium can be introduced into the piping system by the use of the moisture and oil free heated compressed air using varying quantities of air and varying air pressures . the amount of the abrading agent is controlled by the use of a pressure generator . ( b ) the simultaneous use of the air filter vacuum at the exit end , drawing air to assist the compressor , reducing the effects of friction loss in the piping system , enhancing the effects of the sanding and debris removal . ( c ) the abraded pipe , when viewed without magnification , must be generally free of all visible oil , grease , dirt , mill scale , and rust . generally , evenly dispersed , very light shadows , streaks , and discolorations caused by stains of mill scale , rust and old coatings may remain on no more than approximately 33 percent of the surface . also , slight residues of rust and old coatings may be left in the craters of pits if the original surface is pitted . ( d ) pipe profiling is completed to ready the pipe for the application of the barrier coating leak sealant material . ( e ) visual inspections can be made at connection points and other random access areas of the piping system to assure proper cleaning and profiling standards are achieved . ( f ) an air flushing sequence is completed to the piping system to remove any residuals left in the piping system from the profiling stage . step five — corrosion control epoxy sealing leak repair and protection of the piping — step 3 of the method of corrosion control and leak repair 50 for step five , 50 , the piping system is barrier coated and leaks sealed and can include : ( a ) piping system can be heated with hot , pre - filtered , moisture and oil free compressed air to an appropriate standard for an epoxy coating application . ( b ) piping system can be checked for leaks . ( c ) if leaks are identified or are suspect and the approximate size determined the operator may choose to apply the coating material without fillers , if the leak is determined to be & gt ; approximately 30 mils in width the operator can decide to add fillers to the coating material , prior to injection into the piping system . ( d ) coating and leak sealing material can be prepared and metered to manufacturer &# 39 ; s specifications using a proportionator . ( e ) the barrier coating leak sealant and fillers are placed into the epoxy carrying tube or injection device . ( f ) the coating and leak sealant material can be injected into the piping system using hot , pre - filtered , moisture and oil free compressed air at temperatures , air volume and pressure levels to distribute the epoxy barrier coating leak sealant throughout the pipe segment , in sufficient amounts to eliminate the water to pipe contact in order to create an epoxy barrier coating on the inside of the pipe and seal the leak in a single operation . during this wetting out stage a vacuum filter maybe used in conjunction with the compressor to assist the wetting out of the coating material . at all times , a neutral or positive pressure must be maintained on the inside of the pipe . ( g ) the coating can be applied to achieve a coating of at least approximately 4 mils and sealing leaks up to approximately 125 mils in size . ( h ) once the epoxy barrier coating leak sealant is injected and the piping segment is wetted out warm , pre - filtered , moisture and oil free compressed air can be applied to create a positive pressure inside the pipe with a continuous positive pressure maintained of at least approximately 1 . 5 p . s . i . over the internal surface of the pipe to achieve the initial set of the epoxy barrier coating sealant takes place . after initial set and still maintaining positive pressure confirm that all valves and pipe segments support appropriate air flow indicating clear passage of the air through the pipe i . e . : no areas of blockage . allow the barrier coating leak sealant to cure to manufacturer &# 39 ; s standards . positive pressure can be maintained until the epoxy has reached its “ initial set .” the time depends on the epoxies pot life , the application temperature of the epoxy and the maintenance temperature and the actual film thickness of the epoxy , these factors all come into play when getting the epoxy to its initial set . for example , an epoxy having a 30 minute pot life , measured at room temperature , will need a positive pressure for at least approximately 30 minutes at no less then room temperature . thus , a positive pressure should be maintained to at least the manufacturers specification of the epoxies pot life when measured at room temperature or until initial set is achieved . the final step six , 60 allows for restoring the piping system to operation and can include : ( a ) remove all process application fittings . ( b ) examine pipe segments to assure appropriate coating standards , check to ensure all leaks are sealed . ( c ) re - confirm that all valves and pipe segments support appropriate air flow . ( d ) install original valves , fittings / fixtures , or any other fittings / fixtures as specified by building owner representative . ( e ) reconnect water system , and water supply . ( f ) complete system checks , testing and evaluation of the integrity of the piping system . ( g ) complete a water flush of system , according to manufacturer &# 39 ; s specifications . ( h ) evaluate water flow and quality . ( i ) document piping layout schedule , and complete pipe labeling . fig2 a , 2b , 2c and 2d show a detailed process flowchart using the steps of fig1 for providing the barrier coating leak sealant . these flow chart figures show a preferred method of applying a novel barrier coating leak sealant for the interior of small diameter piping systems following a specific breakdown of a preferred application of the invention . components in fig3 will now be identified as follows : referring to fig3 , components 100 - 900 can be located and used at different locations in or around a building . the invention allows for an entire isolated building piping system to be cleaned in one single pass through run without having to dismantle either the entire or multiple sections of the piping system . the piping system can include pipes having diameters of approximately ⅜ of an inch up to approximately 6 inches in diameter with the piping including bends up to approximately ninety degrees or more throughout the building . the invention allows for an entire isolated building piping system to have the interior surfaces of the pipes coated and leaks sealed in one single pass through run without having to dismantle either the entire or multiple parts of the piping system . each of the components will now be defined . the air compressors 100 can provide filtered and heated compressed air . the filtered and heated compressed air employed in various quantities is used , to dry the interior of the piping system , as the propellant to drive the abrasive material used in cleaning of the piping system and is used as the propellant in the application of the epoxy barrier coating leak sealant and the drying of the epoxy barrier coating leak sealant once it has been applied . the compressors 100 also provide compressed air used to propel ancillary air driven equipment . an off the shelf main header and distributor 200 shown in fig3 can be one manufactured by : media blast & amp ; abrasives , inc . 591 w . apollo street brea , calif . 92821 . the main header 200 provides safe air management capability from the air compressor for both regulated and unregulated air distribution ( or any combination thereof ) to the various other equipment components and to both the piping system risers and fixture outlets for a range of piping configurations from a single family home to a multi - story building . the air enters through the 2 ″ npt inlet to service the pressure vessel . the main header 200 can manage air capacities ranging to approximately 1600 cfm and approximately 200 psi . there are many novel parts and benefits with the main header and distributor 200 . the distributor is portable and is easy to move and maneuver in tight working environments . regulator adjustment can easily and quickly manage air capacities ranging to approximately 1600 cfm and approximately 200 psi , and vary the operating airflows to each of the other ancillary equipment associated with the invention . the air pressure regulator and the method of distributing the air allows both regulated and unregulated air management from the same equipment in a user - friendly , functional manner . the approximately 1 ″ valving allows accommodation for both approximately 1 ″ hosing and with adapters , and hose sizes of less than approximately 1 ′″ can be used to meet a wide variety of air demand needs on a job site . the insulated cabinet , surrounding air works dampens noise associated with the movement of the compressed air . the insulated cabinet helps retain heat of the pre - dried and heated compressed air , the pre - dried and heated compressed air being an integral part of the invention . the insulated cabinet helps reduce moisture in the pressure vessel and air supply passing through it . finally , the valving of the pressure vessel allows for delivery ( separate or simultaneous ) of regulated air to the side mounted air outlet valves , the top mounted regulated air outlet valves as well as the top mounted unregulated air outlet valves . an on off - the - shelf floor manifold 300 can be one manufactured by : m & amp ; h machinery 45790 airport road , chilliwack , bc , canada as part of the general air distribution system set up , the floor manifolds 300 can be pressure rated vessels designed to evenly and quietly distribute the compressed air to at least 5 other points of connection , typically being the connections to the piping system . airflow from each connection at the manifold is controlled by the use of individual full port ball valves . there are many novel parts and benefits to the air manifold 300 . the portability of manifold 300 allows for easy to move and maneuver in tight working environments . the elevated legs provide a stable base for unit 300 as well as keep the hose end connections off the floor with sufficient clearance to permit the operator ease of access when having to make the hose end connections . the threaded nipples placed at approximately 45 ° angle allow for a more efficient use of space and less restriction and constriction of the airline hoses they are attached to . multiple manifolds 300 can be attached to accommodate more than 5 outlets . the manifolds can be modular and can be used as 1 unit or can be attached to other units and used as more than 1 . a pressure generator sander 400 that can be used with the invention can be one manufactured by : media blast & amp ; abrasives , inc . 591 w . apollo street brea , calif . 92821 . the pressure generating sander system 400 can provide easy loading and controlled dispensing of a wide variety of abrasive medium in amounts up to approximately 1 . 3 us gallons at a time . the pressure generator sander can include operational controls that allow the operator to easily control the amount of air pressure and control the quantity of the abrasive medium to be dispersed in a single or multiple application . the abrasive medium can be controlled in quantity and type and is introduced into a moving air steam that is connected to a pipe or piping systems that are to be sand blasted clean by the abrasive medium . the sand can be introduced by the pressure generator sander system 400 by being connected to and be located outside of the piping system depicted in fig3 . the novel application of the sander system 400 allows for cleaning small pipes having diameters of approximately ⅜ ” up to approximately 6 ″. table 1 shows a list of preferred dry particulate materials with their hardness ratings from 1 to 10 ( being the hardest ), and grain shapes that can be used with the sand generator 400 , and table 2 shows a list of preferred dry particulate particle sieve sizes that can be used with the invention . table 1 shows the hardness and shapes of the typical types of particulates used in the cleaning and sanding process . based on the moh scale of hardness it is found that a 5 or higher hardness particulate be used in this process . a particulate such as silicon carbide is recommended over a softer garnet particulate when used to clean and profile harder metal pipes , such as steel , where the metal is a softer , such as copper it can be cleaned and profiled with a less hard particulate such as garnet . table 2 describes the various standards for measuring particulate size . in the cleaning and profiling stage an operator will decide to use particulate of various sizes depending on the size of pipe , the type of piping material i . e . steel or copper and the degree and type of build up inside the pipe . in a copper pipe situation it is common to use a 24 / 25 mesh size . when cleaning a heavily encrusted steel pipe an operator might use a small particulate such as a 45 or 60 mesh to bore a hole through the build up with our getting clogged up . as the opening inside the pipe increases by cleaning , larger particulate sizes can be used . there are many novel parts and benefits to the use of the pressure generator sander system 400 . the portability allows for easy to move and maneuver in tight working environments . the sander 400 is able to accept a wide variety of abrasive media in a wide variety of media size . variable air pressure controls in the sander 400 allows for management of air pressures up to approximately 125 psi . a mixing valve adjustment allows for setting , controlling and dispensing a wide variety of abrasive media in limited and controlled quantities , allowing the operator precise control over the amount of abrasive medium that can be introduced into the air stream in a single or multiple applications . the filler lid incorporated as part of the cabinet and the pressure pot allows the operator to load with ease , controlled amounts of the abrasive medium into the pressure pot . the pulse button can be utilized to deliver a single sized quantity of the abrasive material into the air stream or can be operated to deliver a constant stream of abrasive material in to the air stream . all operator controls and hose connections can be centralized for ease of operator use . an off - the - shelf pre - filter that can be used with the invention can be one manufactured by : media blast & amp ; abrasives , inc . 591 w . apollo street brea , calif . 92821 during the pipe profiling stage , the pre - filter 500 allows the filtering of air and debris from the piping system for more than two systems at a time through the 2 — approximately 2 ″ npt inlets . the cyclone chamber / separator captures the abrasive material and large debris from the piping system , the byproducts of the pipe profiling process . the fine dust particles and air escape through the approximately 8 ″ air and dust outlet at the top of the machine and are carried to the dust collection equipment 600 , which filters , from the exhausting air , fine particulates , that may not have been captured with the pre - filter 500 . there are many novel parts and benefits to the pre - filter 500 . the pre - filter has portability and is easy to move and maneuver in tight working environments . the dust drawer with removable pan allows for easy clean out of the abrasive media and debris from the pipe . the cyclone chamber / separator slows and traps the abrasive media and debris from the piping system and air stream and prevents excess debris from entering into the filtration equipment . the 2 — approximately 2 ″ npt inlets allows a full range of air filtration from two separate riser or piping systems . use of the approximately 8 ″ or greater flex tube as an expansion chamber results in reducing the air pressure of the air as it leaves the pre - filter 500 and reduces the potential for back pressure of the air as it departs the pre - filter and enhances the operational performance of the air filter vacuum 600 . when used in conjunction with the air filter vacuum 600 , the pre - filter 500 provides a novel way of separating large debris from entering the final stage of the filtration process . by filtering out the large debris with the pre - filter 500 this promotes a great efficiency of filtration of fine particles in the final stages of filtration in the air filter vacuum 600 . the approximately 8 ″ air and dust outlet to the air filter vacuum 600 from the pre - filter 500 permits the compressed air to expand , slowing it in velocity before it enters the air filter vacuum 600 , which enhances the operation of the air filter vacuum 600 . process cost savings are gained by the use of the pre - filter 500 by reducing the impact of filtering out the large amounts of debris at the pre - filter stage prior to air entering the air filter vacuum 600 . this provides for greater operating efficiencies at the air filter vacuum 600 a reduction in energy usage and longer life and use of the actual fine air filters used in the air filter vacuum 600 . an off - the - shelf example of an air filter vacuum 600 used with the invention can be one manufactured by : media blast & amp ; abrasives , inc . 591 w . apollo street , brea , calif . 92821 . during the pipe profiling stage , the air filter vacuum or dust collector 600 is the final stage of the air filtration process . the dust collector 600 filters the passing air of fine dust and debris from the piping system after the contaminated air first passes through the pre - filter 500 ( abrasive reclaim separator module ). during the drying stage the filter 600 can be used simultaneously with compressor 100 aids in drawing air through the piping system . during the sanding or cleaning stage the filter 600 can be used with compressor 100 the filter 600 assists by drawing air through the piping system . the filter 600 can be used simultaneously with the compressor 100 to create a pressure differential in the piping system which is used to reduce the effects of friction loss and assists in a pulling action within the pipe during the drying and sanding or cleaning stages as well as the coating stage . the filter 600 can be capable of filtering air in volumes up to approximately 1100 cfm . there are many novel parts and benefits to the air filter 600 . the air filter has portability and is easy to move and maneuver in tight working environments . the dust drawer with removable pan allows for easy clean out of the abrasive media and debris from the filtration chamber . the 8 ″ flexible duct permits the compressed air to expand and slow in velocity prior to entering the dust collector 600 , enhancing efficiency . the sliding air control exit vent permits use of a lower amperage motor on start up . the reduced electrical draw enables the dust collector 600 to be used on common household electrical currents while still being able to maintain its capacity to filter up to approximately 1100 cfm of air . the air filter 600 keeps a flow of air running over the epoxy and enhancing its drying and curing characteristics . the dust collector 600 creates a vacuum in the piping system , which is used as method of checking for airflow in the piping system . the air filter 600 can be used simultaneously with compressor 100 to reduce the effects of friction loss , enhancing drying , sanding , epoxy injection and drying . a metering and dispensing unit 700 used with the invention can be one manufactured by : lily corporation , 240 south broadway , aurora , ill . 60505 - 4205 . the portable epoxy metering and dispensing unit 700 can store up to approximately 3 us gallons of each of a and b component of the two mix component epoxy , and can dispense single shots up to approximately 14 . 76 oz , in capacities up to approximately 75 us gallons per hour . the unit 700 can be very mobile and can be used both indoors and outdoors , and it can operate using a 15 amp 110 ac electrical service i . e . : regular household current and approximately 9 cubic feet ( cfm ) at 90 to 130 pounds per square inch . the unit 700 requires only a single operator . the epoxy 800 used with the unit 700 can be heated using this unit to its recommended temperature for application . the epoxy 800 can be metered to control the amount of epoxy being dispensed . there are many novel parts and benefits to the epoxy metering and dispensing unit 700 , which include portability and is easy to move and maneuver in tight working environments . the heated and insulted cabinet , all epoxy transit hoses , valves and pumps can be heated within the cabinet . the top filling pressurized tanks offers ease and access for refilling . epoxy 800 can be metered and dispensed accurately in single shot or multiple shots having the dispensing capacity up to approximately 14 . 76 ounces of material per shot , up to approximately 75 gallons per hour . the position of mixing head permits a single operator to fill the portable epoxy carrying tubes 900 in a single fast application . the drip tray permits any epoxy overspill at the time of filling to be contained in the drip tray , containing the spill and reducing cleanup . the epoxy carrying tube hanger allows the operator to fill and temporarily store filled epoxy tubes , ready for easy distribution . the pump and heater combination allows for the epoxy to metered “ on ratio ” under a variety of conditions such as changes in the viscosity of the epoxy components which can differ due to temperature changes which effect the flow rates of the epoxy 800 which can differ giving the operator an additional control on placement of the epoxy 800 by changing temperature and flow rates . unit 700 provides greater operator control of the characteristics of the epoxy 800 in the process . a preferred epoxy barrier coating that can be used with the invention can be one manufactured by : cjh , inc . 2211 navy drive , stockton , calif . 95206 . the barrier coating product used in this process can be a 2 - part thermo set resin with a base resin and a base - curing agent . the preferred thermo set resin is mixed as a two - part epoxy that is used in the invention . when mixed and applied , it forms a durable barrier coating leak sealant on pipe interior surfaces and other substrates . the barrier coating leak sealant provides a barrier coating that protects those coated surfaces from the effects caused by the corrosive activities associated with the chemistry of water and other reactive materials on the metal and other substrates and seal leaks in the pipe . the epoxy barrier coating sealant can be applied to create a protective barrier coating and leak sealant to pipes ranging in size approximately ⅜ ″ to approximately 6 ″ and greater . the barrier coating can be applied around bends intersections , elbows , tee &# 39 ; s , to pipes having different diameters and make up . the barrier coating leak sealant can be applied to pipes in any position e . g . : vertical or horizontal and can be applied as a protective coating leak sealant to metal and plastic type pipes used in fire sprinkler systems and natural gas systems . at least an approximately 4 mils coating layer can be formed on the interior walls of the pipes . the barrier coating leak sealant protects the existing interior walls and can also stop leaks in existing pipes which have small openings and cracks , and the like , of up to approximately 125 mils in size . although the process of application described in this invention includes application of thermo set resins other types of thermo set resins can be used . for example , other thermo set resins can be applied in the process , and can vary depending upon viscosity , conditions for application including temperature , diameter of pipe , length of pipe , type of material pipe comprised of , application conditions , potable and non potable water carrying pipes , and based on other conditions and parameters of the piping system being cleaned , coated and leaks sealed by the invention . other thermo set type resins that can be used include but are not limited to and can be one of many that can be obtained by numerous suppliers such as but not limited to : dow chemical , huntsmans advances material , formerly ciba giegy and resolution polymers , formerly shell chemical . a preferred viscosity range of the mixed as - applied epoxy used in this process , before fillers are introduced , when measured at room temperature , 25 ° c ., is in the range of approximately 1 , 200 centipoises ( cps ) to approximately 60 , 000 centipoises ( cps ), and preferably in a narrower range of 10 , 000 to 60 , 000 centipoises ( cps .) the preferred pot life , measured at room temperature is at least approximately 30 minutes . fillers used in the process preferably can contain a mixture of low and high aspect ratio particles , acicular shaped particles , and plate like particles . fillers preferably made of the same epoxy material that comprises the barrier coating were used . other materials may also be used include : glass flakes , glass fibers , epoxy fibers , mica , clay , silica , cork and plastics . the particle size and distribution of the fillers were noted as follows in table 3 table 3 shows the approximate breakdown of the size and % content of the size of fillers contained in the filler mix . for example , about 41 . 2 % of the filler passed through a # 20 size sieve or were approximately . 841 millimeters in size . only a trace amount of fillers passed through # 8 sieve and were larger in size i . e . 2 . 38 millimeters , when compared to the size of the filler particles that passed through a # 20 size sieve . the composition of mix of the various sizes of fillers were found to provide a wide range of opportunity for the fillers to fill the holes or cracks of various sizes that can be found in the piping system , up to approximately 125 mils in size . table 4 lists the amounts of epoxy needed for different length pipes and different diameter pipes . referring to table 5 , a five foot length of piping having a ½ inch inside diameter would use approximately 100 milliliters of the novel unfilled epoxy . a 30 foot long section of piping having an inside diameter of approximately 2 inches would use approximately 700 milliliters of the novel unfilled epoxy . table 5 lists the viscosity ranges in centipoises , and the amount of filler that is mixed into the unfilled epoxy . for example , an epoxy having a viscosity of approximately 1200 to 5000 cps would have at least approximately 25 % fillers . an epoxy having a viscosity of approximately 25 , 001 to approximately 60 , 000 cps would have at least approximately 5 % fillers . differences in viscosity were noted and primarily related to diameter and length of pipe . it was found that a lower viscose epoxy i . e . 1 , 200 cps to 5 , 000 cps provided the operator the ability to coat and seal leaks over a longer distance in a small diameter pipe . for example , a pipe of v2 inch or less in diameter over 100 feet in length . a more viscose epoxy say in the range of 25 , 001 cps to 60 , 000 cps provided the operator the ability to coat and seal leaks in larger diameter pipes say for example 2 ″ and greater in diameter and to seal small leaks without out same quantity of fillers as required with a lower viscose epoxy . although the novel invention can be applied to all types of metal pipes such as but not limited to copper pipes , steel pipes , galvanized pipes , and cast iron pipes , the invention can be applied to pipes made of other materials such as but not limited to plastics , pvc ( polyvinyl chloride ), composite materials , polybutidylene , and the like . additionally , small cracks and holes in plastic type and metal pipes can also be fixed in place by the barrier coating leak sealant . although the preferred applications for the invention are described with building piping systems , the invention can have other applications such as but not limited to include piping systems for swimming pools , underground pipes , in - slab piping systems , piping under driveways , various liquid transmission lines , tubes contained in heating and cooling units , tubing in radiators , radiant in floor heaters , chillers and heat exchange units , and the like . while the invention has been described , disclosed , illustrated and shown in various terms of certain embodiments or modifications which it has presumed in practice , the scope of the invention is not intended to be , nor should it be deemed to be , limited thereby and such other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved especially as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims here appended . | 5 |
in the context of the present invention , “ data communications ” relates to any electrical signal which is propagated in a system , wherein the signal contains a digital or an analog , representation of data , text , audio content , visual content , or the like , or any combination thereof . this is intended to include telephone communications , file transfers , command - control transactions , hypertext , virtual reality modeling language executions , voice , graphics , photos , music , or the like . data communications also relates to the packets of content into which these signals may be divided or aggregated . there are also substantial equivalents to packeting ; such as line switching / allocation , dynamic frequency modulation , multiplexing , etc . furthermore , there are certain topological notions and their generalizations that are important for the proper appreciation of the present invention . specifically , in fig1 - 5 the nomenclature “ isolatable sub - network ” and “ substantially across a node ” can be more readily understood . another important topological notion , in the context of the present invention , relates to interconnection in data communications networks . for simplicity of illustration and explanation , these interconnections are illustrated and described as if they are simple single lines . in actuality , the number of lines depends on many complex factors ; among which bandwidth requirements , protocol , and line - quality are the most significant . in large scale data communication networks there often exist complex conduits ; which may be de - convoluted into constituent components of multiplexing modules , inverse multiplexing modules , and the lines which interconnect them into a functioning data communications conduit . for example , there are data communications interconnections between two nodes that use multi - link ppp or frame - relay protocol . there are also single nodes that interconnect between disparate numbers of lines ( e . g . a traffic shaper ( node ) that interconnects a single lan with a plurality of wans ). therefore , it should be appreciated that the present invention is applicable to environments having interconnections where two nodes are connected via several links employing multiplexing techniques ; and equivalently for single nodes interconnecting between disparate numbers of lines . fig1 shows a simple data communications network having a star topology . interactive participants ( 1 ) and ( 2 a , 2 b , 2 c , 2 d ) are interconnected to the routing hub of the star ( 4 ). participant ( 1 ) is an isolatable sub - network with respect to the hub and the other participants ( 2 a . . . 2 d ). all data communications between participant ( 1 ) and the other participants ( 2 a . . . 2 d ) must traverse a node ( 3 ), which is substantially equivalent to saying that these data communications must transverse one of ( 3 a , 3 b , 3 c , or 3 d ). hence , substantially across a node ( 3 ) is equivalent to across the group including nodes ( 3 a , 3 b , 3 c , and 3 d ). when the processing at node ( 3 ) is only with respect to “ some ” of the data communications traversing , then substantially across a node ( 3 ) is equivalent to across at least one node of the group including nodes ( 3 a , 3 b , 3 c , and 3 d ); wherein the weighting of data communications selection is ( can be ) normalized to be equivalent the amount of the “ some ” of the data communications . fig2 shows a simple data communications network having a wide area network ( 5 ). interactive participant ( 1 ) is interconnected to other interactive participants ( who are “ members ” of the wide area network — wan ). participant ( 1 ) is an isolatable sub - network with respect to the wan and the other participants therein . all data communications between participant ( 1 ) and the other participants must traverse a node ( 3 ). fig3 shows a simple data communications network having a local area network ( 6 ) and a wide area network ( 5 ). interactive participant ( 1 ) is interconnected to other interactive participants ( that are “ members ” of the wide area network — wan ) and to other interactive participants that are “ members ” of the local area network — lan . the lan is an isolatable sub - network with respect to the wan . all data communications between participants of the wan and participants of the lan must traverse a node ( 3 ). however , data communications between members of the wan ( 5 ) do not traverse node ( 3 ), and likewise data communications between members of the lan ( 6 ) do not traverse node ( 3 ). fig4 shows a data communications network having a wide area network ( 7 ) and a wide area network ( 5 ). interactive participant ( 1 ) is interconnected to other interactive participants — that are “ members ” of the wide area networks . the wan ( 7 ) is an isolatable sub - network with respect to the wan ( 5 ). all data communications between participants of the wan ( 7 ) and participants of the wan ( 5 ) must traverse a node ( 3 ). however , data communications between members of the wan ( 7 ) do not traverse node ( 3 ). fig5 shows a data communications network having a wide area network ( 7 ) and a wide area network ( 5 ). interactive participant ( 1 ) is interconnected to other interactive participants — that are “ members ” of the wide area networks . the wan ( 7 ) is an isolatable sub - network with respect to the wan ( 5 ). all data communications between participants of the wan ( 7 ) and participants of the wan ( 5 ) must traverse a node ( 3 h ). node ( 3 h ) is substantially equivalent to the collection of nodes ( 3 e ) ( 3 f ) ( 3 g ). however , data communications between members of the wan ( 7 ) ( e . g . between participants ( 1 ) and ( 8 )) may or may not traverse node ( 3 h ). the routing of the data communication may proceed directly within wan ( 7 ) or it may traverse via wan ( 5 ). furthermore , it should be noted that substantially applying a stochastic increase in response time at node ( 3 h ) is equivalent to applying a weighted stochastic increase at one or two of nodes ( 3 e ) ( 3 f ) and ( 3 g ). this could also be stated in relating ( see fig1 ) node ( 3 ) with the collection of nodes ( 3 a , 3 b , 3 c , and 3 d ). the present invention relates to a method ( see fig6 ) for economically sub - optimizing interactions in data communications network environments . ( a ) aggregating ( 9 ) a statistical profile of data communications , substantially from a vantage of a predetermined node . the node is located between firstly an isolatable sub - network of the network environment having at least one interactive participant and secondly a preponderance of the remaining network environment . this aggregation may be accomplished : by logging information from packet headers ( e . g . sender or receiver ) at the predetermined node ; or by examining packet contents ( e . g . html page , email contents , notations indicating specific a specific transaction , or the like ); or by logging the information at a larger number of nodes and thereafter approximating the data so collected for the predetermined node . this aggregation may be accomplished from logging header information at the routers ( in wan ) or by significant sampling of a portion of data communications at a portion of nodes ( for very large systems ). the specific nature of the aggregating the data , as summarized into a statistical profile , and the accuracy of the profile are all directly associated with the nature of the economic sub - optimization desired . the specific data elements collected and their method of collection are essentially familiar to those who undertake load studies in conjunction with those who undertake cost - benefit analyses . ( b ) electing ( 10 ) at least one data communications traffic load threshold from the statistical profile according to a substantially economic consideration . the statistical profile must be analyzed and a metric must be constructed which will effect a functional reallocation of limited communications interconnection resources during actual or potential peak load periods . implementation of the present system during actual peak load periods is dependent on having a peak load monitor while implementation during potential peak load periods can be “ scheduled ” from the data collected to form the profile . it should be appreciated that there are a number of applicable “ peak loads ” ( e . g . server packet - transferring peak load , server associated administrative activity peak load , network throughput peak load , etc . ); and that some of these are not readily monitored . ( c ) substantially at the node ( whose vantage was of concern in step ( a )), assigning ( 11 ) a parametric data transfer delay interval to each data communication exceeding the threshold . the parametric delay interval is a related methodological unit for “ encouraging ” acceptance of the load sharing . for example , if the profile is only used to isolate potential peak periods then the parametric delay may assign the amount of delay according to factors such as employee status , job function description , time of day , etc . ( d ) effecting ( 12 ) the delay by storing each assigned data communication for the interval before transferring the data communication substantially across the node . the sub - network includes a participant of the at least one interactive participant . the participant is a sender or an intended receiver of the data communication . the storing is in a queue , a periodically re - sorted list , a time delay buffer , a transmission scheduler , or the like . according to the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention , aggregating a statistical profile of data communications includes traffic load metrics with respect to a variable selected from the list : size of data communications ( e . g . bandwidth required , time of transmission , number of packets , media content category of data communications ( e . g . telephone , multimedia , electronic funds transfer , etc .) transactional category of data communications ( e . g . customer ordering , customer service , management , maintenance , etc .) rate - structure effecting data communications ( e . g . service provider , contract terms for guaranteed service and for peak load service , rate tables , etc .) in general , the most manageable cost factor is the rate structure effecting data communications , and accordingly great cost saving can presently be achieved in wan base systems if the bandwidth of the constant communications load can be kept within a controlled limit . the present invention is directed to changing the way humans interact with data communications technologies ; and circumstantially to effecting modifications in those automated portions of data communications systems which are sensitive to response time metrics . according to the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention , a computer is the participant of the at least one interactive participant . having a computer as the active participant more easily enables automatic load monitoring , balancing , and limiting . furthermore , according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention , the computer is substantially operating according to interactive human control . according to other embodiments of the present invention , the participant is a telephone , or a radio or microwave transmitter / receiver , or a remote camera / monitor , or the like . while interactive human control may be enabled via a computer or directly , the enabling of devices according to the method of the present invention is more efficient for the habituation of the human when the human interaction is via a computer . according to the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention , the preponderance of the remaining network environment includes a wide area network or a portion thereof determination of measure with respect to “ preponderance of the remaining network environment ” can be assigned by available bandwidth , number of packets traversing in an average time interval , number of registered active - participants , or the like . according to other embodiments of the present invention , the network environment may constitute or include a wide are network , a wireless network , a metropolitan area network , a local area network , a non - packet oriented network , etc . recall that a motivation of the present invention relates to “ changing the way humans interact with data communications technologies .” thus it is not the data communications technology per se that is of concern , but rather the human interactions therewith . according to the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention , a substantially economic consideration relates : to either an aspect of a monetary payment rate structure effecting data communications ; or to an aspect of a monetary payment rate structure effecting time of the participant of the at least one interactive participants . according to one embodiment of the method of the present invention , the assigning of a parametric data transfer delay interval is determined according to an econometric model . the econometric model relates cost - type variables to data communications measurable variables ( from the aggregation ) in order to identify possible sub - optimization regions in the resultant model . according to another embodiment of the method of the present invention , the assigning of a parametric data transfer delay interval is determined according to a feedback model . the feedback model considers how the assignment of stochastic , progressive , or deterministic delay metrics effect productivity , integrate into the normal work activity as habituation , effect attitudes , etc . according to the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention , aspects of the feedback model are equated as economic entities and are incorporated into a feedback sensitive economic model . the present invention also relates to device embodiments wherein significant aspects of the method of the present invention are incorporated . the present invention relates to a first embodiment of a device for effecting delay in a data communications network environment ( see fig7 ). the first embodiment device has two sides to be connected in the environment substantially as a non bypassable interconnection between on a first side at least one interactive participant ( 1 ) of an isolatable sub - network of the environment and on a second side a preponderance of the remaining environment ( 5 ). this first embodiment of a device according to the present invention includes : ( a ) a receiving port ( 13 ) for accepting data communications ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) on the first side of the two sides . ( b ) a transfer delay interval - assigning module ( 14 ) connected to the receiving port . the assigning module associates a delay interval metric to each data communication ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) that is exceeding a predetermined traffic load threshold metric . ( c ) a data communications storage module ( 15 ) connected to the assigning module , wherein each data communication ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) is stored therein for the associated delay interval . ( d ) a transmitting port ( 16 ) connected to the storage module . the transmitting port is for transmitting data communications ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) on the second side of the two sides . according to a significant variation ( see fig8 ) of this first embodiment , the orientation of the device is reversed such that the receiving port ( 13 ) is for receiving on the second side of the two sides and the transmitting port ( 16 ) is for transmitting to the first side of the two sides . substantially the first embodiment and its variation are identical , however the first embodiment imposes the delay before the participant injects a data communications into the network environment , while the variation embodiment delays delivery of data communications from the network environment to the participant . the present invention also relates to a second embodiment of a device for effecting delay in a data communications network environment ( see fig9 ). the second embodiment device has two sides to be connected in the environment substantially as a non bypassable interconnection between on one side at least one interactive participant ( 1 ) of an isolatable sub - network of the environment and on the other side a preponderance of the remaining environment ( 15 ). this second embodiment of a device according to the present invention includes : ( a ) a receiving port ( 13 a ) for accepting data communications ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) on either side of the two sides , and the receiving port designates each data communication with the side appropriate for its eventual transmission . ( b ) a transfer delay interval - assigning module ( 14 ) connected to the receiving port . the assigning module associates a delay interval metric to each data communication ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) that is exceeding a predetermined traffic load threshold metric . ( c ) a data communications storage module ( 15 ) connected to the assigning module , wherein each data communication ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) is stored therein for the associated delay interval . ( d ) a transmitting port ( 16 a ) connected to the storage module . the transmitting port is for transmitting each data communications ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) on the appropriate side as designated by the receiving port . the present invention also relates to a third embodiment of a device for effecting delay in a data communications network environment ( see fig1 ). the third embodiment device has more than two sides , to wit : an aggregation ( 17 ) ( 18 ) of at least one of the more that two sides for connecting to at least one interactive participant of an isolatable sub - network of the environment and the remaining at least one side of the more than two sides for connecting to a preponderance of the remaining environment ( 19 ). this third embodiment of a device according to the present invention includes : ( a ) a receiving port ( 13 b ) for accepting data communications ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) on any one of the more than two sides and the receiving port designates each data communication with at least one side of the other sides as appropriate for its eventual transmission . ( b ) a transfer delay interval - assigning module ( 14 ) connected to the receiving port . the assigning module associates a delay interval metric to each data communication ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) that is exceeding a predetermined traffic load threshold metric . ( c ) a data communications storage module ( 15 ) connected to the interval - assigning module , wherein each data communication ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) is stored therein for the associated delay interval . ( d ) a transmitting port ( 16 b ) connected to the storage module . the transmitting port is for transmitting each data communications ( on a packet by packet basis or the like ) on each side so designated by the receiving port . according to an interesting variation embodiment of the third device embodiment , the isolatable sub - network is substantially identical to a preponderance of the remaining environment . for example , this is the case when the device is installed at node 3 e or node 3 f or node 3 g as seen in fig5 . in fig5 wan ( 5 ) and wan ( 7 ) are each “ isolatable sub - networks ” and are each “ substantially identical to a preponderance of the remaining environment ” with respect to each other . installing the device at node 3 e or node 3 f or node 3 g instead of at all three of them ( node 3 h ) does not alter the device per se ( at this stage of the developmental presentation of embodiments ). however , this topologically ambiguous style of device installation does alter the simple conception of how the device enables implementation of the method of the present invention . according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention ( see fig1 ) for any of the device embodiments or any variation embodiment thereof , an aggregating module ( 20 a or 20 b ) is connected to the assigning module or to the storage module . the aggregating module aggregates a statistical profile of data communications . here the device having an aggregating module is simultaneously used to allow a more complete embodiment of the method of the present invention ( hereinafter the “ method - enabled device ”). here in fig1 “( 13 c )” designates any receiving port ( 13 ) or ( 13 a ) or ( 13 b ); and “( 16 c )” designates any corresponding transmitting port ( 16 ) or ( 16 a ) or ( 16 b ). according to the preferred embodiment of the method - enabled device of the present invention , an electing module ( 21 ) is connected to the aggregating module on one side and to the assigning module on the other side . the electing module elects at least one data communications traffic load threshold from the profile of the aggregating module according to a substantially economic consideration . according to the preferred embodiment of the method - enabled device of the present invention , at predetermined times or according to predetermined conditions , an updating is performed on the profile of the aggregating module for access by the electing module . according to the preferred embodiment of the method - enabled device of the present invention , a simulation module ( 22 ) is associated with the electing module or with characterizations of an updated profile prior to the profile &# 39 ; s access by the electing module . the simulation module substantially compares the delay metric in use with the effects of applying at least one delay metric according to at least one scenario of economic considerations . thereinafter the simulation module effects a modification of the metric used or of the economic consideration used by the aggregating module — whenever the comparing of a simulated metric or simulated scenario substantially improves on the metric or scenario used by the aggregating module . according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention for any of the device embodiments or any variation embodiment thereof , at least one service module ( 23 a or 23 b ) is associated with the assigning module or with the storage module . the service module includes at least one data communications task selected from the list : traffic monitoring , traffic shaping , encryption , decryption , security filtering , traffic logging , traffic aggregation , traffic fragmentation , or traffic route modification . the method , device embodiments , and method - enabled device of the present invention allow greater cost savings than the many prior art attempts to independently sub - optimize . simultaneously the present invention allows any benefits that may be achieved by independent sub - optimization to be used ( e . g . use of : amortization and maintenance improvements may be addressed as for any other equipment that becomes rapidly obsolescent . productivity improvement may be addressed as a mix of security restrictions and the maximizing of response time . rate payment structures improvement may be addressed substantially as directed to finding cheaper service providers or to using computational tricks in order to achieve higher utilization of the current service provider ( s ).). most significantly the present invention relates to cost savings associated with relevant psychological factor that are involved when one or more persons are parties to a data communications transaction . | 7 |
preferred compounds of the invention are found in the class of pyrimidines of formula ii these are compounds of formula i in which two of x , y and z are n and the third is ch . three classes of pyrimidines can be limned , depending on which of x , y and z is ch the first of these is the 4 - pyrimidinamines , in which z is ch . these have the formula iia in preferred embodiments , q is chosen from imidazolyl , methylimidazolyl , pyrrolyl , methylpyrrolyl , pyrazolyl , methylpyrazolyl , hydroxymethylimidazolyl , ( dimethylaminomethyl ) imidazolyl , furanyl , methylfuranyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , pyridinyl , quinolinyl , 1 - methylpyrimidin - 2 - onyl , phenyl , fluorophenyl , hydroxymethyl , tetrahydropyranyloxymethyl , imidazolylmethyl , pyrrolylmethyl , ch ═ n — och 3 and in particularly preferred embodiments q is pyrrol - 1 - yl , imidazol - 1 - yl , furan - 3 - yl , 2 - methylimidazol - 1 - yl or 4 - methylimidazol - 1 - yl ; a is r 4 r 5 n — c ( o )—; w is cl , nhr 9 , n ( ch 3 ) r 9 , or 8 , sr 8 , r 8 , morpholin - 4 - yl , r 1 is chosen from alkyl , cycloalkyl , c 1 - c 3 - alkylaryl , c 1 - c 3 - alkylcycloalkyl , c 1 - c 3 - alkylheterocyclyl , and c 1 - c 3 - alkylheteroaryl ; r 2 , r 3 and r 5 are h ; r 4 is c 1 - c 4 - alkylaryl or c 1 - c 4 - alkylheteroaryl ; r 8 is c 1 - c 4 - alkylaryl ; r 9 is chosen from hydrogen , alkyl , substituted alkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 )- alkoxy , c 1 - c 4 - alkylcycloalkyl , c 1 - c 4 - alkylaryl , heterocyclyl , c 1 - c 4 - alkylheteroaryl , and c 1 - c 4 - alkylheterocyclyl ; and m and n are zero . when w is nhr 9 , preferred values of r 9 are hydrogen ; methyl ; ethyl ; 2 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethyl ; allyl ; cyclopropyl ; 2 - cyanoethyl ; propargyl ; methoxy ; methoxyethyl ; cyclopropyl ; cyclopropylmethyl ; ( methylthio ) ethyl ; 3 - methoxypropyl ; 3 - pyridyl ; 2 -( 3 - pyridyl ) ethyl ; 2 -( 2 - pyridyl ) ethyl ; 3 - pyridylmethyl ; 4 - pyridylmethyl ; 4 - pyridylmethyl - n - oxide ; 2 - pyridazinylmethyl ; sulfolan - 3 - yl ; 3 - tetrahydrofuranyl ; 2 - tetrahydrofuranylmethyl ; 3 -( 1 - imidazolyl ) propyl ; 1 - t - butoxycarbonyl - 4 - piperidinyl ; 1 - t - butoxycarbonyl - 4 - piperidinylmethyl ; 2 -( hydroxyimino ) propyl ; 2 -( methoxyimino ) propyl ; 2 - oxo - 1 - propyl ; and wherein r 14 is h , cl , f , cn , no 2 , so 2 nh 2 , cf 3 , cooch 3 , och 3 , oh , so 2 ch 3 , n ( ch 3 ) 2 or cooh ; r 15 is chosen from h , och 3 , f and cl ; and p is one or two . when w is and r 1 is n - butyl ; cyclohexylmethyl ; cyclopentylmethyl ; 2 - methylpropyl ; 3 - methyl - 1 - butyl ; cyclohexyl ; 2 , 2 - dimethylpropyl ; benzyl ; 2 - thienylmethyl ; 1 - t - butoxycarbonyl - 4 - piperidinyl ; 4 - chlorobenzyl ; 2 - pyranylmethyl ; 4 - pyranylmethyl ; 4 - pyranyl or 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl ; r 2 and r 3 are h ; q is imidazolyl or pyrrolyl ; w is nhr 9 ; and r 9 is alkyl , cycloalkyl or wherein r 14 is chosen from h , cl , f , cn , no 2 , so 2 nh 2 , cf 3 , cooch 3 , och 3 , so 2 ch 3 , n ( ch 3 ) 2 and cooh ; and r 15 is chosen from h , och 3 and cl . in another preferred embodiment of formula iia , a is r 4 r 5 n — c ( o )—; r 1 is chosen from isopropyl ; n - butyl ; cyclohexylmethyl ; cyclopentylmethyl ; naphthylmethyl ; cyclohexylethyl ; 2 - methylpropyl ; 3 - methyl - 1 - butyl ; cyclohexyl ; 2 , 2 - dimethylpropyl ; benzyl ; 2 - thienylmethyl ; 1 - t - butoxycarbonyl - 4 - piperidinyl ; 4 - methoxybenzyl ; 4 - chlorobenzyl ; 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl ; 2 - pyranylmethyl ; 4 - pyranylmethyl ; 4 - pyranyl and 1 , 1 - dimethylethyl ; r 2 , r 3 and r 5 are h ; r 4 is are ( including substituted aryl ), indanylmethyl , heteroarylmethyl , pyridinyl or r 16 is h , f , cl , cn , no 2 , so 2 nh 2 , cf 3 , ch 3 , cooch 3 , och 3 , so 2 ch 3 , soch 3 , n ( ch 3 ) 2 or cooh ; and r 17 is h , och 3 f or cl . in these compounds , the carbon to which r 1 and r 2 are attached is preferably of the r absolute configuration , i . e . derivatives of d - amino acids , when m and n are zero . in another preferred embodiment of formula iia , which is also a preferred embodiment in other subgenera of the general formula i , r 4 is in this genus , one of j 1 and j 2 is preferably h and the other is h , cl or cn and g is chosen from — ch 2 —, — ch 2 ch 2 —, — och 2 —, — o — and — ch 2 n ( lower alkyl )-. compounds having the r configuration at the carbon indicated with an asterisk have higher potency as bradykinin receptor antagonists . in a second class of pyrimidines , the 2 - pyrimidinamines , y is ch . these have the formula iib : preferred embodiments are as for iia . particularly preferred embodiments are those in which q is imidazolyl , pyrrolyl , pyridinyl , fluorophenyl or 2 - thienyl . in these compounds , a is preferably r 4 r 5 n — c ( o )—; w is h , cl , nhr 9 or or 8 ; r 1 is alkyl or c 1 - c 3 - alkylcycloalkyl ; r 2 , r 3 and r 5 are h ; r 4 is c 1 - c 4 - alkylaryl or c 1 - c 4 - alkylheteroaryl ; r 8 is c 1 - c 4 - alkylaryl ; r 9 is hydrogen , alkyl , fluoroalkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 - alkoxy ) alkyl , ( c 1 - c 4 - alkylthio ) alkyl , c 1 - c 4 - alkylcycloalkyl , c 1 - c 4 - alkylaryl , heterocyclyl , c 1 - c 4 - alkylheteroaryl , or c 1 - c 4 - alkylheterocyclyl ; and m and n are zero . among these , the most preferred compounds are those in which w is nhr 9 and r 9 is wherein r 14 is h , f , cl , cn , no 2 , so 2 nh 2 , cf 3 , cooch 3 , och 3 , so 2 ch 3 , n ( ch 3 ) 2 or cooh ; and r 15 is h , och 3 or cl . in the third class of pyrimidines , a different set of 4 - pyrimidinamines , x is ch . these have the formula iic : preferred embodiments are as for iia . particularly preferred embodiments are those in which q is imidazolyl or pyrrolyl and m and n are zero . in these compounds , a is preferably r 4 r 5 n — c ( o )—; w is nhr 9 ; r 1 is cyclohexylmethyl ; 2 - methylpropyl or 3 - methyl - 1 - butyl ; r 2 , r 3 and r 5 are h ; and r 4 and r 9 are benzyl or substituted benzyl . triazines form another subgenus of the invention according to formula i ; in this subgenus , all of x , y , and z are n . the triazines of interest have the formula iii preferred embodiments are as for the pyrimidines . particularly preferred embodiments are those in which q is imidazolyl or pyrrolyl . in these compounds , a is preferably r 4 r 5 n — c ( o )—; w is nhr 9 ; r 1 is cyclohexylmethyl ; 2 - methylpropyl or 3 - methyl - 1 - butyl ; r 2 , r 3 and r 5 are h ; and r 4 and r 9 are benzyl or substituted benzyl . anilines form another subgenus of the invention according to formula i in which all of x , y , and z are ch . anilines of the invention have the formula iv : preferred embodiments are as for the pyrimidines . particularly preferred embodiments are those in which q is imidazolyl or pyrrolyl . in these compounds , a is preferably r 4 r 5 n — c ( o )—; w is nhr 9 ; r 1 is alkyl , cycloalkyl , c 1 - c 3 - alkylaryl or c 1 - c 3 - alkylcycloalkyl ; r 2 , r 3 and r 5 are h ; r 4 is c 1 - c 4 - alkylaryl ; r 9 is r 14 is h , cl , cn , no 2 , so 2 nh 2 , cf 3 , cooch 3 , och 3 , so 2 ch 3 , n ( ch 3 ) 2 or cooh ; r 15 is h , och 3 or cl ; and m and n are zero . all of the compounds falling within the foregoing parent genus and its subgenera are useful as bradykinin inhibitors , but not all the compounds are novel . in particular , certain pyrimidines in which q is imidazolyl and w is h , cl , f or lower alkyl are disclosed as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthetase in pct application wo 98 / 37079 . the specific exceptions in the claims below reflect applicants &# 39 ; intent to avoid claiming subject matter that , while functionally part of their invention , is not patentable to them for reasons having nothing to do with the scope of the inventive concept . “ alkyl ” is intended to include linear , or branched hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof ; hydrocarbons of 20 or fewer carbons are generally preferred . “ lower alkyl ” means alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms . examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , butyl , s - and t - butyl , pentyl , hexyl , and the like . “ cycloalkyl ” includes cycloalkyl groups of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms . examples of “ cycloalkyl ” groups include c - propyl , c - butyl , c - pentyl , c - hexyl , 2 - methylcyclopropyl , cyclopropylmethyl , cyclopentylmethyl , norbornyl , adamantyl , myrtanyl and the like . “ alkenyl ” refers to a c 2 to c 20 hydrocarbon of a linear , branched , or cyclic ( c 5 - c 6 ) configuration , and combinations thereof , having one or two degrees of unsaturation . c 2 - c 8 alkenes are preferred . examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl , allyl , isopropenyl , pentenyl , hexenyl , c - hexenyl , 1 - propenyl , 2 - butenyl , 2 - methyl - 2 - butenyl , 2 , 4 - hexadienyl and the like . alkynyl is c 2 - c 8 alkynyl of a linear or branched configuration and combinations thereof . examples of alkynyl groups include ethyne , propyne , butyne , pentyne , 3 - methyl - 1 - butyne , 3 , 3 - dimethyl - 1 - butyne , and the like . c 1 to c 20 hydrocarbon includes alkyl , cycloalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , aryl and combinations thereof . examples include phenethyl , cyclohexylmethyl and naphthylethyl . “ alkoxy ” means alkoxy groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight , branched , cyclic configuration and combinations thereof . examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy , ethoxy , propoxy , isopropoxy , cyclopropyloxy , cyclohexyloxy , and the like . lower - alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons . halogen includes f , cl , br , and i , with f and cl as the preferred groups . “ halophenyl ” means phenyl substituted by 1 - 5 halogen atoms . halophenyl includes pentachlorophenyl , pentafluorophenyl , and 2 , 4 , 6 - trichlorophenyl . “ fluoroalkyl ” refers to an alkyl residue in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with f , for example : trifluoromethyl , difluoromethyl , and pentafluoroethyl , 2 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethyl . “ aryl ” and “ heteroaryl ” mean a 5 - or 6 - membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0 - 3 heteroatoms selected from o , n , and s ; a bicyclic 9 - or 10 - membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0 - 3 heteroatoms selected from o , n , and s ; or tricyclic 13 - or 14 - membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0 - 3 heteroatoms selected from o , n , and s ; each of which rings is optionally substituted with up to three substituents chosen independently from lower alkyl , ═ o , nitro , halogen , hydroxy , alkoxy , alkylsulfonyl ; methylenedioxy , alkoxyethoxy , cyano , amino , alkylamino , dialkylamino , acylamino , aminosulfonyl , c 1 - c 6 - alkoxycarbonyl , carboxy , methylsulfonamido , perfluoroalkyl , phenyl , benzyl , trityl , and phenoxy . 6 - to 14 - membered aryl residues include , for example , benzene and naphthalene , and the 5 - to 10 - membered heteroaryl residues include , for example , imidazole , pyridine , indole , oxazole , thiophene , benzopyranone , benzodioxan , benzodioxole , thiazole , furan , benzimidazole , quinoline , isoquinoline , quinoxaline , pyrimidine , pyrimidinone , pyridazine , tetrazole , and pyrazole . from the exemplary heteroaryl residues , it will be understood that heteroaryl does not imply the highest possible degree of unsaturation , only that there be at least one fully aromatic ring ( e . g . benzodioxan ). “ arylalkyl ” and “ alkylaryl ” denote an aryl residue attached to the parent structure through an alkyl residue . the alkyl need not be straight chain . examples include benzyl , phenethyl , 2 - phenylpropyl , 4 - chlorobenzyl , and the like . the alkyl may also be a fused cycloalkyl such as indan ( e . g . indan - 2 - yl ), tetralin , and fluorene ( e . g fluoren - 9 - yl ) or a substituted alkyl , such as in 1 - hydroxyindan - 2 - yl . “ heteroarylalkyl ” denotes a residue comprising an alkyl attached to a heteroaryl ring such as pyridinylmethyl , pyrimidinylethyl , and the like . “ heterocycloalkyl ” means a cycloalkyl where one to three carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom , such as o , nr ( r ═ h , alkyl ), n → o , s , so , so 2 and the like . the term includes residues in which one or more rings is optionally substituted with up to three substituents chosen independently from lower alkyl , ═ o , halogen , hydroxy , alkoxy , amino , alkylamino , dialkylamino , acylamino , aminosulfonyl , c 1 - c 6 - alkoxycarbonyl , carboxy , methylsulfonamido , perfluoroalkyl , phenyl , benzyl , trityl , and phenoxy . when two heteroatoms are separated by a single carbon , the resulting heterocycloalkyls tend to be unstable in aqueous solutions and are therefore not preferred . examples of heterocycloalkyls include : tetrahydrofuran , tetrahydropyran , piperidine , pyridine - n - oxide , 2 - methyl - 1 , 3 - dithiane , dioxane , and the like . “ substituted ” alkyl , alkenyl , cycloalkyl , aryl , heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl means alkyl , alkenyl , cycloalkyl , aryl , heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl , wherein hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen , hydroxy , hydroxyimino , alkoxyimino , nitro , alkoxy , alkoxyethoxy , amino , alkylamino , dialkylamino , aminosulfonyl , perfluoroalkyl , phenyl , benzyl , trityl , phenoxy , amidino , guanidino , ureido , alkyl , alkylenedioxy ( e . g . methylenedioxy ) fluoroalkyl , carboxy (— cooh ), carboalkoxy ( i . e . acyloxy rcoo —), carboxyalkyl ( i . e . alkoxycarbonyl — coor ), carboxamido (— conh 2 ), acylamino ( rconh —), cyano , carbonyl , alkylthio , alkylsulfinyl , alkylsulfonyl , alkylsulfonamido , arylthio , arylsulfinyl , arylsulfonyl , arylsulfonamido , heteroaryl , heterocyclyl , phenoxy , benzyloxy , or heteroaryloxy . most of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers , diastereomers , and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined , in terms of absolute stereochemistry , as ( r )— or ( s )—. the present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers , including racemic mixtures , optically pure forms and intermediate mixtures . optically active ( r )— and ( s )— isomers are prepared as described below using chiral synthons or chiral reagents , or resolved using conventional techniques . when a specific chirality is intended , it is indicated by the conventional wedge and dash notation ; a simple single bond emanating from a chiral center implies no particular stereochemistry . usually such compositions will be mixtures of enantiomers . when the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry , and unless specified otherwise , it is intended that the compounds include both e and z geometric isomers . likewise , all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included . as stated above , pharmaceutical compositions comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and compounds of formula i . the formulations may additionally include steroidal or nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ), cyclo - oxygenase ( cox ) inhibitors or selective cyclooxygenase - 2 ( cox - 2 ) inhibitors . preferred drugs for inclusion in pharmaceutical formulations include : nsaids such as arylpropionic acids , arylacetic acids , arylbutyric acids , fenamic acids , arylcarboxylic acids , pyrazoles , pyrazolones , salicylic acids ; and oxicams ; cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as ibuprofen and salicylic acid derivatives ; selective cyclooxygenase - 2 inhibitors such as rofecoxib and celecoxib ; steroidal antiinflammatory drugs such as finasteride , beclomethasone and hydrocortisone . ac = acetyl bnb = 4 - bromomethyl - 3 - nitrobenzoic acid boc = t - butyloxy carbonyl bu = butyl c -= cyclo dbu = diazabicyclo [ 5 . 4 . 0 ] undec - 7 - ene dcm = dichloromethane = methylene chloride = ch 2 cl 2 dead = diethyl azodicarboxylate dic = diisopropylcarbodiimide diea = n , n - diisopropylethyl amine dmap = 4 - n , n - dimethylaminopyridine dmf = n , n - dimethylformamide dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide dvb = 1 , 4 - divinylbenzene eedq = 2 - ethoxy - 1 - ethoxycarbonyl - 1 , 2 - dihydroquinoline fmoc = 9 - fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl gc = gas chromatography hatu = o -( 7 - azabenzotriazol - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate hoac = acetic acid hobt = hydroxybenzotriazole me = methyl mesyl = methanesulfonyl mtbe = methyl t - butyl ether nmo = n - methylmorpholine oxide peg = polyethylene glycol ph = phenyl phoh = phenol pfp = pentafluorophenol ppts = pyridinium p - toluenesulfonate pybrop = bromo - tris - pyrrolidino - phosphonium hexafluorophosphate rt or rt = room temperature sat &# 39 ; d or sat .= saturated s -= secondary t -= tertiary tbdms = t - butyldimethylsilyl tfa = trifluoroacetic acid thf = tetrahydrofuran tmof = trimethyl orthoformate tms = trimethylsilyl tosyl = p - toluenesulfonyl trt = triphenylmethyl amino functionalized tentagel resin 1 ( 10 g 5 . 2 mmole ) was suspended in 50 ml of ch 2 cl 2 and treated with 3 . 73 g of linker acid 62 ( 15 . 6 mmole ), 3 . 25 ml of dic ( 20 . 8 mmole ), and 63 mg of dmap ( 0 . 52 mmole ). after 48 h at room temperature , 3 . 77 g of linker acid 62 , 3 . 25 ml of dic and 2 . 1 g hobt were added . the mixture was shaken at room temperature for 17 h and then washed with dmf twice , ch 2 cl 2 ten times to give resin 63 . the resins 63 was treated with amine r 4 nh 2 64 and na ( oac ) 3 bh in dichloroethane at room temperature for 36 h then washed with methanol 5 times and methylene chloride 5 times to give resin - bound amine 65 . the amine was coupled with an n - fmoc amino acid ( 66 ) by treatment with hatu and i - pr 2 net in methylene chloride at room temperature for 48 h to provide resin 67 . fmoc on resin 67 was removed by treatment with 30 % piperidine in dmf and the resulting resin - bound amine was then reacted with fluoropyrimidine 68 , i - pr 2 net in dmso : nbuoh ( 1 : 1 ) at 100 ° c . for 18 h and then washed with methanol , ch 2 cl 2 to give resin bound product 69 . the final product was cleaved off resin by treatment with tfa for 3 h to give product 70 . the fluoropyrimidine 68 was prepared by stirring together 315 mg 6 - imidazolyl - 2 , 4 - difluoropyrimidine ( 1 . 7 mmole ), 265 mg of 3 - chlorobenzylamine and 0 . 5 ml of i - pr 2 net in 30 ml of thf at 50 ° c . for 16 h , then cooling to room temperature . the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated nh 4 cl , h 2 o , brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography ( eluted with 4 : 5 : 1 etoac : hexanes : meoh ) to give 160 mg of 68 ( more polar product as compared the other regioisomer ). scheme 2 depicts a similar synthesis to that of scheme 1 , except the linker is photolytically cleavable instead of acid cleavable . as shown in scheme 2 , 2 . 5 g of amino functionalized tentagel ™ resin 1 ( 0 . 70 mmole ) was suspended in 10 ml of ch 2 cl 2 and treated with 0 . 882 g of linker acid 2 ( 2 . 1 mmole ), 0 . 44 ml of dic ( 2 . 8 mmole ), and 17 mg of dmap ( 0 . 14 mmole ). the mixture was shaken at room temperature for 17 h and then washed with ch 2 cl 2 ten times to give resin 3 . 1 . 13 g of resin 3 was treated with 50 % tfa - ch 2 cl 2 at room temperature for 1 . 5 h and then washed with ch 2 cl 2 ten times , 15 % et 3 n — ch 2 cl 2 for 10 min , and ch 2 cl 2 for 5 times . the deprotected resin was then suspended in 12 ml of ch 2 cl 2 and treated with 449 mg of n - fmoc - d - leu ( 1 . 27 mmole ), 483 mg of hatu ( 1 . 27 mmole ), and 0 . 50 ml of i - pr 2 net ( 2 . 85 mmole ). the mixture was shaken for 19 h at ambient temperature and then washed 5 times to give resin 4 . fmoc on resin 4 was removed by treatment with 30 % piperidine in dmf and the resulting resin - bound amine ( 0 . 32 mmole ) was then reacted with 182 mg of 6 - imidazolyl - 2 , 4 - difluoropyrimidine ( 0 . 64 mmole ), 0 . 34 ml of i - pr 2 net ( 1 . 92 mmole ) in 10 ml of dmf at 23 ° c . for 17 h and then washed with dmf , ch 2 cl 2 to give resin 5 . this reaction also produces the other regioisomer 5a , which provides entry into the series of pyrimidines of general formula iia above . the two are separated after cleavage . for simplicity , only the further transformations in the iib series are shown in scheme 2 . the resin - bound fluoride 5 was treated with 0 . 25 ml of 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzylamine ( 1 . 6 mmole ) in 15 ml of dmf and 0 . 30 ml of hünig &# 39 ; s base at 60 ° c . for 18 h and then cooled to room temperature and washed with dmf , ch 2 cl 2 . the final product was cleaved off resin by photolysis in meoh for 17 h to give 49 . 2 mg of crude product . purification by flash chromatography ( eluted with 5 : 5 : 1 etoac : hexanes : meoh ) gave 27 . 2 mg of 6a ( later determined to be mixture of two regioisomers with 1 : 1 ratio ). scheme 3 illustrates a solution phase synthesis via chloropyrimidines and scheme 4 illustrates a solution phase synthesis via fluoropyrimidines . as shown in scheme 3 , edc ( 5 . 18 g , 26 . 47 mmole ) was added into a solution of n - boc - d - leucine ( 6 . 0 g , 24 . 07 mmole ) in 250 ml of ch 2 cl 2 , followed by 2 . 99 ml of 4 - chlorobenzylamine ( 24 . 07 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with 1n hcl twice , saturated nahco 3 and brine twice , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated to give 7 . 92 g of crude amide product which was treated with 50 % tfa in ch 2 cl 2 at room temperature for 4 h . the solvent was removed and the residue was taken up into ethyl acetate and washed with 2 n naoh aqueous solution , then brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated to give amine product 7 quantitatively . three hundred ninety milligrams of the free amine 7 ( 1 . 1 mmole ) was treated with 0 . 6 ml of i - pr2net and 500 mg 6 - imidazolyl - 2 , 4 - dichloropyrimidine ( 2 . 0 mmole ) in dmf at 50 ° c . for 16 hr , then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated nh 4 cl , h 2 o , brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated and purification by flash chromatography ( eluted with 8 : 10 : 1 etoac : hexanes : meoh ) to give 200 mg of 8 and 130 mg of 9 ninety two milligrams of 9 ( 0 . 21 mmole ) in 3 ml of n - butanol was treated with 0 . 9 ml of 3 - chlorobenzylamine and 1 ml of i - pr 2 net at 100 ° c . for 16 h , then cooled to room temperature , diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated nh 4 c 1 , h 2 o , brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography ( eluted with 4 : 5 : 1 etoac : hexanes : meoh ) o give 97 . 2 mg of 10 . alternatively , as illustrated in scheme 4 , 280 mg of the free amine 7 ( 1 . 1 mmole ) was treated with 0 . 25 ml of i - pr 2 net and 200 mg of 6 - imidazolyl - 2 , 4 - difluoropyrimidine ( 1 . 1 mmole ) in thf at room temperature for 13 hr , then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated nh 4 cl , h 2 o , brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography ( eluted with 8 : 10 : 1 etoac : hexanes : meoh ) to give 35 mg of 11 ( less polar product ) and 80 mg of 12 ( more polar product ). four hundred fifty milligrams of 12 ( 1 . 08 mmole ) in 50 ml of thf or n - butanol was treated with 1 . 7 g of 3 - chlorobenzylamine and 5 ml of i - pr 2 net at 80 ° c . for 16 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated nh 4 cl , h 2 o , brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography ( eluted with 6 : 12 : 1 etoac : hexanes : meoh ) to give 350 mg of 10 . scheme 5 illustrates a synthesis of a member of the subgenus in which r 1 is heterocycloalkyl . according to scheme 5 a dry 500 ml round bottom flask ( oven - heated / argon cooled ), was charged with 25 g ( 109 . 2 mmol ) of boc - isonipecotic acid ( 21 ). the flask was purged with argon , and 150 ml of dry thf were injected by syringe into the air - free system . the mixture was then stirred while being cooled to 0 ° c ., and an oil - bubbler was attached , then 131 ml of a 1m solution of borane / thf ( 131 mmol ) were injected into the solution slowly , and the solution was stirred for ½ hour . methanol was dripped into the solution slowly until bubbles ceased to be evolved . the solution was washed with 200 ml of a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , and extracted twice with ethyl acetate , and the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate . the yield of the reaction was 22 . 44 g ( 96 %) of the 22 product as a white solid . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 3h multiplet from 0 . 85 - 1 . 2 ppm , a 9h singlet at 1 . 45 ppm , a 4h multiplet 1 . 455 - 1 . 8 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 2 . 65 ppm , a 1h broad signal at 3 . 45 ppm , and a 1h broad signal at 3 . 6 ppm . a 250 ml round bottom flask was charged with 5 . 8 g ( 27 mmol ) of 22 , 8 . 5 g ( 32 . 37 mmol ) of triphenylphosphine , and 2 . 2 g ( 32 . 37 mmol ) of imidazole . one hundred milliliters of methylene chloride were added , and the resulting solution was stirred at 0 ° c . for about 5 minutes . finally , 8 . 2 g ( 32 . 37 mmol ) of iodine were added and the solution was stirred at 0 ° c . for 5 minutes and at room temp for about 1 hour . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of hexane , and the triphenylphosphine oxide precipitate was filtered off ( this was repeated until all precipitate was removed ). the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using a 5 %- 10 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . a phosphomolybdic acid stain ( pma ), was used to see the product on the tlc plate . the resulting yield of pure 23 as an oil was 2 . 6 g ( 30 %). 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : 2h quartet at 1 . 1 ppm ( j = 12 hz ), a 9h singlet at 1 . 4 ppm , a 1h broad signal at 1 . 55 ppm , a 2h doublet at 1 . 75 ( j = 12 hz ), a 2h broad signal at 2 . 65 ppm , a 2h doublet at 3 . 05 ppm ( j = 6 hz ), and a 2h broad signal at 4 . 1 ppm . the r f = 0 . 13 using a 5 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . a dry 250 ml round bottom flask ( oven heated / argon cooled ), was charged with 1 . 3 g ( 5 . 113 mmol ) of n -( diphenylmethylene ) glycine ethyl ester . the flask was purged with argon , and 100 ml of dry thf were injected into the air - free system . the resulting solution was cooled to − 78 ° c . with stirring , and 6 . 2 ml ( 6 . 15 mmol ) of a 0 . 1m solution of sodium hexamethyldisilazane in thf were injected into the solution . the reaction was stirred at − 78 ° c . for ½ hr , and a solution of 2 g of 23 in dry thf was injected into the system . the solution was stirred at − 78 ° c . for 1 hr , at 0 ° c . for 1 hr , and at room temp overnight . the reaction mixture was washed with a solution of 1 g ( 6 . 15 mmol ) of citric acid in water , and diluted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate . the organic layer was extracted and dried over magnesium sulfate . the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using a 10 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the yield was 1 . 45 g ( 61 %) of solid product 24 . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 3h broad multiplet from 0 . 8 - 1 . 15 ppm , a 4h broad signal at 1 . 25 ppm , a 9h singlet at 1 . 4 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 1 . 5 ppm , a 1h broad triplet at 1 . 85 ppm , a 2h broad quartet at 2 . 6 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 3 . 95 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 4 . 15 ppm , a 2h triplet at 7 . 15 ppm ( j = 3 . 6 hz ), a 6h multiplet from 7 . 25 - 7 . 5 ppm , and a 2h doublet at 7 . 6 ppm ( j = 9 hz ). the r f = 0 . 22 suing a 10 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . esi ms at 465 mh +. a 100 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 35 g ( 0 . 75 mmol ) of 24 , and 20 ml of ethanol were added to the flask . with stirring , 0 . 5 ml of a 50 % ( by weight ) solution of hydroxylamine was added followed by 0 . 5 ml of glacial acetic acid ( 5 minutes later ). the reaction was stirred for 10 minutes , until the starting material disappeared by tlc . the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml ethyl acetate , 20 ml of a brine solution was added , followed by basification using 0 . 5 m naoh . the organic layer was extracted , and the aqueous layer was then extracted with two 20 ml portions of methylene chloride . the combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate . the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using a 55 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . a ninhydrin stain was used to see the product spot on the tlc plate . the yield of pure 25 as an oil was 0 . 25 g ( 96 %). 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 1h multiplet from 0 . 9 - 1 . 05 ppm , a 3h broad triplet at 1 . 1 ppm , a 3h triplet at 1 . 25 ppm ( j = 6 hz ), an 11h broad signal at 1 . 4 ppm , a 3h multiplet from 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 ppm , a 2h broad triplet at 2 . 7 ppm , a 3h quartet at 3 . 45 ppm ( j = 3 . 6 hz ), and a 4h multiplet from 4 - 4 . 2 ppm . the r f = 0 . 22 using a 55 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . a 50 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 310 g ( 1 mmol ) of 25 and ml of dmf . with stirring , 0 . 22 g ( 1 mmol ) of the pyrimidine / imidazole subunit , and 0 . 35 ml ( 2 mmol ) of diisopropylethylamine ( hünig &# 39 ; s base ) were added . the mixture was stirred at 90 ° c . overnight . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate , and washed with water . the organic layer was extracted and dried over magnesium sulfate . the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using an 80 %- 90 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the yield of the reaction was 0 . 14 g of the regio - isomer with substitution of the pyrimidine at the 2 - position and 0 . 12 g ( 25 %) of the desired regio - isomer 36 ( oil ), ( total yield is 54 %). 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 1h multiplet from 0 . 9 - 1 . 05 ppm , a 3h broad triplet at 1 . 15 ppm , a 2h triplet at 1 . 3 ppm ( j = 6 hz ), a 9h singlet at 1 . 45 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 1 . 7 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 1 . 85 ppm , a 2h broad triplet at 2 . 65 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 4 . 1 ppm , a 2h quartet at 4 . 2 ppm ( j = 2 . 4 hz ), a 1h broad signal at 4 . 9 ppm , a 1h doublet at 6 . 05 ppm ( j = 9 hz ), a 1h broad singlet at 6 . 3 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 15 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 5 ppm , and a 1h singlet at 8 . 3 ppm . the r f of the desired regio - isomer was about 0 . 22 using an 80 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the pure product gave a molecular ion of 480 , mh +. a 50 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 12 g ( 0 . 25 mmol ) of 26 , 0 . 142 g ( 1 mmol ) of 3 - chlorobenzylamine , and 5 ml of dry n - butanol . the solution was stirred at 120 ° c . overnight . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate , and washed with water . the organic layer was extracted and dried over magnesium sulfate . the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using a 90 %- 95 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the yield was 0 . 125 g ( 87 %) of 27 as an oil . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 1h triplet at 0 . 9 ppm ( j = 6 ), a 2h broad signal at 1 . 1 ppm , a 3h triplet at 1 . 25 ppm ( j = 4 . 8 hz ), a 9h singlet at 1 . 45 ppm , a 5h broad signal at 1 . 65 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 2 . 6 ppm , a 4h broad signal at 4 . 1 ppm , a 2h doublet at 4 . 55 ppm ( j = 6 hz ), a 1h broad signal at 4 . 7 ppm , a 1h doublet at 5 . 4 ppm ( j = 9 hz ), a 1h singlet at 5 . 75 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 1 ppm , a 3h singlet at 7 . 2 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 35 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 5 ppm , and a 1h singlet at 8 . 25 ppm . the r f of the product was about 0 . 28 using an 80 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the pure product gave a molecular ion of 584 , mh +. a 50 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 125 g ( 0 . 214 mmol ) of 27 and 10 ml of thf . with stirring , a solution of 0 . 09 g ( 2 . 14 mmol ) of lithium hydroxide in 10 ml of water was added . the solution was heated at 55 ° c . for 2 hr . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate , and washed with a solution of 0 . 412 g ( 2 . 14 mmol ) of citric acid in water to neutralize the excess base present . the organic layer was extracted and dried over magnesium sulfate . the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using an 95 % ethyl acetate / methanol solvent system . the yield was 0 . 1 g ( 83 %) of pure 28 as a white solid . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 1h broad signal at 0 . 9 ppm , a 3h broad signal at 1 . 1 ppm , a 2h triplet at 1 . 25 ppm ( j = 6 hz ), a 9h singlet at 1 . 4 ppm , a 4h broad signal at 1 . 65 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 2 . 45 ppm , a 3h broad signal at 4 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 4 . 3 - 4 . 8 ppm , a 1h broad signal at 5 . 85 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 05 ppm , a 3h singlet at 7 . 15 ppm , a 1h doublet at 7 . 25 ppm ( j = 3 . 6 ), a 1h singlet at 7 . 5 ppm , and a 1h singlet at 8 . 5 ppm . the r f of the product was about 0 . 08 using a 95 % ethyl acetate / methanol solvent system . the pure product gave a molecular ion of 556 , consistent with its molecular weight of 555 , mh +. a 50 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 099 g ( 0 . 178 mmol ) of 28 and 20 ml of methylene chloride . with stirring , 0 . 048 g ( 0 . 356 mmol ) of 1 - hydroxybenzotriazole ( hobt ) and 0 . 068 g ( 0 . 356 mmol ) of 1 -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl )- 3 - ethyl - carbodiimide hydrochloride ( edc ), were added to the solution , then 1 ml of dmf was added to aid in solubility , and the solution was stirred for 20 minutes , until the acid intermediate spot disappeared by tlc . fifty milligrams ( 0 . 356 mmol ) of 4 - chlorobenzylamine was added to the solution and it was stirred for 2 hrs . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate and washed successively with solutions of 0 . 5 m hcl , 0 . 5 m naoh , and brine . the organic layer was extracted and dried over magnesium sulfate . the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using 100 %- 98 % ethyl acetate / methanol as the solvent system . the yield was 0 . 085 g ( 71 %) of pure 29 as an oil . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 4h multiplet from 0 . 9 - 1 . 3 ppm , a 9h singlet at 1 . 4 ppm , a 5h broad signal at 1 . 6 ppm , a 1h multiplet from 1 . 75 - 2 . 15 ppm , a 2h broad signal at 2 . 6 ppm , a 2h singlet at 3 . 85 ppm , a 1h broad signal at 4 . 05 ppm , a 4h multiplet from 4 . 3 - 4 . 6 ppm , a 1h doublet at 5 . 3 ppm ( j = 6 ), a 1h singlet at 5 . 7 ppm , a 2h singlet at 7 . 1 ppm , a 7h multiplet from 7 . 15 - 7 . 3 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 45 ppm , and a 1h singlet at 8 . 25 ppm . the r f of the product was about 0 . 24 using a 95 % ethyl acetate / methanol solvent system . the pure product gave a molecular ion of 679 , consistent with its molecular weight of 678 amu . a 50 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 020 g ( 0 . 03 mmol ) of 29 and 3 ml of methylene chloride . with stirring , 1 . 5 ml ( 0 . 02 mmol ) of trifluoroacetic acid was added , and the solution was stirred for about 20 minutes , until the boc - containing intermediate disappeared by tlc . the reaction mixture was diluted with 10 ml toluene and evaporated twice . the product 30 was diluted with 50 ml ethyl acetate , and washed with 0 . 5 m naoh . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 5h multiplet from 0 . 75 - 1 ppm , a 5h multiplet from 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 ppm , a 1h singlet at 1 . 95 ppm , a 2h quartet at 2 . 6 ppm ( j = 14 ), a 1h broad signal at 3 . 1 ppm , a 2h singlet at 3 . 65 ppm , a 4h multiplet from 4 .- 4 . 7 ppm . a 1h singlet at 5 . 9 ppm , a 9h multiplet from 7 . 05 - 7 . 15 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 5 ppm and a 1h singlet at 8 . 3 ppm . the pure product gave a molecular ion of 579 , consistent with its molecular weight of 578 amu . as outlined in scheme 6 , a 500 ml round bottom flask was charged with 10 g ( 55 . 84 mmol ) of 31 , 84 g ( 558 . 4 mmol ) of sodium iodide , 20 . 63 g ( 55 . 84 mmol ) of t - butyl ammonium iodide , and 250 ml acetone . the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight . the reaction mixture was filtered to eliminate excess sodium iodide , and was diluted with 100 ml hexane . the mixture was filtered again to remove more of the remaining sodium iodide . this was repeated until no precipitate formed when the mixture was diluted with hexane . the reaction yield was 9 . 66 g ( 77 %) of pure 2 -( iodomethyl ) tetrahydro - 2h - pyran 32 as an oil . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 was consistent with structure . r f = 0 . 55 , using a 2 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system and a phosphomolybdic acid stain . the product did not give a mass spec signal . a dry 100 ml round bottom flask ( oven heated / argon cooled ) was charged with 3 . 2 g ( 11 . 80 mmol ) of n -( diphenylmethylene ) glycine ethyl ester and purged with argon . thirty - five milliliters of dry dmpu and 15 ml of dry thf were injected by syringe into the air - free system . the resulting solution was cooled to − 78 ° c ., and 17 . 70 ml ( 1 . 5 mmol ) of a 0 . 1m solution of sodium hexamethylsilazane in thf was injected into the system , which was then stirred at − 78 ° c . for 20 minutes . finally , an air - free solution of 4 g ( 17 . 70 mmol ) of 32 in dry thf was injected into the system , which was then stirred at − 78 ° c . for ½ hr , 0 ° c . for ½ hr , and room temp overnight . the reaction mixture was diluted with 300 ml of ethyl acetate and washed 5 times with 50 ml portions of water to remove the dmpu . the organic layer was extracted and dried over magnesium sulfate . the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography 4 - 11 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the yield of the reaction was 1 . 57 g of the less polar diastereomer of 33 , and 0 . 33 g of the more polar diastereomer of 33 . the overall yield was 1 . 9 g ( 44 %). 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 was consistent with structures . the diastereomers have partial overlap by tlc , r f = 0 . 55 using a 5 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the product gave a molecular ion of 366 , consistent with its molecular weight of 365 . note : throughout the rest of the synthesis , the procedures involve the use of the more polar diastereomer , for the sake of clarity . the deprotection and work - up of 33 to give 34 follows the same procedure as that for the isonipecotic analogue ( see the synthesis of 25 in that sequence ). the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using an 80 - 90 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system and a ninhydrin stain . the yield for the reaction was 68 %. 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 was consistent with structures . the r f = 0 . 15 using a 90 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the product gave mh +@ 202 . the coupling and work - up of 34 with the dichloropyrimidine - pyrrole intermediate follows the same procedure as that for the isonipecotic analogue with the dichloropyrimidine - imidazole intermediate ( see the synthesis of 26 in that sequence ). the crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography using a 10 - 20 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the yield for the reaction was 25 % for the desired more polar regio - isomer , and 62 % for the total yield for both regio - isomers . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 was consistent with structure . the r f = 0 . 15 using a 10 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the product gave mh +@ 379 . the remaining steps from 35 to 36 follow the corresponding procedures as for the isonipecotic analogue ( see scheme 5 ). the crude 36 was purified by flash chromatography using a 16 - 25 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 was consistent with structure . the r f = 0 . 55 using a 20 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system . the product gave mh + at 615 . scheme 7 depicts an exemplary synthesis wherein m & gt ; zero and a = a 2 . to boc - d - leucinol ( 2 . 7 g , 12 . 4 mmol ), triphenylphosphine ( 3 . 25 g , 12 . 4 mmol ), and phthalimide ( 1 . 82 g , 12 . 4 mmol ) in 25 ml of dry thf was added dead dropwise . the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight , concentrated and taken up in meoh . to this solution was added hydrazine ( 780 ml , 24 . 8 mmol ) and heated to reflux for 2 hours . the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature , and the white precipitate filtered . the mother liquor was concentrated , taken up in etoac and washed with 1n hcl . the aqueous layer was then cooled in an ice bath , basified with 3n naoh , and extracted with etoac . the organic layer was dried over k 2 co 3 and concentrated to yield 41 as a clear oil . ( 0 . 75 g , 3 . 5 mmol , 28 %). to 41 ( 0 . 3 g , 1 . 4 mmol ) in 15 ml pyridine was added 4 - chlorobenzoyl chloride ( 194 ml , 1 . 5 mmol ) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours . the reaction was poured into 200 ml water and the precipitate filtered . the resulting solid was taken up in dcm and washed with saturated nahco 3 and 1m khso 4 . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 and concentrated to yield 42 as a pale white solid . ( 0 . 30 g , 0 . 84 mmol , 61 %). one hundred sixty - five milligrams of 42 ( 0 . 46 mmol ) was taken up in 10 ml of dcm and 5 ml tfa was added . after 30 minutes the solution was concentrated , taken up in dmf and basified with excess triethylamine . to this was added 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 - imidazolylpyrimidine ( 100 mg , 0 . 46 mmol ) and the mixture stirred at room temperature overnight . the reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting oil purified on a silica gel column , eluting with 2 % meoh / dcm to yield 43 . ( 42 mg , 0 . 1 mmol , 21 %). to 43 ( 30 mg , 0 . 07 mmol ) in 10 ml n - butanol was added diea ( 60 ml , 0 . 35 mmol ) and 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 200 ml , 1 . 4 mmol ), and the reaction was heated to 100 ° c . overnight . the solution was concentrated and the resulting oil purified on a silica gel column , eluting with 5 % meoh / dcm to yield 44 as a foam . ( 31 mg 0 . 06 mmol , 82 %). scheme 8 illustrates a similar synthesis to that of scheme 7 in which a is r 4 nh —. two hundred seventy milligrams of 41 ( 1 . 25 mmol ), 4 - chlorobenzaldehyde ( 193 mg , 1 . 4 mmol ) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride ( 0 . 4 g , 1 . 9 mmol ) were combined in 20 ml dichloroethane and stirred at room temperature overnight . the mixture was then concentrated , taken up in dcm and washed with saturated nahco 3 , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated to yield 45 which was used without further purification . ( 0 . 40 g , 1 . 2 mmol , 94 %). to 45 ( 0 . 35 g , 1 . 03 mmol ) in dcm cooled in an ice bath was added trifluoroacetic anhydride ( 145 μl , 1 . 03 mmol ) slowly . after 10 minutes the solution was concentrated , taken up in dcm and washed with 1m khso 4 . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 and concentrated to yield 46 which was used without further purification . ( 0 . 32 g , 0 . 75 mmol , 75 %). three hundred twenty milligrams of 46 ( 0 . 73 mmol ) was taken up in 10 ml of dcm and 5 ml tfa was added . after 30 minutes the solution was concentrated , taken up in dmf and basified with excess triethylamine . to this was added 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 - imidazolylpyrimidine ( 190 mg , 0 . 88 mmol ) and stirred at room temperature overnight . the reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting oil purified on a silica gel column , eluting with 2 % meoh / dcm to yield 47 . ( 100 mg , 0 . 19 mmol , 27 %). to 47 ( 100 mg , 0 . 19 ) in 5 ml of n - butanol was added diea ( 60 μl , 0 . 35 mmol ) and 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 200 μl , 1 . 4 mmol ) and heated to 100 ° c . overnight . the solution was concentrated and the resulting oil purified on a silica gel column , eluting with 5 % meoh / dcm to yield 48 as a foam . ( 10 mg 0 . 02 mmol , 9 %). a solution of 48 ( 10 mg 0 . 02 mmol ) in 10 ml of meoh : h 2 o : thf ( 1 : 1 : 1 ) was refluxed for 6 hours with excess lioh . the solution was concentrated , taken up in dcm and washed with brine . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 and concentrated to yield 49 . ( 6 mg , 0 . 01 mmol , 50 %). according to scheme 9 , a solution of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 - methylpyrimidine ( 710 mg , 4 . 36 mmol ) in 4 . 5 ml of dry thf was added dropwise to a solution of freshly prepared lda ( 466 mg , 4 . 36 mmol ) in 17 . 5 ml of dry thf at − 78 ° c . after stirring for additional 15 min , the solution of the anion formed was cannulated into a solution of camphorsulfonyloxaziridine ( 1 . 0 g , 4 . 36 mmol ) in 11 ml of dry thf maintained at − 78 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred in dry ice - acetone bath for 1 h , then quenched with acetic acid and brought to room temperature . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 4 : 1 ) gave 300 mg of 72 . a solution of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 - hydroxymethylpyrimidine ( 1 . 8 g , 10 . 0 mmol ), dihydropyran ( 1 . 26 g , 15 mmol ) and ppts ( 502 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) in 20 ml of dry chloroform was stirred for 1 h at rt . tlc indicated complete absence of the starting material . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 85 : 15 ) gave 1 . 02 g of the thp ether 73 . a solution of leucine amide 74 ( 254 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ), thp ether ( 263 mg , 1 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 101 mg , 1 mmol ) in 10 ml of dry thf was refluxed for 24 h . evaporation of the solvent , followed by aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 65 : 35 ) gave 174 mg of the desired isomer 75 . a solution of 75 ( 174 mg , 0 . 36 mmol ) and 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 142 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ) in 15 ml of n - butanol was refluxed overnight . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate ) to provide 52 mg of 6 . a solution of 76 ( 52 mg , 0 . 085 mmol ) and ppts ( 50 mg , 0 . 2 mmol ) in 12 ml of 5 : 1 ethanol : water was refluxed overnight . evaporation of the solvent and aqueous work up provided 33 mg of alcohol 77 , which was used in the next step without purification . a solution of alcohol 77 ( 140 mg , 0 . 28 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 85 mg , 0 . 84 mmol ) in 3 ml of dry dmso was treated with pyridine . so 3 complex ( 134 mg , 0 . 84 mmol ) at rt . aqueous work up gave the aldehyde 78 in almost quantitative yield . a solution of aldehyde 78 ( 25 mg , 0 . 05 mmol ), nh 2 ome . hcl ( 42 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and anhydrous naoac ( 41 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) in 5 ml of ethanol was refluxed overnight . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 3 : 1 ) gave 10 mg of oxime ether 80 , ( m + h ) + : 529 . 2 . a mixture of aldehyde 78 ( 135 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ), toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide ( tosmic ) ( 195 mg , 1 mmol ) and k 2 co 3 ( 138 mg , 1 mmol ) in 5 ml of methanol was refluxed for 5 h . evaporation of the solvent and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 2 ) gave 57 mg of oxazole 81 , ( m + h ) + : 539 . 2 . according to scheme 10 , n - buli ( 10 mmol , 4 ml of 2 . 5 m solution in hexane ) was added at − 78 ° c . to a solution of 1 - dimethylsulfamoylimidazole ( 1 . 75 g , 10 mmol ) in 50 ml of dry ether . after stirring for 1 h , the suspension of the anion formed was quickly transferred by a syringe to a suspension of 2 , 4 - dichloropyrimidine ( 1 . 49 g , 10 mmol ) in 80 ml of dry ether maintained at − 30 ° c . after stirring at − 30 ° c . for 30 min , the temperature was brought to 0 ° c . and maintained there for additional 30 min . the reaction mixture was quenched with a mixture of acetic acid ( 0 . 64 ml ) water ( 0 . 1 ml ) and thf ( 2 ml ). immediately afterwards , a solution of ddq ( 2 . 27 g , 10 mmol ) in 10 ml of thf was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight . after diluting with ethyl acetate ( 25 ml ), the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was washed with water three times . finally , a quick wash with ice cold 0 . 5 % naoh was employed to get rid of the hydroquinone . evaporation of the solvent and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate 3 : 1 ) provided 550 mg of 83 . a solution of leucine amide 74 ( 200 mg , 0 . 79 mmol ), 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( 1 - dimethylsulfamoylimidazole - 2 - yl ) pyrimidine ( 254 mg , 0 . 79 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 88 mg , 0 . 87 mmol ) in 3 ml of dmf was stirred at rt for 5 days . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate ) gave 200 mg of 84 , ( m + h ) + : 540 . 1 . a solution of chloropyrimidine 84 ( 200 mg , 0 . 37 mmol ) and 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 568 mg , 4 mmol ) in 10 ml of n - butanol was refluxed overnight . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was chromatographed ( silica gel , ethyl acetate : methanol , 98 : 2 ) to provide 12 mg of 85 , ( m + h ) + : 538 . 2 . a solution of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( 1 - dimethylsulfamoylimidazole - 2 - yl ) pyrimidine 83 ( 246 mg , 0 . 76 mmol ) in 10 ml of 1 . 5 n hcl was refluxed for 1 h . after cooling to rt , the ph was adjusted to 8 . 5 with aq nahco 3 and the product was extracted into ch 2 cl 2 . after drying the ch 2 cl 2 layer was evaporated to give 110 mg of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( imidazole - 2 - yl ) pyrimidine . a mixture of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( imidazole - 2 - yl ) pyrimidine ( 121 mg , 0 . 56 mmol ), k 2 co 3 ( 100 mg , 0 . 72 mmol ) and ch 3 i ( 2 . 280 g , 1 ml , 16 mmol ) in 15 ml of dry acetone was refluxed for 48 h . after cooling to rt , the solvent was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between water and ch 2 cl 2 . the ch 2 cl 2 layer was washed successively with water and brine , and then the solvent was evaporated to give 75 mg of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( 1 - methylimidazole - 2 - yl ) pyrimidine 86 . a solution of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( 1 - methylimidazole - 2 - yl ) pyrimidine 86 ( 72 mg , 0 . 31 mmol ), leucine amide 74 ( 100 mg , 0 . 39 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 100 mg , 1 mmol ) in 3 ml of dmf was heated to 70 ° c . overnight . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 3 ) gave 67 mg of 87 , ( m + h ) + : 447 . 2 . according to scheme 11 , a solution of 3 - chlorophenethyl alcohol ( 5 g , 32 mmol ) in 50 ml of dry mecn was treated with dibromotriphenylphosphorane ( 13 . 54 g , 32 mmol ) for 24 h . the reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo . the residue was triturated with hexane and filtered . evaporation of the solvent provided 6 . 5 g of 3 - chlorophenethyl bromide . a solution of the bromide ( 6 . 5 g , 29 . 6 mmol ) in 50 ml of dry dmso containing nacn ( 2 . 17 g , 44 mmol ) was heated to 100 ° c . overnight . the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ether . the ether layer was washed with water , dried and the solvent was removed in vacuo . chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 4 : 1 ) provided 3 . 7 g of nitrile 89 . a 2 m solution of me 3 al in toluene ( 18 ml , 36 mmol ) was slowly added to a stirred suspension of nh 4 cl ( 2 . 07 g , 38 . 7 mmol ) in 20 ml of dry toluene at 5 ° c . after the addition was over , the reaction mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 2 h . then , a solution of nitrile 89 ( 3 . 7 g , 22 . 4 mmol ) in 15 ml of dry toluene was added and the solution was heated to 80 ° c . for 18 h . after cooling to rt , the reaction mixture was poured into a slurry of 15 g of silica gel in 50 ml of chcl 3 and stirred for 5 min . the silica gel was filtered and washed with methanol . the filtrate and washings were combined and the solvent was removed . the residue obtained was partitioned between water and methylene chloride . evaporation of the methylene chloride provided 2 . 7 g of amidine 90 . a solution of amidine 90 ( 2 . 7 g , 14 . 8 mmol ) and diethyl malonate ( 2 . 37 g , 14 . 8 mmol ) in 50 ml of dry ethanol containing freshly prepared naoet ( 1 . 0 g , 14 . 8 mmol ) was refluxed for 15 h . afer cooling to rt , the solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in water . the ph was adjusted to 4 and the precipitated solid was filtered and dried to provide 2 . 6 g of 2 -( 3 - chlorophenethyl )- 4 , 6 - dihydroxy - pyrimidine . a mixture of 2 -( 3 - chlorophenethyl )- 4 , 6 - dihydroxypyrimidine ( 2 . 6 g , 10 . 38 mmol ), pocl 3 ( 25 ml ) and n , n - diethylaniline ( 6 ml ) was refluxed overnight . after cooling to rt , the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and the product was extracted into ether . the ether layer was washed successively with water and brine and the solvent was evaporated . chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 9 : 1 ) of the oil provided 2 . 6 g of the 2 -( 3 - chlorophenethyl )- 4 , 6 - dichloropyrimidine ( 91 ). a solution of 2 -( 3 - chlorophenethyl )- 4 , 6 - dichloropyrimidine ( 286 mg , 1 mmol ) 91 in 3 ml of dry dmf was treated with 1 - trimethylsilylimidazole ( 140 mg , 1 mmol ) and csf ( 152 mg , 1 mmol ) at rt overnight . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 1 ) gave 200 mg of 4 - chloro - 2 -( 3 - chlorophenethyl )- 6 -( 1 - imidazolyl ) pyrimidine ( 92 ). a solution of 4 - chloro - 2 -( 3 - chlorophenethyl )- 6 -( 1 - imidazolyl ) pyrimidine 92 ( 100 mg , 0 . 31 mmol ), leucine amide 74 ( 95 mg , 0 . 372 mmol ) and diea ( 129 mg , 1 mmol ) in 2 ml of dmf was heated to 80 ° c . for 24 h . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate : methanol , 98 : 2 ) gave 105 mg of 93 , ( m + h ) + : 537 . 4 . according to scheme 12 , a solution of 4 , 6 - dichloro - 2 - methylthiopyrimidine ( 1 . 95 g , 10 mmol ) in 30 ml of dry thf was cooled to 0 ° c . and treated with a solution of memgbr ( 14 ml of 1 . 4 m solution , 19 . 6 mmol ). after overnight stirring at rt , the reaction mixture was quenched with sat . nh 4 cl . the organic layer washed with brine , dried and evaporated . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 9 : 1 ) to provide 1 . 3 g of 4 - chloro - 6 - methyl - 2 - methylthiopyrimidine ( 95 ). dry dmf ( 2 ml ) was cooled to − 5 ° c . and pocl 3 ( 15 . 4 mmol , 2 . 31 g ) was added dropwise . the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at rt . 4 - chloro - 6 - methyl - 2 - methylthiopyrimidine ( 1 . 3 g , 7 . 47 mmol ) was added and the contents were heated to 60 ° c . overnight . the reaction mixture was poured on ice , ph was adjusted to 9 and the precipitated product was filtered . the precipitate was washed with water and dried to provide 1 . 3 g of the enaminone 96 . a mixture of enaminone 96 ( 675 mg , 2 . 6 mmol ) and n - methylurea ( 232 mg , 3 . 14 mmol ) in 5 ml of acetic acid was heated to 100 ° c . for 2 h . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate : methanol , 98 : 2 ) gave 100 mg of pyrimidinone 97 . a solution of 97 ( 100 mg , 0 . 37 mmol ), leucine amide 74 ( 100 mg , 0 . 34 mmol ) and diea ( 60 mg , 0 . 46 mmol ) in 3 ml of dmf was heated to 80 ° c . for 2 days . aqueous work up followed by chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate : methanol , 95 : 5 ) gave 30 mg of 98 . a mixture of 98 ( 30 mg , 0 . 061 mmol ) and naio 4 ( 263 mg , 1 . 23 mmol ) in 6 ml of 1 : 1 methanol : water was stirred overnight at rt . aqueous work up gave 10 mg of the crude sulfoxide 99 . the sulfoxide 99 ( 10 mg , 0 . 002 mmol ) and 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 27 mg , 0 . 2 mmol ) in 2 ml of n - butanol were heated to reflux for 24 h . aqueous work up after removal of n - butanol , followed by chromatography ( silica gel , ch2cl2 : methanol , 95 : 5 ) gave 2 mg of 100 , ( m + h ) + : 580 . 2 . according to scheme 13 , a solution of ( r )- leucinol ( 1 . 288 g , 11 mmol ) in ml of thf at rt was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of potassium hydride ( 0 . 485 g , 12 . 1 mmol ) in 25 ml of dry thf . after overnight stirring at rt , a solution of 4 - chlorobenzylbromide ( 2 . 25 g , 11 mmol ) in 5 ml of thf was added dropwise . the stirring was continued for additional 3 h . the solvent was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between water and ether . the ether layer was washed with brine , dried and the solvent was removed in vacuo to provide 2 . 1 g of ether 101 . a solution of 4 - chloro - 6 -( 1 - imidazolyl )- 2 - methylthiopyrimidine ( 227 mg , 1 mmol ), aminoether 101 ( 242 mg , 1 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 101 mg , 1 mmol ) in 4 ml of dmf was heated to 70 ° c . for 24 h . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 1 ) provided 300 mg of thioether 103 . a solution of the thioether 103 ( 300 mg , 0 . 7 mmol ) in 10 ml of ch 2 cl 2 was treated with m - cpba ( 428 mg , 1 . 74 mmol ) at 0 ° c . overnight . the precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to obtain crude sulfone 104 . no starting material or intermediate sulfoxide was detected by ms . a solution of sulfone 104 ( 100 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) and 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 2 mmol ) in 3 ml of n - butanol was refluxed for 24 h . aqueous work up after removal of n - butanol , followed by chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate ) gave 22 mg of 105 , ( m + h ) + : 525 . 2 . according to scheme 14 , a solution of 4 - chloro - 6 -( 1 - imidazolyl )- 2 - methylthiopyrimidine ( 227 mg , 1 mmol ), ( r )- leucinol ( 117 mg , 1 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 101 mg , 1 mmol ) in 3 ml of dmf was heated to 70 ° c . for 24 h . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 3 ) gave 290 mg of 106 . a solution of alcohol 106 ( 290 mg , 0 . 94 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 303 mg , 3 mmol ) in 5 ml of dmso was treated with pyridine - sulfur trioxide complex ( 477 mg , 3 mmol ) at rt overnight . aqueous work up gave 280 mg of the crude aldehyde 107 which was used in the next step without purification . a mixture of aldehyde 107 ( 280 mg , 0 . 91 mmol ), na ( oac ) 3 bh ( 290 mg , 1 . 37 mmol ), 4 - chlorobenzylamine ( 142 mg , 1 mmol ) and hoac ( 60 mg , 1 mmol ) in 10 ml of dry 1 , 2 - dichloroethane was stirred at rt overnight . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , ch 2 cl 2 : methanol : nh 4 oh , 95 : 5 : 0 . 5 ) gave 135 mg of 108 . a solution of amine 108 ( 130 mg , 0 . 3 mmol ) and boc - anhydride ( 214 mg , 1 mmol ) in 5 ml of thf was stirred at rt overnight . aqueous work up after removal of the solvent , provided 60 mg of the boc - protected amine 109 . a mixture of the boc - protected amine 109 ( 60 mg , 0 . 11 mmol ) and m - cpba ( 83 mg , 0 . 33 mmol ) in 20 ml of 1 : 1 ch 2 cl 2 : phosphate buffer was stirred at 0 ° c . for 2 h and then kept in the refrigerator overnight . the methylene chloride layer was filtered and the solvent was removed to provide the crude sulfone . a solution of the sulfone in 5 ml of n - butanol containing 10 eq of 3 - chlorobenzyl - amine was refluxed for 20 h . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was treated with 2 : 1 ch 2 cl 2 : tfa for two days . after removal of the solvent , the residue was taken in water and basified . the precipitated product was extracted into ch 2 cl 2 . evaporation of the ch 2 cl 2 layer gave 6 mg of 110 , ( m + h ) + : 524 . 2 . according to scheme 15 , a solution of ph 3 p ( 262 mg , 1 mmol ) and phthalimide ( 147 mg , 1 mmol ) in 3 ml of dry thf was treated with a solution of diethyl azodicarboxylate ( 174 mg , 1 mmol ) in 2 ml of dry thf at rt . after stirring for 5 min , a solution of alcohol 111 ( 257 mg , 1 mmol ) in 5 ml of dry thf was added and the stirring was continued for 3 days . the solvent was removed and the residue was chromatographed ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 4 : 1 ) to obtain 320 mg of phthalimide 112 . three hundred twenty milligrams ( 0 . 83 mmol ) of phthalimide 112 and 50 mg ( 1 mmol ) of nh 2 nh 2 . h 2 o in 5 ml of ethanol was refluxed for 2 h . the solvent was removed and the residue was partitioned between ch 2 cl 2 and 1n naoh . evaporation of the organic layer after drying provided the primary amine . the amine was coupled with 4 - chlorobenzoic acid ( 130 mg , 0 . 83 mmol ) using hatu ( 1 eq ) in dmf containing 2 eq of diea . the amide was purified by chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 1 ), yield 200 mg . the boc group was removed by stirring in tfa : ch 2 cl 2 ( 1 : 2 ) at rt overnight to provide 113 . a solution of 4 - chloro - 6 -( 1 - imidazolyl )- 2 - methylthiopyrimidine ( 227 mg , 1 mmol ), tfa salt of amine 113 ( 220 mg , 1 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 303 mg , 3 mmol ) in 3 ml of dmf was heated to 80 ° c . overnight . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 3 ) gave 130 mg of 114 . a solution of the thioether 114 ( 130 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ) in 20 ml of ch 2 cl 2 was treated with m - cpba ( 196 mg , 0 . 8 mmol ) at 0 ° c . for 1 h , and then left in a refrigerator overnight . the reaction mixture was filtered and the crude sulfone 115 was isolated by evaporation of the filtrate . a solution of sulfone 115 ( 130 mg , 0 . 25 mmol ), 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 72 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 50 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) in 4 ml of n - butanol was heated to reflux for 20 h . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate : methanol , 99 : 1 ) gave 66 mg of 116 , ( m + h +): 578 . 2 . the corresponding sulfonamide 117 was prepared by a similar procedure to that of scheme 15 , using 4 - chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride in place of 4 - chlorobenzoyl chloride , ( m + h ) + : 614 . 2 . compounds in which x , y and z are ch and q is pyrrole are prepared as shown in scheme 16 . according to scheme 16 , a solution of 3 , 5 - dinitroaniline ( 1 . 83 g , 10 mmol ) and 2 , 5 - dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in 20 ml of hoac was refluxed overnight . the reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with etoac . the ethyl acetate layer was washed with water followed by aq nahco 3 and brine . after drying , the solvent was removed to provide 1 . 52 g of 1 -( 3 , 5 - dinitrophenyl ) pyrrole . a mixture of 1 -( 3 , 5 - dinitrophenyl ) pyrrole ( 1 . 52 g , 6 . 52 mmol ) and sncl 2 . 2h 2 o ( 4 . 4 g , 19 . 57 mmol ) in 30 ml of ethyl acetate was stirred over weekend at rt . the solvent was removed and the residue was taken in water . the aqueous layer was basified with 1 n naoh to dissolve the tin salts , and the product was extracted into ethyl acetate . chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 4 : 1 ) of the crude product provided 440 mg of 1 -( 3 - amino - 5 - nitrophenyl ) pyrrole . a solution of benzyl ester 120 ( 222 mg , 1 mmol ), diea ( 129 mg , 1 mmol ) and triflic anhydride ( 282 mg , 1 mmol ) in 5 ml of dry ch 2 cl 2 was stirred at 0 ° c . for 1 . 5 h . tlc in hexane : ethyl acetate ( 4 : 1 ) indicated complete conversion of the starting material . the solvent was removed and the crude triflate 121 was used for the next step . a solution of 1 -( 3 - amino - 5 - nitrophenyl ) pyrrole ( 203 mg , 1 mmol ) and triflate 121 in 15 ml of 1 , 2 - dichloroethane containing collidine ( 121 mg , 1 mmol ) was refluxed for 24 h . aqueous acidic work up , followed by chromatography ( hexane : ethyl acetate , 4 : 1 gave 95 mg of 122 . the ester 122 ( 95 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ) was treated 250 mg of naoh in 5 ml of 95 : 5 methanol : water . after overnight stirring at rt , the solvent was removed and the residue was taken in water . the ph was adjusted to 3 and the precipitated acid was extracted into ethyl acetate . evaporation of the ethyl acetate layer gave 57 mg of 123 . to a solution of carboxylic acid 123 ( 57 mg , 0 . 18 mmol ) in 3 ml of dry dmf containing 2 eq of diea , 1 eq of hatu was added . after 5 min 1 eq of 4 - chlorobenzyl amine was added and the stirring was continued overnight . the crude product 124 obtained after aqueous work up was used directly for the next step . amide 124 was reduced with sncl 2 . 2h 2 o ( 5 eq ) in ethyl acetate as described earlier . the aniline 125 was purified by chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 1 : 1 ), yield 7 mg . a mixture of aniline 125 ( 7 mg , 0 . 017 mmol ), na ( oac ) 3 bh ( 6 eq ) and 3 - chlorobenzaldehyde ( 6 eq ) in 2 ml of 1 , 2 - dichloroethane was stirred at rt overnight . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate , 62 : 38 ) gave 3 mg 126 , ( m + h ) + : 535 . 1 . to a solution of n - boc - cyclohexyl alanine ( 200 mg , 0 . 74 mmol ) in 2 ml of dry methylenechloride was added dropwise hydrazine ( 0 . 1 ml , 0 . 89 mmol ) and edc ( 159 mg , 0 . 81 mmol ) at 23 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred for 48 h , then washed with nh 4 cl , water , and brine to give 150 mg of 132 . a solution of hydrazide 132 ( 72 . 4 mg , 0 . 254 mmol ) and imidate 133 ( 52 mg , 0 . 28 mmol ) in 2 ml of dry acetonitrile was stirred for 16 h at rt . tlc indicated complete absence of the starting material . solvent was removed and the crude product was treated with tfa : methylenechloride , 1 : 1 , and washed with 1 n naoh , water and brine to give 16 . 2 mg of the triazole 134 . a solution of triazole 134 ( 16 . 2 mg , 0 . 06 mmol ), fluoropyrimidine 68 ( 27 . 3 mg , 0 . 09 mmol ) and ipr 2 net ( 0 . 02 ml , 0 . 12 mmol ) in 1 ml of dry nbuoh was refluxed for 16 h . evaporation of the solvent , followed by aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate : methanol , 4 : 4 : 1 ) gave 9 . 0 mg of the desired product 136 . are synthesized as shown in scheme 17 . in both cases the boc protecting group is cleaved with trifluoroacetic acid and the amine is reacted further as already described . a solution of diazo ketone 51 ( 2 . 89 g , 9 . 78 mol .) in 60 ml of ether was cooled to − 20 ° c . and 2 ml of 48 % hbr ( 960 mg , 11 . 85 mol .) was added dropwise . after 35 minutes , an additional 0 . 5 ml of hbr ( 240 mg , 2 . 96 mol .) was added and the stirring was further continued for 25 min . tlc [ hexane : ethyl acetate ( 4 : 1 )] indicated complete absence of the starting material and appearance of the less polar α - bromoketone . cold aqueous work - up and chromatography on silica gel with hexane : ethyl acetate ( 85 : 15 ) gave 2 . 7 g of the pure α - bromoketone 52 . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 5 . 00 - 4 . 80 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 64 - 4 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 1 , 90 - 0 . 90 ( m , 22h ). the α - bromoketone is reacted with 4 - chlorobenzamidine in refluxing chloroform to provide the imidazole 53 according to the method of nagao et al . [ heterocycles 42 , 517 - 523 ( 1996 )]. the α - bromoketone is reacted with 4 - chlorothiobenzamide in dioxane to provide the thiazole 54 according to the method of nan &# 39 ; ya et al . [ j . heterocycl . chem . 32 , 1299 - 1302 1995 ]. scheme 19 illustrates the synthesis of an example in which m is 1 . a solution of boc - α - cyclohexyl - d - alanine ( 1 . 085 g , 4 . 0 mmol ) and n - methylmorpholine ( 404 mg , 4 . 0 mmol ) in 15 ml of dry thf was cooled to − 10 ° c . and a solution of isobutyl chloroformate ( 544 mg , 4 . 0 mmol ) in 5 ml of thf was added dropwise . after stirring for additional 10 min , an ethereal solution of diazomethane ( ca . 9 mmol ) was added slowly . after overnight stirring at rt , tlc indicated formation of diazoketone ( r f ≈ 0 . 4 in hexane : ethyl acetate 4 : 1 ). the excess diazomethane was destroyed by addition of aq hoac and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo . the residue obtained was partitioned between ether and water . the ether layer was successively washed with aq nahco 3 , water and brine . after drying ( mgso 4 ), the ether was evaporated to give the diazoketone 140 as a pale yellow oil . the diazoketone was dissolved in 10 ml of t - butanol and the solution was brought to reflux under argon . a freshly prepared and filtered solution of silver benzoate ( 0 . 5 g , 2 . 18 mmol ) in 3 ml of et 3 n was added dropwise over 30 min via syringe . the reflux was continued for an additional 1 h . a small amount of decolorizing carbon was added and the reaction mixture was filtered through celite . after evaporation of the filtrate , the residue was chromatographed ( silica , hexane : ethyl acetate ( 85 : 15 )) to give 650 mg of r - t - butyl 3 -( cyclohexylmethyl )- 3 - t - butoxycarbonylaminopropionate , 141 ( m + h ) + : 342 . 0 . a solution of 141 ( 650 mg , 1 . 90 mmol )) in 10 ml of tfa : dcm ( 1 : 1 ) was stirred for 6 h at rt . the solvent was removed and the residue was treated with boc - anhydride in dioxan - aq naoh to give 486 mg of r - 3 -( cyclohexylmethyl )- 3 - t - butoxy carbonylamino - propionic acid , 142 ( m − h ) + : 284 . 7 . a solution of 142 ( 284 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ) and diea ( 258 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) in 5 ml of dry dmf was treated with hatu ( 380 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ) at rt . after 5 min , 4 - cyanobenzylamine ( 132 mg , 1 . 0 mmol ) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt . aqueous workup and chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate ( 1 : 3 ) gave 200 mg of the amide 143 . a solution of the amide 143 ( 200 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ) in 10 ml of tfa : dcm ( 1 : 1 ) was stirred at rt for two days . the solvent was evaporated and the residue was taken in 5 ml of dmf containing diea ( 258 mg , 2 . 0 mmol ) and 2 , 6 - dichloro - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine ( 107 mg , 0 . 5 mmol ). after heating overnight at 80 ° c ., the reaction mixture was diluted with water and the product was extracted into ethyl acetate . the solvent was removed and the residue was chromatographed ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate ( 1 : 3 )) to give 50 mg of the 2 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine derivative and 58 mg of the 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine compound 144 , ( m + h ) + : 477 . 3 a solution of 144 , ( 30 mg , 0 . 063 mmol ) and 3 - chlorobenzylamine ( 50 mg , 0 . 35 mmol ) in 2 ml of n - butanol was refluxed overnight . the solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate ( 1 : 3 )) to give 4 mg of 145 , ( m + h ) + : 582 . 3 . to 1 , 3 - dithiane ( 6 . 2 g , 50 . 0 mmol ) in 20 ml dry thf was added n - butyl lithium ( 2 . 5m , 22 ml , 55 . 0 mmol ) dropwise while cooling to − 78 ° c . after 30 minutes a solution of 2 , 4 - dichloropyrimidine ( 10 . 0 g , 75 mmol ) in 15 ml dry thf was added dropwise . after 30 minutes the mixture was warmed to 0 ° and ddq ( 12 . 5 g , 55 . 0 mmol ) was added and allowed to warm to room temperature . after 1 hour the mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue purified on a silica gel column , eluting with 3 : 7 etoac : hexanes to yield 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( 2 - dithianyl ) pyrimidine as a light yellow oil ( 1 . 2 g , 5 . 5 mmol , 9 %). 2 , 6 - dichloro - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine was prepared as follows : a dry 500 ml round bottom flask ( oven - heated / argon cooled ), was charged with 2 . 97 g ( 74 . 34 mmol ) of a 60 % dispersion of sodium hydride in mineral oil . the flask was purged with argon , and 200 ml of hexane were quickly added . the mixture was purged again , and stirred for 5 - 10 minutes . the stirring was then stopped , and the sodium hydride was allowed to settle , at which point the hexane was quickly decanted off . the mixture was purged with argon again and the rinsing was repeated , to ensure the reaction is free from the mineral oil suspension . next , 200 ml of dry thf were injected by syringe into the air - free mixture . the mixture was then cooled to 0 ° c ., and connected to an oil - bubbler . then 3 . 44 ml ( 49 . 60 mmol ) of pyrrole were injected into the mixture by syringe ( vigorous bubbling occurred as hydrogen evolved ), and it was stirred for 1 hr . finally , 10 g ( 54 . 52 mmol ) of 2 , 4 , 6 - trichloropyrimidine were injected quickly into the reaction mixture , and it was vigorously stirred overnight . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with a solution of 14 . 5 g ( 75 mmol ), of citric acid in 100 ml of water . the organic layer was extracted and dried with magnesium sulfate . the mixture was then concentrated down to give a brown , viscous material . the crude material was loaded relatively quickly onto a chromatographic column ( 25 ″× 3 ″), which was filled with 11¼ ″ silica gel . elution was started at 40 : 1 hexane / ether for about 2 l , and then the concentration was increased to 35 : 1 hexane / ether for about 4 l . the best tlc system was 9 : 1 hexane / ether . with that system , the four product spots could be seen : the top spot was the regio - isomer with the pyrrole substituted on the 2 - position of the pyrimidine , the second spot was unreacted pyrimidine , the third spot was the regioisomer with the pyrrole substituted at the 4 - position ( desired product ), and the most polar spot was a bis - addition product . most of the desired product was separated with the column ( 2 . 5 g ), but the remaining mixture with the bis - product was recrystallized from hexane to give another 1 . 5 g . the total yield was 4 g ( 38 %) of the white solid . 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 : a 2h triplet at 6 . 42 ppm ( j = 2 . 55 hz ), a 1h singlet at 7 . 16 ppm , and a 2h triplet at 7 . 48 ppm ( j = 2 . 55 hz ). in 9 : 1 hexane / ether , the r f = 0 . 37 . this compound did not give a mass spec signal . the corresponding 2 , 6 - difluoro - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine is made in analogous fashion from 2 , 4 , 6 - trifluoropyrimidine . both are useful as intermediates in the synthesis of b 1 - bk antagonists of the invention . an improved synthesis of 2 , 6 - dichloro - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine proceeds from 4 - amino - 2 , 6 - dichloropyrimidine . a mixture of 4 - amino - 2 , 6 - dichloropyrimidine ( 5 . 0 g , 30 . 5 mmol ) and 2 , 5 - dimethoxytetrahydrofuran ( 4 . 03 g , 30 . 5 mmol ) in 100 ml of hoac was refluxed for 2 hours . the reaction mixture was cooled to rt and poured into large quantity of water . the crude product was extracted into ethyl acetate and the ethyl acetate layer was extracted successively with water , aqueous nahco 3 and brine . the organic layer was dried ( mgso 4 ) and the solvent was evaporated . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica gel , hexane : ethyl acetate ( 96 : 4 ) to provide 4 . 4 g ( 73 %) of 2 , 6 - dichloro - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ ( ppm ) 6 . 4 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 15 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 5 ( s , 2h ). as described above , both the dichloro and the difluoro - intermediates provide mixtures of regioisomers when reacted with nucleophiles ( cf . 144 in scheme 19 ). although this is useful when both regioisomers are desired , the route shown in scheme 20 below provides a regioselective synthesis . according to scheme 20 , 4 - amino - 6 - chloro - 2 - methylthiopyrimidine 151 was reacted with 1 equivalent of 2 , 5 - dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in refluxing acetic acid to provide 6 - chloro - 2 - methylthio - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine 152 : 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 75 ( s , 3h ), 6 . 55 ( d , 2h ), 7 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 65 ( d , 2h ). the 6 - chloro - 2 - methylthio - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine 152 is either ( a ) oxidized with 2 . 2 equivalents of m - chloroperoxybenzoic acid in dichloromethane at 0 ° c . to provide 6 - chloro - 2 - methylsulfonyl - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine 153 or ( b ) reacted with 1 equivalent of the n -( p - cyanobenzyl ) amide of cyclohexylalanine and 1 equivalent of diisopropylethylamine in dmf at 80 ° c . to provide the 2 - methylthiopyrimidine 154 . the oxidation and nucleophilic displacement steps are then reversed [ i . e . 153 is reacted according to ( b ) or 154 is reacted according to ( a )] to provide the 2 - methylsulfonylpyrimidine 155 , which is dissolved in n - butanol saturated with ethylamine and heated in a sealed tube to produce 156 . wherein x is — cn or halogen and l ′ is — o —, — ch 2 — or — n ( ch 3 )— are useful intermediates for the preparation of compounds of preferred subgenera . exemplary syntheses are shown below . a dry , 250 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 27 g ( 1 . 01 mmol ) of triphenylphosphine , 0 . 73 g ( 11 . 15 mmol ) of potassium cyanide , 0 . 22 g ( 3 . 38 mmol ) of zinc dust , and 0 . 38 g ( 0 . 51 mmol ) of bis ( triphenylphosphine ) nickel ( ii ) bromide . the flask was then purged with argon , and an air - free solution of 3 g ( 10 . 14 mmol ) of 7 -((( trifluoromethyl ) sulfonyl ) oxy )- 4 - chromanone [ koch et al ., j . org . chem . 59 , 1216 ( 1994 )] in 40 ml of dry acetonitrile was introduced by syringe . the solution was then heated at 60 ° c . for 3 hours , under argon . after cooling the solution to room temp , the solution was added to an equal volume of water . the organic layer was extracted out , and the aqueous layer was extracted several times with ethyl acetate and ether . the combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered and evaporated . the crude mixture was chromatographed using a 20 % ethyl acetate / hexane solvent system which yielded 1 . 3 g ( 76 %) of 7 - cyano - 4 - chromanone as a white solid . a dry , 200 ml round bottom flask was charged with 0 . 85 g ( 4 . 83 mmol ) of 7 -( cyano )- 4 - chromanone , 3 . 72 g ( 48 . 30 mmol ) of ammonium acetate , and 0 . 91 g ( 14 . 45 mmol ) of sodium cyanoborohydride . the flask was then purged with argon , and 30 ml of dry methanol was added by syringe . the solution was stirred at room temp for 48 hours . concentrated hcl was slowly added dropwise until ph & lt ; 2 was reached . the methanol was then evaporated by rotovap , and 30 ml of water was added to the suspension , which was then washed 3 times with ethyl acetate . the ph was then brought to & gt ; 10 by adding sodium hydroxide pellets to the stirring aqueous mixture . saturated sodium chloride was added , and the mixture was then extracted several times with ether and ethyl acetate . the combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered and evaporated to give 0 . 51 g ( 60 %) of the desired 7 -( cyano )- 4 - chromanylamine as a pale yellow oil . characterization : the 1 h nmr in cdcl 3 ( using a varian gemini 2000 model nmr coupled to a 300 mz oxford magnet ) gave the following signals : a broad 2h singlet at 1 . 6 ppm , a 2h multiplet from 1 . 8 - 2 . 2 ppm , a 1h triplet at 4 . 05 ppm ( j = 6 mz ), a 2h multiplet from 4 . 2 - 4 . 4 ppm , a 1h singlet at 7 . 1 ppm , a 2h doublet at 7 . 15 ppm ( j = 12 mz ), and a 2h doublet at 7 . 45 ppm ( j = 12 mz ). a mixture of 4 - chromanone ( 5 g , 33 . 7 mmol ), hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 2 . 34 g , 33 . 7 mmol and naoac ( 2 . 766 g , 33 . 7 mmol ) in 100 ml of ethanol was refluxed for 18 h . after cooling to rt , the solvent was removed and the residue was partitioned between water and etoac . the etoac layer was dried ( mgso 4 ), and the solvent was removed . the solid obtained was triturated with hexane and filtered to provide 4 . 1 g of 4 - hydroxyiminochroman . a solution of 4 - hydroxyiminochroman ( 783 mg , 4 . 8 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 484 mg , 4 . 8 mmol ) in 120 ml of dry 1 : 1 dcm : hexane was cooled to − 50 ° c . chlorodiphenylphosphine ( 1 . 059 g , 4 . 8 mmol ) was added via syringe and the mixture was allowed to stir at − 50 ° c . for 2 h . the mixture was cooled to − 78 ° c . and filtered quickly under n 2 in a glove bag . the filtrate was evaporated and the crude n - diphenylphosphinylimine was taken directly to the next step . formation of pre - modified borohydride : under ar atmosphere , in a pre - cooled flask at 0 ° c . were placed 290 mg of nabh 4 ( 7 . 5 mmol ), 50 ml of chcl 3 , and 0 . 44 ml of etoh ( 7 . 5 mmol ) and 10 ml of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol . the mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0 ° c . catalytic borohydride reduction : while maintaining solution of pre - modified borohydride at 0 ° c ., its solution was slowly added to the solution of 37 mg of ( 1r , 2r )- n , n ′- bis [ 3 - oxo - 2 -( 2 , 4 , 6 - trimethylbenzoyl ) butylidene ]- 1 , 2 - diphenylethylenediaminato cobalt ( ii ) ( 0 . 05 mmol , 1 mol %, tci america ) and the aforementioned phosphinylimine in 50 ml of chcl 3 . the stirring was continued for 4 h at 0 ° c . the reaction was quenched by addition of saturated nh 4 cl and extracted with ether . the organic layer was dried ( mgso 4 ) and the solvent was evaporated . the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica , hexane : etoac , 1 : 3 ) to provide 300 mg of the diphenylphosphorylamine . ( m + h ) + : 350 . 1 . the diphenylphosphorylamine ( 300 mg , 0 . 86 mmol ) was dissolved in meoh saturated with hcl gas and stirred overnight at rt . the solvent was removed and the residue was partitioned between water and ether . the aqueous layer was basified and the liberated amine was extracted into ether . the ether layer was evaporated after drying ( k 2 co 3 ) to provide ( r )- 4 - aminochroman . the stereochemistry was assigned based on the literature precedence ( sugi , k . d . ; nagata , t . ; mukaiyama , t . chem . lett . 1997 , 493 - 494 ) and the optical purity was found to be & gt ; 95 % by chiral hplc . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 1 . 75 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), δ 1 . 95 - 2 . 05 ( m , 1h , ch 2 ch 2 o ), δ 2 . 30 - 2 . 40 ( m , 1h , ch 2 ch 2 o ), δ 4 . 2 ( t , 1h , chnh 2 ), δ 4 . 35 - 4 . 50 ( m , 2h , ch 2 o ), δ 7 . 0 ( d , 1h , arh ), δ 7 . 10 ( t , 1h , arh ), δ 7 . 30 ( t , 1h , arh ), δ 7 . 50 ( t , 1h , arh ). according to scheme 21 nacnbh 3 ( 264 mg , 4 . 2 mmol ) was added to a mixture of 161 ( 340 mg , 1 . 99 mmol ) [ almansa et al . synth . commun . 23 , 2965 ( 1993 )] and nh 4 oac ( 1 . 5 g , 19 . 9 mmol ) in dry methanol ( 30 ml ), and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for a week . removed solvent under vacuum . the residue was separated by silica gel chromatography column with methanol / ammonium hydroxide / ethyl acetate ( 15 : 1 : 84 ) to give 290 mg ( 84 %) of 7 - cyano - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydronaphthylene - 1 - amine ( 162 ). nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 1 . 66 - 2 . 12 ( 4h , ch 2 x2 ), 2 . 78 ( 2h , ch 2 ), 4 . 0 ( 1h , ch ), 7 . 37 ( 1h , arh ), 7 . 44 ( 1h , arh ), 7 . 54 ( 1h , arh ). to a solution of 7 - cyano - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydronaphthylene - 1 - amine ( 162 ) ( 290 mg , 1 . 69 mmol ), and et 3 n ( 427 mg , 4 . 22 mmol ) in dmf was added hatu ( 703 mg , 1 . 85 mmol ) in one portion with stirring . the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight , then solvent was removed in vacuo . chromatographic purification with etoac / hexane ( 3 : 7 ) gave 145 mg ( 20 %) of 163 and 151 mg ( 21 %) of 164 . the more polar diasteroisomer 163 was converted into final compound 165 as described earlier . 2 - chloro - 4 - cyanobenzylamine was prepared as follows : to a stirred solution of 2 - chloro - 4 - cyanotoluene ( 10 g , 65 . 8 mmol ) in dry carbon tetrachloride ( 150 ml ) were added n - bromosuccinimide ( 12 . 9 g , 72 . 4 mmol ) and a catalytic amount of benzoyl peroxide . the reaction was refluxed under stirring for 4 h and then filtered . removed solvent from filtrate in vacuo . the residue , 2 - choro - 4 - cyanobenzyl bromide , was purified by chromatography with etoac / hexane . to a stirred solution of 2 - choro - 4 - cyanobenzyl bromide ( 6 . 9 g , 30 . 0 mmol ) in dmf ( 150 ml ), was added sodium azide ( 2 . 0 g , 30 mmol ) the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature , and then filtered . the dmf was removed from filtrate in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in etoac ( 300 ml ), washed with water ( 200 ml × 3 ), brine ( 200 ml × 1 ), dried over sodium sulfate . removed solvent in vacuo to give 5 . 8 g of raw 2 - choro - 4 - cyanobenzyl azide . to a solution of 2 - choro - 4 - cyanobenzyl azide ( 5 . 8 g , 30 . 1 mmol ) in thf / h 2 o ( 3 : 1 ), was added triphenyl phosphine ( 12 . 3 g , 46 . 7 mmol ). the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight , then neutralized with 1n sodium hydroxide , extracted with ethyl acetate ( 150 ml × 3 ). the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , and then solvent was removed in vacuo . the product was purified by silica - gel chromatography column with methanol / ammonia hydroxide / ethyl acetate ( 20 : 1 : 69 ) to give 4 . 5 g ( 90 %) of 2 - chloro - 4 - cyanobenzylamine . nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 4 . 0 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 7 . 58 ( d , 2h , har ), 7 . 62 ( s , 1h , har ) 5 - aminomethylbenzofuroxan was prepared as follows : 5 - bromomethylbenzofuroxan ( 2 . 13 g , 10 mmol , gasco , a . m . ; errnondi , g . ; fruttero , r . ; gasco , a . eur . j . med . chem 1996 , 31 , 3 - 10 ) was dissolved in dmf and treated with potassium phthalimide ( 1 . 85 g , 10 mmol ) at rt for 15 h . after diluting with water , the product was filtered and crystallized from etoac to provide 700 mg of the phthalimide . the phthalimide was suspended in a mixture of 5 ml of ethanol and 5 ml of 40 % aq . methylamine , and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 days at rt . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was taken in ether . the ether layer was dried ( mgso 4 ) and the solvent was removed to yield 110 mg of 5 - aminomethylbenzofuroxan . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 1 . 8 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ) δ 4 . 1 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), δ 7 . 5 ( d , 1h , arh ), δ 7 . 8 - 8 . 0 ( m , 2h , arh ). a solution of the nitrile 170 ( 100 mg , 0 . 2 mmol ) and tributylstannyl azide ( 133 mg , 0 . 4 mmol ) in toluene was refluxed for two days . the solvent was evaporated and the residue was treated with 6 n hcl overnight . after aqueous work up , the tetrazole 171 was purified by chromatography ( silica , dcm : meoh , 95 : 5 ). yield : 35 mg ( m + h ) + : 527 . 3 according to scheme 22 , a solution of t - butyl ester of d - cyclohexylalanine ( 2 . 7 g , 1187 mmol ), 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine ( 2 . 54 g , 11 . 87 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 1 . 53 g , 11 . 87 mmol ) in dmf was heated to 90 ° c . for 24 h . after aqueous work up the crude product was purified by chromatography ( silica , hexane : etoac , 9 : 1 ). the more polar spot was the desired regioisomer 177 . yield 600 mg . a solution of the regioisomer 177 ( 600 mg , 1 . 48 mmol ) in 10 ml of n - butanol containing 4 ml of cyclopropylamine was heated to 90 ° c . in a sealed tube overnight . the solvent was removed and the product 178 was purified by chromatography ( silica , hexane : etoac , 9 : 1 ). yield 486 mg . ( m + h ) + : 426 . 3 . a solution of the t - butylester 178 ( 486 mg , 1 . 14 mmol ) in 10 ml of 1 : 1 dcm : tfa was stirred overnight . the solvent was removed and the residue was taken in etoac . the etoac layer was washed several times with water and the solvent was removed in vacuo to provide 367 mg of the carboxylic acid . ( m + h ) + : 370 . 8 . 4 - aminomethylpyridine n - oxide dihydrochloride ( 200 mg , 1 . 01 mmol ) was suspended in 3 ml of dry dmf and 200 mg of et 3 n ( 1 . 98 mmol ) was added . the contents were stirred for 15 min . in the mean time , a solution of the carboxylic acid ( 100 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ) from the previous step and et 3 n ( 300 mg , 2 . 97 mmol ) in 5 ml of dmf was cooled in a ice bath and hatu ( 100 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) was added . after stirring for 3 min , aforementioned solution of 4 - aminomethylpyridine n - oxide was added and the stirring was continued for 3 days . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica , etoac : meoh , 85 : 15 ) gave 19 mg of 179 . ( m + h ) + : 476 . 6 . a solution of the carboxylic acid 180 ( 197 mg , 0 . 57 mmol ), hatu ( 218 mg , 0 . 57 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 172 mg , 1 . 70 mmol ) in 5 ml of dry dmf was stirred for 5 minutes . then a solution of ( r )- 4 - aminochroman ( 81 mg , 0 . 54 mmol ) in 2 ml of dry dmf was added and the contents were stirred overnight . after aqueous work up , the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica , hexane : etoac , 1 : 1 ) to provide 32 mg of 181 . ( m + h ) + : 475 . 2 . according to scheme 23 , a mixture of 2 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 -( 1h )- isoquinolone ( 630 mg , 3 . 9 mmol , nichols , d . e . et al . ; wo9706799 ), ammonium acetate ( 3 . 0 g , 39 mmol ) and nacnbh 3 ( 491 mg , 7 . 8 mmol ) in 25 ml of dry methanol was stirred for 2 days at rt . the solvent was removed and the residue was acidified to ph 2 to destroy the excess nacnbh 3 . after basification with aq na 2 co 3 to ph 10 , the product was extracted into ether . the ether layer was dried ( k 2 co 3 ) and the solvent was evaporated to provide 330 mg of the racemic 4 - amino - 2 - methyltetrahydroisoquinoline . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 2 . 20 ( bs , 2h , nh 2 ), δ 2 . 60 ( s , 3h , nch 3 ), δ 2 . 90 ( d , 2h , chch 2 n ), δ 3 . 55 ( d , 1h , arch 2 n ), δ 3 . 90 ( d , 1h , arch 2 n ), δ 4 . 15 ( t , 1h , archn ), δ 7 . 20 - 7 . 60 ( m , 4h , arh ). 4 - amino - 2 - methyltetrahydroisoquinoline ( 320 mg , 1 . 97 mmol ) was coupled with n -( 2 - methylamino - 4 -( 1 - pyrrolyl )- 6 - pyrimidinyl )- d - cyclohexylalanine ( 180 )( 237 mg , 0 . 69 mmol ) using hatu as described earlier . after aqueous work up , the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica , etoac ). the diastereomer 183 with higher r f was assigned r - stereochemistry at the benzylic center based on its biological activity , yield : 78 mg , ( m + h ) + : 488 . 2 . the more polar isomer was assigned s - stereochemistry , yield : 71 mg , ( m + h ) + : 488 . 1 . according to scheme 24 , hatu ( 1 . 165 g , 3 . 07 mmol ) was added at 0 ° c . to a solution of n - boc - d - cyclohexylalanine ( 831 mg , 3 . 07 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 620 mg , 6 . 14 mmol ) in 15 ml of dry dmf . after stirring for 2 min , 7 - cyano - 4 - chromanylamine ( 540 mg , 3 . 068 mmol ) was added and the stirring was continued overnight . after aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica , hexane : etoac , 70 : 30 ), 420 mg of the less polar diastereomer 186 ( m + h + : 427 . 8 ), and 380 mg of the more polar diastereomermer 185 ( m + h + : 427 . 8 ) were obtained . a solution of the more polar diastereomer 185 ( 380 mg , 0 . 89 mmol ) was stirred in dcm : tfa ( 1 : 1 ) overnight at rt . aqueous work up at basic ph provided 270 mg of the primary amine 187 . a mixture of amine 187 ( 270 mg , 0 . 82 mmol ), diea ( 106 mg , 0 . 82 mmol ) and 2 , 4 - dichloro - 6 -( 1 - pyrrolyl ) pyrimidine ( 175 mg , 0 . 82 mmol ) in dmf was heated to 90 ° c . overnight . aqueous work up and chromatography ( silica , hexane : etoac , 1 : 1 ) provided 120 mg of the less polar regioisomer and 96 mg of the more polar desired regioisomer 188 . a solution of the more polar regioisomer 188 ( 58 mg , 0 . 11 mmol ) in n - butanol was saturated with methylamine at − 20 ° c . the solution was then heated to 90 ° c . in a sealed tube overnight . after cooling , the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by chromatography ( silica , hexane : etoac , 1 : 1 ) to provide 25 mg of 189 . ( m + h ) + : 500 . 3 . 4 - amino - 7 - chloro - 2 - methyltetrahydroisoquinoline was prepared as shown above in scheme 25 : to a stirred solution of methyl 4 - chloro - 2 - methylbenzoate ( 8 . 9 g , 48 . 2 mmol ) in dry carbon tetrachloride ( 150 ml ) were added n - bromosuccinimide ( 9 . 4 g , 53 . 0 mmol ) and a catalytic amount of benzoyl peroxide . the reaction was refluxed under stirring for 12 h and then filtered . removed solvent from filtrate in vacuo to give 12 . 0 g of the crude benzyl bromide . nmr ( deuteriochloroform ): δ 3 . 92 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 4 . 92 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 7 . 34 ( d , 1h , arh ), 7 . 46 ( s , 1h , arh ), 7 . 79 ( d , 1h , arh ). to a mixture of sarcosine ethyl ester hydrochloride ( 7 . 4 g , 63 mmol ), sodium carbonate ( 8 . 2 g , 77 . 4 mmol ), and toluene ( 300 ml ) was added a solution of the benzyl bromide ( 12 . 0 g , 45 . 5 mmol ) in toluene at room temperature . the reaction was heated at 85 ° c . with stirring for 12 h , cooled to room temperature , and then filtered . the filtrate was collected and extracted with 3n hcl ( 150 ml × 3 ). the aqueous layer was collected , basified with saturated na 2 co 3 solution , and extracted with ether ( 150 ml × 3 ). to remove the solvent from the organic solution give 8 . 4 g ( 61 %) of 190 . nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 1 . 30 ( m , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 38 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 3 . 3 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 3 . 86 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 4 . 0 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 4 . 18 ( m , 2h , ch 2 ), 7 . 26 ( d , 1h , arh ), 7 . 60 ( s , 1h , arh ), 7 . 74 ( d , 1h , arh ). freshly cut sodium ( 0 . 84 g , 36 . 3 mmol ) was added to absolute methanol ( 30 ml ) under argon . the reaction was refluxed until sodium metal disappeared . a solution of 190 ( 8 . 4 g , 27 . 9 mmol ) in dry toluene ( 150 ml ) was added slowly . the mixture was heated at reflux to remove extra methanol via a dean stark trap . fresh dry toluene ( 150 ml ) was added and refluxed for 2 h . after cooling , solvent was removed under vacuum . the remains dissolved in ethanol ( 150 ml ) were treated with 2n naoh ( 250 ml ). it was refluxed for 1 . 5 h , cooled to room temperature , acidified with 8n hcl , and then refluxed for 2 . 5 h . the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature , basified with 6n naoh , extracted with methylene chloride ( 150 ml × 3 ). the organic layer was dried over na 2 so 4 . the solvent was removed in vacuo . the residue was purified by chromatography with etoac / hexane ( 1 : 1 ) to give 1 . 82 g ( 31 %) of the isoquinolone . nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 2 . 46 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 3 . 3 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 3 . 7 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 7 . 22 ( d , 1h , arh ), 7 . 3 ( s , 1h , arh ), 7 . 96 ( d , 1h , arh ). to a mixture of compound tetrahydroisoquinolone ( 1 . 8 g , 9 . 3 mmol ) and nh 4 oac ( 7 . 1 g , 9 . 3 mmol ) in dry methanol ( 80 ml ) was added nacnbh 3 ( 2 . 9 g , 46 . 4 mmol ). the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 days . removed solvent under vacuum . the residue was separated by silica gel chromatography column with methanol / ammonia hydroxide / ethyl acetate ( 20 : 1 : 79 ) to give 1 . 1 g ( 60 %) of 4 - amino - 7 - chloro - 2 - methyltetrahydroisoquinoline . nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ 1 . 7 ( 2h , ch 2 ), 2 . 4 ( 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 66 ( 2h , ch 2 ), 7 . 0 ( 1h , arh ), 7 . 2 ( 1h , arh ), 7 . 28 ( 1h , arh ). all of the compounds shown in the tables below have been examined by high resolution mass spectrometry and have provided mh + ions and fragments consistent with the structures shown . tissues are taken from new zealand white rabbits ( 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 kg ) and duncan hartley guinea pigs ( 250 - 350 g ) of either sex , killed by stunning and exsanguination . human umbilical cords are obtained after spontaneous delivery at term . the rabbit jugular vein ( rbjv ) and the guinea pig ileum ( gpi ), are two preparations containing b 2 receptors . the rabbit aorta ( rba ) contains b 1 receptors , and the human umbilical vein ( huv ) is a mixed preparation containing both b 1 and b 2 receptors . helical strips of rbjv , treated with 1 μmol / l of captopril to avoid peptide degradation , are prepared according to gaudreau et al . [ can . j . physical . pharmacol . 59 , 371 - 379 ( 1981 )] helical strips of rba devoid of endothelium are prepared according to furchgott and bhadrakom . [ j . pharacol . exp . ther . 108 , 124 - 143 ( 1953 )] longitudinal segments of gpi are prepared with the procedure described by rang [ brit . j . pharmacol . 22 , 356 - 365 ( 1964 )]. helical strips of huv are prepared according to gobeil et al . [ brit . j . pharmacol . 118 , 289 - 294 ( 1996 )]. unless otherwise indicated below , the tissues are suspended in 10 - ml organ baths containing warm ( 37 ° c . ), oxygenated ( 95 % o 2 - 5 % co 2 ) krebs solution of the following composition in mmol / l ; nacl : 118 . 1 ; kcl : 4 . 7 ; cacl 2 6h 2 o : 2 . 5 ; kh 2 po 4 : 1 . 2 ; mgso 4 7h 2 o : 1 . 18 ; nahco 3 : 25 . 0 and d - glucose : 5 . 5 . the rba are stretched with an initial tension of 2 g , whereas the rbjv and the gpi are loaded with 0 . 5 g . changes of tension produced by the various agents are measured with grass isometric transducers ( model ft 03c , grass instrument co ., quincy , mass .). myotropic contractions are displayed on a polygraph . before testing the drugs , the tissues are allowed to equilibrate for 60 - 120 minutes , during which time the tissues are repeatedly washed and the tension readjusted every 15 min . at the beginning of each experiment , a submaximal dose of bradykinin ( bk ) ( 9 mmol / l ), is applied repeatedly on the rbjv , the gpi or the huv to ensure that tissues responded with stable contractions . in the rba , the b 1 preparation whose response has been shown to increase during the incubation in vitro , desarg 9 k ( 550 nmol / l ) are applied 1 , 3 and 6 h after the equilibration period , in order to monitor the progressive increase of sensitivity of the tissue which generally reaches the maximum after 3 - 6 h . repeated applications of a single and double concentration of bk ( on rbjv , gpi and huv ) and of desarg 9 bk ( rba and huv ) are made in the absence and in presence of the test compounds to evaluate their apparent affinities as antagonists , in terms of pa 2 (− log 10 of the molar concentration of antagonist that reduces the effect of a double concentration of agonist to that of a single one ). the antagonists are applied 10 min before measuring the myotropic effects of either bk ( the b 2 receptor agonist ) or desarg 9 bk ( the b 1 receptor agonist ). pharmacological assays on the huv ( a mixed b 1 and b 2 receptor preparation ) are done in presence of either hoe140 ( 400 mmol / l ) ( a potent b 2 receptor antagonist ) or lys [ leu 8 ] des arg 9 bk ( 1 μmol / l ) ( a potent b 1 receptor antagonist ) ( applied 10 min prior to the tested agents ) to study the b 1 and the b 2 receptors , respectively . all kinin antagonists are initially applied to tissues at concentration of 10 μg / ml to measure their potential agonistic activities ( α e ) in comparison with bk ( in the b 2 receptor preparations ) or desarg 9 bk ( in the b 1 receptor preparations ). the compounds of the present invention exhibit inhibition at very low concentrations only when tested in human or primate systems ; thus the foregoing ( and following ) tests in rabbit and rodent tissues are useful only for demonstrating lack of undesired effects on other receptors than b 1 and in other tissues than human . in order to determine the potency of compounds of the invention , those tests that employ rabbit and rodent tissues are modified to employ human and primate tissues , as well known to persons in the art . streptozotocin has been extensively used to produce type i diabetes in animals . this experimental disease is characterized by a mild inflammatory reaction in the langerhans islets . male c57 l / k 3 mdb mice are injected with streptozotocin ( 40 mg / kg ) for 5 consecutive days . the kinin b 1 receptor antagonists are injected subcutaneously to stz mice at 300 μg / kg bw twice a day and 500 μg / kg per day , respectively . treatment with antagonists is started 3 days after stz and lasts for 10 days . plasma glucose is determined by the glucose oxidase method , and urinary samples are assayed at 13 days for proteins , nitrites and kallikreins . diabetic mice show hyperglycemia and increased diuresis , marked proteinuria and increased excretion of nitrites and kallikreins . b 2 receptor antagonists reduce water and protein excretion , compared to stz group ; stz mice treated with b 1 receptor antagonists show normal glycemia and normalization of diuresis , protein , nitrite and kallikrein excretion . the contractile response of the portal vein ( a suitable preparation for b 1 - bk studies ) obtained from untreated 8 - week old spontaneously hypertensive rats ( shr ), is exaggerated and susceptible to enhanced capillary hydrostatic pressure and plasma leakage . desendothelialized portal vein segments obtained from shr are mounted in organ baths containing a krebs solution for isometric contraction studies ( baseline tension : 0 . 5 g ). test compounds are administered on portal vein segments obtained from normal rats and shr , to establish dose - response curves . bradykinin b 1 receptor binding in human tissue is determined by the method of levesque et al . [ immunopharmacology 29 , 141 - 147 ( 1995 ); and immunopharmacology 28 , 1 - 7 ( 1994 )]. human embryonic fibroblast cells from the imr - 90 line ( available from atcc as ccl 186 ) are grown in minimal essential medium as described by menke et al [ j . biol . chem . 269 , 21583 - 21586 ( 1994 )]. after 24 hours , the culture medium is replaced with low serum media ( 0 . 4 % fetal bovine serum ) containing recombinant human il - 1β ( 0 . 25 mg / ml ) and the cells are further incubated for 4 - 5 hours . the cells are harvested with trypsin and resuspended in medium 11995 - 065 ( gibco , gaithersburg , md ., usa ) supplemented with l - glutamine , non - essential amino acids and 10 % fetal bovine serum at 1 . 7 × 10 6 cells / ml . thirty microliters of the cell suspension in a plate is mixed with 10 μl of straight buffer [ 1 l of medium 199 ( gibco , gaithersburg , md ., usa ), 25 ml of hepes buffer , 1 g bovine serum albumin 3 μm amastatin , 1 μm captopril and 1 μm phosphoramidon ( sigma , st . louis , mo ., usa )] or 10 μl of buffer containing 5 to 50 μm b 1 - bk antagonist and 10 μl of 11 μm 3 h - desarg 10 - kallidin . the plates are incubated at room temperature for about 1 . 5 hours . after incubation , each well is washed with 150 μl of ice - cold pbs at ph 2 . 4 . the contents are transferred to a glass fiber plate that has been pretreated with polyethyleneimine and the plate is air dried . scintillation fluid is added and the resulting solution is counted in a gamma counter for 10 minutes . statistical analysis is performed on the saturation curves . scatchard regression parameters are calculated from the mean saturation data using a computer program ( tallarida and murray , 1987 ). the resulting b max and k d values and their respective sem are compared in order to assess statistical differences using student &# 39 ; s t - test . the compounds of the invention exhibit ki &# 39 ; s below 10 μm . specific examples of compounds which have been synthesized and tested are shown in tables 1 and 2 . those compounds in table 1 exhibited k i &# 39 ; s of 1 to 500 nm ; those in table 2 exhibited k i &# 39 ; s of 501 nm to 10 μm . potency and efficacy in human tissue are assessed as follows : human umbilical cords are obtained within 24 hours following normal deliveries and are stored in physiological salt solution ( pss ) at 4 ° c . the composition of the pss is as follows : 118 mm nacl , 4 . 6 mm kcl , 1 . 2 mm kh 2 po 4 , 1 . 2 mm mgso 4 , 2 . 5 mm cacl 2 , 0 . 026 mm cana 2 edta , 10 mm glucose , and 24 . 8 mm nahco 3 . the umbilical vein is carefully dissected and placed in ice - cold , pss , which is continuously aerated with 95 % o 2 / 5 % co 2 to maintain ph at 7 . 4 . excess connective tissue is removed , and rings 2 - 3 mm in length are prepared . the rings are mounted between stainless steel wires in water - jacketed tissue baths for measuring contractile function . the rings are attached to a force - displacement transducer for measuring tension development . the baths contain 15 ml of oxygenated pss maintained at 37 ° c . after mounting , resting tension is adjusted to 1 . 0 g and the rings are equilibrated for 60 minutes before beginning the experiment . the tissue baths are rinsed with fresh pss 30 min and 60 min after mounting the rings . following each rinse , the resting tension is adjusted to 1 . 0 g . after the equilibration period , the rings are depolarized by adding increasing concentrations of kcl to the tissue bath until a maximum increase in tension is obtained . the bath is rinsed with fresh pss , and the resting tension readjusted to 1 . 0 g . the response to kcl is repeated two additional times at 30 - min intervals . the maximum increases in tension obtained following the second and third assessments of the response to kcl are averaged . the value is used to normalize the direct response to the test compound , and also the response to a reference bradykinin receptor agonist . evaluating an antagonist effect : after assessing the responses to kcl , the test compound is added to the tissue bath . thirty minutes later , the following concentrations of desarg 10 kallidin are added to the tissue bath : 0 . 01 , 0 . 03 , 0 . 1 , 0 . 3 , 1 , 3 , 10 , 30 , 100 nm . the response to each concentration of desarg 10 kallidin is normalized as a percentage of the maximum constrictor response to kcl . evaluating a direct effect : after assessing the responses to kcl , the following concentrations of the test compound are added to the tissue bath : 1 , 3 , 10 , 30 , 100 , 300 , 1000 , 3000 and 10000 nm . alternatively , an equivalent volume of the vehicle used to solubilize the test compound is added to the tissue baths . each new concentration is added to the bath after the response to the previous concentration has reached equilibrium . if no response is obtained , the next concentration of test compound is added to the bath 15 min after the previous concentration . while it may be possible for the compounds of formula ( i ) to be administered as the raw chemical , it is preferable to present them as a pharmaceutical composition . according to a further aspect , the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula ( i ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof , together with one or more pharmaceutically carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients , as discussed below . the carrier ( s ) must be “ acceptable ” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof . the formulations include those suitable for oral , parenteral ( including subcutaneous , intradermal , intramuscular , intravenous and intraarticular ), rectal and topical ( including dermal , buccal , sublingual and intraocular ) administration . the most suitable route may depend upon the condition and disorder of the recipient . the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy . all methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof (“ active ingredient ”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients . in general , the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then , if necessary , shaping the product into the desired formulation . pharmaceutical formulations , particularly topical formulations , may additionally comprise steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs , which may include but are not limited to alclometasone dipropionate , amcinonide , beclamethasone dipropionate , betamethasone benzoate , betamethasone dipropionate , betamethasone valerate , budesonide , clobetasol propionate , clobetasone butyrate , desonide , desoxymethasone , diflorasone diacetate , diflucortolone valerate , flumethasone pivalate , fluclorolone acetonide , fluocinolone acetonide , fluocinonide , fluocortin butyl , fluocortolone preparations , fluprednidene acetate , flurandrenolone , halcinonide , hydrocortisone , hydrocortisone acetate , hydrocortisone butyrate , methylprednisolone acetate , mometasone furoate and triamcinolone acetonide . pharmaceutical formulations may also additionally comprise steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs for oral administration . these may include but are not limited to finasteride , betamethasone and hydrocortisone . alternatively or additionally , pharmaceutical formulations may additionally comprise nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ), which may include but are not limited to aminoarylcarboxylic acids ( fenamic acid nsaids ), arylacetic acids , arylbutyric acids such as fenbufen , arylpropionic acids ( profens ), pyrazoles such as epirizole , pyrazolones such as phenylbutazone , salicylic acids such as aspirin , oxicams and other compound classes that may be considered as nsaids including leucotriene antagonists . these formulations exhibit both the additive effects of the individual components and synergistic effects from blocking of multiple pathways in the pain and inflammation pathway . propionic acid nsaids are non - narcotic analgesics / nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs having a free — ch ( ch 3 ) cooh group , which optionally can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt group , e . g ., — ch ( ch 3 ) coo − na + . the propionic acid side chain is typically attached directly or via a carbonyl function to a ring system , preferably to an aromatic ring system . exemplary propionic acid nsaids include : ibuprofen , indoprofen , ketoprofen , naproxen , benoxaprofen , flurbiprofen , fenoprofen , pirprofen , carpofen , oxaprozin , pranoprofen , miroprofen , tioxaprofen , suprofen , alminoprofen , tiaprofen , fluprofen , and bucloxic acid . structurally related propionic acid derivatives having similar analgesic and antiinflammatory properties are also intended to be included in this group . profens , as well as nsaids from other classes , may exhibit optical isomerism . the invention contemplates the use of pure enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers , including racemic mixtures , although the use of the substantially optically pure eutomer will generally be preferred . acetic acid nsaids are non - narcotic analgesics / nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs having a free — ch 2 cooh group ( which optionally can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt group , e . g . — ch 2 coo − na + , typically attached directly to a ring system , preferably to an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system . exemplary acetic acid nsaids include : ketorolac , indomethacin , sulindac , tolmetin , zomepirac , diclofenac , fenclofenac , alclofenac , ibufenac , isoxepac , furofenac , tiopinac , zidometacin , acemetacin , fentiazac , clidanac , oxpinac , and fenclozic acid . structurally related acetic acid derivatives having similar analgesic and antiinflammatory properties are also intended to be encompassed by this group . fenamic acid nsaids are non - narcotic analgesics / nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs having a substituted n - phenylanthranilic acid structure . exemplary fenamic acid derivatives include mefenamic acid , meclofenamic acid , flufenamic acid , niflumic acid , and tolfenamic acid . biphenylcarboxylic acid nsaids are non - narcotic analgesics / nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs incorporating the basic structure of a biphenylcarboxylic acid . exemplary biphenyl - carboxylic acid nsaids include diflunisal and flufenisal . oxicam nsaids are n - aryl derivatives of 4 - hydroxyl - 1 , 2 - benzothiazine 1 , 1 - dioxide - 3 - carboxamide . exemplary oxicam nsaids are piroxicam , tenoxicam sudoxicam and isoxicam . pharmaceutical formulations may also include cyclo - oxygenase ( cox ) inhibitors ( including arylpropionic acids such as ibuprofen and salicylic acids such as aspirin ), selective cyclooxygenase - 1 ( cox - 1 ) inhibitors or selective cyclo - oxygenase - 2 ( cox - 2 ) inhibitors such as rofecoxib or celecoxib . these formulations also exhibit both the additive effects of the individual components and synergistic effects from blocking of multiple pathways in the pain and inflammation pathway . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non - toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases . when the compounds of the present invention are basic , salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non - toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids . suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for the compounds of the present invention include acetic , benzenesulfonic ( besylate ), benzoic , camphorsulfonic , citric , ethenesulfonic , fumaric , gluconic , glutamic , hydrobromic , hydrochloric , isethionic , lactic , maleic , malic , mandelic , methanesulfonic , mucic , nitric , pamoic , pantothenic , phosphoric , succinic , sulfuric , tartaric acid , p - toluenesulfonic , and the like . when the compounds contain an acidic side chain , suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts for the compounds of the present invention include metallic salts made from aluminum , calcium , lithium , magnesium , potassium , sodium and zinc or organic salts made from lysine , n , n ′- dibenzylethylenediamine , chloroprocaine , choline , diethanolamine , ethylenediamine , meglumine ( n - methylglucamine ) and procaine . formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules , cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient ; as a powder or granules ; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non - aqueous liquid ; or as an oil - in - water liquid emulsion or a water - in - oil liquid emulsion . the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus , electuary or paste . a tablet may be made by compression or moulding , optionally with one or more accessory ingredients . compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free - flowing form such as a powder or granules , optionally mixed with a binder , lubricant , inert diluent , lubricating , surface active or dispersing agent . molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent . the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide sustained , delayed or controlled release of the active ingredient therein . formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non - aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti - oxidants , buffers , bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient . formulations for parenteral administration also include aqueous and non - aqueous sterile suspensions , which may include suspending agents and thickening agents . the formulations may be presented in unit - dose of multi - dose containers , for example sealed ampules and vials , and may be stored in a freeze - dried ( lyophilized ) condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier , for example saline , phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) or the like , immediately prior to use . extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders , granules and tablets of the kind previously described . formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with the usual carriers such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol . formulations for topical administration in the mouth , for example buccally or sublingually , include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth , and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia . it should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above , the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question , for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents . preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose , as hereinbelow recited , or an appropriate fraction thereof , of the active ingredient . the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or via injection at a dose from 0 . 001 to 2500 mg / kg per day . the dose range for adult humans is generally from 0 . 005 mg to 10 g / day . tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of compound of the invention which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same , for instance , units containing 5 mg to 500 mg , usually around 10 mg to 200 mg . the compounds of formula ( i ) are preferably administered orally or by injection ( intravenous or subcutaneous ). the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician . however , the dose employed will depend on a number of factors , including the age and sex of the patient , the precise disorder being treated , and its severity . also , the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity . the parabens are added to a major portion of the water and are dissolved therein by stirring and heating to 65 ° c . the resulting solution is cooled to room temperature and the remainder of the ingredients are added and dissolved . the balance of the water to make up the required volume is then added and the solution sterilized by filtration . the sterile vehicle thus prepared is then mixed with 3 gm of b 1 - bk inhibitor of the invention ( e . g . compound 10 ), which has been previously reduced to a particle size less than about 10 microns and sterilized with ethylene oxide gas . this mixture may then be mixed , optionally , with 5 gm of an antiinflammatory ( e . g . hydrocortisone ), which has been previously reduced to a particle size less than about 10 microns and sterilized with ethylene oxide gas . the mixture is passed through a sterilized colloid mill and filled under aseptic conditions into sterile containers which are then sealed . the cortisone and b 1 - bk antagonist 10 are ball - milled with a little mineral oil to a particle size of less than 5 microns . the water is heated to boiling , the chlorocresol added and the solution then cooled to 65 ° c . then the petrolatum , cetostearyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol ether are mixed together while heating to 65 ° c . the milled steroid suspension is then added to the melt rinsing the container with mineral oil . the active ingredient oily phase thus prepared is added at 60 ° c . to the chlorocresol aqueous phase at 65 ° c . the mixture is stirred rapidly while cooling past the gelling point ( 40 °- 45 ° c .) and the stirring is continued at a speed sufficiently slow to permit the cream to set . the water - washable cream may be used in the treatment of dermatoses using either the open ( without occlusion ) or occlusive method of drug application . example 3 heat the propylene glycol to 55 ° c . add hydrocortisone acetate , compound 10 , and chloroxine and mix well . add the remaining ingredients and mix until melted . remove from heat and mix slowly until cooled to 45 ° c ., then homogenize . compound 10 , precipitated calcium carbonate , corn starch , lactose and hydroxypropylcellulose are mixed together , water is added , and the mixture is kneaded , then dried in vacuum at 40 ° c . for 16 hours , ground in a mortar and passed through a 16 - mesh sieve to give granules . to this is added magnesium stearate and the resultant mixture is made up into tablets each weighing 200 mg on a rotary tableting machine . | 2 |
in the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention , reference is made to the accompanied drawings , which form a part hereof , and which is shown by way of illustration , specific exemplary embodiments of which the invention may be practiced . these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention , and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized , and other changes may be made , without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention . the following detailed description is , therefore , not to be taken in a limiting sense , and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims . throughout the specification , and in the claims , the term “ connected ” means a direct electrical connection between the things that are connected , without any intermediary devices . the term “ coupled ” means either a direct electrical connection between the things that are connected , or an indirect connection through one or more passive or active intermediary devices . the term “ circuit ” means one or more passive and / or active components that are arranged to cooperate with one another to provide a desired function . the term “ signal ” means at least one current signal , voltage signal or data signal . the meaning of “ a ”, “ an ”, and “ the ” include plural references . the meaning of “ in ” includes “ in ” and “ on ”. the present invention generally relates to a voltage converter - regulator for boosting and regulating an supply voltage . the regulated output voltage of the voltage converter - regulator may then be used with subsystems that require high supply voltages . the voltage converter - regulator has improved efficiency when used in conjunction with a battery cell . the voltage converter - regulator minimizes the use of additional circuitry for controlling a high voltage condition when the battery cell is fully charged . for example , a typical supply voltage from a battery cell is in a range of 2 . . . 4 . 2v . the range depends on whether the battery cell is fully charged . if a subsystem requires a supply voltage 12v , then the supply voltage is boosted to supply the 12v . in previous configurations , × 6 voltage multiplier may be used to produce at least a 12v supply voltage for the range of supply voltages . the × 6 multiplier delivers 12 . . . 25 . 2v depending on the charge level of the battery cell . a linear regulator may then used to limit the output voltage to 12v for the full range of supply voltages . however , this results in 15 . 2v drop in the voltage when the battery cell is fully charged . effectiveness of the configuration in this example is therefore ( 12 / 25 . 2 ) 100 = 47 . 6 %. in addition , the circuitry involved in boosting and regulating the signal is required to handle high voltages of approximately 25 . 2v . in the present invention , the supply voltage ( vdd ) is boosted to an output voltage ( vout ) that has a voltage level corresponding to a reference voltage ( vref ). the supply voltage ( vdd ) is boosted until it is clamped to a target voltage level , minimizing the circuitry needed for high voltage conditions . the output voltage ( vout ) is then regulated at the target voltage , where the target voltage represents the desired supply voltage of a given subsystem . fig1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary voltage converter - regulator circuit in accordance with the present invention . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 100 ) includes a control circuit ( 102 ), a voltage multiplier circuit ( 104 ), and a feedback circuit ( 120 ). the feedback circuit ( 120 ) includes a load circuit ( 106 ), a comparator circuit ( 108 ), and a voltage reference circuit ( 110 ). the control circuit ( 102 ) produces a control signal ( ctl ) at node n 1 in response to an supply voltage ( vdd ), a clock signal ( clk ), and a feedback signal ( fdb ). the voltage multiplier circuit ( 104 ) produces the output voltage ( vout ) at node n 2 and an optional sense signal ( sns 2 ) at node n 3 in response to the supply voltage ( vdd ) and the control signal ( ctl ). the load circuit ( 106 ) produces an output sense signal ( sns 1 ) in response to the output voltage ( vout ). the voltage reference circuit ( 110 ) produces a voltage reference signal ( vref ) at node n 6 . the comparator circuit ( 108 ) produces the feedback signal at node n 5 in response to the reference signal ( vref ) and the either an output sense signal ( sns 1 ) or the optional sense signal ( sns 2 ). in operation , the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 100 ) produces an output voltage ( vout ) that corresponds to the reference voltage ( vref ). the output voltage ( vout ) may correspond to the reference voltage ( vref ) through a multiplication factor “ n ”, or another relationship . also , the output voltage ( vout ) may be calculated from either the output sense signal ( sns 1 ) or the optional sense signal ( sns 2 ). the output sense signal ( sns 1 ) or the optional sense signal ( sns 2 ) indicates that the level of the output voltage ( vout ). a comparison of the output sense signal ( sns 1 ) or the optional sense signal ( sns 2 ) to the voltage reference signal ( vref ) also indicates the level of the output voltage ( vout ) in comparison to its target voltage . ( i . e ., vref = sns 1 , or vref = sns 2 , then vout = target voltage ) therefore , the feedback signal ( fdb ) indicates whether the output voltage ( vout ) is substantially equal to its target voltage . the voltage multiplier circuit ( 104 ) boosts the output voltage ( vout ) to reach its target voltage depending on the potential of the feedback signal ( fdb ). when the feedback signal ( fdb ) indicates that the output voltage ( vout ) is below its target voltage , the control circuit ( 102 ) actuates the voltage multiplier circuit ( 104 ). when actuated , the voltage multiplier circuit ( 104 ) begins to increase the output voltage ( vout ) at the next pulse of the clock signal ( clk ) until it reaches its target voltage . the occurrence of the output voltage ( vout ) reaching its target voltage is reflected in the potential of the feedback signal ( fdb ). when the output voltage ( vout ) reaches its target voltage , the control circuit ( 102 ) interrupts the voltage multiplier circuit ( 104 ) from continuing to increase the output voltage ( vout ) at the next clock pulse . therefore , the output voltage ( vout ) is clamped to a target voltage and avoids a high voltage condition . fig2 is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment for the exemplary voltage converter - regulator circuit in accordance with the present invention . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 200 ) includes a flip - flop circuit ( 210 ), a comparator circuit ( cmp ), a load circuit represented by a resistor ( r 1 ), a multiplier circuit ( 220 ), and a voltage reference circuit ( vr ). the multiplier circuit ( 220 ) includes seven switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) and four capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ). a power supply circuit ( ps ) represented by a voltage source , is also included in fig2 . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 200 ) operates similarly to the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 100 ) shown in fig1 . the power supply circuit ( ps ) produces a supply voltage ( vdd ) at node n 1 . in the present embodiment , the seven switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) control the connection of the four capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) in response to a control signal ( fc ). switch circuits s 1 , s 3 , s 5 , s 7 change the connection of each capacitance circuit ( c 1 - c 4 ) between being coupled to node n 1 and another node ( n 2 - n 5 ) respectively . switch circuits s 2 , s 4 , s 6 also change the connection of capacitance circuits c 2 - c 4 between being coupled to a ground terminal ( gnd ) and another node ( n 2 - n 4 ) respectively . the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) are in one of two possible positions : position 1 during a first interval and position 2 during a second interval . when the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) are in position 1 , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) are coupled in parallel between node n 1 and the ground terminal ( gnd ). each capacitance circuit ( c 1 - c 4 ) charges exponentially at a rate dependent upon the size of the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) and the type of power supply circuit ( ps ) used . a non - inverting input of the comparator circuit ( cmp ) is coupled to node n 6 . the comparator circuit ( cmp ) also includes an inverting input that is coupled to the voltage reference circuit ( vr ) and an output coupled to a clear input of the flip - flop circuit ( 210 ). the comparator circuit ( cmp ) compares the voltage level at node n 6 with a reference voltage ( vref ) produced by the voltage reference circuit ( vr ). the comparator circuit ( cmp ) produces a clear signal when the charge on the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) reaches a voltage level corresponding to the reference voltage ( vref ). the flip - flop circuit ( 210 ) receives the clear signal at a clear input . the flip - flop circuit ( 210 ) includes the clear input , a d input , a clock input , and two outputs ( q , q ′). the d input is coupled to node n 1 . the flip - flop circuit ( 210 ) produces the control signal ( fc ) with a high logic level ( logic “ 1 ”) at the q ′ output in response to the clear signal at the next rising clock edge of the clock signal ( clk ). the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) switch from position 1 to position 2 in response to the control signal ( fc ). when the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) are in position 2 , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) are coupled in series between the ground terminal ( gnd ) and node n 5 . when series - connected , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) produce a boosted output voltage ( vout ) across the resistor ( r 1 ). the output voltage ( vout ) rises according a slope to reach an asymptotic voltage level that is approximately equal four - times the supply voltage ( vdd ). however , in the present embodiment , the output voltage ( vout ) is clamped to a voltage level that is approximately equal to four - times the reference voltage ( vref ). the output voltage ( vout ) in the present embodiment is dependent upon the load . therefore , output voltage ( vout ) is equal to four - times the reference voltage when the output current is approximately zero . in another embodiment , a greater or fewer number of capacitance circuits may be used . at the next clock edge of the clock signal ( clk ), the flip - flop circuit ( 210 ) changes states , flipping the control signal ( fc ) from a high logic level ( logic “ 1 ”) to a low logic level ( logic “ 0 ”). when the control signal is at low logic level , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) are connected in parallel and are charged by the power supply circuit ( ps ). the switching process repeats such that the output voltage ( vout ) is substantially clamped to a predetermined voltage level based upon a multiple of the reference voltage . fig3 is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment for the exemplary voltage converter - regulator circuit in accordance with the present invention . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 300 ) includes a logic circuit ( 310 ), a comparator circuit ( cmp ), a load circuit represented by two resistors ( r 1 , r 2 ), seven a multiplier circuit ( 320 ), and a voltage reference circuit ( vr ). the multiplier circuit ( 320 ) includes seven switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) and four capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ). a power supply circuit ( ps ) represented by a voltage source , is also included in fig3 . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 300 ) operates similarly to the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 100 ) shown in fig1 . the power supply circuit ( ps ) produces a supply voltage at node n 1 . in the present embodiment , the seven switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) control the connection of the four capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) in response to a control signal ( fc ). switch circuits s 1 , s 3 , s 5 , s 7 change the connection of each capacitance circuit ( c 1 - c 4 ) between being coupled to node n 1 and another node ( n 2 - n 5 ) respectively . switch circuits s 2 , s 4 , s 6 also change the connection of capacitance circuits c 2 - c 4 between being coupled to a ground terminal ( gnd ) and another node ( n 2 - n 4 ) respectively . the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) are in one of two possible positions : position 1 and position 2 . when the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) are in position 1 , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) are coupled in parallel between node n 1 and the ground terminal ( gnd ). each capacitance circuit ( c 1 - c 4 ) charges exponentially at a rate dependent upon the size of the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) and the type of power supply circuit ( ps ) used . a non - inverting input of the comparator circuit ( cmp ) is coupled to node n 6 . the comparator circuit ( cmp ) also includes an inverting input that is coupled to the voltage reference circuit ( vr ) and an output coupled to a first input of the logic circuit ( 310 ). the comparator circuit ( cmp ) compares the voltage level at node n 6 with a reference voltage ( vref ) produced by the voltage reference circuit ( vr ). the comparator circuit ( cmp ) produces feedback signal when output voltage reaches a predetermined voltage level corresponding to the reference voltage ( vref ). the logic circuit ( 310 ) receives the feedback signal at the first input . the logic circuit ( 310 ) includes the first input , a second input , and an output . the second input receives a clock signal ( clk ) from a clock signal generator ( not shown ). the logic circuit ( 310 ) produces the control signal ( fc ) with a high logic level ( logic “ 1 ”) at the q ′ output in response to the clear signal at the next rising clock edge of the clock signal ( clk ). the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) switch from position 1 to position 2 in response to the control signal ( fc ). when the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) are in position 2 , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) are coupled in series between the ground terminal ( gnd ) and node n 5 . when series - connected , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) produce a boosted output voltage ( vout ) across the load circuit ( rl ). the output voltage ( vout ) rises according a slope to reach an asymptotic voltage level that is approximately equal four - times the supply voltage ( vdd ). however , in the present embodiment , the output voltage ( vout ) is clamped to a voltage level that corresponds to the reference voltage ( vref ). in this embodiment , the output voltage ( vout ) of the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 300 ) equals to vref ·( r 1 + r 2 )/ r 2 . in another embodiment , another configuration may be used such that the output voltage ( vout ) corresponds to the reference voltage ( vref ) according to another relationship . when the output voltage ( vout ) decreases below the predetermined voltage level , the logic circuit ( 310 ) flips the control signal ( fc ) from a high logic level ( logic “ 1 ”) to a low logic level ( logic “ 0 ”). when the control signal is at low logic level , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ) are connected in parallel and are charged by the power supply circuit ( ps ). the switching process repeats such that the output voltage ( vout ) is substantially clamped to a predetermined voltage level based upon a multiple of the reference voltage . in this embodiment , the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 300 ) controls the clock pulse width . the clock pulse width is dependent on the output voltage ( vout ), wherein the output voltage operates as a control signal . the advantage of the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 300 ) is that it provides a stable output voltage ( vout ) for certain range of output load current . in another embodiment , a switched capacitor voltage divider may be used instead of resistors r 1 and r 2 along with a clocked synchronous comparator to provide additional effectiveness . in yet another embodiment , control may be implemented by skipping clock pulses instead of pulse width modulation for better noise tolerance . in this embodiment the logic circuit ( 310 ) is illustrated as a nor gate . in another embodiment , a different logic circuit or combination of logic circuits may be used without departing from the purpose of the present invention . fig4 is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment for the exemplary voltage converter - regulator circuit in accordance with the present invention . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 400 ) includes an oscillator circuit ( 410 ), a comparator circuit ( cmp ), a load circuit represented by two resistors ( r 1 , r 2 ), a multiplier circuit ( 420 ), and a voltage reference circuit ( vr ). the multiplier circuit ( 420 ) includes seven switch circuits ( s 1 - s 7 ) and four capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 4 ). a power supply circuit ( ps ) represented by a voltage source , is also included in fig4 . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 400 ) operates similarly to the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 300 ) shown in fig3 . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 400 ) includes a controlled oscillator circuit ( 410 ) in place of the logic circuit ( 310 ) shown in fig3 . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 400 ) has a high efficiency and fast dynamic response to load current changes . the fast dynamic response results in a low output voltage ripple . clock pulses used in other embodiments that require a clock signal are skipped when load current is low and the output voltage ( vout ) decreases slowly in the present embodiment . the skipped pulses result in a low switching frequency and low circuit power consumption . the lower frequency and power consumption result in a high efficiency . the oscillator circuit ( 410 ) frequency may be selected at a maximum frequency according to the capacitors used and the switch resistance associated with each switch circuit ( s 1 - s 7 ) for better dynamic performance of the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 400 ). in addition , the oscillator circuit ( 410 ) operates to track the frequency of power supply circuit ( ps ) and the ambient temperature , extending the operation of the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 400 ). fig5 is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment for the exemplary voltage converter - regulator circuit in accordance with the present invention . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) includes an adc / logic circuit ( 510 ), a comparator circuit ( cmp ), a load circuit represented by two resistors ( r 1 , r 2 ), two multiplier circuits ( 520 , 530 ), four switch circuits ( s 16 - s 19 ), a voltage reference circuit ( vr ), a resistance circuit ( r ideal ), and capacitance circuit ( c ideal ). the multiplier circuits ( 520 , 530 ) include fifteen switch circuits ( s 1 - s 15 ) and eight capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 8 ). the power supply circuit ( ps ) is coupled between a power supply node ( n 1 ) and a ground terminal ( gnd ). the resistance circuit ( r ideal ) is coupled between the power supply node ( n 1 ) and node nx . the capacitance circuit ( c ideal ) is coupled between node nx and a ground terminal ( gnd ). in multiplier circuit 520 , capacitance circuits c 1 - c 4 of are coupled between the ground terminal ( gnd ) and the power supply node ( n 1 ) when switch circuits s 1 - s 7 are in a first position , hereinafter referred to as position 1 . capacitance circuits c 1 - c 4 are coupled between the ground terminal ( gnd ), node n 2 , node n 3 , node n 4 , and node n 9 respectively ( i . e ., capacitance circuit c 2 is coupled between node n 2 and node n 3 ) when switch circuits s 1 - s 7 are in a second position , hereinafter referred to as position 2 . in multiplier circuit 530 , capacitance circuits c 5 - c 8 of are coupled between the ground terminal ( gnd ) and the power supply node ( n 1 ) when switch circuits s 8 - s 15 are in position 1 . capacitance circuits c 5 - c 8 are coupled between node n 9 , node n 10 , node n 11 , node n 12 , and node n 5 respectively ( i . e ., capacitance circuit c 7 is coupled between node n 11 and node n 12 ) when switch circuits s 1 - s 7 are in position 2 . switch circuits s 16 - s 18 are coupled between node n 5 and nodes n 1 n 12 respectively . switch circuit s 19 is coupled between the power supply node ( n 1 ) and node n 5 . resistor r 1 is coupled between node n 5 and node n 6 . resistor r 2 is coupled between node n 6 and the ground terminal ( gnd ). the comparator circuit ( cmp ) includes a non - inverting input coupled to node n 6 , an inverting input coupled to the voltage reference circuit ( vr ), and an output coupled to node n 7 . the adc / logic circuit ( 510 ) includes a first input ( p 1 ) coupled to node nx , a second input ( p 2 ) that is coupled to the power supply node ( n 1 ), a third input ( p 3 ) that is coupled to node n 8 , and a fourth input ( p 4 ) that is coupled to node n 7 . the adc / logic circuit ( 510 ) includes three outputs ( s 1 - s 4 ) that control the positions of the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 19 ). the adc / logic circuit ( 510 ) is described in greater detail in fig6 . the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) operates similarly to the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 300 ) shown in fig3 . however , voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) includes a second multiplier circuit 530 . the power supply circuit ( ps ) produces a supply voltage ( vdd ) at node n 1 . switch circuits s 1 - s 15 switch between a first position , position 1 , and a second position , position 2 . switch circuits s 16 - s 19 are either open or closed . switch circuits s 1 - s 7 are actuated in response to a first control signal ( fc ). switch circuits s 8 - s 15 are actuated in response to control signals sf & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ;. switch circuits s 8 and s 9 are actuated in response to control signal sf & lt ; 0 & gt ;. switch circuits s 10 and s 11 are actuated in response to control signal sf & lt ; 1 & gt ;. switch circuits s 12 and s 13 are actuated in response to control signal sf & lt ; 2 & gt ;. switch circuits s 14 and s 15 are actuated in response to control signal sf & lt ; 3 & gt ;. switch circuits s 16 - s 19 are actuated in response to control signals sl & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ;. switch circuit 16 is actuated in response to control signal sl & lt ; 1 & gt ;. switch circuit 17 is actuated in response to control signal sl & lt ; 2 & gt ;. switch circuit 18 is actuated in response to control signal sl & lt ; 3 & gt ;. switch circuit 19 is actuated in response to control signal sl & lt ; 0 & gt ;. the control signals ( fc , sl & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ;, sf & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ;) are produced by the adc / logic circuit ( 510 ) in response to a reset signal ( rsb ) that is provided at node nx , a supply signal ( vdd ) that is provided at node n 1 , a clock signal ( clk ) produced at node n 8 , and a feedback signal ( fdb ) that is provided at node n 7 . the supply voltage ( vdd ) is produced by the power supply circuit ( ps ). the clock signal ( clk ) is produced by a clock signal generator ( not shown ). the feedback signal ( fdb ) is produced by the comparator circuit ( cmp ) in response to a comparison of a sense signal ( sns 1 ) to a reference signal ( vref ). the sense signal ( sns 1 ) is a voltage level that corresponds to a measurement of the output voltage ( vout ) of the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ). the reference signal ( vref ) is produced by the voltage reference circuit ( vr ). when switch circuits s 1 - s 15 are in position 1 , the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 8 ) are coupled in parallel between the power supply node ( n 1 ) and the ground terminal ( gnd ). switch circuits s 1 - s 15 remain in position 1 until the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 8 ) charge to a predetermined voltage level . once the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 8 ) are charged to the predetermined voltage level , a select number of the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 19 ) may be actuated to produce a predetermined output voltage ( vout ) across the load circuit ( r 1 , r 2 ). in one embodiment , the power supply circuit ( ps ) is a battery cell that produces different supply voltage ( vdd ) levels depending upon the level of charge present in the battery cell . for instance , the supply voltage ( vdd ) may be at a low voltage level when the battery cell is substantially discharged and a high voltage level when the battery cell is substantially charged . for example , the supply voltage ( vdd ) may range from 2v to 4v , or over some other range of voltages associated with battery cells . the present embodiment compensates for the degradation of the supply voltage ( vdd ) by multiplying the supply voltages by a range of multiplication factors ( n ). for supply voltages in the range from 2v to 4v , the following exemplary table ( table 1 ) illustrates the affect of changing the multiplication factor on the output voltage ( vout ). from exemplary table 1 , it can be observed that the output voltage ( vout ) does not reach a voltage level beyond 20v . the present invention operates to avoid a high voltage condition by limiting the output voltage ( vout ) to lower voltages . the multiplication factor ( n ) changes in response to a change in the supply voltage ( vdd ) to maintain a predetermined voltage level for the output voltage ( vout ). the multiplication factor ( n ) is dependent on the number and size of the capacitance circuits ( c 1 - c 8 ) that are coupled together in series when the capacitance circuits are discharged to the load circuit ( r 1 , r 2 ). the first multiplier circuit ( 520 ) of the voltage converter - regulator ( 500 ) multiplies the supply voltage ( vdd ) by a multiplication factor of 4 when capacitance circuits c 1 - c 4 are coupled together in series . each additional capacitance circuit ( c 5 - c 8 ) that is coupled in series with capacitance circuits c 1 - c 4 of the second multiplier circuit ( 530 ) increases the multiplication factor ( n ) by 1 . the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 19 ) are selectively actuated to either include or exclude the capacitance circuits ( c 5 - c 8 ) of the second multiplier circuit ( 530 ). in a first example , the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) is configured to multiply the supply voltage ( vdd ) by a multiplication factor of 4 . for this example , switch circuits s 16 - s 18 are open , switch circuit s 19 is closed , and switch circuits s 1 - s 7 are switched from position 1 to position 2 in response to the clock signal ( clk ) ( i . e ., at the next rising edge ). switch circuits s 8 - s 15 are maintained in position 1 . when switch circuits are switched from position 1 to position 2 , the sum of the voltage levels for capacitance circuits c 1 - c 4 may be observed across the resistors r 1 and r 2 . with equal - sized and sufficiently large capacitance circuits c 1 - c 4 , the output voltage ( vout ) across resistors r 1 and r 2 is proportional to four times the supply voltage ( vdd ). in a second example , the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) is configured to multiply the supply voltage ( vdd ) by a multiplication factor of 5 . for this example , switch circuit s 16 is closed , switch circuits s 17 - s 19 are open , and switch circuits s 1 - s 9 are switched from position 1 to position 2 in response to the clock signal ( clk ). switch circuits s 10 - s 15 are maintained in position 1 . when switch circuits s 1 - s 9 are switched from position 1 to position 2 , the sum of the voltage levels for capacitance circuits c 1 - c 5 may be observed across the resistors r 1 and r 2 . in a third example , the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) is configured to multiply the supply voltage ( vdd ) by a multiplication factor of 6 . for this example , switch circuit s 17 is closed , switch circuits s 16 , s 18 , and s 19 are open , and switch circuits s 1 - s 11 are switched from position 1 to position 2 in response to the clock signal ( clk ). switch circuits s 12 - s 15 are maintained in position 1 . when switch circuits s 1 - s 1 are switched from position 1 to position 2 , the sum of the voltage levels for capacitance circuits c 1 - c 6 may be observed across the resistors r 1 and r 2 . in a fourth example , the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) is configured to multiply the supply voltage ( vdd ) by a multiplication factor of 7 . for this example , switch circuit s 18 is closed , switch circuits s 16 , s 17 , and s 19 are open , and switch circuits s 1 - s 13 are switched from position 1 to position 2 in response to the clock signal ( clk ). switch circuits s 14 and s 15 are maintained in position 1 . when switch circuits s 1 - s 13 are switched from position 1 to position 2 , the sum of the voltage levels for capacitance circuits c 1 - c 7 may be observed across the resistors r 1 and r 2 . in a fifth example , the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) is configured to multiply the supply voltage ( vdd ) by a multiplication factor of 8 . for this example , switch circuits s 16 - s 19 are open , and switch circuits s 1 - s 15 are switched from position 1 to position 2 in response to the clock signal ( clk ). when switch circuits s 1 - s 15 are switched from position 1 to position 2 , the sum of the voltage levels for capacitance circuits c 1 - c 4 may be observed across the resistors r 1 and r 2 . in other embodiments , an increased or decreased number of multiplier circuits or capacitance circuits may be used to increase or decrease the multiplication factor ( n ) available to the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ). fig6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary logic circuit for the voltage converter - regulator circuit shown in fig5 . the logic circuit ( 510 ) includes five resistance circuits ( r 1 - r 5 ), four switch circuits ( s 1 - s 4 ), a comparator circuit ( 602 ), a voltage reference circuit ( vr 2 ), a buffer circuit ( 604 ), five flip - flop circuits ( 606 , 608 , 610 , 612 , 624 ), a clock generation circuit ( 614 ), five inverter circuits ( 622 , 640 a - d ), four and logic circuits ( 626 , 628 a - c ), and three xor logic circuits ( 630 a - c ). the resistance circuits ( r 1 - r 5 ) are coupled in a resistance ladder separated by nodes ( n 1 - n 5 ), or voltage tap points . resistance circuit r 1 is coupled between node n 1 and node n 2 . resistance circuit r 2 is coupled between node n 2 and node n 3 . resistance circuit r 3 is coupled between node n 3 and node n 4 . resistance circuit r 4 is coupled between node n 4 and node n 5 . resistance circuit r 5 is coupled between node n 5 and a ground terminal ( gnd ). the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 4 ) are coupled between node n 6 nodes n 2 - n 5 respectively . the comparator circuit ( 602 ) includes a non - inverting input that is coupled to node n 6 , an inverting input that is coupled to node n 7 , and an output that is coupled to node n 8 . the voltage reference circuit ( vr 2 ) is coupled between node n 7 and the ground terminal ( gnd ). the clock generation circuit ( 614 ) includes a first input ( p 1 ) that is coupled to node n 8 , a second input ( p 2 ) that is coupled to the clock signal ( clk ) that is illustrated in fig5 and an output ( s 1 ) that is coupled to node n 9 . the buffer circuit ( 604 ) is coupled between node n 10 and the reset signal ( rsb ) that is illustrated in fig5 . in this embodiment , flip - flop circuits 606 , 608 , 610 , and 612 are bi - directional flip - flops circuits . flip - flop circuit 606 includes a first input ( rsb ) that is coupled to node n 10 , a second input ( il ) that is coupled to the power supply node ( vdd ), a third input ( ir ) that is coupled to node n 12 , a fourth input ( dr ) that is coupled to node n 8 , a fifth input ( clk ) that is coupled to node n 9 , a first output ( lou ) that is coupled to node n 11 , and a second output ( rou ). flip - flop circuit 608 includes a first input ( rsb ) that is coupled to node n 10 , a second input ( il ) that is coupled to node n 11 , a third input ( ir ) that is coupled to node n 14 , a fourth input ( dr ) that is coupled to node n 8 , a fifth input ( clk ) that is coupled to node n 9 , a first output ( lou ) that is coupled to node n 13 , and a second output ( rou ) that is coupled to node n 12 . flip - flop circuit 610 includes a first input ( rsb ) that is coupled to node n 10 , a second input ( il ) that is coupled to node n 13 , a third input ( ir ) that is coupled to node n 16 , a fourth input ( dr ) that is coupled to node n 8 , a fifth input ( clk ) that is coupled to node n 9 , a first output ( lou ) that is coupled to node n 15 , and a second output ( rou ) that is coupled to node n 14 . flip - flop circuit 612 includes a first input ( rsb ) that is coupled to node n 10 , a second input ( il ) that is coupled to node n 15 , a third input ( ir ) that is coupled to the ground terminal ( gnd ), a fourth input ( dr ) that is coupled to node n 8 , a fifth input ( clk ) that is coupled to node n 9 , a first output ( lou ) that is coupled to node n 17 , and a second output ( rou ) that is coupled to node n 16 . inverter circuit 622 is coupled between node n 17 and the clock signal ( clk ) that is illustrated in fig5 . flip - flop circuit 624 includes a first input ( d ) that is coupled to the feedback signal ( fdb ) that is illustrated in fig5 a second input that is coupled to node n 17 , a first output ( q ), and a second output ( q ′) that is coupled to node n 18 . and logic circuit 626 includes a first input that is coupled to the clock signal ( clk ) that is illustrated in fig5 a second input that is coupled to node n 18 , and an output that is coupled to node n 19 . and logic circuits 628 a - c each include a first input that is coupled to a corresponding one of signals rg & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; respectively , a second input that is couple to node n 19 , and an output that corresponds to signals sf & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; that are illustrated in fig5 . xor logic circuits 630 a - c each include a first input that is coupled to signals rg & lt ; 3 : 2 & gt ; respectively , a second input that is coupled to a corresponding one of signals rg & lt ; 2 : 1 & gt ; respectively , and an output that corresponds to one of signals slm & lt ; 2 : 1 & gt ;. inverter circuits 640 a - d each include an input that is coupled to a corresponding one of signals rg & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; and an output that corresponds to one of signals sl & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; that are illustrated in fig5 . in operation , the resistance circuits ( r 1 - r 5 ) form a voltage divider with multiple tap points . each voltage tap point corresponds to a particular potential related to the supply voltage ( vdd ). a potential is provided at node n 6 when one or more of the switch circuits ( s 1 - s 4 ) are closed . switch circuits s 1 - s 4 are actuated in response to signals rg & lt ; 3 & gt ;, slm & lt ; 2 & gt ;, slm & lt ; 1 & gt ;, and sl & lt ; 1 & gt ; respectively . the comparator circuit ( 602 ) produces a comparison signal ( cmp ) in response to the comparison of the potential at node n 6 to the reference voltage ( vref 2 ). vref 2 is produced by the reference voltage circuit ( vr 2 ). the clock generation circuit ( 614 ) is arranged to produce a clock pulse signal ( cpl ) in response to the comparison signal ( cmp ) and the clock signal ( clk ) that is illustrated in fig5 . flip - flop circuits 606 , 608 , 610 , and 612 are arranged to operate as a shift register . signal rsb operates as a reset signal for the shift register during power - up . the reset signal ( rsb ) ensures that the shift register remains in a reset state until a voltage determined by capacitance circuit c ideal is reached . as the clock pulse signal ( cpl ) is applied to each flip - flop circuit ( 606 , 608 , 610 , 612 ), a low logic level ( logic “ 0 ”) is shifted to the left or to the right in the shift register . the left input port ( il ) of the first flip - flop circuit ( 606 ) is coupled to the supply signal ( vdd ) such that a logic “ 0 ” is shifted from the right to the left when the clock pulse signal ( cpl ) is applied to the shift register . the right input port ( ir ) of the last flip - flop circuit ( 612 ) is coupled to the ground terminal ( gnd ) such that the logic “ 0 ” may be shifted back from the left to the right when the clock pulse signal ( cpl ) is applied to the shift register . the comparison signal ( cmp ) is applied to an input port ( dr ) of each flip - flop circuit ( 606 , 608 , 610 , 612 ). the shifting direction ( right or left ) of the shift register is determined by the comparison signal . the source voltage ( vdd ) may decrease over time due to voltage drain . a voltage drain may occur when the power source is a battery cell or some other voltage storing device . for example , the source voltage ( vdd ) may reach a potential ( e . g ., 3 . 9v ) that indicates the source voltage ( vdd ) is decreasing below its original potential ( e . g ., 4v ). in the present embodiment , switch circuit s 4 is closed when the source voltage ( vdd ) has decreased slightly below its original potential . when the source voltage ( vdd ) further decreases ( e . g ., to 3 . 2v ), the potential at node n 6 decreases . the comparator circuit ( 602 ) detects when the potential at node n 6 decreases below reference voltage vref 2 . the comparison signal ( cmp ) transitions to a low logic level when the potential at node n 6 decreases to a potential less than reference voltage vref 2 . the shift register pushes a low logic level to the right in response to the low logic level of the comparison signal ( cmp ) in response to the clock pulse signal ( cpl ) ( i . e ., at the next rising edge ). as previously stated , switch s 4 is closed , therefore control signal sl & lt ; 1 & gt ; is a high logic level . control signal rg & lt ; 1 & gt ; is the inverse of control signal sl & lt ; 1 & gt ; and is therefore a low logic level . correspondingly , the potential at node n 13 is a low logic level . control signal rg & lt ; 2 & gt ; transitions to a low logic level in response to a right directional push of the low logic level at node n 13 in the shift register . as stated previously , inverter circuits 640 a - d inverting control signals rg & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; to produce control signals sl & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ;. control signal sl & lt ; 2 & gt ; is a high logic level and control signals sl & lt ; 0 & gt ;, sl & lt ; 1 & gt ;, and sl & lt ; 2 & gt ; are low logic levels in response to inverting signals rg & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ;. switch circuit s 17 closes in response to sl & lt ; 2 & gt ; and switch circuits s 16 , s 18 , and s 19 are open . in the present embodiment , a multiplication factor of 6 results when switch circuit s 17 is closed . the multiplication factor compensates for the decrease in the source voltage as described above . further , xor logic circuits 630 a - c produce control signals slm & lt ; 2 : 1 & gt ; in response to control signals rg & lt ; 3 : 2 & gt ; and control signals rg & lt ; 2 : 1 & gt ; respectively . signal slm & lt ; 1 & gt ; actuates switch circuit s 3 , while signal slm & lt ; 2 & gt ; actuates switch circuit s 2 . in the example provided , rg & lt ; 0 & gt ;, rg & lt ; 1 & gt ;, and rg & lt ; 3 & gt ; are low logic levels and rg & lt ; 2 & gt ; is a high logic level , resulting in slm & lt ; 1 & gt ; being a high logic level . accordingly , switch circuit s 3 is actuated , changing the potential at node n 6 to correspond to the reference voltage ( vref 2 ) given the change in the supply voltage ( vdd ). switch circuits s 1 - s 4 may be actuated to regulate the potential at node n 6 as the supply voltage ( vdd ) decreases . the multiplier may be adjusted as the supply voltage ( vdd ) changes when the potential at node n 6 changes in response to the next decrease in the supply voltage . flip - flop circuit 624 produces an output ( q ′) in response to the feedback signal ( fdb ) and the inverse of the clock signal ( clk ). the clock signal ( clk ) is inverted by inverter 622 . when the feedback signal ( fdb ) is at a high logic level , the q ′ output is a low logic level . the q ′ output is a high logic level when the feedback signal ( fdb ) is at a low logic level . the feedback signal ( fdb ) corresponds to the output voltage of the voltage converter - regulator circuit ( 500 ) shown in fig5 . for example , the feedback signal ( fdb ) is a low logic level ( logic “ 0 ”) when the sense signal ( sns 1 ) is less than reference voltage vref shown in fig5 . the q ′ output of flip - flop circuit 624 is set to a high logic level at the next rising edge of the inverse of the clock signal ( clk ) in response to the low logic level of the feedback signal ( fdb ). control signal fc is produced by and logic circuit 626 in response to the q ′ output and the clock signal ( clk ). the control signal ( fc ) actuates switch circuits s 1 - s 7 shown in fig5 as described above . control signals sf & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; are produced by and logic circuits 628 a - c in response to signals rg & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; respectively and control signal fc . control signals sf & lt ; 3 : 0 & gt ; actuate switches s 8 - s 14 that are illustrated in fig5 as described above . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended . | 7 |
one exemplary embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in fig1 and 2 . this exemplary embodiment is a hand - held rfid reader assembly 20 that can be carried by a person and used to identify goods and / or retrieve information relating to the goods . for example , hand - held rfid reader assembly 20 can be carried about a warehouse and used to locate goods that are to be shipped out . with particular respect to fig1 , hand - held rfid reader assembly 20 can comprise a reader 21 having a handle 23 extending downwardly therefrom . an imaging device 22 can be formed to reader 21 such it that images scenes in the direction that the hand - held rfid reader assembly 20 is pointing . a display 24 can be formed to the body such that it is readily viewable by a person holding hand - held rfid reader 20 . imaging device 22 can be an electronic imaging device , such as a ccd imager . imaging device 22 provides an output to display 24 . imaging device 22 and display 24 cooperate to define an aiming device for hand - held rfid reader 20 . thus , by viewing display 24 , a user can determine what item reader 21 is pointed toward . it is the rfid tag of this item that reader 21 is most likely to read . imaging device 22 can alternatively be an all - optical ( non - electronic ) imaging device . for example , imaging device 22 can be similar to an optical viewfinder device of a film camera . with particular reference to fig2 , display 24 optionally comprises indicia formed thereon to facilitate more accurate aiming of reader 21 . for example , display 24 can comprise crosshairs 25 and / or circular bulls eye target which is comprised of concentric circles 26 and 27 . optionally , the indicia can comprise a gradient , such that display 24 becomes either lighter or darker from the center to the outer edges thereof . for example , a dark dot can be formed at the center of the display ( such as between cross hairs 25 ). the dot can define the center of a gradient that becomes lighter as the gradient is further from the dot . in each instance , the indicia are used to aim hand - held rfid reader assembly 20 by helping the user to center the desired rfid tag to be read in display 24 . thus , cross - hairs 25 may be placed over the rfid tag and / or the rfid tag may be positioned within inner circle 27 . such aiming of reader 21 helps to assure that hand - held rfid reader assembly 20 is pointed at the desired item and thus tends to mitigate the likelihood of obtaining a reading from a nearby rfid tag . optionally , a range finder 28 ( fig1 ) can be used to determine the range from imaging device 22 to the rfid tag to be read . range finder 28 facilitates the use of indicia that better indicate the likelihood that a desired rfid tag will be read and that nearby rfid tags will not be read . for example , range finder 28 can be configured to cooperate with display 24 such that indicia formed thereon delineate a predetermined threshold of the output power of the excitation beam of rfid reader 21 . range finder 28 can be an active range finder , such as an ultrasonic range finder , a microwave range finder , or a laser range finder . alternatively , range finder 2 & amp ; can be a passive range finder such as a split view range finder . such passive range finders are particularly suitable for use with all - optical imaging devices . more particularly , range finder 28 can cooperate with display 24 to position cross - hairs 25 , one of the circles 26 or 27 , and / or a desired portion of a gradient at the 3 db power boundary of a cross - section the excitation beam of rfid reader 21 in the plane of the image ( in the area of the rfid tag ). that is , display 24 can provide a visual representation of the power of the excitation beam of rfid reader 22 . for example , inner ring 26 can represent the 3 db boundary . inner ring 26 would then vary in size as the distance between imaging device 22 and the rfid tag changes , to reflect the changing size of the 3 db boundary . an rfid tag within this boundary is much more likely to be read than an rfid tag outside of this boundary . thus , in use the goal is to aim the rfid reader assembly 20 such that the desired rfid tag is within the boundary and all other rfid tags are outside of the boundary . it is worthwhile to appreciate that the use of a 3 db power boundary is by way of example only , and not by way of limitation . other power or non - power boundaries may similarly be used . the level and / or pattern of the particular boundary used may be based upon the readability of a tag . the readability of a tag can depend upon the type of tag . for example , different types of tags typically have different antennas that can affect the readability thereof . optionally , the user can select the level and / or pattern of the boundary to be displayed , such as by selecting the type of tag to be read . referring now to fig3 , another exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown . in this exemplary embodiment , a stationary rfid reader assembly 50 is configured for stationary use , such as in an assembly or test line . stationary rfid reader assembly 50 comprises a reader 46 having an imaging device 47 formed thereto . however , imaging device 47 can alternatively be separate from reader 46 . indeed , imaging device 47 can be disposed away from reader 46 . for example , imaging device 47 can be several inches , or even several feet , away from reader 46 . imaging device 47 can generally be located anywhere that facilitates imaging of the rfid tags in a manner that enhances the ability of reader 46 to discriminate among adjacent rfid tags . in this instance , stationary rfid reader assembly 50 is used in a manufacturing process to test rfid tags after bar codes have been printed onto labels that contain the rfid tags . optionally , a bar code reader 42 can similarly be used to verify the printing process by checking the bar codes that were printed upon the labels . the use of imaging device 46 assures that both the proper rfid tag and the proper bar code are being read . according to this exemplary manufacturing process , a printer / rfid writer 41 prints bar codes upon label stock 45 from supply reel 44 . the printed labels are then wound onto take - up reel 48 . label stock 45 comprises a plurality of labels . each label comprises an rfid tag . one or more bar codes can be printed upon each label . the labels can be placed upon the packages of goods that are to be shipped from a warehouse . for example , the rfid tag can contain a unique serial number , a product or model number , information regarding the product ( such as its size , color , and included options ), and an address to which it is to be shipped . the bar code ( s ), if used , can contain similar , though typically less , information . alpha - numeric information ( text ) of at least an address can also be printed upon the label . it is important to verify the accuracy and integrity of the rfid tags and / or the bar codes . the rfid tags and / or the bar codes are frequently used to route the package to its intended recipient . thus , verifying the accuracy and integrity of the rfid tag and / or the bar codes can assure , among other things , that the printer / rfid writer 41 is functioning properly and that the package is likely to arrive at the intended location . a printer / rfid writer 41 prints the bar codes upon the labels and programs the rfid tags . more particularly , a print head 43 of printer / rfid writer 41 prints the bar codes and any alpha - numeric information , while an rfid writer 40 writes the desired information to the rfid tag of the label . bar code reader 42 verifies the accuracy and integrity of bar codes printed upon the labels . similarly , rfid reader 46 verifies the accuracy and integrity of rfid tags associated with the labels . when verifying the accuracy and integrity of the bar codes and rfid tags , it is important to know which bar codes / rfid tags are being checked . because the individual labels are close to one another on the label stock , it is possible to make mistakes regarding which labels are being read . this is particularly true for the rfid tags , since rfid reader 46 will typically be less directional than bar code reader 42 . imaging device 47 images the labels that pass from supply reel 44 to take - up reel 48 . a signal representative of the images made by imaging device 47 can be provided to machine vision controller 49 . machine vision controller 49 can be configured to recognize when a label is disposed beneath rfid reader 46 in a manner that mitigates the likelihood of inadvertently reading the rfid tag of an adjacent label . thus , machine vision controller 49 can determine when rfid reader 46 is to read a label . machine vision controller 49 thus can provide a signal to rfid reader 46 that determines when rfid reader is to read an rfid tag . similarly , machine vision controller 49 can provide a signal to bar code reader 42 that determines when bar code reader 42 is to read a bar code . optionally , machine vision controller 49 can provide a control signal to a drive controller 48 of printer / rfid / writer 41 so as to control the movement of label stock 45 with respect to bar code reader 42 and / or rfid reader 46 . thus , according to one or more aspects of the present invention a way is provided for determining when an rfid reader is pointed toward a selected rfid tag , so as to mitigate the likelihood of inadvertently reading a wrong rfid tag . generally , a range finder is not needed in such industrial process applications because the distance between rfid reader 46 and the rfid tags is usually fixed . however , in applications where this distance is not fixed , a range finder may cooperate with machine vision controller to assure that the desired rfid tag is within a predetermined boundary , as discussed above . for example , a range finder may be used when scanning different sized boxes as they move on a conveyer belt , since the different sizes can define different ranges . embodiments described above illustrate , but do not limit , the invention . it should also be understood that numerous modifications and variations are possible in accordance with the principles of the present invention . accordingly , the scope of the invention is defined only by the following claims . | 6 |
the hybrid hall effect device of the present invention consists basically of a ferromagnetic material coupled magnetically to a conventional hall effect plate . it should be noted that the term &# 34 ; hall effect plate &# 34 ; is a typical term in the art , and as used herein is intended in its broadest sense to include any device or structure that can be used to generate a hall effect signal . for example , as noted above , hall effect plates typically include a single layer of semiconductor material and four associated terminals of some kind . it will be understood by those skilled in the art , however , that a variety of structures , materials and arrangements may be employed to create a device or structure that can generate a hall effect . for example , the conductive layer and terminals of the plate can be fabricated in a semiconductor material using a variety of conventional processing techniques . the teachings of the previous and present invention can be applied generally , therefore , to any such hall effect devices or structures irrespective of their form . accordingly , in the present invention as seen in fig1 hall effect plate 12 includes a conductive layer that is capable of carrying a current when a bias voltage is applied to terminals 14 and 16 . when the ferromagnetic material 22 is set to a particular magnetization state , this state is magnetically coupled to a portion of conductive layer 12 , and results in a hall effect voltage between terminals 18 and 20 . in a preferred embodiment , ferromagnetic film 22 overlies approximately 1 / 2 of the area of plate 12 , and a magnetic field emanating from an edge portion of such film is located and coupled substantially perpendicular to an axis extending from terminals 18 and 20 . if terminal 18 is set to a ground reference , it can be seen that a signal is output at terminal 20 by the hall effect plate that is representative of the magnetization state of the ferromagnetic material . this magnetization state can have different values corresponding to different values for a data item to be stored in the memory element . in one embodiment of the present invention the magnetization state of the ferromagnetic material is configurable and can be set and reset with an accompanying write circuit shown generally in fig4 . there may be memory applications , however , where it is only necessary to set the magnetization state once to store a particular data value , such as in a rom , and in such cases , a write circuit is not necessary . it can be further observed that once the magnetization state of the ferromagnetic material 22 is set , it is non - volatile and thus stores the value for such data item permanently at such memory location until such time as it is desired to retrieve and read such item . an improved array of hybrid hall effect devices that can be used as memory cells in an nram is depicted schematically in fig2 and permits an analysis of the process by which data can be read from such cells . for simplicity of discussion a 3 × 2 array is presented but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the principles for an array of arbitrary size n rows × m columns are exactly the same . a bias voltage is supplied directly to each cell . in memory cell 100 , for example , the bias voltage is applied across terminals 110 and 112 . it is understood by those skilled in the art that the supply voltage may be bipolar ( v + to v - as drawn ) or may have a single polarity and a ground . the reference ground for sensing the hall voltage generated by the memory cell is attached to a third terminal in each cell , e . g . terminal 114 in cell 100 . again , it is understood by those skilled in the art that the reference ground may be , in some applications , electrically equivalent with the bias voltage ground . the fourth terminal of each memory cell , e . g . terminal 116 , provides the hall voltage as a readout signal of magnitude v r . again , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that this hall signal output &# 34 ; terminal &# 34 ; 116 ( as with the other terminals 110 , 112 and 114 of the hall effect device ) may take on a variety of forms , and be fabricated and coupled to the modified hall plate in a variety of ways using conventional semiconductor processing techniques . the output signal of terminal 116 is connected to one terminal of a select transistor 120 , which , in a preferred embodiment , is fabricated as part of memory cell 100 using conventional semiconductor processing techniques to increase the packing density of the array . it is further well known in the art that the output signal ( readout voltage ) from the hall effect device in memory cell 100 may be bipolar or , if a suitable geometric offset is lithographically employed during fabrication , such readout may have two values such as zero and positive or zero and negative . the other terminal of select transistor 120 is connected by line 122 to the input of a sense amplifier 124 . in the array of fig2 select transistor 120 ( and all transistors that perform a selection ( or address ) function ) are depicted as n - channel enhancement mode fets . when an adequate voltage is applied to the gate of such a device the channel between source and drain has high conductance and acts as a short circuit . with zero voltage applied to the gate the channel has high impedance and the source and drain terminals are electrically isolated by an open circuit . it is understood to those skilled in the art that a variety of transistor devices or similar switching devices could be used to accomplish this same function depending on the requirements of the particular application . the array is provided with conventional row select 130 and column select 132 logic such that any individual cell ( i , j ) can be uniquely addressed , and the data read out from the hybrid hall effect memory cell . for example , to address cell 100 shown in the first row of the array , the gates of all select fets in such row are raised to a level v dd high enough to activate the fets . when row select transistor 140 is thus activated , a reference ground for terminal 114 ( and for all cells in the first row ) is connected to a global reference ground 146 . similarly , when row select transistor 142 is activated , terminal 110 of cell 100 ( and all such terminals for all cells in the first row ) receives a positive bias through the connection to a common positive voltage supply 148 v +. when row select transistor 144 is activated , the negative bias terminal 112 for cell 100 ( and for all cells in the first row ) is connected to a common negative voltage supply 150 v -. in some memory applications where high speed access of the data is more desirable than low power , it may be desirable to maintain ( or fix ) the bias voltage across terminals 110 and 112 at all times , or to pre - connect the bias voltage prior to reading the cell using well - known techniques in the art . in such embodiments where a bias is already applied to cell 100 , the state of the memory cell is represented by two separate measurable quantities , including both the magnetization state of the ferromagnetic material and the associated generated hall effect signal at terminal 116 . the electrical signal representing the value of the data stored in the memory cell in these embodiments is present and can be sensed immediately , thus increasing the speed of operation of memory arrays constructed in this fashion . next , a row selection signal is applied to select transistor 120 of cell 100 ( and to each select transistor for the cells in the first row ). this signal activates select transistor 120 and a hall voltage generated by the modified hall plate of each cell is transmitted to the sense amplifier for the column which includes that particular cell . for cell 100 therefore select transistor 120 is activated and the readout voltage is transmitted to sense amplifier 124 . sense amplifier 124 is a conventional circuit , and typically amplifies the readout voltage v r to a level appropriate for related logical circuitry ( cmos or ttl ). the address and readout process is completed by choosing a particular column . to read out the contents of cell 100 , gate voltages of select transistors at the third column of the array are raised to a level v dd adequate to activate the fets . activating output fet 154 , for example , transmits the amplified readout voltage to a readout terminal 160 at an appropriate cmos or ttl level such that it can be incorporated into other logical or processing operations . this is but one example of a typical sense amplifier and read out circuit that could be used with the present invention . a number of well - known address logic , sense amplifier and readout circuits can be used with the present invention depending on the requirements of a given application . it is clear from this example that an array of this kind permits a high degree of cell isolation and a high value of snr . the supply voltage , bias ground and reference ground of each cell in a row are fixed to common values during readout , and are isolated from all other rows . the output readout voltage v r output of each cell is the only floating voltage in the cell and v r is isolated from other cells in the row . furthermore , it is isolated from other cells in its column by the select transistor 120 , which acts as an isolation element . thus , there is no &# 34 ; cross - talk &# 34 ; between cells . whereas the cell utilized in the array of fig2 requires a single select transistor and is comprised of only two elements , thereby permitting fabrication with a minimal area and promoting high packing density , there may be applications wherein a further reduction of cell area is desired . the select transistor within each cell can be eliminated with some degradation of performance . the array depicted in fig3 is able to minimize the &# 34 ; cross - talk &# 34 ; between neighboring cells even when there is no select transistor for such cell . in most ways the array of fig3 is identical with the array of fig2 but the fourth terminal of each cell , e . g . terminal 212 in cell 200 outputs a hall voltage as a readout signal of magnitude v r and is connected through a high impedance element ( such as a thin film resistor or diode ) to a sense amplifier 214 used by all cells of that column . the address and readout operations for this embodiment proceed in a manner similar to the discussion above . in contrast with the almost complete isolation afforded by the array of fig2 a fraction of the voltage v r of cell 200 is transmitted by terminal 220 to cell 250 and then by terminals 222 , 232 , 224 , 234 , 226 and 236 to cell 260 and by terminals 222 , 242 , 224 , 244 , 226 , and 246 to cell 270 , and finally by terminals 230 and 252 to cell 280 and by terminals 240 and 254 to cell 290 . in this way the hall voltage generated in each cell interferes somewhat with that of its neighboring cells ; the readout voltage amplitude v &# 39 ; r transmitted to the sense amplifier and the snr are both diminished . however , in some environments this degradation of performance can be tolerated . it will be clear to those skilled in the art that a variety of passive high impedance elements , or combination of elements may be employed . for example , in an environment where cells in the array are addressed by pulses of short duration , there are advantages to using a capacitor as the high impedance element 210 . even if the capacitive coupling is small , a bias current in the form of a narrow pulse formed with high frequency components will generate a similarly narrow output voltage pulse that will be capacitively coupled to the input line of the sense amplifier . however , low frequency components that may contribute noise will be poorly coupled to the amplifier input line , and poorly coupled to the rest of the array . an analysis similar to that presented above shows some degradation of performance , but again , in some environments this can be tolerated . indeed , in some environments it may be possible to bias the cells of each row in series ( as described in my prior application ( 4 ) above ) and capacitively couple the readout pulse to a sense amplifier that is common to a column of cells . in such an application , all cells in a row are read out at one time . this is a common technique used in conventional contemporary flash memory cell architectures , and it will be apparent again to those skilled in the art that the present hybrid cell could be used equally well in such architectures . write operations for the memory cells are typically performed with a write circuit consisting of an array of write wires coupled to the ferromagnetic layers of the hybrid hall effect devices . in some applications , it may be desirable to incorporate some of the wires from the read circuit into the write wire array . in other applications , as noted earlier , the use of write wires may be unnecessary if the data to be stored does not have to be changed . these types of write wires are well - known in the art , and again , a variety of structures and coupling techniques may be employed to affect the writing of the data to be stored as magnetization states in the memory cells . for example , the write wires can be made of thin film layers using conventional processing methods . a detailed explanation of the structure and operation of such write wires is unnecessary for consideration of the present invention , but may be found in the application described above as &# 34 ; magnetic spin transistor , logic gate & amp ; method of operation .&# 34 ; the write process is the same as that described therein , and the concept is briefly reviewed in fig4 . each write wire of a particular row or a column , is inductively coupled to the ferromagnetic film of each element in the same respective row or column . the inductive coupling constant a is defined such that the amplitude i w of a current pulse in the write wire is proportional to the magnetic field h w produced by the current pulse at the position of the ferromagnetic film f , i w · α = h w . when the magnitude h w is slightly larger than the coercivity h c of f , a positive or negative current ( and field ) pulse is sufficient to orient the magnetization vector m of f to be positive or negative along the chosen axis . the current is normalized and the write wires are fabricated with α designed to have an appropriate value such that a unit current pulse , i w = 1 , produces a field h w & gt ; h c , where h c is the coercivity of f . when activated , the write wires in each row and column are given amplitude 1 / 2 so that the field produced by two write wires at a single element is adequate to orient the magnetization vector m of the ferromagnetic film , but the field produced by a single write wire at any other element is not sufficient to alter the magnetization state of the ferromagnetic film of that element . for example , a 1 bit value for a data item bit is written to cell 420 of fig6 in the following way . row select logic 402 activates write wire 404 for row 1 , and column select logic 406 activates write wire 408 for column 3 . a variety of conventions for binary storage may be chosen , and for the example depicted in fig6 the choice with magnetization along - x will correspond to the binary &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; and magnetization along + x to &# 34 ; 0 .&# 34 ; positive current pulses 410 and 412 of amplitude 1 / 2 are simultaneously transmitted down write wires 404 and 408 . the magnetic field associated with the current pulses at the position of the ferromagnetic film of cell 420 has magnitude h w & gt ; h c and direction - x , and the magnetization vector m of cell 420 becomes oriented along - x [ for write wires fabricated on top of f ], representing a &# 34 ; 1 .&# 34 ; the magnetic field associated with the current pulses at the position of the ferromagnetic film of any other cell has magnitude h w / 2 & lt ; h c , and none of the magnetization states of the ferromagnetic films of the other cells is affected . in a similar analysis , transmitting negative current pulses of amplitude 1 / 2 simultaneously down write wires 404 and 408 causes the magnetization of the ferromagnetic film of cell ( 1 , 3 ) 420 to orient along + x , representing a &# 34 ; 0 .&# 34 ; while the present invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment , it is apparent that skilled artisans could make many alterations and modifications to such embodiments without departing from the teachings of the present invention . accordingly , it is intended that all such alterations and modifications be included within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the following claims . | 6 |
the embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments . upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures , those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein . it should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims . fig7 illustrates an amplifier circuit ckt 20 including tunable filter and an associated switch . the tunable filter may include filtering component f 310 and tuning component tun 2 . tuning component tun 2 may be a variable capacitor or an array of capacitors , and may be located with associated switch sw 24 on single die die 8 . the tuning component tun 2 and the associated switch sw 24 may use the same manufacturing technology , facilitating their placement on a single die . for example ( as shown in fig8 ), they may be manufactured by a single process such as soi ( silicon - on - insulator ), or mems , or sige with high resistivity . this integration is not essential , but such integration will reduce size and cost . the upper portion of amplifier circuit ckt 20 is configured for band 7 , and is identical to the top portion of high band pad ckt 8 in fig3 . in transmit mode for band 7 , amplifier ckt 20 receives signal s 2 ( band 7 being transmitted from node b 7 tx ), passes this signal through capacitor cap 2 ( to filter undesired very low frequency signals ), amplifies this signal with amplifier pa 2 , and sends filtered amplified signal s 2 to duplexer dupb 7 . duplexer dupb 7 sends the amplified signal towards main antenna antmain ( not shown ) as signal s 52 in transmit mode . alternatively , in receive mode for band 7 , duplexer dupb 7 receives signal s 52 from main antenna antmain , and sends this received signal as s 50 towards a transceiver ( not shown ). die die 8 includes tuning component tun 2 and switch sw 24 . starting at the lower left , capacitor cap 8 receives signal s 320 ( band b 38 or b 40 or b 41 for transmission ), and sends signal s 322 to amplifier pa 12 . amplifier pa 12 sends signal s 324 to throw t 304 of switch sw 24 . in a transmitting configuration , switch sw 24 throws signal 324 to single pole sp 300 . then single pole sp 300 sends signal s 326 to filter f 310 . filter f 310 ( in a first mode , or transmission mode ) transmits signal s 328 towards an antenna ( not shown ). filter f 310 is tunable , so that it may filter a band b 38 signal , a band b 40 signal , band xgp signal , or band b 41 signal , depending upon how it is tuned . tuning component tun 2 is part of filter f 310 , and may be located on a die holding switch sw 24 . in a receiving configuration , received signals are indicated by dashed lines . received signal s 328 ( starting at the lower right , and moving towards the left ) is received by tunable filter f 310 ( in a second mode ), sent to single pole sp 300 of switch sw 24 , thrown to throw t 302 , then sent downward as s 330 towards a transceiver ( not shown ). thus , tunable filter f 310 may operate in a first mode transmitting in band b 38 , or ( after switching from throw t 304 to throw t 302 ) in a second mode receiving band b 38 . after tuning to band b 40 , then tunable filter f 310 may operate in a first mode transmitting in band b 40 , or ( after switching from throw t 304 to throw t 302 ) a second mode receiving in band b 40 . in this fashion , tunable filter f 310 serves the role of at least 4 different filters : transmit band b 38 , receive band 38 , transmit band b 40 , and receiver band b 40 . further , if filter f 310 tunably filters for two bands , then the associated single switch sw 24 performs switching functions for two bands ( replacing switch sw 20 and switch sw 22 in fig6 ). coupled resonators ( res 2 and res 4 ) act as a band pass filter , as shown in fig8 discussed below . in one embodiment ( not shown ), four resonators may be magnetically cross - coupled and may be symmetrically spaced in a square pattern . fig8 illustrates a manufacturing embodiment of fig7 . in fig8 , circuit ckt 22 is an embodiment of power amplifier circuit ckt 20 of fig7 , and includes laminate ( or substrate ) lam 2 , power amplifier die die 10 ( including amplifiers pa 8 and pa 10 , not shown ) on top of laminate lam 2 , die die 8 ( including switch sw 24 and tuning element tun 2 , not shown ) on top of laminate lam 2 , resonator res 2 , resonator res 4 ( magnetically coupled to res 2 ), via via 2 , via via 4 , and bumps bump 1 through bump 4 . bumps bump 1 through bump 4 may be solder , or may be rectangular copper pillars ( with low resistance ), or other known attachment structures . the resonators may be magnetically coupled , and may include additional resonators . power amplifier die die 10 may be gaas or cmos or sige . die die 8 may include switch sw 24 ( not shown ) for selecting between a first mode ( transmitting or tx ) and a second mode ( receiving or rx ), and may include a tunable component tun 2 ( not shown ) of tuning filter f 310 ( not shown ). tunable component tun 2 may include a tunable array of capacitors for tuning filter f 310 . tunable filter f 310 may be a bandpass tdd filter , may include res 2 and res 4 , and may include tunable component tun 2 located on die die 8 . die 8 and die 10 may be a single package on a single laminate lam 2 , as shown . the manufacturing embodiment of fig3 may be applied to any asm ( antenna switch module ) where a single die includes band switching and tuning for lte - tdd filters . fig9 illustrates some conventional bands of lte - tdd ( in mhz ). band b 40 ranges from 2300 to 2400 ( large bandwidth of 100 mhz ). band ism ( industrial , scientific , and medical , including wifi ) ranges from 2401 to 2483 ( bandwidth of 82 mhz ). band b 41 ranges from 2496 to 2690 ( very large bandwidth of 194 mhz , for u . s .). broadly speaking , these three bands may be referred to as a low band , a central band ( or exclusion band ), and a high band respectively . together , bands b 40 and b 41 may be described as a “ split - band ” range , because the combined range is split into a low band ( b 40 ) and a high band ( b 41 ) by the central band ism which must be avoided or excluded . band b 41 encompasses bands xgp and b 38 . band xgp ( for japan ) ranges from 2545 to 2575 ( bandwidth of 30 mhz ). band b 38 ( for european union ) ranges from 2570 to 2620 ( bandwidth of 50 mhz ). it is difficult to build filters simultaneously having large bandwidths and having large attenuation at close offset frequencies ( a “ brick wall ” at the end of the range of the filter ). this difficulty also applies to tunable filters . thus , it is difficult to build a single filter for receiving in band b 40 due to its large bandwidth ( 100 mhz ) and its adjacency ( at the high end , 2400 mhz ) to the low end of the ism band ( 2401 mhz ). similarly , it is difficult build a single filter for band b 41 due to its very large bandwidth ( 194 mhz ) and its adjacency ( at the low end , 2496 mhz ) to the high end of the ism band ( 2483 mhz ). thus , multiple filters may be used to cover band b 40 , as shown in fig1 . fig1 illustrates a conventional overlapping bandwidth approach for receiving signals . this approach receives signals in band b 40 ( low target band ) and in band b 41 ( high target band ). the ism band ( exclusion band ) is intentionally excluded from ( filtered out of ) the received signals . saw filters provide good edge characteristics . the upper edge ( at 2400 mhz ) of saw filter saw 4 coincides with the upper edge of band b 40 ( 2400 mhz ). saw 4 passes signals at the upper edge of band b 40 ( the low target band in this example ), and excludes signals at the lower edge of the exclusion band . alternatively , baw ( bulk acoustic wave ) filters also provide good edge characteristics , and may be used in place of ( or in combination with ) saw filters throughout this specification . saw 6 similarly ( or symmetrically ) provides good edge characteristics , passing signals at the lower edge of band b 41 ( at 2496 mhz ), and excluding signals at the high edge of the exclusion band ( 2483 mhz ). receiving ( rx ) in band b 40 is performed by using two overlapping saw ( surface acoustic wave ) filters ( saw 2 and saw 4 ) to filter the entire range of band b 40 . specifically , band b 40 is received by an overlapping combination of b 40 a ( 2300 to 2370 mhz , using filter saw 2 ) and band b 40 b ( 2350 to 2400 mhz , using filter saw 4 ). these two bands overlap by 20 mhz due to a 20 mhz maximum modulation bandwidth for saw filters . similarly , band b 41 is received by overlapping combinations of band b 41 a ( 2496 to 2565 mhz , by saw 6 ), band b 38 x ( 2545 to 2640 mhz , by saw 8 ), and band b 7 ( 2620 to 2690 mhz , by filter f 410 ). band b 38 x overlaps with band b 41 a by 20 mhz , and overlaps with band b 7 by 20 mhz , due to a 20 mhz maximum modulation bandwidth for saw filters . filter f 410 may be a “ reused ” band 7 filter ( not shown ) from a duplexer ( not shown ), which is also being “ reused ” to filter the upper part of band b 41 ( in addition to being used to filter band b 7 ) in other words , this filter may be defined as filtering band b 7 and band b 41 c . fig1 illustrates a transmitting configuration similar to the receiving configuration of fig1 , and illustrates a dedicated filter f 510 for transmitting in band b 41 c . saw filters saw 10 and saw 12 overlap to receive all of band b 40 . filters saw 14 , saw 16 , and f 510 overlap to transmit all of band b 41 . similar to fig1 , saw filters are used at the high edge of the low target band and at the low edge of the high target band . fig1 illustrates using one tunable filter in combination with two saw filters to achieve split band coverage around the ism band ( the central or exclusion band ). as shown in fig9 - 11 , the three bands of interest for this embodiment are bands b 40 ( low target band ), ism ( to be avoided ), and b 41 ( high target band ). as previously discussed , these filters may be used for receiving and for transmitting in tdd , with appropriate switching . a tunable filter tunfilt 2 is configured to cover a low tunable band and a high tunable band . in fig1 , the low tunable band is labeled b 40 a ( 2300 mhz to 2370 mhz , thus staying at least 20 mhz away from the lower edge of the exclusion band band ). saw filter saw 4 ( band b 40 b ) overlaps with the low tunable band ( by 20 mhz ), and combines with the low tunable band to completely cover low target band ( b 40 , from 2300 to 2400 mhz ). as discussed in previous figures , a saw filter ( saw 4 ) is used to filter the upper edge of the low target band , adjacent to the lower edge of the exclusion band . tunable filter tunfilt 2 is also configured to cover most of the upper part of band b 41 ( 2545 to 2690 , or bands b 41 b , b 41 c , xgp , and b 38 ), thus staying at least 20 mhz away from the top of the exclusion band ). see right portion of range of tuning component tun 4 . as discussed above , in order to fully cover band b 40 , saw filter saw 4 filters band b 40 b ( 2350 to 2400 ). this range overlaps with band b 40 a by at least 20 mhz , and also provides a good cutoff at 2400 mhz to avoid interference with the lower edge of the ism band ( the central or exclusion band ). filter saw 18 may be described as a narrow edge filter , because it has a relatively narrow range and because it filters the upper edge of band b 40 . similarly , in order to fully cover band b 41 ( a high band ), saw filter saw 20 filters band b 41 a ( 2496 to 2565 ). this range overlaps with tunfilt 2 by at least 29 mhz , and provides a good cutoff at 2496 in order to avoid interference with the upper edge of the ism band ( the central or exclusion band ). filter saw 20 may also be described as a narrow edge filter . fig1 illustrates a switching configuration using a tunable filter and two narrow edge saw filters to provide split band coverage around a central or exclusion band . specifically , amplifier circuit ckt 24 is very similar to amplifier circuit ckt 20 in fig7 , but is modified to provide split band coverage . the use of spdt ( single pole double throw ) switches to facilitate a single filter being used for transmitting and receiving in tdd was described in fig5 c and fig5 d respectively for band b 38 . for the purpose of this specification , the term “ spdt ” should be interpreted broadly . for example , a sp 3 t ( single pole triple throw ) switch includes a spdt switch , but merely has an additional throw available . in other words , adding an additional throw ( or an additional pole ) for some other purpose does not prevent infringement . transmission signal s 324 ( including bands b 38 , b 40 , and b 41 ) routes to three switches : sw 26 , sw 28 , and sw 30 . these switches are shown on the power amplifier side of the dual purpose filters , but may alternatively be located on the antenna side of the dual purpose filters ( not shown ) with a slightly different configuration ( not shown ). when transmitting in the tunable filter range (“ split range ”) of 2300 - 2370 or 2545 - 2690 , then switch sw 26 receives signal s 324 at throw tbtx and routes this signal to single pole spa . single pole spa sends this signal to tunable filter tun 4 . tunable filter tun 4 filters signal s 324 to pass band b 40 a , or filters to pass bands b 41 b and b 41 c , or filters to pass band b 38 , or filters to pass band xgp ( depending upon how tunable filter tun 4 is tuned ). tunable filter tun 4 passes a tuned signal s 402 towards main antenna antmain ( not shown ). tunable filter tun 4 may include a tunable component tun 6 that may be located on a die with switch sw 26 , similar to the discussions above for fig7 and 8 . alternatively , component tun 6 may be a control portion that controls tunable filter tun 4 . in the reverse direction , when receiving in the tunable filter range (“ split range ”) of 2300 - 2370 or 2545 - 2690 , then tunable filter tun 4 receives signal s 402 from main antenna antmain ( not shown ). tunable filter tun 4 filters signal s 324 to pass band b 40 a , or filters to pass bands b 41 b and b 41 c , or filters to pass band b 38 , or filters to pass band xgp ( depending upon the tuning of tunable filter tun 4 ). tunable filter tun 4 passes a filtered signal s 408 to pole spa of switch sw 26 . pole spa passes ( not shown ) the filtered signal s 408 to throw tarx . throw tarx sends filtered signal s 408 to a transceiver ( not shown ). in fig1 , switch sw 26 is shown in the transmission position , but may be switched to throw tarx for receiving in tdd . for band b 41 a , switch sw 28 acts similarly to switch sw 26 . filter saw 20 filters transmission of signal s 324 or reception of signal s 404 in band b 41 a , depending upon the selection of switch sw 28 . for band b 40 b , switch sw 30 acts similarly to switch sw 28 . filter saw 18 filters transmission of signal s 324 or reception of signal s 406 in band b 40 b , depending upon the selection of switch sw 230 . fig1 is similar to fig1 , except that filters saw 18 and saw 20 from fig1 have been replace by ( or “ merged into ”) diplexer dip 2 . in this fashion , signal s 410 replaces signals s 404 and s 406 from fig1 . fig1 is similar to fig1 , except that saw 20 ( 2496 to 2565 ) has been replaced by a band b 7 range ( 2496 to 2570 ) of band b 7 duplexer dupb 7 . fig1 is similar to fig1 , except that band 41 a ( 2496 to 2565 ) filter saw 20 has been deleted . the filtering duties of saw 20 have been effectively shouldered by band 7 ( 2496 to 2570 ) duplexer dupb 7 . to summarize , fig1 employs one tunable filter tun 4 and one saw filter saw 18 to accomplish the filtering that previously required eight filters in fig3 ( f 54 , f 55 , f 57 , f 58 , f 37 , f 39 , f 63 , and f 65 ). fig1 is similar to fig1 , except that the left portion of the tunable filter band ( band b 40 a ( 2300 to 2370 )) has been replaced by an extended left portion of the tunable filter band cover all of band b 40 ( band b 40 ( 2300 to 2400 )). also , saw 18 has been deleted , since it is no longer needed relative to fig1 . to document this change , the tuning component has been named tunfilt 4 ( instead of tunfilt 2 as in fig1 ). this extension of the left portion of the tunable filter band eliminates the need for saw 18 of fig1 . fig1 illustrates filtering component f 506 and tuning component tun 8 of tunable filter tunfilt 4 of fig1 , and illustrates a few additional features . the bottom right portion of fig1 is new , but the remainder of the figure is identical to fig7 . as discussed above regarding fig1 , saw 18 has been eliminated . filter saw 20 and switch sw 28 are retained from fig1 to handle band b 41 a . all other frequencies within bands b 40 and b 41 ( excluding band b 41 a ) are filtered by filtering component f 506 and tuning component tun 8 . switch sw 32 is different from switch sw 26 in fig1 . switch sw 32 is a sp 3 t switch , so that reception signals can be separated according to whether they are in the low portion of the tunable filter range ( low band of the split band coverage ), or in the high portion of the tunable filter range ( high band of the split band coverage ). if the received signal is in the low portion ( b 40 ), then this is routed by switch sw 32 to rx 2 as signal s 504 . if the received signal is in the high portion ( b 41 b , b 41 c , b 38 , xgp ), then this signal is routed by switch sw 32 to rx 1 as signal s 502 . if the reception signal is in band b 41 a , then this signal is filtered by saw 20 , and routed by switch sw 28 to rx 1 as signal s 502 . thus , this reception signal in band b 41 a is routed to rx 1 , the same as the reception signals in the high portion of the tunable filter range . all relatively high frequency reception signals are routed to rx 1 . in contrast , band b 40 is in the lower portion of the tunable filter range , and reception signals in this range are routed to rx 2 as signal s 504 . thus , fig1 facilitates separate handling of received lte tdd signals by a transceiver . this separate handling by the transceiver facilitates optimized matching by the transceiver , because the low portion is very different from the high portion ( separated by almost 100 mhz ). a single die may include duplexer dupb 7 , switch sw 28 , switch sw 32 , tunable component tun 8 , and switch sw 34 . filter component filt 506 may be located outside of the single die . this single die may be soi ( silicon on insulator ). those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure . all such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein and the claims that follow . | 7 |
referring to fig6 an embodiment 100 of a multiple phase voltage regulation system in accordance with the invention includes multiple buck switching regulator stages , such as regulator stages 102 1 and 102 2 ( each having a similar design denoted by the reference numeral “ 102 ”), that are coupled together in parallel to convert an input voltage ( called v in ) into an output voltage ( called v out ). in this manner , both stages 102 1 and 102 2 receive the v in input voltage and cooperate in a phased relationship with each other to regulate the v out voltage that appears at an output terminal 107 ( of the system 100 ) that is common to both of the stages 102 1 and 102 2 . the v in voltage may be provided by a voltage regulator that receives an ac wall voltage , for example and produces a dc voltage that is filtered by a low pass filter ( formed from an inductor 114 and a capacitor 116 ) to form the v in input voltage . the stages 102 1 and 102 2 share a bulk capacitor 109 in common , and the bulk capacitor 109 is coupled between the output terminal 107 and ground . as described below , the power subsystem 100 also includes a pulse width modulation ( pwm ) controller 104 that uses a current mode technique to control the operations of both stages 102 1 and 102 2 . more particularly , in some embodiments of the invention , each stage 102 includes a switch 108 ( a metal - oxide - semiconductor field - effect - transistor ( mosfet ), for example ) that is coupled between the positive terminal of an input voltage line 118 ( that provides the v in input voltage ) and a terminal 123 of an inductor 106 ( of the stage 102 ). the other terminal of the inductor 106 is coupled to the output terminal 107 . for the stage 102 1 , a switch control signal ( called v 1 ) controls the state ( open or closed ) of the switch 108 and for the stage 102 2 , a switch control signal ( called v 3 ) controls the state ( open or closed ) of the switch 108 . for each stage 102 , the closing of the switch 108 causes energy to be transferred from the input voltage line 118 and stored in the inductor 106 to energize the inductor 106 , and the opening of the switch 108 causes the stored energy to be transferred from the inductor 106 to the output terminal 107 , a transfer that de - energizes the inductor 106 . in this manner , when the switch 108 is open , a diode 112 ( that has its anode couple to ground and its cathode coupled to the terminal 123 ) conducts and / or a switch 110 ( that is controlled via a switch control signal called v 2 ( for the stage 102 1 ) or a switch control signal called v 4 ( for the stage 102 2 )) closes to couple the terminal 123 to ground to permit the flow of energy to the output terminal 107 . thus , the v 1 and v 2 signals are generally complementary signals ( one has a logic one state when the other has a logic zero state and vice - versa ), and the v 3 and v 4 signals are complementary signals . in some embodiments of the invention , the controller 104 generates the v 1 and v 3 signals in a manner that causes the inductor energization / de - energization cycles of the two stages 102 1 and 102 2 to be shifted 180 ° apart . thus , the voltage regulation system 100 that is depicted in fig6 is a two phase system . in other embodiments of the invention , the voltage regulation system may have a different number of phases ( other than two ), and in these embodiments , the controller 104 may generate signals to control the operation of the stages 102 so that the switch control signals have the proper phase relationship . as examples , for a three phase voltage regulation system ( having three stages 102 ) the switch control signals to control the switching states of the three switches 108 are phased to place the energization / de - energization cycles 120 ° apart . for a four phase voltage regulation system , the switch control signals to control the four switches 108 are phased to place the energization / de - energization cycles 90 ° apart , etc . referring to fig7 , 9 and 10 , for the two phase design ( assumed in the description below unless other - vise noted ), the v 1 signal includes switching cycles 120 ( see fig7 ), each of which controls the switch 108 for a particular energization / de - energization cycle of the inductor 106 of the stage 102 1 . in this manner , each switching cycle 120 includes a pulse 130 that causes the switch 108 of the stage 102 1 to conduct and has a duration that sets the on time ( called t on ) of the switching cycle 120 . in some embodiments of the invention , the controller 104 controls the duration of the pulse 130 ( i . e ., controls the t on on time ) to regulate the v out voltage and sets a fixed duration for the off time ( called t off ) of the switch 108 . therefore , for the example that is depicted in fig7 the pulse 130 lasts from the beginning ( at time t 0 ) of the switching cycle 120 to time t 1 . time t 2 marks the midpoint of the switching cycle 120 , and the switch 108 of the stage 102 1 remains off ( from time t 1 ) until time t 3 , the time at which the switching cycle 120 ends . as depicted in fig7 and 8 , the v 1 and v 2 signals are complementary . for the other stage 102 2 , the v 3 signal includes switching cycles 122 that are complementary to the switching cycles 120 , as the stages 102 1 and 102 2 operate 180 ° out of phase . in this manner , as depicted in fig9 a particular switching cycle 122 begins at time t 3 at the expiration of the switching cycle 120 . each switching cycle 122 includes a pulse 132 in which the switch 108 of the stage 102 2 conducts and has a duration that sets the on time of the switching cycle 122 . when the switching cycle 122 elapses , another switching cycle 120 occurs , then another switching cycle 122 occurs , etc . as depicted in fig9 and 10 , the v 3 and v 4 signals are complementary . unlike conventional systems , the system 100 uses a current mode control technique without using explicit current sensing devices ( such as current sensing resistors ) to sense inductor currents in the stages 102 . instead , the system 100 uses the inductor 106 of each stage 102 as a current sensing element . in this manner , as described below , the pwm controller 104 measures the voltage ( called v l1 ( see fig1 ) for the stage 102 1 called v l2 ( see fig1 ) for the stage 102 2 ) across each inductor 106 and uses these measured inductor voltages to sense the inductor currents in the stages 102 1 and 102 2 . more specifically , as described below , the controller 104 uses a particular voltage of an inductor to reconstruct the current in the inductor . for example , for the stage 102 1 , the controller 104 uses the v l1 voltage to construct a representation of the current ( called i l1 and depicted in fig1 ) in the inductor 106 . as an example , the controller 104 may set an upper limit ( called i c ) on the i l1 current and operate the switch 108 accordingly . in this manner , the controller 104 may establish a constant off time for the switch 108 of the stage 102 1 and establish the on time as the time for the i l1 current to rise from its minimum value to the i c current . as described below , the level of the i c current may vary with the level of the v out voltage . the controller 104 may also construct a representation of the current ( called i l2 ) of the inductor 106 of the stage 102 2 from the v l2 inductor voltage and control the operation of the switch 108 of the stage 102 2 in a similar manner . the controller 104 may use various other current mode control schemes , depending on the particular embodiment of the invention . however , regardless of the type of current mode control that is used , the controller 104 uses the v l1 and v l2 inductor voltages to sense the i l1 and i l2 currents . for purposes of constructing the inductor &# 39 ; s current from its voltage , the controller 104 models the inductor according to an electrical model 106 that is depicted in fig1 . as shown , the inductor may be modeled as an ideal winding 142 ( that produces an ac voltage called v ac ) that is in series with an inherent winding resistor 140 ( that produces a dc voltage called v dc ) that is introduced by the inherent winding resistance of the inductor . in this manner , the controller 104 derives the ac component of the inductor current from the v ac component via integration and derives the dc component of the inductor current from the v dc component . more specifically , fig1 depicts a possible embodiment of circuitry 105 a ( see fig6 ) of the controller 104 to generate the v 1 and v 2 switch control signals . in this manner , the pwm controller 104 includes the circuitry 105 a ( see fig6 ) to receive the v l1 voltage ( via sense lines 113 and 115 that are coupled to different terminals of the inductor 106 ) and generates the v 1 and v 2 switch control signals , and the pwm controller 104 includes circuitry 105 b ( see fig6 ) to receive the v l2 voltage ( via sense lines 113 and 115 ) and generate the v 3 and v 4 switch control voltages . the circuitry 105 a and 105 b communicates with each other for purposes of interleaving the respective switching cycles . because the circuitry 105 a has a similar design to the circuitry 105 b , only the design of the circuitry 105 a is described below . as depicted in fig1 , in some embodiments of the invention , the circuitry 105 a includes a differential amplifier 158 that has its input terminals coupled to the sense lines 113 and 115 to receive the v l1 inductor voltage . thus , the output terminal of the differential amplifier 158 furnishes a signal that is indicative of the v l1 inductor voltage . a low pass filter ( lpf ) 160 of the circuitry 105 a filters the signal from the output terminal of the differential amplifier 158 to provide a signal ( at its output terminal ) that indicates the dc component of the i l1 inductor voltage and thus , indicates the dc component of the inductor current . a bandpass filter ( bpf ) 162 of the circuitry 105 filters the signal that is provided by the output terminal of the differential amplifier 162 to provide a signal ( at its output terminal ) that indicates the ac component of the v l1 inductor voltage . an integrator 164 integrates the signal at the output terminal of the bpf 162 to produce a signal that indicates the ac component of the i l1 inductor current . an adder 166 of the circuitry 105 receives the signals from the output terminals of the lpf 160 and the integrator 164 and furnishes a signal ( called v il1 ) at its output terminal that indicates the i l1 inductor current . in some embodiments of the invention , the circuitry 105 a includes a comparator 168 that compares the v il1 signal with a signal ( called v c ) that sets the maximum level of the i l1 inductor current . in some embodiments of the invention , the v c signal is finished by the output terminal of an error differential amplifier 170 that compares the v out voltage with a reference voltage ( called v ref ). due to this arrangement , the signal at the output terminal of the comparator 168 indicates when the switch 108 should be opened and closed , as the signal transitions between states when the v il1 voltage reaches the v c voltage to indicate the end of the on time interval . a switch circuit 172 is coupled to the output terminal of the comparator 168 and is also coupled to the circuitry 105 b to control the on and off time switching intervals ( based on the signal at the output terminal of the comparator 168 ) during the appropriate switching cycle . referring to fig1 , in some embodiments of the invention , the voltage regulation system 100 may furnish power ( via one or more voltage communication lines that extend from the output terminal 107 , for example ) to a processor 401 and other components of a computer system 400 . in this context , the term “ processor ” may refer to , as examples , to at least one microcontroller , x86 microprocessor , advanced risc machine ( arm ) microprocessor or pentium microprocessor . other types of processors are possible and are within the scope of the following claims . the processor 401 may be coupled to a local bus 402 along with a north bridge , or memory hub 404 . the memory hub 422 may represent a collection of semiconductor devices , or a “ chip set ,” and provide interfaces to a peripheral component interconnect ( pci ) bus 416 and an accelerated graphics port ( agp ) bus 410 . the pci specification is available from the pci special interest group , portland , oreg . 97214 . the agp is described in detail in the accelerated graphics port interface specification , revision 1 . 0 , published on jul . 31 , 1996 , by intel corporation of santa clara , calif . a graphics accelerator 412 may be coupled to the agp bus 410 and provide signals to drive a display 414 . the pci bus 416 may be coupled to a network interface card ( nic ) 420 , for example . the memory hub 404 may also provide an interface to a memory bus 406 that is coupled to a system memory 408 . a south bridge , or input / output ( i / o ) hub 424 , may be coupled to the memory hub 404 via a hub link 422 . the i / o hub 424 represents a collection of semiconductor devices , or a chip set , and provides interfaces for a hard disk drive 438 , a cd - rom drive 440 and an i / o expansion bus 426 , as just a few examples . an i / o controller 428 may be coupled to the i / o expansion bus 426 to receive input data from a mouse 432 and a keyboard 434 . the i / o controller 428 may also control operations of a floppy disk drive 430 . other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims . for example , in other embodiments of the invention , a topology ( a forward , flyback or a boost converter topology , as examples ) other than a buck converter topology may be used for each stage 102 . a multiple phase converter ( three phase or a four phase converter , as examples ) other than a two phase converter may be used , in other embodiments of the invention . a single converter stage may be used in some embodiments of he invention . other control schemes than the current mode control scheme described herein may be used in some embodiments of the invention . other variations are possible . while the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments , those skilled in the art , having the benefit of this disclosure , will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom . it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention . | 7 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.