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in a preferred embodiment , compounds of this invention are defined by formula ( i ) wherein , r is selected from the group consisting of : ## str5 ## wherein x 4 is an halogen ( e . g ., cl , br , or f ). y is a linear c 1 - 6 alkyl , phenyl ethyl or phenylmethyl . a is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydro isoquinoline carboxylate ; l or d - pipecolate ; aminocyclohexyl carboxylate ; and β - cyclohexyl alanine . in an alternative preferred embodiment , r is selected from the group consisting of ## str6 ## in a preferred embodiment , the chiral center shown as * in formula ( i ) is in the l configuration . preferred compounds if this invention are defined by formula ( i ) wherein p is defined by formula ( x ): q , if present , is a residue derived from an l - α - amino acid or a cyclic imino acid ; x 3 , if present , is any hydrophobic α - amino acid residue ; r 2 is a hydrophobic oligopeptide having all or a portion of the sequence pro - glu - glu - v - w - x , ( seq . id no : 2 ) where v and w are independently hydrophobic amino acid residues and x is selected from the group consisting of d - glu or l - glu and gln ; and ## str7 ## wherein each r 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , alkyl , aryl , and aralkyl ; with the proviso that p consists of at least 6 amino or imino acid residues . z may preferably comprise an alkyl chain wherein said alkyl chain may be interrupted by one or more atoms of o , s , or n atom , carbonyl or amide group . z preferably consist of at least 15 atoms in lenght comprising at least one ω - amino acid . z preferably consist of at least 15 atoms in lenght comprising at least one α - amino acid . in a further embodiment z preferably consist of at least 15 atoms in lenght comprising a combination of at least one ω - amino acid and at least one α - amino acid . in an alternative preferred embodiment , z is [ nh --( chr 6 ) 1 - 11 -- co ] 1 - 4 , [ nh --( ch 2 ) 1 - 11 -- co ] 1 - 4 or ( nhch 2 ch ═ chch 2 co ) 3 wherein r 6 is an alkyl or any naturally occuring amino acid side chain . most preferably , z is selected from the group consisting of : ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid )- 4 - aminobutyric acid )-; ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid )- 6 - aminocaproic acid ); ( 8 - aminocapylic acid )- 4 - aminobutyric acid )-; ( 11 - aminoundecanoic acid )- glycyl ); ( glycyl )- 12 - aminododecanoic acid ); ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid )- glycyl ); and ( β - alanyl - glycyl - glycyl - 5 - aminovaleric acid ( seq . id no : 3 ). in a preferred embodiment , g and g 1 may independently be : ## str8 ## wherein r 3 is selected from the group consisting of ## str9 ## wherein r 4 is hydrogen or alkyl ; and each r 7 is independently ch 3 or hydrogen . in a further preferred embodiment , g and g 1 may independently be an aspartic acid residue , a glutamic acid residue or a glutamic alkyl ester residue . in a most preferred embodiment , g and g 1 may independently be aspartic or glutamic acid . q is preferably selected from the group consisting of proline residue and glutamic acid residue . x 3 is preferrably ile , leu , allo - ile or tert - butyl alanine . r 2 is a hydrophobic oligopeptide having all or a portion of the sequence pro - glu - glu - v - w - x , ( seq id no : 4 ) where v - w is selected from the group consisting of residue of tyr - leu , tyr - ala , tyr -( β - cyclohexylalanine ), ( β - cyclohexylalanine )- leu , pro - tyr , ala -( β - cyclohexylalanine ), phe - tyr and , ( β - cyclohexylalanine )- ala ; and x is selected from the group consisting of d - glu and gln . in a preferred embodiment , v - w would be selected from the group consisting of tyr - leu , tyr - ala , tyr - cha , cha - leu , and cha - ala . in a further preferred embodiment , the compounds of this invention may be described by formula ( ii ) said formula ( ii ) comprising an active site portion ( as ) and a fibrinogen recognition exosite portion ( p ) linked through a linker ( z ): wherein the ( as ) portion is preferably selected from the group consisting of bzs - arg -( d - pip ); dansyl - arg -( d - pip ); dansyl - arg -( l - pip ); dansyl - nle -( d - pip ); ( d - phe )- arg -( d - pip ); fmoc - arg -( d - pip ); dansyl - arg -( d - tic ); dansyl -( d - arg )-( d - pip ); dansyl - phe -( d - pip ); dansyl - cha -( d - pip ); ( d - cha )- arg -( d - pip ); α - naphthyl sulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ); β - naphthyl sulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ); 4 - tert - butyl - benzene sulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ); dansyl - arg -( d - cha ); dansyl - arg - acha ; phenyl ethyl sulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ); β - dihydroanthracenyl - β - sulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ); (+)- camphorsulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ); ( d - tic )- arg -( d - pip ); 4 - bromobenzenesulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ) and 2 , 4 , 6 triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl - arg -( d - pip ). the ( z ) portion is preferably selected from the group consisting of ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid )- 4 - aminobutyric acid )-; ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid )- 6 - aminocaproic acid ); ( 8 - aminocapylic acid )- 4 - aminobutyric acid )-; ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid ) - asparagyl - glycyl ); ( 4 - aminobutyric acid - glycyl ); ( 5 - amino valeric acid )- glycyl ); ( 6 - aminocaproic acid )- glycyl ); ( 7 - aminoheptanoic acid )- glycyl ); ( 8 - aminocapylic acid )- glycyl ); ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid ); ( 11 - aminoundecanoic acid )- glycyl ); ( glycyl )- 12 - aminododecanoic acid ); ( 12 - aminododecanoic acid )- glycyl ); and ( β - alanyl - glycyl - glycyl - 5 - aminovaleric acid ) ( seq id no : 3 ). the ( p ) portion is preferably selected from the group consisting of asp - phe - glu - glu - ile - pro - glu - glu - tyr - leu - gln - oh ( seq id no : 5 ); asp - tyr - glu - pro - ile - pro - glu - glu - ala -( l - β - cyclohexylalanine )-( d - glu )- oh ( seq id no : 6 ); and asp - phe - glu - pro - ile - pro - tyr - oh ( seq id no : 7 ). the biological activity of most of the compounds of this invention were evaluated by two different biological assays . the first assay is an in vitro assay that evaluates the equilibrium dissociation constant ( k i ) and the inhibitor concentration required to double the time to fibrinogen clot formation ( ic 50 ). the second assay in an in vivo assay that determines both , the dose of the compounds of this invention necessary to double the occlusion time and the dose of the compounds of this invention necessary to achieve patency at 60 min . in a carotid injury - induced thrombosis . as fig . ( 2b ) demonstrates , the compounds of this invention , more specifically , p448 was exposed to three types of proteases : 1 ) thrombin , which forms a complex with the inhibitor and may hydrolyse it , 2 ) plasma proteases encountered by inhibitors during the blood circulation , and 3 ) kidney proteases , which are heavily involved in the clearance of the peptides . the compounds of this invention were very stable to enzyme degradation . the compounds of the present invention show an inhibitory activity comparable to the inhibitory activity of hirudin . for example , table ii demonstrate that p448 , p531 , p532 and p540 have k i values under 0 . 032 nm . table iii demontrates that p527 , p501 , p500 and p513 have k i values under 0 . 027 nm . table iv shows that p535 and p551 have k i values under 0 . 00330 nm . table v shows that bch - 2733 has a k i of 0 . 8 nm . finally table vi demonstrate the activity of the compounds of this invention in a carotid induced thrombosis model in the rat mediated by fecl 3 . for a matter of comparison , two known thrombin inhibitors ; hirulog - 8 ™ and heparin were also tested . hirulog - 8 ™ is a thrombin inhibitor having a peptide sequence similar to the peptide sequence of hirudin . the results indicate that the compounds of this invention are capable of inhibiting occlusion in the rat carotid artery at doses in the order of ≧ 0 . 25 mg / kg i . v . the more preferred compounds of this invention confer full arterial patency at dose as low as 0 . 5 - 1 mg / kg i . v whereas hirulog - 8 ™ which demonstrates patency at 4 mg / kg .. 4 - bromobenzenesulfonyl - arg ( d - pipecolic acid )-( 12 - aminododecanoic acid )- 4 - aminobutyric acid )- asp - phe - glu - pro - ile - pro - tyr - oh ( bch - 2733 )( seq id no : 52 ); and the more preferred compounds of this invention having a k i value smaller then 1 nm are ; ( p448 ); ( p471 );( p531 );( p532 ); ( p552 ); ( p556 );( p540 ); ( p534 ); ( p528 ); ( p527 ); ( p500 ); ( p501 );( p498 ); ( p513 ); ( p535 ); ( p551 ); ( p581 ); ( p553 ); and ( bch - 2733 ). the most preferred compounds of this invention having a k i value smaller then 0 . 1 nm are : ( p448 );( p531 );( p532 ); ( p540 ); ( p552 ); ( p527 ); ( p500 ); ( p501 ); ( p513 ); ( p535 ); ( p551 ); ( p553 ); and ( p581 ). it should be noted that a person skilled in the art could substitute suitable linkers and synthesize variants of such active bivalent hirudin - like inhibitors . several such alternative linker segments were synthesized and were found to be effective . table ii discloses several particularly effective examples . in addition to the species discussed supra some other preferred linkers are ava - glycine , glycine - ada , ada - glycine , bal - glycine - glycine - ava ( seq id no : 54 ). it should be noted that the bivalent inhibitor sequences exemplified in table iii all use the natural hirudin exosite . while it may be possible that , for use in therapy , a compound of the invention may be administered as the raw chemical , it is preferable to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the compounds of formula ( i ) contain at least one chiral centre ( shown as * in formula i ) and thus exist in the form of two enantiomers and mixtures thereof . all such enantiomers and mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the invention . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the compounds of formula ( i ) or ( ii ) may be modified to provide pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which are included within the scope of the invention . pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula ( i ) or ( ii ) include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases . examples of suitable acids include hydrochloric , hydrobromic , sulphuric , nitric , perchloric , fumaric , maleic , phosphoric , glycollic , lactic , salicylic , succinic , toluene - p - sulphonic , tartaric , acetic , citric , methanesulphonic , formic , benzoic , malonic , naphthalene - 2 - sulphonic and benzenesulphonic acids . other acids such as oxalic , while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable , may be useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts . the invention thus further provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of formula ( i ) and ( ii ) and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefor and , optionally , other therapeutic and / or prophylactic ingredients . the carrier ( s ) must be &# 34 ; acceptable &# 34 ; in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof . in a further embodiment of the present invention is provided the use of a compounds of formula ( i ) and ( ii ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of vascular disease in a mammal including human . in an alternative aspect of the present invention is provided a method for the treatment of vascular disease for the treatment of a mammal , including human comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula ( i ) or ( ii ). it will be appreciated by people skilled in the art that treatment extends to prophylaxis as well to the treatment of established vascular disease . the compounds of the present invention are useful in combinations , formulations and methods for the treatment and prophylaxis of vascular diseases . these diseases include myocardial infarction , stroke , pulmonary embolism , deep vein thrombosis , peripheral arterial occlusion , restenosis following arterial injury or invasive cardiological procedures , acute or chronic atherosclerosis , edema and inflammation , cancer and metastasis . the term &# 34 ; combination &# 34 ; as used herein , includes a single dosage form containing at least one compound of this invention and at least one thrombolytic agent , a multiple dosage form , wherein the thrombin inhibitor and the thrombolytic agent are administered separately , but concurrently , or a multiple dosage form wherein the two components are administered separately , but sequentially . in sequential administration , the thrombin inhibitor may be given to the patient during the time period ranging from about 5 hours prior to about 5 hours after administration of the thrombolytic agent . preferably , the thrombin inhibitor is administered to the patient during the period ranging from 2 hours prior to 2 hours following administration of the thrombolytic agent . in these combinations , the thrombin inhibitor and the thrombolytic agent work in a complementary fashion to dissolve blood clots , resulting in decreased reperfusion times and increased reocclusion times in patients treated with them . specifically , the thrombolytic agent dissolves the clot , while the thrombin inhibitor prevents newly exposed , clot - entrapped or clot - bound thrombin from regenerating the clot . the use of the thrombin inhibitor in the formulations of this invention advantageously allows the administration of a thrombolytic reagent in dosages previously considered too low to result in thrombolytic effects if given alone . this avoids some of the undesirable side effects associated with the use of thrombolytic agents , such as bleeding complications . thrombolytic agents which may be employed in the combinations of the present invention are those known in the art . such agents include , but are not limited to , tissue plasminogen activator purified from natural sources , recombinant tissue plasminogen activator , streptokinase , urokinase , purokinase , anisolated streptokinase plasminogen activator complex ( aspac ), animal salivary gland plasminogen activators and known , biologically active derivatives of any of the above . various dosage forms may be employed to administer the formulations and combinations of this invention . these include , but are not limited to , parenteral administration , oral administration and topical application . the formulations and combinations of this invention may be administered to the patient in any pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form , including those which may be administered to a patient intravenously as bolus or by continued infusion , intramuscularly -- including paravertebrally and periarticularly -- subcutaneously , intracutaneously , intra - articularly , intrasynovially , intrathecally , intra - lesionally , periostally or by oral , nasal , or topical routes . such compositions and combinations are preferably adapted for topical , nasal , oral and parenteral administration , but , most preferably , are formulated for parenteral administration . parenteral compositions are most preferably administered intravenously either in a bolus form or as a constant infusion . for parenteral administration , fluid unit dose forms are prepared which contain the compounds of the present invention and a sterile vehicle . the compounds of this invention may be either suspended or dissolved , depending on the nature of the vehicle and the nature of the particular compounds of this invention . parenteral compositions are normally prepared by dissolving the compounds of this invention in a vehicle , optionally together with other components , and filter sterilizing before filling into a suitable vial or ampule and sealing . preferably , adjuvants such as a local anesthetic , preservatives and buffering agents are also dissolved in the vehicle . the composition may then be frozen and lyophilized to enhance stability . parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner , except that the active component is suspended rather than dissolved in the vehicle . sterilization of the compositions is preferably achieved by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspension in the sterile vehicle . advantageously , a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of its components . tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients , such as binding agents , fillers , diluents , tableting agents , lubricants , disintegrants , and wetting agents . the tablet may be coated according to methods well known in the art . suitable fillers which may be employed include cellulose , mannitol , lactose and other similar agents . suitable disintegrants include , but are not limited to , starch , polyvinylpyrrolidone and starch derivatives , such as sodium starch glycolate . suitable lubricants include , for example , magnesium stearate . suitable wetting agents include sodium lauryl sulfate . oral liquid preparations may be in the form of aqueous or oily suspensions , solutions , emulsions , syrups or elixirs , or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or another suitable vehicle before use . such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives . these include suspending agents , such as sorbitol , syrup , methyl cellulose , gelatin , hydroxyethylcellulose , carboxymethylcellulose , aluminum stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats , emulsifying agents which include lecithin , sorbitan monooleate , polyethylene glycols , or acacia , non - aqueous vehicles , such as almond oil , fractionated coconut oil , and oily esters , and preservatives , such as methyl or propyl p - hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid . formulations for topical administration may , for example , be in aqueous jelly , oily suspension or emulsified ointment form . the dosage and dose rate of the compounds of this invention will depend on a variety of factors , such as the weight of the patient , the specific pharmaceutical composition used , the object of the treatment , i . e ., therapy or prophylaxis , the nature of the thrombotic disease to be treated , and the judgment of the treating physician . according to the present invention , a preferred pharmaceutically effective daily dose of the compounds of this invention is between about 1 μg / kg body weight of the patient to be treated (&# 34 ; body weight &# 34 ;) and about 5 mg / kg body weight . in combinations containing a thrombolytic agent , a pharmaceutically effective daily dose of the thrombolytic is between about 10 % and 80 % of the conventional dosage range . the &# 34 ; conventional dosage range &# 34 ; of a thrombolytic agent is the daily dosage used when that agent is employed in a monotherapy [ physician &# 39 ; s desk reference 1989 , 43rd edition , edward r . barnhart , publisher ]. that conventional dosage range will , of course , vary depending on the thrombolytic agent employed . examples of conventional dosage ranges are as follows : urokinase -- 500 , 000 to 6 , 250 , 000 units / patient , streptokinase -- 140 , 000 to 2 , 500 , 000 units / patient , tpa -- 0 . 5 to 5 . 0 mg / kg body weight , aspac -- 0 . 1 to 10 units / kg body weight . most preferably , the therapeutic and prophylactic compositions of the present invention comprise a dosage of between about 10 μg / kg body weight and about 500 μg / kg body weight of the compounds of this invention . most preferred combinations comprise the same amount of the compounds of this invention and between about 10 % and about 70 % of the conventional dosage range of a thrombolytic agent . it should also be understood that a daily pharmaceutically effective dose of either the compounds of this invention or the thrombolytic agent present in combinations of the invention , may be less than or greater than the specific ranges cited above . once improvement in the patient &# 39 ; s condition has occurred , a maintenance dose of a combination or composition of this invention is administered , if necessary . subsequently , the dosage or the frequency of administration , or both , may be reduced , as a function of the symptoms , to a level at which the improved condition is retained . when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level , treatment should cease . patients may , however , require intermittent treatment upon any recurrence of disease symptoms . according to an alternate embodiment of this invention , compounds may be used in compositions and methods for coating the surfaces of invasive devices , resulting in a lower risk of clot formation or platelet activation in patients receiving such devices . surfaces that may be coated with the compositions of this invention include , for example , prostheses , artificial valves , vascular grafts , stents and catheters . methods and compositions for coating these devices are known to those of skill in the art . these include chemical cross - linking or physical adsorption of the compounds of this invention - containing compositions to the surfaces of the devices . according to a further embodiment of the present invention , compounds may be used for ex vivo thrombus imaging in a patient . in this embodiment , the compounds of this invention are labelled with a radioisotope . the choice of radioisotope is based upon a number of well - known factors , for example , toxicity , biological half - life and detectability . preferred radioisotopes include , but are not limited to 125 i , 123 i and 111 i . techniques for labelling the compounds of this invention are well known in the art . most preferably , the radioisotope is 123 i and the labelling is achieved using 123 i - bolton - hunter reagent . the labelled thrombininhibitor is administered to a patient and allowed to bind to the thrombin contained in a clot . the clot is then observed by utilizing well - known detecting means , such as a camera capable of detecting radioactivity coupled to a computer imaging system . this technique also yields images of platelet - bound thrombin and meizothrombin . this invention also relates to compositions containing the compounds of this invention and methods for using such compositions in the treatment of tumor metastases . the efficacy of the compounds of this invention for the treatment of tumor metastases is manifested by the inhibition inhibitors to inhibit thrombin - induced endothelial cell activation . this inhibition includes the repression of platelet activation factor ( paf ) synthesis by endothelial cells . these compositions and methods have important applications in the treatment of diseases characterized by thrombin - induced inflammation and edema , which is thought to be mediated be paf . such diseases include , but are not limited to , adult respiratory distress syndrome , septic shock , septicemia and reperfusion damage . early stages of septic shock include discrete , acute inflammatory and coagulopathic responses . it has previously been shown that injection of baboons with a lethal dose of live e . coli leads to marked declines in neutrophil count , blood pressure and hematocrit . changes in blood pressure and hematocrit are due in part to the generation of a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy ( dic ) and have been shown to parallel consumption of fibrinogen [ f . b . taylor et al ., &# 34 ; protein c prevents the coagulopathic and lethal effects of escherichia coli infusion in the baboon &# 34 ;, j . clin . invest ., 79 , pp . 918 - 25 ( 1987 )]. neutropenia is due to the severe inflammatory response caused by septic shock which results in marked increases in tumor necrosis factor levels . the compounds of this invention may be utilized in compositions and methods for treating or preventing dic in septicemia and other diseases . this invention also relates to the use of the above - described compounds , or compositions comprising them , as anticoagulants for extracorporeal blood . as used herein , the term &# 34 ; extracorporeal blood &# 34 ; includes blood removed in line from a patient , subjected to extracorporeal treatment , and then returned to the patient in such processes as dialysis procedures , blood filtration , or blood bypass during surgery . the term also includes blood products which are stored extracorporeally for eventual administration to a patient and blood collected from a patient to be used for various assays . such products include whole blood , plasma , or any blood fraction in which inhibition of coagulation is desired . the amount or concentration of compounds of this invention in these types of compositions is based on the volume of blood to be treated or , more preferably , its thrombin content . preferably , an effective amount of a compounds of this invention of this invention for preventing coagulation in extracorporeal blood is from about 1 μg / 60 ml of extracorporeal blood to about 5 mg / 60 ml of extracorporeal blood . the compounds of this invention may also be used to inhibit clot - bound thrombin , which is believed to contribute to clot accretion . this is particularly important because commonly used anti - thrombin agents , such as heparin and low molecular weight heparin , are ineffective against clot - bound thrombin . finally , the compounds of this invention may be employed in compositions and methods for treating neurodegenerative diseases . thrombin is known to cause neurite retraction , a process suggestive of the rounding in shape changes of brain cells and implicated in neurodegenerative diseases , such as alzheimer &# 39 ; s disease and parkinson &# 39 ; s disease . in order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood , the following examples are set forth . it should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner . human α - thrombin ( 3 , 000 nih units / mg ), bovine fibrinogen (˜ 70 % of protein , 85 % of protein clottable ), tos - gly - pro - arg - amc . hcl salt , poly ( ethylene glycol ) 8000 ™, ada and tris were purchased from sigma inc . amc dansyl chloride , 1 - naphthalenesulfonyl chloride , 2 - naphthalenesulfonyl chloride , 4 - tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride , ada , ava and d , l - pip were were obtained from aldrich . boc - abu , boc - bal , boc - aca , boc - aha , boc - cha , boc - d - cha , boc - l - pip , boc - d - pip , and boc - d - tic were purchased from bachem . acha was obtained from fluka inc . boc - ada , boc - d , l - pip , and boc - acha were prepared according to the procedure described by chaturvedi , d . n ., knittel , j . j ., hruby , v . j ., castrucci , a . m ., & amp ; hadley , m . e . ( 1984 ) j . med . chem . 27 , 1406 - 1410 which is hereby incorporated by reference . all other amino acid derivatives for peptide synthesis were purchased from advanced chemtech except boc - glu ( obzl )- oh , which was obtained from sigma . the side chain protecting groups for boc - amino acids were benzyl for glutamic acid ( glu ) and aspartic acid ( asp ), tosyl ( tos ) for arginine ( arg ) and 2 - bromobenzyloxycarbonyl for tyrosine ( tyr ). boc - gln - och 2 - phenylacetylamidomethyl resin ( 0 . 714 mmol / g ) and p - methyl - benzhydrylamin resin ( 0 . 770 mmol / g ) were purchased from applied biosystems inc . boc - d - glu ( obzl ()- och2 - pheynylacetylamidomethyl resin ( 0 . 31 mmol / g ) was purchased from peninsula laboratories , inc . the solvents for peptide synthesis were obtained from b & amp ; j chemicals and applied biosystems inc . citric acid was purchased from anachemia . hf and tfa were purchased from matheson and halocarbon products co ., respectively . the peptides were prepared according to the method described in szewczuk , z ., gibbs , b . f ., yue , s .- y ., purisima , e ., & amp ; konishi , y . ( 1992 ) biochemistry 31 , 9132 - 9140 which is hereby incorporated by reference . final products were obtained as lyophilizates with 98 % or higher purity estimated by analytical hplc . the purified peptides were identified by amino acid analysis on a beckman model 6300 ™ high performance analyzer and by molecular mass analysis using a sciex api iii ™ mass spectrometer . peptide contents in lyophilizates were determined by the amino acid analysis . following this procedure , the following peptides were synthesized : p429 , p428 , p431 , p430 , p396 , p448 , p447 , p471 , p472 , p473 , p476 , p477 , p493 , p492 , p531 , p532 , p556 , p552 , p540 , p534 , p482 , p482 , p483 , p484 , p514 , p526 , p525 , p524 , p523 , p499 , p528 , p527 , p501 , p500 , p498 , p513 , p409 - 2 , p547 , p408 - 2 , p548 , p550 , p447 , p535 , p551 , p553 , p581 , bch - 2443 , bch - 2736 , bch - 2741 , bch - 2733 , and bch - 2444 . proteolytic stabilities of the compounds of this invention against human a - thrombin and human plasma proteases were measured as described in szewczuk et al ., 1993 , supra , and szewczuk et al ., 1992 , supra , respectively . proteolytic stability of the inhibitors against proteases on kidney membranes was measured as follows : the preparation of kidney membranes was carried out at 0 - 4 ° c . according to the procedure ( method 3 ) of maeda , t ., balakrishnan , k ., & amp ; mehdi , s . q . ( 1983 ) biochim . biophys . acta 731 , 115 - 120 . the kidneys of sprague - dawley ™ rats were minced finely with surgical scissors . the tissue ( 1 g ) was then added to 3 ml of homogenization buffer ( 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer , ph 7 . 4 , containing 1 mm mgcl2 , 30 mm nacl , 0 . 02 % nan3 and 10 μg / l of dnase ) and homogenized using a polytron * homogenizer ( brinkmann ). for sufficient cell disruption , the tissue was subject to five or six bursts for 5 seconds each time at a power setting of 7 separated by 1 to 2 minutes of cooling . about 10 ml of the homogenate was layered over 10 ml of a 41 % ( w / v ) solution of sucroseand centrifuged in a beckman sw27 ™ swinging bucket rotor ( 100000 × g for 30 minutes ). the interfacial membranes were collected and washed twice with 10 mm tris hcl buffer , ph 7 . 4 . the suspension of the membranes in the same buffer was stored in small aliquots at - 80 ° c . until they were used . the protein content of the suspension were determined before the storage by amino acid analysis . an aliquot of kidney membrane ( 3 mg ) and 3 nm of the inhibitor were then incubated in 0 . 6 ml of 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer , ph 7 . 4 , containing 1 mm mgcl2 , 30 mm nacl , 0 . 02 % nan 3 and 10 μg / l of dnase , for digestion at 37 ° c . an aliquot ( 0 . 15 ml ) of the reaction solution was sampled at 0 , 15 and 30 minutes of the reaction time . the reaction was terminated by heating at 100 ° c . in a boiling water for 2 minutes . the sample was subsequently spun at 6000 × g for 2 minutes and the supernatant was injected onto a hewlett packard model 1090 ™ hplc . the inhibitors and their metabolites were isolated on an analytical c18 column ( 4 . 6 × 250 mm , vydac *) with a linear gradient from 10 to 70 % of acetonitrile gradient containing 0 . 1 % trifluoroacetic acid over 60 minutes at a flow rate of 1 ml / min . the elution profile was monitored by the absorbance at 210 nm . the peptides were collected and identified by the amino acid analysis described in szewczuk et al ., 1992 , supra . materials . the chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates tosyl - gly - pro - arg - pna and tos - gly - pro - arg - amc were purchased from boehringer manheim and sigma , respectively . fibrinogen and bovine or human α - thrombins were from sigma and purity was confirmed by sodium inhibitor dissolved in the same buffer . initial velocities were recorded at several inhibitor concentrations and kinetic parameters were determined by fitting the data to a general equation describing enzyme inhibition ( segel , 1975 ). the data were analyzed using the non - linear regression program rnlin in the imsl library ( imsl , 1987 ) on a microvax ™ 3500 computer . dixon and lineweaver - burk plots were constructed to qualitatively assign the type of inhibition exhibited by each peptide . fluorogenic assays were conducted using the same conditions and instrument as above operating in the fluorescence mode in the ratio ( λ ex = 383 nm , λ em = 455 nm ) fluorescence intensities were calibrated with 7 - amino - 4 - methyl coumarin solution of known concentration materials . the chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates tosl - gly - pro - arg - ρna and tos - gly - pro - arg - amc were purchased from boehringer manheim and sigma , respectively . fibrinogen and bovine or human α - thrombins were from sigma and purity was confirmed by sodium inhibitor dissolved in the same buffer . the fibrin clotting assay was performed in 50 mm tris hcl buffer ( ph 7 . 52 at 37 ° c .) containing 0 . 1 m nacl and 0 . 1 % poly ( ethylene glycol ) 8000 with 9 . 0 × 10 - 10 m ( 0 . 1 nih unit / ml ) and 0 . 03 % ( w / v ) of the final concentrations of human thrombin and bovine fibrinogen , respectively , as reported elsewhere ( szewczuk et al ., 1992 ). the clotting time was plotted against the inhibitor concentrations and the ic50 was estimated as the inhibitor concentration required to double the clotting time relative to the control . the inhibition of the amidolytic activity of human thrombin was measured fluorometrically using tos - gly - pro - arg - amc as a fluorogenic substrate in 50 mm tris - hcl buffer ( ph 7 . 52 at 37 ° c .) containing 0 . 1 m nacl and 0 . 1 % poly ( ethylene glycol ) 8000 at room temperature ( szewczuk et al ., 1992 ). the final concentrations of the inhibitors , the substrate and human thrombin were 0 . 1 - 5 - fold of ki , 1 - 8 × 10 - 5 m and 6 . 0 × 10 - 11 m , respectively for the data in table 1 . for data in tables ii and iii , the corresponding concentrations were 0 . 5 -™ 1000 - fold of ki , 1 - 8 × 10 - 6 m and 3 . 0 × 10 - 11 m , respectively , if k , & gt ; 10 - 10 m , and 10 - 100 - fold of ki , 5 - 40 × 10 - 6 m and 3 . 0 10 - 11 m , respectively , if ki & lt ; 10 - 10 m . the hydrolysis of the substrate by thrombin was monitored on a varian - cary 2000 ™ spectrophotometer in the fluorescence mode ( λex = 383 nm , λem = 455 nm ) or on a hitachi f2000 ™ fluorescence spectrophotometer ( λ ex = 383 nm , λ em = 455 nm ), and the fluorescent intensity was calibrated using amc . the reaction reached a steady - state within 3 min after mixing thrombin with the substrate and an inhibitor . the steady - state velocity was then measured for a few minutes . the compounds of this invention were also pre - incubated with thrombin for 20 min at room temperature before adding the substrate . the steady - state was achieved within 3 min and measured for a few min . the kinetic data ( the steady - state velocity at various concentrations of the substrate and the inhibitors ) of the competitive inhibition was analyzed using the methods described by segel ( 1975 ). a non - linear regression program , rnlin in the imsl library ( imsl , 1987 ), lmder in minpack library ( more et al ., 1980 ) or microsoft ™ excell ™, was used to estimate the kinetic parameters ( k m v max and k i ). the biological data are reported on tables i - v . table i__________________________________________________________________________activities of the thrombin active site directed inhibitorspeptidesequence ki ( nm ) ic . sub . 50 ( nm ) __________________________________________________________________________p429 dansyl - arg -( d - pipecolic acid )- nh . sub . 2 158 ± 57 430 ± 130p428 dansyl - arg -( l - pip )- nh . sub . 2 19100 ± 1300 37900 ± 1900p431 dansyl - arg -( d - pipecolic acid )- abu - nh . sub . 2 980 ± 130 2580 ± 680p430 dansyl - arg -( l - pip )- abu - nh . sub . 2 11600 ± 3300 39100 ± 7200p396 dansyl - arg -( d - tic )- nh . sub . 2 390 ± 20 820 ± 150__________________________________________________________________________ table ii__________________________________________________________________________activity of thrombin inhibitors with various active siteinhibitor segments structure of active sitepeptide inhibitor segment k . sub . i ( nm ) __________________________________________________________________________p448 ( seq id no : 8 ) dansyl - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 0 . 0170 ± 0 . 0042p447 ( seq id no : 9 ) dansyl - arg -( l - pip ). sup . a 12 . 4 ± 1 . 8p471 ( seq id no : 11 ) dansyl - arg -( d - tic ). sup . a 0 . 285 ± 0 . 040p472 ( seq id no : 12 ) dansyl - arg -( d -( cha ). sup . a 17 . 1 ± 3 . 1p473 ( seq id no : 13 ) dansyl - arg - d -( acha ). sup . a 36 . 3 ± 10 . 3p476 ( seq id no : 15 ) dansyl - phe -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 2 . 62 ± 0 . 20p477 ( seq id no : 16 ) dansyl - cha -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 5 . 85 ± 0 . 098p493 ( seq id no : 10 ) dansyl - nle -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 5 . 20 ± 1 . 31p492 ( seq id no : 14 ) dansyl -( d - arg )-( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 1 . 02 ± 0 . 38p531 ( seq id no : 17 ) α - nas - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 0 . 032 ± 0 . 001p532 ( seq id no : 18 ) β - nas - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 0 . 024 ± 0 . 004p556 ( seq id no : 19 ) bzs - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 0 . 137 ± 0 . 026p552 ( seq id no : 20 ) tbbs - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 0 . 0170 ± . 0004p540 ( seq id no : 22 ) tbbs - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . b 0 . 0053 ± 0 . 0006p534 ( seq id no : 21 ) (+) 10 - camphorsulfonyl - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . b 0 . 108 ± 0 . 001p481 ( seq id no : 23 ) ( d - cha )- arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 9 . 51 ± 0 . 16p482 ( seq id no : 24 ) ( d - tic )- arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 12 . 2 ± 3 . 2p483 ( seq id no : 25 ) ( d - phe )- arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 54 . 9 ± 6 . 6p484 ( seq id no : 26 ) fmoc - arg -( d - pipecolic acid ). sup . a 14 . 8 ± 1 . 2 hirudin 0 . 00028__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a the linker and exosite inhibitor segments comprise the sequence adaabu - dfeeipeeylq - oh . . sup . b the linker and exosite inhibitor segments comprise the sequence adaaca - dfeeipeeylqoh . table iii______________________________________activity of thrombin inhibitors with various linker serments atom structure of linker no . peptide segment lenght ki ( nm ) ______________________________________p514 abu - gly . sup . a 8 6800 ± 1640 ( seq id no : 27 ) p526 ava - gly . sup . a 9 4970 ± 260 ( seq id no : 28 ) p525 aca - gly . sup . a 10 3000 ± 830 ( seq id no : 29 ) p524 aha - gly . sup . a 11 1480 ± 170 ( seq id no : 30 ) p523 aca *- gly . sup . a 12 148 ± 9 ( seq id no : 31 ) p499 ada . sup . a 13 20 . 0 ± 4 . 0 ( seq id no : 32 ) p528 aca *- abu . sup . a 14 0 . 521 ± 0 . 086 ( seq id no : 33 ) p527 aua - gly . sup . a 15 0 . 0260 ± 0 . 0044 ( seq id no : 34 ) p501 gly - ada . sup . a 16 0 . 0271 ± 0 . 0067 ( seq id no : 35 ) p500 ada - gly . sup . a 16 0 . 0255 ± 0 . 0100 ( seq id no : 36 ) p498 βala - gly - gly - ava . sup . a 16 0 . 131 ± 0 . 022 ( seq id no : 37 ) p448 ada - abu . sup . a 18 0 . 0170 ± 0 . 0042 ( seq id no : 8 ) p513 ada - aca . sup . a 20 0 . 0155 ± 0 . 0026 ( seq id no : 38 ) p409 abu - gly . sup . b 8 no inhibition ( seq id no : 39 ) p547 ava - gly . sup . b 9 --( seq id no : 40 ) p408 aca - gly . sup . b 10 124 ± 61 ( seq id no : 41 ) p548 aha - gly . sup . b 11 --( seq id no : 42 ) p550 ada . sup . b 13 --( seq id no : 43 ) p447 ada - abu . sup . b 18 12 . 4 ± 1 . 8 ( seq id no : 44 ) hirudin 0 . 00028______________________________________ . sup . a the active site inhibitor and exosite inhibitor segments comprise the sequences dansylarg -( d - pipecolic acid ) and dfeeipeeylqoh , respectively . . sup . b the active site inhibitor and exosite inhibitor segments conprise the sequences densylarg -( l - pip ) and dfeeipeeylqoh , respectively . table iv__________________________________________________________________________activity of thrombin inhibitors with , various exosite inhibitor serments structure of active , site structure of , exositepeptide inhibitor segment inhibitor segment k . sub . i ( nm ) __________________________________________________________________________p535 ( seq dansyl - arg -( d - dyepipeea -( cha )-( d - . sup . 0 . 00123 ± 0 . 00026 . sup . 1id no : 45 ) pipecolic acid ). sup . a glu )- oh . sup . 0 . 0020 ± 0 . 0004 . sup . 2p551 ( seq β - nas - arg -( d - pipecolic dyepipeea -( cha )-( d - . sup . 0 . 00330 ± 0 . 00016 . sup . 1id no : 46 ) acid ). sup . a glu )- oh . sup . 0 . 0042 ± 0 . 0002 . sup . 2p553 ( seq tbbs - arg -( d - pipecolic dyepipeea -( cha )-( d - 0 . 0030 ± 0 . 0004id no : 47 ) acid ). sup . a glu )- ohp581 ( seq α - nas - arg -( d - pipecolic dyepipeea -( cha )-( d - 0 . 0145 ± 0 . 0009id no : 48 ) acid ). sup . a glu )- oh__________________________________________________________________________ . sup . a the linker segment comprise the sequences ( 12aminododecanoic acid ) ( 4aminobutyric acid ) . sup . 1 results from assay no . 1 . sup . 2 results from assay no . 2 table v__________________________________________________________________________activity of thrombin inhibitorpeptide active site linker exosite ki ic . sub . 50 ( dtt ) __________________________________________________________________________bch - 2443 tbbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh 1 nm 12 . 0 nm ( seq id pipecolic acid ) no : 49 ) bch - 2736 tbbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh 270 nm 1 . 1 μm ( seq id pipecolic acid ) no : 50 ) bch - 2741 tbbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh not tested due to ( seq id no : pipecolic acid ) insolubility51 ) bch - 2733 brbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh 0 . 8 nm 4 . 1 nm ( seq id pipecolic acid ) no : 52 ) bch - 2444 tipbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh 5 . 5 nm 55 . 0 nm ( seq id pipecolic acid ) no : 53 ) __________________________________________________________________________ the fecl3 induced arterial injury model assays were conducted according to kurz , k . d ., main , r . w ., sandusky , g . e ., thrombosis research 60 ; 269 - 280 , 1990 and schumacher , w . a . et al . j . pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 267 ; 1237 - 1242 , 1993 . male , sprague - dawley ( 375 - 450 g ) are anesthetized with urethane ( 1500 mg / kg ip ). animals are laid on a heating pad which is maintained at 37 ° c . the carotid artery is approached through a midline cervical incision . carefully blunt dissection is used to expose and isolate the vessel from the carotid sheath . using forceps , the artery is lifted to provide clearance to insert two small polyethylene tubing ( pe - 205 ) underneath it . the temperature probe ( physitemp mt23 / 3 )™ is placed between the pe - 205 and the artery . the vessel temperature is monitored for 60 minutes after application of fecl 3 . vessel temperature changes are recorded on a thermister ( cole - palmer model 08533 - 41 ). injury is induced by application of a small disc ( 3 mm dia .) of whatman ™ no . 1 filter paper previously dipped in a 35 % solution of fecl 3 on the carotid artery above the temperature probe . the site of the experiment is covered with in aluminum foil in order to protect the fecl 3 from degradation by light . the time between the ferric chloride application and the time at which the vessel temperature decreases abruptly (& gt ; 2 . 4 ° c . ), is recorded as the time to occlusion ( tto ) of the vessel . before the start of the experiment , one blood sample is drawn ( 1 ml ) in a tube of 0 . 105m buffered citrate solution ( from the eye &# 39 ; s sinus ) and the animal is exsanguinated at the end . all the samples are kept on ice and centrifuged as soon as possible at 2000 rpm for 10 min ., 4 ° c . the plasma is analyzed in duplicate for activated partial thromboplastin time on a haemostasis analyzer ( stago st4 ™). from a group of four animals , two arteries are stored at - 80c for further analysis . the others are observed under a light microscope at 40 × ( leica ™) for quantification of the occlusion ( complete , partial , no occlusion ). the biological data are reported on table vi . table vi__________________________________________________________________________activity of thrombin inhibitor in a carotid injury - inducedthrombosis dose to double dose to achieve occlusion time patency at ( mg / kg i . v . 60 min . ( mg / kgpeptide active site linker exosite bolus ). sup . 1 i . v . bolus ). sup . 2__________________________________________________________________________p448 dansyl - arg -( d - ada - abu dfeeipeeylq - 1 . 0 not achieved at ( seq id no : 8 ) pipecolic acid ) oh ( n = 3 ) 2 ( n = 3 ) p531 αnas - arg ( d - ada - abu dfeeipeeylq - 0 . 5 not achieved at ( seq id no : 17 ) pipecolic acid ) oh ( n = 4 ) 2 ( n = 4 ) p540 tbbs - arg -( d - ada - aca dfeeipeeylq - 0 . 5 not achieved at ( seq id no : 22 ) pipecolic acid ) oh ( n = 4 ) 2 ( n = 4 ) p551 βnas - arg ( d - ada - abu dyepipeea - 0 . 5 - 1 1 - 2 ( seq id no : 46 ) pipecolic acid ) ( cha )-( d - glu )- oh ( n = 5 ) ( n = 5 ) p552 tbbs - arg -( d - ada - abu dfeeipeeylq - 0 . 5 ≧ 2 ( seq id no : 20 ) pipecolic acid ) oh ( n = 4 ) ( n = 4 ) p553 tbbs - arg -( d - ada - abu dyepipeea - 0 . 25 0 . 5 - 1 ( seq id no : 47 ) pipecolic acid ) ( cha )-( d - glu )- oh ( n = 4 ) ( n = 4 ) p532 βnas - arg ( d - ada - abu dfeeipeeylq - oh 0 . 5 - 1 1 - 2 ( seq id no : 18 ) pipecolic acid ) ( n = 4 ) ( n = 4 ) p581 αnas - arg ( d - ada - abu dyepipeea - 0 . 5 1 ( seq id no : 48 ) pipecolic acid ) ( cha )-( d - glu )- oh ( n = 3 ) ( n = 3 ) bch - 2443 tbbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh not achieved not achieved at ( seq id no : 49 ) pipecolic acid ) at 4 4 ( n = 1 ) ( n = 1 ) bch - 2736 tbbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh 4 not achieved at ( seq id no : 50 ) pipecolic acid ) ( n = 2 ) 4 ( n = 2 ) bch - 2741 tbbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh not tested due to insolubility ( seq id no : 51 ) pipecolic acid ) bch - 2733 brbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh not achieved not achieved at ( seq id no : 52 ) pipecolic acid ) at 2 2 ( n = 4 ) ( n = 4 ) bch - 2444 tipbs - arg ( d - ada - abu dfepipy - oh not tested due to insolubility ( seq id no : 53 ) pipecolic acid ) hirulog ™ 2 ( n = 4 ) 4 ( n = 4 ) heparin 200 u / kg not achieved at ( n = 4 ) 400 u / kg ( n = 4 ) __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . 1 control occlusion time is 19 ± 1 min ( n = 11 ) . sup . 2 as defined by no drop in vessel temperature __________________________________________________________________________ # sequence listing - ( 1 ) general information :- ( iii ) number of sequences : 57 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 1 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 6 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ label = g ( d ) other information :#&# 34 ; any independently acidic alpha - amino acid residue &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ label = x2d ) other information :#&# 34 ; any hydrophobic alpha - amino acid residue &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ label = g1d ) other information :#&# 34 ; any independently acidic alpha - amino acid residue &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ label = q ( d ) other information :#&# 34 ; if present , residue is derived from an l - alpha - amin - # o # a cyclic imino acid &# 34 ; r - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 5 #/ label = x3d ) other information :#&# 34 ; if present , residue is any hydrophobic # acid &# 34 ; alpha - amino - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 6 #/ label = r2d ) other information :#&# 34 ; a hydrophobic oligopeptide having all or a portion - # of seq id no : 4 &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : region ( b ) location : 1 .. 6 #/ note = &# 34 ; consists of at least 6 :# imino acid residues &# 34 ; or - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 1 :- xaa xaa xaa xaa xaa xaa1 5 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 2 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 6 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ label = v ( d ) other information :#&# 34 ; any independently hydrophobic amino acid residue &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 5 #/ label = w ( d ) other information :#&# 34 ; any independently hydrophobic amino acid residue &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 6 #/ label = x ( d ) other information :#&# 34 ; either d - glu , l - glu or gln &# 34 ;- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 2 :- pro glu glu xaa xaa xaa1 5 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 3 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 4 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; bala &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 5 - aminovaleric acid &# 34 ;- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 3 :- xaa gly gly xaa - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 4 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 6 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e # 5 ) ( b ) location : group ( 4 ,#/ label = v - w ) other information :#&# 34 ; any of the following residues : tyr - leu , tyr - ala , tyr -( beta - cy - # clohexylalanine ), ( beta - cycloh - # exylalanine )- leu ,# ala -( beta - cyclohexylalanine ), phe - tyr or ( beta - cycloh - # exylalanine )- ala &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 6 #/ label = x ( d ) other information :#&# 34 ; either d - glu or gln &# 34 ;- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 4 :- pro glu glu xaa xaa xaa1 5 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 5 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 5 :- asp phe glu glu ile pro glu glu tyr leu gl - # n # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 6 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 10 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 11 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - glu &# 34 ; / note =- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 6 :- asp tyr glu pro ile pro glu glu ala xaa xa - # a # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 7 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 7 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 7 :- asp phe glu pro ile pro tyr1 5 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 8 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p448 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 8 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 9 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p447 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 9 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 10 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; nle &# 34 ; her information :#&# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p493 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 10 :- xaa xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 11 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroisoquinoline - 3 - carboxylic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p471 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 11 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 12 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p472 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 12 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 13 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ;( d ) 1 - amino cyclohexane carboxylic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p473 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 13 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 14 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - arg ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p492 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 14 :- xaa xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 15 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p476 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 15 :- phe xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 16 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; beta - cyclohexylalanine ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p477 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 16 :- xaa xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 17 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; alpha - naphthyl sulfonyl group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p531 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 17 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 18 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; beta - naphthyl sulfonyl : group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p532 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 18 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 19 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; benzyl sulfonyl groupn : attached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p556 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 19 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 20 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; 4 - tert - butyl - benzeneon :# group attached &# 34 ; ulfonyl - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p552 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 20 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 21 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ;(+) 10 - camphorsulfonyl : group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; acp &# 34 ; her information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p534 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 21 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 22 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; 4 - tert - butyl - benzeneon :# group attached &# 34 ; ulfonyl - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; acp &# 34 ; her information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p540 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 22 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 23 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 16 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 5 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 16 #/ label = p481 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 23 :- xaa arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pr - # o glu glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 24 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 16 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ;( d )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydroisoquinoline - 3 - carboxylic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 5 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 16 #/ label = p482 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 24 :- xaa arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pr - # o glu glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 25 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 16 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - phe &# 34 ; / note =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 5 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 16 #/ label = p483 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 25 :- xaa arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pr - # o glu glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 26 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; 9 - fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p484 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 26 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 27 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p514 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 27 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 28 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 5 - amino valeric acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p526 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 28 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 29 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; acp &# 34 ; her information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p525 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 29 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 30 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 7 - aminoheptanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p524 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 30 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 31 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 8 - aminocapylic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p523 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 31 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 32 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 14 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 14 #/ label = p499 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 32 :- arg xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro glu gl - # u tyr leu gln # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 33 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 8 - aminocaproic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p528 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 33 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 34 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 11 - aminoundecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p527 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 34 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 35 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p501 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 35 :- arg xaa gly xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 36 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p500 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 36 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 37 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 17 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; bala &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 6 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 5 - aminovaleric acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 17 #/ label = p498 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 37 :- arg xaa xaa gly gly xaa asp phe glu glu il - # e pro glu glu tyr leu # 15 - gln - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 38 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; acp &# 34 ; her information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p513 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 38 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 39 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p409 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 39 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 40 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 5 - aminovaleric acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p547 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 40 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 41 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; acp &# 34 ; her information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p408 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 41 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 42 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 7 - aminoheptanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p548 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 42 :- arg xaa xaa gly asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 43 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 14 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 14 #/ label = p550 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 43 :- arg xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro glu gl - # u tyr leu gln # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 44 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p447 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 44 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu glu ile pro gl - # u glu tyr leu gln # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 45 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; dansyl group attached &# 34 ;:- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 14 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 15 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - glu &# 34 ; / note =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p535 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 45 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp tyr glu pro ile pro gl - # u glu ala xaa xaa # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 46 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; beta - naphthyl sulfonyl : group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 14 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 15 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - glu &# 34 ; / note =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p551 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 46 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp tyr glu pro ile pro gl - # u glu ala xaa xaa # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 47 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; 4 - tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 14 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 15 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - glu &# 34 ; / note =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p553 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 47 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp tyr glu pro ile pro gl - # u glu ala xaa xaa # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 48 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 15 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; alpha - naphthyl sulfonyl group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 14 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 15 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - glu &# 34 ; / note =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 15 #/ label = p581 other information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 48 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp tyr glu pro ile pro gl - # u glu ala xaa xaa # 15 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 49 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 11 #/ label = bch - 2443er information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 49 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu pro ile pro ty - # r # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 50 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 11 #/ label = bch - 2736er information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 50 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu pro ile pro ty - # r # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 51 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 11 #/ label = bch - 2741er information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 51 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu pro ile pro ty - # r # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 52 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = &# 34 ; 4 - bromobenzenesulfonyl : group att - # ached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 11 #/ label = bch - 2733er information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 52 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu pro ile pro ty - # r # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 53 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ note = ( d ) other information : &# 34 ; 2 , 4 , 6 - tr - # iisopropylbenzensulfonyl group attached &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 2 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - pipecolic acid &# 34 ; e =- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 3 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; 12 - aminododecanoic acid &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; 4abu &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : peptide ( b ) location : 1 .. 11 #/ label = bch - 2444er information :- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 53 :- arg xaa xaa xaa asp phe glu pro ile pro ty - # r # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 54 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 4 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; bala &# 34 ; er information :- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 4 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; gamma - aminovaleric acid &# 34 ;- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 54 :- xaa gly gly xaa1 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 55 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear # id no : 55 :( xi ) sequence description : seq - asp phe glu glu ile pro glu glu - # tyr leu gln # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 56 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 10 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; l - beta - cyclohexylalanine &# 34 ;- ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 11 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; d - glu &# 34 ; / note =- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 56 :- asp tyr glu pro ile pro glu glu ala xaa xa - # a # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 57 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 7 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 57 :- asp phe glu pro ile pro tyr1 5__________________________________________________________________________ | 0 |
detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein ; however , it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention that may be embodied in various forms . in addition , each of the examples given in connection with the various embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative , and not restrictive . further , the figures are not necessarily to scale , some features may be exaggerated to show details of particular components . therefore , specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting , but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention . advisors and managers are typically required to comply with sec regulations regarding their proxy voting procedures and record keeping . one embodiment of the present invention provides an internet tool that helps such advisors and managers achieve compliance and streamline voting . in one example , the present invention may help advisors and managers to manage , track , reconcile and report proxy voting through electronic delivery of ballots , online voting , and sec compliant reporting and record keeping ( proxy information may , in one example , be provided through an automated electronic interface based on share positions provided directly to a system operator by various custodian bank ( s )/ broker ( s )). one embodiment of the present invention provides a system for integrating , organizing and displaying ( e . g ., via a website ) information in a language of preference for each user of the system ( see fig1 - 15 for examples of such displays according to various language preferences ). in one example ( which example is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive ), the information may comprise meeting , agenda and / or ballot information . in another example ( which example is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive ), the language of preference for each user may be expressed by the user each time that the user signs on to the system . in another example ( which example is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive ), the language of preference for each user may be expressed by the user once , such as at the time of a first sign - on . in this latter example , the language of preference may then be used for that user for subsequent sign - ons ( or until changed by the user ). in another example ( which example is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive ), the users of the system may be voting entities empowered to cast votes via the system . referring now to fig1 - 3 , website pages showing “ login ” screens ( presented , respectively , in english , japanese and german ) according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown . of note , various graphical user interface elements incorporate the specific languages associated with each webpage . for example , fig1 shows use of text entry box labels in english ( see , e . g ., “ institution id ”, “ user id ”, “ password ”), use of a command button caption in english ( see , e . g ., “ login ”), use of a check box label in english ( see , e . g ., “ save login info ”) use of a tab element caption in english ( see , e . g ., “ login ”) and use of various text labels in english . fig2 and 3 show the corresponding elements in the respective languages . referring now to fig4 - 6 , website pages showing “ home ” screens ( presented , respectively , in english , japanese and german ) according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown . again , various graphical user interface elements incorporate the specific languages associated with each webpage . for example , fig4 shows use of various text labels in english and use of a tab element caption in english ( see , e . g ., “ home ”). fig5 and 6 show the corresponding elements in the respective languages . referring now to fig7 - 9 , website pages showing “ meeting list ” screens ( presented , respectively , in english , japanese and german ) according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown . again , various graphical user interface elements incorporate the specific languages associated with each webpage . for example , fig7 shows use of a drop - down list box in english ( see , e . g ., “ all ”), use of a command button caption in english ( see , e . g ., “ apply ”), use of text labels in english associated with the columns of the table , use of various table data in english , use of tab element captions in english ( see , e . g ., ““ meeting list ”, “ meeting lookup ””) and use of various text labels in english . fig8 and 9 show the corresponding elements in the respective languages . referring now to fig1 - 12 , website pages showing “ ballot list ” screens ( presented , respectively , in english , japanese and german ) according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown . again , various graphical user interface elements incorporate the specific languages associated with each webpage . for example , fig1 shows use of drop - down list boxes in english ( see , e . g ., “ accounts ” and “ all ”), use of a command button caption in english ( see , e . g ., “ apply ”), use of text labels in english associated with the columns of the table , use of various table data in english , use of tab element captions in english ( see , e . g ., “” ballot list ”, “ meeting details ”) and use of various text labels in english . fig1 and 12 show the corresponding elements in the respective languages . referring now to fig1 - 15 , website pages showing “ vote ballot ” screens ( presented , respectively , in english , japanese and german ) according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown . again , various graphical user interface elements incorporate the specific languages associated with each webpage . for example , fig1 shows use of drop - down list boxes in english ( see , e . g ., “ quick vote ”), use of radio button captions in english ( see , e . g ., “ for ”, “ against ”, “ abstain ”), use of check box text labels in english ( see , e . g ., “ show contrary to policy ”), use of a hyperlink in english ( see , e . g ., “ comments ”), use of text labels in english associated with the columns of the table , use of various table data in english , use of tab element captions in english ( see , e . g ., ““ vote ballot ”, “ meeting details ”, “ ballot list ”) and use of various text labels in english . fig1 and 15 show the corresponding elements in the respective languages . of note , one embodiment of the present invention may use “ message tokens ” to identify various script items that need to be displayed . these message tokens may refer , for example , to specific rows in a translation database ( wherein there is a column in the database for every language that the system needs to support ). in this configuration , the application logic may be consistent for all applications across a given website ( for example ), but the language of the presentation can be tailored to the preference of any particular user at any particular time . to give one specific example of such tailoring of language preferences ( which example is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive ), the message token “ pe . common . label . account ” may call up “ account ” to the screen if the language preference was english , the appropriate japanese characters to the screen if the language preference was japanese , and “ depot ” to the screen if the language preference was german ( the system would recognize that the content of the field was the account regardless of how it was described to the user ). in another embodiment of the present invention a method ( e . g ., a data processing method ) may be provided . this method may include , but not be limited to : ( a ) tabularizing text elements into message tokens composed of a hierarchical string of descriptors including , but not limited to : application ; page specific / common ; content type ; context ; content key ; ( b ) interpreting the message tokens to locate the row in a translation sheet database that identifies the interpretation of the text element in any supported language ; ( c ) combining the message token and language preference indicator to select the column and row in the database to select the appropriate display ; and ( d ) displaying the appropriate language on the application screen . again , in one specific example ( which example is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive ), the method may provide meeting , agenda and / or ballot information which may be used by voting entities in the language of their choice . in other examples ( which examples are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive ), the invention may provide for the translation of any fixed body of information to be displayed electronically , statically , dynamically and / or interactively . generic applications ( e . g ., global applications and / or help screens ) can be developed independent of the language of presentation and additional languages can be added as needed ( e . g ., by inserting another column in the database ). referring now to fig1 , an example of building language specific html from a javaserver pages template is shown . more particularly , as seen in this fig1 , the following steps may be employed : jsp page issues a request for a language specific string by locale ( language preference ) and key ( message token ) translation sheet program looks to see if that language is already loaded . if it is , the program drops through , picks up the text associated with the language specific key from the cache and returns it to the requesting jsp page . if the language specific key is not loaded in the cache , the program gets the language specific key value pairs from the database and creates a hash map of the locale specific keys and values that is then loaded into cache for rapid access . if no language specific text is in the database corresponding to the language specific key provided , the program will bring in the “ english ” text and present english as the default language for that particular message token to the jsp page for presentation . the remainder of the page will be in the user selected language if available . if there is no “ english ” text and no language specific text for the locale of choice , the system will generate an error message string of “?? ? message token ?? ?” and return it to the jsp page for presentation . referring now to fig1 , a computer device for presenting information associated with a website according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown . as seen in this fig1 , data storage interface 1701 ( which may comprise , for example , a direct connection and / or a network such as the internet and / or an intranet ) is arranged and configured to be coupled between database 1703 ( which may comprise one or more physical databases ) and input mechanism 1705 ( which may comprise , for example , a website , a dedicated terminal , and / or any other desired input mechanism ). further , the data storage interface 1701 operates to receive data indicative of at least a first word in a first language and provide the data to the database 1703 and the data storage interface 1701 operates to receive data indicative of at least the first word in a second language and provide the data to the database 1703 , wherein the second language is different from the first language . further still , computer interface 1707 ( which may comprise , for example , a direct connection and / or a network such as the internet and / or an intranet ) is arranged and configured to be coupled between the database 1703 and computer 1709 ( which may comprise , for example , one or more computer servers operating as website server ( s )). the computer 1709 determines whether to display data to a user of the website in the first language or the second language ( e . g ., based on a preference set by the user and / or by a system administrator ). further still , display interface 1711 ( which may comprise , for example , a direct connection and / or a network such as the internet and / or an intranet ) is arranged and configured to be coupled between the computer 1709 and display mechanism 1713 ( which may comprise , for example , a monitor displaying one or more webpages at one or more websites ). computer 1709 displays on display mechanism 1713 via display interface 1711 the data indicative of the first word in the first language from database 1703 if it had been determined to display data to the user of the website in the first language ; computer 1709 displays on display mechanism 1713 via display interface 1711 the data indicative of the first word in the second language from database 1703 if it had been determined to display data to the user of the website in the second language ; and computer 1709 displays on display mechanism 1713 via display interface 1711 at least one graphical user interface element . of note , the display in the first language may comprise incorporating the stored data indicative of the first word in the first language into the graphical user interface element ; and the display in the second language may comprise incorporating the stored data indicative of the first word in the second language into the graphical user interface element . referring now to fig1 , a computer device for presenting information associated with a website according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown . as seen in this fig1 , computer 1801 ( which may comprise , for example , one or more computer servers operating as website server ( s )) determines whether to display data to a user of the website in a first language or a second language , wherein the second language is different from the first language . further data transmission interface 1803 ( which may comprise , for example , a direct connection and / or a network such as the internet and / or an intranet ) is arranged and configured to be coupled between source of data 1805 ( which may comprise , for example , one or more physical databases , a mechanism for inputting data , and / or any other desired source ( s ) of data ) and the computer 1801 . further still , display interface 1807 ( which may comprise , for example , a direct connection and / or a network such as the internet and / or an intranet ) is arranged and configured to be coupled between the computer 1801 and display mechanism 1809 ( which may comprise , for example , a monitor displaying one or more webpages at one or more websites ). if it had been determined by the computer 1801 to display data to the user of the website in the first language , the following is performed : ( i ) obtaining data indicative of at least a first word in the first language , wherein the data is obtained from the source of data 1805 via the data transmission interface 1803 ; ( ii ) displaying on the display mechanism 1809 via the display interface 1807 the data indicative of the first word in the first language ; and ( iii ) displaying on the display mechanism 1809 via the display interface 1807 at least one graphical user interface element . if it had been determined by the computer 1801 to display data to the user of the website in the second language , the following is performed : ( i ) obtaining data indicative of at least the first word in the second language , wherein the data is obtained from the source of data 1805 via the data transmission interface 1803 ; ( ii ) displaying on the display mechanism 1809 via the display interface 1807 the data indicative of the first word in the second language ; and ( iii ) displaying on the display mechanism 1809 via the display interface 1807 at least one graphical user interface element . of note , the display in the first language may comprise incorporating the obtained data indicative of the first word in the first language into the graphical user interface element ; and the display in the second language may comprise incorporating the obtained data indicative of the first word in the second language into the graphical user interface element . in another embodiment of the present invention the system may use essentially the same application logic ( regardless of language display ), but allow the presentation of the information to be sensitive to the language preference of the user and / or administrator and to the contextual differences between like expressions in different languages . of note , the present invention may , of course , be implemented using any appropriate computer hardware and / or computer software . in this regard , those of ordinary skill in the art are well versed in the type of computer hardware that may be used ( e . g ., a mainframe , a mini - computer , a personal computer (“ pc ”), a network ( e . g ., an intranet and / or the internet )), the type of computer programming techniques that may be used ( e . g ., object oriented programming ), and the type of computer programming languages that may be used ( e . g ., c ++, basic ). the aforementioned examples are , of course , illustrative and not restrictive . while a number of embodiments of the present invention have been described , it is understood that these embodiments are illustrative only , and not restrictive , and that many modifications may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . for example , certain methods may be “ computer implementable ” or “ computer implemented .” in this regard , it is noted that while such methods can be implemented using a computer , the methods do not necessarily have to be implemented using a computer . also , to the extent that such methods are implemented using a computer , not every step must necessarily be implemented using a computer . further , the present invention may be used in the context of any desired number of different languages ( the three presented herein are examples only ). further still , any desired number of users may be supported . further still , any steps may be carried out in any desired order ( and any desired steps may be added and / or any desired steps may be eliminated ). | 6 |
in this invention , a steam reforming unit and a cogeneration gas turbine power plant are integrated . the steam reformer is composed of two communicating fluid beds such that the reforming catalyst continuously exits the first fluid bed , the reformer reactor , at a temperature of t 1 and , following separation from the reformer gas products , enters a second fluid bed combustor - regenerator at t 2 , such that t 2 & gt ; t 1 . the types of fluidized bed processes contemplated for use herein include fast fluid beds , fixed fluid beds and circulating fluid beds . all of these applications can be utilized in either the upflow or downflow modes . a fixed fluid bed is a fluid bed in which the gas velocity is above that required for minimum fluidization but below that necessary to achieve pneumatic transport . the bed surface , although it could be highly irregular , is fairly well defined . examples of fixed fluid beds include bubbling and turbulent fluid beds . a circulating fluid bed is a fluid bed process whereby catalyst is continuously removed from the bed ( whether in upflow or downflow orientation ) and is then re - introduced into the bed to replenish the supply of solids . at high velocities (& gt ; 50 ft / sec ) the solid density in the reactors is low , i . e . below 2 lb / ft 3 , and , in upward flow , one calls this type of fluid bed a riser reactor . at lower velocities , while the catalyst is still entrained in the gas stream , a relatively dense bed is formed in the reactor . this type of bed is often called a fast fluid bed . there is no clear dividing line between these types of reactors and , for the purpose of the invention , it is sufficient that we deal with catalyst particles in such a manner that they can easily flow between the combustion / regeneration and reaction zone . in the invention , the catalyst exiting the combustor - regenerator at temperature t 2 enters the steam reformer reactor , once again , where the heat accumulated in the combustor - regenerator is used to fuel the highly endothermic reforming reaction . since the forming reaction generally operated at elevated pressures , the combustor - regenerator requires a supply of combustion air at a pressure equal to the reformer operating pressure plus whatever amount of additional pressure is necessary to overcome any pressure drop in the communicating bed loop . compressed air to the combustor - regenerator is provided by integration with a cogeneration gas turbine power plant . in a cogeneration power plant , power is generated by burning fuel gas at moderate pressures ( e . g ., 200 - 400 psig ) to produce hot , pressurized gases which are then expanded and cooled to produce power and steam , respectively . an amount of air far in excess of that stoichiometrically required ( 150 - 200 %) for combustion of fuel in the power plant combustor , is initially compressed to the desired gas turbine inlet presser ( e . g ., 200 - 400 psig ). this large excess air is needed to serve as a heat sink in the power plant combustor to moderate the combustion exotherm and maintain the combustor temperature within the constraints set by the associated hardware . since the compressed air is available in excess , a portion of the compressed air exiting the cogeneration power plant gas turbine compressor is borrowed for use in the combustor / regenerator . the diluent air , previously used to control the temperature in the power plant combustor is replaced by hot , pressurized off gases from the combustor - regenerator which are fed back to the combined cycle power plant and mixed with the remaining airflow as gas flow for the power plant combustor . such integration reduces the operation and capital costs otherwise associated with a fluid bed steam reforming process . entrained solids in the hot off gases from the combustor - regenerator can damage the power plant gas turbine blades as a result of erosion . therefore , the combustor - regenerator hot off gases are filtered to remove the entrained particulates . the temperature tolerance of commercially available filters for this purpose is limited to e . g ., about 1450 ° f ., and the temperature of the hot off gas existing the combustor - regenerator is generally well above this limit . the hot off gases can be sufficiently cooled by mixing with the remainder of the cooler power plant gas turbine compressor air flow . the mixture of hot flue gas and the cooler compressed power plant air flow equilibrate to an acceptable temperature such that the mixed gas stream can be passed through a filter and then sent to the power plant combustor . using the integrated fluidized bed steam reformer has additional advantages over the traditionally used multitubular reactors . ordinary steam reforming requires a large amount of excess steam which is needed to suppress coke formation to extend cycle life in fixed bed steam reforming operations . in the fluidized bed , the need to maintain low single pass coke production is reduced since the catalyst is continuously regenerated in the regenerator . the steam reforming processes contemplated to be used herein are those which require a pressure above about 100 psi . the preferred pressure range is from about 100 psi to about 1000 psi ; more preferably about 150 psi to about 600 psi ; and most preferably about 150 psi to about 450 psi . the preferred temperature range of the steam reforming reactor is from about 1350 ° f . to about 2000 ° f ., most preferably about 1500 ° f . to 1650 ° f . steam reforming typically requires a temperature of about 1600 ° f . to about 1650 ° f . as is known in the art , steam reforming processes generally utilize a nickel catalyst on an alumina support . for use in a fluidized bed , the solid catalyst particle sizes are generally in the range of 2 to 150 microns , preferably with a majority of particles at about 40 to 120 microns , more preferably , about 90 microns . the catalyst is preferably attrition - resistant . the feed for steam reforming is generally a light paraffin , preferably methane or ethane , and steam . the product stream consists of hydrogen , carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide , as well as unreacted steam and hydrocarbon . the integration of a power plant unit with a steam reforming process unit is exemplified in fig1 . referring now to the flowsheet in fig1 section a shows a steam reforming process unit . a pressurized , gaseous feedstream for steam reforming , containing steam and methane at a steam / carbon ( s / c ) ratio , in this example of 4 : 1 , and which can be in a range of about 2 : 1 to 6 : 1 , for example , 28 . 25 mmscfd ( million standard cubic feet per day ) methane and 113 mmscfd steam , is introduced through line 1 into reformer reactor 2 , which in this example is a fixed fluid bed . the feed inlet temperature is about 500 ° f . the reformer reactor 2 contains a bed of fluidized , solid , particulate catalyst ( not shown ) which is at a temperature sufficient to effect steam reforming , in this example , 1650 ° f . this temperature can be in a range of about 1350 ° f . to 2000 ° f ., preferably above 1600 ° f . the pressurized feedstream is introduced into the reformer at a pressure of about 300 psig . the reforming beds can operate at a pressure of about 150 to 450 psig . the steam reforming in the reformer reactor results in an energy requirement of 68 . 1 mw ( megawatts ) to produce 100 mmscfd h 2 at 93 % ch 4 conversion . a gaseous product effluent containing h 2 , e . g ., about 89 . 27 mmscfd ; co , e . g ., about 14 . 41 ; co 2 , e . g ., about 11 . 02 ; h 2 o , e . g ., about 76 . 28 and ch 4 , e . g ., about 1 . 98 ( units herein are mmscfd ) exits the reforming reactor through line 3 at a temperature of about 1650 ° f . or in a range of about 1350 ° f . to 2000 ° f . and a pressure of about 300 psig or in a range of about 100 to 1000 psig . spent catalyst from the reformer reactor 2 is passed through conduit 4 to the combustor - regenerator 5 for reheating . the catalyst combustor - regenerator generally operates at a temperature higher than the reformer with a heat differential supplied by the burning in the regenerator of light hydrocarbons , such as fuel gas and coke which may have deposited on the catalyst during the steam reforming step . in this example , methane was chosen as the fuel to the combustor - regenerator . the temperature differential of combustor - regenerator over reformer in this example is 150 ° f . but can be preferably about 20 ° f . to about 1000 ° f . ; more preferably about 50 ° f . to about 400 ° f . ; and most preferably about 150 ° f . to about 200 ° f . the temperature is related to equipment restrictions . for a given heat requirement in the reforming reactor , the temperature and the circulation rate are related according to the formula in combustor - regenerator 5 , a fuel stream comprising fuel mixed with air , in this example containing 9 . 04 methane , and 20 % stoichiometric excess air , and at about 300 psig or in a range of about 100 to 1000 psig and at a temperature of 260 ° f . or in a range of about 200 ° f . to 900 ° f ., is introduced into the combustor - regenerator through lines 7 and 16 and the fuel and coke are burned in the combustor / regenerator to generate heat . the catalyst is heated in the combustor - regenerator to a temperature of about 1800 ° f . or in a range of about 1500 ° f . to 2200 ° f . the regenerated catalyst passes out of the combustor / regenerator 5 through conduit 6 and is conveyed back to the reforming reactor 2 propelled by a pressure difference between the reformer reactor and the combustor - regenerator . p comb & gt ; p ref ; δp ˜ 3 - 100 psi . a gaseous product effluent which exits the reformer reactor 2 through line 3 is optionally passed to other downstream components such as a shift reactor 42 , steam generator 44 , and waste boiler 45 , followed by passage through a pressure swing absorber ( psa ) 47 to separate the hydrogen product . these other downstream components are further discussed below . in fig1 section c , the steam reforming process is integrated with a cogeneration gas turbine power plant . a cogeneration power plant unit is shown in fig1 section b . referring again to fig1 in the power plant unit in section b , air ( about 251 . 4 mmscfd at 75 ° f . and 10 psig ) is conveyed through line 10 into the gas turbine compressor 11 which has an energy use in this example of about 24 . 8 mw . compressed airflow , 52 . 83 o 2 and 198 . 60 n 2 , in this example , at a pressure of about 150 psig and at about 252 ° f . exits the main compressor through line 12 . as shown in fig1 section c , a portion of the compressed airflow in line 12 is diverted at juncture 13 into line 14 for the purpose of &# 34 ; borrowing &# 34 ; air and pressure for integration into the steam reforming process unit . the drawn off portion of air can have a pressure of about 50 to 1000 psig , preferably 150 to 400 psig and a temperature of about 300 ° to 900 ° f ., preferably about 400 ° to 700 ° f . the diverted compressed air in line 14 is conveyed to a booster compressor 15 , which has an energy use of , e . g ., about 4 . 2 mw , and the pressure of the diverted compressed air in this case is raised to about 300 psig and a temperature of about 307 ° f . before it exits the booster compressor through line 16 . the air ( 25 . 99 o 2 and 97 . 75 n 2 ) in line 16 is introduced into the gaseous fuelstream 7 for the catalyst combustor - regenerator 5 . in this way , air and pressure for the steam reforming process unit are obtained from the power plant . therefore , a separate main compressor is not needed for the steam reforming process unit , only a small booster compressor is used . meanwhile , the remainder of the compressed air ( about 26 . 84 o 2 and 100 . 85 n 2 ) in line 12 after juncture 13 is conveyed through line 17 to intersection 18 where hot flue gas in line 19 at about 1800 ° f . or in a range of about 1500 ° to 2200 ° f ., preferably about 1650 ° to 1850 ° f ., and 300 psig or in a range of about 150 to 450 psig , in this example containing 36 . 44 co 2 , 21 . 75 h 2 o , 2 . 54 o 2 , 97 . 46 n 2 and also containing catalyst fines from the combustor - regenerator 5 is mixed with the compressed air in line 17 to form a mixed , recombined gas stream 20 . the hot flue gas in line 19 from the combustor - regenerator 5 contains fine particles which can result from attrition of the fluidized bed catalyst . attrition normally results from mechanical particle degradation and break up in a fluidized bed . the compressed air in line 17 , in this case before mixing is at a temperature of about 252 ° f . and 150 psig . the mixing which occurs at intersection 18 adjusts the temperature of the resulting mixed , recombined gas stream to about 1200 ° f ., or in the range of about 700 ° to 1600 ° f ., preferably about 1000 ° to 1400 ° f . thus , the mixture of hot flue gas from the combustor - regenerator and power plant compressed air has a temperature sufficiently lowered to allow passage through conventionally available filters to remove catalyst fines . conventionally available filters are generally limited to temperatures below 1400 ° f . in the absence of additional heating or cooling of 17 and 19 , setting of a maximum mix temperature dictates the relative sizes of the power plant ( i . e ., power generated ) and the steam reformer ( i . e ., hydrogen produced ). after the mixing of gas streams at intersection 18 , the mixed gas stream is conveyed through filter 21 by line 20 . the mixed gas stream emerges from the filter with catalyst fines removed and the mixed stream at a pressure of about 150 psig and a temperature of about 1190 ° f . is conveyed through line 22 to the power plant combustor 23 . before the mixed gas enters the combustor , fuel for combustion , e . g ., about 6 . 5 mmscfd methane , at about 250 ° f . and 150 psig is introduced through line 22a into line 22 to intermix with the mixed gas stream . the intermixed combustion fuel and gas stream in line 22b at temperature of about 1168 ° f . and a pressure of about 150 psig and containing , e . g ., 6 . 5 ch 4 , 36 . 44 co 2 , 32 . 21 o 2 , 198 . 60 n 2 , 21 . 75 h 2 o and preferably containing e . g ., 150 - 200 % excess air , is combusted in the combustor 23 at a temperature of about 2000 ° f . or in a range of about 1700 ° to 2800 ° f ., preferably about 2000 ° f . to about 2300 ° f ., producing combustion flue gas containing , e . g ., 42 . 66 co 2 , 19 . 21 o 2 , 198 . 60 n 2 and 34 . 47 h 2 o at 2000 ° f . and 150 psig , which is conveyed through line 24 from the combustor to the turbine 25 . the inlet temperature of the gas turbine can be in the range of about 1700 ° to 2800 ° f ., preferably about 2000 ° to 2400 ° f . pressure reduction drives the impeller of the turbine . pressure energy is converted to velocity energy and used to generate power , e . g . in this case , about 76 . 6 mw power which exits through line 26 . part of the power is diverted through line 27 to run the gas turbine compressor 11 . the remainder of the line 27 power in 27a is used elsewhere , e . g ., to supplement a refinery . hot gas exiting turbine 25 through line 28 , in this case , 42 . 66 co 2 , 19 . 21 o 2 , 198 . 60 n 2 and 34 . 47 h 2 o , at 1350 ° f . and 10 psig , is used to produce 71 . 3 mw in steam generator 29 . gases exiting the steam generator 29 ( e . g ., 42 . 66 co 2 , 19 . 21 o 2 , 198 . 60 n 2 and 34 . 47 h 2 o at about 500 ° f . and 10 psig ) are conveyed through line 30 to waste boiler 31 . gases exiting the waste boiler in line 32 are conveyed to a knock out drum which separates , e . g ., 34 . 47 water in line 35 and 42 . 66 co 2 , 19 . 21 o 2 and 198 . 60 n 2 in line 34 which can be conveyed to a stack . in an optional embodiment , in the steam reforming process unit in section a , after the gaseous product effluent exits the steam reformer reactor through line 3 , the effluent is optionally circulated to a shift reactor 42 . water can be introduced into line 3 to produce steam and thus cool the effluent to an acceptable level for filtration . the effluent is cooled to about 700 ° f . for high temperature gas shift reaction . the reformer effluent can be also cooled by passing through steam generator 41 to produce about 53 . 5 mw of steam energy and the temperature of the effluent in line 41a is reduced to about 700 ° f . the positions of steam generator 41 and filter 40 are reversed if an initial pre - filter cooling mechanism is not employed . the high temperature gas shift in shift reactor 42 is carried out adiabatically at an inlet temperature of about 700 ° f . and about 300 psig . approximately 75 % of the carbon monoxide is converted in the shift reactor , as dictated by equilibrium constraints such that the shift reactor effluent 43 contains , e . g ., about 100 . 01 mmscfd h 2 , 1 . 98 methane , 22 . 04 co 2 , 3 . 67 co , and 65 . 54 h 2 o at about 812 ° 0 f . and 300 psig . the shift reactor effluent in line 43 can be used to produce about 16 . 7 mw of steam in steam generator 44 thereby cooling the shift reactor effluent to about 500 ° f . in line 44a . the line 44a effluent is further cooled to 100 ° f . in waste boiler 45 and water is removed in knock out drum 46 prior to pressure treatment in the swing absorber ( psa ) 47 for hydrogen purification . hydrogen product is collected through line 48 . in a preferred embodiment , the shift reactor is eliminated and the co , co 2 and methane by - products from the psa complex containing , e . g ., 1 . 98 methane , are fed directly to the catalyst combustor - regenerator to serve as additional fuel ( not shown ). in another embodiment , the shift reactor remains in the hydrogen plant design and , similarly to the preferred embodiment , the by - products from psa , e . g ., about 3 . 67 co , 22 . 04 co 2 and 1 . 98 methane from the psa 47 at about 100 ° f . are sent to the combustor / regenerator following compression to the combustor / regenerator operating pressure ( not shown ). in both cases , to facilitate reduction in the rate of steam to the reformer , and hence to reduce utility costs , steam can be added to the reformer effluent 3 prior to entering the shift reactor 42 . in this way , the steam can serve the dual purpose of cooling the reactor effluent and supplementing whatever reformer steam is in the reformer effluent to maximize conversion in the shift reactor , further reducing utility costs . in this heat integrated design shown in fig1 hydrogen selectivity is not as important as in a conventional hydrogen plant since hydrogen is a co - product with power from the combined cycle power plant , steam generators and waste boilers . it is the overall efficiency improvement and capital investment savings associated with the production of power , steam and hydrogen that determine the overall uniqueness of this plant . another embodiment includes a subsequent integration with a methanol plant ( not shown ). reformer synthesis gas is conveyed to the methanol unit and reacted to produce methanol . the reaction for the production of methanol requires synthesis gas as the feed . the reaction generally utilizes a zinc - chromium oxide catalyst , a temperature of 300 ° f . to 700 ° f ., a pressure of 500 to 5000 psig . a portion of the power required in the methanol plant can be supplied from the power generated in the cogeneration gas turbine power plant . while there have been described what are presently believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention , those skilled in the art will realize that changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention , and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the true scope of the invention . | 8 |
preferred embodiments and their advantages are best understood by reference to fig1 through 4 , wherein like numbers are used to indicate like and corresponding parts . for purposes of this disclosure , an information handling system may include any instrumentality or aggregate of instrumentalities operable to compute , classify , process , transmit , receive , retrieve , originate , switch , store , display , manifest , detect , record , reproduce , handle , or utilize any form of information , intelligence , or data for business , scientific , control , or other purposes . for example , an information handling system may be a personal computer , a network storage device , or any other suitable device and may vary in size , shape , performance , functionality , and price . the information handling system may include random access memory ( ram ), one or more processing resources such as a central processing unit ( cpu ) or hardware or software control logic , rom , and / or other types of nonvolatile memory . additional components of the information handling system may include one or more disk drives , one or more network ports for communicating with external devices as well as various input and output ( i / o ) devices , such as a keyboard , a mouse , and a video display . the information handling system may also include one or more buses operable to transmit communications between the various hardware components . referring first to fig1 , a block diagram of information handling system 10 is shown , according to teachings of the present disclosure . information handling system 10 or computer system preferably includes at least one microprocessor or central processing unit ( cpu ) 12 . cpu 12 may include processor 14 for handling integer operations and coprocessor 16 for handling floating point operations . cpu 12 is preferably coupled to cache 18 and memory controller 20 via cpu bus 22 . system controller i / o trap 24 preferably couples cpu bus 22 to local bus 26 and may be generally characterized as part of a system controller . main memory 28 of dynamic random access memory ( dram ) modules is preferably coupled to cpu bus 22 by a memory controller 20 . main memory 28 may be divided into one or more areas such as system management mode ( smm ) memory area ( not expressly shown ). basic input / output system ( bios ) memory 30 is also preferably coupled to local bus 26 . flash memory or other nonvolatile memory may be used as bios memory 30 . a bios program ( not expressly shown ) is typically stored in bios memory 30 . the bios program preferably includes software which facilitates interaction with and between information handling system 10 devices such as a keyboard ( not expressly shown ), a mouse ( not expressly shown ), or one or more i / o devices . bios memory 30 may also store system code ( note expressly shown ) operable to control a plurality of basic information handling system 10 operations . graphics controller 32 is preferably coupled to local bus 26 and to video memory 34 . video memory 34 is preferably operable to store information to be displayed on one or more display panels 36 . display panel 36 may be an active matrix or passive matrix liquid crystal display ( lcd ), a cathode ray tube ( crt ) display or other display technology . in selected applications , uses or instances , graphics controller 32 may also be coupled to an integrated display , such as in a portable information handling system implementation . bus interface controller or expansion bus controller 38 preferably couples local bus 26 to expansion bus 40 . in one embodiment , expansion bus 40 may be configured as an industry standard architecture (“ isa ”) bus . other buses , for example , a peripheral component interconnect (“ pci ”) bus , may also be used . in certain information handling system embodiments , expansion card controller 42 may also be included and is preferably coupled to expansion bus 40 as shown . expansion card controller 42 is preferably coupled to a plurality of information handling system expansion slots 44 . expansion slots 44 may be configured to receive one or more computer components 80 ( shown below in more detail ) such as an expansion card ( e . g ., modems , fax cards , communications cards , and other input / output ( i / o ) devices ). interrupt request generator 46 is also preferably coupled to expansion bus 40 . interrupt request generator 46 is preferably operable to issue an interrupt service request over a predetermined interrupt request line in response to receipt of a request to issue interrupt instruction from cpu 12 . i / o controller 48 , often referred to as a super i / o controller , is also preferably coupled to expansion bus 40 . i / o controller 48 preferably interfaces to an integrated drive electronics ( ide ) hard drive device ( hdd ) 50 , cd - rom ( compact disk - read only memory ) drive 52 and / or a floppy disk drive ( fdd ) 54 . other disk drive devices ( not expressly shown ) which may be interfaced to the i / o controller include a removable hard drive , a zip drive , a cd - rw ( compact disk - read / write ) drive , and a cd - dvd ( compact disk - digital versatile disk ) drive . communication controller 56 is preferably provided and enables information handling system 10 to communicate with communication network 58 , e . g ., an ethernet network . communication network 58 may include a local area network ( lan ), wide area network ( wan ), internet , intranet , wireless broadband or the like . communication controller 56 may be employed to form a network interface for communicating with other information handling systems ( not expressly shown ) coupled to communication network 58 . as illustrated , information handling system 10 preferably includes power supply 60 , which provides power to the many components and / or devices that form information handling system 10 . power supply 60 may be a rechargeable battery , such as a nickel metal hydride (“ nimh ”) or lithium ion battery , when information handling system 10 is embodied as a portable or notebook computer , an a / c ( alternating current ) power source , an uninterruptible power supply ( ups ) or other power source . power supply 60 is preferably coupled to power management microcontroller 62 . power management microcontroller 62 preferably controls the distribution of power from power supply 60 . more specifically , power management microcontroller 62 preferably includes power output 64 coupled to main power plane 66 which may supply power to cpu 12 as well as other information handling system components . power management microcontroller 62 may also be coupled to a power plane ( not expressly shown ) operable to supply power to an integrated panel display ( not expressly shown ), as well as to additional power delivery planes preferably included in information handling system 10 . power management microcontroller 62 preferably monitors a charge level of an attached battery or ups to determine when and when not to charge the battery or ups . power management microcontroller 62 is preferably also coupled to main power switch 68 , which the user may actuate to turn information handling system 10 on and off . while power management microcontroller 62 powers down one or more portions or components of information handling system 10 , e . g ., cpu 12 , display 36 , or hdd 50 , etc ., when not in use to conserve power , power management microcontroller 62 itself is preferably substantially always coupled to a source of power , preferably power supply 60 . computer system , a type of information handling system 10 , may also include power management chip set 72 . power management chip set 72 is preferably coupled to cpu 12 via local bus 26 so that power management chip set 72 may receive power management and control commands from cpu 12 . power management chip set 72 is preferably connected to a plurality of individual power planes operable to supply power to respective components of information handling system 10 , e . g ., hdd 50 , fdd 54 , etc . in this manner , power management chip set 72 preferably acts under the direction of cpu 12 to control the power supplied to the various power planes and components of a system . real - time clock ( rtc ) 74 may also be coupled to i / o controller 48 and power management chip set 72 . inclusion of rtc 74 permits timed events or alarms to be transmitted to power management chip set 72 . real - time clock 74 may be programmed to generate an alarm signal at a predetermined time as well as to perform other operations . information handling system 10 is typically includes chassis 70 . generally , chassis 70 is referred to as the computer case or case that encloses the components of information handling system 10 . however , some components such as cd 52 , floppy 54 and hdd 50 , may be separately connected to information handling system 10 and may be referred to as an external component . generally , cd 52 refers to a variety of optical drives that may be used for i / o access to information handling system 10 . by improving the readability of the optical drives , information handling system 10 may be able to access additional information stored on cd media 94 . referring to fig2 , optical drive 100 may form a part of information handling system 10 . optical drive 100 may vary depending on the type of optical media 94 that is used with the drive . for example , a compact disk (“ cd ”) drive may only read data from optical media 24 such as a cd - rom ( cd - read only memory ). however , if a user desires to have both read and write capabilities , another type of optical drive 100 may be used such as a cd - rw drive that has the capabilities to read from and write to certain optical media such as a cd - r or a cd - rw . other types of optical drive 100 may use different types of optical media 94 . examples of optical media 94 include a digital video disk (“ dvd ”), dvd - r , dvd - rw , and any other media suitable for use in optical drive 100 . optical drive 100 may include chipset 80 that may form part or all of the control circuitry for the operation of optical drive 100 . as such , chipset 80 may contain a variety of electrical components such as controls for a laser lens system , disk drive mechanism controls , signal processing modules ( not expressly shown ) and optical tracking system 82 . chipset 80 may also control and provide electrical power to light source 86 using light source connection 84 via optical tracking system 82 . for example , light source 86 may be a laser diode such as a low power laser diode that emits a laser able to focus on optical media 94 via mirror 90 in order to read / write data from optical media 94 during an i / o operation . generally , light source 86 emits the light along light path 88 towards mirror 90 . mirror 90 typically forms a part of a lens system within optical drive 100 that enables the light to focus on optical media 94 . generally , the lens system includes objective lens 91 that focuses the reflected light onto cd media 94 . additionally , the lens system may include collimator lens 92 operable to gather light from light source 86 and convert the light into parallel light that can focus on cd media 94 . generally , mirror 90 includes a polarized mirrored surface that is able to reflect a large percentage of the light toward optical media 94 . the light reflected off of optical media 94 may be reflected back reflected path 88 such that the light passes through the polarized mirrored surface and is detected by photodiode 96 . photo detector such as photodiode 96 typically forms a part of an optical pick - up mechanism in optical drive 100 . examples of photodiode 96 include any type of photodiode , photoelectric semiconductor device , or light detecting and / or measuring device that is able to convert radiant energy , such as light , into electrical energy . for instance , the light that is detected by photodiode 96 may be converted into an electrical signal that is proportional to the amount of detected light . generally , the amount of detected light may be measured using the amplitude or the electrical signal . photodiode 96 may be used to detect the light from light source 16 and may be used to detect light reflected off of optical media 94 , which may be used to read data from optical media 94 . typically , the reflected light , which may be reflected from the pits 113 and lands 112 ( described below in more detail ) present on optical media 94 , may be received as pulses of light . after photodiode 96 detects this light , photodiode 96 may generate a signal proportional to the light that may be sent to chipset 80 via signal path 95 . at chipset 80 , the signal may be decoded and redirected to information handling system 10 or any other type of output such as an audio or video output . fig3 illustrates an example embodiment of an optical tracking system 100 using tracking beams 122 with modified beam angles on a section of cd media 94 . focusing light 88 from light source 86 onto cd media 94 typically includes center beam 120 and one or more tracking beams 122 . center beam 120 is used to focus on pits 113 and lands 112 of a track on cd media 94 . in the example embodiment , the section of cd media 94 has five tracks , namely tracks 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 and 105 . typically , tracks 101 - 105 spiral around cd media such that track 101 ends at the beginning of track 102 . however , in alternate embodiments , tracks 101 - 105 are separate tracks that are not spiral around cd media 94 . as illustrated , center beam 120 is focused on track 103 . track 103 may be viewed as having a groove 110 that includes pits 113 and lands 112 bordered by lanes 114 . center beam 120 is set over groove 110 on track 103 such that the reflected light may be read by photodiode 96 . side beams or tracking beams 122 are set at modified beam angles that permit optical tracking system 80 to use either a differential push - pull ( dpp ) tracking method or a three - beam tracking method . generally , when using the dpp tracking method , dpp tracking beams are set over grooves 110 of adjacent tracks such as track 102 and 104 . alternatively , when using the three - beam tracking method , three - beam tracking beams are set over lanes 114 of the adjacent tracks , namely tracks 102 and 104 . because each method has set their respective tracking beams at different locations , optical drive 100 generally selects one of the tracking methods and sets the beams accordingly . setting tracking beams 122 at modified angles between lanes 114 and groove 110 of the adjacent tracks , optical tracking system 100 may use either tracking method . as illustrated , tracking beams 122 are set outside of track 103 , where center beam 120 is reading pits 113 and lands 112 , and into adjacent tracks ( e . g ., tracks 102 and 104 ). in one embodiment , tracking beams 122 are placed approximately halfway between lane 114 and groove 110 of the respective track , which allow either method to track cd media 94 . fig4 is a flowchart for a method of improving readability in optical drive 100 . at block 130 , tracking system 80 monitors cd media 94 for tracking errors using a dpp tracking method . in some embodiments , the dpp tracking method is set as the default tracking method . upon the occurrence of a tracking error at block 132 , tracking system 80 measures the level of error . typically , the level of error is measured as compared to a predefined error threshold . the predefined error threshold may be selected based on a minimal level of electrical signal required to read the tracking signal . in one instance , the tracking error is based an amplitude of the electrical signal measured at the occurrence of the tracking error . at block 134 , the amplitude or other measured level of tracking error is compared to the predefined error threshold . if the measured tracking error is greater than the predetermined error threshold , optical drive 100 may return to block 130 and continue reading cd media 94 such as re - reading the particular location where the error occurred . however , if the measured tracking error falls below the predefined error threshold , optical tracking system 80 may switch to a three - beam tracking method at block 136 . for example , if the measured tracking error is based on measured amplitude of the electrical signal , the amplitude must be less than the predetermined error threshold to switch to the three - beam method . to that end , tracking system 80 may continue use the dpp tracking method if the amplitude is sufficiently high compared to the predetermined error threshold . however , tracking system 80 may switch to the three - beam tracking system if the amplitude is relatively low . based on using the three - beam tracking method , tracking system 80 monitors cd media 94 for tracking errors at block 138 . if the tracking system 80 determines that additional tracking errors have occurred using the three - beam tracking method at block 140 , tracking system 80 may cause the i / o operation to fail ( e . g ., the read operation stops ), at block 142 . typically , when an i / o operation is stopped , a notification is sent to a user to inform that the error has occurred and that the i / o operation has failed . in some instances , the failure of the i / o operation is based on a first and second tracking error occurring at approximately the same particular location on cd media 94 . although the disclosed embodiments have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations can be made to the embodiments without departing from their spirit and scope . | 6 |
in order to build cost - effective memory modules it can be advantageous to build register and buffer chips that do have the ability to perform logical operations on data , dynamic storage of information , manipulation of data , sensing and reporting or other intelligent functions . such chips are referred to in this specification as intelligent register chips and intelligent buffer chips . the generic term , “ intelligent chip ,” is used herein to refer to either of these chips . intelligent register chips in this specification are generally connected between the memory controller and the intelligent buffer chips . the intelligent buffer chips in this specification are generally connected between the intelligent register chips and one or more memory chips . one or more ras features may be implemented locally to the memory module using one or more intelligent register chips , one or more intelligent buffer chips , or some combination thereof . in the arrangement shown in fig1 a , one or more intelligent register chips 102 are in direct communication with the host system 104 via the address , control , clock and data signals to / from the host system . one or more intelligent buffer chips 107 a - 107 d are disposed between the intelligent register chips and the memory chips 106 a - 106 d . the signals 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 118 and 119 between an intelligent register chip and one or more intelligent buffer chips may be shared by the one or more intelligent buffer chips . in the embodiment depicted , the signals from the plural intelligent register chips to the intelligent buffer chips and , by connectivity , to the plural memory chips , may be independently controllable by separate instances of intelligent register chips . in another arrangement the intelligent buffer chips are connected to a stack of memory chips . the intelligent buffer chips may buffer data signals and / or address signals , and / or control signals . the buffer chips 107 a - 107 d may be separate chips or integrated into a single chip . the intelligent register chip may or may not buffer the data signals as is shown in fig1 a . the embodiments described here are a series of ras features that may be used in memory systems . the embodiments are particularly applicable to memory systems and memory modules that use intelligent register and buffer chips . as shown in fig1 b , light - emitting diodes ( leds ) 108 , 109 can be mounted on a memory module 100 . the cpu or host or memory controller , or an intelligent register can recognize or determine if a memory chip 106 a - 106 j on a memory module has failed and illuminate one or more of the leds 108 , 109 . if the memory module contains one or more intelligent buffer chips 107 a , 107 h or intelligent register chips 102 , these chips may be used to control the leds directly . as an alternative to the leds and in combination with the intelligent buffer and / or register chips , the standard non - volatile memory that is normally included on memory modules to record memory parameters may be used to store information on whether the memory module has failed . in fig1 b , the data signals are not buffered ( by an intelligent register chip or by an intelligent buffer chip ). although the intelligent buffer chips 107 a - 107 h are shown in fig1 b as connected directly to the intelligent register chip and act to buffer signals from the intelligent register chip , the same or other intelligent buffer chips may also be connected to buffer the data signals . currently indication of a failed memory module is done indirectly if it is done at all . one method is to display information on the failed memory module on a computer screen . often only the failing logical memory location is shown on a screen , perhaps just the logical address of the failing memory cell in a dram , which means it is very difficult for the computer operator or repair technician to quickly and easily determine which physical memory module to replace . often the computer screen is also remote from the physical location of the memory module and this also means it is difficult for an operator to quickly and easily find the memory module that has failed . another current method uses a complicated and expensive combination of buttons , panels , switches and leds on the motherboard to indicate that a component on or attached to the motherboard has failed . none of these methods place the led directly on the failing memory module allowing the operator to easily and quickly identify the memory module to be replaced . this embodiment adds just one low - cost part to the memory module . this embodiment is part of the memory module and thus can be used in any computer . the memory module can be moved between computers of different types and manufacturer . further , the intelligent register chip 102 and / or buffer chip 107 a - 107 j on a memory module can self - test the memory and indicate failure by illuminating an led . such a self - test may use writing and reading of a simple pattern or more complicated patterns such as , for example , “ walking - 1 &# 39 ; s ” or “ checkerboard ” patterns that are known to exercise the memory more thoroughly . thus the failure of a memory module can be indicated via the memory module led even if the operating system or control mechanism of the computer is incapable of working . further , the intelligent buffer chip and / or register chip on a memory module can self - test the memory and indicate correct operation via illumination of a second led 109 . thus a failed memory module can be easily identified using the first led 108 that indicates failure and switched by the operator with a replacement . the first led might be red for example to indicate failure . the memory module then performs a self - test and illuminates the second led 109 . the second led might be green for example to indicate successful self - test . in this manner the operator or service technician can not only quickly and easily identify a failing memory module , even if the operating system is not working , but can effect a replacement and check the replacement , all without the intervention of an operating system . under one definition , the failure of a memory module occurs when the number of correctable errors caused by a memory module reaches a fixed or programmable threshold . if a memory module or part of a memory module fails in such a manner in a memory system that supports memory sparing , another memory module can be assigned to take the place of the failed memory module . in the normal mode of operation , the computer reads and writes data to active memory modules . in some cases , the computer may also contain spare memory modules that are not active . in the normal mode of operation the computer does not read or write data to the spare memory module or modules , and generally the spare memory module or modules do not store data before memory sparing begins . the memory sparing function moves data from the memory module that is showing errors to the spare memory modules if the correctable error count exceeds the threshold value . after moving the data , the system inactivates the failed memory module and may report or record the event . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful memory sparing capabilities may be implemented . for example , and as illustrated in fig2 a the intelligent register chip 242 that is connected indirectly or directly to all dram chips 243 on a memory module 250 may monitor temperature of the dimm , the buffer chips and dram , the frequency of use of the dram and other parameters that may affect failure . the intelligent register chip can also gather data about all dram chip failures on the memory module and can make intelligent decisions about sparing memory within the memory module instead of having to spare an entire memory module . further , as shown in fig2 a and fig2 b , an intelligent buffer chip 247 that may be connected to one or more drams 245 in a stack 200 is able to monitor each dram 245 in the stack and if necessary spare a dram 246 in the stack . in the exemplary embodiment , the spared dram 246 is shown as an inner component of the stack . in other possible embodiments the spared dram may be any one of the components of the stack including either or both of the top and bottom drams . although the intelligent buffer chips 247 are shown in fig2 b as connected directly to the intelligent register chip 242 and to buffer signals from the intelligent register chip , the same or other intelligent buffer chips may also be connected to buffer the data signals . thus , by including intelligent register and buffer chips in a memory module , it is possible to build memory modules that can implement memory sparing at the level of being able to use a spare individual memory , a spare stack of memory , or a spare memory module . in some embodiments , and as shown in fig3 , a sparing method 380 may be implemented in conjunction with a sparing strategy . in such a case , the intelligent buffer chip may calculate replacement possibilities 382 , optimize the replacement based on the system 384 or a given strategy and known characteristics of the system , advise the host system of the sparing operation to be performed 386 , and perform the sparing substitution or replacement 388 . in normal operation of a memory mirroring mode , the computer writes data to two memory modules at the same time : a primary memory module ( the mirrored memory module ) and the mirror memory module . if the computer detects an uncorrectable error in a memory module , the computer will re - read data from the mirror memory module . if the computer still detects an uncorrectable error , the computer system may attempt other means of recovery beyond the scope of simple memory mirroring . if the computer does not detect an error , or detects a correctable error , from the mirror module , the computer will accept that data as the correct data . the system may then report or record this event and proceed in a number of ways ( including returning to check the original failure , for example ). in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful memory mirroring capabilities may be implemented . for example , as shown in fig4 , the intelligent register chip 442 allows a memory module to perform the function of both mirrored and mirror modules by dividing the dram on the module into two sections 460 and 470 . the intelligent buffer chips may allow dram stacks to perform both mirror and mirrored functions . in the embodiment shown in fig4 , the computer or the memory controller 400 on the computer motherboard may still be in control of performing the mirror functions by reading and writing data to as if there were two memory modules . in another embodiment , a memory module with intelligent register chips 442 and / or intelligent buffer chips 447 that can perform mirroring functions may be made to look like a normal memory module to the memory controller . thus , in the embodiment of fig4 , the computer is unaware that the module is itself performing memory mirroring . in this case , the computer may perform memory sparing . in this manner both memory sparing and memory mirroring may be performed on a computer that is normally not capable of providing mirroring and sparing at the same time . other combinations are possible . for example a memory module with intelligent buffer and / or control chips can be made to perform sparing with or without the knowledge and / or support of the computer . thus the computer may , for example , perform mirroring operations while the memory module simultaneously provides sparing function . although the intelligent buffer chips 447 are shown in fig4 as connected directly to the intelligent register chip 442 and to buffer signals from the intelligent register chip , the same or other intelligent buffer chips may also be connected to buffer the data signals . to improve the reliability of a computer disk system it is usual to provide a degree of redundancy using spare disks or parts of disks in a disk system known as redundant array of inexpensive disks ( raid ). there are different levels of raid that are well - known and correspond to different ways of using redundant disks or parts of disks . in many cases , redundant data , often parity data , is written to portions of a disk to allow data recovery in case of failure . memory raid improves the reliability of a memory system in the same way that disk raid improves the reliability of a disk system . memory mirroring is equivalent to memory raid level 1 , which is equivalent to disk raid level 1 . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful memory raid capabilities may be implemented . for example , as shown in fig4 , the intelligent register chip 442 on a memory module allows portions of the memory module to be allocated for raid operations . the intelligent register chip may also include the computation necessary to read and write the redundant raid data to a dram or dram stack allocated for that purpose . often the parity data is calculated using a simple exclusive - or ( xor ) function that may simply be inserted into the logic of an intelligent register or buffer chip without compromising performance of the memory module or memory system . in some embodiments , portions 460 and 470 of the total memory on a memory module 450 are allocated for raid operations . in other embodiments , the portion of the total memory on the memory module that is allocated for raid operations may be a memory device on a dimm 243 or a memory device in a stack 245 . in some embodiments , physically separate memory modules 451 , and 452 of the total memory in a memory subsystem are allocated for raid operations . one of the most common failure mechanisms for a memory system is for a dram on a memory module to fail . the most common dram failure mechanism is for one or more individual memory cells in a dram to fail or degrade . a typical mechanism for this type of failure is for a defect to be introduced during the semiconductor manufacturing process . such a defect may not prevent the memory cell from working but renders it subject to premature failure or marginal operation . such memory cells are often called weak memory cells . typically this type of failure may be limited to only a few memory cells in array of a million ( in a 1 mb dram ) or more memory cells on a single dram . currently the only way to prevent or protect against this failure mechanism is to stop using an entire memory module , which may consist of dozens of dram chips and contain a billion ( in a 1 gb dimm ) or more individual memory cells . obviously the current state of the art is wasteful and inefficient in protecting against memory module failure . in a memory module that uses intelligent buffer or intelligent register chips , it is possible to locate and / or store the locations of weak memory cells . a weak memory cell will often manifest its presence by consistently producing read errors . such read errors can be detected by the memory controller , for example using a well - known error correction code ( ecc ). in computers that have sophisticated memory controllers , certain types of read errors can be detected and some of them can be corrected . in detecting such an error the memory controller may be designed to notify the dimm of both the fact that a failure has occurred and / or the location of the weak memory cell . one method to perform this notification , for example , would be for the memory controller to write information to the non - volatile memory or spd on a memory module . this information can then be passed to the intelligent register and / or buffer chips on the memory module for further analysis and action . for example , the intelligent register chip can decode the weak cell location information and pass the correct weak cell information to the correct intelligent buffer chip attached to a dram stack . alternatively the intelligent buffer and / or register chips on the memory module can test the dram and detect weak cells in an autonomous fashion . the location of the weak cells can then be stored in the intelligent buffer chip connected to the dram . using any of the methods that provide information on weak cell location , it is possible to check to see if the desired address is a weak memory cell by using the address location provided to the intelligent buffer and / or register chips . the logical implementation of this type of look - up function using a tabular method is well - known and the table used is often called a table lookaside buffer ( tlb ), translation lookaside buffer or just lookaside buffer . if the address is found to correspond to a weak memory cell location , the address can be re - mapped using a tlb to a different known good memory cell . in this fashion the tlb has been used to map - out or re - map the weak memory cell in a dram . in practice it may be more effective or efficient to map out a row or column of memory cells in a dram , or in general a region of memory cells that include the weak cell . in another embodiment , memory cells in the intelligent chip can be distributed for the weak cells in the dram . fig5 shows an embodiment of an intelligent buffer chip or intelligent register chip which contains a tlb 560 and a store 580 for a mapping from weak cells to known good memory cells . there are many mechanisms that computers can use to increase their own reliability if they are aware of status and can gather information about the operation and performance of their constituent components . as an example , many computer disk drives have self monitoring analysis and reporting technology ( smart ) capability . this smart capability gathers information about the disk drive and reports it back to the computer . the information gathered often indicates to the computer when a failure is about to occur , for example by monitoring the number of errors that occur when reading a particular area of the disk . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful self - monitoring and reporting capabilities may be implemented . information such as errors , number and location of weak memory cells , and results from analysis of the nature of the errors can be stored in a store 580 and can be analyzed by an analysis function 590 and / or reported to the computer . in various embodiments , the store 580 and the analysis function 590 can be in the intelligent buffer and / or register chips . such information can be used either by the intelligent buffer and / or register chips , by an action function 570 included in the intelligent buffer chip , or by the computer itself to take action such as to modify the memory system configuration ( e . g . sparing ) or alert the operator or to use any other mechanism that improves the reliability or serviceability of a computer once it is known that a part of the memory system is failing or likely to fail . current memory system trends are towards increased physical density and increased power dissipation per unit volume . such density and power increases place a stress on the thermal design of computers . memory systems can cause a computer to become too hot to operate reliably . if the computer becomes too hot , parts of the computer may be regulated or performance throttled to reduce power dissipation . in some cases a computer may be designed with the ability to monitor the temperature of the processor or cpu and in some cases the temperature of a chip on - board a dimm . in one example , a fully - buffered dimm or fb - dimm , may contain a chip called an advanced memory buffer or amb that has the capability to report the amb temperature to the memory controller . based on the temperature of the amb the computer may decide to throttle the memory system to regulate temperature . the computer attempts to regulate the temperature of the memory system by reducing memory activity or reducing the number of memory reads and / or writes performed per unit time . of course by measuring the temperature of just one chip , the amb , on a memory module the computer is regulating the temperature of the amb not the memory module or dram itself . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , more powerful temperature monitoring and thermal control capabilities may be implemented . for example if a temperature monitoring device 595 is included into an intelligent buffer or intelligent register chip , measured temperature can be reported . this temperature information provides the intelligent register chips and / or the intelligent buffer chips and the computer much more detailed and accurate thermal information than is possible in absence of such a temperature monitoring capability . with more detailed and accurate thermal information , the computer is able to make better decisions about how to regulate power or throttle performance , and this translates to better and improved overall memory system performance for a fixed power budget . as in the example of fig6 a , the intelligent buffer chip 610 may be placed at the bottom of a stack of dram chips 630 a . by placing the intelligent buffer chip in close physical proximity and also close thermal proximity to the dram chip or chips , the temperature of the intelligent buffer chip will accurately reflect the temperature of the dram chip or chips . it is the temperature of the dram that is the most important temperature data that the computer needs to make better decisions about how to throttle memory performance . thus , the use of a temperature sensor in an intelligent buffer chip greatly improves the memory system performance for a fixed power budget further the intelligent buffer chip or chips may also report thermal data to an intelligent register chip on the memory module . the intelligent buffer chip is able to make its own thermal decisions and steer , throttle , re - direct data or otherwise regulate memory behavior on the memory module at a finer level of control than is possible by using the memory controller alone . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful memory failure reporting may be implemented . for example , memory failure can be reported , even in computers that use memory controllers that do not support such a mechanism , by using the error correction coding ( ecc ) signaling as described in this specification . ecc signaling may be implemented by deliberately altering one or more data bits such that the ecc check in the memory controller fails . the patterns of operations that occur in a memory system , such as reads , writes and so forth , their frequency distribution with time , the distribution of operations across memory modules , and the memory locations that are addressed , are known as memory system access patterns . in the current state of the art , it is usual for a computer designer to perform experiments across a broad range of applications to determine memory system access patterns and then design the memory controller of a computer in such a way as to optimize memory system performance . typically , a few parameters that are empirically found to most affect the behavior and performance of the memory controller may be left as programmable so that the user may choose to alter these parameters to optimize the computer performance when using a particular computer application . in general , there is a very wide range of memory access patterns generated by different applications , and , thus , a very wide range of performance points across which the memory controller and memory system performance must be optimized . it is therefore impossible to optimize performance for all applications . the result is that the performance of the memory controller and the memory system may be far from optimum when using any particular application . there is currently no easy way to discover this fact , no way to easily collect detailed memory access patterns while running an application , no way to measure or infer memory system performance , and no way to alter , tune or in any way modify those aspects of the memory controller or memory system configuration that are programmable . typically a memory system that comprises one or more memory modules is further subdivided into ranks ( typically a rank is thought of as a set of dram that are selected by a single chip select or cs signal ), the dram themselves , and dram banks ( typically a bank is a sub - array of memory cells inside a dram ). the memory access patterns determine how the memory modules , ranks , dram chips and dram banks are accessed for reading and writing , for example . access to the ranks , dram chips and dram banks involves turning on and off either one or more dram chips or portions of dram chips , which in turn dissipates power . this dissipation of power caused by accessing dram chips and portions of dram chips largely determines the total power dissipation in a memory system . power dissipation depends on the number of times a dram chip has to be turned on or off or the number of times a portion of a dram chip has to be accessed followed by another portion of the same dram chip or another dram chip . the memory access patterns also affect and determine performance . in addition , access to the ranks , dram chips and dram banks involves turning on and off either whole dram chips or portions of dram chips , which consumes time that cannot be used to read or write data , thereby negatively impacting performance . in the compute platforms used in many current embodiments , the memory controller is largely ignorant of the effect on power dissipation or performance for any given memory access or pattern of access . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , however , powerful memory access pattern reporting and performance control capabilities may be implemented . for example an intelligent buffer chip with an analysis block 590 that is connected directly to an array of drams is able to collect and analyze information on dram address access patterns , the ratio of reads to writes , the access patterns to the ranks , dram chips and dram banks . this information may be used to control temperature as well as performance . temperature and performance may be controlled by altering timing , power - down modes of the dram , and access to the different ranks and banks of the dram . of course , the memory system or memory module may be sub - divided in other ways . typically , data protection and checking is provided by adding redundant information to a data word in a number of ways . in one well - known method , called parity protection , a simple code is created by adding one or more extra bits , known as parity bits , to the data word . this simple parity code is capable of detecting a single bit error . in another well - known method , called ecc protection , a more complex code is created by adding ecc bits to the data word . ecc protection is typically capable of detecting and correcting single - bit errors and detecting , but not correcting , double - bit errors . in another well - known method called chipkill , it is possible to use ecc methods to correctly read a data word even if an entire chip is defective . typically , these correction mechanisms apply across the entire data word , usually 64 or 128 bits ( if ecc is included , for example , the data word may be 72 or 144 bits , respectively ). dram chips are commonly organized into one of a very few configurations or organizations . typically , drams are organized as x4 , x8 , or x16 ; thus , four , eight , or 16 bits are read and written simultaneously to a single dram chip . in the current state of the art , it is difficult to provide protection against defective chips for all configurations or organizations of dram . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer , chips powerful check coding capabilities may be implemented . for example , as shown in fig6 b , using an intelligent buffer chip 610 connected to a stack of x8 drams 630 b checking may be performed at the byte level ( across 8 bits ), rather than at the data word level . one possibility , for example , is to include a ninth dram 620 , rather than eight drams , in a stack and use the ninth dram for check coding purposes . other schemes can be used that give great flexibility to the type and form of the error checking . error checking may not be limited to simple parity and ecc schemes , other more effective schemes may be used and implemented on the intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips of the memory module . such effective schemes may include block and convolutional encoding or other well - known data coding schemes . errors that are found using these integrated coding schemes may be reported by a number of techniques that are described elsewhere in this specification . examples include the use of ecc signaling . in high - performance computing ( hpc ), it is typical to connect large numbers of computers in a network , also sometimes referred to as a cluster , and run applications continuously for a very long time using all of the computers ( possibly days or weeks ) to solve very large numerical problems . it is therefore a disaster if even a single computer fails during computation . one solution to this problem is to stop the computation periodically and save the contents of memory to disk . if a computer fails , the computation can resume from the last saved point in time . such a procedure is known as checkpointing . one problem with checkpointing is the long period of time that it takes to transfer the entire memory contents of a large computer cluster to disk . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful checkpointing capabilities may be implemented . for example , an intelligent buffer chip attached to stack of dram can incorporate flash or other non - volatile memory . the intelligent register and / or buffer chip can under external or autonomous command instigate and control the checkpointing of the dram stack to flash memory . alternatively , one or more of the chips in the stack may be flash chips and the intelligent register and / or buffer chips can instigate and control checkpointing one or more drams in the stack to one or more flash chips in the stack . in the embodiment shown in the views of fig7 a and fig7 b , the dimm pcb 710 is populated with a stacks of dram s 0 - s 8 on one side and stacks of flash s 9 - s 17 , on the other side , where each flash memory in a flash stack corresponds with one of the dram in the opposing dram stack . under normal operation , the dimm uses only the dram circuits — the flash devices may be unused , simply in a ready state . however , upon a checkpoint event , memory contents from the drams are copied by the intelligent register and / or buffer chips to their corresponding flash memories . in other implementations , the flash chips do not have to be in a stack orientation . in high reliability computers , the memory controller may supports error detection and error correction capabilities . the memory controller may be capable of correcting single - bit errors and detecting , but typically not correcting , double - bit errors in data read from the memory system . when such a memory controller detects a read data error , it may also be programmed to retry the read to see if an error still occurs . if the read data error does occur again , there is likely to be a permanent fault , in which case a prescribed path for either service or amelioration of the problem can be followed . if the error does not occur again , the fault may be transient and an alternative path may be taken , which might consist solely of logging the error and proceeding as normal . more sophisticated retry mechanisms can be used if memory mirroring is enabled , but the principles described here remain the same . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful read retry detection capabilities may be implemented . such a memory module is also able to provide read retry detection capabilities for any computer , not just those that have a special - purpose and expensive memory controllers . for example , the intelligent register and / or buffer chips can be programmed to look for successive reads to memory locations without an intervening write to that same location . in systems with a cache between the processor and memory system , this is an indication that the memory controller is retrying the reads as a result of seeing an error . in this fashion , the intelligent buffer and / or register chips can monitor the errors occurring in the memory module to a specific memory location , to a specific region of a dram chip , to a specific bank of a dram or any such subdivision of the memory module . with this information , the intelligent buffer and / or register chip can make autonomous decisions to improve reliability ( such as making use of spares ) or report the details of the error information back to the computer , which can also make decisions to improve reliability and serviceability of the memory system . in some embodiments , a form of retry mechanism may be employed in a data communication channel . such a retry mechanism is used to catch errors that occur in transmission and ask for an incomplete or incorrect transmission to be retried . the intelligent buffer and / or register chip may use this retry mechanism to signal and communicate to the host computer . in computers used as servers , it is often desired to be able to add or remove memory while the computer is still operating . such is the case if the computer is being used to run an application , such as a web server , that must be continuously operational . the ability to add or remove memory in this fashion is called memory hot - plug or hot - swap . computers that provide the ability to hot - plug or hot - swap memory use very expensive and complicated memory controllers and ancillary hardware , such as latches , programmable control circuits , microcontrollers , as well as additional components such as latches , indicators , switches , and relays . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful hot - swap and hot plug capabilities may be implemented . for example , using intelligent buffer and / or register chips on a memory module , it is possible to incorporate some or all of the control circuits that enable memory hot - swap in these chips . in conventional memory systems , hot - swap is possible by adding additional memory modules . using modules with intelligent buffer and / or intelligent register chips , hot - swap may be achieved by adding dram to the memory module directly without the use of expensive chips and circuits on the motherboard . in the embodiment shown in fig8 a , it is possible to implement hot - swap by adding further drams to the memory stack . in another implementation as shown in fig8 b , hot - swap can be implemented by providing sockets on the memory module that can accept dram chips or stacks of dram chips ( with or without intelligent buffer chips ). in still another implementation as shown in fig8 c , hot - swap can be implemented by providing a socket on the memory module that can accept another memory module , thus allowing the memory module to be expanded in a hot - swap manner . in computers that are used as servers , it is essential that all components have high reliability . increased reliability may be achieved by a number of methods . one method to increase reliability is to use redundancy . if a failure occurs , a redundant component , path or function can take the place of a failure . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , extensive datapath redundancy capabilities may be implemented . for example , intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips can contain multiple paths that act as redundant paths in the face of failure . an intelligent buffer or register chip can perform a logical function that improves some metric of performance or implements some ras feature on a memory module , for example . examples of such features would include the intelligent scrubbing or autonomous refresh features , described elsewhere in this specification . if the logic on the intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips that implements these features should fail , an alternative or bypass path may be switched in that replaces the failed logic . most computers use dram as the memory technology in their memory system . the memory cells used in dram are volatile . a volatile memory cell will lose the data that it stores unless it is periodically refreshed . this periodic refresh is typically performed through the command of an external memory controller . if the computer fails in such a way that the memory controller cannot or does not institute refresh commands , then data will be lost . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful autonomous refresh capabilities may be implemented . for example , the intelligent buffer chip attached to a stack of dram chips can detect that a required refresh operation has not been performed within a certain time due to the failure of the memory controller or for other reasons . the time intervals in which refresh should be performed are known and specific to each type of dram . in this event , the intelligent buffer chip can take over the refresh function . the memory module is thus capable of performing autonomous refresh . in computers used as servers , the memory controller may have the ability to scrub the memory system to improve reliability . such a memory controller includes a scrub engine that performs reads , traversing across the memory system deliberately seeking out errors . this process is called “ patrol scrubbing ” or just “ scrubbing .” in the case of a single - bit correctable error , this scrub engine detects , logs , and corrects the data . for any uncorrectable errors detected , the scrub engine logs the failure , and the computer may take further actions . both types of errors are reported using mechanisms that are under configuration control . the scrub engine can also perform writes known as “ demand scrub ” writes or “ demand scrubbing ” when correctable errors are found during normal operation . enabling demand scrubbing allows the memory controller to write back the corrected data after a memory read , if a correctable memory error is detected . otherwise , if a subsequent read to the same memory location were performed without demand scrubbing , the memory controller would continue to detect the same correctable error . depending on how the computer tracks errors in the memory system , this might result in the computer believing that the memory module is failing or has failed . for transient errors , demand scrubbing will thus prevent any subsequent correctable errors after the first error . demand scrubbing provides protection against and permits detection of the deterioration of memory errors from correctable to uncorrectable . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , more powerful and more intelligent scrubbing capabilities may be implemented . for example , an intelligent register chip or intelligent buffer chip may perform patrol scrubbing and demand scrubbing autonomously without the help , support or direction of an external memory controller . the functions that control scrubbing may be integrated into intelligent register and / or buffer chips on the memory module . the computer can control and configure such autonomous scrubbing operations on a memory module either through inline or out - of - band communications that are described elsewhere in this specification . in computers used as servers , it is often required to increase the reliability of the memory system by providing data protection throughout the memory system . typically , data protection is provided by adding redundant information to a data word in a number of ways . as previously described herein , in one well - known method , called parity protection , a simple code is created by adding one or more extra bits , known as parity bits , to the data word . this simple parity code is capable of detecting a single bit error . in another well - known method , called ecc protection , a more complex code is created by adding ecc bits to the data word . ecc protection is typically capable of detecting and correcting single - bit errors and detecting , but not correcting , double - bit errors . these protection schemes may be applied to computation data . computation data is data that is being written to and read from the memory system . the protection schemes may also be applied to the control information , memory addresses for example , that are used to control the behavior of the memory system . in some computers , parity or ecc protection is used for computation data . in some computers , parity protection is also used to protect control information as it flows between the memory controller and the memory module . the parity protection on the control information only extends as far as the bus between the memory controller and the memory module , however , as current register and buffer chips are not intelligent enough to extend the protection any further . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , advanced parity protection coverage may be implemented . for example , as shown in fig9 a , a memory module that includes intelligent buffer and / or register chips , the control paths ( those paths that involve control information , such as memory address , clocks and control signals and so forth ) may be protected using additional parity signals to ecc protect any group of control path signals in part or in its entirety . address parity signals 915 computed from the signals of the address bus 916 , for example , may be carried all the way through the combination of any intelligent register 902 and / or intelligent buffer chips 907 a - 907 d , including any logic functions or manipulations that are applied to the address or other control information . although the intelligent buffer chips 907 a - 907 d are shown in fig9 a as connected directly to the intelligent register chip 902 and to buffer signals from the intelligent register chip , the same or other intelligent buffer chips may also be connected to buffer the data signals . the data signals may or may not be buffered by the intelligent register chip . the vast majority of computers currently use an electrical bus to communicate with their memory system . this bus typically uses one of a very few standard protocols . for example , currently computers use either double - data rate ( ddr ) or double - date rate 2 ( ddr2 ) protocols to communicate between the computer &# 39 ; s memory controller and the dram on the memory modules that comprise the computer &# 39 ; s memory system . common memory bus protocols , such as ddr , have limited signaling capabilities . the main purpose of these protocols is to communicate or transfer data between computer and the memory system . the protocols are not designed to provide and are not capable of providing a path for other information , such as information on different types of errors that may occur in the memory module , to flow between memory system and the computer . it is common in computers used as servers to provide a memory controller that is capable of detecting and correcting certain types of errors . the most common type of detection and correction uses a well - known type of error correcting code ( ecc ). the most common type of ecc allows a single bit error to be detected and corrected and a double - bit error to be detected , but not corrected . again , the ecc adds a certain number of extra bits , the ecc bits , to a data word when it is written to the memory system . by examining these extra bits when the data word is read , the memory controller can determine if an error has occurred . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , a flexible error signaling capability may be implemented . for example , as shown in fig9 , if an error occurs in the memory module , an intelligent register and / or buffer chip may deliberately create an ecc error on the data parity signals 917 in order to signal this event to the computer . this deliberate ecc error may be created by using a known fixed , hard - wired or stored bad data word plus ecc bits , or a bad data word plus ecc bits can be constructed by the intelligent register and / or buffer chip . carrying this concept to a memory subsystem that includes one or more intelligent register chips and or one or more intelligent buffer chips , the parity signals 909 , 911 , and 913 are shown implemented for signals 908 , 910 , and 912 . such parity signals can be implemented optionally for all or some , or none of the signals of a memory module . this signaling scheme using deliberate ecc errors can be used for other purposes . it is very often required to have the ability to request a pause in a bus protocol scheme . the ddr and other common memory bus protocols used today do not contain such a desirable mechanism . if the intelligent buffer chips and / or register chips wish to instruct the memory controller to wait or pause , then an ecc error can be deliberately generated . this will cause the computer to pause and then typically retry the failing read . if the memory module is then able to proceed , the retried read can be allowed to proceed normally and the computer will then , in turn , resume normal operation . also , as shown in fig9 , a memory module that includes intelligent buffer and / or register chips , may communicate with an optional serial presence detect ( spd ) 920 . the spd may be in communication with the host through the spd interface 922 and may be connected to any combination of any intelligent register 902 and / or any intelligent buffer chips 907 a - 907 d . the aforementioned combination implements one or more data sources that can program and / or read the spd in addition to the host . such connectivity with the spd provides the mechanism to perform communication between the host and memory module in order to transfer information about memory module errors ( to improve reliability and serviceability features , for example ). another use of the spd is to program the intelligent features of the buffer and / or register chips , such as latency , timing or other emulation features . one advantage of using the spd as an intermediary to perform communication between intelligent buffer and / or register chips with the host is that a standard mechanism already exists to use the spd and host to exchange information about standard memory module timing parameters . the spd is a small , typically 256 - byte , 8 - pin eeprom chip mounted on a memory module . the spd typically contains information on the speed , size , addressing mode and various timing parameters of the memory module and its component drams . the spd information is used by the computer &# 39 ; s memory controller to access the memory module . the spd is divided into locked and unlocked areas . the memory controller ( or other chips connected to the spd ) can write spd data only on unlocked ( write - enabled ) dimm eeproms . the spd can be locked via software ( using a bios write protect ) or using hardware write protection . the spd can thus also be used as a form of sideband signaling mechanism between the memory module and the memory controller . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , extensive sideband as well as in - band or inline signaling capabilities may be implemented and used for various ras functions , for example . more specifically , the memory controller can write into the unlocked area of the spd and the intelligent buffer and / or register chips on the memory module can read this information . it is also possible for the intelligent buffer and / or register chips on the memory module to write into the spd and the memory controller can read this information . in a similar fashion , the intelligent buffer and / or register chips on the memory module can use the spd to read and write between themselves . the information may be data on weak or failed memory cells , error , status information , temperature or other information . an exemplary use of a communication channel ( or sideband bus ) between buffers or between buffers and register chips is to communicate information from one ( or more ) intelligent register chip ( s ) to one ( or more ) intelligent buffer chip ( s ). in exemplary embodiments , control information communicated using the sideband bus 908 between intelligent register 902 and intelligent buffer chip ( s ) 907 a - 907 d may include information such as the direction of data flow ( to or from the buffer chips ), and the configuration of the on - die termination resistance value ( set by a mode register write command ). as shown in the generalized example 900 of fig9 b , the data flow direction on the intelligent buffer chip ( s ) may be set by a “ select port n , byte lane z ” command sent by the intelligent register via the sideband bus , where select 950 indicates the direction of data flow ( for a read or a write ), n 951 is the port id for one of the multiple data ports belonging to the intelligent buffer chip ( s ), and z 952 would be either 0 or 1 for a buffer chip with two byte lanes per port . the bit field 953 is generalized for illustration only , and any of the fields 950 , 951 , 952 may be used to carry different information , and may be shorter or longer as required by the characteristics of the data . the intelligent register chip ( s ) use ( s ) the sideband signal to propagate control information to the multiple intelligent buffer chip ( s ). however , there may be a limited numbers of pins and encodings used to deliver the needed control information . in this case , the sideband control signals may be transmitted by intelligent register ( s ) to intelligent buffer chip ( s ) in the form of a fixed - format command packet . such a command packet be may two cycles long , for example . in the first cycle , a command type 960 may be transmitted . in the second cycle , the value 961 associated with the specific command may be transmitted . in one embodiment , the sideband command types and encodings to direct data flow or to direct mode register write settings to multiple intelligent buffer chip ( s ) can be defined as follows ( as an example , the command encoding for the command type 960 for presentation on the sideband bus in the first cycle is shown in parenthesis ): update extended mode register one emr1 ( 111 ) the second cycle contains values associated with the command in the first cycle . there may be many uses for such signaling . thus , for example , as shown in fig9 d if the bi - directional multiplexer / de - multiplexer on intelligent buffer chip ( s ) is a four - port - to - one - port structure , the port ids would range from 0 to 3 to indicate the path of data flow for read operations or write operations . the port ids may be encoded as binary values on the sideband bus as cmd [ 1 : 0 ] 962 in the second cycle of the sideband bus protocol ( for read and write commands ). other uses of these signals may perform additional features . thus , for example , a look - aside buffer ( or lab ) may used to allow the substitution of data from known - good memory bits in the buffer chips for data from known - bad memory cells in the dram . in this case the intelligent buffer chip may have to be informed to substitute data from a lab . this action may be performed using a command and data on the sideband bus as follows . the highest order bit of the sideband bus cmd [ 2 ] 963 may used to indicate a lab . in the case that the sideband bus cmd [ 2 ] may indicate a lab hit on a read command , intelligent buffer chip ( s ) may then take data from a lab and drive it back to the memory controller . in the case that the sideband bus cmd [ 2 ] indicates a lab hit on a write command , intelligent buffer chip ( s ) may take the data from the memory controller and write it into the lab . in the case that the sideband bus cmd [ 2 ] does not indicate a lab hit , reads and writes may be performed to dram devices on the indicated port ids . still another use as depicted in fig9 d of the sideband signal may be to transfer mode register commands sent by the memory controller to the proper destination , possibly with ( programmable ) modifications . in the above example command set , two commands have been set aside to update mode registers . one example of such a register mode command is to propagate an mr0 command , such as burst ordering , to the intelligent buffer chip ( s ). for example , mode register mr0 bit a [ 3 ] 964 sets the burst type . in this case the intelligent register ( s ) may use the sideband bus to instruct the intelligent buffer chip ( s ) to pass the burst type ( through the signal group 906 ) to the dram as specified by the memory controller . as another example , mode register mr0 bit a [ 2 : 0 ] sets the burst length 965 . in this case , in one configuration of memory module , the intelligent register ( s ) may use the sideband bus to instruct the intelligent buffer chip ( s ) to always write &# 39 ; 010 ( corresponding to a setting of burst length equal to four or bl4 ) to the dram . in another configuration of memory module , if the memory controller had asserted &# 39 ; 011 , then the intelligent register ( s ) must emulate the bl8 column access with two bl4 column accesses . in yet another example of this type sideband bus use , the sideband bus may be used to modify ( possibly under programmable control ) the values to be written to mode registers . for example , one extended mode register emr1 command controls termination resistor values . this command sets the rtt ( termination resistor ) values for odt ( on - die termination ), and in one embodiment the intelligent register chip ( s ) may override existing values in the a [ 6 ] a [ 2 ] bits in emr1 with &# 39 ; 00 to disable odt on the dram devices , and propagate the expected odt value to the intelligent buffer chip ( s ) via the sideband bus . in another example , the sideband signal may be used to modify the behavior of the intelligent buffer chip ( s ). for example , the sideband signal may be used to reduce the power consumption of the intelligent buffer chip ( s ) in certain modes of operation . for example , another extended mode register emr1 command controls the behavior of the dram output buffers using the qoff command . in one embodiment , the intelligent register chip ( s ) may respect the qoff request meaning the dram output buffers should be disabled . the intelligent register chip ( s ) may then pass through this emr1 qoff request to the dram devices and may also send a sideband bus signal to one or more of the intelligent buffer chip ( s ) to turn off their output buffers also — in order to enable idd measurement or to reduce power for example . when the qoff bit it set , the intelligent register chip ( s ) may also disable all intelligent buffer chip ( s ) in the system . additional uses envisioned for the communication between intelligent registers and intelligent buffers through side - band or inline signaling include : a . all conceivable translation and mapping functions performed on the data coming into the intelligent register 902 . a ‘ function ’ in this case should go beyond merely repeating input signals at the outputs . b . all conceivable translation and mapping functions performed on the address and control signals coming into the intelligent register 902 . a ‘ function ’ in this case should go beyond merely repeating input signals at the outputs . c . uses of any and every signal originating from the dram going to the intelligent register or intelligent buffer . d . use of any first signal that is the result of the combination of a second signal and any data stored in non - volatile storage ( e . g . spd ) where such first signal is communicated to one or more intelligent buffers 907 . e . clock and delay circuits inside the intelligent register or intelligent buffer . for example , one or more intelligent buffers can be used to de - skew data output from the dram . still more uses envisioned for the communication between intelligent registers and intelligent buffers through sideband or inline signaling include using the sideband as a time - domain multiplexed address bus . that is , rather than routing multiple physical address busses from the intelligent register to each of the drams ( through an intelligent buffer ), a single physical sideband shared between a group of intelligent buffers can be implemented . using a multi - cycle command & amp ; value technique or other intelligent register to intelligent buffer communication techniques described elsewhere in this specification , a different address can be communicated to each intelligent buffer , and then temporally aligned by the intelligent buffer such that the data resulting from ( or presented to ) the drams is temporally aligned as a group . in a computer that contains a memory system , information that is currently being used for computation is stored in the memory modules that comprise a memory system . if there is a failure anywhere in the computer , the data stored in the memory system is at risk to be lost . in particular , if there is a failure in the memory controller , the connections between memory controller and the memory modules , or in any chips that are between the memory controller and the dram chips on the memory modules , it may be impossible to retain and retrieve data in the memory system . this mode of failure occurs because there is no redundancy or failover in the datapath between the memory controller and dram . a particularly weak point of failure in a typical dimm lies in the register and buffer chips that pass information to and from the dram chips . for example , in an fb - dimm , there is an amb chip . if the amb chip on an fb - dimm fails , it is not possible to retrieve data from the dram on that fb - dimm . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , more powerful memory buffer bypass and data recovery capabilities may be implemented . as an example , in a memory module that uses an intelligent buffer or intelligent register chip , it is possible to provide an alternative memory datapath or read mechanism that will allow the computer to recover data despite a failure . for example , the alternative datapath can be provided using the smbus or i2c bus that is typically used to read and write to the spd on the memory module . in this case the smbus or i2c bus is also connected to the intelligent buffer and / or register chips that are connected to the dram on the memory module . such an alternative datapath is slower than the normal memory datapath , but is more robust and provides a mechanism to retrieve data in an emergency should a failure occur . in addition , if the memory module is also capable of autonomous refresh , which is described elsewhere in this specification , the data may still be retrieved from a failed or failing memory module or entire memory system , even under conditions where the computer has essentially ceased to function , due to perhaps multiple failures . provided that power is still being applied to the memory module ( possibly by an emergency supply in the event of several failures in the computer ), the autonomous refresh will keep the data in each memory module . if the normal memory datapath has also failed , the alternative memory datapath through the intelligent register and / or buffer chips can still be used to retrieve data . even if the computer has failed to the extent that the computer cannot or is not capable of reading the data , an external device can be connect to a shared bus such as the smbus or i2c bus used as the alternative memory datapath . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , powerful temperature monitoring and control capabilities may be implemented , as described elsewhere in this specification . in addition , in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , extensive control capabilities , including thermal and power control at the sub - dimm level , that improve reliability , for example , may be implemented . as an example , one particular dram on a memory module may be subjected to increased access relative to all the other dram components on the memory module . this increased access may lead to excessive thermal dissipation in the dram and require access to be reduced by throttling performance . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , this increased access pattern may be detected and the throttling performed at a finer level of granularity . using the intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , throttling at the level of the dimm , a rank , a stack of drams , or even an individual dram may be performed . in addition , by using intelligent buffer and / or register chips , the throttling or thermal control or regulation may be performed . for example the intelligent buffer and / or register chips can use the chip select , clock enable , or other control signals to regulate and control the operation of the dimm , a rank , a stack of drams , or individual dram chips . self - test memory modules used in a memory system may form the most expensive component of the computer . the largest current size of memory module is 4 gb ( a gb or gigabyte is 1 billion bytes or 8 billion bits ) and such a memory module costs several thousands of dollars . in a computer that uses several of these memory modules ( it is not uncommon to have 64 gb of memory in a computer ), the total cost of the memory may far exceed the cost of the computer . in memory systems , it is thus exceedingly important to be able to thoroughly test the memory modules and not discard memory modules because of failures that can be circumvented or repaired . in a memory module that includes intelligent register and / or intelligent buffer chips , extensive dram advanced self - test capabilities may be implemented . for example , an intelligent register chip on a memory module may perform self - test functions by reading and writing to the dram chips on the memory module , either directly or through attached intelligent buffer chips . the self - test functions can include writing and reading fixed patterns , as is commonly done using an external memory controller . as a result of the self - test , the intelligent register chip may indicate success or failure using an led , as described elsewhere in this specification . as a result of the self - test , the intelligent register or intelligent buffer chips may store information about the failures . this stored information may then be used to re - map or map out the defective memory cells , as described elsewhere in this specification . while the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention , other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof . for example , persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the features and functionalities described herein may be implemented using either an intelligent register chip , an intelligent buffer chip , both intelligent chips , or any combination thereof . the scope of the present invention is thereof determined by the claims that follow . | 6 |
as shown in fig1 and 2 , the system of the present invention includes a first and a second optoelectric video camera 9 and 10 to read the alphanumerics on vehicle license plates . the cameras 9 and 10 are mounted on support structures 11a and 11b above the entry and exit roadways 12a and 12b to a parking area , although alternatively they may be mounted on a post on the side of the roadways . camera 9 is positioned to read the license plate on the back of the target car at the entrance , and camera 10 is positioned to read the license plate on the back of the target car as it exits the parking area . for additional security , four cameras may be used on a single lane entry and single lane exit to read both the front and rear license plates , in those states requiring both front and back plates . the camera systems 9 and 10 take an image of the license plate and then convert the image of license plate numbers into a conventional ascii digital code . a preferred camera is being developed by vision applications inc . ( allston , mass .). that camera is utilized in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 175 , 617 and 5 , 204 , 573 . it produces a logmap image from a space - vibrant sensor . the camera is preferably a ccd image sensor ( charge coupled device ) having 192 × 165 pixels ( 31 , 680 total ) with a lens assembly of under 0 . 5 ounce , the image sensor being mounted on a spherical pointer motor . the camera systems 9 and 10 read the license plates of all the vehicles passing within their area . each camera 9 and 10 is electrically connected to a specialized computer processor board 13 which converts the alphanumerics of the license plates of vehicles to a digital ascii code which is transmitted as data streams 16a from camera 9 and 16b from camera 10 to computer system 15 . each camera and its processor board constitute a &# 34 ; camera system &# 34 ;; although with storage of image frames a single processor board 13 may be used for both cameras 9 and 10 . that conversion uses algorithms and template matching techniques used in character recognition systems . the license plate characters , in one jurisdiction ( state ), would be of only one font , making their conversion to digital signals relatively simple . preferably the computer processor boards 13 are physically mounted on the same support structures 11a and 11b as the cameras 9 and 10 . however , a single computer processor board 13 , with a suitable time - sharing buffer memory , may be used for a plurality of 2 - 4 cameras . preferably the driver is issued ( dispensed ) a ticket at the entry to the parking area . a suitable ticket issue machine 20 is associated with an entry gate so that the driver must pull a ticket from the ticket issue machine in order to lift the entry gate . a suitable system pre - prints the tickets with a bar code , either in a number sequence or a semi - random or random number sequence . the ticket dispenser reads the number of the ticket it issues , using a bar code reader , and associates that number ( in computer system memory ) with the physical information ( length , color etc .) about the car for which the ticket is issued . a less preferred system is to print the physical information , in bar or other code , on the ticket . if the physical information is printed on the ticket , the tickets may be counterfeited ; although the system may be simpler . a suitable car code ticket issuing machine which prints and encodes as the tickets are issued is series 90 - 4 ( tm ) from parking products , inc ., willow grove , pa . a suitable ticket issue machine , having a bar code reader ( bar code scanner ) which can read pre - printed bar code on tickets , is model sp ( tm ) of stanley parking systems , farmington , conn . 06032 . both parking products and stanley parking sell suitable electrically operated entry and exit gates and &# 34 ; loop detectors &# 34 ;. a vehicle loop detector is a coil of wire embedded in the roadway in front and after a barrier gate to trigger a controller that a car is located above the loop . a loop detects the presence of a car , the ticket issue machine automatically issues a ticket , the driver &# 39 ; s removal of the ticket causes the entry barrier gate to raise ( open ) and the car &# 39 ; s passage over the loop after the entry gate causes the gate to be lowered ( closed ). in a mall or other free parking area , the ticket would be free . however , in an airport parking area , parking garage or other fee - based parking area , the ticket may be the same ticket which is presently used for revenue parking . alternatively , the ticket may contain additional printed information . for example , if a presently used fee - based system prints the date and time of entry on the ticket , in bar code or in alphanumerics , the date and time without modification may be used as the ticket &# 39 ; s number . that number , along with data representing the selected characteristic of the vehicle , is then associated in computer system memory for later retrieval . in addition , that number is read , preferably by a machine , at the exit . for example , if the ticket is printed in bar code the driver , at the exit , would insert the ticket into a bar code reader . the tickets are preferably of conventional size , either 2 &# 34 ;× 4 &# 34 ; or 21 / 2 &# 34 ;× 6 &# 34 ; ( sp and spc ) and 9 - point ticket stock . a sign at the entry gate reads &# 34 ; please take ticket and keep it with you -- not in the car &# 34 ;. an alternative license plate number reader , which is commercially available , is made by racal radio limited , 472 basingstoke road , reading , berkshire , england . it reads license plates from a recorded video image ( digital image grabber ) using pattern recognition techniques and neural networks . the neural networks are trained on a large number of sample characters . that system , called &# 34 ; talon &# 34 ; ( tm ), recognizes license plates in about 0 . 25 seconds ; reads plates on cars traveling at high speed ; data can be locally stored or transmitted via land - line or radio to a remote site ; and reads plates directly from a video image using programmable dsp ( digital signal processing ) hardware . the system includes a camera , lighting , plate recognition unit ( pru ) and keyboard . it displays , among other things , a copy of the video image and a rolling list of license plates , the list output being via a standard rs 2343 interface . real time license plate recognition ( lpr ) systems are also available from : gevis gmbh , innstrasse 16 , a - 6240 radfield , austria ( identification time 0 . 5 - 0 . 7 seconds ); perceptics , knoxville , tenn . ; imaging systems , burlington , mass . 01803 ; and are being developed by zamir ltd ., 17 hauman st ., p . o . box 53426 , jerusalem 91533 , israel ; and computer recognition systems ltd ., fishponds close , wokingham , berks rg11 2qa , england . the following u . s . patents have issued on various systems relating to license plate recognition ( lpr ) and are incorporated by reference herein : u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 425 , 108 ; 4 , 787 , 248 ; 5 , 136 , 658 ; 5 , 175 , 617 ; 4 , 817 , 166 ; 4 , 731 , 854 ; 5 , 204 , 675 ; 5 , 204 , 573 . it is important that the camera system and measuring system detect almost all the cars in its area and that the license plate numbers be read with accuracy . since the presently available license plate readers operate at no more than 90 % accuracy , this presents a problem . a possible solution is based on reading only 3 or 4 alphanumerics and voting . for example , the entry camera 9 makes two readings of the rear plate , those readings being the left 3 alphanumerics and the right 3 alphanumerics . similarly , the exit camera 10 makes two readings of the rear plate , the left 3 alphanumerics and the right 3 alphanumerics . an acceptable result would be a match between one rear plate reading ( left or right ) and one corresponding rear plate reading ( left or right ). the cameras and computer systems may be arranged in different ways to obtain higher accuracy license plate reading results . some suitable arrangements are : one entry camera takes pictures of the front plates and a second entry camera takes pictures of the rear plate . similarly , the exit cameras and obtain images of the exit target car &# 39 ; s rear and front license plates , respectively . all four cameras are connected to a high - speed license plate reader , such as a racal , which can analyze a plate in 250 ms ( milliseconds ). each camera takes one frame for analysis , for a total of 4 frames , which are analyzed by the computer in sequence , for 1 second total of analysis . the four results are compared . an acceptable reading consists of one match from the entry and exit cameras . a false positive ( incorrect plate reading ) is highly unlikely if one assumes that the reading errors are random . in theory , assuming that the 10 % error on each reading is random , at least 98 % of the plates would be read and almost no accepted results would be incorrect . the computer system preferably has its own data base . for example , using a conventional hard disk ( winchester drive ), 10 , 000 license plate numbers and their associated information ( length , width , color , owner &# 39 ; s name , etc . )., about 100 bytes per plate , is a data base of only 1 million bytes ( 1 megabyte ). these may be stored in a writable magnetic disk having under 20 ms retrieval time . new license plate information may be added at any time using a keyboard or over a communication line . presently suitable computer systems are available from stanley parking (&# 34 ; facility management computer system &# 34 ;) and parking products ( tpc - 300 ) as well as pcs ( personal computers ) from ibm and others . the system does not require a computer system to keep track of ticket numbers if a car &# 39 ; s identification is printed on the ticket . however , this system , although relatively simple , is subject to the counterfeiting of tickets . in this system the car &# 39 ; s license plate and physical data ( length , color , etc .) are printed on the ticket , in bar code or other code , by the ticket issue machine . that ticket is read , at the exit , by a ticket reading machine . a simple computer system at the exit attempts to match the data read from a ticket with the data obtained by the sensor at the exit gate . even if by chance the thief has stolen a car and used the registered plates of a car of the same length , or close to that length , if the detected color does not match the registered color the plate is likely to be a switched plate . with this system mistakes may occur , for example , because a car is carrying an object which protrudes from its trunk , increasing its apparent length . the preferred car length measuring system uses , at each of the entrance and exit , a first laser rangefinder whose laser beam is directed at the front of the car and a second laser rangefinder whose laser beam is directed at the back of the car the distance from each of the rangefinders to the car is obtained and a computer system calculates the length of the car from those measurements . the preferred rangefinder is a laser ( light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ) rangefinder which uses an intense , directional ( narrow ), coherent , monochromatic beam generated by a semiconductor ( or diode ) laser in the infrared or visible ( red ) range . the distance is measured by the time it takes a pulse ( pulse burst ) of the laser beam to the car ( target ) and back . the distance is sufficiently short , less than 20 feet , so the car will reflect the laser beam back to the laser photoresponsive detector proximate the laser . in a more sophisticated system a third laser rangefinder measures the distance from the ticket machine to the car . generally that distance would vary , at most , about four feet , the length of an arm . the two rangefinders are then controlled to pivot to pick out points on the car , for example , one foot , beyond that distance . this will ensure that the laser beams at the entrance and exit are reflected from the same points on the car , to avoid problems due to the curve of the bumpers or sheet metal . preferably the laser beams are directed at the car &# 39 ; s bumpers , which are at the same height for most cars . fig4 shows a laser rangefinder system to measure car lengths . one such system is preferably used at the entrance , i . e ., entry barrier gate , and a second system , of the same type , is preferably used at the exit , i . e ., exit barrier gate . a laser 60 produces a laser beam 61 which is directed at the back bumper of a car 62 . a portion of the beam is reflected and returns to be sensed by photodetector ( laser detector ) 63 . similarly a second laser 64 produces beam 65 which is reflected by the front bumper of car 62 and is sensed by photodetector 66 . the imaginary line 66 between lasers 60 and 64 forms two imaginary right angle triangles . the laser photodetectors 63 , 66 are connected to a computer system which uses appropriate trigonometric formulae ( or a look - up table ) to compute the line segments 66a and 66c . the line segment 66b is computed from length of 66 -( 66a + 66c )= 66b , where 66b is the measured length of the car . a more sophisticated system uses a third laser rangefinder 70 , having beam 71 and photodetector 72 , which measures the distance between the ticket machine , or other fixed point , and the side of the car . the lasers 60 and 64 are mounted on pivotable tables and are pivoted so that their beams strike the car at almost the same points at the entry and exit , to avoid any errors arising from the curvature of the car body or bumper . a suitable pulsed time - of - flight laser rangefinder in the hawk ( tm ) is available from schwartz electro - optics , orlando , fla . 32804 . it provides a digital output and has a ranging capability of 10 - 80 feet with plus - minus 1 - inch accuracy and , for the present application with a range of 10 - 20 feet , may have an accuracy of plus - minus 0 . 5 inches . an alternative laser rangefinder , which is slower but less expensive , is model c5148 and daylight point finder model c53149 from edmund scientific , barrington , n . j . 08007 . a less expensive system may be envisioned using only a single rangefinder . for example , a single rangefinder 60 sends its beam 61 , for 1 / 10 second , and then a mirror is interposed to send the beam from rangefinder 60 along line 66 . a mirror , at the position of rangefinder laser 64 , replaces rangefinder laser 64 and directs the beam 65 to hit the front of the car for 1 / 10 second . in this way the distances of beams 61 and 65 are measured using a single laser rangefinder . if desired , the path of line 66 can be enclosed in a pipe or tube to prevent blockage of the beam long line 66 . a single laser may be used for the entry and exit if the entry and exit are next to each other . the same laser rangefinder may be pivoted to direct its beam either right -- as seen from above -- for entry , or left , for exit . a pivotable mirror , at the location of laser 64 , may be used to direct the left beam 65 and a corresponding right beam , at different times . inexpensive range finders ($ 200 -$ 400 ) for hunters are made by bushnell ( lytespeed - tm ) and brunton ( laser 70 ) and may be adapted for this purpose , although with a loss of accuracy compared with a more expensive system . if the system is less accurate , for example , 1 - inch plus - minus at entry and exit lasers , then cars which are within a 4 - inch band in length would pass the length measuring matching procedure . a stolen car , on a random basis , may have abut a 3 - 5 % chance of not being detected with a less accurate system . the less preferred system for measuring car lengths is the direct measurement system shown in fig3 a . this system is particularly useful when cars are moving slowly or are fully halted , for example , an entry or exit gate . in this system a series of light beams 50a - 50n ( where n is from 50 to 250 ), preferably laser beams or infra - red beams , are aligned in a line along the direction of traffic and in the center of a traffic lane . preferably the beams are spaced 1 inch apart ( 2 . 54 cm ) and there are at least 50 beams and preferably 250 beams . a car will break ( interrupt ) the number of beams according to its length . for example , a 120 - inch ( 304 . 8 cm ) car will interrupt 120 beams , spaced 1 inch apart ( 2 . 54 cm ). each beam has a reflector 51a - 51n also spaced 1 inch ( 2 . 54 cm ) apart , aligned in a row and fixed beneath the beam generators on the roadway . the reflectors 5la - 51n each reflect a beam back to a photoresponsive transducer . preferably also second lines of beams 50a &# 39 ;- 50n &# 39 ; and reflectors 51a &# 39 ;- 51n &# 39 ; are used , spaced about 3 feet from beams 50a &# 39 ;- 50n &# 39 ; and parallel thereto . alternatively , instead of using reflectors , the line of photoresponsive transducers ( photodetectors ) may be located on the roadway and a single laser , or infra - red generator , may be positioned overhead which sweeps its beam rapidly , i . e ., 1 / 100 second , back and forth over the line of photodetectors . this system of direct measurement of car length does not require any measurement of speed . this system of direct measurement using multi - photodetectors is preferably also used to measure the width of cars . this width measurement system is also preferably used with the double - beam system of fig2 a and 2b , and the multi - beam system of fig3 a , to provide car width information . as shown in fig3 b a line of light beams 53a - 53n , one inch apart ( 2 . 54 cm ), at least 20 beams and preferably 200 beams , and reflectors 54a - 54n on the roadway are aligned perpendicular to the flow of traffic , i . e ., across a traffic lane . for example , if 60 beams are interrupted the width of the car is 60 inches ( 152 . 54 cm ). another method of obtaining the length of the car is to use two light beams a and b , fig2 b . each beam is directed at opposite ends of a space which becomes occupied by a moving car , i . e ., each beam , in sequence , is broken by the car . if the two beams are a and b , as shown in fig2 b , the front of the car will break ( interrupt ) beam a and then break beam b . each beam acts as a switch which is &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; ( unbroken ) or &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; ( broken by the presence of a car ). the distance between beams a and b is exactly determined and known . preferably it is somewhat longer than the longest vehicle sought to be detected . for example , the space between beams a and b is set at exactly 22 feet ( fig2 a ) ( 9 . 6096 meters ). the time it takes the front of the car to first break beam a and then break beam b is measured by the speed of the car . a car traveling at 60 mph ( miles per hour ) ( 96 . 3 km . per hour ) travels at 88 feet / sec or 1056 inches / sec ( 2682 . 24 cm / sec ) and the time from beam a to beam b is 0 . 947 milliseconds . once the speed of the car is derived , its length may readily be automatically computed , using the timing information from the &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; of beams a and b . preferably the speed is determined from the average speed of the front and back of the car , as the car may be accelerating or decelerating between beams a and b . the speed of the front of the car is the time from beam a being off to the time beam b is off . the speed of the back of the car is the time beam a goes from off to on to the time beam b goes from off to on . those two speeds are averaged to arrive at &# 34 ; average speed &# 34 ;. at any one average speed , the longer the time period the beams a and b are off , the longer is the length of the car . the length of the car is preferably the time beam a is off averaged with the time beam b is off , i . e ., &# 34 ; average time beam interrupted &# 34 ;. the formula to determine car length is as follows : ## equ1 ## at 60 mph the difference between a 100 - inch long and a 101 - inch long car is 0 . 95 ms . the computation may use the formula , as above , or may use a look - up table stored in computer memory . the look - up table preferably has mph from 1 to 120 and average times corresponding to lengths from 80 to 250 inches . the beams a and b each may consist of three , or more , separated beams . the purpose of these multi - beams is to insure that cars are detected although they are not in the center of the lane and to insure operation in the event one beam is disabled . preferably the beams are separated sideways ( perpendicular to the direction of traffic ) by about 2 feet ( 0 . 9144 meters ). the shortest length measured by the separated beams is taken as the measured length , as the longer measures may occur because of spare tires on the back of some vehicles or items protruding from their trunks . in operation , preferably the first of the beams , a1 , a2 and a3 , and then b1 , b2 and b3 , which is interrupted , is taken as the signal source and the other output signals are not used . preferably the beams are laser beams from lasers 40 mounted on an overhead structure of the type shown in fig2 a . an alternative mounting from a light fixture or stop light is shown in fig2 b . in this alternative the lengths of various models should be obtained by experimentation . the beams are reflected back , from reflectors 41 fixed on the roadway , and detected by photoresponsive transducers 42 ( photodiodes or phototransistors ) next to the lasers on the overhead structure . to avoid the adverse effects of sunlight , headlights , etc ., each laser may be pulsed with a distinctive digital pattern or code so that amplitude effects may be lessened . alternatively , infra - red beams may be used , which would also preferably be pulsed with a suitable pattern or code . if the target vehicle is accelerating or decelerating , the speed may be too uncertain and the length measurement distorted . consequently , it is preferred that if the speeds as measured by beams a and b differ by more than 2 mph ( 3 . 22 km / hr ) the data as to that vehicle not be used . it is optional to identify a second and third physical characteristic of the target vehicle . for example , if the primary physical characteristic is length , the second physical characteristic may be width and / or color . alternatively , for a simple and inexpensive system , only the car &# 39 ; s color need be measured . a system to detect color preferably uses a color luminance meter and a timed xenon flashing light to illuminate the car &# 39 ; s area whose color is to be measured . for example , a light beam is shined on the car &# 39 ; s side and its reflection is viewed by a color luminance meter having three photoresponsive transducers ( photodiodes or phototransistors ). a suitable color filter , for example , standard narrow band optical red , green and blue filters , such as green no . 342c , red no . 185c and blue no . 280c , is mounted in front of each photoresponsive transducer to indicate if the car is , for example , blue , green , red black , white , etc . a preferred color luminance meter system would use a light beam to illuminate a spot on the car &# 39 ; s side , hood or roof and a luminance meter which subtends a 1 . 0 degree cone . the color data is generated in chromaticity x , y and z coordinates and may produce at 256 digital color indications , each being a mix of x , y and z coordinates . for example , an acceptable range ( band ) which is considered a match of the colors of the target car would be ± 5 % of each of the x and y coordinates . as an example , on a scale of 0 to 1 for each of the x and y coordinates , if the measurement of the target car at the entry is x = 0 . 10 , y - 0 . 16 there is a match . but if the measurements of the chromaticity of the car &# 39 ; s paint at the exit are x = 0 . 15 , y = 0 . 12 , there is a mismatch and a warning signal would be generated . a suitable color luminance meter is the &# 34 ; chroma &# 34 ; tm from minolta , and a less expensive alternative is a color illuminance meter , such as the &# 34 ; xy1 &# 34 ; tm also from minolta , which produces a digital asci code output . even in the event of a snowstorm , the optical meter to detect color would not have to be deactivated , if the car &# 39 ; s side door is viewed by the color meter . as shown in fig5 a ticket dispenser 100 at the entry area is positioned next to car door 101 whose window 102 is down . a flashable xenon light 103 is mounted on the ticket dispenser and is triggered to flash , for example , by the driver pulling the ticket from dispenser 100 , or by a loop detector . the light 103 illuminates an area 104 on the car door 101 with its light beam 105 . that area 104 is viewed by color meter 106 which measures the car door &# 39 ; s paint color , i . e ., determines its ( x , y ) chromaticity coordinates . generally the car door 101 will be only 1 - 3 feet from the color meter 106 ( calorimeter ) and the car fully stopped , so that a reasonably accurate reading may be made in less than one second when the light is flashed . the flash &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; period extends throughout the color measurement period . the color measurement system at the exit is the same as is shown in fig5 except the lamp and color meter are mounted on the side of the ticket reader . in the case of various models the lengths are the same or very close to each other . for example , in 1995 models the chevrolet monte carlo is 200 . 7 inches ( 509 . 8 cm ) long and the chevrolet lumina is 200 . 9 inches ( 510 . 3 cm ) long ; the dodge intrepid is 201 . 7 inches ( 512 . 3 cm ) long ; eagle vision 201 . 5 inches ( 511 . 8 ) long and the chrysler concord 201 . 5 inches ( 511 . 8 cm ) long ; the buick lesabre is 200 . 0 inches long ( 508 cm ) long and the oldsmobile 88 is 200 . 4 inches ( 509 cm ) long ; the buick skylark is 189 . 2 inches ( 480 . 6 cm ) long and the oldsmobile ciera is 190 . 3 inches ( 483 . 4 cm ) long . it is also possible to use a number of processing boards at each camera installation to increase processing speed . for example , if 4 frames ( from 2 cameras ) are to be analyzed to read license plate numbers , 4 processor boards may be used simultaneously , one for each frame . in the preferred embodiment set forth above , a physical characteristic , preferably length , is measured for the target vehicle . the width of the car bodies varies less than their lengths and is less helpful than length distinguishing one car from another . however , car width in some cases is an important guide in distinguishing car models having about the same length . for example , in 1995 car models the following cars are about ( with 1 inch plus and minus ) 186 inches in length : ______________________________________model length width______________________________________bmw - 5 series 186 69chevrolet astro 187 78chrysler cirrus 186 71chrysler lebaron conv . 185 69dodge avenger 187 69dodge stratus 186 71gmc safari 187 78honda odyssey 187 71hyundai sonata 185 70mercedes - benz e - class 187 69______________________________________ in this example the width helps in the cases of the chevrolet astro and gms safari ; but the other cars in this group have a width in the range of 69 - 71 inches . eight models in this group have a length of 185 - 187 inches and a width of 69 - 71 inches . so another method must be used to distinguish between the eight models in this group . a template matching procedure may preferably be based on the following analysis of the two frames of the car &# 39 ; s image . one image is of the front of the car and the second image is of the rear . the two images will emphasize the reflection from the glass and / or plastic front and rear light lenses . the size , location and shape of such lenses are often characteristic of a car model . also , since the edges are known , the camera will center itself along the center . a car &# 39 ; s lenses are generally distinctive and , at night , would preferably be illuminated by a flash of infra - red light . the headlight lenses are ( i ) symmetric , so only the left headlight lens ( or the right ) need be imaged and analyzed , and ( ii ) at the front of the car at a certain height . a picture of the front of the car would show that its headlight lens is located within back about 10 inches from the front of the bumper . preferably the car &# 39 ; s headlight lens is compared to the headlight &# 39 ; s lenses of cars of the same length ( within 1 or 2 inches plus and minus ) so that comparison may be of , at most , 10 headlight lenses . various pattern recognition and template matching systems may be used , for example , the system of u . s . pat . no . 5 , 175 , 775 , incorporated by reference . often the car &# 39 ; s logo is at its center , either at the front of the hood or on the trunk cover ( boot ). the logo can be &# 34 ; read &# 34 ; by the same type of program as the license plate character reading program . it is estimated that there are about 200 - 300 models for a five - year period , each of which may be distinguished primarily by its length and secondarily by its light lenses and logos . in one embodiment of the present invention a historical record is made at each camera system of all the identifications of cars , by model ( length and light lenses ), color and license plate and time . for example , if 50 , 000 cars pass one camera system each day , it will record and retain for 30 days their license plate numbers , models and colors , so that any car may be traced . for example , if a car is stolen and its correct or its switched ( false identification ) license plate number is known , then the camera systems may be interrogated , for example , over a transmission line , if that plate number is on their record . if so , the camera system reports its own location and the time it viewed that plate number to a central police facility . at a very busy traffic entry or exit a car may pass each second . 21 , 600 cars may pass an hour or 250 , 000 cars a day ( reduced traffic at night ). if each license plate and related data ( time , date , location , etc .) comprises 20 bytes , each camera system would generate 5 million bytes per day . in regard to color it is preferable that there be only 3 - 10 categories , for example , red , white and other ( black , green , blue , etc .). it may be difficult to detect an exact color because it may rain or snow between the time the car enters the parking area and its exit . when a match is not found , the license plate number and associated information ( car length , model and color ) may be broadcast by local radio transmitter 21 , mounted on support structure 11 , to security or police cars in the area . a suitable broadcast system would entail a two - way digital communication system using microwaves in the 2 . 5 gigahertz band . in addition , or alternatively , the information may be transmitted by means of a radio paging network . the parking area security cars would have receivers mounted on their dashboards which would pick up the transmitted information and either display it on a crt ( cathode ray tube ), synthesize the data into voice , or print the data . the information about the stolen cars may also be displayed on a crt situated on the dashboards of police cars . preferably the digital data format information is converted to voice information by a conventional data - to - voice synthesizer 20 . alternatively , or in addition , it may be broadcast as a data stream and converted to a print - out by a data to alpha - numeric printer in the police cars . although various ways have been described to measure a car &# 39 ; s color , length , width and its license plate numbers , other ways are within the scope of the present invention . for example , car length may be measured by two digital still cameras , such as cascio qv - 10 lcd digital camera , positioned above the ticket dispenser and ticket reader . the output is formatted with distance markers , on the picture , which correspond to distances on the ground . also , the tickets may be magnetic stripe cards , or punched tickets , or other types of coded tickets . | 6 |
the bail assembly 10 illustrated in fig1 includes a rectangular frame assembly 12 having opposed top and bottom members 13 and 14 and opposed vertical side members 15 and 16 . head bails 18 and 19 are slideably connected between the top and bottom members 13 and 14 so as to be movable towards and away from the vertical side members 15 and 16 . a yoke assembly 25 is pivotally mounted to an extended portion of the frame member 15 and includes a yoke member 24 having opposed ends 26 and 27 which are linked to the respective upper end portions of the head bails 18 and 19 by link members 21 and 22 such that upon rotation of the yoke assembly about its pivot point 28 , the link members move the head bails 18 and 19 inwardly or outwardly so as to be able to clamp on the neck of a beast . a holding arm 29 and a sleeve 30 are loosely fitted around the yoke member 24 and are connected to pivot point 28 so as to allow pivotal movement between the sleeve and the yoke arm . an operating handle 31 is rigidly connected to the sleeve 30 . the bail assembly also includes a hydraulically operated holding assembly 35 pivotally connected at one end to the holding arm 29 of the yoke assembly 25 and at the other end pivotally connected to a mid portion of the frame member 16 through holes 36a and 37a respectively . the holding assembly 35 includes an outer cylindrical wall 40 having an upper end cap 41 and a piston rod 42 slidably and sealably engaged within the outer cylindrical wall in a lower portion thereof so as to form a fluid chamber between the upper end cap 41 and the piston face of piston rod 42 . a ` j ` seal 43 is positioned at the piston rod end of the cylinder to prevent the ingress of contaminants such as dust . a control means 44 is arranged in a mid portion of the chamber so as to divide it into a locking chamber 36 on the piston rod side of the control means 44 and a fluid reservoir 46 on the other side . the control means 44 includes a one - way ball valve 47 arranged to allow fluid flow from the fluid reservoir to the locking chamber but to prevent flow in the reverse direction unless the ball valve 47 is manually held in the open position . for this purpose there is provided a shaft 48 extending at one end through the upper end cap 41 and at the other end slidably engaging with the ball valve 47 so as to be able to move the ball valve to an open position when the shaft 48 is depressed , and wherein fluid may flow from the locking chamber to the reservoir . the upper end of the shaft 48 is encapsulated in a shaft cap 49 attached to the upper end cap 41 to prevent the shaft 48 from becoming disengaged from the ball valve 47 . the shaft is maintained in a non - engaged position by a spring 50 located between the shaft cap 49 and the end cap 41 . the shaft 48 may be engaged at its upper end by an engaging portion 31a of the operating handle 31 which is arranged to depress the shaft 48 upon initial pivotal movement of the operating handle about the pivot point 2 thereby opening the ball valve 47 . the fluid reservoir 46 can be charged with fluid through filling cap 51 positioned at an upper end thereof . the filling cap includes a vent to atmosphere which may be closed to prevent ingress of moisture when the hydraulic holding assembly is not in use . the upper end portion of the outer cylindrical wall 40 is connected to a mounting portion 36 suitably adapted for pivotal connection to the yoke assembly 25 whilst the lower end of piston 42 includes a mounting portion 37 adapted for pivotal connection to the frame member 16 . in use , the head bails 18 and 19 are moved towards the side members 15 and 16 to enable the neck of a beast to be accommodated therebetween . the operating handle 31 is then pivoted to pivot the yoke assembly 25 in a direction causing opposing movement of the link members 21 and 22 which slide the head bails 18 and 19 towards each other wherein they clamp against the neck of the beast . while the link members 21 and 22 are moving the head bails towards each other the holding arm 29 coincidentally moves the outer cylindrical wall 40 of the hydraulic assembly 35 upwardly thereby extending the holding assembly . as the hydraulic holding assembly 35 begins to extend , the ball valve 47 opens and allows fluid to flow into the locking chamber 36 from the vented reservoir 46 as the holding assembly extends . as rotation of the yoke member 24 ceases the ball valve 47 closes to prevent fluid returning from the locking chamber to the reservoir so that the yoke assembly cannot be rotated in the reverse direction by movement of the head bails 18 and 19 thereby holding them in any desired engaged position against the neck of the beast . to release the beast from the bail assembly , the operating handle 31 is rotated in a reverse direction wherein initially an engaging portion 31a of the operating handle contacts the upper end of shaft 48 and forces it downwardly to open the ball valve 47 so that fluid may return to the reservoir from the locking chamber as illustrated in dashed line in fig2 . as the operating handle is forced further in a reverse direction , the yoke 25 pivots and the oil is forced out of the locking chamber by the piston rod 42 . coincidentally the head bails 18 and 19 move apart . it is preferred that the head bail assembly 60 illustrated in fig4 and 5 include head bails 61 , 62 connected to opposed support posts 63 by concertina type hinge linkages 64 . these linkages include respective pairs of straight outer links 65 connected to brackets at the front of the support posts 63 and cranked inner links 66 connected rigidly at their inner ends to the head bails 61 , 62 . the respective pairs of outer links are rigidly connected to upright members 67 so as to maintain the upper and lower ends of the head bails parallel . as illustrated the hinge links support and guide the head bails for movement between their engaged and disengaged positions , the upper guide members 68 only restraining longitudinal movement of the bail members . furthermore in their disengaged positions the linkages 65 , 66 protrude laterally only a short distance from the outer faces of the support posts 63 . it will be appreciated that the bail assembly 60 is demountable for supply in knocked - down form whereby the members of the bail assembly may be packaged into a relatively small package . for this purpose the opposed support posts 63 are rigidly interconnected at their upper ends to longitudinally spaced laterally extending bars 68 which form guides for upward extension 70 of the head bails . the bars 68 have upper and lower bolt connections 72 providing moment transfer about respective longitudinal race axes 71 between the support posts 63 . the bottoms 73 of the posts 63 are non - rotatably bolted to a lower bail member 74 by laterally spaced bolts 75 such that hinge pivots 76 extending from the front of the posts 63 remain in a fixed orientation to enable the concertina type hinge members to hinge across their front faces . one support post 63 is provided with a lower mounting 77 for the holding means 78 and an upper pivotal mounting 79a for the translation mechanism 79 which operates the bail link members 80 , it being understood that the operation of the bail assembly 60 is by the mechanism described in relation to fig1 to 3 . in order to maintain ruggedness in the assembled bail assembly in use , the guide bars 68 are pre - assembled as a rigid parallel frame bolted at its outer end to the front face of the posts 63 and the lower bar 74 is a flat bar through bolted through widely spaced pairs of bolt apertures formed on mounting wings welded to the lower ends of the posts 63 . it will of course be realised that the above has been given only by way of illustrative example of the invention and that all such modifications and variations thereto as would be apparent to persons skilled in the art are deemed to fall within the broad scope and ambit of the invention as is defined in the appended claims . | 0 |
i have designed a micro - discharge device that can be operated with an ac power supply in gases at pressure ranges from a few milli - torr to a few atmospheres . the device has two electrodes typically separated by a gap of several tens of microns ( the gap may be one micron to 500 microns ). a discharge is formed in the gas in the gap by applying an ac voltage between the two electrodes . in fact , it is the small size of the discharge that allows it to operate in a stable manner at atmospheric pressure . larger dimension devices ( greater than ˜ 200 microns ) tend to exhibit instability in the discharge which results in noise , limiting the sensitivity . atmospheric pressure operation is an advantage since external pumps are not required as they are in several competing detector technologies . if a pump is used , thus decreasing the operating pressure of the discharge , the optical radiation emitted from the discharge will have a reduced linewidth . this will allow the identification of more peaks within a given wavelength range , increasing the number of chemicals that can be simultaneously identified in the case where several chemicals are present in the discharge at the same time . in operation at atmospheric pressure a typical device consumes around 10 ma at 180v in a helium gas . thus , using only 1 . 8 watts , a small battery powered supply can keep the device working in excess of 24 hours . a fiber - optic cable ( or multiple fibers ) can be inserted into holes drilled in the body of the detector to transmit light from the discharge to equipment ( 36 ), such as a spectrometer or photodiode for spectral analysis . in fact , an array of fibers ( 36 a ) in close proximity to the discharge can gather information about different parts of the discharge all at the same time . optical fibers can be 5 smaller than one micron core diameter to larger than 100 microns . since the discharge length is approximately 1 to 500 microns , optical fibers are of the proper size for use with the current invention . fibers also have the property to filter light they collect . thus proper choice of fiber diameter and material can serve as a filter to block light that is not of interest . fig1 shows the basic structure of the preferred embodiment of the device . the substrate ( 10 ) is made of any insulating material , including silicon , silicon nitride , silicon carbide , glass , mica , ceramic , quartz , or even plastic . this substrate can be any thickness and in general provides support for the electrodes ( 12 ) and ( 14 ). the figure was drawn assuming ½ millimeter thickness . the electrodes can be made of any conductor , but materials that have good adhesion to the substrate are desired . the electrodes can be vacuum deposited , electroplated , screen printed , or attached to the substrate with adhesives . the electrodes ( 12 ) and ( 14 ) can be formed initially as a continuous sheet of metal on the substrate and subsequent manufacturing steps can remove the unwanted metal to form the desired shape . the metal may have different compositions adjacent to the substrate to promote adhesion . the total metal thickness can range from 100 &# 39 ; s of angstroms to 100 &# 39 ; s of microns . electrodes ( 12 ) and ( 14 ) have at least one region where the metal from each are relatively close to one another . the gap between them may be from 1 to 100 &# 39 ; s of microns , and this gap is referred to as the discharge region ( 16 ), a region of intense electric field when a voltage difference is applied between the electrodes . the width of the gap is also from 1 to 100 &# 39 ; s of microns . the device may have one such region , or many parallel devices , 4 are shown in the figure . several features are not shown on fig1 . one important design is an insulative coating applied over the entire surface of the device . this coating enables each discharge region to operate as a dielectric barrier discharge , such that many devices can work in parallel . also , a means for supplying an ac voltage between electrodes ( 12 ) and ( 14 ) is not shown . this voltage should be sufficient to cause a breakdown of the gas in the discharge region , anywhere between 100 to 1000 volts or higher , and at frequencies of 1 hertz to 10 megahertz . fig2 shows a close - up top view from above the discharge region ( 16 ). the circle shown represents a typical boundary of the gas discharge when little or no gas flow is present . fig2 a shows a cross - sectional view of the discharge region ( 16 ), with the insulative coating shown ( 30 ). the dotted curve represents how the discharge region ( 16 ) may extend above the surface of the device . fig3 shows another close - up top view of the discharge region ( 16 ), with a fiber optic cable ( 18 ) shown which collects the light from the discharge . the fiber would typically be positioned up - stream of the gas flow ( 20 ) in order to help prevent deposits from forming on the face of the fiber . fig3 a further shows how a “ v - groove ” ( 22 ) may be used to facilitate fiber positioning near the discharge region . the fiber can be mechanically held in the v - groove ( 22 ) or bound to the surface in some other fashion . fig4 shows an alternative way of collecting the light from the discharge . in this figure , a photodiode ( 24 ) is positioned near to the discharge device . ideally , there would be at least two photodiodes collecting light from each discharge in the device in order to decrease noise signals caused by fluctuations in discharge intensity created by power supply fluctuations . additionally , an optical filter ( 26 ) may be added between the photodiode ( 24 ) and discharge region ( 16 ) to selectively filter particular portions of the spectrum for analysis . ideally , each discharge would have a different color filter installed in front of the photodiode ( 24 ) for wavelength discrimination . additionally , gas flow would be directed to help keep deposits from forming on the optical surface of the photodiode . fig5 shows a top view of an alternative geometry for device construction . in this case , a hole ( 28 ) is made through the substrate ( 1 ) just below the discharge region ( 16 ). gas flow may be zero , or either direction through the hole . in this case , the light detection equipment may be on either side of the hole . fig5 a shows a cross - sectional view of the alternative geometry in fig5 . fig6 shows a cross - sectional view of an embodiment with multiple holes ( 28 ) in the substrate . in this case , if there were a gas flow across the holes , then each hole would “ view ” the gas at a specific time after it exited the discharge . the holes away from discharge would only see light from the afterglow of the discharge and could give additional information to gas composition . fig6 a shows a top view of the embodiment in fig6 . fig7 pictures the device used as a gas detector for the gas coming from a small tube , such as the output of a gas chromatograph column ( 32 ). here , the gas flows from the column and across one or multiple gas discharge devices , each giving off light which can be used for gas identification and quantification . ideally , the column would also be miniaturized creating a complete detector which could be battery powered and portable . a benefit of using this detector technology with gas chromatography is not only the sensitive technique of determining when a gas exits a column , but the ability to identify the gas after it exits the column based on its emission spectrum . this ability greatly enhances the usefulness and power of gas chromatography systems ( 38 ). fig8 shows the basic detector with an additional electrode . this probe electrode ( 34 ) serves as a probe to monitor the discharge characteristics . in operation , the electrode would be in direct contact with the plasma in the discharge region ( 16 ) ( no insulator material ) and would reach a potential which would depend on the operating characteristics of the plasma . the potential of this “ sense ” electrode would have an ac component with the same frequency as the discharge , but the average value will be different as different gases enter the discharge . a high impedance circuit ( 13 ) connected to the probe electrode ( 34 ) would measure the potential between the probe electrode ( 34 ) and a ground as an additional means for gas identification . fig9 shows a top view of one final geometrical arrangement of the electrodes . in this figure , electrode ( 12 ) and electrode ( 14 ) are overlapping but with an insulator ( 30 ) between the electrodes . fig9 a shows a cross - sectional view of the geometric arrangement in fig9 . the electrodes ( 12 ) and ( 14 ) and insulator ( 30 ) all rest on a substrate ( 10 ). this overlapping design will create a stronger electric field which will facilitate discharge initiation in the discharge region . | 6 |
preferred methods of this invention for stabilizing formations containing water sensitive minerals comprise the following steps . the water sensitive minerals are contacted with an effective amount of a water soluble organic stabilizing compound . the cation portion of the stabilizing compound has the general formula : wherein a + and b + are selected from the group consisting of pyridinium , alkyl pyridinium , and groups having the general formula : wherein r 1 , r 2 and r 3 are selected from the group consisting of benzyl , alkyls having 1 to 12 carbon atoms , and alcohols having 2 to 4 carbon atoms and one hydroxyl group ; and an anion . the anion can be any inorganic anion , organic anion or mixture thereof that does not adversely react with constituents of the subterranean formation . water sensitive minerals that can be stabilized by the methods of the present invention include fines and swellable clays . fines stabilized by methods of the present invention include , but are not limited to , silica , iron minerals , alkaline earth metal carbonates , feldspars , biotite , illite , chlorite and mixtures thereof . without stabilization , these fines often cause a reduction in formation permeability by migrating to the well bore and blocking pore throats and passageways to the well bore . contacting the fines with the stabilizing compounds of this invention , reduces the tendency of the fines to migrate and therefore reduces their tendency to decrease formation permeability . swellable clays that can be stabilized by methods of the present invention include , but are not limited to , the smectite group such as montmorillonite , beidellite , nontronite , saponite hectorite and sauconite ; the kaolin group such as kaolinite , nacrite , dickite , endellite and halloysite ; the illite group such as hydrobiotite , glauconite and illite ; the chlorite group such as chlorite , greenalite and chamosite ; and other clay minerals not belonging to the above groups such as vermiculite , palygorskite , sepiolite ; and mixed - layer ( both regular and irregular ) varieties of the above minerals . for example , smectite clay minerals , which have a very high cation exchange capacity , tend to swell when contacted with fresh water , thereby reducing formation permeability . the swelling can also cause smectite to disperse into platelets which can then migrate and block passageways to the well bore . contacting swellable clays with the stabilizing compounds of this invention reduces the tendency of these clays to swell . without being limited to any particular theory , it is believed that the cation of the stabilizing compound adsorbs to the surface of the clays and fines and prevents their swelling and migration . specific examples of stabilizing compound cations which are suitable for use in the present invention include , but are not limited to , 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium )- 2 - hydroxy propane , 1 , 3 - bis ( triethylammonium )- 2 - hydroxy propane , 1 , 3 - bis ( dimethyl , ethylammonium )- 2 - hydroxy propane , 1 , 3 - bis ( tripropylammonium )- 2 - hydroxy propane and combinations thereof . preferably , the stabilizing compound cation is 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium )- 2 - hydroxy propane and is represented by the following formula : the anion portion of the stabilizing compound can be basically any inorganic ion , organic ion or mixture thereof providing they are compatible with the subterranean formation and with other treatments of the subterranean formation . particularly suitable anions of the stabilizing compound of this invention include , but are not limited to , chloride , bromide , fluoride , iodide , nitrate , and sulfate . preferably the stabilizing compound is 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxy propane . a preferred method for stabilizing a formation containing water sensitive minerals comprises treating the formation with a treatment fluid comprising an effective amount of the water soluble organic stabilizing compound described above . the treatment fluid is prepared by combining and mixing a known volume or weight of treatment fluid and stabilizing compound using mixing procedures known to those skilled in the art . preferably , the treatment fluid comprises water and stabilizing compound wherein the stabilizing compound is present in the treatment fluid in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 01 % to about 10 % by volume thereof , more preferably from about 0 . 5 % to about 2 %. the water utilized in the treatment fluid of this invention can be fresh water or salt water depending on the density desired and the formation sensitivity . the term “ salt water ” is used herein to mean unsaturated salt water or saturated salt water including brines and seawater . additional salt may be added to the treatment fluid . suitable salts include , but are not limited to , sodium , ammonium , potassium , calcium and zinc chlorides , bromides , hydroxides , and acetates , as well as other salts commonly used and known to those skilled in the art . preferably salt is present in the treatment fluid in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 01 % to about 40 % by weight thereof , and more preferably from about 1 % to about 10 %. the treatment fluid can also comprise aqueous acid solutions . suitable aqueous acids include , but are not limited to , hydrochloric acid , citric acid , acetic acid , formic acid , hydrofluoric acid , and mixtures thereof . the treatment fluid can comprise alcohol - water mixtures such as methanol and water as well as gelled fluids containing various polysaccharides and synthetic polymers . as will be understood by those skilled in the art , a variety of conventional additives can be added to the treatment fluid which do not adversely react with the stabilizing compounds of this invention . the treatment fluid can be made to contact the water sensitive minerals by any suitable method which provides effective contact between the treatment fluid and the minerals . the treatment fluid utilized can be used in conjuction with drilling , well injecting , gravel packing , fracturing or other operations performed on the subterranean formation . for example , the treatment fluid containing stabilizing compound can be used in conjunction with drilling or completion operations to alleviate the damage otherwise caused by drilling or completion fluids . when treating the formation adjacent to the well bore , the treatment fluid can be spotted and allowed to penetrate the formation being treated . during production , recovery rates can be stimulated by injecting an effective amount of treatment fluid to penetrate the formation , and then resuming production . in a water flood oil recovery operation the treatment fluid can be injected in front of the water flood in order to stabilize the clays and fines . acidizing is a common technique used to improve production . acid is pumped into the formation to enlarge passageways and improve permeability . in some formations , acidizing can loosen fines which then migrate and cause plugging . addition of the stabilizing compound of this invention to the acid treatment fluid helps to prevent the fines from migrating thereby improving the efficiency of the acidizing step . hydraulic fracturing is another common technique to improve the rate of production from a well . the well is pressurized until the formation fractures . the fracturing fluid enters the fractures and deposits proppant material in the fractures . the proppant material holds the fractures open after the fracturing fluid flows back to the well . fracturing fluid that bleeds into the formation can react with clays and fines to reduce permeability . use of the stabilizing compound of this invention in conjunction with fracturing minimizes the swelling and migration of the clays and fines caused by contact with the fracturing fluid . a preferred treatment fluid composition of this invention for stabilizing subterranean formations containing water sensitive minerals comprises a stabilizing compound , wherein the cation portion of the stabilizing compound has the general formula : wherein a + and b + are selected from the group consisting of pyridinium , alkyl pyridinium , and groups having the general formula : wherein r 1 , r 2 and r 3 are selected from the group consisting of benzyl , alkyls having 1 to 12 carbon atoms , and alcohols having 2 to 4 carbon atoms and one hydroxyl group . the anion can be basically any inorganic anion , organic anion or mixtures thereof . preferably the stabilizing compound is 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxy propane and the treating fluid further comprises water . the water can be either fresh or salt water . a preferred method of this invention for stabilizing formations containing water sensitive minerals comprises contacting the water sensitive minerals with an effective amount of a water soluble organic stabilizing compound wherein the cation portion of the stabilizing compound has the general formula : wherein a + and b + are selected from the group consisting of pyridinium , alkyl pyridinium , and groups having the general formula : wherein r 1 , r 2 and r 3 are selected from the group consisting of benzyl , alkyls having 1 to 12 carbon atoms , and alcohols having 2 to 4 carbon atoms and one hydroxyl group . in order to further illustrate the methods and compositions of the present invention , the following examples are given . permeability tests were performed to compare the stability provided by 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxypropane to that provided by “ cla - sta fs ™,” a clay stabilizer commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc . of duncan , okla . a clay - laden sand sample was prepared containing a homogeneous mixture of 88 weight percent sand with a particle size of 70 - 170 u . s . mesh , 10 weight percent silica flour having a particle size of 200 mesh and smaller , and 2 weight percent smectite having a particle diameter less than or equal to 50 microns . core samples were then prepared in a hassler sleeve to a total length of 4 inches . the clay - laden sand was packed between other sand samples to help minimize mixing of particulate during the flow test . a gradual decrease in sand size helps distribute the flow path of fluid injected into the sand pack and prevents the occurrence of turbulence . therefore , the sand pack was prepared of 15 g of 20 - 40 mesh sand , followed by 10 g of 70 - 170 mesh sand , followed by 60 g of clay - laden sand described above , followed by another 10 g of 70 - 170 mesh sand at the outlet . the permeability tests were carried out at room temperature by injecting fluids into the sand packs at pressures less than 10 psig . initially , a 5 % kcl solution was injected into the sand packs until a stable flow rate was obtained . the sand packs were then treated with stabilizer solutions by flowing 100 ml ( about 10 pore volumes ) of either 1 % 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxypropane or a 1 % solution of “ cla - sta fs ™,” a clay stabilizer commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc . of duncan , okla . this was followed by 50 ml ( about 5 pore volumes ) of deionized water and the 5 % kcl until a stable flow rate was obtained . permeability was measured for each fluid injected . tests for 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxypropane and for “ cla - sta fs ™” were run in duplicate . a control test was also run using no stabilizing solution flow . the permeability measurements are shown in table 1 below . as can be seen from table 1 , the performance of 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxypropane is comparable to the currently commercially available clay stabilizer , “ clay - sta fs ™;” however , 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxypropane is much more environmentally acceptable . capillary suction time ( cst ) tests were performed on all the fluids that were used for injection through the cores in the previous example . the cst equipment measures the time ( in seconds ) required for a sample fluid to pass between two electrodes and is used to determine the propensity of a clay to swell once it is introduced to fresh water . the recorded time is directly related to the sample &# 39 ; s swelling potential , i . e ., longer times equate to higher swelling potential . cst tests were run on the fluids alone , indicated as “ blank ,” and on the fluids mixed with the sand pack sample previously described . results , in table 2 below , show that 1 , 3 - bis ( trimethylammonium chloride )- 2 - hydroxypropane is superior to “ cla - sta fs ™” in its ability to inhibit the swelling of clays . thus , the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the benefits and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein . while numerous changes to the compositions and methods can be made by those skilled in the art , such changes are encompassed within the spirit of this invention as defined by the appended claims . | 2 |
referring to the drawings , in fig1 and 2 , there is shown an embodiment of the present invention which is adapted for close - coupled shafts , that is , shafts the ends of which are in close proximity to one another and which cannot be moved away from each other than at an unacceptable cost . in this arrangement , the spool is in the form of a split tube 32 which is reinforced by an inner ring 34 and which is held in place typically by four bolts such as at 36 , which are evenly spaced about the periphery of the split tube 32 . the ring 34 is preferably located at the midpoint of the tube 32 as shown in fig1 . the ring 34 may be integral or provided in two halves , with two bolts provided to retain each half of the ring 34 in place against the inner surface but bridging over the edges as at 41 , 43 of the tube halves which it is reinforcing . as shown in the sectional view of fig2 , the tube 32 is split longitudinally along its entire length to provide two semi cylindrical bodies 32 ′ and 32 ″. similarly , the flexible elastomeric rings 16 may each be split into two parts 16 ′ and 16 ″. the radially inner peripheral edges of the ring parts 16 ′ and 16 ″ will each be easily secured by a suitable , commercially available adhesive to the radially outer peripheral surface of the split tubes 32 ′ and 32 ″. according to this embodiment , the diameter of the split tube 32 is made large enough to accommodate the hubs 26 as shown in fig1 . this will allow a substantially more compact configuration for the elements when achieving coupling between two closely located shaft ends 28 and 30 and yet will provide a coupling with adequate flexibility and tolerance for axial misalignment . the radially extending flanges 22 of hubs 26 are continuous to provide adequate torque transfer through the split rings 16 ′ and 16 ″. the axial extent of the hubs 26 allows it to be easily secured as by welding to the outer surfaces of their respective shafts 28 and 30 . since the spool is provided in two parts 32 ′ and 32 ”, the coupling will be easily reassembled whenever it is necessary to repair or replace elements such as the flexible rings 16 ′ and 16 ″. the assembly of the elements of the coupling of fig1 and 2 is important to obtain the full benefit of the invention . to avoid distortions of the split elements under torque , the presence of the reinforcing ring is mandatory . in the case of a split ring it is preferable to offset the split edges 41 , 43 of the spool halves 32 ′ and 32 ″ by ninety degrees to the edges 47 , 48 of the split ring 34 as shown in fig2 , so that the rigidity of the assembly is not affected . in fig6 a , 6b , and 11 , illustrate invention forms designed for extra - long or adjustable length spools for wide shaft spacing . the telescoping form of the inventions 10 , 10 a are shown , where a spool 12 and 12 a is interposed between two relatively larger diameter sleeves 14 . each of the sleeves 14 and 14 a is identically configured so that a description of only the right hand sleeve will be provided . the sleeves 14 and 14 a and spool 12 and 12 a are preferably made of a material such as steel or fiberglass that is easily bonded together with a conventional adhesive such as an epoxy or connected mechanically such as by rivets . additionally , annular ring members 16 and 16 a are readily bonded about their respective inner openings to the outer peripheral surface of each sleeve 14 and 14 a as shown with conventionally available adhesives such as epoxies . the flexible element member 16 , 16 a is bonded at its outer periphery to the inner surface of a ring member 19 , 19 a which has equally spaced about its body bores 18 , 18 a in which locking bolts 20 are located . a connection hub 26 , 26 a is provided with an annular flange 22 , 22 a , which is provided with openings for receiving the bolts 20 , 20 a . locking nuts 25 are employed to effect the attachment of the coupling flange 26 , 26 a to the flexible element member &# 39 ; s 16 , 16 a as shown in these figures . the flexible coupling 10 as described above is particularly adapted to accommodate spaced apart annular flexible rings 16 , 16 a for a range of distances “ i ” to “ l ” between the coupling flanges 22 . in fig1 , the corresponding elements are denoted with the suffix “ a ” with the general designation 10 a corresponding to the tube or spool 10 in fig6 a and 6 b . in this construction , the intermediate sleeves are inserted into the open ends of each sleeve 14 a and preferably bonded to intermediate connecting bushings 13 a by an adhesive although riveting or bolting may suffice in some applications . thus , by simply selecting spools 12 and 12 a of a desired length , a user can accommodate a broad range of coupling distances between shafts . as will be apparent from fig3 , where a telescoping facility is not used , the spool 12 may be employed alone as shown in fig3 to provide a flexible coupling employing spaced apart flexible , elastomeric rings 16 which are securely bonded to the outer periphery of the spool 12 adjacent the ends of the spool 12 . this form of the invention is used for fixed lengths , such as 3 , 5 and 7 inches , typical for industry - established standards . the use of a suitable elastomeric material such as polyurethane elastomer for the diaphragm elements 16 makes it particularly easy to install . in this and the other forms using a hub flange 22 , an outer lip 23 may be provided to stabilize the parts during assembly as well as use . a modification of the coupling of fig1 is shown in fig4 where a spool member 40 surrounds the coupling elements including two hubs or sleeves 42 and 44 . the flexible , elastomeric ring members 16 are bonded at their interior periphery directly to the outer periphery of each of the hub members 42 and 44 . the outer periphery of each of the members 16 are similarly bonded to the inner periphery of the reinforcing rings 46 and 48 . the spool 40 may be either bonded or riveted as through holes 50 to the outer periphery surface of the rings 46 and 48 . the shafts to be coupled will be inserted into the interior of a hub 42 to an extent to allow the second shaft to be inserted as through end 51 into hub 44 . the shafts will then be fixed to their respective hubs 42 , 44 by welding , bolting , riveting , or the like . the spool 40 may be split parallel to its longitudinal axis to facilitate installation where the shafts are too closely placed together at the site to allow easy installation . referring to fig5 , there is shown a perspective , sectional view of a further modification of the invention where a split spool 50 is employed in a configuration similar to that of fig4 but with the hubs projecting externally of the ends of the spool 50 . again , the elastomeric elements 16 are bonded to the inner periphery of reinforcing rings 56 , 58 and to the outer periphery of the shaft mounting hubs 52 and 54 . again , the use of a split spool facilitates installation without sacrificing the integrity of the coupling or its torque transmission ability . in addition , the rings 56 , 58 may be positioned at positions located axially inwardly of the outer edges 60 of the spool 50 sections by the provision of alternate fastener bores 62 located , as shown , inwardly of the edges and the outermost holes in which the screws , two of which are indicated at 64 , are positioned . a plurality of sets of bores 62 may be provided to expand the range of adjustability . the use of spaced apart flexible rings as described in the foregoing embodiments increases the misalignment tolerated by the couplings while allowing significant latitude in installation . moreover , the couplings described above will provide high torque transmission while retaining the advantages of lightweight installations . with respect to the embodiments shown in fig7 - 10 , these forms use a modified flexible ring element , which is characterized by the provision of an extended base or pedestal and / or a curvature along the radial extent of the ring element . in fig7 , there is shown a coupling similar to that shown in fig3 but one where the flexible elements 70 are shaped to include a larger surface area for the base 72 to improve the bonding strength and durability for the elements 70 to the surface of the spool 12 c . this form of the invention is based on the construction of the spacer coupling component in fig7 and presented in its most general form : a single piece assembly comprising five permanently assembled parts : two outer rings 19 c , which may be metal , two axially spaced , annular elastomer flexible elements 70 and one central tubular piece 12 c . the assembly is affected by bonding the peripheral areas at the inside and outside interfaces of the flexible elements 70 with the tube 12 c and rings 19 c , respectively . the rings and the tube are significantly more rigid than the elastomer flex elements material , which is preferably a polyurethane formulation and which features better properties for torque transmission than other elastomer classes . the tube 12 c can be made of metal and composite materials such as fiberglass can also be used . the interface bond is formed by using one of many commercially available adhesives , formulated specifically for the attachment of urethane to metal or fiberglass parts . their strength , resistance to temperature and chemical agents is constantly improving . referring again to fig7 , it will be appreciated that each of the elastomer elements 70 , which are substantially annular shaped extend a radial distance h from the outer radius of the tube 12 c to the inner radius of the ring 19 c . each element 70 comprises two main portions : a thicker and more rigid radially inner base 74 , which provides bond reinforcement , of radial height “ a ” and a flexible portion profiled and tapered according to the application requirements , the profile having a neutral axis 72 ( defined as the curve or line equally spaced from the two sides of the profile ), its radial extent being “ h - a ”. a large degree of flexibility for a given profile is associated with a high “( h - a )/ h ” ratio . the base portion 74 is typically the thickest at the inner periphery , and the thinnest area of the profile “ t ” is generally situated towards the outer periphery . the height and thickness h and a may be theoretically and empirically determined relative to the torque load and rotational speed of the coupling . it has been found that , for the widest range of loads and rotational speeds , the flexible elements 70 should be curved at least on one side as shown in fig1 and 7 and preferably two sides as well as shown in fig8 . the thickness of the base 74 portion may also be increased to control the flexibility of the elements 70 as shown in fig8 and the axial width may also be increased as shown in fig9 . these modifications result in a stronger and therefore longer lasting bond between the base 74 of the flexible elements 70 and the supporting spool 12 c . as shown in detail in fig1 , the flexible coupling elements of this invention are preferably curved outwardly , that is , away from each other , as shown in fig9 . as noted above , each flexible element will have a neutral axis 72 and the range of curvature may vary depending on the specific application including torque load and rotational speed . a general range of the curvature amount can be defined by the included angles between lines : 76 , 84 and 88 shown in fig1 . as shown in fig1 , the curvature on the right side of the vertical radial line 84 may be represented as the included angle φ , defined by a line 76 which extends from the inner end 80 of the neutral axis to the outer end 82 of this axis and a radial line 84 extending from the inner end 80 of the neutral axis of the flexible element 70 . the angle may range from 0 ° to about 20 °. additionally , the total curvature amplitude may be represented as the included angle “ a ” formed by line 76 and line 88 which extends from the inner end 80 of the neutral axis to the point on the neutral axis marked “ t / 2 ”, corresponding to the location of the minimum thickness “ t ”. angle “ a ” may vary typically between 15 ° to about 25 °. as shown in fig1 , the curvature is formed by smoothly arcuate portions , forming the curved shaped neutral axis , resembling an elongated letter “ c ”. additionally , the neutral axis 72 , and the vertical axis 84 , starting from the same inner base point 80 , further intersect each other only once , towards the outer periphery of the element . it will be understood that a specific application may require greater or lesser amounts of curvature for the flexible elements 70 . a flexible portion profiled and tapered according to the application requirements will have a profile having its neutral axis 72 ( defined as the curve or line equally spaced from the two faces or sides of the profile ), its radial extent being “ h - a ” where the neutral axis curve is shaped as shown . this curvature results in a reduction in the bond stresses , typically highest at the joint between the bond reinforcement area 74 and tube 12 c . the outer end of the element is preferably provided with an axially extending , annular extension 78 and radially extending face 80 defining a ledge in which the metal reinforcing ring 82 is adhesively bonded . this structure facilitates assembly and imparts additional stability to the coupling . the ring 82 is provided with the conventional bores 84 for receiving bolts to attach the ring 82 to hubs 26 . preferably , the bores 84 are threaded and blind so as not to interfere with the adhesive bond or the material of the outer end of the flexible element 70 with the metal ring 82 . lip 86 will act like a protective shroud , providing a coverage area against impact , mishandling , or ingress of chemicals in the bonded zone , which may affect its integrity . each respective reinforcing ring has surfaces complimentary to the radially extending and the axially extending surfaces of the outer periphery , as shown in fig1 , with said axially extending surface being positioned radially inwardly of said radially extending surface . the bond stresses need to be minimized under torque loading , which are typically the highest at the center of the inner bond of the base portion 74 of the tube or spool 12 c . for any given profile shape , the stresses on the bond can be reduced by being redistributed away from the critical center , and averaged over a wider portion . the addition of the bond reinforcement area achieves this purpose . its width “ w ” of the base portion also contributes to the bond strength , but past a certain magnitude , it does not become proportionately effective . thus , the bond strength and the degree of flexibility are related at least empirically . where the torque load to be imposed on a coupling is low , the flexible elements 70 may have an enhanced degree of flexibility but where the torque load is relatively higher , only moderate flexibility can be had . the preferred ratios for the conditions noted above are “ h / a ” ratio in the range of 4 to 16 and with the “ w / t ” ratio in the range of 2 to 4 for a high degree to flexibility where “ t ” is the thickness of the flexible element at its narrowest part as shown in fig1 a and 10 b fig1 . for more moderate flexibility “ h / a ” should be in the range of 4 to 8 with the ratio w / t in the range of 4 to 8 also . the shape of the flexible element , and the general orientation of the neutral axis are additional means of reducing the bond stresses . for example , the two forms of the invention shown in fig7 and 8 , designed for lower torque and higher flexibility , exhibit higher bond stresses than the invention in fig9 and 10 , described above . for example , the flexible element shown in fig7 has one flat side and a curved side , for ease of manufacturing through gravity molding . the neutral axis is slightly curved but slanted at the top towards the center of the spool . additionally , as opposed to the invention in fig1 , the neutral axis and the vertical centerline starting from a common point close to the inner periphery , do not have another point of intersection towards the outer periphery . the element in fig8 has both sides symmetrically profiled , hence the neutral axis and the vertical centerline coincide . the bond stresses are better averaged than in the case of fig7 , but the direct vertical path of torque leads to higher bond stresses than in the case of the “ c ” shaped neutral axis element . having described the inventions , it will be understood that various modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims . | 5 |
a vehicle detection and traffic control system 10 in accordance with the present invention is illustrated generally in fig1 . as shown , vehicle detection system 10 includes a sensor such as camera 12 , monitor 13 , digitizer 14 , formatter 16 , computer means such as microprocessor 18 , associated random access memory or ram 17 and read only memory or rom 19 , terminal 20 , traffic signal control 22 , and recorder 24 . camera 12 can be positioned at a height of twenty - five to forty feet on a streetlight pole , stoplight pole , building or other support structure ( not shown ) and is focused upon a desired field of traffic on a roadway 26 such as that shown in fig1 . camera 12 can be any of a wide variety of commercially available devices which sense visible energy reflected by vehicles 28 traveling along roadway 26 within the camera &# 39 ; s field of view . camera 12 can operate in a conventional manner using standard television frame rates . as illustrated in fig2 each successive frame 29 ( only one is shown ) captures an image 30 of the field of traffic at an instant in time . camera 12 provides analog video signals characterizing image 30 as a sequence of scan lines 32 . each scan line lasts for approximately 65 microseconds for a frame comprised of 484 scan lines and represents the intensity of energy reflected from a zone of the scene covered by the field of view of the camera . although camera 12 has been described as one operating in the visible portion of the spectrum , other types of sensors including infrared ( ir ) sensors which sense infrared energy radiated from a scene can be used as well . analog video signals produced by camera 12 are digitized by digitizer 14 . digitizer 14 includes a digital - to - analog converter which converts the analog signals of the scan lines into pixels i ij n representative of the intensity , i , of image 30 at discrete locations in the ith row jth column of the nth frame as illustrated in fig2 . as shown , digitizer 14 breaks image 30 into an i by j frame or array of pixels . although i = j = twenty - two in the example illustrated in fig2 larger arrays will typically be used . depending upon the position and orientation of camera 12 with respect to roadway 26 ( fig1 ), image 30 can be of a rather large field of traffic . however , to extract various types of information from image 30 , ( e . g ., queue length in the leftmost lane , presence of vehicles in an intersection , or velocity of vehicles in the right lane ), it is typically necessary to process only certain portions of image 30 . as illustrated in fig1 monitor 13 is connected to receive the video signals from camera 12 , and can thereby provide a real - time display of image 30 . fig7 is a graphic representation of an image 30 , corresponding to that of fig2 and 3 , being displayed on monitor 13 . using terminal 20 , an operator can select a desired portion or window of image 30 for further processing . in one embodiment , the operator uses terminal 20 to position an indicator such as curser 15 ( fig7 ) at locations on monitor 13 which define the desired window . through terminal 20 , the operator can cause formatter 16 to select from digitizer 14 the pixels i ij n which represent the portion of image 30 within the window . the selected pixels i ij n are then transferred to microprocessor 18 and stored in ram 17 . the above procedure can be described in greater detail with reference to fig3 and 7 . if , for example , it is desired to process data within window 40 in the upper portion of the leftmost lane , the operator can position curser 15 at locations representing the upper left and lower right corners of this window . in response , formatter 16 will select pixels i ij n for 4 ≦ i ≦ 10 and 5 ≦ j ≦ 8 which represent the portion of image 30 within window 40 . the pixels will then be transferred through microprocessor 18 to ram 17 . this procedure is repeated for successive frames 29 . in a similar manner pixels i ij n for i = 19 9 ≦ j ≦ 13 representing window 41 , or i ij n for 8 ≦ i ≦ 14 j = 12 representing window 43 , can be selected . once selected and stored , pixels i ij n representative of successive frames of the windowed portion of image 30 can be processed by microprocessor 18 in accordance with various temporal , spatial and / or other statistical methods to determine the presence , passage , velocity , or other characteristics of the vehicles 28 within the selected window of roadway 26 . this data can then be utilized by traffic signal control 22 in known manners to optimize the flow of traffic along roadway 26 in response to currently existing traffic conditions . alternatively , the data can be recorded by recorder 24 for subsequent processing and / or evaluation . a spatial data processing method implemented by microprocessor 18 to determine the presence , passage and / or other characteristics of vehicles 28 is described with reference to fig4 . the spatial data processing steps illustrated in fig4 enable system 10 to make a determination of the characteristics of vehicles 28 from a single &# 34 ; look &# 34 ; at the field of traffic at one instant of time . this determination is based upon a comparison of measures extracted from an instantaneous image with corresponding measures which are characteristic of background data in the image . the determination of vehicle presence and / or passage is therefore based upon characteristics of an intensity profile of the selected window of image 30 represented by its pixels i ij n . the underlying assumption for the processing approach is that the signature of instantaneous intensity profile of the selected portion of image 30 is significantly altered when a vehicle 28 is present in the field of view . pixels i ij n for the nth frame ( latest ) of a window such as 43 are first time averaged by microprocessor 18 with corresponding pixels of the previous n frames as indicated at step 50 . n is a parameter stored in ram 17 or rom 19 . in one embodiment , microprocessor 18 processes pixels i ij n in accordance with the recursive formula defined by equations 1 - 3 to produce time averaged arrays i ij n . pixels i ij n are representative of the average background intensity of window 43 over the n frames . time averaged pixels i ij n are then subtracted from the current array pixels i ij n as indicated at summation step 52 to generate an array of background adjusted pixels i ij n . this operation can be mathematically performed by microprocessor 18 in accordance with equation 4 . utilizing the background adjusted pixels i ij n allows compensation for any natural variations in road surface such as those resulting from transitions between bituminous and concrete , railroad crossings , or markings on road surfaces . having computed the background adjusted pixels i ij n , microprocessor 18 generates a spatially averaged array a ij n according to equations 5 or 6 . the size of the averaging window is chosen to be representative of the size of a vehicle 28 , and will therefore vary depending upon the position and orientation of camera 12 with respect to roadway 26 ( fig1 ). microprocessor 18 can compute spatially averaged pixels a ij n for a 1 by j horizontal window such as 41 using a 1 by l averaging window in accordance with equation 5 . in a similar manner , equation 6 can be used to compute spatially averaged pixels a ij n for a i by 1 vertical window such as 43 using an m by 1 averaging window . using equation 7 microprocessor 18 can generate spatially averaged pixels a ij n for a two - dimensional window such as 40 using an m by l averaging window . fig5 illustrates an example in which spatially averaged pixels a ij n are generated for a one by thirty horizontal window 44 using a one by six ( l = six ) averaging window 46 . thus , equation 5 becomes equation 8 for l = 6 . in so doing , microprocessor 18 will average sequential groups of six background adjusted intensity values i ij n throughout the window 44 . a first group of background adjusted pixels , i i n . sub . ( 1 ≦ j ≦ 6 ) is first averaged . next , a second group of background adjusted pixels i i n . sub . ( 2 ≦ j ≦ 7 ) is averaged in a similar manner . this process is repeated by microprocessor 18 until background adjusted pixels i i ( 25 ≦ j ≦ 30 ) are averaged . the result is a spatially averaged array a ij n . as indicated by step 56 , microprocessor 18 next computes spatial variance v ij n as a function of the background adjusted pixels i ij n and spatially averaged pixels a ij n . this is done for all values i ij n and a ij n within the selected window such as 43 of the nth frame . variance values v ij n provide a measure of how much the background adjusted values i ij n vary from the spatially averaged values a ij n within the variance window . the variance window , like the spatial average window , is sized so as to represent a vehicle such as 28 . microprocessor 18 can , for example , compute spatial variance values v ij n over a one by l variance window using the formula of equation 9 . the variance a v ij n in the absence of a vehicle is estimated using equation 9 with feedback from logic 58 . if logic 58 decided that there is a vehicle in the window of interest the nth frame a v ij n is not updated , that is a v ij n = a v ij n - 1 . if logic decided that there is no vehicle present in the window then a v ij n is updated per equation 9 . logic 58 operates either on the background adjusted intensity i ij n or on the variance v ij n . if i ij n kf ( a v ij n ) or v ij n & gt ; k a v ij n where l ≦ k ≦ 4 then , potentially , there is a vehicle present at the ( ij ) location and this is denoted by logic 58 accumulates pij values over a window of length six . using majority rule , if ## equ1 ## anywhere over the l × k ( k = 30 ) window , a decision is made that a vehicle is present . passage is determined by vehicle detection at the first pixel of presence detection . these procedures are illustrated with reference to fig8 which shows a vehicle 28 present within a one by j horizontal window 70 . pixels p i ( 6 ≦ j ≦ 11 ) will have been set to &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; by microprocessor 18 per equation 10 , since vehicle 28 was present at the portion of the image covered by these pixels . remaining pixels p i 1 ≦ j ≦ 5 and p i 12 ≦ j ≦ j will be set to &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; since they do not represent portions of the image containing a vehicle . detection window 72 is a one by six window in this example . the sum of the pixel values encompassed by detection window 72 ( i . e . p i 5 ≦ j ≦ 10 ) is compared to a constant x = 4 as described by equation 11 . in this case the sum will be equal to six so microprocessor 18 will generate a presence signal . if , for example , window 72 were encompassing pixels p i 13 ≦ j ≦ 18 , the sum would be equal to zero and microprocessor would generate a signal representative of vehicle absence . microprocessor 18 can also implement other statistical decision criteria such as bayes for vehicle presence decision . data representative of vehicle passage ( e . g ., of a signal switching logic state upon entry into the window of interest ) can be determined in a similar manner . all of the above - described steps are successively repeated for each new frame . a temporal data processing method which is implemented by microprocessor 18 to determine presence , passage and other vehicle characteristics such as velocity is illustrated generally in fig6 . the temporal approach estimates the background intensity of the road surface in the absence of vehicles . this is compared to the instantaneous ( current frame ) intensity and if the latter is greater statistically then a vehicle presence decision is made . for temporal processing microprocessor 18 first time averages the intensity values to produce a time averaged array of pixels i ij n as indicated at step 60 . time averaged pixels i ij n are computed similarly to the spatial processing in accordance with equations 1 - 3 . microprocessor 18 then generates a background adjusted array of pixels i ij n for the nth frame by subtracting the time average i ij n from the instantaneous pixels i ij n per step 62 and equation 4 . utilizing the background adjusted intensity pixels , microprocessor 18 next generates time variance values q ij n for the nth frame over r preceding frames as indicated by step 64 . time variance values q ij n are generated as a function of background adjusted pixels i ij n of the previous r frames , and a mean or average intensity m ij at the corresponding pixel over n previous frames . microprocessor 18 computes the time variance and mean values in accordance with equations 12 and 13 . in one embodiment , r and n are equal to twenty frames . microcomputer 18 also computes , as part of time variance step 64 , background variance a q ij n in the absence of vehicles , in a manner similar to that described with reference to spatial variance processing step 56 illustrated in fig4 . the background variance a q ij n is computed as a function of a running average ( equations 12 , 13 ). if the logic 68 decides that there is no vehicle present the variance is updated according to equations 12 , 13 . if there is a vehicle present , according to logic 68 , then a q n ij = a q n - 1 ij . the comparator operates as follows . the background adjusted instantaneous intensity i ij n is compared to a function of the background variance per equation 14 . the function f ( a q ij n ) can , for example , be an absolute value or square root of background variance values a q ij n . constant k will typically be between one and four . if the instantaneous background adjusted intensity is greater than the functional relationship of the background variance , a decision is made by the comparator that a vehicle is present in pixel ij . this is denoted by p ij = 1 , otherwise p ij = 0 ( no vehicle ). p ij pixels with values zero or one are inputs to logic 68 where they are processed to determine presence and passage of vehicles . the logical processing at step 68 is performed similarly to that described with reference to step 58 of the spatial processing method illustrated in fig4 and described by equation 11 . all of the above - described steps are successively repeated for each new frame or array of pixels i ij . although the spatial data processing method described with reference to fig4 and the temporal data processing method described with reference to fig6 provide accurate data relative to vehicle detection , the performance of system 10 can be improved through simultaneous use of these methods . as illustrated in fig9 pixel intensity values i ij n for selected windows of an nth frame can be simultaneously processed by microcomputer 18 in accordance with both the spatial and temporal processing methods ( steps 76 and 78 , respectively ). the results from these two processing methods ( e . g ., data characteristic of presence , passage , or other characteristics ) are then logically processed or combined as indicated at step 88 to produce signals or data characteristic of presence , passage or other characteristics . in one embodiment , microprocessor 18 implements a logical &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; operation on the outputs of spatial and temporal processing steps 76 and 78 , respectively , and generates presence or passage data only if presence or passage data was generated by both the spatial processing method and temporal processing method . presence and / or passage data generated by microprocessor 18 through implementation of either the spatial processing technique shown in fig4 or the temporal processing technique shown in fig6 can be further processed by microprocessor 18 to produce vehicle velocity data . this processing method is described with reference to fig1 . the velocity data is computed by monitoring the logic state assigned to two gates such as p i 12 and p i 16 over several ( n ) frames . the spatial distance between pixels p i 12 and p i 16 corresponds to an actual distance d in the field of traffic based on the geometry and sensor parameter . microprocessor 18 will monitor the number of elapsed frames n between the frame at which the logic state of pixel p i 12 switches from a logic &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; to a logic &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ;, and the frame at which the logic state represented by pixel p i 16 switches from logic &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; to a logic &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ;. the number of frames n separating these two events corresponds to the time δt . microprocessor 18 can thereby compute velocity using equation 15 . the accuracy of this determination can be improved through computations involving several pairs . although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments , workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
this invention relates to an improved method and system for communicating information through electronic mail system and in particular a method and system of using customizable forms in an electronic mail system . it is common in written communications to use standard forms . examples of standard forms are credit application and phone message slips . these forms allow for the collection of certain data in a structured format . this structured format simplifies the processing of the data . in computer systems , data is often gathered and displayed through the use of electronic forms . for example , a computer program could display a form that looks similar to the paper version of a credit application form . this similarity simplifies the entry of data into the computer and subsequent display of the data . an electronic mail system allows mail to be collected electronically through a computer terminal and transmitted to another computer or another user of the same computer and displayed on a terminal . typical mail systems use certain standard forms . for example , the standard send message form 100 as shown in fig1 has a to field 101 into which the user enters the recipient of the mail messages and a re field 102 into which the user enters the subject of the mail . the send message form 100 also has text field 103 into which the user enters the body of the message . a mail system would typically have an analogous receive message form for displaying a message . a few mail systems have allowed the user to add custom forms . these mail systems provide only limited customization . the customization is typically limited to the use of predefined components . for example , the forms designer could specify where to place a text field or a date field . however , the mail system predefines how the fields will operate . when a user of a form presses a key or uses a mouse button to click on a component of a form , the mail system will typically take one or more actions in response to that input . the actions taken when a button field is clicked , for example , is referred to as the &# 34 ; behavior &# 34 ; of the button . each form component in custom forms traditionally has a single behavior or a fixed number of possible predefined behaviors . while this limited customization allows for some degree of user - customization of electronic mail forms , the user is limited to the predefined components and behaviors . it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for customizing forms in an electronic mail system . it is another object of the present invention to provide an electronic mail system in which the user of the mail system can specify the field layout of a custom form and specify the behavior of the fields in the custom form . it is another object of this invention to provide an electronic mail system that collects data through a custom form , packs the data into a mail message , and transports the mail message to the specified recipients of the mail . it is another object of this invention to provide an electronic mail system that receives mail messages , unpacks the data from the mail message , and displays the data in a custom form . it is another object of the present invention to provide an electronic mail system with a transaction event processor to receive mail events and to call a form control procedure to implement the behavior of the custom form . it is another object of the present invention to provide a layout for a form data structure that includes the definition of the form fields and the form control procedure . fig1 shows an example of a typical send message form . fig2 shows the components of a mail system that implement custom forms . fig5 is a flow diagram of the main routine of the trev . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , an electronic mail system implements user - customizable forms that allow the user to define form components and their behavior . this invention allows a user to specify the layout of a custom form and specify a form control procedure ( fcp ) to control the behavior of the form components . the fcp is a computer subroutine that implements user - defined processing of the form . the form is defined in a form data structure that contains the layout of the form and the fcp . the mail system interacts with the fcp to collect form data and transmit the data to a receiver . the mail system also interacts with the fcp to display the message through the custom form when it is received . in a preferred embodiment , the mail system has a transaction event manager ( trev ) that calls the fcp . the trev creates a window for the form and displays the form in the window . when certain events occur , such as keyboard entry , for the window , the trev calls the fcp . this calling allows the fcp to perform custom processing . fig2 shows the components of a mail system that uses custom forms . the mail system 201 contains the trev 202 . the trev accesses the form data structure 203 to display the form window 204 . the mail system 201 receives input from the keyboard 205 and mouse 206 . the mail system 201 packs the message data into mail message format and transports the message to the recipient via electronic mail link 207 . the mail system 201 also receives mail messages via electronic mail link 207 and unpacks the messages . fig3 shows an example of a custom mail message form . the form 300 is designed to handle library requests . the form 300 contains picture 301 that is suggestive of the function , to field 302 that is a scroll list in which the user selects the recipient &# 39 ; s names , subject field 303 which is a text field , request field 304 which is a scrolling text field , check boxes 305 which select the source , other field 306 which is a text field , radio button fields 307 which select the delivery means , and send button field 308 which allows the user to indicate that the message is to be sent . a custom form is defined in a form data structure . the form data structure describes the design and layout of the form . it describes the initial size of the form and initial placement of the form on the display . it describes the placement of predefined form components , such as buttons and text fields , and the placement and appearance of user - defined form components . the appearance of user - defined form components may be defined as an arbitrary bitmap image . fig4 shows the layout of the form data structure of a preferred embodiment . the form comprises four types of elements : form header , field object , form control , and form control procedure . in a preferred embodiment , the elements have variable lengths and have a primary and secondary key to allow fast retrieval of the elements . alternatively , the fcp could be stored in a separate data structure . the form header contains information describing the window in which the fields are displayed . the form data structure contains only one form header which is the first entry in the form data structure . the primary key of the form header is &# 34 ; fhdr &# 34 ; and the secondary key is 0 . the following data structure , as specified in the &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; programming language , defines a preferred format of form header . ______________________________________ typedef struct formhdr { char formflags ; char formprocid ; rect formcoords ; short formcurfield ; unsigned char formtitle []; } formhdr , * formhdrptr______________________________________ the variable formflags specifies automatic positioning of the window and controls the appearance of the window . the variable formflags can be set to a combination of values as described in the following . the variable formflags is set to the value ffnoflags to indicate that variable formcoords contains the coordinates of the window and variable formprocid contains the style of the window . the variable formflags is set to the value fftbcentre to indicate that the window is to be centered vertically . the variable formflags is set to the value fflrcentre to indicate that the window is centered horizontally . the variable formflags is set to the value fftblrcentre to indicate that the window is centered both vertically and horizontally . the variable formflags is set to the value ffatbottom to indicate that the window is to be placed at the bottom of the screen . the variable formflags is set to the value ffnomailicon to indicate that the mail icon is not to be drawn on the title bar . the variable formflags is set to the value ffmodal to indicate that the window is modal . the variable formflags is set to the value ffgoaway to indicate that the window has a go away box . the variable formprocid specifies the style of window . in a preferred embodiment the style can be modeless or modal . the variable formcoords specifies the screen position and size of the form window . this positioning information can be overridden by the setting of variable formflags . the variable formcurfield is used internally by the trev to store what field is current . the variable formtitle is a string that is displayed in the title bar of modeless form windows . a form consists of a number of fields . each field object describes the characteristics of a field of the form . for each field there is one field object in the form data structure . the primary key of a field object is &# 34 ; ffld &# 34 ; and the secondary key is set to a unique identifier for that field ; typically , the identifier would be a descriptive of the field . for example , an address field may have a secondary key equal to &# 34 ; addr &# 34 ; the following data structure defines a preferred format of the field objects . ______________________________________typedef struct fldhdrshort type ; unsigned short attribrutes ; rect coords ; unsigned short keyequiv ; packedfont font ; handle data ; handle private ; unsigned char initdata [];} fldhdr , * fldhdrptr ; ______________________________________ the variable type indicates the type of the field . the following describes some preferred standard field types . one skilled in the art would know that other standard field types can be defined . the variable type is set to the value fieldstatictext to indicate that the text in the field cannot be edited . the variable type is set to the value fieldedittext to indicate that the text in the field can be edited , for example , subject field 303 . the variable type is set to the value fieldhiddentext to indicate that the text in the field can be edited but is not echoed to the display . the variable type is set to the value fieldbutton to indicate that the field is a standard button , for example , button field 308 . the variable type is set to the value fieldradiobutton to indicate that the field is a standard radio button , for example , radio button fields 307 . the variable type is set to the value fieldcheckbox to indicate that the field is a standard check box , for example , check boxes 305 . the variable type is set to the value fieldbuttonicon to indicate that the field displays a button in the shape of the specified icon . the variable type is set to the value fieldoptionbutton to indicate that a different title is displayed if the option button is held down . the variable type is set to the value fieldtime to indicate that the field displays the time of day . the variable type is set to the value fielddate to indicate that the field displays the date . the variable type is set to the value fieldrect to indicate that a rectangle is drawn around the field . the variable type is set to the value fieldpicture to indicate that the field displays the specified picture , for example , picture 301 . the variable type is set to the value fieldvariabledata to indicate that field contains data that is not displayed on the screen . the variable type is set to the value fielduser to indicate that the field is a user - defined field . the variable attributes specifies the appearance and behavior of the field . one skilled in the art would know that other values for the variable attributes could be defined to specify different appearances and behaviors . the variable attributes is set to the value attrcanbecurrent to indicate that the field can be the current field . the current field is the field that receives characters entered by the user . the variable attributes is set to the value attrinform to indicate that notification is sent whenever the field is affected by a user event , such as , a mouse click or entry of a character ( if the field is current ). the variable attributes is set to the value attrpack to indicate that the field contents will be packed into the mail message when a send message request is detected by the mail system , for example , when the user clicks button field 308 . the variable attributes is set to the value attridle to indicate that the fcp will be called periodically . this periodic calling allows fields , such as a time field , to be updated . the variable attributes is set to the value attrreadonly to indicate that the field is read only . the variable attributes is set to the value attrdisabled to indicate that the field is drawn differently to indicate that it is disabled ( usually grey ). the variable attributes is set to the value attrgroupl , attrgroup2 , attrgroup3 , or attrgroup4 to indicate that the field is in an attribute group . the variable attributes is set to the value attrdependcheckstate , attrdependsetstate , or attrdependsetnegstate to define the functioning of a group . a group of fields allows for the enabling and disabling of fields within the group based on whether other fields in the group contain data . when data is entered or deleted from a field , the trev checks all the fields in the group that have the variable attributes set to the value attrdependcheckstate set . if all these fields have data , then the trev enables all the fields in the group that have the variable attributes set to attrdependsetstate and disables all the fields in the group that have the variable attributes set to attrdependsetnegstate . conversely , if not all these fields have data , then the trev disables all the fields in the group that have the variable attributes set to attrdependsetstate and enables all the fields that have the variable attributes set to attrdependsetnegstate . the variable coords contains the coordinates of the rectangle that defines the field in the window . the variable keyequiv contains the keyboard equivalent for many types of fields , such as a button field . the variable font contains the font , face , and size of the text that is displayed in the field . the variables data and private are handles that are used at run time to store information about the field . the form control fields are a special class of fields that are not referenced or modified by the trev . the field serves to store global variables for an fcp . the variables are preserved between calls to the fcp . the primary key is &# 34 ; fdat &# 34 ; and the secondary key is a unique identifier for the field . the form control procedure ( fcp ) is a computer routine that is called directly by the trev . the fcp is written by the forms designer to implement form customization . the fcp is a block of code stored as the last entry in the form data structure . in a preferred embodiment , the fcp is written in assembly language or another programming language that is compiled into machine code . alternatively , the fcp can be written in a scripting language or pseudo - machine language that is interpreted . the use of a scripting language or pseudo - machine language would facilitate platform independent custom forms . in a preferred embodiment , the fcp has full access to the computer resources . alternatively , the fcp could be restricted as to the resources used . for example , the fcp could be restricted to the operating system calls available to it . the primary key of the fcp is &# 34 ; ffcp &# 34 ; and the secondary key is zero . the following defines the format of the call to the fcp . ______________________________________pascal oserr fcp ( upcall , calltype , win , ident , req , arg ) procptr upcall ; shrt calltype ; windowptr win ; long ident ; short req ; long arg ; ______________________________________ the parameter upcall is an address of a procedure that can be called by the fcp . this parameter provides a convenient mechanism for allowing the fcp to access the internal functions of the mail system . for example , the mail system may support a field type defined as a list , for example , to field 302 . the mail system may have routines , such as an add - item - to - list routine , to manipulate lists . the fcp can access these routines through the procedure pointed to by the parameter upcall . the parameter calltype specifies what particular action the fcp is asked to perform . the parameter calltype can be set to the following values : fcpformevent , fcpfieldpre , fcpfieldpost , or fcpuserfield . the parameter calltype is set to the value fcpformevent to allow the fcp to deal with form - specific events . a form - specific event would be global initialization of fcp internal variables . when the parameter calltype is set to fcpformevent the parameter req specifies the type of form event . the parameter req is set to the value formnew to permit the fcp to initialize its global data and allocate any other data structures it may require . the fcp is called with this parameter value after the individual fields have been initialized . the parameter req is set to the value formdispose to permit the fcp to dispose of any memory manager data structures that have been allocated . the fcp is called with this parameter value before the individual fields have their associated dispose functions performed . the parameter req is set to the value formidle to permit the fcp to perform idle processing , such as updating a time field . the fcp is called with this parameter value before the idle messages are sent to the individual fields . the parameter req is set to the value formpack to notify the fcp that the individual fields have been packed into the mail message . the fcp can change the packed data or add additional data to the mail message . the parameter req is set to the value formunpack to notify the fcp that the individual fields have been unpacked . the fcp can modify the unpacked data . the parameter calltype is set to the value fcpfieldpre to allow the fcp to perform customization before the trev performs its standard functions for an event , such as keyboard entry . when the fcp returns to the trev , the fcp can set the result code to the value terrdealtwith to indicate that the trev is to skip its standard processing for this event . the parameter calltype is set to the value fcpfieldpost to allow the fcp to perform customization after the trev performs its standard functions for an event . the parameter calltype is set to the value fcpuserfield to allow the fcp to perform customization for a user - defined field . the parameter win contains a pointer to the window in which the form is displayed . the parameter ident contains the identification of the field , which in a preferred embodiment is the secondary key from the form data structure . the parameter req contains information on the type of event for which the fcp is being called . one skilled in art would know that other event types , such as list processing events , could be defined . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqcreate once for each field after a form is created . this allows the fcp to perform initialization associated with the field . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqdelete once for each field just before the form is disposed of . this allows the fcp to perform clean up for the field . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value requpdate for each field that needs to have its contents updated on the display . this allows the fcp to redisplay data after the window has been uncovered . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqidle periodically for each field with the variable attributes set to the value attridle . this allows the fcp to update fields , such as a time field . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqcurrent for a field that has been tabbed to or clicked upon . this allows the fcp to customize a field when it becomes current . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqnotcurrent when the current field changes . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqenable to indicate that the field has become enabled . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqdisable to indicate that the field has become disabled . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqkey to indicated that a key has been entered into the field . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqchosen to indicate that the defined equivalent key as stored in variable keyequiv for the field has been entered . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to a value reqmouse whenever a mouse down event ( click ) occurs . the fcp is also passed the location of the cursor . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to a value to indicate that an edit function , such as undo , cut , copy , paste , or clear , is requested for the field . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqhasdata so that the fcp can return a value of true if the field has data and false otherwise . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqgetdata so that the fcp can return the value of the data in the field . the fcp is called with the parameter req set to the value reqsetdata so that the fcp can change the data in the field . the transaction event manager ( trev ) is the portion of the mail system that manages the events associated with a form . fig5 through 11 are a flow diagram of the trev . fig5 is a flow diagram of the main trev routine . this main routine creates a window for a form and then waits for events , such as , the click of a mouse or keyboard entry . when an event occurs , this routine determines the event type and calls the appropriate routine to process the event . in block 501 , the routine performs the necessary interaction with the window manager to create a window for a form . the routine initializes the window in accordance with the specifications in the form data structure . in block 502 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with the values fcpformevent and formnew to indicate that the form was just created . this call allows the fcp to perform customized initialization . subroutine fcp is described below in detail . in block 503 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqcreate once for each field in the form data structure . these calls allow the fcp to perform custom initialization for each field . subroutine fcprequest is described below in detail . in blocks 504 through 519 , the routine waits for an event to occur , determines the event type , and calls the appropriate routines to process the event . in block 504 , the routine waits until an event occurs . in block 505 , if the event type is idle , then the routine continues at block 506 to process the idle event , else the routine continues at block 508 . in block 506 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with the values fcpformevent and formidle to indicate that an idle event occurred . in block 507 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqidle once for each field in the form data structure that has its attribute set to attridle . the routine then loops to block 504 to wait for the next event . in block 508 , if the event type is mouse , then the routine continues at block 509 , else the routine continues at block 510 . in block 509 , the routine calls subroutine mouseevent to process the mouse event . subroutine mouseevent is described in detail below . the routine then loops to block 504 to wait for the next event . in block 510 , if the event type is keyboard , then the routine continues at block 511 , else the routine continues at block 512 . in block 511 , the routine calls subroutine keyboardevent to process the keyboard event . subroutine keyboardevent is described in detail below . the routine then loops to block 504 to wait for the next event . in block 512 , if the event type is update , then the routine continues at block 513 , else the routine continues at block 514 . in block 513 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value requpdate once for each field in the form data structure . the routine then loops to block 504 to wait for the next event . in block 514 , if the event type is pack or unpack , then the routine continues at block 515 to process the pack or unpack , else the routine continues at block 517 . in block 515 , the routine calls subroutine packevent to pack or unpack a mail message . subroutine packevent is described in detail below . in block 516 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with value fcpformevent and value formpack or formunpack , depending on the event type , to allow the fcp to modify the mail message data . the routine then loops to block 504 to wait for the next event . in block 517 , if the event type is edit , then the routine continues at block 518 to process the event , else the routine continues at block 519 . in block 518 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with values formcurfield from the form data structure and reqedit . the routine then loops to block 504 to wait for the next event . in block 519 , if the event type is dispose , then the routine continues at block 520 , else the routine loops to block 504 to wait for the next event . in block 520 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with values fcpformevent and formdispose . in block 521 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqdispose once for each field in the form data structure . the routine then returns . fig6 is a flow diagram of the fcprequest subroutine . this subroutine controls calling the fcp before and after the standard processing is performed by the trev . the parameters passed to this subroutine depend upon the request type , but typically include the field identification and data . in block 601 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with the value fcpfieldpre , the passed request value , the field identification , and the data . this call allows the fcp to perform custom processing for the field . in block 602 , if the fcp sets the result code to the value terrdealtwith , then the routine returns , else the routine continues at block 603 to perform the standard processing for a field . in block 603 , if the field type is userfield , then the routine continues at block 605 , else the routine continues at block 604 . in block 604 , the routine performs the standard process for a field . for example , if the field is an editable text field and the event was the keyboard entry of a letter , then the routine would echo the letter to the display . the routine continues at block 606 . in block 605 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with the value fcpuserfield and the field identification . since there is no standard processing for a user - defined field , the trev lets the fcp perform custom processing . the routine then continues at block 606 . in block 606 , if the standard processing or fcp sets the result code to the value terrdealtwith then the routine returns , else the routine continues at block 607 where it calls subroutine fcp with the value fcpfieldpost , the passed request value , the field identification , and the data . the routine then returns . fig7 is a flow diagram of subroutine mouseevent , which processes mouse events . the routine is passed the type of mouse event , such as click down , and the location of the cursor . in block 701 , the routine determines at what field the cursor is located . in block 702 , if the attribute for that field is attrcanbecurrent , then the routine continues at block 703 , else the routine continues at block 704 . in block 703 , the routine calls subroutine currentfield to change the current field to the field just selected by the mouse event when the current field is different from the selected field . subroutine currentfield is described in detail below . in block 704 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqmouse , the location , and the field identification . the routine then returns . fig8 is a flow diagram of the subroutine currentfield , which switches the current field to the passed field . in block 801 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with value reqnotcurrent and the formcurfield from the form data structure . this call switches the current field to a not current status . in block 802 , the routine sets formcurfield in the form data structure to the passed field . in block 803 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with values reqcurrent and the formcurfield from the data structure . this call switches the new current field to a current status . the routine then returns . fig9 is a flow diagram of the subroutine keyboardevent , which processes keyboard events . this routine is passed the keyboard event type . in block 901 , if the event is a tab key , then the routine continues at block 902 , else the routine continues at block 904 . in block 902 , the routine determines the next field in the form data structure that has the attribute attrcanbecurrent . in block 903 , the routine calls subroutine current field to set the next field to the current field and the routine then returns . in block 904 , the routine determines if the keyboard event corresponds to an equivalence key as defined for a field in the form data structure . if an equivalence is found , then the routine continues at block 905 , else the routine continues at block 906 . in block 905 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqchosen and the field for which the equivalence was found and then returns . in block 906 the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqkey . in block 907 , if the current field is in a group , then the routine continues at block 908 , else the routine returns . in block 908 , the routine calls subroutine enable / disable to enable or disable the fields in the group as appropriate . subroutine enable / disable is described in detail below . the routine then returns . fig1 is a flow diagram of the subroutine enable / disable , which enables or disables the fields in a group . in block 1001 , the routine , starting with the first field in the form data structure , selects the next field . in block 1002 , if all the fields have been selected , then the routine continues at block 1008 , else the routine continues at block 1003 . in blocks 1003 through 1007 , the routine determines what fields are in the group and whether the dependencies are satisfied . in block 1003 , if the selected field is in the group , then the routine continues at block 1004 , else the routine loops to block 1001 to select the next field . in block 1004 , the routine maintains a list of the fields in the group . in block 1005 , if the attribute of the selected field is attrdependcheckstate , then the routine continues at block 1006 , else the routine loops to block 1001 to select the next field . in block 1006 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqhasdata . in block 1007 , if the field has data , then the routine loops to block 1001 to select the next field , else the routine record that dependency failed and loops to block 1001 . in blocks 1008 through 1013 , the routine enables or disables the fields in the group . in block 1008 , the routine , starting with the first field in the saved list of fields ( which comprises the group ), selects the next field in the group . in block 1009 , if there are more fields in the list , then the routine continues at block 1010 , else the routine returns . in block 1010 , if the attribute for the selected field is attrdependsetstate and all the fields in the group have data or if the attribute for the selected field is attrdependsetnegstate and not all the fields in the group have data , then the routine continues at block 1011 , else the routine continues at block 1012 . in block 1011 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqenable to enable the field and then the routine loops to block 1008 to select the next field in the group . in block 1012 , if the attribute for the selected field is attrdependsetnegstate and all the fields in the group have data or if the attribute for the selected field is attrdependsetstate and not all the fields in the group have data , then the routine continues at block 1013 , else the routine loops to block 1008 to select the next field in the group . in block 1013 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqdisable to disable the field and the routine loops to block 1008 to select the next field in the group . fig1 is a flow diagram of subroutine packevent , which packs or unpacks the form data into or from a mail message . in block 1101 if the event type is a pack , then the routine continues at block 1102 , else the event type is an unpack and the routine continues at block 1105 . in blocks 1102 through 1104 , the routine packs the form data into a mail message . in block 1102 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqgetdata once for each field in the form data structure with the attribute of attrpack . in block 1103 , the routine packs the data that is returned from the request to get data into a mail message . in block 1104 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with value formpack . this call allows the fcp to modify the packed mail message . the routine then returns . in blocks 1105 through 1107 , the routine unpacks the data in the mail message . in block 1105 , the routine unpacks the data from the mail message and stores the data in the form data structure . in block 1106 , the routine calls subroutine fcprequest with the value reqsetdata once for each field in the form data structure with the attribute of attrpack . in block 1107 , the routine calls subroutine fcp with the value formunpack to allow the fcp an opportunity to modify the unpacked data . the routine then returns . fig1 is a flow diagram of the main routine of a typical fcp . this flow diagram shows the procedure for determining the calltype in blocks 1201 through 1204 , and determining the form events in blocks 1208 through 1213 . in blocks 1205 through 1207 and blocks 1212 through 1217 , the fcp calls the subroutines to process the events . the subroutines implement the customization of the form . fig1 and 14 are an example of a flow diagram of the routines to process the events for an fcp that implements a game of tick - tack - toe . fig1 is the flow diagram for the main routine in the fcp for this example . the customized form in this example works as follows . there are nine fields in the form . each field corresponds to a location in tick - tack - toe grid . the fields contain either no data , an x , or an o . the first player would click the mouse over one of fields . the fcp detects that this field becomes the current field , draws an x in the field , and sets the data in the field to an x . the first player would request that the mail system send the message to the second player . when the message arrives at the second player , the fcp would draw the tick - tack - toe grid and draw an x in the appropriate field . the second player would move the cursor to a field and click the mouse . the fcp would draw an o in that field . the second player would then send the message to the first player . play would continue until one of the players win or all the fields contain an x or an o ( a tie ). when a player wins , the fcp draws a line through the winning fields and prohibits the placement of any other x &# 39 ; s or o &# 39 ; s . the fcp also prohibits placing an x or an o in a field that is already occupied . fig1 and 14 show the flow diagrams for subroutines formnew and fieldpre that are called by the main fcp routine shown in fig1 . this example of tick - tack - toe using customizable forms could be made more sophisticated , for example , by allowing a player to change his mind before the mail is sent . fig1 shows the flow diagram for subroutine formnew . the only function of this routine is to draw the tick - tack - toe grid after the window is created . fig1 shows the diagram for the subroutine fieldpre . the subroutine performs all the substantive processing for the implementation of the game . in block 1401 , if the value in the parameter req is requnpack , then the routine initializes the grid with the current value of the field by continuing at block 1402 , else the routine continues at block 1406 . in blocks 1402 through 1405 , the routine draws an x or an o in the field that is being unpacked , as appropriate . in block 1402 , if the data in the field is an x , then the routine continues at block 1403 , else the routine continues at block 1404 . in block 1403 , the routine draws an x in the field and continues at block 1413 . in block 1404 , if the data in the field is an o , then the routine continues at block 1405 , else the routine continues at block 1413 . in block 1405 , the routine draws an o in the field and continues at block 1413 . in block 1406 , if the variable winner is set , then the routine continues at block 1407 , else the routine continues at block 1408 . in block 1407 , the routine sets the result code to the value terrdealtwith to indicate that the trev will not need to perform its standard processing for this event . the routine then returns . in block 1408 , if the value of parameter req is reqcurrent , then the routine continues at block 1409 , else the routine returns . in block 1409 , if data is in the field , then the routine returns because an x or an o is already in the field , else the routine continues at block 1410 . in block 1410 , if there are an even number of fields with data , then it is x &# 39 ; s turn and the routine continues at block 1412 , else it is o &# 39 ; s turn and the routine continues at block 1411 . in block 1411 , the routine draws an o in the field and sets the field data value to indicate an o . in block 1412 , the routine draws an x in the field and sets the field data value to indicate an x . in block 1413 , the routine determines if there is a winner and if so , then the routine continues at block 1414 , else the routine continues at block 1415 . in block 1414 , the routine draws a line through the grid to indicate the winning fields and set the variable winner . in block 1415 , the routine set the result code to the value terrdealtwith to indicate that the trev will not need to perform its standard processing for this event . the routine then returns . in a preferred embodiment , each user of the electronic mail system has access to the custom forms . in a local area network , the data structure for a form could be stored on a mail server . each user who sends and receives messages using a custom form would download the form from the mail server to create or view the message . the mail message that is sent would specify the custom form associated with the message . alternatively , the custom form could be sent to the recipient as part of the mail message . in a preferred embodiment , each custom form has an associated icon . the mail system would display the icon to indicate that the custom form is available to the user . it will be appreciated that , although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims . | 6 |
a printing apparatus and a manufacturing method of an oled display according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings . however , the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments disclosed hereinafter , but may be implemented in various different forms . the exemplary embodiments described herein provide explanation of the invention to a person of ordinary skill in the art . like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . in the drawings , the thickness of layers , films , panels , regions , etc ., may be exaggerated for clarity . further , it will be understood that when an element such as a layer , film , region , or substrate is referred to as being “ on ” another element , it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present . in addition , unless explicitly described to the contrary , the word “ comprise ” and variations such as “ comprises ” or “ comprising ” will be understood to imply the inclusion of stated elements but not the exclusion of any other elements . further , throughout the specification , “ on ” implies being positioned above or below a target element and does not imply being necessarily positioned on top based on a gravity direction . in the ink - jet printing of an oled display , to form the printing pattern on the substrate of a large size at one time , the printing material ( for example , an organic material ) may be sprayed onto the substrate through multiple nozzles that are arranged linearly . however , although the size of the substrate may increase to produce larger oled displays , the pattern printed on the substrate may decrease to increase resolution . in particular , for oled displays having high resolution , subpixels — for example , subpixels of r ( red ), g ( green ), and b ( blue )— within the organic layer of the pixels may be arranged with a very small pitch between the subpixels . accordingly , it may be difficult when using the multiple nozzles that are linearly arranged to reduce the interval between the nozzles . that is , it may be difficult for the nozzle interval to correspond to the subpixel interval . embodiments of the present invention provide for a printing apparatus with decreased effective nozzle intervals , and a method for manufacturing an oled display using the printing apparatus . fig1 is a schematic diagram of a printing apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . fig2 is a schematic view of a nozzle head 1 of the printing apparatus of fig1 . fig3 is an enlarged view showing a portion of the nozzle head 1 of fig2 . referring to fig1 to fig3 , the printing apparatus includes the nozzle head 1 having a nozzle head main body 10 and a plurality of linear nozzle units including first linear nozzle unit 20 , second linear nozzle unit 30 , and third linear nozzle unit 40 . in addition , the printing apparatus includes a driver 60 for moving the nozzle head 1 , and further includes a printing material supply unit 50 having printing material m to be printed . the nozzle head 1 performs a function of receiving the printing material m supplied from the printing material supply unit 50 and discharging the printing material m on a target object s . the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 of the nozzle head 1 include corresponding spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 for spraying the printing material m on the target object s . the nozzle head main body 10 supports the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . the nozzle head 1 may be driven by one of various driving methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art according to a discharging mechanism of the printing material . such driving methods may include , for example , a thermal driving method for discharging the ink by expanding and generating a bubble by using a heat source , and a piezoelectric driving method for discharging the ink by using pressure applied to the ink by deformation of a piezoelectric member . as such , for ease of description , further detailed description of the driving apparatus realizing this driving method may be omitted . the nozzle head main body 10 supports the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 to correspond to the target object s . the nozzle head main body 10 receives the printing material m from the printing material supply unit 50 and distributes the printing material m to each of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . a nozzle head driver 60 for moving the nozzle head 1 is installed in the nozzle head main body 10 . the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 are arranged on one side of the nozzle head main body 10 , thereby being supported by the nozzle head main body 10 . the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 are extended in a set direction ( for example , a predetermined first direction , such as an x - axis direction or length direction ), and are arranged in parallel in this length direction . the exemplary embodiment of fig1 to fig3 includes the three linear nozzle units including the first linear nozzle unit 20 , the second linear nozzle unit 30 , and the third linear nozzle unit 40 , however the number of linear nozzle units is not limited thereto and is at least two in other embodiments . the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may respectively spray different printing materials or the same printing material m , and may be changed according to a printing process such as the kind of target object s . for example , in the oled display , when printing the subpixels of r ( red ), g ( green ), and b ( blue ) in the organic emission layer of the pixels , the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may respectively spray the organic materials corresponding to the three types of subpixels . in the exemplary embodiment of fig1 to fig3 , to coat the printing material m on the target object s , for convenience of description , the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 spray the printing material m downward while the target object s is disposed under the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . however , the present invention is not limited thereto , and in other embodiments , the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may be variously disposed while corresponding to the target object s . in each of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 , the respective plurality of spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 are formed at set intervals ( for example , at predetermined intervals ) according to the first direction ( e . g ., length direction ), to thereby spray the printing material m at the target object s . as shown in fig3 , the separate spray nozzles in each of the plurality of spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 may be arranged with a first interval d 1 between them in the first direction . by an opening and closing of the spray nozzle , a supply amount of the printing material m coated on the target object s and a spray position are controlled . the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 are arranged corresponding to the position of the target object s on which the printing material m will be printed , as shown in fig2 . in this arrangement , the printing material m is discharged on the target object s from the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 disposed in the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . as shown in fig3 , the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may be arranged to not be overlapped in a second direction ( for example , a y - axis direction or width direction ) crossing the first direction ( e . g ., length direction ) of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . for example , if the spray nozzles 22 of the first linear nozzle unit 20 have the first interval d 1 as arranged on the first linear nozzle unit 20 , the spray nozzles 32 of the second linear nozzle unit 30 also have the first interval d 1 as arranged on the second linear nozzle unit 30 . however , the spray nozzles 32 of the second linear nozzle unit 30 are adjacent to and offset from the spray nozzles 22 of the first linear nozzle unit 20 in the first direction by a second interval d 2 that is smaller than the first interval d 1 . for example , for three linear nozzle units , such as the exemplary embodiment of fig1 to fig3 , the second interval d 2 may be one - third ( or less ) of the first interval d 1 , while for n linear nozzle units ( n & gt ; 1 ), the second interval d 2 may be 1 / n ( or less ) of the first interval d 1 . as a result , the spray nozzles 22 of the first linear nozzle unit 20 and the spray nozzles 32 of the second linear nozzle unit 30 are arranged to not overlap from the viewpoint of the second direction . in a similar fashion , the spray nozzles 42 of the third linear nozzle unit 40 are arranged to not overlap ( from the viewpoint of the second direction ) the spray nozzles 22 and 32 of the respective other linear nozzle units 20 and 30 by this method , and to be adjacent to and offset from the spray nozzles 32 of the second linear nozzle unit 30 in the first direction by the second interval d 2 . the nozzle head driver 60 is disposed on one side of the nozzle head main body 10 , as shown in fig1 , and may move the nozzle head 1 in the second direction — for example , the y - axis direction , that is , a crossing direction ( e . g ., perpendicular ) to the length direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . the nozzle head driver 60 may have the function of linearly moving the nozzle head 1 in the y - axis direction , and the function may correspond to the constitution for driving the nozzle head 1 as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art . accordingly , for ease of description , further detailed description may be omitted . while the nozzle head 1 is moved in the second direction , the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of each of the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 are arranged in the second direction to not overlap the spray nozzles arranged in the other linear nozzle units . accordingly , corresponding printing patterns 24 , 34 , and 44 discharged on the target object s by the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may be printed to not overlap each other . as depicted in fig2 , the printing patterns 24 , 34 , and 44 discharged on the target object s are separated by the second interval d 2 shown in fig3 . the interval between adjacent spray nozzles for each of the pluralities of spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 is uniformly the first interval d 1 as shown in fig3 . further , the interval in the length direction between adjacent spray nozzles of the spray nozzles of the other linear nozzle units is uniformly the second interval d 2 . thus , the effective interval d 2 between the spray nozzles of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 is uniform , and the second interval d 2 is smaller than the first interval d 1 ( that is , the actual interval between adjacent spray nozzles of the same linear nozzle unit ). thus , although the interval of the spray nozzles arranged on each of the linear nozzle units is the first interval d 1 , the printing patterns may be formed with the second interval d 2 ( that is , the effective interval ) that is smaller than the first interval d 1 . also , if the nozzle head 1 is moved in the second direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 , all the spray nozzles arranged on one linear nozzle unit may concurrently ( for example , simultaneously ) discharge the printing material m on the target object s such that a dry spot is not generated and the printing material sprayed from one linear nozzle unit may be uniformly dried . this is contrast to comparable embodiments where the linear nozzle unit is obliquely disposed with a predetermined angle to the printing direction . fig4 , which includes fig4 ( a ) and fig4 ( b ) , are schematic views of a nozzle head 1 of a printing apparatus according to other exemplary embodiments of the present invention . as shown in fig4 ( a ) , the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may be moved in the second direction to be separated from each other . this may be used , for example , to generate a printing time difference between the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 by widening the interval between the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 in the moving direction , thereby obtaining a drying time of the printing pattern that is firstly printed . in addition , as shown in fig4 ( b ) , the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may be moved in the first direction , thereby increasing or decreasing the second interval d 2 in the first direction between the spray nozzles of the other linear nozzle units . next , an operation of the printing apparatus and a manufacturing method of an oled display according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described . first , a target object s on which the printing material m will be printed is arranged for the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 to correspond downward , and the target object s is aligned corresponding to the position of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 ( referring to fig1 ). that is , the target object s is aligned for the printing direction to be , for example , perpendicular to the length direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . here , the target object s may be a substrate for an oled display , and the printing material m may be , for example , an organic material of an organic emission layer for the oled display . while the nozzle head 1 is moved in the direction crossing ( for example , the direction perpendicular to ) the length direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 , the printing material m is sprayed through the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 to form the corresponding printing patterns 24 , 34 , and 44 on the target object s . here , the printing patterns 24 , 34 , and 44 may be , for example , anodes , eils , hils , cathodes , organic emission layers , or other organic layers of the oled display . the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of each of the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 are arranged to not overlap each other in the second direction . accordingly , the corresponding printing patterns 24 , 34 , and 44 discharged on the target object s by the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may be printed to not overlap each other . for example , when the nozzle head 1 is moved in the second direction ( for example , the direction perpendicular to the length direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 ), the nozzle head 1 may be moved a plurality of times on the target object s for printing , with a different one of the plurality of linear nozzle units selectively spraying the printing material m on the target object s for each such movement . fig5 a to fig5 d are schematic diagrams sequentially illustrating a manufacturing method of an oled display according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig5 a , the nozzle head 1 is aligned such that the printing direction to be printed on the target object s crosses ( for example , is perpendicular to ) the length direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . next , the nozzle head 1 is moved with respect to the target object s in the printing direction ( e . g ., a direction perpendicular to the length direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 ), and at this time , the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 42 of a respective one of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 is selected and only the spray nozzles corresponding thereto discharge the printing material m . for example , as shown in fig5 b , when the nozzle head 1 is moved down with respect to the target object s , only the spray nozzles 42 of the third linear nozzle unit 40 discharge the printing material m to form the printing pattern 44 . next , when the nozzle head 1 is moved up in the second direction with respect to the target object s , as shown in fig5 c , only the spray nozzles 32 of the second linear nozzle unit 30 discharge the printing material m to form the printing pattern 34 . finally , when the nozzle head 1 is again moved down with respect to the target object s , as shown in fig5 d , only the spray nozzles 22 of the first linear nozzle unit 20 discharge the printing material m to form the printing pattern 24 . the plurality of movements , for example , may be reciprocal movements between one end and the other end of the target object s , as shown in fig5 a to fig5 d . that is , a direction that the nozzle head 1 is moved on the target object s in odd - numbered movements is opposite to a direction that the nozzle head 1 is moved on the target object s in even - numbered movements . as described , the different printing patterns 24 , 34 , and 44 are formed with a time separation for each one by being divided into a corresponding plurality of steps such that the time for drying each printing pattern may be obtained , thereby preventing a mixture between the printing patterns . in other embodiments , before the nozzle head 1 is moved with respect to the target object s for printing , the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 are separated from each other in the direction perpendicular to the length direction of the linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 such that the interval in the second direction between the spray nozzles 22 , 32 , and 44 of the respective linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 may be widened . in still other embodiments , before the nozzle head 1 is moved with respect to the target object s for printing , the plurality of linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 are moved in the length direction to control the second interval d 2 in the second direction between the spray nozzles of different linear nozzle units such that the interval between the printing patterns may be desirably changed . in some of the above exemplary embodiments , the organic emission layer pattern is printed in the manufacturing of the oled display . however , these exemplary embodiments may be equally applied when printing a pattern of an organic semiconductor material in the manufacture of organic thin film transistors ( otfts ). however , this is just illustrative and the invention is not limited thereto , and various modifications are possible as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art . that is , embodiments of the present invention may be applied to all printing work repeatedly forming the same printing patterns by discharging , for example , ink drops of a set quantity ( for example , a predetermined quantity ) from the nozzles of the ink - jet head at set positions ( for example , predetermined positions ) of the printing media . for example , when forming the organic emission layer of the oled display according to the exemplary embodiment of fig5 a to 5d , the target object s is the substrate of the oled display and the printing material m is the organic material used in forming the organic emission layer of the oled display . the organic material includes three organic materials for respectively forming the subpixels of r ( red ), g ( green ), and b ( blue ), and each organic material may be sprayed through the respective first to third linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 . in addition , when the nozzle head is first moved from one end of the substrate to the other end , the organic material for the r subpixels is sprayed . when the nozzle is next moved from the other end of the substrate back to the one end , the organic material for the g subpixels is sprayed . finally , when the nozzle is again moved from the one end of the substrate to the other end , the organic material for the b subpixels is sprayed . fig6 is a schematic view of an organic layer for pixels formed according to the manufacturing method of fig5 . as described above , if each organic material is sprayed through the first to third linear nozzle units 20 , 30 , and 40 , as shown in fig6 , r subpixels 44 a , g subpixels 34 a , and b subpixels 24 a may be formed with a set interval ( for example , a predetermined interval ). while this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments , but , on the contrary , is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims , and equivalents thereof . | 7 |
the invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples . this example demonstrates the proper range of the amount of each component . four starting materials , baco 3 powder , nd 2 o 3 powder , tio 2 powder , and y 2 o 3 powder , each having 99 . 9 % purity , were weighed according to the formulations shown in tables 1 to 3 . ( the amount of y 2 o 3 is expressed in terms of wt % of the total mixed amount of baco 3 powder , nd 2 o 3 powder , and tio 2 powder .) they were mixed and crushed by dry process using a mixer , and the mixture was calcined at 1100 ° c . for 4 hours in the air . the calcined product was crushed together with an adequate amount of organic binder and water in a ball mill containing alumina balls . the crushed product was granulated by spray drying . the granules were formed into a cylinder , 19 mm in diameter and 14 mm high , by pressing at 1000 kg / cm 2 . the molded article was fired in the air at 1300 °- 1450 ° c . for 0 . 5 - 4 hours . finally , both ends of the fired article was polished to give a cylindrical article , about 16 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height . thus there were obtained dielectric samples nos . 1 to 36 , 41 and 42 . table 1__________________________________________________________________________sample principal component ( mol %) y . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 τ . sub . fno . xbao ynd . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 ztio . sub . 2 ( wt %) ε . sub . r tanδ ( ppm /° c . ) __________________________________________________________________________ * 1 * 5 . 1 * 23 . 5 71 . 4 3 . 2 * 43 . 0 * 1 . 01 × 10 . sup .- 3 *- 120 * 2 8 . 6 * 23 . 6 67 . 8 0 . 7 52 . 3 * 1 . 12 × 10 . sup .- 3 + 13 * 3 9 . 1 * 3 . 5 * 87 . 4 1 . 2 78 . 0 5 . 40 × 10 . sup .- 4 *+ 213 * 4 9 . 1 5 . 0 * 85 . 9 2 . 3 75 . 0 6 . 00 × 10 . sup .- 4 *+ 179 * 5 16 . 7 22 . 2 * 61 . 1 8 . 4 30 . 2 * 2 . 50 × 10 . sup .- 2 + 37 * 6 17 . 0 16 . 0 67 . 0 * 0 87 . 0 3 . 35 × 10 . sup .- 4 *+ 79 7 17 . 2 15 . 1 67 . 7 1 . 7 77 . 8 2 . 98 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 52 8 17 . 3 14 . 3 68 . 4 3 . 6 76 . 7 3 . 06 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 36 9 17 . 4 13 . 9 68 . 7 4 . 5 80 . 4 2 . 92 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 3010 17 . 5 13 . 4 69 . 1 5 . 5 80 . 1 3 . 05 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 2711 17 . 6 13 . 0 69 . 4 6 . 5 79 . 8 3 . 43 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1912 17 . 7 12 . 5 69 . 8 7 . 5 77 . 8 3 . 88 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 13__________________________________________________________________________ table 2__________________________________________________________________________sample principal component ( mol %) y . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 τ . sub . fno . xbao ynd . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 ztio . sub . 2 ( wt %) ε . sub . r tanδ ( ppm /° c . ) __________________________________________________________________________13 17 . 7 12 . 5 69 . 8 7 . 5 78 . 8 3 . 67 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1714 17 . 8 12 . 0 70 . 2 8 . 6 79 . 1 4 . 79 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1215 17 . 8 12 . 2 70 . 0 8 . 6 77 . 6 3 . 37 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 2116 17 . 8 12 . 5 69 . 7 8 . 6 79 . 8 3 . 11 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 2017 17 . 8 12 . 8 69 . 4 6 . 5 78 . 8 4 . 16 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1918 17 . 8 13 . 0 69 . 2 6 . 5 78 . 6 4 . 13 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 2019 17 . 9 11 . 8 70 . 3 7 . 6 78 . 3 4 . 20 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1420 17 . 9 12 . 0 70 . 1 7 . 6 79 . 3 4 . 01 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1621 17 . 9 12 . 3 69 . 8 7 . 6 79 . 2 5 . 23 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1222 17 . 9 12 . 6 69 . 5 7 . 5 78 . 7 4 . 26 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1623 18 . 0 11 . 3 70 . 7 8 . 7 76 . 8 6 . 99 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1324 18 . 0 11 . 6 70 . 4 8 . 7 78 . 4 7 . 76 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 9__________________________________________________________________________ table 3__________________________________________________________________________sample principal component ( mol %) y . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 τ . sub . fno . xbao ynd . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 ztio . sub . 2 ( wt %) ε . sub . r tanδ ( ppm /° c . ) __________________________________________________________________________25 18 . 0 11 . 8 70 . 2 8 . 6 79 . 3 6 . 80 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 926 18 . 0 12 . 1 69 . 9 8 . 6 79 . 9 5 . 49 × 10 . sup .- 4 + 1027 18 . 1 10 . 8 71 . 1 9 . 8 76 . 6 2 . 51 × 10 . sup .- 3 - 928 18 . 1 11 . 1 70 . 8 9 . 7 76 . 9 1 . 82 × 10 . sup .- 3 + 629 18 . 1 11 . 4 70 . 5 9 . 7 78 . 2 1 . 70 × 10 . sup .- 3 + 430 18 . 1 11 . 6 70 . 3 9 . 7 78 . 2 1 . 33 × 10 . sup .- 3 - 9 * 31 18 . 5 8 . 7 72 . 8 * 17 . 0 76 . 8 * 8 . 62 × 10 . sup .- 3 *- 70 * 32 19 . 1 5 . 6 75 . 3 * 25 . 7 * unmeasurable * 33 * 20 . 2 * 0 79 . 8 * 45 . 4 * unmeasurable * 34 * 20 . 6 17 . 5 * 61 . 9 5 . 0 51 . 3 * 1 . 71 × 10 . sup .- 3 + 143 * 35 * 21 . 1 * 26 . 3 * 52 . 6 7 . 3 * unmeasurable * 36 * 28 . 6 10 . 2 * 61 . 2 3 . 6 * unmeasurable40 9 . 1 12 . 5 78 . 4 7 . 5 64 . 5 1 . 32 × 10 . sup .- 4 - 3541 17 . 7 6 . 0 76 . 3 7 . 5 62 . 3 3 . 16 × 10 . sup .- 4 - 38__________________________________________________________________________ the samples were tested for relative permittivity εr , dielectric loss ( tan δ ), q u value ( unloaded q ), and temperature coefficient ( 20 °- 80 ° c .) of resonant frequency τf by the parallel conductor plates type cylindrical dielectric resonator method , with the resonant frequency being 2 - 3 ghz . the results are shown in tables 1 to 3 . asterisks in these tables denote those unsatisfactory samples which do not pertain to the present invention . samples nos . 32 , 33 , 35 , and 36 shown in table 3 had such a small q u value that they could not be tested for relative permittivity and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency . tables 1 to 3 show the following . sample no . 1 , in which the amount ( x ) of bao is as small as 5 . 1 mol %, exhibits as low an εr value as 43 . 0 . sample no . 34 , in which the amount ( x ) of bao is as large as 20 . 6 mol %, exhibits as high a tan δ value as 1 . 71 × 10 - 3 and as high a τf value as + 143 ppm /° c . sample no . 3 , in which the amount ( y ) of nd 2 o 3 is 3 . 5 , exhibits as high a τf value as + 213 ppm /° c . samples nos . 1 and 2 , in which the amount ( y ) of nd 2 o 3 is as large as 23 . 5 mol % and 23 . 6 mol %, respectively , exhibit as high a tan δ value as 1 . 01 × 10 - 3 and 1 . 12 × 10 - 3 , respectively . sample no . 34 , in which the amount ( z ) of tio . sub . 2 is as small as 61 . 9 , exhibits as high a tan δ value as 1 . 71 × 10 - 3 . samples nos . 3 and 4 , in which the amount ( z ) of tio 2 is as large as 87 . 4 mol % and 85 . 9 mol %, respectively , exhibit as high a τf value as + 213 ppm /° c . and + 179 ppm /° c ., respectively . moreover , it is noted that y 2 o 3 stabilizes the temperature coefficient in proportion to its amount without appreciably lowering the relative permittivity . however , y 2 o 3 in excess of 15 wt %, as in example 31 containing 17 %, makes the ceramic composition poor in sinterability and causes the ceramic dielectric to have a low q u value ( and hence a high tan δ value ) and as high a negative τf value as - 70 . samples nos . 7 to 30 , 40 , and 41 , which pertain to the present invention , exhibit εr values from 60 to 80 , q u values from 700 to 2100 , tan δ values from 1 . 0 × 10 - 4 to 3 . 0 × 10 - 3 , and τf values from - 40 to + 50 ppm /° c . these values are suitable for practical use . this example demonstrates the effect of al 2 o 3 . four starting materials , baco 3 powder , nd 2 o 3 powder , tio 2 powder , and y 2 o 3 powder , each having 99 . 9 % purity , were weighed according to the formulations for samples nos . 23 , 24 , and 12 in tables 1 and 2 . to the four components for sample 12 was added 0 . 1 wt % al 2 o 3 , 0 . 5 wt % al 2 o 3 , 1 wt % al 2 o 3 , and 2 wt % al 2 o 3 to give samples nos . 40 , 37 , 38 , and 39 , respectively . ( the amount of al 2 o 3 is expressed in terms of wt % of the total amount of bao , nd 2 o 3 , tio 2 , and tio 2 .) they were mixed and crushed by dry process using a mixer , and the mixture was calcined at 1200 ° c . for 2 hours . the calcined product was crushed together with an adequate amount of organic binder and water in a ball mill containing alumina balls . the crushed product was granulated by spray drying . the granules were formed into a cylinder , 19 mm in diameter and 14 mm high , by pressing at 1000 kg / cm 2 . table 4______________________________________sample al . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 ε . sub . r firing temperatures (° c .) belowno . ( wt %) 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400______________________________________23 0 -- 66 . 2 77 . 7 77 . 5 -- 24 0 66 . 9 76 . 4 76 . 2 x x12 0 x 77 . 9 80 . 1 80 . 7 x37 0 . 5 59 . 4 73 . 5 73 . 1 72 . 1 71 . 938 1 66 . 3 69 . 1 67 . 9 67 . 2 65 . 639 2 60 . 7 62 . 8 61 . 2 56 . 4 54 . 740 0 . 1 70 . 2 29 . 4 79 . 2 78 . 5 75 . 3______________________________________ table 5______________________________________sample al . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 qu ( 2 . 7 ghz ) at firing temp . (° c .) belowno . ( wt %) 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400______________________________________23 0 -- 840 730 160 -- 24 0 1470 790 810 x x12 0 x 1500 1480 1320 x37 0 . 5 1900 1350 1100 770 42538 1 1950 1580 1300 1160 98039 2 1670 1890 1820 670 60040 0 . 1 2030 1900 1850 1400 1000______________________________________ table 6______________________________________sample al . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 tan δ × 10 . sup .- 4 at firing temp . (° c .) belowno . ( wt %) 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400______________________________________23 0 -- 11 . 94 12 . 03 68 . 35 -- 24 0 6 . 06 13 . 30 14 . 19 x x12 0 x 4 . 79 4 . 89 5 . 57 x37 0 . 5 4 . 10 5 . 94 8 . 07 12 . 40 25 . 0538 1 3 . 83 5 . 42 7 . 52 8 . 89 11 . 2139 2 5 . 83 4 . 45 4 . 89 20 . 22 23 . 0740 0 . 1 3 . 92 4 . 56 4 . 64 8 . 39 10 . 43______________________________________ table 7______________________________________sample al . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 τ . sub . f ( ppm /° c .) at firing temp . (° c .) belowno . ( wt %) 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400______________________________________23 0 -- 7 . 5 9 . 2 - 18 . 8 -- 24 0 16 . 7 - 2 . 2 - 29 . 6 x x12 0 x 8 . 3 14 . 1 12 . 9 x37 0 . 5 - 2 . 6 - 3 . 7 - 7 . 8 - 8 . 3 - 67 . 038 1 - 15 . 1 - 13 . 1 - 12 . 6 - 5 . 6 - 0 . 739 2 - 20 . 0 - 19 . 0 - 22 . 7 - 32 . 8 - 40 . 040 0 . 1 - 0 . 2 - 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 - 1 . 3 - 9 . 5______________________________________ the molded article was fired in the air at 1300 °- 1400 ° c . ( shown in tables 4 to 7 ) for 3 . 5 hours . finally , both ends of the fired article was polished to give a cylindrical article , about 16 mm in diameter and 8 mm in height . thus there were obtained dielectric samples nos . 23 , 24 , 12 , 37 , 38 , and 39 . incidentally , samples nos . 23 , 24 , and 12 have the same composition as those in example 1 . the samples were tested for relative permittivity εr , dielectric loss ( tan δ ), q u value ( unloaded q ), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf in the same manner as in example 1 . the characteristic properties at different firing temperatures are shown in tables 4 to 7 . ( the mark &# 34 ;--&# 34 ; denotes that no measurements were made and the mark &# 34 ; x &# 34 ; denotes that the sample gave no resonance .) tables 4 to 7 show the following . samples nos . 23 , 24 , and 12 , which contain no al 2 o 3 , have a narrow range of firing temperatures ( 1325 °- 1375 ° c .). outside this range , the resulting ceramic dielectrics have unmeasurable εr values , q u values , tan δ values , and τf values . samples nos . 37 to 40 , which contain not more than 2 . 0 wt % al 2 o 3 , have a broad range of firing temperatures ( 1300 °- 1400 ° c .). even those samples which were fired at the lower end or higher end of this range , particularly have the characteristic values that can be measured . the ceramic dielectrics fired at 1300 °- 1375 ° c . gave stable characteristic values . particularly the ceramic dielectrics fired at 1300 °- 1350 ° c . gave characteristic values as follows which are satisfactory for practical use . εr = 59 - 80 , q u = 1100 - 2030 ( 2 . 7 ghz ), tan δ = 4 . 1 - 8 . 1 × 10 - 4 ( 2 . 7 ghz ), and τf =- 23 to - 0 . 2 ppm /° c . not only does al 2 o 3 bring the τf value close to zero but it also permits the ceramic dielectric to have a positive or negative τf value as desired . for example , while sample no . 12 , which was fired at 1325 ° c . without al 2 o 3 , has a τf value of + 8 . 3 ppm /° c ., this value is shifted toward the negative side , i . e ., - 0 . 4 ppm /° c ., - 3 . 7 ppm /° c . and - 13 . 1 ppm /° c . respectively as the amount of al 2 o 3 is increased to 0 . 1 wt %, 0 . 5 wt % and 1 . 0 wt %. this suggests that samples containing not more than 0 . 5 wt % al 2 o 3 would have a τf value close to 0 ppm /° c . obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings . in other words , the calcination and firing may be carried out under various conditions , and the baco 3 as a raw material of bao may be replaced by a peroxide , hydroxide , or nitrate . | 2 |
the devices and methods discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific manners in which to make and use this invention and are not to be interpreted as limiting in scope . while the devices and methods have been described with a certain degree of particularity , it is to be noted that many modifications may be made in the details of the construction and the arrangement of the devices and components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure . it is understood that the devices and methods are not limited to the embodiments set forth herein for purposes of exemplification . in general , in a first aspect , the invention relates to an attrition resistant proppant composite and its composition matters . in testing , a thick layer , a thin layer , or partial covering of glycerin - based coating , vegetable oil - based coating , or tall oil pitch based coating surprisingly was able to increase the attrition / impingement resistance of the surface modified proppant and was able to greatly reduce the respirable dust / fines level upon pneumatic air unloading of such a surface modified proppant composite . such a discovery is significant in protecting the workers who are exposed to proppant dust . the green and sustainable nature of such chemical coatings also is able to better protect our environment and water resources . in addition to worker safety issues related to osha compliance and niosh guidelines for airborne particulate matter , the proppant composite may be used downhole in the hydraulic fracturing context . the material may also be used as further described below as an industrial , construction , or playground sand or in similar contexts . the green and sustainable nature of the chemical coating is important . it can avoid the contamination of water either in above ground collection areas ( such as ponds , streams , or runoff from a site ) as well as groundwater . in addition to osha and niosh , it is possible that the u . s . environmental protection agency ( epa ) or other agencies will introduce regulations that encourage , or require , the use of biologically and environmentally friendly materials like the surface modified proppants described herein . the proppant may be a surface modified proppant for use in a fracturing process . a cross section of the proppant may be seen in fig1 , and 3 . the modified proppant 100 may offer low dust / fines upon shipping and handling and upon pneumatic air unloading at the fracturing job site . environmentally friendly chemicals / coatings 120 such as glycerin - based coating formula , vegetable oil - based formula , or tall oil pitch based coating formula may be employed to modify the proppant . the proppant 110 may be sand , such as quartz sand , resin - coated quartz sand , beach sand , golf sand , coral sand , volcanic ash , glass sand , gypsum sand , ooid sand , silica sand , black sand , green sand , desert sand , lithic sand , biogenic sand , garnet sand , olivine sand , heavy mineral sand , continental sand , quartz sand , or other types of sand ; or ceramics , materials used to make ceramics such as bauxite , light weight ceramics , or resin - coated ceramics , typically used in the fracturing industry , or other suitable particulate materials such as ground quartz , ground shells , etc . the surface modified low - dust generating composite system can also be applied to other dust generating particulates like talc , feldspar , diatomite , kaolin , ground quartz , beach sand , playground sand , fume silica , golf course sand , etc . the proppant 110 is shown as round or spherical in fig1 , and 3 , but may be of any geometric shape without departing from the present invention . the chemical coating 120 may not be a thermoset polymer , an ionic polymer , a thermoplastic elastomer , or a hydrogel . the chemical coating 120 may be non - petroleum based , glycerin - based , propylene glycol - based , or a combination thereof . more particularly , the chemical coating may be glycerin - based , vegetable oil based , tall oil pitch based , methyl and / or ethyl ester based , or a combination thereof , or may be mineral oil or other suitable coating . the coating may not be an ionic polymer , where an ionic polymer includes polyanionic and polycationic polymers , including synthetic polymer , biopolymer , or modified biopolymer comprising carboxy , sulfo , sulfato , phosphono , or phosphate groups or a mixture thereof or a salt thereof , or primary , secondary , or tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium groups or suitable salt thereof in the backbone or as substituents . the chemical coating may be environmentally friendly and may be non - toxic to humans and / or animals . the coating may not require curing or drying . the coating 120 may not be an additive or secondary coating used in conjunction with a different coating for a different purpose , but may be used alone as a primary coating element . petroleum - based coatings or treatments may alter the environmental friendliness and toxicity profile of the modified proppant system , including as to airborne dust / fines in handling the material prior to its downhole introduction as well as residual environmental contamination following downhole application . by way of non - exhaustive exclusion , the modified proppant 100 may not include a petroleum - based coating other than glycerin or propylene glycol , a surface hydrogel layer , synthetic polymer layer , silane functional agent layer , synthetic resin layer , thermoplastic elastomer , or other coating based on a petroleum fraction or a polymer made from a petroleum fraction monomer . other coatings excluded from the present invention include tackifying agents including polyamides and polyacids , organic coatings of the variety of thermoplastic elastomers or thermosetting polymers , polyurethane , cured isocyanate functional components , glycerol rosin ester or pentaerythritol rosin ester , phenol - aldehyde novolac polymer , polycarbodiimide , epoxy , or viscoelastic surfactants . such additional or alternative coatings are sometimes used to suspend a proppant in a slurry , deliver a proppant into a fracture , encourage conductivity ( i . e ., in this context the flow of hydrocarbons , not electricity ), withstand structural pressure ( i . e ., crush strength ), or for other downhole purposes . it is possible that the modified proppant 100 of the present invention may be used in combination with these other material systems to address multiple competing concerns in a hydraulic fracturing or related context or for other downhole purposes ( i . e ., to reduce the flowback of proppant ). the coating may be applied prior to the use of the proppant . thus , the coating may be applied to new , substantially dust - free proppant . as such , the coating may primarily prevent dust formation by preventing proppant attrition rather than merely suppressing existing dust . given a proppant with a particular particle size , uncoated proppant may break apart during shipping , handling , and other use . the coated proppant may maintain the same particle size , with the coating preventing the proppant particles from breaking . this coated proppant may be distinguished from a coating applied to dusty aggregate to agglomerate the existing dust and prevent the existing dust from becoming airborne . proppant may be considered substantially dust free if it has a turbidity of less than 200 , preferably less than 150 , more preferably less than 100 , and most preferably less than 50 . turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended solids that may be invisible to the naked eye . dust / fines suspended in water are similar in particle size to respirable dust particles that may present breathing hazards . substantially dust free proppant may be proppant produced at a sand mine where the sand was washed , dried , screened , and optionally stored in a silo . the turbidity of the proppant may depend on the grade . for example , samples of 40 / 70 and # 100 grades may have a higher turbidity than samples of 20 / 40 and 16 / 30 grades , even when all of the samples are substantially dust free . in a laboratory setting , the coating may be applied by dropwise addition of the coating to 200 g of a chosen particulate material at room temperature . the coating and proppant may be well mixed by hand with a stainless spatula for five minutes until the coating is well distributed to the proppant . alternately , the mixing can be accomplished by other well - known mechanical mixing methods . fig4 is a flow chart for a process for making a surface modified proppant at scale . the process may begin with the precursor material , the proppant 110 , in step 210 . a first layer of the chemical coating 120 may then be applied in step 220 . for industrial use , the coating may be applied using spray , a powered continuous mechanical blender , a powered batch mechanical blender , a static mixer , or a combination thereof , or using other mixing or application methods as desired . after application , the chemical coating 120 may be less than 2 wt . % of the surface modified proppant 100 , less than 1 wt . % of the surface modified proppant 100 , or most preferably 0 . 05 to 0 . 20 wt . % of the surface modified proppant 100 . when a powered continuous mechanical blender is used in step 220 , the powered continuous mechanical blender may have rotating shaft - mounted paddles , pins , a ribbon or ribbons , or any combination thereof and may be powered with a motor , engine , or other drive system . additionally or alternately , a rotating drum or other vessel , which may comprise mixing flights , buckets , plates , dams , etc ., may be utilized . the coating may be applied to the proppant upstream of the powered continuous mechanical blender , or during entry of the proppant into the powered continuous mechanical blender , or immediately after the proppant enters the powered continuous mechanical blender . the coating application point may be configured in such a way to establish a falling curtain pattern of proppant flow where the coating is applied to allow for more efficient distributive application of the coating . alternately or additionally , a spray nozzle system may be utilized for more efficient distributive application of the coating . the rotating paddles , pins , and / or ribbons may facilitate mixing of the proppant and coating and may convey the coated proppant to the discharge end of the powered continuous mechanical blender . the powered continuous mechanical blender may have a single rotating shaft or may have two or more rotating shafts . this may result in a continuous - process blending procedure to facilitate even spreading of the coating product onto the proppant . alternately , the belts , drops , and conveying at a sand plant or a transloader , or at any site that conveys the sand , may provide adequate if not optimal mixing of the coating . a powered batch mechanical blender may use a motor , engine , or other drive system to facilitate mixing the proppant and coating . the coating may be applied to the proppant upstream of the powered batch mechanical blender , or during entry of the proppant into the powered batch mechanical blender , or immediately after the proppant enters the powered batch mechanical blender . the coating application point may be located or configured in such a way to establish a falling curtain pattern of proppant flow where the coating is applied to allow for more efficient distributive application of the coating . alternately or additionally , a spray nozzle system may be utilized for more efficient distributive application of the coating . the rotating paddles , pins , and / or ribbons may facilitate mixing of the proppant and coating . the powered batch mechanical blender may have a single rotating shaft or may have two or more rotating shafts . after blending , the coated proppant may exit the powered batch mechanical blender and the process may be repeated . this may result in a batch - process blending procedure to facilitate even spreading of the coating product onto the proppant . a static mixer may use non - powered means to mix the proppant and coating . proppant may be gravity - fed through the static mixer . the coating may be applied to the proppant upstream of the static mixer , or during entry of the proppant into the static mixer , or immediately after the proppant enters the static mixer . the coating application point may be located or configured in such a way to establish a falling curtain pattern of proppant flow upstream of the static mixer , at the feed end of the static mixer , or immediately after proppant enters the static mixer to allow for more efficient distributive application of the coating . alternately or additionally , a spray nozzle system may be utilized for more efficient distributive application of the coating . baffles , diverters , plates , ladder rungs , etc . may be installed inside the static mixer to facilitate mixing of the proppant and coating . this may result in a continuous - process blending procedure to facilitate even spreading of the coating product onto the proppant . in step 230 , a decision point may be reached where additional coating layers may be applied , if desired . each coating may be applied sequentially onto the aggregate . each of the multiple coatings may be a layer of the same type of coating , or each layer may be a different type of coating , or a combination thereof . each layer of coating may be applied using any one or more of the application processes described above in step 220 . in step 240 , a decision point may be reached where one or more additional chemical modifications may be performed on the modified proppant . chemical markers like colorants , uv dyes , and conductivity enhancing chemicals and / or biological markers such as dna may also be added to the proppant composite for the purpose of easy identification , tracking , or other purposes . additionally or alternately , a frac fluid delay - crosslinking agent , such as betaine , gluconate , polyglycol , or a combination thereof , may be added . these chemicals may also be applied as a mixture with the anti - attrition coating and be applied in step 220 and / or 230 . in step 250 , the modified proppant produced through the above process may be stored and thereafter transported for use at a hydraulic fracturing site . it may also be possible to perform this process in situ or anywhere in the supply chain , even including on demand at the hydraulic fracturing site . the material system , though , will show substantially improved dust control and attrition resistance performance over untreated proppants and even proppants treated with alternative chemical systems . fig5 is a diagram of the use of a surface modified proppant in hydraulic fracturing . hydraulic fracturing is commonly used in oil and gas production to maximize output from a wellbore 310 . the process involves injecting a highly pressurized fluid 320 , typically containing water , chemicals , and proppants , into a wellbore 310 , which causes the underlying rock to crack . the proppants in the fluid then stay in the cracks in the rock and hold open the cracks , or fissures 340 . hydraulic fracturing is frequently used in combination with horizontal drilling 330 . by creating fissures 340 and filling them with materials ( including the modified proppant of the present invention ) to keep the fissures open , underlying hydrocarbons flow through the fissures into the wellbore for collection . back in step 220 of the process to make the modified proppant , the chemical coating 120 will not impede the flow of the modified proppant 100 as part of the highly pressurized fluid 320 . the chemical coating 120 and resulting modified proppant 100 may also be compatible with the highly pressurized fluid 320 , also called frac fluid . while the composite is particularly suited for use as a proppant in hydraulic fracturing , it may be used in other applications in which low dust / fines is desirable . for example , such a coating may be applied to create a low - dust , attrition - resistant composition for industrial sand ( e . g ., for use in glass , foundry , paint , construction applications ), recreational sand ( e . g ., for use in playground , golf course applications ), or for other minerals or powders . the embodiments of this invention described herein are mainly to illustrate basic chemistries that could be employed to prepare a proppant composite with attrition resistance for achieving low proppant dust / fines and low respirable proppant dust / fines upon shipping and handling , and especially upon pneumatic air unloading of such a proppant composite at a fracturing job site and / or upon use of other powder conveying , storage , or handling equipment . the chemistries employed in this invention are chemicals that may be safe to humans and safe to aquatic species . furthermore , these safe chemicals employed in this invention are also dominantly green and sustainable . the following examples , used as illustration but not limitation , describe particular embodiments of the present invention . conventional northern white quartz frac sand ( 20 / 40 ) was treated with tall oil pitch at a level of 0 . 1 wt % of the frac sand . the surface temperature of the frac sand was 70 c and the temperature of the tall oil pitch was at 70 c or higher . the frac sand and tall oil pitch coating were well mixed mechanically to achieve even coverage of tall oil pitch on frac sand particulates . the finished product , a frac sand composite with tall oil pitch covering the surface of the frac sand particulate , was then placed in a ball mill for a six - hour grinding at ambient temperature to simulate real world conditions during a typical shipment of the sand . the turbidity of the ground product was then measured based on iso 13503 - 2 : 2006e section 9 . the turbidity , 2 ntu , is shown in a ) of fig6 . un - coated frac sand was also put through this grinding process as described in this example , and its turbidity after the grinding was determined by the same iso 13503 - 2 : 2006e section 9 testing protocol . the turbidity , 130 ntu , is shown in b ) of fig6 to serve as a control . as described in example 1 , a tall oil pitch and yellow grease blend ( 50 / 50 ) was used to treat the frac sand at a level of 0 . 1 wt . % of the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 32 ntu , is shown in c ) of fig6 . glycerin was used to treat the frac sand as described in example 1 at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . both frac sand and glycerin were at ambient temperature . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 32 ntu , is shown in d ) of fig6 . a six - hour abrasion study was also conducted , which showed there was a significant difference in turbidity between the uncoated sand and coated sand . additional testing was done to ensure that the noticed difference in turbidity was not an artifact of the test protocol . this testing was meant to demonstrate that the observed reduction in fines was due to reduced attrition rather than embedding of fines in the coating . in this study , the quantity of glycerine present in the water sample used in the turbidity test was measured . the data showed that the coated 0 . 15 wt . % of glycerin was entirely removed from the surface of the coated sand . therefore , the reduction in turbidity was due to reduced attrition rather than to capturing of dust / fines by the coating . further testing was done to demonstrate that the glycerin itself was not reducing the turbidity by , for example , agglomerating fines . in this study , we also ran one test where we purposely added into the water phase glycerin at a typical coating dosage and checked if the turbidity of the uncoated frac sand after six - hour abrasion was affected by the presence of the glycerin . our study showed that the addition of glycerin into the water phase at a typical coating dosage resulted in no change in the turbidity . again , it pointed toward the fact that glycerin coating did improve the attrition resistance of a proppant . as described in example 3 , a glycerin / water blend ( 67 / 33 ) was used to treat the frac sand at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 32 ntu , is shown in e ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , a glycerin / water blend ( 50 / 50 ) was used to treat the frac sand at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 62 ntu , is shown in f ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , an industrial grade glycerin / water blend ( 67 / 33 ) was used to treat the frac sand at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 28 ntu , is shown in g ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , a crude glycerin / water blend ( 67 / 33 ) was used to treat the frac sand at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 32 ntu , is shown in h ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , a glycerin / water / propylene glycol blend ( 60 / 30 / 10 ) at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand was used to treat the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 32 ntu , is shown in i ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , a glycerin / water / ethylene glycol blend ( 60 / 30 / 10 ) at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand was used to treat the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 26 ntu , is shown in j ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , a glycerin / water / betaine blend ( 60 / 30 / 10 ) at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand was used to treat the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 26 ntu , is shown in k ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , a propylene glycol / water blend ( 67 / 33 ) was used to treat the frac sand at a dosage of 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour grinding , 26 ntu , is shown in l ) of fig6 . as described in example 3 , a glycerin / water / propylene glycol / ethylene glycol / betaine blend ( 60 / 30 / 4 / 3 / 3 ) was used to treat the frac sand at a dosage of 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . the turbidity after the six - hour abrasion , 24 ntu , is shown in m ) of fig6 . novolac resin coated frac sand ( 20 / 40 ) was coated with tall oil pitch at 0 . 15 wt . % dosage . both the substrate and the coating temperatures were at 70 c . after cooling down , the coated resin - coated frac sand and the un - coated resin - coated frac sand were subjected to 12 . 5 hours of ball milling . the turbidities of both ball - milled proppants are shown in fig7 . the tall oil pitch coated resin - coated frac sand greatly reduced the turbidity of the resin - coated frac sand from 480 ntu to 76 ntu . upon the same 12 . 5 hour ball milling , similar high degree of reduction in the turbidity of the tall oil pitch coated northern white sand ( 20 / 40 ; 0 . 15 wt . % dosage ) from 870 ntu ( uncoated sand ) to 50 ntu was also noticed , as shown in fig7 . medium density ceramic ( aluminum oxide ) proppant was treated with tall oil pitch at 0 . 15 wt . % dosage . both the substrate and the coating temperatures were at 70 c . after cooling down , the coated ceramic proppant and the un - coated ceramic proppant were subjected to 12 . 5 hours of ball milling . the turbidities of both ball - milled proppants are shown in fig7 . the tall oil pitch coating was able to reduce the turbidity of the ceramic proppant from 233 ntu to about 2 ntu . the uncoated frac sand and the coated frac sand as described in example 1 and example 4 were used for a pneumatic air unloading in a scaled down study . the scaled down study was conducted at about 12 . 5 lbs / min sand pumping rate at 15 psi in a closed direct stream box . samples in the middle of the uprising dust stream were collected on 3 - piece , 37 mm , pre - weighted pvc filter cassettes for a combination of gravimetric and xrd analysis . a cyclone was used to collect particulates in the respirable fraction . these collected samples were analyzed for respirable quartz particulates , including quartz , and tridymite , and additional respirable particulates ( not just the silica fraction ), based on the modified niosh 0600 / 7500 and osha id - 142 methods . the respirable quartz dust levels are shown in fig8 . un - coated frac sand generated very high levels of respirable quartz dust , while the coated frac sands in this invention generated respirable quartz dust levels at least 94 % lower than that of the uncoated frac sand . this closed direct stream box test was a very stringent test compared to a real job site situation where respirable quartz dust in the air is typically much more diffused before it goes toward the workers . as described in example 1 , conventional northern white quartz frac sand (# 100 , or 70 / 140 ) was treated with tall oil pitch coating at 0 . 15 wt . % of the frac sand . the temperatures of both the frac sand and tall oil pitch coating were at 100 c . the frac sand and tall oil pitch coating were well mixed mechanically to achieve even coverage of tall oil pitch on frac sand particulates . the finished product , a frac sand composite with tall oil pitch covering the surface of the frac sand particulate , was then placed in a ball mill for a six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . uncoated quartz frac sand (# 100 , or 70 / 140 ) was also placed in a ball mill and ground for six hours . the turbidities of both ground samples , 2 ntu and 170 ntu , respectively , are shown in n ) and o ) in fig6 . as described in example 1 , conventional northern white quartz frac sand ( 20 / 40 ) was treated with tall oil pitch coating at 0 . 10 wt . % of the frac sand . the temperatures of both the frac sand and tall oil pitch coating were at 70 c . the frac sand and tall oil pitch coating were well mixed mechanically to achieve even coverage of tall oil pitch on frac sand particulates . the finished product , a frac sand composite with tall oil pitch on frac sand particulates , was further coated with a glycerin based coating ( 67 / 33 glycerin / water blend ) at 0 . 025 wt . % and mixed well mechanically at 70 c . the finished product was then placed in a ball mill for a six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 42 ntu , is shown in p ) in fig6 . as described in example 17 , conventional northern white quartz frac sand ( 20 / 40 ) was treated with tall oil pitch coating at 0 . 50 wt . % of the frac sand . the temperatures of both the frac sand and tall oil pitch coating were at 70 c . the frac sand and tall oil pitch coating were well mixed mechanically to achieve even coverage of tall oil pitch on frac sand particulates . the finished product , a frac sand composite with tall oil pitch on frac sand particulates , was further coated with a glycerin based coating ( 67 / 33 glycerin / water blend ) at 0 . 025 wt . % and mixed well mechanically at 70 c . the finished product was then placed in a ball mill for a six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 68 ntu , is shown in q ) in fig6 . conventional northern white sand ( 20 / 40 ) was treated with a crude soybean oil / soybean oil wax blend ( 80 / 20 blend ) at 0 . 50 wt . % of the frac sand . the frac sand and crude soybean oil / soybean wax blend coating were well mixed mechanically at 70 c to achieve even coverage of the crude soybean oil / soybean wax coating on frac sand particulates . the product was then further coated with a glycerin / water ( 67 / 33 blend ) coating at 0 . 025 wt . % and mechanically well mixed at 70 c . the finished product , a frac sand composite with coating covering the surface of the frac sand particulates , was then placed in a ball mill for a six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 2 ntu , is shown in r ) in fig6 . conventional northern white sand ( 70 / 140 ) was treated with a tall oil pitch coating at 0 . 10 wt . % of the frac sand . the frac sand and the coating were well mixed mechanically at 70 c to achieve even coverage of the coating on frac sand particulates . the product was then further coated with a glycerin / water ( 67 / 33 blend ) coating at 0 . 025 wt . % and mechanically well mixed at 70 c . the finished product , a frac sand composite with coating covering the surface of the frac sand particulates , was then placed in a ball mill for a six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 2 ntu , is shown in s ) in fig6 . conventional northern white sand ( 20 / 40 ) was treated with a methyl oleate coating at 0 . 10 wt . % of the frac sand . the frac sand and the coating were well mixed mechanically at ambient temperature . the finished product was then placed in a ball mill for a six hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 12 ntu , is shown in t ) in fig6 . conventional northern white sand ( 40 / 70 ) was heated up to 100 c and then treated with glycerin / water ( 67 / 33 ; pre - mixed ) at 0 . 125 wt . % of the frac sand . product was then mechanically mixed and placed in a ball mill for six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample is listed as a in fig9 . as described in example 22 , the 40 / 70 hot sand was treated simultaneously with separate additions of glycerin at 0 . 084 wt . % and water at 0 . 041 wt . % of the frac sand . after mechanical mixing , the finished product was then placed in a ball mill for six hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 09 ntu , is listed as b in fig9 . as described in example 22 , the 40 / 70 hot sand was treated first with glycerin at 0 . 084 wt . % of the frac sand . after mechanical mixing , the system was then further treated with water at 0 . 041 wt . % of the frac sand . after mechanical mixing , the finished product was then placed in a ball mill for six hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 66 ntu , is listed as c in fig9 . as described in example 22 , the 40 / 70 hot sand was treated with water at 0 . 041 wt . % of the frac sand . after mechanical mixing , the system was then further treated with glycerin at 0 . 084 wt . % of the frac sand . after mechanical mixing , the finished product was then placed in a ball mill for six hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 62 ntu , is listed as d in fig9 . as described in example 22 , the 40 / 70 hot sand without any chemical treatment was then placed in a ball mill for six hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 178 ntu , is listed as e in fig9 . as described in example 22 , pre - blended hot ( 100 c ) frac sand ( 45 wt . % of 20 / 40 , 45 wt . % of 40 / 70 and 10 wt . % of 70 / 140 ) was treated with glycerin / water ( 67 / 33 ) coating at 0 . 13 wt . %. upon cooling down , the treated frac sand was screened and the wt . % of each screen size was recorded . two batch sizes were studied : 200 g pre - blended frac sand and 10 lb pre - blended frac sand . the pre - blended frac sand ( uncoated ) and the pre - blended coated frac sand ( coated first before blending ) were also screened to provide background data regarding particle size distributions . the particle size distributions of these four systems is shown in fig1 . conventional northern white sand ( 30 / 50 ) was treated with glycerin / water / kcl ( 66 . 4 / 32 . 7 / 0 . 9 ; pre - mixed ) at 0 . 125 wt . % of the frac sand at ambient temperature . product was then mechanically mixed and placed in a ball mill for six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 68 ntu , is shown as a in fig1 . kcl was added to the coating as a marker by increasing the electrical conductivity of the wash - off liquid of the coated frac sand . uncoated conventional northern white sand ( 30 / 50 ) was placed in a ball mill for six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample was 167 ntu . as described in example 28 , the 30 / 50 sand was treated with glycerin / water / rhodamine wt ( 67 . 00 / 32 . 99 / 0 . 01 ; pre - mixed ) at 0 . 125 wt . % of the frac sand at ambient temperature . product was then mechanically mixed and placed in a ball mill for six - hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 57 ntu , is shown as b in fig1 . rhodamine was added to the coating as a uv marker for composite proppant . as described in example 28 , the 30 / 50 sand was treated with glycerin / water / ecosphere 300 ( clariant ) ( 66 . 77 / 32 . 32 / 2 . 91 ; pre - mixed ) at 0 . 125 wt . % of the frac sand at ambient temperature . product was then mechanically mixed and placed in a ball mill for six hour grinding at ambient temperature . the turbidity of the ground sample , 52 ntu , is shown as c in fig1 . ecosphere 300 was added to the coating as a color marker for composite proppant . as described in example 1 , laboratory distilled water was used to treat the frac sand at a level of 1 . 0 wt . % of the frac sand at ambient temperature . the turbidity after the 12 . 5 hour grinding at ambient temperature was over 800 ntu , over the scale . water apparently can help to suppress dust but would not help to improve the attrition resistance of frac sand . frac sand was also treated with tall oil pitch / yellow grease in a 50 / 50 blend at 0 . 10 wt . % at ambient temperature and the turbidity after the 12 . 5 hour grinding was 13 ntu . a commercial northern white sand ( 20 / 40 ) coated with phenolic / formaldehyde cross - linked polymer was subjected to a 12 . 5 hour grinding and the turbidity after the grinding was 480 ntu . a commercial northern white sand ( 40 / 70 ) coated with propylene glycol / water ( 67 / 33 ) at 0 . 125 wt . % level of the frac sand was used for a pneumatic air unloading in a scaled down study as described in example 15 . coated frac sand prepared based on example 1 [ northern white sand ( 20 / 40 ) coated with tall oil pitch at 0 . 10 wt . %] and coated frac sand based on example 7 [ northern white sand ( 20 / 40 ) coated with glycerin / water ( 67 / 33 ) at 0 . 15 wt . %] were also subjected to this same type pneumatic air unloading test . a common northern white sand ( 70 / 140 ) was coated first with a tall oil pitch comprising coating [ tall oil pitch / soybean oil ( 80 / 20 )] at 0 . 125 wt . % followed by a glycerin - comprising second coating [ glycerin / water ( 67 / 33 )] at 0 . 005 wt . %. the coated frac sand was then subjected to a pneumatic air unloading test as described in example 33 . the percent total respirable dust reduction compared to the uncoated frac sand ( 70 / 140 ) was about 94 %. the turbidity of the coated frac sand was about 2 ntu or about 98 % reduction compared to the uncoated one . the percent total respirable dust ( 10 micron in size ) reduction compared to the uncoated frac sand for each coating is shown in fig1 . over 90 % reduction in total respirable dust generation was noticed on each coated frac sand . this is a direct measurement showing the improvement provided by this invention over conventional , uncoated frac sand . the reduction in total respirable dust translates to health benefits for the workers who are responsible for handling the material and other persons near the site , as well as environmental benefits for the plants , wildlife , and water systems near the site . there may be additional benefits to use of the material downhole . according to the literatures ( spe - 171604 - ms and proppant brief from fairmountsantrol ), dust / fines in the frac sand pack downhole contributed to the conductivity loss for the oil well . among other things , they found that as little as 5 % fines can reduce hydrocarbon flow rate up to 60 %. halliburton has published similar findings , concluding that the control of fines has proven to be the most valuable contributor to extending conductivity maintenance . the invasion of fines into a proppant pack can affect pack permeability , resulting in underperformance and premature decline in well productivity . fig1 is a chart showing the total percent turbidity reduction factor across many of the samples described in the examples . the turbidity reduction factor ( trf ) can be expressed as a percentage according to the difference between the turbidity of a ground uncoated sample and the turbidity of a ground coated sample , divided by the turbidity of the ground uncoated sample , multiplied by 100 to yield percent , where all turbidity measurements are in common units such as ntu . trf provides an indication of improvement in the surface modified proppant versus a standard , uncoated proppant , including the material &# 39 ; s resilience to the creation of dust / fines . it has been found that dust / fines are suppressed and other benefits are achievable where the trf is at least 40 %, preferably more than 60 %, and most preferably more than 70 %. the respirable dust reduction factor ( rdrf ) is another indication of improvement in the surface modified proppant compared to standard , uncoated proppant . rdrf can be expressed as a percentage according to the difference between the respirable dust of an uncoated sample and the respirable dust of a coated sample , divided by the respirable dust of the uncoated sample , multiplied by 100 to yield percent , where all respirable dust measurements are in common units . it has been found that dust / fines are suppressed and other benefits are achievable where the rdrf is greater than about 70 %. whereas , the devices and methods have been described in relation to the drawings and claims , it should be understood that other and further modifications , apart from those shown or suggested herein , may be made within the spirit and scope of this invention . | 2 |
in general , the present invention pertains to a plasma processing method for etching a ni - containing layer for manufacturing an integrated circuit . in one embodiment , an apparatus and a method are provided for anisotropic etching of ni - containing structures using a mixture of process gases . in the case of ti — ni alloys , anisotropic plasma etching in accordance with a mask pattern is achieved at low temperatures using a gaseous mixture comprising hx ( where x can be a halide ) and carbonyl ( e . g ., co and co 2 ) process gases . the otherwise slow rates of removal of ni - halides during plasma etching of ti — ni alloys using etch gases comprising halogens is addressed by introducing a mixture of etching gases that comprise hx and carbonyl gases . these gases are mostly non - reactive towards each other but react effectively with the components of the metal alloy , resulting in fast anisotropic etching . fig1 a – 1 c show a schematic cross - sectional representation of a plasma etching process in accordance with the present invention . fig1 a shows a partially completed integrated circuit . the segment 100 comprises a bulk - si substrate 118 , a layer of gate dielectric 116 , a metal gate layer 110 , an anti - reflection coating 114 , and a photoresist pattern 112 . anisotropic etching of the structure in fig1 a according to the present invention etches the antireflective coating 114 and the metal alloy 110 while preserving the vertical geometry of the structure defined by the photoresist pattern 112 , forming the structure shown in fig1 b . referring to fig1 b , continued processing as is conventional in the art , removes the remaining photoresist pattern 112 and the antireflective coating 114 , resulting in the structure shown in fig1 c . a ti — ni metal gate layer is etched according to the present invention using hx and carbonyl process gases . the material removal proceeds via ion - assisted etching of ti - halide ( tix n ) etch products and thermal desorption of nickel carbonyl ( ni ( co ) 4 ) etch products . during anisotropic etching of the circuit features depicted in fig1 a , a passivating layer 120 containing an adsorbed tix n reaction layer is formed on the side - walls of the partially etched ti — ni feature 110 , where the ion - assisted etching of tix n is very slow due to near absence of ion bombardment . the passivating layer 120 blocks further reaction of ti and ni on the sidewalls and leads to anisotropic etching of the feature 110 . on horizontal surfaces depicted in fig1 a , the etching proceeds via ion - assisted tix n etching and formation of volatile ni ( co ) 4 . in a preferred embodiment , the process gas includes a first gas containing a hydrogen halide and a second gas containing carbonyl gas . the hydrogen halide can be selected from the group containing hydrogen bromide ( hbr ), hydrogen chloride ( hcl ), and hydrogen iodide ( hi ). the carbonyl gas can be selected from the group containing carbon monoxide ( co ) and carbon dioxide ( co 2 ). the choice of halide for the hx process gas depends on plasma reactor type and process conditions . the hx must form a tix n reaction layer that is etchable by ion - assisted desorption at a preferred temperature . for a given hx gas , if the process temperature is too low , excess passivation of the sidewall by tix n can occur and lead to a tapered profile . if the process temperature is too high , the tix n can desorb in the absence of ion bombardment from sidewall surfaces and this can lead to unacceptable undercutting of circuit features . hcl and hbr process gases have been shown to work well for substrate temperatures of about 80 ° c ., but hi can require higher temperatures because the til n reaction product is less volatile than tibr n or ticl n . dissociation of co 2 into co is followed by reaction of co with ni in the ni - containing layer being etched . embodiments using co instead of co 2 follow direct reaction with ni without the co 2 dissociation step . in an alternate embodiment , an inert gas is added to any one of the aforementioned process gas chemistries . the inert gas may include at least one of argon , helium , xenon , krypton and nitrogen . for example , the addition of inert gas to the process chemistry is used to dilute the process gas or adjust the process gas partial pressure ( s ). furthermore , for example , the addition of inert gas can aid the physical component of the feature etch . flow rates of the hydrogen halide and carbonyl gas can be independently controlled . exemplary flow rates for each are from 0 to 1000 sccm , with typical values being less than 500 sccm and preferably between 1 and 500 sccm . in an alternate embodiment of the present invention , ni — fe layers are etched in a plasma system comprising a carbonyl process gas . etching proceeds via formation of volatile ni ( co ) 4 and fe ( co ) 5 etch products . an inert gas comprising at least one of argon , helium , xenon , krypton and nitrogen can be included in the process gas . fig2 is a flowchart for etching a ni - containing layer according the present invention . step 200 provides a ni - containing layer to be etched in a plasma process chamber . process gases are introduced to the process chamber in step 210 and plasma is formed in step 220 . the ni - containing layer is exposed to the plasma in step 230 for a time period that enables etching of the ni - containing layer . fig3 shows a plasma processing system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention . a plasma processing system 1 that is capable of sustaining a plasma is depicted in fig3 , which includes a plasma process chamber 10 , a substrate holder 20 , upon which a substrate 25 to be processed is affixed , and a gas injection system 40 for introducing process gases to the plasma process chamber 10 . fig4 shows a plasma processing system according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention . a plasma processing device 1 is depicted which includes a chamber 10 , a substrate holder 20 , upon which a substrate 25 to be processed is affixed , a gas injection system 40 , and a vacuum pumping system 50 . chamber 10 is configured to facilitate the generation of plasma in a processing region 45 adjacent a surface of substrate 25 , wherein plasma is formed via collisions between heated electrons and an ionizable gas . an ionizable gas or mixture of gases is introduced via the gas injection system 40 and the process pressure is adjusted . for example , a gate valve ( not shown ) is used to throttle the vacuum pumping system 50 . desirably , plasma is utilized to create materials specific to a pre - determined materials process , and to aid either the deposition of material to a substrate 25 or the removal of material from the exposed surfaces of the substrate 25 . substrate 25 is transferred into and out of chamber 10 through a slot valve ( not shown ) and chamber feed - through ( not shown ) via robotic substrate transfer system where it is received by substrate lift pins ( not shown ) housed within substrate holder 20 and mechanically translated by devices housed therein . once the substrate 25 is received from the substrate transfer system , it is lowered to an upper surface of the substrate holder 20 . in an alternate embodiment , the substrate 25 is affixed to the substrate holder 20 via an electrostatic clamp ( not shown ). furthermore , the substrate holder 20 further includes a cooling system including a re - circulating coolant flow that receives heat from the substrate holder 20 and transfers heat to a heat exchanger system ( not shown ), or when heating , transfers heat from the heat exchanger system . moreover , gas may be delivered to the backside of the substrate to improve the gas - gap thermal conductance between the substrate 25 and the substrate holder 20 . such a system is utilized when temperature control of the substrate is required at elevated or reduced temperatures . for example , temperature control of the substrate may be useful at temperatures in excess of the steady - state temperature achieved due to a balance of the heat flux delivered to the substrate 25 from the plasma and the heat flux removed from substrate 25 by conduction to the substrate holder 20 . in other embodiments , heating elements , such as resistive heating elements , or thermo - electric heaters / coolers are included . in the embodiment , shown in fig4 , the substrate holder 20 further serves as an electrode through which radio frequency ( rf ) power is coupled to plasma in the processing region 45 . for example , the substrate holder 20 is electrically biased at a rf voltage via the transmission of rf power from an rf generator 30 through an impedance match network 32 to the substrate holder 20 . the rf bias serves to heat electrons and , thereby , form and maintain plasma . in this configuration , the system operates as a reactive ion etch ( rie ) reactor , wherein the chamber and upper gas injection electrode serve as ground surfaces . a typical frequency for the rf bias ranges from 1 mhz to 100 mhz and is preferably 13 . 56 mhz . in an alternate embodiment , rf power is applied to the substrate holder electrode at multiple frequencies . furthermore , the impedance match network 32 serves to maximize the transfer of rf power to plasma in processing chamber 10 by minimizing the reflected power . match network topologies ( e . g . l - type , π - type , t - type ) and automatic control methods are known in the art . with continuing reference to fig4 , a process gas 42 is introduced to the processing region 45 through the gas injection system 40 . gas injection system 40 can include a showerhead , wherein the process gas 42 is supplied from a gas delivery system ( not shown ) to the processing region 45 through a gas injection plenum ( not shown ), a series of baffle plates ( not shown ) and a multi - orifice showerhead gas injection plate ( not shown ). vacuum pump system 50 preferably includes a turbo - molecular vacuum pump ( tmp ) capable of a pumping speed up to 5000 liters per second ( and greater ) and a gate valve for throttling the chamber pressure . in conventional plasma processing devices utilized for dry plasma etch , a 1000 to 3000 liter per second tmp is employed . tmps are useful for low pressure processing , typically less than 50 mtorr . at higher pressures , the tmp pumping speed falls off dramatically . for high pressure processing ( i . e . greater than 100 mtorr ), a mechanical booster pump and dry roughing pump are used . a controller 55 includes a microprocessor , a memory , and a digital i / o port capable of generating control voltages sufficient to communicate and activate inputs to the plasma processing system 1 as well as monitor outputs from the plasma processing system 1 . moreover , the controller 55 is coupled to and exchanges information with the rf generator 30 , the impedance match network 32 , the gas injection system 40 and the vacuum pump system 50 . a program stored in the memory is utilized to control the aforementioned components of a plasma processing system 1 according to a stored process recipe . one example of controller 55 is a dell precision workstation 610 ™, available from dell corporation , dallas , tex . fig5 shows a plasma processing system according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the plasma processing system 1 further includes either a mechanically or electrically rotating dc magnetic field system 60 , in order to potentially increase plasma density and / or improve plasma processing uniformity , in addition to those components described with reference to fig4 . moreover , the controller 55 is coupled to the rotating magnetic field system 60 in order to regulate the speed of rotation and field strength . fig6 shows a plasma processing system according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the plasma processing system 1 of fig4 further includes an upper plate electrode 70 to which rf power is coupled from an rf generator 72 through an impedance match network 74 . a typical frequency for the application of rf power to the upper electrode ranges from 10 mhz to 200 mhz and is preferably 60 mhz . additionally , a typical frequency for the application of power to the lower electrode ranges from 0 . 1 mhz to 30 mhz and is preferably 2 mhz . moreover , the controller 55 is coupled to the rf generator 72 and the impedance match network 74 in order to control the application of rf power to the upper electrode 70 . fig7 shows a plasma processing system according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the plasma processing system of fig4 is modified to further include an inductive coil 80 to which rf power is coupled via an rf generator 82 through an impedance match network 84 . rf power is inductively coupled from the inductive coil 80 through a dielectric window ( not shown ) to the plasma processing region 45 . a typical frequency for the application of rf power to the inductive coil 80 ranges from 10 mhz to 100 mhz and is preferably 13 . 56 mhz . similarly , a typical frequency for the application of power to the chuck electrode ranges from 0 . 1 mhz to 30 mhz and is preferably 13 . 56 mhz . in addition , a slotted faraday shield ( not shown ) is employed to reduce capacitive coupling between the inductive coil 80 and plasma . moreover , the controller 55 is coupled to the rf generator 82 and the impedance match network 84 in order to control the application of power to the inductive coil 80 . in an alternate embodiment , the plasma is formed using electron cyclotron resonance ( ecr ). in yet another embodiment , the plasma is formed from the launching of a helicon wave . in yet another embodiment , the plasma is formed from a propagating surface wave . it should be understood that various modifications and variations of the present invention may be employed in practicing the invention . it is therefore to be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein . | 2 |
the interpretative script language of the present invention is provides an abstraction layer between the hardware and the raid algorithms of a raid system . accordingly , the interpretative script language of the present invention is independent of the implementation details of a raid system &# 39 ; s hardware and algorithm . in the description below , the interpretative script language of the present invention is explained in the context of a raid system implementing the “ surviving relationships algorithm ” fully described in u . s . application ser . no . 60 / 553 , 98 ( attorney docket a7995 . 0030 / p030 ) filed mar . 18 , 2004 , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . however , it should be recognized that the principles of the present invention may be practiced with any raid system utilizing exclusive or ( xor ) operations . now referring to the drawings , where like reference numerals designate like elements , there is shown in fig1 a system 100 that includes at least one host 110 , a storage controller 160 , and a plurality of storage elements 140 a through 140 h , where ‘ h ’ is not representative of any other value ‘ h ’ described herein , 140 p , which is representative of p parity data storage , and 140 q , which is representative of q parity data storage . storage controller 160 further includes a system computer 150 , a software stack 155 , and a storage transaction controller 120 . storage transaction controller 120 further includes a system computer interface 121 , a mapping engine 124 , an enhanced parity generation and data regeneration system 126 , and a buffer memory 129 . enhanced parity generation and data regeneration system 126 further includes a table 128 and a nexus table 130 . software stack 155 is responsible for initialization and configuration of storage transaction controller 120 . host 110 is representative of any kind of mechanism that requests data reads and writes to and from storage elements 140 , which may be any type of networked storage system , for example , a fibre channel or scsi . individual storage elements 140 may be , for example , sata or fibre channel drives . mapping engine 124 is a transaction processor entity that translates all host 110 requests for specific volumes into the actual logical block addresses ( lbas ) in storage elements 140 for storage transaction controller 120 . storage transaction controller 120 is preferably an integrated i / o controller that is fully explained in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 716 , 195 and preferably which further includes a scalable transaction processing pipeline ( not shown ) that is explained in u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 429 , 048 , both of which are hereby incorporated by reference . however , it should be recognized that the present invention may also be practiced using other storage transaction controller architectures . system computer 150 is representative of any processor , which has an operating system and hosts software stack 155 . in one exemplary embodiment , the operating system is the linux operating system , however , the present invention may be practiced with other operating systems as well . the scripts generated by the sra are incorporated into software stack 455 . preferably , the software stack 155 initializes table 128 with the sra script information through system computer interface 121 at boot - up or power - on / reset . table 128 is any kind of memory element . nexus table 130 is a look - up table . nexus table 130 holds two types of nexus lists . a nexus is a list of buffer memory 129 block addresses . a longform nexus has sixty - four such block addresses and a shortform nexus has four such block addresses . each block address represents thirty - two sectors . thus , a nexus is a scatter - gather list that represents a consolidated buffer memory 129 resource of either 2 , 048 sectors ( longform nexus ) or 128 sectors ( shortform nexus ). fig2 is a flow diagram of a method 200 of deriving surviving relationships . method 200 includes the following steps : step 210 : deriving a candidate q relationship set based on p relationship set inputs in this step , method 200 derives a candidate q relationship set from a p relationship seed . the symbols in the q relationships are randomly selected from the q parity storage element symbols , the p parity storage element symbols , and one symbol each from all but one data storage element . no two q relationships miss the same data storage element , and no two q relationships have a common symbol between them . this process repeats until there are as many q relationships as the number of symbols per column . method 200 proceeds to step 220 . step 220 : have all two storage element failure combinations been evaluated ? in this decision step , method 200 determines whether all two storage element failure combinations have been evaluated for this candidate q relationship set ( i . e ., can all unresolved symbols be resolved for all failure combinations ?). if yes , method 200 proceeds to step 270 , and this q candidate relationship set is designated as the q relationship set ; if no , initially unresolved symbols for the next two storage element failure combination are identified ( 32 unresolved symbols are created in any two storage element failure combinations in an 8 + 2 raid architecture example ) and method 200 proceeds to step 230 . in this step , for the given set of unresolved symbols , method 200 identifies intact relationships , surviving relationships , and non - surviving relationships . these relationships include both p and q relationship sets . method 200 proceeds to step 240 . in this decision step , method 200 determines whether there are any surviving relationships . if yes , method 200 proceeds to step 250 ; if no , method 200 proceeds to step 260 . in this step , method 200 expresses the unknown term as an xor equation of resolved symbols . for example , if disk 1 symbol 2 ( i . e ., d [ 1 , 2 ]) is an unknown term , it can be resolved by use of the following xor equation , where ‘{ circumflex over ( )}’ is equivalent to xor : d [ 1 , 2 ]= q [ 0 ] { circumflex over ( )} d [ 2 , 6 ] { circumflex over ( )} d [ 3 , 2 ] { circumflex over ( )} d [ 4 , 0 ] { circumflex over ( )} d [ 5 , 3 ] { circumflex over ( )} d [ 6 , 7 ] { circumflex over ( )} d [ 7 , 11 ] { circumflex over ( )} p [ 13 ] therefore , d [ 1 , 2 ] is resolved and becomes a known term . it should be clear to one skilled in the art that this particular step illustrates a single resolution ; however , multiple resolutions are possible , if there are more surviving relationships . the set of unresolved symbols is updated to remove the newly resolved symbol ( d [ 1 , 2 ] for this example ). method 200 returns to step 230 . in this decision step , method 200 determines whether all the relationships are intact . if yes , method 200 determines that this candidate q relationship set is the correct set with which to generate parity and / or data for this particular two storage element failure combination and method 200 returns to step 220 ; if no , method 200 returns to step 210 . in this step , method 200 generates a plurality of scripts that correspond to each failure case . for each failure case ( single and dual ) evaluated for a successful q candidate , the xor equations needed to resolve all missing symbols are written out to a disk file as a script using the semantics described later . method 200 ends . the disk file is then incorporated onto software stack 155 during compilation of stack 155 source code . the instructions of the script specify the list of locations of the resolved symbols in buffer memory 129 which are to be xor - ed to recover a missing symbol and the location in buffer memory 129 where the recovered missing symbol ( result of xor ) is to be saved . each script also has an end of script command , so that script execution terminates at the end of the correct script and before the beginning of the next contiguous script . the semantics of this script language are described later , in connection with table 2 . in the event of single or dual storage elements 140 failure ( s ), storage controller 120 determines which storage element failure case is applicable . mapping engine 124 determines the corresponding storage elements 140 lbas ( 140 p , 140 q and 140 a - 140 h ) for the corresponding volume and host 110 lbas . for cases in which no storage elements 140 have failed and a write operation is requested , mapping engine 124 specifies the offset ( start of the relevant script ) in table 128 for the script that corresponds to a dual failure by storage elements 140 p and 140 q via a data packet that is known as a raid 6 buffer command . table 1 is the format for a raid 6 buffer command that mapping engine 124 sends to enhanced parity generation and data regeneration system 126 . the buffer command ( opcode = r6_xor_buf_cmd ) instructs enhanced parity and data regeneration system 126 to execute a specified script ( specified by xorseqnum ) located in table 128 . the entry location in table 128 for the start of the script to be executed is specified in the xorseqnum field . the nexus pointers indicate the start of each respective nexus in nexus table 130 . the main nexus pointer holds the buffer memory 129 block addresses for data , the p - nexus pointer holds the buffer memory 129 block addresses for p parity , the q - nexus pointer holds the buffer memory 129 block addresses for q parity , and the scratch nexus pointer holds buffer memory 129 block addresses for intermediate data and parity calculations . enhanced parity and data regeneration system 126 proceeds to process each command located in table 128 until the end - of - script is reached . at that point , all of the missing symbols caused by a dual drive failure or an update to parity have been regenerated or reconstructed in buffer memory 129 . table 2 specifies the xor sequence entry format in table 128 . each entry in table 128 is treated as an “ instruction ” by enhanced parity and data regeneration system 126 . a script is a set of chains , where a chain is a series of instructions for the same destination block addresses ; therefore , each chain has a fixed sectorcount value and destination symbol address . in operation , enhanced parity generation and data regeneration system 126 reads the first instruction located in table 128 and executes the instruction . parity generation and data regeneration system 126 proceeds to the next consecutive instruction entry in table 128 and executes that instruction . the process continues until an end of script instruction is reached . a change in symbol size ( setsectorcount bit is set and sectorcount_offset is equal to new symbol size ) or destination represents the start of a new chain . for example , the script in table 128 may look like the following example , shown in table 3 below . in this example ( which shows only the last chain , of the script ), the chain instructs enhanced parity and data regeneration system 126 to xor s 1 { circumflex over ( )} s 2 { circumflex over ( )} s 3 { circumflex over ( )} s 4 and put the result into d 1 . note that the addresses of s 1 through s 4 reside in the main_nexus ( the actual nexus number is specified by the raid 6 buffer command ) in nexus table 130 and the d 1 address resides in the p_nexus the actual nexus number is specified by the raid 6 buffer command ) in nexus table 130 . the blockoffset operand allows enhanced parity and data regeneration system 126 to operate at a higher performance by removing the otherwise required block offset calculation ; however , this is not required for the invention to be operable . the previous example assumes a four - input hardware xor architecture and four symbols . however , the script method of generating parity and / or data provides an abstraction layer , such that the hardware architecture is independent of the algorithm . for example , for a two - input hardware architecture , enhanced parity and data regeneration system 126 , using the previous example , the result of s 1 { circumflex over ( )} s 2 is stored in d 1 , then the result of d 1 { circumflex over ( )} s 3 is stored into d 1 and , finally , the result of s 4 and d 1 is stored in d 1 as the final result . in a four - input hardware architecture and an eight symbol example , enhanced parity and data regeneration system 126 may perform s 1 { circumflex over ( )} s 2 { circumflex over ( )} s 3 { circumflex over ( )} s 4 and store the result into d 1 then perform the operation : d 1 { circumflex over ( )} s 5 { circumflex over ( )} s 6 { circumflex over ( )} s 7 and store that result into d 1 and , finally , perform the operation d 1 { circumflex over ( )} s 8 to obtain the final result . other hardware architectures and algorithms may be performed by using this system , as may be appreciated by those skilled in the art . regardless of the hardware architecture for the raid system or the raid algorithms themselves , the invention described herein provides a method for scripting raid algorithms and brings in a layer of abstraction between hardware architectures and raid algorithms . while the invention has been described in detail in connection with the exemplary embodiment , it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the above disclosed embodiment . rather , the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations , alternations , substitutions , or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described , but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not limited by the foregoing description or drawings , but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims . | 6 |
parts shown in the prior art of fig1 - 3 , incl ., are indicated by reference numerals excluding primes . those parts in the first embodiment of fig4 - 7 and 11 , whose parts are equivalent or similar to those of the prior art will be designated by the same reference numerals primed . those parts in the second embodiment of fig8 - 10 , incl ., whose parts are equivalent or similar to those of the prior art will be designated by the same reference numerals double - primed . in fig4 and 11 the shoe tap for dancing of the present invention is generally designated with the reference no . 10 &# 39 ; utilizing a raised hemispherical protrusion 28 in the first member 12 &# 39 ; which coacts with a concave hemispherical surface 28a in the second member 20 &# 39 ; to form a pivot point . in . fig5 the first member 12 &# 39 ; is generally curved , having two raised side portions 14 &# 39 ; and an open portion 32 &# 39 ; whose boundary is defined by the raised side portions 14 &# 39 ; and the first central portion 18 &# 39 ;. in fig6 second member 20 &# 39 ; contains a raised back portion 34 &# 39 ; which extends across its entire width . in operation , second member 20 &# 39 ; can pivot about the raised hemispherical protrusion 28 much more freely in all directions . in fig1 after pivot pin 26 &# 39 ; is placed through first member 12 &# 39 ; and second member 20 &# 39 ; the ends 26a are pressed so that they occupy both first and second recesses 16a and 22a &# 39 ; respectively without binding but causing mutual contact of spherical surfaces 28 and 28a with a slight play . second member 20 &# 39 ; lies in between the two raised side portions 14 &# 39 ; of first member 12 &# 39 ;. second member 20 &# 39 ; with its concave spherical surface 28a can pivot about the raised hemispherical protrusion 28 much more freely in all directions limited only by the restraints imposed by the raised side portions 14 &# 39 ;, pin 26 &# 39 ; and pin heads 26a . in fig8 - 10 , incl ., there is shown an alternate embodiment of the present invention . pivot pin 26 as shown in fig8 is in the form of a screw . this would provide an additional mounting point for attachment of the tap to the shoe . in fig9 the first member 12 &# 34 ; is generally flat and contains no open portion . it has a first central portion 18 &# 34 ;. in the middle of the first central portion 18 &# 34 ; is a raised hemispherical protrusion 28 having at its center a through - bore 16 &# 34 ;. on the bottom of the first member 12 &# 34 ; there is a first recess 16a where through - bore 16 &# 39 ; commences . the entire assembly is preferably made of cast metal . in fig1 the second member 20 &# 34 ; is shown as generally flat and has a second central portion 24 &# 34 ;. in the middle of the second central portion 24 &# 34 ; there is a second through - bore 22 &# 34 ;. on the top of the second member 20 &# 34 ; there is a second recess 22a &# 34 ; where through - bore 22 &# 34 ; commences . the relative positioning of the first member 12 &# 34 ; and the second member 20 &# 34 ; after being secured to each other by pivot pin 26 is shown in fig8 . second member 20 &# 34 ; is placed on first member 12 &# 34 ; so that through - bore 16 &# 34 ; and 22 &# 34 ; are aligned to receive pivot pin 26 &# 34 ;, which through - bores are preferably of equal diameters . pivot pin 26 &# 34 ; is of the general cylindrical shape having a diameter smaller than that of through - bores 16 &# 34 ; and 22 &# 34 ;. an improved tapping sound is achieved due to the increased surface area that may be contacted by second member 20 &# 34 ; on first member 12 &# 34 ; during use of the tap . the shoe tap for tap dancing is secured to the shoe bottom by nails or screws placed through mounting bores 30 &# 39 ; ( 30 &# 34 ;) in the first member 12 ( 12 &# 34 ;). when the user places his or her foot on the floor and proceeds to dance , second member 20 &# 34 ; ( 20 &# 34 ;) may slightly pivot about the raised hemispherical protrusion 28 freely in all directions limited only by the aforementioned constraints . the tapping effect is greatly increased by the use of the raised hemispherical protrusion 28 for a pivot point because as second member 20 &# 39 ; ( 20 &# 34 ;) moves against the raised side portions 14 &# 39 ; ( 14 &# 34 ;) of the first member 12 &# 39 ; ( 12 &# 34 ;), a tap may be created and as second member 20 &# 39 ; ( 20 &# 34 ;) moves against the central portion 18 &# 39 ; ( 18 &# 34 ;) of the first member 12 &# 39 ; ( 12 &# 34 ;) an additional tap may be created . although the invention is described and illustrated with reference to a plurality of embodiments thereof , it is to be expressly understood that it is in no way limited to the disclosure of such preferred embodiments but is capable of numerous modifications within the scope of the appended claims . | 0 |
as used herein , “ a ” or “ an ” means one or more than one . the methods and apparatus of the present invention will now be illustrated with reference to fig1 through 4 . it should be understood , that these are merely illustrative and not exhaustive examples of the scope of the present invention and that variations which are understood by those having ordinary skill in the art are within the scope of the present invention . referring to fig3 , an example of a dental articulator is shown , which is part of a digital image on a computer screen . the dental articulator can be used to hold models of an upper dental arch 127 and a lower dental arch 137 and allow the user to simulate the movement of the jaw when fabricating dental restorations such as crowns , bridges , and dentures . the digital dental articulator 100 has an upper frame 120 and lower frame 130 , which are used to mount the models of the upper dental arch 127 and lower dental arch 137 , respectively . the model of the upper dental arch 127 is held to the arm 121 of upper frame 120 by a digital attachment , or digital spacer . the spacer fixes the models at the mid - place between the upper and lower frames . the position of the upper dental arch 127 can be adjusted within the cad program by the cad operator . dental articulator 100 has a pair of posts 150 with condyles 151 . only one post 150 is shown because of the angle of he figure , but a second post is hidden by the one shown . condyle 151 fits with condylar table 160 to simulate the temporal mandible joint of the patient . the condyle can be any shape the can be used accurately to represent the motion of the of the patient &# 39 ; s jaw . however , most conventional dental articulators use a spherical shaped member . fig4 shows a virtual image of a dental articulator of the type shown in fig3 , which illustrates how a cad operator would see it . within the cad program , the condylar table 160 is modeled to create the wear surface of the tmj or “ zola &# 39 ; s tubercle ”. the shape of this wear surface is calculated using the mathematical formulas and methods described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 . the wear surface will recreate the functional dynamics of the patient &# 39 ; s jaw within the cad system . these mathematical formulas for each patient , once created , can be stored for future reference . dental articulator 100 also has an incisal pin 170 and incisal table 171 . incisal pin 170 is utilized to set the normal distance between the upper dental arch 127 and the lower dental arch 137 . the digital dental articulator can be used to make dental restorations , dentures and design an orthodontic treatment plan . the procedure for using the improved dental articulator is described in further detail below . turning now to fig5 , which is a general flow chart of the software , the digital dental articulator can be used to make dental restorations , such as crowns and bridges , using the any of following methods : ( 1 ) prepare the teeth for restoration ; make an impression of the teeth ; produce the upper and lower model of the teeth ; scan the upper and lower models of the teeth 410 ; the cad operator or the program will identify the wear surfaces of the teeth 412 and , using the mathematical formulas described in the u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 , calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 414 ; cad operator selects the tooth or teeth to be restored 432 , cad operator can modify the bite 434 and then use the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to solve for the wear surfaces of the restorations 436 ; using the material properties of the materials prescribed by the dentist 438 , engineer the restoration and / or the substructure 462 ; and send the restoration to the milling lab to be manufactured 464 ; or ( 2 ) prepare the teeth for restoration ; produce an intraoral scan of the patient &# 39 ; s upper and lower teeth 410 ; the cad operator or the program will identify the wear surfaces of the teeth 412 and , using the mathematical formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 414 , the cad operator selects the tooth or teeth to be restored 432 ; the cad operator can modify the bite 434 then use the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to solve for the wear surfaces of the restorations 436 ; using the material properties of the materials prescribed by the dentist 438 , engineer the restoration and / or the substructure 462 ; send the restoration to the milling lab to be manufactured 464 ; ( 3 ) make an impression of the teeth ; produce the upper and lower model of the teeth ; scan the upper and lower models of the teeth 410 ; the cad operator or the program will identify the wear surfaces of the teeth 412 and , using the mathematical formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 414 ; cad operator selects the tooth or teeth to be restored 432 ; cad operator can modify the bite 434 then use the mathematical formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to solve for the wear surfaces of the restorations 436 ; using the material properties of the materials prescribed by the dentist 438 , and using the design of the restoration to create preparation or prep guides for the dentist 444 , the preparation guides are sent to be manufactured 446 ; the dentist uses the preparation guides to remove the natural dentition from the patients tooth or teeth to be restored 448 ; steps 1 or 2 can be employed to create the restoration 470 ; ( 4 ) produce an intraoral scan the upper and lower teeth ; 410 ; the cad operator or the program will identify the wear surfaces of the teeth 412 and using the mathematical formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 414 ; cad operator selects the tooth or teeth to be restored 432 ; cad operator can modify the bite 434 then use the mathematical formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to solve for the wear surfaces of the restorations 436 ; using the material properties of the materials prescribed by the dentist 438 and using the design of the restoration to create preparation or prep guides for the dentist 444 ; the preparation guides are sent to be manufactured 446 ; the dentist uses the preparation guides to remove the natural dentition from the patients tooth or teeth to be restored 448 , steps 1 or 2 are employed to create the restoration 470 ; ( 5 ) for an orthodontic procedure , the dentist makes an impression of the teeth producing the upper and lower model of the teeth ; scan the upper and lower models of the teeth 410 ; using the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 412 ; the cad operator or the programmer identifies the wear surfaces of the teeth 412 and using the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 414 ; the cad operator identifies the molar and bicuspid wear surfaces 422 then uses the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to solve final position and orientation of the patient &# 39 ; s teeth passed on the buckle cusp &# 39 ; s of the molars and bicuspids 424 ; engineer the treatment plan to the orthodontist to move the patient &# 39 ; s teeth to allow for the proper final placement of the buccal cusp &# 39 ; s of the molar &# 39 ; s and bicuspids 426 ; send the treatment plan to the orthodontist for review and implementation 428 ; or ( 6 ) the orthodontist produces an intraoral scan of the upper and lower teeth ; 410 ; using the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 412 , the cad operator or the program will identify the wear surfaces of the teeth 412 ; using the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj 414 , the cad operator identifies the molar and bicuspid wear surfaces 422 ; use the formulas described in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to solve final position and orientation of the patient &# 39 ; s teeth placement on the buccal cusp &# 39 ; s of the molars and bicuspids 424 ; engineer the treatment plan to the orthodontist to move the patient &# 39 ; s teeth to allow for the proper final placement of the buccal cusps of the molar &# 39 ; s and bicuspids 426 ; send the treatment plan to the orthodontist for review and implementation 428 . further details for these methods are described below . the following describes the method of the present invention for the restoration of a tooth , specifically the preparation of a crown . however , those skilled in the art will understand that this method can be applied to any dental restoration procedure and is particularly useful in restorations involving multiple teeth or restorations where a terminal tooth is missing . the first step in applying the present invention requires the preparation of the tooth for the restoration . generally , the preparation of a tooth for a crown involves the irreversible removal of a significant amount of tooth structure . when preparing a tooth for a crown , typically , the enamel is totally removed and the finished preparation is , thus , entirely dentin . the amount of tooth structure required to be removed will depend on the material ( s ) being used to restore the tooth . for example , if porcelain is applied to a metal or ceramic substructure , the entire tooth is reduced a minimum of 1 . 5 mm . it is an option within the scope of this process for the dentist to request from the technician or the cad operator a set of preparation guides , these preparation guides will assist the dentist in removing the least amount of the dentition . the cad operator will use the models or scans provided by the dentist and the cad software to create a preliminary restoration that will allow for the creation of the preparation guides . this same process for creating preparation guides can be employed to create a restoration plan to place bone level implants . after the tooth is prepared , a standard impression of the dentition is made , allowing accurate models of the teeth to be made later . an impression is carried out by placing a putty material into the mouth in a customized tray . the material then sets ( hardens ) to become an elastic solid , and when removed from the mouth , retains the shape of the teeth . common materials used for dental impressions include , but are not limited to , sodium alginate , agar , condensation - cured silicones , and addition - cured silicones such as polyvinyl siloxane . the impressions are then used to generate the models of the patient &# 39 ; s teeth . models of the upper and lower dental arches are then scanned using a 3d laser scanner or other scanning method . these scans are then transferred or imported into the dental cad program . an alternative method is to directly scan the natural and prepared dentition and import these scans into the cad program . once the models of the upper and lower dental arches are scanned and imported into the cad program , either the cad operator or the cad software will identify the wear surfaces of the teeth of either the upper or lower arch . the software will then solve for the guiding surfaces of the tmj or “ zola &# 39 ; s tubercle ”. once solved , the cad operator will then identify the teeth for which the restoration will be created . the software will then calculate the wear surface of the tooth or teeth to be designed . the models can be “ mounted ” in the digital articulator to simulate the movement of the patients jaw function so as to verify the occlusal function . the digital dental articulator can also be used to make dentures or full restorations for edentulous patients , or those who have no teeth . the steps to make dentures or full restorations using the improved dental articulator are similar to the steps used to make dental restorations , except the patient &# 39 ; s occlusal function is recorded using eric &# 39 ; s rims . the method of using eric &# 39 ; s rims is disclosed in pending us patent application us2011 / 032674 . once the occlusal function is created using eric &# 39 ; s rims , a 3 - d scan of the rims is created using a 3 - d scanner . the scans are then imported into the cad program . the software will then solve for the guiding surface of the tmj or “ zola &# 39 ; s tubercle ”. the software then can place the teeth into function to meet the patient &# 39 ; s occlusal function for either the denture or the full restoration . once the dental restorations have been designed within the cad software , they will be sent to be manufactured or milled . after they are manufactured they will be returned to the dentist for placement , i . e ., “ seating ”. generally , the digital dental articulator can be used to develop a orthodontic treatment plan , using the either of following steps : making an impression of the teeth ; producing the upper and lower model of the teeth ; scan the upper and lower models of the teeth ; using the mathematical formulas described in the u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj ; using the mathematical formulas described in the u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to develop the treatment plan to determine the placement of the bicuspids and molars to keep them in proper occlusal function with that individual patient &# 39 ; s tmj . alternatively , the digital dental articular can be used with the following procedure : preparing the teeth for restoration ; producing an intraoral scan of the upper and lower models of the teeth ; using the mathematical formulas described in the u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to calculate the guiding surface of the tmj ; using the mathematical formulas described in the u . s . pat . no . 7 , 412 , 298 to develop the treatment plan to determine the placement of the bicuspids and molar to keep them in proper occlusal function with that individual patient &# 39 ; s tmj . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . moreover , the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process , machine , manufacture , composition of matter , means , methods and steps described in the specification . as one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention , processes , machines , manufacture , compositions of matter , means , methods , or steps , presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention . accordingly , the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes , machines , manufacture , compositions of matter , means , methods , or steps . | 6 |
an embodiment of the wire winding device according to the present invention shall be presented below and explained with reference to the accompanying fig1 through 8 . as shown in fig1 , a wire winding device 10 according to the present embodiment includes a supply bobbin 14 for supplying ( feeding out ) a wire material 12 ( conductive wire ) that is wound thereon , a coil producing section 20 for producing a coil 18 by winding the supplied wire material 12 on a winding frame 30 , a tensioning mechanism 22 disposed between the supply bobbin 14 and the coil producing section 20 for alleviating variations in tension that occur upon winding of the wire material 12 , and a controller 23 for carrying out overall control of the wire winding device 10 . the wire material 12 is a copper wire having , for example , an enamel or a polyurethane covering layer . as shown in fig2 and 3 , the coil 18 includes a stacked steel plate ( core ) 24 made up from a plurality of roughly t - shaped steel plates , which are punched out by a press and caulked together in an integral manner , insulators 26 , 28 that insulate the stacked steel plate 24 , the wire material 12 , which is wound around the stacked steel plate 24 via the insulators 26 , 28 , and metallic terminals 33 , 34 . the insulators 26 , 28 are formed , for example , from pps ( polyphenylene sulfide ), and include a winding frame ( coil winding member ) 30 ( 30 a , 30 b ) over which the wire material 12 is wound . the insulators 26 , 28 are joined together by respective overlapping portions thereof , so that the stacked steel plate 24 and the wire material 12 are electrically insulated from each other . a winding - start end part 12 a of the wire material 12 is caulked onto the terminal 33 and cut , thereby fixing the end part 12 a to the terminal 33 , whereas a winding - finish end part 12 b of the wire material 12 is caulked onto the terminal 34 and cut , thereby fixing the end part 12 b to the terminal 34 . returning to fig1 , the coil producing section 20 includes a clamp jig 40 for rotatably retaining the stacked steel plate 24 on which the insulators 26 , 28 are mounted , a spindle 42 that rotates the clamp jig 40 , a nozzle 44 that stabilizes the supply direction of the wire material 12 , and an orthogonal shaft robot 46 that adjusts the position in the vertical direction ( the direction of arrow a ) of the nozzle 44 , and arrays the wire material 12 in a plurality of layers . the spindle 42 is supported axially on a motor ( spindle motor ) 48 ( coil rotating mechanism ) and is rotated at a constant speed under a rotary action of the spindle motor 48 . the orthogonal shaft robot 46 is capable of being operated at high speeds by a linear motor . a tension measuring unit 49 , which measures the tension of the wire material 12 , is disposed between the coil producing section 20 and the tensioning mechanism 22 . tension measurements therefrom are supplied in real time to the controller 23 . the supply bobbin 14 is supported axially and disposed in the interior of an openable / closable box 50 for carrying out supply of the wire material 12 through a plurality of compartment interior pulleys 52 . the supply bobbin 14 is supported axially on the shaft of a bobbin motor 15 ( bobbin rotating mechanism ), the rotational speed of which is capable of being adjusted under the control of the controller 23 . the tensioning mechanism 22 is constituted from pulleys 56 , 62 , 64 , 68 and a tension roller 70 , respective axes of which are disposed in parallel on a base plate 60 arranged on an upper portion of the box 50 , and a linear motor 76 that serves as a linear tensioner disposed on a rear surface of the base plate 60 . the tension roller 70 is connected to the linear motor 76 through a slit 80 that is provided in a horizontal direction on the base plate 60 , and is axially supported rotatably by the linear motor 76 . the linear motor 76 moves the tension roller 70 horizontally ( in the direction of arrow b ). the wire material 12 , which is fed out from the box 50 , after passing over the pulleys 56 , 62 , 64 , 68 and being trained around the tension roller 70 , passes through the nozzle 44 and is drawn out to the coil producing section 20 . as a result of the tension roller 70 being moved horizontally ( in the direction of arrow b ) by the controller 23 via the linear motor 76 , the tension imposed with respect to the wire material 12 is adjusted . next , an explanation shall be given concerning a procedure for training the wire material 12 in the wire winding device 10 constructed as described above . first , the controller 23 drives the linear motor 76 and moves the tension roller 70 horizontally along the slit 80 to a standby position ( origin point ) at the left end ( tension measuring unit 49 side ) thereof . next , the wire material 12 is pulled out from the supply bobbin 14 and the wire material 12 is trained over the illustrated path with respect to the pulley 56 of the base plate 60 via the compartment interior pulleys 52 , 52 , 52 . furthermore , from the pulley 56 , the wire material 12 is wound over the illustrated path with respect to the tension roller 70 via the pulleys 62 , 64 , 68 . the wire material 12 is drawn out further from the tension roller 70 via the tension measuring unit 49 and up to the coil producing section 20 , where the wire material 12 is stopped at the winding frame 30 . pulling out and threading of the wire material 12 in this manner may be carried out automatically by an automated machine , or may be performed manually . next , the tension roller 70 is moved by the linear motor 76 to a substantially intermediate position of the slit 80 . consequently , the tension roller 70 is moved to an active side from the standby position , whereby tension is applied to the wire material 12 . as a result of the tension roller 70 being arranged at a substantially intermediate position of the slit 80 , the tension adjusting allowance with respect to the wire material 12 can be made larger . in the foregoing manner , the wire material 12 is trained in a state of having a predetermined tension from the supply bobbin 14 up to the stacked steel plate 24 ( winding frame 30 ). next , the winding process is initiated . when rotation of the bobbin motor 15 is started , the wire material 12 is fed out from the supply bobbin 14 , whereas the spindle 42 of the coil producing section 20 is rotated by the spindle motor 48 , whereupon the wire material 12 is taken up and wound onto the winding frame 30 ( see fig2 ), thereby producing the coil 18 . at this time , in the tensioning mechanism 22 , the linear motor 76 is subjected to feedback control ( pid control ) in real time under operation of the controller 23 , so that the tension of the wire material 12 is maintained at a suitable value , and the tension that is measured by the tension measuring unit 49 acquires a suitable tension value . the structure and operation of the controller 23 that effects the wire winding process shall be explained below . first , explanations shall be made concerning the structure and basic operations of the controller 23 . the controller 23 is constituted by a computer and a digital signal processor ( dsp ), etc . based on various inputs thereto , by execution of programs in a cpu , which are stored in a memory such as a rom or the like , the controller 23 operates as a function realizing unit ( function realizing means ) for implementing various functions . as shown in fig4 , in the present embodiment , the controller 23 functions as an arithmetic processing unit 100 , a coil rotational speed controller 102 that receives coil ( winding frame or core ) rotation commands from the arithmetic processing unit 100 , a bobbin rotational speed controller 104 that receives bobbin rotation commands ( rotational speed and timing ) from the arithmetic processing unit 100 , and a tension controller 106 that receives timing commands ( origin , layer switching ) from the arithmetic processing unit 100 . the coil rotational speed controller 102 receives a coil rotation command from the arithmetic processing unit 100 , and by rotating the spindle motor 48 at a coil rotational target value nctar ( in the present embodiment , a constant value of 1000 rpm for example ), rotates the winding frame 30 to thereby produce the coil 18 . an encoder 108 is provided on the spindle motor 48 . by supplying the coil actual rotational speed nce , which is detected by the encoder 108 , to the coil rotational speed controller 102 , the coil rotational speed controller 102 performs a feedback control such that the coil actual rotational speed nce of the spindle motor 48 is maintained at the coil rotational speed target value nctar . the coil actual rotational speed nce also is supplied to the arithmetic processing unit 100 . further , in actual practice , the coil actual rotational speed nce is calculated on the basis of pulses from the encoder 108 , which are counted by the coil rotational speed controller 102 and the arithmetic processing unit 100 . on the other hand , the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 receives a bobbin rotation command ( rotational speed and timing ) from the arithmetic processing unit 100 , and more specifically , receives from the arithmetic processing unit 100 a bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar , which differs for each layer of the coil 18 , together with a switching timing therefor , and rotates the bobbin motor 15 . an encoder 110 is provided on the bobbin motor 15 . by supplying the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe , which is detected by the encoder 110 , to the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 , the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 performs a feedback control such that the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe of the bobbin motor 15 is maintained at the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar . the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe also is supplied to the arithmetic processing unit 100 . further , in actual practice , the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe is calculated on the basis of pulses from the encoder 110 , which are counted by the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 and the arithmetic processing unit 100 . the bobbin outside diameter φd ( see fig1 ) of the supply bobbin 14 becomes reduced upon feed - out of the wire material 12 from the supply bobbin 14 . the bobbin outside diameter φd is detected ( measured ) by a proximity sensor 112 , which is arranged in the vicinity of the supply bobbin 14 , and is supplied to the arithmetic processing unit 100 . because the bobbin outside diameter φd is extremely large compared with the outside diameter φd of the coil 18 , during formation of a single coil 18 ( wire material multi - layer arrayed coil ), the bobbin outside diameter φd may be considered as a constant ( φd = constant ). in fig4 , a tension ( stress ) detection value tf [ n ], which is measured by the tension measuring unit 49 , is supplied to the tension controller 106 . the tension controller 106 , responsive to a layer switching ( switching of winding layers of the coil 18 ) timing command from the arithmetic processing unit 100 , drives the linear motor 76 , moves the tension roller 70 , and performs tension feedback control , such that the tension detection value tf coincides with a tension target value tftar , which is a suitable value ( predetermined value ) regardless of layer switching . next , an explanation shall be made with reference to the flowchart of fig5 concerning detailed operations of the controller 23 , which is constructed and operates basically as described above . in step s 1 , the arithmetic processing unit 100 of the controller 23 receives a winding start command from a non - illustrated upper level apparatus or an input device . in step s 2 , the arithmetic processing unit 100 sends commands to perform initial settings in the coil rotational speed controller 102 , the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 , and the tension controller 106 . by the initial settings made in step s 2 , in the coil rotational speed controller 102 , the coil rotational speed target value nctar is set in an internal setting memory thereof , and in the tension controller 106 , the tension target value tftar is set in an internal setting memory thereof . the initial value of the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar ( bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar for a first layer of the coil 18 ) is set in a setting memory of the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 from the arithmetic processing unit 100 . in this case , the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar is calculated in the arithmetic processing unit 100 from the coil rotational speed target value nctar , and from a ratio between the outer diameter φd ( first layer ), which is a circular diameter converted value of the outer circumferential ( rectangular ) length of the winding frame 30 , which is stored beforehand , and the bobbin outer diameter φd , which is measured by the proximity sensor 112 ( nbtar = nctar × φd / φd ). before describing the processes of step s 3 and thereafter , in order that the significance of the method according to the present embodiment is well understood , explanations shall be made concerning main features ( characteristics ) of the process by the flowchart of fig5 , while also describing disadvantages that result in a process according to a comparative example . fig6 a shows the relationship of the bobbin rotational speed value nb [ rpm ] and passage of time according to a comparative example . on the time axis , one graduation interval thereof corresponds to one second [ s ]. at time tc 1 , when the command value of the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar is output to the bobbin motor 15 , due to the inertia of the supply bobbin 14 , the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe rises in rotational speed while being delayed along an s - shaped curve , until at time tc 1 , the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar and the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe coincide with each other . on the other hand , at time tc 1 , although the command value of the coil rotational speed target value nctar is output simultaneously to the spindle motor 48 , because the inertia of the spindle 42 is small , roughly from time tc 1 , the coil actual rotational speed nce coincides with the coil rotational speed target value nctar ( refer to the upper side in fig6 a ). the interval from time tc 1 to time tc 2 represents a time over which the winding of the first layer ( bottommost layer ) of the coil 18 is wound on the winding frame 30 . similarly , when the second layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar of the coil 18 is output at time tc 2 ( as shown in fig6 a , the second layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar increases corresponding to a portion by which the winding take - up amount increases per fixed unit of time as the outside diameter φd of the coil 18 becomes greater ), in this case as well , due to the inertia of the supply bobbin 14 , the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe rises in rotational speed while being delayed along an s - shaped curve , at time tc 2 , the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar and the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe coincide with each other . henceforth , transitions are carried out similarly until reaching a winding termination time tc 7 of the sixth layer , which is the outermost layer of a single coil 18 . in this case , according to the comparative example shown in fig7 a , as indicated by the relationship between the feed - out amount lr of the wire material 12 from the supply bobbin 14 and the winding take - up amount lw on the winding frame 30 , the feed - out amount lr [ m ] from the supply bobbin 14 with respect to the winding take - up amount lw [ m ] of the coil 18 becomes the same value at a point in time after passage of a delay time δtd { i . e ., a delay time of ( rotation of ) the bobbin shaft with respect to ( rotation of ) the coil shaft , also referred to simply as a bobbin shaft delay time }. however , with the wire winding plan according to the comparative example shown in fig6 a and 7a , in order to perform rotational control on the spindle motor 48 and the bobbin motor 15 , because the difference in inertia and the difference in outer diameters φd , φd of the coil 18 and the supply bobbin 14 are large , an excessive load is imposed on the tensioning mechanism . more specifically , the tensioning mechanism is required to incorporate therein a non - illustrated brake roller or the like , and thus becomes larger in scale and more complex in structure . the processing that was described above provides an explanation of processing by the comparative example and the disadvantages thereof . in the processing of the comparative example , the inventors of the present application considered the fact that the delay time δtd pertaining to the difference δl between the winding take - up amount lw of the coil 18 and the feed - out amount lr of the supply bobbin 14 shown in fig7 a corresponds to the integral value of the portion shown in hatching in fig6 a , formed by the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar , which is a stepwise command , and the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe , which is in the form of an s - shaped curve . consequently , according to the present embodiment , as shown in fig6 b , at a time tc 1 ′ that arises before the rotation start time tc 1 of the spindle motor 48 , the first layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar command is sent from the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 to the bobbin motor 13 . the first layer rotation start time tc 1 ′ of the bobbin motor 15 , which arises before the rotation start time tc 1 of the spindle motor 48 ( bearing in mind that this time is the same as the time shown in fig6 a ), can be determined by the following equation ( 1 ), taking into consideration the time tc 1 shown in fig6 a , at which the first layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar and the first layer actual rotational speed nbe coincide with each other . similarly , it is understood that the command time tc 2 ′ of the second layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar can be determined from the following equation ( 2 ). in general , after the second layer , it is understood that the command time tcn ′ of the nth layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar can be determined from the following equation ( 3 ). in the above equation ( 3 ), the value of n is such that n ≧ 2 . in this manner , in the wire winding step at the next time , at each of the layers of the coil 18 , by controlling the rotation start time of the bobbin motor 15 so as to occur earlier by a time that is approximately ½ of the bobbin delay time δtd { i . e ., for the first layer , a time of δtd / 2 , and for the second and subsequent layers , a time calculated by the above equation ( 3 ), which in addition to the time δtd / 2 , further takes into consideration a delay time caused by inertia of the supply bobbin 14 , based on the difference in rotational speeds between the inner layer ( a previously wound layer ) and the outer layer ( a layer to be wound from now )}, as shown in fig7 b , the winding take - up amount lw of the coil 18 at each of the winding start times tc 1 , and tc 2 ′ through tc 6 ′, from the first layer winding start time tc 1 of the coil 18 of the spindle motor 48 to the sixth layer winding start time tc 6 ′ of the coil 18 , and the feed - out amount lr of the supply bobbin 14 can be made to coincide substantially with each other moment by moment . owing thereto , according to the present embodiment , the tensioning mechanism 22 having a simple structure that does not utilize a braking roller or the like can be adopted , in which the linear motor 76 and the tension roller 70 shown in fig1 are used . the time tc 1 ′ that arises before the rotation start time tc 1 of the spindle motor 48 depends on the delay time δtd . because this delay time δtd depends on the bobbin rotational speed nb and the inertia of the supply bobbin 14 , a chart ( table , map ) of times tc 1 ′ is created , in which the bobbin rotational speed nb and the bobbin outside diameter φd are taken as variables , and the delay time δtd is defined as a function thereof { δtd = f ( nb , φd )}. the chart ( table , map ) is stored beforehand in a memory ( rom ) of the arithmetic processing unit 100 . as shown in fig7 b , although by carrying out the winding take - up and feed - out control according to the novel plan described above , the difference δl ( see fig7 a ) between the winding take - up amount lw and the feed - out amount lr can be eliminated , even if the winding take - up and feed - out control according to the novel plan is performed , a total feed - out amount error δlt [ m ], defined as a differential between the feed - out amount lw and the winding take - up amount lr after the time tc 7 ′ in fig7 b when the control is terminated , is generated . next , a plan for zeroing out ( eliminating ) such a total feed - out amount error δlt shall be described . as shown in fig8 , it is understood that the total feed - out amount error δlt [ m ] is two times the shift amount x in position from a reference position x 0 in the direction of the arrow b of the tension roller 70 . the shift amount x in position is generated by the tensioning mechanism 22 for the purpose of applying a suitable tension to the wire material 12 , and in general , zeroing out the same is extremely difficult in terms of cost . consequently , for zeroing out the total feed - out amount error δlt [ m ] while the shift amount x in position is permitted , a variable ( changeable ) bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar is corrected at a next time of winding . since the coil rotational speed nc of the spindle motor 48 is constant , the coil rotational speed nc is not corrected . in this case , a feed - out amount correction coefficient k ′ at a next time of winding is calculated from a present feed - out amount correction coefficient k , according to the following equation ( 5 ). k ′: a feed - out amount correction coefficient at a next time of winding k : a feed - out amount correction coefficient at a present time of winding δlt : a total feed - out amount error at a present time of winding using the feed - out amount correction coefficient k ′, the next bobbin rotational frequency target value nbtar ′ can be corrected with respect to the present bobbin rotational frequency target value nbtar , according to the following equation ( 6 ). herein , the reference total feed - out amount l can be calculated from the following equation ( 7 ). the range of the summation σ is a range from the winding start time t = 0 to the winding time tend , over which the feed - out length is calculated per each control processing time interval δt . the winding time tend is the time it takes to wind a single coil 18 ( i . e ., the time interval from time tc 1 ′ to time tc 7 ′ shown in fig6 b ), and the number of calculation times is tend / δt . in equation ( 7 ), π is a circle ratio , d is the bobbin outer diameter , and nbe is the bobbin actual rotational speed . δt is a control processing time interval , such that when a sequencer using a ladder program is modeled and described , δt corresponds to a so - called ladder execution interval . for example , δt may be selected so that δt = 0 . 004 [ s ]. in this manner , when at the next time , the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar ′ is corrected , as shown in fig9 , the total feed - out amount error δlt between the winding take - up amount lw ( actual line ) of the coil 18 and the feed - out amount lr ( dashed line ) of the supply bobbin 14 can be reduced substantially to zero . the above explanations are of essential features of a process according to the flowchart , which shall now be described in further detail , and which is shown in fig4 pertaining to the present embodiment , in which explanations have been made in contrast to disadvantages of a process according to a comparative example . henceforth , in step s 3 , by initiating rotation of the bobbin motor 15 in accordance with an initial value of the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar , which was set in step s 2 , rotation of the supply bobbin 14 is started ( also referred to as start of bobbin shaft rotation ). next , simultaneously with the process of step s 3 ( i . e ., at the time of start of bobbin shaft rotation ), in step s 4 , the arithmetic processing unit 100 initiates , by means of a timer 101 ( timer section for determining output times of second and subsequent layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar commands ), a timing for the purpose of determining output times tcn ′ { the above - mentioned equation ( 3 )} of commands for the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar for second and subsequent layers , in order to wind n layers ( where n is of values from 2 to 6 ) of the coil 18 . further , simultaneously with the process of step s 3 ( i . e ., at the time of start of bobbin shaft rotation ), in step s 5 , a bobbin rotational speed command value nbcom is calculated by means of the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar and a so - called s - shaped curve acceleration / deceleration control for absorbing the bobbin shaft inertia , and rotation control is initiated . by carrying out control in accordance with the bobbin rotational speed command value nbcom , as shown in fig6 b , the bobbin rotational speed command value nbcom becomes substantially equivalent to the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe . further , simultaneously with the process of step s 3 , in step s 6 , starting of rotation of the spindle motor 48 is placed on standby ( also referred to as placing on standby the start of rotation of the coil shaft , or coil shaft rotation standby ). the coil shaft rotation start standby time is equivalent to the bobbin delay time δtd = tc 1 ′− tc 1 ( see fig6 a and 7a ). next , in step s 7 , rotation of the spindle motor 48 is initiated ( also referred to as start of coil shaft rotation ) at time tc 1 ( see fig6 b ) after passage of the bobbin delay time δtd according to the timer 101 , whereupon winding of the wire material 12 of the first layer of the coil 18 on the winding frame 30 is started . next , in step s 8 , a judgment is made as to whether timekeeping by the timer 101 , until the output time tcn ′ of the bobbin rotational speed target value command nbtar of the second and subsequent layers , is completed . in the case that such timekeeping is not completed , in step s 8 , the arithmetic processing unit 100 advances ( counts up ) the count of a winding number counter 103 ( counter ) from the coil actual rotational speed nce ( in effect , pulses ) output from the encoder 108 . next , in step s 10 , from the count value of the winding number counter 103 , it is determined whether or not the winding number has increased . such increments in the winding number are recorded beforehand as a table or a map in the coil rotational speed controller 102 and in the arithmetic processing unit 100 . the arithmetic processing unit 100 makes such determinations with reference to the table ( map ) in which until the number of windings of the coil shaft is y 1 times , a first layer is determined , until the number of windings of the coil shaft is y 2 times , a second layer is determined , . . . , and until the number of windings of the coil shaft is yn times , an nth layer is determined . next , in step s 11 , it is determined whether or not the count value of the winding number counter 103 is equivalent to one coil 18 , or more specifically , whether the count value has obtained a value indicative of completion of one workpiece . if a value indicative of completion of one workpiece has not been reached , then step s 8 is returned to . when the timing by the timer 101 reaches the output time tcn ′ of commands for the second and subsequent layer bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar ( determined by equation ( 3 ) above ), then in step s 12 , commands for the second and subsequent layer bobbin rotational speed target values nbtar are output , whereupon the bobbin motor 15 is rotated through the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 . in step s 9 , furthermore , the winding number counter 103 is incremented ( counted up ), and in step s 10 , when it is determined that the winding number has increased , then in step s 13 , the layer number n is incremented by one layer ( n ← n + 1 ). then , in step s 14 , similar to step s 5 , a bobbin rotational speed command value nbcom is calculated by means of the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar and a so - called s - shaped curve acceleration / deceleration control for absorbing the bobbin shaft inertia , and rotation control , i . e ., in this case , a rotation control for the second and subsequent layers , is initiated . control is repeated in the foregoing manner , and in step s 11 , when the count number of the winding number counter 103 reaches a value indicative of completion of one workpiece , then in step s 15 , the bobbin diameter φd is measured by the proximity sensor 112 , and with reference to the table , a rotation start time tcn ′ of the bobbin motor 15 for the first layer , for producing a next new coil 18 , is calculated and stored in memory , which is then read out at step s 3 upon receipt of a winding start command , from step s 1 in the next cycle . further , in step s 16 , the feed - out amount correction coefficient k ′ at a next time of winding is calculated by the aforementioned equation ( 5 ) from the present feed - out amount correction coefficient k . using the calculated feed - out amount correction coefficient k ′, a next bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar ′ is corrected and calculated by the aforementioned equation ( 6 ) with respect to the present bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar , which , in step s 2 of the next cycle , is set in the setting memory of the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 . moreover , when rotation of the bobbin shaft ( bobbin motor 15 and the supply bobbin 14 ) is started in step s 3 , operation of the tensioning mechanism 22 is initiated in step s 21 by a start command from the arithmetic processing unit 100 , whereupon the tension roller 70 is subjected to a pid feedback control through the linear motor 76 , such that the tension value tf measured by the tension measuring unit 49 is maintained at a suitable value ( i . e ., the tension target value tftar ). concerning operation of the tensioning mechanism 22 , when winding of one coil 18 is completed ( i . e ., upon conclusion of step s 11 ), a stop command is output with respect to the tension controller 106 from the arithmetic processing unit 100 , whereupon , in step s 22 , the tension controller 106 halts operation of the linear motor 76 that governs the tensioning mechanism 22 . as described above , the aforementioned wire winding device 10 according to the present embodiment is equipped with the bobbin motor 15 as a bobbin rotating mechanism , which rotates the supply bobbin 14 that supplies the wire material 12 , the spindle motor 48 as a coil rotating mechanism , which produces the coil 18 by winding the wire material 12 supplied from the supply bobbin 14 while arraying the wire material 12 on the winding frame 30 via the nozzle 44 , and the controller 23 for controlling rotational speeds nb , nc of the bobbin motor 15 and the spindle motor 48 . the controller 23 comprises the coil rotational speed controller 102 as a coil rotational speed setting unit for setting the constant speed coil rotational speed target value nctar , the arithmetic processing unit 100 as a bobbin rotational speed target value calculating unit for calculating the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar based on the coil rotational speed target value nctar , the coil diameter φd , and the supply bobbin diameter φd , the arithmetic processing unit 100 as a winding take - up amount calculating unit for calculating a winding take - up amount lw of the wire material 12 , which is wound up on the winding frame 30 as a coil 18 , from the coil actual winding speed nce of the coil 18 and the coil diameter φd , the arithmetic processing unit 100 as a feed - out amount calculating unit for calculating a feed - out amount lr of the wire material 12 , which is fed out from the supply bobbin 14 , from the bobbin actual rotational speed nbe from the bobbin motor 15 that rotates the supply bobbin 14 and from the bobbin diameter φd , and the arithmetic processing unit 100 as a timing setting means for setting , in the bobbin motor 15 via the bobbin rotational speed controller 104 , a timing ( tc 1 ′, tc 2 ′, . . . , tc 6 ′ shown in fig6 b ) at which rotation of the bobbin motor 15 is started at the bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar , based on a feed - out delay time δtd of the supply bobbin 14 , which is calculated from the calculated winding take - up amount lw and the calculated feed - out amount lr . more specifically , based on the difference between the winding take - up amount lw of the wire material 12 , which is taken up on the side of the winding frame 30 , and the feed - out amount lr of the wire material 12 , which is fed out from the supply bobbin 14 , because the rotation ( rotational speed , timing of change of the rotational speed ) of the supply bobbin 14 with respect to rotation of the coil 18 is controlled such that the winding take - up amount lw of the wire material 12 of the coil 18 and the feed - out amount lr of the wire material 12 of the supply bobbin 14 are kept in agreement moment by moment , even in the case that the inertia and diameter of the coil 18 and the supply bobbin 14 differ greatly , variations in tension can be suppressed with high accuracy . for example , the rotational speed of the coil is fixed at a value on the order of 1000 rpm , and the rotational speed of the bobbin is maintained within a range of 1 / 10 to 1 / 20 thereof ( coil rotational speed & gt ;& gt ; bobbin rotational speed ). according to the present invention , the coil 18 having the multi - layered wire material 12 can be produced ( mass produced ) within a short time while variations in tension are suppressed with high accuracy . in this case , the controller 23 calculates a bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar for each of respective layers , corresponding to a number of layers of the coil 18 that is wound on the winding frame 30 , and sets a timing for starting rotation of the bobbin , or for switching the rotational speed for the respective layers . when carried out in this manner , in a regular winding coil such as the coil 18 , responsive to the winding layers ( number of layers of the coil 18 ), because control is performed corresponding to the outer diameter φd of the coil 18 becoming larger and as the winding take - up amount per each turn of the coil 18 increases , and so that the actual rotational speed nbe of the bobbin becomes greater , variations in tension can be suppressed with higher accuracy . further , the tensioning mechanism 22 is provided over which the wire material 12 is trained , for alleviating variations in tension that occur when the wire material 12 is wound on the winding frame 30 , the tensioning mechanism 22 being disposed in a wire material feed - out path between the supply bobbin 14 and the winding frame 30 . however , according to the present embodiment , because the difference between the winding take - up amount ( coil take - up amount ) lw of the wire material 12 by the coil 18 and the feed - out amount ( bobbin feed - out amount ) lr of the wire material 12 from the supply bobbin 14 is made small , the displacement amount x of the tension roller 70 that is a pulley of the tensioning mechanism 22 also is made small , whereby the tensioning mechanism 22 can be simplified and made smaller in scale . as a result , adoption of a large scale and complex mechanism using a brake roller mechanism for suppressing tension variations is unnecessary , and , for example , only the tensioning mechanism 22 , which is formed by means of a linear tensioner made up of the linear motor 76 according to the present embodiment , which is simple in structure , can be utilized . in this case , by equipping the arithmetic processing unit 100 of the controller 23 further with a bobbin rotational speed target value correcting section for calculating a next bobbin rotational speed target value nbtar ′ based on a shift amount x in position of the linear motor 76 and a standard total feed - out length l , which is a total feed - out amount of the wire material at a present time of winding , such that a total feed - out amount error δlt , defined as a deviation between a coil winding take - up amount lw and a bobbin feed - out amount lr at a next time of winding , vanishes , the total feed - out amount error δlt , which represents the cumulative winding deviation in a single coil , can be eliminated . the wire winding device according to the present invention is not limited to the above - described embodiment , and it is a matter of course that various other structures could be adopted without deviating from the essence and scope of the invention . | 7 |
referring to fig1 , a jigsaw 2 has a housing 4 comprising two clam shell halves 6 ( only one of which is shown in fig1 ) defining a handle 8 having a trigger switch 10 for operating a motor 12 supplied with electrical power via a cable 14 . a shoe 16 for resting on a workpiece ( not shown ) is located at a lower part of the housing 4 , and a jigsaw blade 18 ( fig2 ) is attached to the lower end of an output shaft 20 by means of a blade clamp mechanism 22 . the operation of the blade clamp mechanism 22 is not relevant to an understanding of the present invention and will therefore not be described in greater detail herein . the orientation of the shoe 16 is adjustable relative to the housing 4 to enable bevel cutting , and can be fixed by means of a clamping screw 24 operated by a locking mechanism 26 , which is also not relevant to an understanding of the present invention and will therefore not be described in greater detail . the motor 12 drives a shaft 28 which carries a fan 30 . when the fan 30 rotates , air is expelled via duct 32 and may be used to blow sawdust away from the vicinity of blade 18 , and draws air through inlets 34 in housing 4 to cool motor 12 . the shaft 28 carries a pinion 36 which meshes with a drive gear 38 mounted about axis 40 , the gear 38 carrying a cam surface 42 on its front face . a cam follower 44 is selectively engageable with cam surface 42 by means of cam portion 46 of scroll selector 48 to operate an orbital mode of the jigsaw in a manner which will be described in greater detail below . the gear 38 also carries an eccentric pin 50 which slidably fits in a slot 52 of scotch yoke mechanism 54 mounted to output shaft 20 . referring now to fig2 , a scroller knob 56 is rotatably mounted to the housing 4 for adjusting the orientation of the blade 18 relative to the housing 4 . the scroller knob 56 has a collar portion 58 having a cruciform bore 60 therein , the purpose of which is described in greater detail below . a blade support assembly 62 has a support housing 64 having trunnions 66 which are received in corresponding recesses ( not shown ) in housing 4 to enable the assembly 62 to pivot about axis x - x relative to the housing 4 in the orbital mode of the jigsaw . an upper bearing 68 ( fig3 ) has a partially spherical portion 70 which is rotatable about axis y - y relative to support housing 64 , and has a slot 72 therethrough for receiving the output shaft 20 such that the output shaft 20 can slide in the direction of axis y - y relative to the upper bearing 68 , but is prevented from moving relative to the bearing 68 in a direction transverse to the axis y - y . the upper bearing 68 also has a pair of legs 74 which are received in cruciform bore 60 of scroller knob 56 such that the bearing 68 ( and therefore the output shaft 20 ) rotates with the scroller knob 56 about axis y - y , but limited pivoting movement of the bearing 68 about axis x - x relative to the scroller knob 56 is permitted . a mechanism for selecting between the scrolling , orbital and conventional modes of the jigsaw is shown in detail with reference to fig4 and 5 . a locking arm 76 is slidably mounted to the housing 4 and is moveable between a lower position , as shown in fig5 ( a ) in which the scroller knob 56 can rotate relative to the housing 4 , and two upper positions shown in fig5 ( b ) and 5 ( c ) in which an upper end 78 of the locking arm 76 is received in one or more slots 80 in the underside of scroller knob 56 to prevent rotation of the scroller knob 56 about axis y - y relative to the housing 4 . the scroll selector 48 is rotatably mounted to the housing 4 and can be rotated by means of a mode selector knob ( not shown ) on the housing 4 , and a lower end 82 of locking arm 76 has a rounded groove 84 which receives a rounded tooth 86 provided on scroll selector 48 such that rotation of scroll selector 48 relative to the housing 4 causes movement of the locking arm 76 parallel to the axis y - y . the cam portion 46 of the scroll selector 48 is a protrusion 47 that rotates with the scroll selector 48 in the embodiment of fig1 and a groove 88 formed in the outer periphery 85 of the a post 89 of the scroll selector 48 in the embodiment of fig5 ( a ) to 5 ( c ). referring now to fig5 ( a ) to 5 ( c ), in the position shown in fig5 ( a ), the rotational position of scroll selector 48 about axis 90 relative to the housing 4 is such that the upper end 78 of locking arm 76 is not receiving in any of the slots 80 in scroller knob 56 , as a result of which the scroller knob 56 ( and therefore also the output shaft 20 and jigsaw blade 18 ) can rotate about axis y - y relative to the housing 4 to permit scrolling motion of the blade 18 . at the same time , it is desirable to prevent orbital motion of the blade 18 when the jigsaw is in the scroller mode , since it is difficult to operate the jigsaw in the orbital mode when the orientation of the blade 18 relative to the housing 4 is not forwards . this is achieved in the position shown in fig5 ( a ) because the lower end 82 of locking arm 76 is not received within the groove 88 , as a result of which the locking arm 76 is urged forwards relative to the scroll selector 48 . this in turn abuts lower portion 92 ( fig2 ) of support housing 64 , which causes the support assembly 62 to pivot forwards against the action of a spring 63 ( fig1 ) about axis x - x so that cam follower 44 is held out of engagement with cam face 42 on gear 38 . as a result , pendulum motion cannot be imparted to the support assembly 62 as the gear 38 rotates . as the scroll selector 48 is rotated anticlockwise about axis 90 to the position shown in fig5 ( b ), engagement of tooth 86 with rounded groove 84 causes the locking arm 76 to move upwards so that its upper end 78 is received in a slot 80 in scrolling knob 56 to prevent rotation of the scrolling knob 56 relative to the housing 4 . at the same time , the lower end 82 of the locking arm 76 is still not received in the groove 88 , as a result of which the cam follower 44 is still held out of engagement with the cam surface 42 on gear 38 , so pendulum action cannot be imparted to the support assembly 62 . as the scroll selector 48 is further rotated anticlockwise about axis 90 to the position shown in fig5 ( c ), the upper end 78 of locking arm 76 is received further in one of the slots 80 , but the lower end 82 of locking arm 76 is now received in the groove 88 on scroll selector 48 . as a result , the support assembly 62 and locking arm 76 can pivot under the action of the spring ( not shown ) to bring the cam follower 44 into engagement with cam surface 42 on gear 38 , so that pendulum action is imparted to the support assembly 62 as the gear 38 is rotated by motor 12 . it can therefore be seen that the scrolling mode is not permitted when the orbital mode is active , and vice versa . by operating the locking arm 76 by means of the engagement of a tooth 86 in the rounded groove 84 ( as opposed to cooperating rack and pinion ), this provides the advantage of significantly simplifying manufacture and assembly of the scroll locking mechanism , which in turn reduces the cost of production of the jigsaw . referring now to fig6 ( a ) to 6 ( c ), the output shaft 20 is of rectangular cross section along most of its length . this provides the advantage that the ends of the shaft 20 can be non - rotatably mounted to adjacent parts without the need to provide cross pins ( which would be necessary in the case of a shaft of circular cross section ) through the shaft which would need to fit into slots at least as deep as the distance of travel of the cross pins during reciprocating motion of the shaft 20 . as a result , the parts of the jigsaw at the ends of the shaft 20 can be made of significantly more compact construction than is the case with a shaft of circular cross section . in order to enable rotation of the shaft 20 relative to the scotch yoke 54 in scrolling mode of the jigsaw , a pair of generally d - shaped inserts 94 are mounted on opposite sides of the shaft 20 to provide that part of the shaft with a partially circular external cross section , and the scotch yoke 54 is rotatably mounted to the shaft 20 by means of circular apertures 96 in upper and lower flanges 98 of the scotch yoke 54 . the scotch yoke 54 is then fixed to the shaft 20 by means of pins 100 through d - shaped inserts 94 and shaft 20 so that the scotch yoke 54 cannot move axially relative to the shaft 20 , but can pivot about relative to the shaft so that the slot 52 of scotch yoke 54 continues to face eccentric pin 50 ( fig1 ) regardless of the orientation of the blade 18 relative to the housing 4 . this enables the blade 18 to be driven in a reciprocating manner when the jigsaw is in the scroller mode . the support assembly 62 of fig2 is shown in detail in fig7 to 13 . a lower bearing 102 is rotatably mounted about the longitudinal axis of the output shaft 20 to the support housing 64 and has a slot , similar to the slot 72 in upper bearing 68 , for slidably receiving the shaft 20 so that the shaft can execute reciprocating axial movement relative to the bearings 68 , 102 , but is prevented from moving in a direction transverse to its longitudinal axis . the lower bearing 102 has four protruding legs 104 at its lower end , so that a cruciform slot ( fig1 ) is defined between the legs 104 for receiving the shaft 20 and for cooperating with ribs 120 provided on a control bearing 106 such that the control bearing 106 rotates with the lower bearing 102 and output shaft 20 as the output shaft rotates about its longitudinal axis . the control bearing 106 is rotatably mounted to support housing 64 by means of engagement of a flange 116 on support housing 64 with a groove in control bearing 106 . the control bearing 106 has a support arm 108 which carries a blade support roller 110 at a distal end thereof . the blade support roller 110 has a groove 112 ( fig1 ) for receiving the rear face of jigsaw blade 18 . because the control bearing 106 is rotatably mounted to support housing 64 , the blade support roller 110 remains in contact with the jigsaw blade 18 in the scrolling , orbital and conventional modes of the jigsaw . the lower bearing 102 , control bearing 106 and support housing 64 are so dimensioned that limited pivoting of control bearing 106 relative to lower bearing 102 is possible about an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis of the shaft 20 , and limited movement of the control bearing 106 relative to the support housing 64 is possible , with movement due to clearance 122 between control bearing 106 and support housing 64 being taken up by an elastomeric seal 118 , which also prevents leakage of lubricant from the interior of the support assembly 62 . referring now in detail to fig1 and 13 , when the jigsaw is used to cut a workpiece ( not shown ), the reaction force from the workpiece acting on the blade 18 tends to cause the blade 18 to pivot clockwise relative to the shaft 20 form the position shown in fig1 to that shown in fig1 . as a result , a turning moment is applied via blade support roller 110 to the support arm 108 in the direction of arrow c shown in fig1 . this turning moment is opposed by an opposite turning moment applied to the control bearing 106 by the support housing 64 as the clearance 122 is reduced from the arrangement shown in fig1 c to that shown in fig1 . however , as a result if the limited pivoting movement permitted between control bearing 106 and lower bearing 102 , the turning moment applied by the support arm 108 to the support housing 64 is not transferred to the lower bearing 102 , and is therefore not transferred to the shaft 20 . the therefore provides the advantage that frictional forces between the lower bearing 102 and shaft 20 are not increased as a result if reaction force f ( fig1 ) acting on blade support roller 110 . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above embodiments have been described by way of example only , and not in any limitative sense , and that various alterations and modifications are possible without departure from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . | 1 |
turning to fig1 , a first embodiment of the present invention is shown , namely a stent catheter 10 and a filter device 30 . the stent catheter 10 typically includes a catheter body 12 , an inflatable balloon 16 , and a stent 20 . the catheter body 12 typically comprises a substantially flexible member having a proximal end ( not shown ) and a distal end 14 . the balloon is mounted on a region at or near the distal end 14 of the catheter body 12 . an inflation lumen 18 extends longitudinally from a region at or near the proximal end of the catheter body 12 to the balloon 16 . the stent 20 is introduced over the balloon 16 , typically by manually compressing it onto the balloon 16 . the stent 20 may comprise a tube , sheet , wire , mesh or spring , although preferably , it is a substantially cylindrical wire mesh sleeve , that is substantially rigid , yet expandable when subjected to radial pressure . many known stent devices are appropriate for use with the present invention , such as those discussed elsewhere in this disclosure . generally the stent is furnished from materials such as stainless steel or nitinol , with stainless steel being most preferred . alternatively , a self - expanding stent ( not shown ) may also be used , such as those disclosed in regan , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 795 , 458 , harada et al ., u . s . pat . no . 5 , 037 , 427 , harada , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 089 , 005 , and mori , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 466 , 242 , the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference . such stents are typically provided from nitinol or similar materials which are substantially resilient , yet compressible . when an expandable stent is used , the stent catheter does not generally include an inflatable balloon for the stent . instead , the stent is compressed directly onto the catheter , and a sheath is placed over the stent to prevent it from expanding until deployed . in addition to the catheter 10 , the present invention typically includes a filter device 30 . the filter device 30 generally comprises an introducer sheath 32 , a guidewire 40 , and an expandable filter assembly 50 , although alternatively the guidewire 40 and the filter assembly 50 may be provided directly on the catheter 10 as will be described below ( see fig2 ). the sheath 32 has a proximal end 34 and a distal end 36 , and generally includes a hemostatic seal 38 mounted on its proximal end 34 . the guidewire 40 , typically a flexible , substantially resilient wire , having a distal end 42 and a proximal end 44 , is inserted into the proximal end 34 of the sheath 32 through a lumen 33 . a hub or handle 46 is generally mounted on the proximal end 44 for controlling the guidewire 40 . generally , attached on or near the distal end 42 of the guidewire 40 is an expandable filter assembly 50 which generally comprises an expansion frame 52 and filter mesh 60 . the expansion frame 52 is generally adapted to open from a contracted condition while it is introduced through the lumen 33 of the sheath 32 to an enlarged condition once it is exposed within a blood vessel 70 , as will be discussed more particularly below . the filter mesh 60 is substantially permanently attached to the expansion frame 52 . the construction of the stent catheter 10 should already be familiar to those skilled in the art . the catheter body 12 is typically made from substantially flexible materials such as polyethylene , nylon , pvc , polyurethane , or silicone , although materials such as polyethylene and pvc are preferred . the balloon 16 for delivering the stent 20 is generally manufactured from a substantially flexible and resilient material , such as polyethylene , polyester , latex , silicone , or more preferably polyethylene and polyester . a variety of balloons for angioplasty or stenting procedures are available which have a range of known inflated lengths and diameters , allowing an appropriate balloon to be chosen specifically for the particular blood vessel being treated . the sheath 32 for the filter device 30 generally comprises a conventional flexible sheath or cannula for introducing catheters or guidewires into the blood stream of a patient . exemplary materials include polyethylene , nylon , pvc , or polyurethane with polyethylene and pvc being most preferred . the hemostatic seal 38 generally is an annular seal designed to prevent the escape of blood from the vessel through the sheath 32 , and includes materials such as silicone , latex , or urethane , or more preferably silicone . the hemostatic seal 38 is substantially permanently adhered to the proximal end 34 of the sheath 32 using known surgically safe bonding materials . the guidewire 40 is generally manufactured from conventional resilient wire such as stainless steel or nitinol , although stainless steel is preferred , having a conventional hub or handle 46 formed integral with attached to its proximal end 44 . turning now to fig3 , the filter assembly 50 of the present invention is generally shown extending from the distal end 36 of a sheath or catheter 32 and in an enlarged condition within a blood vessel 70 . the filter assembly 50 includes an expansion frame 52 comprising a plurality of struts , ribs or wires 54 , each strut 54 having a substantially fixed proximal end 56 and a distal end 58 , which may or may not be fixed . the proximal ends 56 are typically connected to the distal end 42 of the guidewire 40 , or alternatively to the outer surface of a distal region ( not shown in fig3 ) of the guidewire 40 , typically using conventional bonding methods , such as welding , soldering , or gluing . the distal ends 58 of the struts 54 are connected to the filter mesh 60 , or alternatively to the distal end of the guidewire ( not shown ). the struts generally comprise substantially resilient materials such as stainless steel or nitinol , with stainless steel being preferred . generally , the filter mesh 60 comprises a fine mesh having an open region 64 substantially engaging the wall 72 of the blood vessel 70 and a closed region 62 , shown here as the apex of a cone . an appropriate mesh is selected , having a pore size that permits blood to flow freely through the mesh , while capturing therein undesired particles of a targeted size . appropriate filter materials are disclosed in co - pending applications barbut et al ., u . s . application ser . no . 08 / 553 , 137 , filed nov . 7 , 1995 , barbut et al ., u . s . application ser . no . 08 / 580 , 223 , filed dec . 28 , 1995 , barbut et al ., u . s . application ser . no . 08 / 584 , 759 , filed jan . 9 , 1996 , barbut et al ., u . s . application ser . no . 08 / 640 , 015 , filed apr . 30 , 1996 , barbut et al ., u . s . application ser . no . 08 / 645 , 762 , filed may 14 , 1996 , and maahs , u . s . application ser . no . 08 / 842 , 727 , filed apr . 16 , 1997 . the disclosure of these references and any others cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference . an exemplary embodiment of the mesh has a mesh area of 3 - 8 sq . in ., a mesh thickness of 60 - 200 μm , a thread diameter of 30 - 100 μm , and a pore size of 60 - 100 μm . polyethylene meshes , such as saati tech and tetko , inc . meshes , provide acceptable filter materials , as they are available in sheet form and can be easily cut and formed into a desired shape . the mesh is formed into a desired filter shape and is sonic welded or adhesive bonded to the struts 54 . the present invention is then typically used to introduce a stent into a stenosed or occluded region of a patient , preferably for treating a region within the carotid arteries . referring again to fig1 and 2 , the catheter 10 is first introduced into a blood vessel 70 using known percutaneous procedures , and then is directed through the blood vessel to the stenosed region of the target blood vessel . the catheter 10 is typically introduced in an upstream - to - downstream ( antegrade ) orientation as shown in fig1 and 14 , although the catheter may also be introduced in a downstream - to - upstream ( retrograde ) orientation as will be described below . in a preferred example , the catheter 10 is inserted into a femoral artery and directed using known methods to a carotid artery , as shown in fig1 , or alternatively is introduced through a lower region of a carotid artery and directed downstream to the stenosed location 74 . the sheath 32 is percutaneously introduced into the blood vessel 70 downstream of the stenosed region 74 , and is deployed using conventional methods . the distal end 42 of the guidewire 40 is directed through the lumen 33 of the sheath 32 until the filter assembly 50 is introduced into the blood vessel 70 by pushing distally on the hub 46 on the guidewire 40 . when the distal end 42 of the guidewire 40 enters the blood vessel 70 , the expansion frame 52 is opened to its enlarged condition , extending substantially across the entire cross - section of the vessel 70 . the filter mesh 60 attached to the frame 52 substantially engages the luminal walls 72 of the vessel 70 , thereby capturing any undesirable loose material passing along the blood vessel 70 from the treated region 74 . the catheter 10 is inserted through the stenosed region 74 until the stent 20 is centered across the plaque or embolic material 76 deposited on the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . if the region 74 is substantially blocked , it may be necessary to first open the region 74 using a balloon catheter prior to insertion of the stent catheter ( not shown in fig3 ), as will be familiar to those skilled in the art . once the stent 20 is in the desired position , fluid , saline , or radiographic contrast media , but preferably radiographic contrast media , is introduced through the inflation lumen 18 to inflate the balloon 16 . as the balloon 16 expands , the pressure forces the stent 20 radially outwardly to engage the plaque 76 . the plaque 76 is pushed away from the region 74 , opening the vessel 70 . the stent 20 covers the plaque 76 , substantially permanently trapping it between the stent 20 and the wall 72 of the vessel 70 . once the balloon 16 is fully inflated , the stent 20 provides a cross - section similar to the clear region of the vessel 70 . the balloon 16 is then deflated by withdrawing the fluid out of the inflation lumen 18 and the catheter 12 is withdrawn from the region 74 and out of the patient using conventional methods . the stent 20 remains in place , substantially permanently covering the plaque 76 in the treated region 74 and forming part of the lumen of the vessel 70 . as the stenosed region 74 is being opened , or possibly as the catheter 12 is being introduced through the region 74 , plaque may break loose from the wall 72 of the vessel 70 . blood flow will carry the material downstream where it will encounter the filter mesh 60 and be captured therein . once the catheter 12 is removed from the treated region 74 , the expansion frame 52 for the filter mesh 60 is closed to the contracted position , containing any material captured therein . the filter assembly 50 is withdrawn into the lumen 33 of the sheath 32 , and the filter device 30 is removed from the body . in another embodiment , shown in fig2 , the guidewire 40 and the filter assembly 50 are included within the stent catheter 10 , rather than being provided in a separate sheath , thus eliminating the need for a second percutaneous puncture into the patient . as already described , the catheter 12 is provided with an inflatable balloon 16 furnished near its distal end 14 and with a stent 20 compressed over the balloon 16 . in addition to the inflation lumen 18 , a second lumen 19 extends through the catheter 12 from a proximal region ( not shown ) to its distal end 14 . a guidewire 40 , having a filter assembly 50 on its distal end 42 , is introduced through the lumen 19 until its distal end 42 reaches the distal end 14 of the catheter 12 . as before , the filter assembly 50 comprises an expansion frame 52 and filter mesh 60 , which remain within the lumen 19 of the catheter 12 until deployed . as described above , the stent catheter 10 is percutaneously introduced and is directed through the blood vessels until it reaches the stenosed region 74 and the stent 20 is centered across the plaque 76 . the guidewire 40 is pushed distally , introducing the filter assembly 50 into the blood vessel 70 . the expansion frame 52 is opened to the enlarged condition until the filter mesh 60 engages the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . the balloon 16 is then inflated , pushing the stent 20 against the plaque 76 , opening the treated region 74 . as before , the stent 20 substantially permanently engages the plaque 76 and becomes part of the lumen 72 of the vessel 70 . after the balloon 16 is deflated , the expansion frame 52 of the filter assembly 50 is closed to the contracted condition , and the filter assembly 50 is withdrawn into the lumen 19 . the stent catheter 10 is then withdrawn from the patient using conventional procedures . alternatively , a self - expanding stent may be substituted for the expandable stent described above . generally , the stent is compressed onto a catheter , and a sheath is introduced over the catheter and stent . the sheath serves to retain the stent in its compressed form until time of deployment . the catheter is percutaneously introduced into a patient and directed to the target location within the vessel . with the stent in position , the catheter is fixed and the sheath is withdrawn proximally . once exposed within the blood vessel , the stent automatically expands radially , until it substantially engages the walls of the blood vessel , thereby trapping the embolic material and dilating the vessel . the catheter and sheath are then removed from the patient . the filter assembly 50 generally described above has a number of possible configurations . hereinafter reference is generally made to the filter device described above having a separate sheath , although the same filter assemblies may be incorporated directly into the stent catheter . turning to fig4 a , 4 b , and 4 c , another embodiment of the filter device 30 is shown , namely a sheath 32 having a guidewire 40 in its lumen 33 and a filter assembly 50 extending from the distal end 36 of sheath 32 . the filter assembly 50 comprises a plurality of struts 54 and filter mesh 60 . the guidewire 40 continues distally through the filter mesh 60 to the closed end region 62 . the proximal ends 56 of the struts 54 are attached to the distal end 36 of the sheath 32 , while the distal ends 58 of the struts 54 are attached to the distal end 42 of the guidewire . in fig4 a , showing the contracted condition , the struts 54 are substantially straight and extend distally . at an intermediate region 57 , the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 is attached to the struts 54 using the methods previously described . the filter mesh 60 may be attached to the struts 54 only at the intermediate region 57 or preferably continuously from the intermediate region 57 to the distal ends 58 . in addition , at the intermediate region 57 , the struts 54 are notched or otherwise designed to buckle or bend outwards when compressed . between the intermediate region 57 of the struts 54 and the distal end 36 of the sheath 32 , the guidewire 40 includes a locking member 80 , preferably an annular - shaped ring made of stainless steel , fixedly attached thereon . inside the lumen 33 near the distal end 36 , the sheath 32 has a recessed area 82 adapted to receive the locking member 80 . the guidewire 40 and filter assembly 50 are included in a sheath 32 as previously described , which is introduced into a blood vessel 70 , as shown in fig4 a , downstream of the stenosed region ( not shown ). with the sheath 32 substantially held in position , the guidewire 40 is pulled proximally . this causes the struts 54 to buckle and fold outward at the intermediate region 57 , opening the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 as shown in fig4 b . as the guidewire 40 is pulled , the locking member 80 enters the lumen 33 , moving proximally until it engages the recessed area 82 , locking the expansion frame in its enlarged condition , as shown in fig4 c . with the expansion frame 52 in its enlarged condition , the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 substantially engages the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . after the stent is delivered ( not shown ), the expansion frame 52 is closed by pushing the guidewire 40 distally . this pulls the struts 54 back in towards the guidewire 40 , closing the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 and holding any loose embolic material within the filter assembly 50 . as a further modification of this embodiment , the entire sheath 32 and filter assembly 50 may be provided within an outer sheath or catheter ( not shown ) to protect the filter assembly 50 during introduction into the vessel . once the device is in the desired location , the sheath 32 is held in place and the outer sheath is withdrawn proximally , exposing the filter assembly 50 within the blood vessel 70 . after the filter assembly 50 is used and closed , the sheath 32 is pulled proximally until the filter assembly 50 completely enters the outer sheath , which may then be removed . turning to fig5 a , 5 b and 5 c , another embodiment of the filter assembly 50 is shown . the proximal ends 56 of the plurality of struts 54 are substantially fixed to the distal end 36 of the sheath 32 . the distal ends 58 may terminate at the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 , although preferably , the struts 54 extend distally through the filter mesh 60 to the closed end region 62 , where they are attached to the distal end 42 of the guidewire 40 . referring to fig5 a , the filter assembly 50 is shown in its contracted condition . the guidewire 40 has been rotated torsionally , causing the struts 54 to helically twist along the longitudinal axis of the guidewire 40 and close the filter mesh 60 . the filter assembly 50 is introduced into a blood vessel 70 as already described , either exposed on the end of the sheath 32 or , preferably , within an outer sheath ( not shown ) as described above . once in position , the sheath 32 is fixed , and the guidewire 40 is rotated torsionally in relation to the sheath 32 . as shown in fig5 b , the struts 54 , which are biased to move radially towards the wall 72 of the vessel 70 , unwind as the guidewire 40 is rotated , opening the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 . once the struts 54 are untwisted , the expansion frame in its enlarged condition causes the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 to substantially engage the walls 72 of the vessel 70 , as shown in fig5 c . after the stent is delivered ( not shown ), the guidewire 40 is again rotated , twisting the struts 54 back down until the expansion frame 52 again attains the contracted condition of fig5 a . the sheath 32 and filter assembly 50 are then removed from the blood vessel 70 . another embodiment of the filter assembly 50 is shown in fig6 a and 6b . the struts 54 at their proximal ends 56 are mounted on or in contact with guidewire 40 , and their distal ends 58 are connected to form the expansion frame 52 , and are biased to expand radially at an intermediate region 57 . the proximal ends 56 are attached to the distal end 42 of the guidewire 40 with the distal ends 58 being extended distally from sheath 32 . filter mesh 60 is attached to the struts 54 at the intermediate region 57 . if the filter assembly 50 is introduced in an antegrade orientation as previously described , the filter mesh 60 is typically attached from the intermediate region 57 to the distal ends 58 of the struts 54 , as indicated in fig6 a . alternatively , if introduced in a retrograde orientation , it is preferable to attach the filter mesh 60 between the intermediate region 57 to the proximal ends 56 of the struts 54 , as shown in fig6 b , thus directing the interior of the filter mesh upstream to capture any embolic material therein . the filter assembly 50 is provided with the struts 54 compressed radially in a contracted condition in the lumen 33 of the sheath 32 ( not shown ). the filter assembly 50 is introduced into the blood vessel 70 by directing the guidewire distally . as the expansion frame 52 enters the blood vessel , the struts 54 automatically expand radially into the enlarged condition shown in fig6 a and 6b , thereby substantially engaging the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 with the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . to withdraw the filter assembly 50 from the vessel 70 , the guidewire 40 is simply pulled proximally . the struts 54 contact the distal end 36 of the sheath 32 as they enter the lumen 33 , compressing the expansion frame 52 back into the contracted condition . fig8 a presents another embodiment of the filter assembly 50 similar to that just described . the expansion frame 52 comprises a plurality of struts 54 having a filter mesh 60 attached thereon . rather than substantially straight struts bent at an intermediate region , however , the struts 54 are shown having a radiused shape biased to expand radially when the filter assembly 50 is first introduced into the blood vessel 70 . the filter mesh 60 has a substantially hemispherical shape , in lieu of the conical shape previously shown . optionally , as shown in fig8 b , the filter mesh 60 may include gripping hairs 90 , preferably made from nylon , polyethylene , or polyester , attached around the outside of the open end 64 to substantially minimize undesired movement of the filter mesh 60 . such gripping hairs 90 may be included in any embodiment presented if additional engagement between the filter mesh 60 and the walls 72 of the vessel 70 is desired . fig7 shows an alternative embodiment of the filter assembly 50 , in which the expansion frame 52 comprises a strut 54 attached to the filter mesh 60 . the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 is biased to open fully , thereby substantially engaging the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . the mesh material itself may provide sufficient bias , or a wire frame ( not shown ) around the open end 64 may be used to provide the bias to open the filter mesh 60 . the filter mesh 60 is compressed prior to introduction into the sheath 32 . to release the filter assembly 50 into the blood vessel 70 , the guidewire 40 is moved distally . as the filter assembly 50 leaves the lumen 33 of the sheath 32 , the filter mesh 60 opens until the open end 64 substantially engages the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . the strut 54 attached to the filter mesh 60 retains the filter mesh 60 and eases withdrawal back into the sheath 32 . for removal , the guidewire 40 is directed proximally . the strut 54 is drawn into the lumen 33 , pulling the filter mesh 60 in after it . in a further alternative embodiment , fig9 shows a filter assembly 50 comprising a plurality of substantially cylindrical , expandable sponge - like devices 92 , having peripheral surfaces 94 which substantially engage the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . the devices 92 are fixed to the guidewire 40 which extends centrally through them as shown . the sponge - like devices have sufficient porosity to allow blood to pass freely through them and yet to entrap undesirable substantially larger particles , such as loose embolic material . exemplary materials appropriate for this purpose include urethane , silicone , cellulose , or polyethylene , with urethane and polyethylene being preferred . in addition , the devices 92 may have varying porosity , decreasing along the longitudinal axis of the guidewire . the upstream region 96 may allow larger particles , such as embolic material , to enter therein , while the downstream region 98 has sufficient density to capture and contain such material . this substantially decreases the likelihood that material will be caught only on the outer surface of the devices , and possibly come loose when the devices is drawn back into the sheath . the devices 92 are compressed into the lumen 33 of the sheath 32 ( not shown ), defining the contracted condition . they are introduced into the blood vessel 70 by pushing the guidewire 40 distally . the devices 92 enter the vessel 70 and expand substantially into their uncompressed size , engaging the walls 72 of the vessel 70 . after use , the guidewire 40 is pulled proximally , compressing the devices 92 against the distal end 36 of the sheath 32 and directing them back into the lumen 33 . turning to fig1 , another embodiment of the present invention is shown , that is , a stent catheter 10 having a filter assembly 50 provided directly on its outer surface 13 . the stent catheter 10 includes similar elements and materials to those already described , namely a catheter 12 , an inflatable balloon 16 near the distal end 14 of the catheter 12 , and a stent 20 compressed over the balloon 16 . instead of providing a filter assembly 50 on a guidewire , however , the filter assembly 50 typically comprises an expansion frame 52 and filter mesh 60 attached directly to the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 . preferably , the expansion frame 52 is attached to the catheter 12 in a location proximal of the stent 20 for use in retrograde orientations , although optionally , the expansion frame 52 may be attached distal of the stent 20 and used for antegrade applications . the filter assembly 50 may take many forms similar to those previously described for attachment to a guidewire . in fig1 , the expansion frame 52 includes a plurality of radially biased struts 54 , having proximal ends 56 and distal ends 58 . the proximal ends 56 of the struts 54 are attached to the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 proximal of the stent 20 , while the distal ends 58 are loose . filter mesh 60 , similar to that already described , is attached to the struts 54 between the proximal ends 56 and the distal ends 58 , and optionally to the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 where the proximal ends 56 of the struts 52 are attached . prior to use , a sheath 132 is generally directed over the catheter 12 . when the sheath engages the struts 54 , it compresses them against the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 . the catheter 12 and the sheath 132 are then introduced into the patient , and directed to the desired location . once the stent 20 is in position , the catheter 12 is fixed and the sheath 132 is drawn proximally . as the struts 58 enter the blood vessel 70 , the distal ends 58 move radially , opening the filter mesh 60 . once the filter assembly 50 is fully exposed within the blood vessel 70 , the distal ends 58 of the struts 54 , and consequently the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 , substantially engage the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . after the stent is deployed , the sheath 132 is pushed distally . as the struts 54 enter the lumen 133 of the sheath 132 , they are compressed back against the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 , thereby containing any captured material in the filter mesh 60 . the catheter 12 and sheath 132 are then withdrawn from the vessel 70 . turning to fig1 a and 11b , an alternative embodiment of the expansion frame 50 is shown . the proximal ends 56 of the struts 54 are attached or in contact with the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 . the struts 54 have a contoured radius biased to direct an intermediate region 57 radially . filter mesh 60 is attached between the intermediate region 57 and the proximal ends 56 , or between the intermediate region and the distal end ( not shown ). fig1 a shows the filter assembly 50 in its contracted condition , with a sheath 132 covering it . the sheath 132 compresses the struts 54 against the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 , allowing the device to be safely introduced into the patient . once in position , the sheath 132 is pulled proximally as shown in fig1 b . as the distal end 136 of the sheath 132 passes proximal of the filter assembly 50 , the struts 54 move radially , causing the intermediate region 57 of the struts 54 and the open end of the filter mesh 60 to substantially engage the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . after use , the sheath 132 is directed distally , forcing the struts 54 back against the catheter 12 and containing any material captured within the filter mesh 60 . in another embodiment of the present invention , shown in fig1 a and 12b , a stent catheter 10 , similar to those previously described , is provided with a fluid operated filter assembly 50 attached on or near the distal end 14 of the catheter 12 . the catheter 12 includes a first inflation lumen 18 for the stent balloon 16 , and a second inflation lumen 19 for inflating an expansion frame 52 for the filter assembly 50 . the expansion frame 52 generally comprises an inflatable balloon 102 , preferably having a substantially annular shape . the balloon 102 generally comprises a flexible , substantially resilient material , such as silicone , latex , or urethane , but with urethane being preferred . the second inflation lumen 19 extends to a region at or near to the distal end 14 of the catheter 12 , and then communicates with the outer surface 13 , or extends completely to the distal end 14 . a conduit 104 extends between the balloon 102 and the inflation lumen 19 . the conduit 104 may comprise a substantially flexible tube of material similar to the balloon 102 , or alternatively it may be a substantially rigid tube of materials such as polyethylene . optionally , struts or wires 106 are attached between the balloon 102 and the catheter 12 to retain the balloon 12 in a desired orientation . filter mesh 60 , similar to that previously described , is attached to the balloon 102 . turning more particularly to fig1 a , the filter assembly 50 is shown in its contracted condition . the balloon 102 is adapted such that in its deflated condition it substantially engages the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 . this retains the filter mesh 60 against the catheter 12 , allowing the catheter 12 to be introduced to the desired location within the patient &# 39 ; s blood vessel 70 . the catheter 12 is percutaneously introduced into the patient and the stent 20 is positioned within the occluded region 74 . fluid , such as saline solution , is introduced into the lumen 19 , inflating the balloon 102 . as it inflates , the balloon 102 expands radially and moves away from the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 . as shown in fig1 b , once the balloon 102 is fully inflated to its enlarged condition , it substantially engages the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 and opens the filter mesh 60 . once the stent 20 is delivered and the stent balloon 16 is deflated , fluid is drawn back out through the inflation lumen 19 , deflating the balloon 102 . once deflated , the balloon 102 once again engages the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 , closing the filter mesh 60 and containing any embolic material captured therein . the catheter 12 is then withdrawn from the patient . alternatively , the filter assembly 50 just described may be mounted in a location proximal to the stent 20 as shown in fig1 a and 13b . the open end 64 of the filter mesh 60 is attached to the balloon 102 , while the closed end 62 is attached to the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 , thereby defining a space for capturing embolic material . in the contracted condition shown in fig1 a , the balloon 102 substantially engages the outer surface 13 of the catheter 12 , thereby allowing the catheter 10 to be introduced or withdrawn from a blood vessel 70 . once the stent 20 is in position across a stenosed region 74 , the balloon 102 is inflated , moving it away from the catheter 12 , until it achieves its enlarged condition , shown in fig1 b , whereupon it substantially engages the walls 72 of the blood vessel 70 . a detailed longitudinal view of a filter guidewire is shown in fig1 . guidewire 40 comprises inner elongate member 207 surrounded by a second elongate member 201 , about which is wrapped wire 211 in a helical arrangement . guidewire 40 includes enlarged segment 202 , 208 which houses a series of radially biased struts 203 . helical wires 211 separate at cross - section 205 to expose the eggbeater filter contained within segment 202 . guidewire 40 includes a floppy atraumatic tip 204 which is designed to navigate through narrow , restricted vessel lesions . the eggbeater filter is deployed by advancing distally elongate member 201 so that wire housing 211 separates at position 205 as depicted in fig1 a . elongate member 207 may be formed from a longitudinally stretchable material which compresses as the struts 203 expand radially . alternatively , elongate member 207 may be slideably received within sheath 201 to allow radial expansion of struts 203 upon deployment . the filter guidewire may optionally include a coil spring 206 disposed helically about elongate member 207 in order to cause radial expansion of struts 203 upon deployment . a typical filter guidewire will be constructed so that the guidewire is about 5f throughout segment 208 , 4f throughout segment 209 , and 3f throughout segment 210 . the typical outer diameter in a proximal region will be 0 . 012 - 0 . 035 inches , more preferably 0 . 016 - 0 . 022 inches , more preferably 0 . 018 inches . in the distal region , a typical outer diameter is 0 . 020 - 0 . 066 inches , more preferably 0 . 028 - 0 . 036 inches , more preferably 0 . 035 inches . guidewire length will typically be 230 - 290 cm , more preferably 260 cm for deployment of a balloon catheter . it should be understood that reducing the dimensions of a percutaneous medical instrument to the dimensions of a guidewire as described above is a significant technical hurdle , especially when the guidewire includes a functioning instrument such as an expansible filter as disclosed herein . it should also be understood that the above parameters are set forth only to illustrate typical device dimensions , and should not be considered limiting on the subject matter disclosed herein . in use , a filter guidewire is positioned in a vessel at a region of interest . the filter is deployed to an expanded state , and a medical instrument such as a catheter is advanced over the guidewire to the region of interest . angioplasty , stent deployment , rotoblader , atherectomy , or imaging by ultrasound or doppler is then performed at the region of interest . the medical / interventional instrument is then removed from the patient . finally , the filter is compressed and the guidewire removed from the vessel . a detailed depiction of an eggbeater filter is shown in fig1 , 16 a , 16 b , and 16 c . with reference to fig1 , the eggbeater filter includes pressure wires 212 , primary wire cage 213 , mesh 52 , and optionally a foam seal 214 which facilitates substantial engagement of the interior lumen of a vessel wall and conforms to topographic irregularities therein . the eggbeater filter is housed within catheter sheath 32 and is deployed when the filter is advanced distally beyond the tip of sheath 32 . this design will accommodate a catheter of size 8f ( 0 . 062 inches , 2 . 7 mm ), and for such design , the primary wire cage 213 would be 0 . 010 inches and pressure wires 212 would be 0 . 008 inches . these parameters can be varied as known in the art , and therefore should not be viewed as limiting . fig1 a and 16b depict the initial closing sequence at a cross - section through foam seal 214 . fig1 c depicts the final closing sequence . fig1 and 17a depict an alternative filter guidewire which makes use of a filter scroll 215 disposed at the distal end of guidewire 40 . guidewire 40 is torsionally operated as depicted at 216 in order to close the filter , while reverse operation ( 217 ) opens the filter . the filter scroll may be biased to automatically spring open through action of a helical or other spring , or heat setting . alternatively , manual , torsional operation opens the filter scroll . in this design , guidewire 40 acts as a mandrel to operate the scroll 215 . an alternative embodiment of a stent deployment blood filtration device is depicted in fig1 , 18 a , and 18 b . with reference to fig1 , catheter 225 includes housing 220 at its proximal end 221 , and at its distal end catheter 225 carries stent 223 and expandable filter 224 . in one embodiment , expandable filter 224 is a self - expanding filter device optionally disposed about an expansion frame . in another embodiment , filter 224 is manually operable by controls at proximal region 221 for deployment . similarly , stent 223 can be either a self - expanding stent as discussed above , or a stent which is deployed using a balloon or other radially expanding member . restraining sheath 222 encloses one or both of filter 224 and stent 223 . in use , distal region 226 of catheter 225 is disposed within a region of interest , and sheath 222 is drawn proximally to first exposed filter 224 and then exposed stent 223 . as such , filter 224 deploys before stent 223 is radially expanded , and therefore filter 224 is operably in place to capture any debris dislodged during stent deployment as depicted in fig1 a . fig1 b shows an alternative embodiment which employs eggbeater filter 224 in the distal region . an alternative design for the construction of an eggbeater filter is shown in fig1 . this device includes inner sheath 231 , outer sheath 230 , and a plurality of struts 232 which are connected to outer sheath 230 at a proximal end of each strut , and to inner sheath 231 at a distal end of each strut . filter expansion is accomplished by moving inner sheath 231 proximal relative to outer sheath 230 , which action causes each strut to buckle outwardly . it will be understood that the struts in an eggbeater filter may be packed densely to accomplish blood filtration without a mesh , or may include a mesh draped over a proximal portion 233 or a distal portion 234 , or both . in another embodiment , a filter guidewire is equipped with a distal imaging device as shown in fig2 . guidewire 40 includes eggbeater filter 224 and restraining sheath 222 for deployment of filter 224 . the distal end of guidewire 40 is equipped with imaging device 235 which can be any of an ultrasound transducer or a doppler flow velocity meter , both capable of measuring blood velocity at or near the end of the guidewire . such a device provides valuable information for assessment of relative blood flow before and after stent deployment . thus , this device will permit the physician to determine whether the stent has accomplished its purpose or been adequately expanded by measuring and comparing blood flow before and after stent deployment . in use , the distal end of the guidewire is introduced into the patient &# 39 ; s vessel with the sheath covering the expandable filter . the distal end of the guidewire is positioned so that the filter is downstream of a region of interest and the sheath and guidewire cross the region of interest . the sheath is slid toward the proximal end of the guidewire and removed from the vessel . the expandable filter is uncovered and deployed within the vessel downstream of the region of interest . a percutaneous medical instrument is advanced over the guidewire to the region of interest and a procedure is performed on a lesion in the region of interest . the percutaneous medical instrument can be any surgical tool such as devices for stent delivery , balloon angioplasty catheters , atherectomy catheters , a rotoblader , an ultrasound imaging catheter , a rapid exchange catheter , an over - the - wire catheter , a laser ablation catheter , an ultrasound ablation catheter , and the like . embolic material generated during use of any of these devices on the lesion is captured before the expandable filter is removed from the patient &# 39 ; s vessel . the percutaneous instrument is then withdrawn from the vessel over the guidewire . a sheath is introduced into the vessel over the guidewire and advanced until the sheath covers the expandable filter . the guidewire and sheath are then removed from the vessel . human aortic anatomy is depicted in fig2 . during cardiac surgery , bypass cannula 243 is inserted in the ascending aorta and either balloon occlusion or an aortic cross - clamp is installed upstream of the entry point for cannula 243 . the steps in a cardiac procedure are described in barbut et al ., u . s . application ser . no . 08 / 842 , 727 , filed apr . 16 , 1997 , and the level of debris dislodgment is described in barbut et al ., “ cerebral emboli detected during bypass surgery are associated with clamp removal ,” stroke , 25 ( 12 ): 2398 - 2402 ( 1994 ), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . fig2 demonstrates that the decoupling of the filter from the bypass cannula presents several avenues for filter deployment . as discussed in maahs , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 846 , 260 , incorporated herein by reference , a modular filter may be deployed through cannula 243 either upstream 244 or downstream 245 . in accordance with the present disclosure , a filter may be deployed upstream of the innominate artery within the aorta by using a filter guidewire which is inserted at 240 through a femoral artery approach . alternatively , filter guidewire may be inserted through route 241 by entry into the left subclavian artery or by route 242 by entry through the right subclavian artery , both of which are accessible through the arms . the filter guidewire disclosed herein permits these and any other routes for accessing the ascending aorta and aortic arch for blood filtration . in another embodiment , a generalized filter guidewire is depicted in fig2 . fig2 shows guidewire 40 having sleeve 250 disposed thereabout . sleeve 250 includes longitudinally slitted region 251 which is designed to radially expand when compressed longitudinally . thus , when the distal end of sleeve 250 is pulled proximally , the slitted region 251 buckles radially outwardly as shown in fig2 a to provide a form of eggbeater filter . the expanded cage thus formed may optionally include mesh 52 draped over a distal portion , a proximal portion , or both . in use , a stent catheter , such as those previously described , is used in a retrograde application , preferably to prevent the detachment of mobile aortic plaque deposits within the ascending aorta , the aortic arch , or the descending aorta . preferably , the stent catheter is provided with a filter assembly , such as that just described , attached to the catheter proximal of the stent . alternatively , a stent catheter without any filter device , may also be used . the stent catheter is percutaneously introduced into the patient and directed to the desired region . preferably , the catheter is inserted into a femoral artery and directed into the aorta , or is introduced into a carotid artery and directed down into the aorta . the stent is centered across the region which includes one or more mobile aortic deposits . if a filter assembly is provided on the catheter , it is expanded to its enlarged condition before the stent is deployed in order to ensure that any material inadvertently dislodged is captured by the filter . alternatively , a sheath having a guidewire and filter assembly similar to those previously described may be separately percutaneously introduced downstream of the region being treated , and opened to its enlarged condition . the stent balloon is inflated , expanding the stent to engage the deposits . the stent forces the deposits against the wall of the aorta , trapping them . when the balloon is deflated , the stent substantially maintains its inflated cross - section , substantially permanently containing the deposits and forming a portion of the lumen of the vessel . alternatively , a self - expanding stent may be delivered , using a sheath over the stent catheter as previously described . once the stent has been deployed , the filter assembly is closed , and the stent catheter is withdrawn using conventional methods . unlike the earlier embodiments described , this method of entrapping aortic plaque is for a purpose other than to increase luminal diameter . that is , mobile aortic deposits are being substantially permanently contained beneath the stent to protect a patient from the risk of embolization caused by later detachment of plaque . of particular concern are the ascending aorta and the aortic arch . loose embolic material in these vessels presents a serious risk of entering the carotid arteries and traveling to the brain , causing serious health problems or possibly even death . permanently deploying a stent into such regions substantially reduces the likelihood of embolic material subsequently coming loose within a patient , and allows treatment without expensive intrusive surgery to remove the plaque . while the invention is susceptible to various modifications , and alternative forms , specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail . it should be understood , however , that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed , but to the contrary , the invention is to cover all modifications , equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims . | 0 |
the method of a shared - variable - based ( svb ) synchronization approach ( hereinafter called svb synchronization approach ) for multi - core systems is described below . the svb synchronization approach of the present invention is very efficient for cache coherence simulation in multi - core systems . in the following description , more detail descriptions are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention and the scope of the present invention is expressly not limited expect as specified in the accompanying claims . to effectively reducing synchronization overhead in multi - core simulation , it resides in the fact that only shared variables in local caches can affect the consistency of cache contents . therefore , timing synchronizations are needed only at shared variable access points in order to achieve accurate simulation results . as shown in fig3 , a two - core system 300 includes two processor cores ( core_ 1 310 and core_ 2 320 ) and an external memory 330 . the core_ 1 310 and the core_ 2 320 have their individual local caches , local cache_ 1 311 and local cache_ 2 321 , respectively . in cache coherence simulation , it is crucial to know the correct execution order of data access and coherence actions in each cache . a parallel program will use shared data to interact with each other , and these shared data may have multiple copies in different local caches on a multi - core system . the correct simulation procedure of cache update coherence actions is essential to maintaining correct cache contents and states of caches without simulation corruption . in one embodiment , as shown in fig4 , the importance of correct simulation order of data access and coherence actions is illustrated . core_ 1 410 and core_ 2 420 have their individual local cache , and a shared data stored in the two caches has to keep consistency . fig4 ( a ) is a correct simulation of shared data accesses in a cache coherence system . core_ 1 410 executes the write operation 401 between the first read operation ( read 1 ) 402 and the second read operation ( read 2 ) 404 of core_ 2 420 . the write operation 401 of core_ 1 changes the value of the shared variable 440 in core_ 1 &# 39 ; s local cache from d 0 to d 1 . however , the value of the shared variable 440 in core_ 2 &# 39 ; s local cache remains d 0 instead of d 1 . therefore , the time to execute the invalidation caused by the write operation of core_ 1 410 is important because it forces the second read operation 404 of core_ 2 to re - read data from memory instead of cache so as to keep the consistency between two local caches . as shown in fig4 ( b ), owing to the invalidation operation 470 not being captured between the firs read operation 402 and the second read operation 404 , the second read operation 404 reads the wrong value ( d 0 ) and changes the behavior of core_ 2 . clearly , improper execution orders can generate inaccurate simulation results . theoretically , for minimum synchronization overhead , the execution order of the coherence actions and data accesses in cache locations that point to the same shared variable address need to be maintained properly . however , due to the large memory space required for recording the necessary information , it is infeasible to trace addresses of all coherence actions and data accesses . in one embodiment , a proper method is to synchronize at every shared variable access point . coherence actions are used to mark cache status and ensure the consistency of shared data in local caches . since only shared variables may reside on multiple caches and local variables can only be on one local cache , memory accesses of local variables cause no consistency issues . hence , the corresponding coherence actions can be safely ignored in simulation . therefore , in one embodiment , synchronization is only executed at shared variable access points to achieve accurate simulation results with high simulation performance . in one embodiment , the multi - core simulation is used to elaborate svb synchronization approach of the present invention . in a multi - core platform , each core is simulated by a single target - core simulator and coherence actions are passed between simulators . depending on programming language semantics or multi - core architectures , there are different ways for indentifying shared variables . because the shared variables used in parallel programs normally are created by a specific function ( i . e ., shared - variable - allocation function ), the name of shared - variable - allocation function may be used as one possible way to identify the address of shared variables used in parallel programs . the returned value of this specific function is the address of shared variables . after compilation , the calling address of the allocation function according to the function name can be obtained . as shown in fig5 , the function address ( 083ac ) 502 of the shared - variable - allocation function ( i . e ., g_malloc ) 501 , can be obtained after compilation . then , during simulation , if the target address of a function jump instruction is exactly that of g_malloc 501 , then the returned value of the function is identified as a shared variable address . in one embodiment , a proposed simulation flow is described in detail based on the simulation framework shown in fig6 . as discussed before , for achieving accurate simulation results , it needs to make sure that all unprocessed coherence actions have occurred before any shared variable memory access instruction are processed prior to executing the memory access . one intuitive approach for ensuring the temporal execution order of both coherence actions and shared variable memory access instructions is to perform timing synchronization on all coherence action and shared memory access points . in one embodiment , the idea is implemented using the platform shown in fig6 ( a ), each single - core simulator 601 602 603 submits its broadcasted / received coherence actions and shared memory access events to systemc kernel 610 and lets the kernel &# 39 ; s internal scheduling mechanism perform timing synchronization . in systemc , timing synchronization is achieved by calling the wait ( ) function . when executing wait ( ), the systemc kernel 610 will switch out the calling simulator and calculate the invocation time according to the wait time parameter of the wait ( ) function . then , the systemc kernel 610 selects the queued simulator 601 602 603 with the earliest simulated time to continue simulation . in one embodiment , as shown in fig6 ( a ), to improve simulation efficiency , the handling of coherence actions 620 on each single - core simulator can be deferred until encountering a shared memory access point . for accuracy , all coherence actions occurred prior to a shared memory access must be processed before the memory access point . there are two important considerations associated with this requirement . first , these coherence actions 620 only have to be executed before the memory access point , but not necessary at the action occurring time . therefore , it just needs to queue up the coherence actions and process them when a shared memory access point is reached . by doing so , the overhead is greatly reduced . then , it needs to ensure that all coherence actions occurring before a shared memory access point are captured in the queue for processing . the above - mentioned requirement is in fact guaranteed by applying the centralized systemc kernel scheduler . note that after timing synchronization , the simulator with the earliest simulated time is selected to continue execution . in this way , the coherence actions broadcasted from other simulated cores must have occurred before the current time point and all related coherence actions should have been captured . in one embodiment , given that the communication delay for passing coherence actions is fixed , then the queued coherence actions should be naturally in temporal order since the simulators are invoked following the temporal order of shared memory access points through the centralized systemc kernel scheduler , as discussed before . in one embodiment , in cases where the communication delay to different cores is uncertain , the received coherence actions may not be in the proper temporal order . therefore , the coherence actions queue will be put into temporal order before processing them . with synchronizations only at shared memory access points and all required coherence actions ready in queues , the simulation approach not only performs much more efficiently than the prior art but also guarantees functional and timing accuracy . in one embodiment , as shown in fig6 ( b ), when a parallel program is being simulated in the platform shown in fig6 ( a ), once a memory access instruction is executed , the svb synchronization approach of the present invention will first judge whether the accessing data is a shared variable . given that the answer is “ no ” 631 , the parallel will resume the simulation . on the contrary , if the answer is “ yes ” 632 , the svb synchronization approach will do timing synchronization and coherence action handling in order and then resume the simulation . in one embodiment , with synchronizations only at shared memory access points and all required coherence actions ready in queues , the simulation approach not only performs much more efficiently than prior arts but also guarantees functional and timing accuracy . as shown in fig7 ( a ) the timing synchronization event 706 is inserted before every shared variable memory access point , i . e ., r 1 701 and r 2 702 . the simulator process of core_ 1 721 , core_ 2 722 , and core_ 3 723 is going to reach the shared memory access points 703 704 705 , respectively . assume that the simulator core_ 0 720 is processing synchronization at shared memory access point r 2 702 . since the targets ( core_ 0 &# 39 ; s cache ) of r 1 701 and r 2 702 are the same , the data is in the cache of core_ 0 720 already . then , core_ 0 720 is invoked from synchronization ; its time will be the earliest as shown in fig7 ( b ). the queued coherence actions 707 between the time of r 1 701 and r 2 702 are processed first before execution of shared memory read r 2 702 . those coherence actions will update the state or the data of the local cache . following this proper processing sequence , we are guaranteed to have accurate simulation results are guaranteed . although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention should not be limited to the described preferred embodiments . rather , various changes and modifications can be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention , as defined by the following claims . | 6 |
as shown in fig1 - 6 , a preferred embodiment of the splasy - water removing apparatus for vehicle wheels of the present invention comprises : a plurality of water removing units 100 respectively disposed around a pair of front wheels w and a pair of rear wheels wi ; and a water discharge system 200 fluidically communicated with the water removing units 100 . each water removing unit 100 includes : a casing 1 having a longitudinal section of arcuate shape to dispose around a wheel w or w1 of a vehicle and having a cross section of general u shape having a width generally equal to a width of the wheel w , w1 ; and at least an energy - eliminating means 2 , 2a , 3 arcuately secured in the casing 1 to circumferentially surround a tire of the wheel w , w1 for dampening rain - water droplets thrusted into the casing 1 for eliminating the dynamic energy stored in the rain - water droplets for collecting the rainwater in the casing 1 for a rearward discharge of the rainwater . the water removing unit 100 includes : a rear section 1a , a middle section 1b and a front section 1c respectively corresponding to a rear wheel portion , a middle wheel portion and a front wheel portion of a wheel . although the drawing figures show the uses of this invention on a car , the present invention may also be used on motorcycles or other kinds of vehicle , not limited . the shapes , number , materials and detailed structures of the energy - eliminating means 2 , 2a , 3 are also not limited in the present invention . the rear section 1a of the water removing unit 100 includes : a casing 1 having an opening 11 formed in a first portion of the casing adjacent to the wheel w , w1 and operatively closed by a door 12 , a first dampening chamber 13 formed in the casing 1 contiguous to the opening 11 , a second dampening chamber 14 contiguous to the first dampening chamber 13 and formed in the casing 1 , a bottom 15 formed on a bottom portion of the casing 1 , and a back channel 16 arcuately formed in a second portion of the casing 1 opposite to the opening 11 ; a plurality of ( or two ) primary energy - eliminating means 2 concentrically arcuately formed in the first dampening chamber 13 within the casing 1 about a wheel center ( not shown ) of the wheel , each primary energy - eliminating means 2 having a plurality of blades 21 juxtapositionally arcuately secured in the first dampening chamber 13 for eliminating the energy of water droplets such as eliminated by friction loss on the blades , with at least a connecting bar 22 transversely connecting the blades 21 for stably fixing the blades 21 in the casing 1 ; and a secondary energy - eliminating means 3 concentrically arcuately formed in the second dampening chamber 14 in the casing 1 about the wheel center , having at least a base plate 31 arcuately formed in the casing 1 between the second dampening chamber 14 and the back channel 16 , a plurality of water collectors 32 juxtapositionally secured on the base plate 31 to face the opening 11 for catching and collecting rainwater droplets entering the casing through the primary energy - eliminating means 2 when thrusted by the wheel on a rainy road , and a plurality of drainage plates 33 each drainage plate 33 inclinedly formed on the base plate 31 for gravitationally guiding the rainwater from the collector 32 through each drain opening 311 formed in the base plate 31 into the back channel 16 to be discharged from a drain outlet 161 formed in a bottom portion of the back channel 16 . each blade 21 may have a cross section of arrow - head or ratchet - tooth shape tapered towards the opening 11 for easily directing the rainwater into the casing , but to minimize the reversible streamflow of rainwater and sludge laden thereon to be backwardly returned to the wheel tire . the bottom 15 is formed with two bottom drain holes 131 , 141 in the first and second dampening chambers 13 , 14 for draining sludge or dirts as settled in the dampening chambers 13 , 14 when opening a sliding valve 151 slidably mounted on the bottom 15 of the casing 1 . the lowest drain opening 311a formed in the lowest portion of the base plate 31 is fixed with a filter or net to prevent the entrance of sludge or dirts into the back channel 16 to prevent discharge of the sludge or dirts to the road to prevent pollution . each water collector 32 includes a plurality of bristles inclinedly secured to the base plate 31 and protruding towards the opening 11 for catching the rainwater droplets r thrusted into the casing 1 to be drained into back channel 16 through the drainage plates 33 each formed below each collector 32 . the uppermost drainage plate 33a is provided to receive the rain water as drained from the middle section 1b of the water removing unit 100 . the front section 1c is opposite to and separated from the rear section 1a by the middle section 1b of the water removing unit 100 . the front section 1c has a structure similar to that of the rear section 1a , but shorter than the rear section 1a . each section 1a , 1b , 1c has an opening 11 formed in the casing for providing a door 12 for closing the opening 11 . the door 12 may be a flexible sliding door slidably engageable with a groove 121 disposed about the opening 11 having a reel 120 which may rewind the flexible sliding door into the reel 120 by a driving motor when opening the door 12 in a rainy day . the reel 120 may be provided with cleaner for cleaning the flexible door as wound or unwound in the reel . the door 12 may also be substituted with louvers ( not shown ) which may be manually or electrically opened or closed . the door 12 may be normally closed is a fine day to preclude the entrance of dusts or dirts into the casing as thrusted by the rotating wheels ; and opened in rainy day especially when the car is running at high speed . the middle section 1b of the water removing unit 100 as shown in fig5 includes : a casing 1 having an opening 11 formed in a lower edge portion of the casing 1 adjacent to the wheel w , w1 , a dampening chamber 13 contiguous to the opening 11 for encasing a top energy - eliminating means 2a in the dampening chamber 13 ; and the top energy - eliminating means 2a arcuately positioned above the wheel w , w1 and including : a plurality of blades 21 integrally and juxtapositionally formed on a holding base 23 fixed in a back portion of the casing 1 with each blade 21 tapered downwardly from the holding base 23 to define a trapping groove 24 recessed in the holding base 23 between every two neighboring blades 21 , with the trapping groove 24 arcuately formed in the base 23 for trapping the rainwater in the grooves 24 to be gravitationally drained through the drainage plate 33a , connectable with the trapping grooves 24 , into the back channel 16 of the front section 1c and rear section 1a of the water removing unit 100 for discharging the rainwater outwardly . naturally , at least one primary energy - eliminating means 2 as provided in the rear section 1a may also be provided in the dampening chamber in the middle section 1b just adjacent to the opening 11 . between every two blades 21 of the top energy - eliminating means 2a , there may be two or plural trapping grooves 24 , 25 as shown in fig7 to efficiently trap and collect , the rainwater when upwardly thrusted by the rotating wheels w , w1 . as shown in fig8 the rear section 1a of each water removing unit 100 includes an upper portion 1u and a lower portion 1d telescopically or hingedly connected to the upper portion 1u , with the lower portion 1d normally retracted in the vehicle bottom to prevent damage when impacted by external stones or articles on a corrugated road and operatively lowered ( such as by a driving motor m ) when actuating the wind - shield wiper in a rainy day and when the car speed is so high as exceeding a predetermined value by an electrical circuit , a control system or a manual operation . upon actuation of the wind - shield wiper in a rainy day and upon sensing of a higher speed , the door 12 may be automatically operated to disclose the opening 11 for receiving rainwater into the casing 1 and the lower portion 1d of each rear section 1a is simultaneously lowered for receiving the rainwater as centrifugally thrusted by the car wheels w , w1 rotating at a high speed . the water discharge system 200 of the present invention as shown in fig2 includes : at least a front - wheel discharge pipe 203 connected to a first and a second connecting pipe 201 , 202 respectively communicated with a front section 1c and a rear section 1a of each water removing unit 100 disposed around each front wheel w ; an accumulating tank 204 secured in a rear portion of the vehicle ( such as in a trunk ) connected with the front - wheel discharge pipe 203 and connected through a drain pipe 204a with each rear section 1a of the water removing unit 100 disposed about each rear wheel w1 for draining rainwater onto the road after the rear wheels w1 through a drain hose 207 connected with the drain outlet 161 formed in a bottom portion of the back channel 16 ; and at least a rear - wheel discharge pipe 206 communicated between a front section 1c and a rear section 1a of each water removing unit 100 disposed about each rear wheel w1 for directing the rainwater in the front section 1c towards the rear section 1a for discharging the rainwater from the rear section 1a . an air drafting pipe 205 connected to the front - wheel discharge pipe 203 and the rear - wheel discharge pipe 206 may be provided for sucking air a inwardly to draft the rainwater in the water removing units 100 by bernoulli principle . naturally , a pump may also be provided to pump the rainwater to be collected in the tank 204 . the present invention may eliminate or differentiate the dynamic energy existing in the rainwater droplets as centrifugally thrusted into the casing 1 by the energy - eliminating eliminating means 2 , 2a , 3 to easily catch and collect the rainwater for a final discharge after the rear wheel w1 to minimize the rainwater reflected downwardly towards the wheels or the road surface to reduce the water resistance of a car for a smooth , safe driving in a rainy day , and also to prevent the formation of water fog since the droplets are caught , integrated and accumulated in the water tank for a gravitational drainage without causing spillage , thereby creating a clear vision for the rear car driver for enhancing traffic safety . also , any road water for causing buoyancy of the car may be minimized by the present invention to prevent floating of car on the water to thereby shorten the braking distance when driving in a rainy day . the present invention may be modified without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention . the energy - eliminating means 2 , 2a , 3 may also be modified to be an arcuate strip , a bar , a rod , an elongated net or sponge - like member ; not limited in the present invention . | 1 |
the inventors have made studies with respect to the agitating gas used in the steel - making process and found that the durability of gas inlet ports such as tuyere , porous plug and the like can be considerably enhanced without causing problems affecting the quality of molten steel by using cheap carbon monoxide gas as the agitating gas . in this connection , the invention will be described in detail with reference to the following experiment . at first , a tuyere made of a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 3 mm and having a structure capable of blowing an inert gas such as co gas or others was arranged in a bottom of a converter of 5 t capacity made from magnesia carbon bricks , and about 5 tons of hot metal ( e . g . c = 4 . 2 %, si = 0 . 28 %, mn = 0 . 36 %) of 1 , 200 °- 1 , 240 ° c . was charged into the converter . then , o 2 gas was supplied at a rate of 15 nm 3 / min from a top - blowing lance , while an agitating gas was supplied from the bottom through the tuyere . after the blowing was repeated until molten steel was decarburized to c = 0 . 03 - 0 . 07 %, the wearing loss rate of the tuyere accompanied with the blowing was measured for examining the worn state of the tuyere and the bottom bricks surrounding it . in this case , the temperature of molten steel was set to 1 , 630 °- 1 , 670 ° c . at the blowing end . as the agitating gas , each of ar gas , n 2 gas , co 2 gas and co gas was used at a rate of 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 nm 3 / min per ton of hot metal . the experiment using each agitating gas was carried out at 10 charges , and thereafter the average wearing loss rate was measured . as a result , the wearing loss rate was 1 . 1 - 2 . 5 mm / charge in case of using ar gas and n 2 gas , 1 . 9 - 3 . 8 mm / charge in case of using co 2 gas , and 0 . 4 - 1 . 6 mm / charge in case of using co gas , respectively , from which it is obvious that the use of co gas is effective for preventing the wearing loss of the tuyere . moreover , high - purity co gas is usually produced by thermal decomposition of formic acid , while low - purity co gas is produced by partial oxidation of asphalt or pitch , or the like . however , the former is undesirably expensive , while the latter has a close relation between the purity and the cost . now , the inventors have made studies with respect to the acceptable limit on concentrations of h 2 gas , co 2 gas and n 2 gas contained as a main impurity in co gas . as a result of experiments using co gas with a purity of 90 - 100 % obtained by adding h 2 gas in an amount of up to 10 % to co gas , it is apparent that such an addition of h 2 gas hardly affects the service life of the tuyere . however , when the concentration of h 2 gas in co gas exceeds 10 %, the wearing loss rate of the tuyere increases and the increase of h concentration in molten steel is observed at the blowing end , so that the addition of more than 10 % of h 2 gas becomes disadvantageous to the quality of molten steel . as to the concentration of co 2 gas , the experiment was made in the same manner as described above using co gas with a purity of 70 - 100 % obtained by adding co 2 gas to co gas . when the concentration of co is not less than 80 %, as shown in the single figure , it is obvious that the wearing loss rate of the tuyere is less than a range of 0 . 9 - 2 . 4 mm / charge , which has an effect for the protection of tuyere equal to or larger than the case of using ar or n 2 gas ( wearing loss rate : 1 . 1 - 2 . 5 mm / charge ), and particularly the effect is more improved at the co concentration of not less than 90 %. further , the influence of n 2 concentration on the service life of the tuyere was examined in the same manner as previously mentioned using co gas with a purity of 50 - 100 % obtained by adding n 2 gas to co gas . as a result , there has been observed a tendency of increasing the wearing loss of the tuyere as the co concentration decreases , but the wearing loss was small as compared with the case of using 100 % n 2 gas . further , the increase of n concentration in molten steel was observed at the blowing end together with the increase of n 2 concentration in co gas , which causes a problem affecting the quality of steel products . in this connection , it has been confirmed that when the blowing amount of the agitating gas per ton of hot metal is within a range of 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 nm 3 / min , it is necessary to limit the n 2 concentration in co gas to not more than 15 % in order to restrict the n concentration in molten steel at the blowing end to not more than 20 ppm which causes no problem in the product quality . as described above , it is obvious that the gas consisting mainly of co is excellent in the effect of preventing the wearing loss of the tuyere as an agitating gas for a converter . this is considered to be due to the face that co gas acts to prevent the oxidation of bricks surrounding the tuyere by feo since co gas is not merely an inert gas but a reducing gas as is well - known . also , it is considered that a part of co gas blown dissolves into molten steel as c and o according to a reaction of co ( g )→ c + o produced in the vicinity of the tuyere , during which the tuyere is cooled by the above endothermic reaction . although the invention has been mainly explained with respect to the steel - making process in the converter , it is needless to say that when the invention is applied to various ladle - refining processes as a gas blown into molten steel for the acceleration of reaction , the damage of gas blowing tuyere or porous plug can effectively be avoided . according to the invention , the durability of gas blowing means can considerably be enhanced by agitating molten metal with co gas of a purity obtained relatively cheaply without adversely affecting the product quality . | 2 |
fig2 shows the elements of the packer assembly 10 in one embodiment . a mandrel 12 has a taper 14 that forms an undercut 15 on the outer surface of the mandrel 12 . the support ring 16 is an assembly that has an initially split ring 18 that allows the assembly 16 to be slipped over the mandrel 12 and positioned as shown whereupon the ring 18 can be welded back into a cohesive circular shape and secured to the mandrel 12 . alternatively , the support ring can be slipped over the mandrel and then mechanically deformed at the taper 14 so that the fingers are flush on the undercut 15 . the assembly 16 has alternating fingers 20 and 22 that are best seen in fig1 . fingers 22 have end components 24 that span over gaps 26 that have rounded lower ends 28 to dissipate stress that accumulates at the transition between the ring 18 and the fingers 20 and 22 . there is a tapered transition 28 between the ring 18 and the fingers 20 and 22 . the sealing element 30 in this embodiment overlays the fingers 20 and 22 at end 32 . location 34 represents the end of the bonding between the sealing element 30 and the mandrel 12 . a circumferential ring 36 extends from the outer surface 38 of the mandrel 12 and inside the undercut 15 . in the run in position the ring 36 is spaced from lower end 40 of the fingers 20 an 22 . radial expansion of the mandrel 12 will cause mandrel 12 to shrink longitudinally and bring the ring 36 under the ends 40 of fingers 20 and 22 . the fingers 22 at their respective ends 24 will initially be contacted by ring 36 as the mandrel 12 shrinks axially from radial expansion from within . another ring 42 extends from outer surface 38 in the undercut 15 and into the seal 30 . this ring 42 is more for fixation of the seal 30 in the set position with applied pressure differentials and also has some benefit in stopping fluid leak paths between the seal 30 and the outer surface 38 of the mandrel 12 . while a single illustrative ring 36 or 42 are illustrated additional rings or even other shapes or segmented rings can be used . the drift dimension of ring 18 is at least as large as the sealing element 30 for run in to provide protection to the sealing element 30 fig3 compared with fig2 illustrates what happens as the swage advances and the taper 14 that defines the undercut 15 is progressively removed . what happens is that the fingers 20 and 22 are plastically deformed at the transition 28 so that the cantilevered fingers 20 and 22 have their free ends 40 come away from the mandrel 12 to define a temporary gap 44 between the mandrel 12 and the ends 40 that has the effect of creating a hump in the sealing element 30 as the ends 40 that have been plastically deformed now push a hump 46 created in the sealing element 30 against the borehole wall 48 . some fingers 20 or 22 move further than others depending on the shape of the open hole where the packer assembly 10 is being expanded . it should also be noted in fig3 that the ring 36 has moved axially due to mandrel shrinkage from expansion so that it is now under the fingers 20 and 22 . location 34 illustrates where the bonding of the seal 30 to the mandrel 12 stops in a more dramatic form . it should be noted that when expanding the mandrel 12 that the ring 18 can either be expanded or not to get the effect described above . fig4 shows the expansion completed and no applied differential pressure . the undercut 15 is eliminated . the underside 50 of the ring 18 no longer has a taper as in the fig2 position . the mandrel 12 has shrunk placing ring 36 under the fingers 20 and 22 to the left of the ends 40 . ends 40 are cantilevered into the sealing element 30 pinching it against the open hole wellbore wall 48 . the gaps 26 between fingers 20 and 22 have enlarged due to the expansion as can be seen by comparing fig7 for the run in and fig1 for the expanded state . ring 42 is pushed further into the sealing element 30 to retain it against axial movement in response to applied differential pressure and also to enhance the ability to resist leak paths that can start between the sealing element 30 and the outer surface 38 of the mandrel 12 . by this time in the expansion the fingers 20 and 22 have been initially plastically deformed urging ends 40 against the seal element 30 until the seal element 30 is against the borehole wall , followed by the mandrel 12 then raising the ring 36 back into contact with the now plastically bent fingers 20 and 22 have bent about the axis at the taper 28 . the expansion has increased the diameter of the mandrel 12 and added to that increase is the height of the ring 36 and the thickness of the finger 20 or 22 all of which now support the sealing element 30 into the borehole wall 48 . as can be seen in fig5 arrows 52 pressure differential from above goes through the slots 26 that are seen in fig1 and goes all the way back to location 34 where the bonding to the mandrel 12 stops . in essence a long pocket 54 is formed at an end of the sealing element 30 so that in resisting pressure differential from uphole the end of the sealing element 30 takes on the characteristics of an upwardly facing packer cup against differential from uphole represented by arrow 52 . it should be noted that issues of damage on delivery that packer cups typically have are avoided because for the run in position of fig2 the sealing element 30 is retracted into the undercut 15 and further protected by ring 18 that sticks out radially at least as far as the sealing element 30 . ring 42 keeps the sealing element 30 from shifting under the load represented by arrow 52 . also shown in fig5 is an end 40 ′ portion of a finger such as 20 ′ or 22 ′ of a mirror image assembly 10 ′ that is best seen in fig6 . the support ring 18 can be initially split so that it can be fit over the mandrel 12 and axially fixated by having a groove 19 that fits over a key 21 . the location of the key and the groove can be reversed . when there is differential pressure as indicated by arrow 52 is will more likely communicate past ring 18 in any clearance gap after expansion around ring 18 and within tubular wall 48 . fig6 shows two assemblies 10 and 10 ′ in mirror image orientations . in this view they are shown in the run in position but in the set position with a differential in the direction of arrow 52 in fig5 or in the opposite direction to arrow 52 one of the illustrated ends exhibits the shape of the sealing element 30 that is shown in fig5 but the orientation is opposite hand depending on the direction of the pressure differential . in essence the behavior is akin to opposed packer cups with the upper one pointing uphole and the lower one pointing downhole . although the sealing element 30 is shown to be continuous over the fingers 20 and 22 and 20 ′ and 22 ′ of the opposed assemblies and any gaps in between , those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sealing element 30 can also be in segments and optionally the segments can extend to ends 40 or 40 ′ of the illustrated assemblies 10 or 10 ′, as more clearly illustrated in fig8 and 9 . fig8 is the run in position of assembly 10 ″ that has fingers 20 ″ and 22 ″ as described previously except that the sealing element 30 ″ stops near or at end 40 ″. in this version , the ring 18 ″ is covered by the sealing element 30 ″ and the ring 18 ″ is covered over with the sealing element 30 ″ such that the ring 18 ″ can function as a type of extrusion barrier or at minimum as a stabilizer ring to prevent axial shifting of the sealing element 30 ″. the response during expansion of the mandrel 12 ″ is as described before . the undercut 15 ″ is removed and the fingers 20 ″ and 22 ″ are plastically bent near transition 28 ″ so that the sealing element 30 ″ engages the borehole wall 48 ″. in the illustrated embodiment differential pressure loading in the direction of arrow 56 makes the assembly behave similarly to an extended packer cup . additional assemblies can be aligned in the same direction as backup or in mirror image orientation to be able to energize with differentials in opposed directions . those skilled in the art will also realize that in the fig6 embodiment can have a single assembly in a given orientation or multiples in the same orientation . what is shown is an assembly that has a low protected profile for run in due to the sealing element being retracted and in an undercut and protected by a ring structure with extending fingers that define gaps between them . the gaps are closed at the cantilevered ends as alternating fingers overlap ends of adjacent fingers . the tapered transition in the ring and finger structure makes the fingers turn out in plastic deformation against a surrounding sealing element to hold the sealing element out against the borehole wall . such support can be enhanced with a ring that positions itself under the fingers to hold their ends out against the sealing element . the seal enhancing assemblies when mounted on the ends of a sealing element also allow well fluids to reach the underside at the ends of the sealing element . in situations where such element is a swelling element , the end swelling is enhanced as the actuating fluid such as water or hydrocarbons fully surrounds the end of the sealing element for enhanced swelling and thus sealing . the gaps between the fingers that enlarge during expansion also promote such fluid exposure not only to enhance swelling but also to enhance the sealing force from pressure delivered between the mandrel and the sealing element to give the sealing element the operating characteristics of a packer cup without the downsides of such seals such as low pressure differential tolerance , damage on run in and swabbing the well on the way out . the illustrated designs allow for a seal to form rapidly without having to delay other procedures waiting for swelling only to make the seal as in previous designs . the boost sealing force occurs from under the sealing element as opposed to axially oriented spring systems as used in the past . the expansion process and configuration of the finger ring creates packer cup like behavior in an annularly shaped element . the use of an undercut allows the sealing element to be protected for run in by the ring of the finger ring assembly . the undercut dovetails with a taper on the transition between the ring and the fingers to create the pivoting plastic deformation of the fingers that presses out the sealing element . the plastic pivoting movement can be further bolstered by a support ring that moves into position due to axial shrinkage that results from expansion especially with the mandrel in compression . mirror image assemblies are contemplates as well as sealing elements that end at the end of the fingers that can have the support that moves into position due to axial shrinkage during expansion or that support can be optionally omitted . retention devices can also extend from the mandrel into the sealing element to assist in axial fixation and minimizing of leak paths between the sealing element and the mandrel . the sealing element ends that overlap the fingers are not bonded to the fingers or the mandrel so as to facilitate fluid entry under the sealing element for a boost force . the sealing element can optionally swell to enhance the seal . multiple assemblies in the same orientation are also envisioned for backup purposes . the entire string that delivers the mandrel does not need to be expanded but rather just the mandrel itself is sufficient for expansion to get the desired sealing benefit of the present invention . alternatively portions of the delivering string or the entire string can be expanded into the borehole wall with the expandable packer segments . any tubular joints that are under the sealing element need not still seal after the expansion as the sealing element against the borehole wall will cover such joints . the above description is illustrative of the preferred embodiment and many modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention whose scope is to be determined from the literal and equivalent scope of the claims below . | 4 |
fig1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a data acquisition and rescanning system 150 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 150 comprises a data acquisition device 100 , which comprises a data capture device 101 , a normalization processor 102 , and a communication device 103 . examples of data capture devices 101 include , but are not limited to scanners , cameras , video recorders , infrared cameras , acoustic cameras , digital cameras , facsimile machines , any devices capable of capturing an image , acoustic sensors , any devices having an acoustic sensor , and the like . data capture devices 101 can be non - real time devices , such as , for example , scanners , or data capture devices 101 can be real time devices , such as , for example , cameras and video recorders . the data acquisition and rescanning system 150 further comprises a user system 110 , which comprises a communication device 104 , which communicates with the communication device 103 , a random access data cache 105 , a data processor 106 , a user interface 107 , and a data display 108 . in an embodiment , the random access data cache stores the data in at least one subsection , zone , band , image strip , data strip , or the like , and in a manner that is randomly accessible . the data reacquisition and rescanning system 150 further comprises an application / storage device 109 . examples of the application / storage device 109 include , but are not limited to computer processors , program logic , controller circuitry , general purpose single - chip or multi - chip microprocessors , digital signal processors , embedded microprocessors , microcontrollers and the like . data storage examples can include volatile and non - volatile memory , hard drives , dvd storage , cd rom storage , optical and magneto - optical storage , removable or non - removable flash memory devices , or another memory device . analog data are presented to the acquisition device 100 . the analog capture device 101 measures the analog data . the normalization processor 102 transforms the measured data into normalized data . it calibrates and compensates for known errors and biases introduced by the sensors measuring the analog data to produce normalized data . the normalized raw data , referred to as raw data from here on , are transmitted via a fast connection using the communication devices 103 and 104 to the user system 110 and stored at the random access data cache 105 . the raw data are stored as bands , image strips , data strips , or the like in the random access cache 105 . in an embodiment , the random access data cache 105 is partitioned into 64 k byte bands . in addition to the raw data , data pertaining to the raw data , or metadata for each band , are also stored at the cache 105 . these metadata comprise , but are not limited to , a tag identifying the data and the location in the cache , a time and date stamp of the acquisition , the sequence number , the beginning of the data band , the end of the data band , height , width , a pointer to the next band , and the like . in some embodiments , tags identify subsections or zones of raw data . the data processor 106 processes the raw data using the default data processor settings . the order in which the raw data are processed by the data processor 106 is either determined automatically or interactively . in an automatic embodiment , the most current or more current raw data first stored at the cache 105 are processed . in an interactive embodiment , the user identifies specific raw data bands or subsections of these for processing utilizing the data tags or metadata . the bands are randomly accessible in the cache 105 . this allows non real - time virtual reacquisition . the processed data together with their metadata are displayed at the data display 108 . the default data processor settings are adjustable through the user interface 107 . changing the settings triggers the data processor 106 to reprocess the selected raw data stored in the random access data cache 105 with the changed settings and to display the reprocessed data at the data display 108 . by interactively readjusting the processor settings , the data are processed until they satisfy the user &# 39 ; s preferences . in addition to controlling the data processor 106 , the user interface 107 also controls the random access data cache 105 . the user , through the user interface 107 , can access subsections , zones , bands , image strips , or data strips of the raw data as well as selecting specific raw data for non - real time interactive processing . the user can transmit the processed data to the application / storage device 109 for further processing as well as storage . the data acquisition and rescanning system 150 depicted in fig1 supports multiple user usage . the data acquisition device 100 can be accessed by multiple users . in an embodiment , the user system 110 further comprises a computer ( not shown ). in an embodiment , the user system 110 is implemented , at least in part , as software on the computer . fig2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a remotely deployed data acquisition and rescanning system 250 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 250 comprises the data acquisition device 100 , a storage and processing system 212 , a user system 210 , and the acquisition / storage device 109 . the storage and processing system 212 comprises the communication device 103 , the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , and a communication device 203 . the user system 210 comprises a communication device 204 , the user interface 107 , and the data display 108 . the raw data from the acquisition device 100 are transmitted , via a fast connection using the communication devices 103 and 104 , to the storage and processing system 212 . the raw data and the metadata are stored at the random access data cache 105 . the data processor 106 processes the raw data using the default data processor settings . the user system 210 communicates with the storage and processing system 212 via a communication medium 216 using the communication devices 203 and 204 . focusing now on the communication medium 216 , as shown in fig2 , in one embodiment , the communications medium is internet , which is a global network of computers . in other embodiments , the communication medium 216 can be any communication system including by way of example , dedicated communication lines , telephone networks , wireless data transmission systems , infrared data transmission systems , two - way cable systems , customized computer networks , interactive kiosk networks , and the like . the processed data together with their metadata are displayed at the data display 108 . the default data processor settings are adjustable through the user interface 107 . changing the settings triggers the data processor 106 to reprocess the selected raw data stored in the random access data cache 105 with the changed settings and to display the reprocessed data at the data display 108 . by interactively readjusting the processor settings , the data are processed until they satisfy the user &# 39 ; s preferences . the user can transmit the processed data to the application / storage device 109 for further processing as well as storage . the data acquisition and rescanning system 250 is similar to the data acquisition and rescanning system 150 except the user system 210 is located remotely from the data acquisition device 100 and the storage and processing system 212 . in the remotely deployed system 250 , the data cache 105 is local to the data acquisition device 100 . the user system 210 does not have to be connected to the data acquisition device 100 with a fast connection in order to ensure an effective use of the embodiment . the data acquisition and rescanning system 250 is implemented , at least in part , as software , firmware , or any combination of software and firmware . fig3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a data acquisition and rescanning system 350 comprising an analytic engine . the data acquisition and rescanning system 350 comprises the data acquisition device 100 , a user system 310 , and the application / storage device 109 . the user system 310 comprises the communication device 104 , the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , the user interface 107 , the data display 108 , and an analytic engine 314 . analog data are presented to the acquisition device 100 . the analog capture device 101 measures the analog data . the normalization processor 102 transforms the measured data into normalized raw data . the raw data are transmitted via a fast connection using the communication devices 103 and 104 to the user system 310 . at the user system 310 , the raw data are stored at the random access data cache 105 . selected raw data are analyzed by the analytic engine 314 . in an embodiment , the analytic engine 314 is an acquisition controller 314 . the selection mechanism can be either automatic or interactive as described in the embodiments above . the analysis performed by the analytic engine 314 yields new data processor settings for the selected raw data . examples of analyses comprise , but are not limited to , page boundary detection , streak detection , page border detection , blank page detection , conversion from rgb color representation to a ycbcr color representation , hue measurement , saturation measurement , luminescence measurement , creating a grayscale intensity histogram , creating a color histogram , geometric analysis , color detection , gamma detection for brightness and color levels , textual orientation , and the like . the settings are transferred to the data processor 106 , and the raw data are processed with the new settings . the processed data are displayed at the data display 108 . the data processor settings can be adjusted interactively using the user interface 107 . in addition to determining the data processor settings , the analytic engine 314 also detects automatically raw data that will potentially result in poor quality processed data and alerts the user upon selection of these data through the user system 310 . the corresponding trapping conditions ( e . g ., user - defined parameters specifying quality thresholds such as brightness range , contrast range , missing corner , blank page , and the like ) are accessible to the user through the user interface 107 . the user through the user system 310 is able to control the quality of the acquired data . the user system 310 can transmit the processed data to the application / storage device 109 for further processing as well as storage . additionally the user can , via the user interface 107 , access subsections , or zones of the raw data stored at the random access data cache 105 to be processed at the data processor 106 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 350 allows the non real time interactive processing of specific raw data . the data acquisition and rescanning system 350 also supports multiple user usage . the data acquisition device 100 can be accessed by multiple user systems 310 with each data processor 106 having unique processor settings . in an embodiment , the data acquisition and rescanning system 350 further comprises a computer ( not shown ). in an embodiment , the data acquisition and rescanning system 350 is implemented , at least in part , as software on the computer . fig4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a data acquisition and rescanning system 450 comprising the data acquisition device 100 , a user system 410 , and the analytic engine 314 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 450 implements the data acquisition and rescanning system 350 shown in fig3 as hardware . the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , and the analytic engine 314 are implemented at the data acquisition device 100 . the data acquisition device 100 further comprises the data capture device 101 , the normalization processor 102 , and the communication device 103 . the user system 410 comprises the communication device 104 , the user interface 107 , and the data display 108 . fig5 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a remotely deployed data acquisition and rescanning system 550 comprising the analytic engine 314 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 550 comprises the data acquisition device 100 , a storage and processing system 512 , a user system 510 , and the acquisition / storage device 109 . the storage and processing system 512 comprises the communication device 104 , the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , the analytic engine 314 , and a communication device 503 . the user system 510 comprises a communication device 504 , the user interface 107 , and the data display 108 . the raw data from the acquisition device 100 are transmitted , via a fast connection using the communication devices 103 and 104 , to the storage and processing system 512 . the raw data and the metadata are stored at the cache 105 . the data processor 106 processes the raw data using the default data processor settings . selected raw data are analyzed by the analytic engine 314 . the analysis performed by the analytic engine 314 yields new data processor settings for the selected raw data . the settings are transferred to the data processor 106 , and the raw data are processed with the new settings . the user system 510 communicates with the storage and processing system 512 via the communication medium 216 using the communication devices 503 and 504 . the processed data are displayed at the data display 108 . the data processor settings can be adjusted interactively using the user interface 107 . the user , through the user system 510 , can transmit the processed data to the application / storage device 109 for further processing as well as storage . additionally the user can , via the user interface 107 , access subsections , or zones of the raw data stored at the random access data cache 105 to be processed at the data processor 106 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 550 allows the non real time , interactive processing of specific raw data . the data acquisition and rescanning system 550 is similar to the data acquisition and rescanning system 350 except the user system 510 is located remotely from the data acquisition device 100 and the storage and processing system 512 . in the remotely deployed system 550 , the data cache 105 and the analytic engine 314 are local to the data acquisition device 100 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 550 also supports multiple user usage . the data acquisition device 100 can be accessed by multiple user systems 510 with each data processor 106 having unique processor ‘ settings . the data acquisition and rescanning system 550 is implemented , at least in part , as software , firmware , or a combination of software and firmware . fig6 is a block diagram of a hardware implemented embodiment of a remotely deployed data acquisition and rescanning system 650 comprising the analytic engine 314 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 650 implements the data acquisition and rescanning system 450 shown in fig4 in a remote deployment . the data acquisition and rescanning system 650 comprises the data acquisition device 100 , a user system 610 , and the application / storage device 109 . the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , and the ’ analytic engine 314 are implemented as hardware on the data acquisition device 100 directly . the data acquisition device • 100 further comprises the data capture device 101 , the normalization processor , and the communication device 103 . the user system 610 comprises the user interface 107 , the data display 108 , and a communication device 604 . the user system 610 communicates with the data acquisition device 100 via the communication medium 216 using the communication devices 103 and 604 . fig7 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a data acquisition and rescanning system 750 having a first analytic engine 714 and a second analytic engine 718 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 750 comprises the data acquisition device 100 and a user system 710 . the data acquisition device 100 comprises the data capture device 101 , the normalization processor 102 , and the communication device 103 . the user system 710 comprises the communication device 104 , the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , the user interface 107 , and the data display 108 . the user system 710 further comprises the first analytic engine 714 and the second analytic engine 718 . in an embodiment , the first and second analytic engines 714 , 718 are first and second acquisition controllers 714 , 718 , respectively . analog data are presented to the acquisition device 100 . the data capture device 101 measures the analog data . the normalization processor 102 transforms the measured data into normalized raw data . the raw data are transmitted via a fast connection using the communication devices 103 and 104 to the user system 710 . at the user system 710 , the raw data are stored at the data cache 105 . the raw data are stored as bands , image strips , data strips , or the like in the random access data cache 105 . in an embodiment , the random access data cache is partitioned in to 64 k byte bands . in addition to the raw data , data pertaining to the raw data , or metadata for each band , are also stored at the cache 105 . these metadata comprise , but are not limited to , a tag identifying the data and the location in the cache , a time and date stamp of the acquisition , the sequence number , the beginning of the data band , the end of the data band , height , width , a pointer to the next band , and the like . in some embodiments , tags identify subsections or zones of raw data . selected raw data are analyzed by the first analytic engine 714 . the selection mechanism can be either automatic or interactive as described in the embodiments above . the analysis performed by the first analytic engine 714 yields an improved or close to optimal data processor settings for the selected raw data . in an embodiment , the first analytic engine 714 performs geometric processing , such as for example , document orientation , background compensation , color compensation , text extraction , text / background separation , page boundary detection , streak detection , page border detection , blank page detection , conversion from rgb color representation to a ycbcr color representation , hue measurement , saturation measurement , luminescence measurement , creating a grayscale intensity histogram , creating a color histogram , color detection , gamma detection for brightness and color levels , and the like . the settings are transferred to the data processor 106 , and the raw data are processed given with the settings . the processed data are transferred to the second analytic engine 718 . in an embodiment , the processor 106 sends the processed data to the second analytic engine 718 for analysis . in another embodiment , the processor 106 sends the processed data to the first analytic engine 714 and the first analytic engine 714 sends the processed data to the second analytic engine 718 for analysis . at the second analytic engine 718 the processed data are analyzed and improved data processor settings are determined . the second analytic engine 718 compares the quality of the processed data to a predetermined metric . the second analytic engine 718 selects new processor settings based on the quality of the processed data as determined by the metric . in an embodiment , the second analytic engine performs feature or quality processing , such as , for example , recognizing an area of poor optical character recognition , non - linear gamma , high background noise , character color distortion , and the like . in an embodiment , the second analytic engine replaces , at least in part , the user &# 39 ; s data review at the data display 108 and the user &# 39 ; s revised processor settings input from the user interface 107 . the new settings are transmitted to the data processor 106 and the raw data are reprocessed using the new settings . in an : embodiment , the second analytic engine 718 sends the metadata containing the location of the raw data in the random access cache 105 and the new processor settings to the processor 106 . the processor 106 processes the data with the new processor settings . in another embodiment , the second analytic engine 718 sends the metadata associated with the data and the new processor settings to the first analytic engine 714 . the first analytic engine 714 receives the metadata containing the location of the raw data in the random access cache 105 and the new processor settings and sends the metadata containing the location of the raw data in the random access cache 105 and the new processor settings to the processor 106 . the processor processes the raw data with the new processor settings . in yet another embodiment , the second analytic engine 718 sends the metadata associated with the data to the first analytic engine 714 . the first analytic engine 714 receives the metadata containing the location of the raw data in the random access cache 105 and the new processor settings and processes the band of raw data with the new processor settings . the processed data are transferred to the second analytic engine 718 for analysis . in an embodiment , the processor 106 sends the processed data to the second analytic engine 718 for analysis . in another embodiment , the first analytic engine 714 sends the processed data to the second analytic engine 718 for analysis . in another embodiment , the processor 106 sends the processed data to the first analytic engine 714 and the first analytic engine 714 sends the processed data to the second analytic engine 718 for analysis . the step of reprocessing the raw data with the revised data processor settings and the step of analyzing the processed data and determining revised data processor settings are repeated until convergence , i . e . until the metric does not detect any improvements in the quality of the processed data . this yields improved or optimal processor settings . for example , a scanner scans a document at a resolution of 600 dots per inch ( dpi ). the document includes text of various font sizes . the raw data are stored in the random access cache 105 in bands , along with the metadata associated with each band of raw data . to save processing time and user storage space , the first analytic engine 714 sends the processor 106 settings to process the data at a resolution of 200 dpi , for example , along with other possible geometric processing settings , as described above . the processor 106 processes the raw data using the settings from the first analytic engine 714 . the processed data and the associated metadata are transferred to the second analytic engine 718 . the second analytic engine 718 analyzes the processed data using a predefined metric . for example , the second analytic engine 718 determines that a band of the processed data is not recognizable , perhaps because the text size is too small to be recognizable at a resolution of 200 dpi . the second analytic engine 718 sends the metadata associated with the band of unrecognizable data along with new processor setting to process the data at a resolution of 400 dpi to the processor 106 . the processor 106 receives the metadata containing the location of the raw data in the random access cache 105 and the new processor settings and processes the band of raw data at 400 dpi . the processor 106 sends the processed band of data and its associated metadata to the second analytic engine 718 for analysis . the second analytic engine 718 determines if the processed band of data meets the predetermined metric . if not , the second analytic engine 718 sends the metadata associated with the band along with new processor settings to process the band of raw data to the processor 106 . for example , the second analytic engine 718 determines that the text in the band is unrecognizable even at a resolution of 400 dpi and sends the metadata associated with the band along with new processor settings to process the band of raw data at a resolution of 600 dpi to the processor 106 . the process of analyzing the data and reprocessing the raw data with new processor setting occurs until the second analytic engine 718 determines that the processed data meet the predefined metric . processing parameters can be changed on portions or bands of the raw data without reprocessing all of the raw data . in an embodiment , reprocessing portions of the captured data saves processing time and data storage space . the processed data obtained by these steps are displayed at the data display 108 . the data processor settings can be adjusted interactively using the user interface 107 . in addition to determining the data processor settings , the first analytic engine 714 and the second analytic engine 718 automatically detect raw data that will potentially result in poor quality processed data . the corresponding trapping conditions , described above , are accessible to the user through the user interface 107 , enabling the user to efficiently control the quality of the acquired data . additionally the user can , via the user interface 107 , access subsections or zones of the raw data stored at the random access data cache 105 to be processed at the data processor 106 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 750 also allows the non real time interactive processing of specific raw data . the user can transmit the processed data to the application / storage device 109 for further processing as well as storage . the data acquisition and rescanning system 750 supports multiple user usage . the acquisition device 100 can be accessed by multiple user systems 710 with each data processor 106 having unique processor settings . in an embodiment , the data acquisition and rescanning system 750 further comprises a computer ( not shown ). in an embodiment , the data acquisition and rescanning system 750 is implemented , at least in part , as software on the computer . fig8 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a data acquisition and rescanning system 850 comprising the first analytic engine 714 and the second analytic engine 718 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 850 implements the data acquisition and rescanning system 750 shown in fig7 as hardware . the data acquisition and rescanning system 850 comprise the data acquisition device 100 , a user system 810 , and the application / storage device 109 . the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , the first analytic engine 714 , and the second analytic engine 718 are implemented at the data acquisition device 100 . the data acquisition device 100 further comprises the data capture device 101 , the normalization processor 102 , and the communication device 103 . the user system 810 comprises the communication device 104 , the user interface 107 , and the data display 108 . fig9 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a remotely deployed data acquisition and rescanning system 950 comprising the first analytic engine 714 and the second analytic engine 718 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 950 comprises the data acquisition device 100 , a storage and processing system 912 , a user system 910 , and the acquisition / storage device 109 . the data acquisition device comprises the data capture device 101 , the normalization processor , and the communication device 103 . the storage and processing system 912 comprises the communication device 104 , the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , the first analytic engine 714 , the second analytic engine 718 , and a communication device 903 . the user system 910 comprises a communication device 904 , the user interface 107 , and the data display 108 . the raw data from the acquisition device 100 are transmitted , via a fast connection using the communication devices 103 and 104 , to the storage and processing system 912 . the raw data and the metadata are stored at the cache 105 . the data processor 106 processes the raw data using the default data processor settings . at the data storage and processing system 912 , the raw data are stored at the data cache 105 . selected raw data are analyzed by the first analytic engine 714 . the selection mechanism can be either automatic or interactive as described in the embodiments above . the analysis performed by the first analytic engine 714 yields an improved or close to optimal data processor settings given the selected raw data . the settings are transferred to the data processor 106 , and the raw data are processed with the given settings . the processed data are transferred to the second analytic engine 718 . at the second analytic engine 718 the processed data are analyzed and improved data processor settings are determined . the second analytic engine 718 determines the quality of the processed data using a metric . the second analytic engine 718 selects new processor settings depending on the quality of the processed data as determined by the metric . the improved settings are transmitted to the data processor 106 and the raw data are reprocessed . the step reprocessing the processed data with the revised data processor settings and the step of analyzing the processed data and determining revised data processor settings are repeated until convergence , i . e . until the metric cannot detect any improvements in the quality of the processed data , as described above . this yields improved or optimal processor settings . the user system 910 communicates with the storage and processing system 912 via a communication medium 216 using the communication devices 903 and 904 . the processed data are displayed at the data display 108 . the data processor settings can be adjusted interactively using the user interface 107 . the user , through the user system 910 , can transmit the processed data to the application / storage 109 for further processing as well as storage . additionally the user can , via the user interface 107 , access subsections , or zones of the raw data stored at the random access data cache 105 to be processed at the data processor 106 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 950 allows the non real time interactive processing of specific raw data . the data acquisition and rescanning system 950 is similar to the data acquisition and rescanning system 750 with the user system 910 located remotely from the data acquisition device 100 and the storage and processing system 912 . in the remotely deployed system 950 , the data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , the first analytic engine 714 , and the second analytic engine 718 are local to the data acquisition device 100 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 950 also supports multiple user usage . the data acquisition device 100 can be accessed by multiple user systems 910 with each data processor 106 having unique processor settings . the data acquisition and rescanning system 950 is implemented , at least in part , as software , firmware , or a combination of software and firmware . fig1 is a block diagram of a hardware implemented embodiment of a remotely deployed data acquisition and rescanning system 1050 comprising the first analytic engine 714 and the second analytic engine 718 . the data acquisition and rescanning system 1050 implements the data acquisition and rescanning system 850 shown in fig8 in a remote deployment . the data acquisition and rescanning system 1050 comprises the data acquisition device 100 , a user system 1010 , and the application / storage device 109 . the random access data cache 105 , the data processor 106 , the first analytic engine 714 , and the second analytic engine 718 are implemented as hardware at the acquisition device 100 . the data acquisition device 100 further comprises the data capture device 101 , the normalization processor 102 , and the communication device 103 . the user system 1010 comprises the user interface 107 , the data display 108 , and a communication device 1004 . the user system 1010 communicates with the data acquisition device 100 via the communication medium 216 using the communication devices 103 and 1004 . fig1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a data acquisition and rescanning system 1150 comprising a plurality of data acquisition devices 100 and a plurality of user systems 1110 . the plurality of user systems 1110 are located remotely from the plurality of data acquisition devices 100 . the data acquisition device 100 comprises the data capture device 101 , the normalization processor 102 , the communication device 103 , the random access data cache 105 , and the data processor 106 . in an embodiment , the data processor 106 is a low processing capability engine . the user system 1110 comprises the user interface 107 , the data display 108 , a communication device 1104 , and an analytic engine 1114 . in an embodiment , the analytic engine 1114 is a high performance analytic processor . analog data are presented to the acquisition device 100 . the analog capture device 101 measures the analog data . the normalization processor 102 transforms the measured data into normalized raw data . the data processor 106 is used for transformations of the data . the transformed data are stored at the random access data cache 105 . examples of data processing include , but are not limited to : document orientation , background compensation , color compensation , text extraction , text background extraction , threshold correlation , despeckle , and the like . working in a real time broadcast push mode or upon request from at least one of the user systems 1110 , selected cached data are scaled and compressed by the data processor 106 . the communication device 105 sends the scaled and compressed data , and the associated tag or metadata to the user system 1110 via the communication medium 216 using the communication device 103 . in an embodiment , the tag data comprises the capture device address and the data location in the cache 105 . in an embodiment , the metadata comprise , but are not limited to , a tag identifying the data and the location in the cache , a time and date stamp of the acquisition . the sequence number , the beginning of the data band , the end of the data band , height , width , a pointer to the next band , and the like . the tag data is embedded in the communication network protocol of the communication medium 216 . the user system 1110 receives the data via the communication medium 216 and the communication device 1104 . the data is analyzed by the analytic engine 1114 . if the analysis detects some relevant data area ( s ) characterized by analysis results that are outside of a boundary determined by the user , the analytic engine 1114 activates the user interface 107 by sending the tag associated with the data and the location of the area ( s ) of interest within the data . the user interface 107 can be an automatic or a manual operation . the user interface 107 uses the tag content and the area location to request a new data set with new processing settings from the corresponding data capture device 100 . the data processor 106 reprocesses the selected data using the new settings and the data capture device 100 retransmits the reprocessed data to the user system 1110 . this virtual rescan operation is an interactive process , which can use different settings or windows . during the interactive process described above , the data continue to be transmitted in real time of the plurality of the capture devices 100 to the plurality of user systems 1110 . in an embodiment , the user , through the data display 108 , can visualize any of the incoming data . in an embodiment , any part of the receiving data can be stored by the application / storage device 109 . in an embodiment , the user . system 1110 can lock selected data in the data cache 105 of one or more data acquisition devices 100 associated with the selected data . when the user system 1110 receives the selected data at the desired resolution , the user system 1110 unlocks the data . in an embodiment , the user system 1110 has an authorization level in order to lock data . the non - locked data in the data cache 105 is overwritten in a first in first out model . this section includes exemplary embodiments of a virtual rescan workflow , a detection orientation method , a detect bleed - through method , a color detection method , a background smoothing method , and a detection of scanned page boundaries method . if , in an embodiment , the user chooses to scan images with vrs processing , the vrs processing initializes the scanner to acquire a raw ( unprocessed ) master image . the master image is in grayscale if the user chooses to scan in black and white , else the master image is in grayscale or color as the user specifies . vrs processing also initializes the scanner using predefined scanner specific settings . these settings help the vrs processing improve performance . for example , one of the settings is to perform overscanning ( i . e ., scan more than the size requested so vrs can perform a good deskew operation ). the scanner scans an image , per the specified settings , and the raw image is transmitted from the scanner to a vrs cache . the vrs software performs one or more image processing algorithms . in an embodiment , an analytic engine comprises the vrs . one algorithm determines the actual page boundaries within the scanned raw image . in an embodiment , the scanned image contains scanner - introduced background due to overscanning determining the page boundaries is done for a variety of backgrounds , such as black , white , grey , and the like . techniques , such as streak detection , are used , for example , for line streaks introduced by a dirty scanner camera / lamp , rollers , or the like . other techniques , such as page border shadow detection are used to determine a page boundary . another image processing algorithm determines if the scanned page is blank . a page may contain colors that bleed through from the other side of the page when scanning is done in duplex . if the algorithm determines that the page contains no content , the page can be deleted per the user setting . another image processing algorithm converts the page contents from an rgb color representation to a ycbcr ( luminance , hue , and saturation format ). this permits many color related operations on the hue and saturation aspects of the page , and hence , results in a speed improvement . if the scanner scans the image in black and white , this step is not performed . yet another image processing algorithm analyzes the image . possible analyses are performing luminance analysis and extracting the grayscale intensity information into a histogram , extracting color information into a color histogram , performing geometric analysis on the page , and the like . another image processing algorithm detects whether the document has color , based on previous analyses . if there is no color content , the algorithm sets the scanner settings to indicate that the document is a black and white document . if document has background color and that background color is the predominant color , the algorithm sets the scanner settings to indicate that the document is a color document . additionally , if the document contains color content , the user can adjust the scanner settings to reproduce the color or not to reproduce the color , based on a determination of whether the color content is related to specific document content , or is a predominate characteristic of the document , such as a document on yellow paper . another image processing algorithm performs gamma correction on the image to adjust the brightness and color levels . a further image processing algorithm performs deskew and cropping on the page image based on the previous analyses . yet another image processing algorithm detects textual orientation in the image and rotates the image orthogonally , if required . another image processing algorithm performs other operations , such as , for example , barcode detection , line filtering , despeckling , annotating with an endorsement string , or the like . a further image processing algorithm performs background smoothing by detecting the background colors and merging them together . if the image has problems that cannot be corrected automatically , the image processing software displays the processed image and the settings to the user . the user then determines the settings for the image . as the user changes the settings , the image processing software performs one or more of the image processing algorithms discussed above using the user specified settings and displays the processed image to user . when the user accepts the image , the image processing software re - processes the raw image using the final settings chosen by the user . in another embodiment , a second analytic engine performs additional analyses to determine if the processed image meets predetermined requirements . if the image does not meet the predetermined requirements , the second analytic engine determines new settings and reprocess the raw image using the new settings . this process repeats until the image meets the requirements . in an embodiment , the detect orientation algorithm automatically detects which way to orthogonally rotate a text page for viewing . the algorithm selects possible individual characters from connected components of black within the page . the algorithm then determines the orientations of the individual characters by employing a trained neural network . the algorithm uses the orientation results of the neural network to determine a better page orientation . the algorithm finds the connected components within the page image . since some of these components can contain graphic elements , the algorithm uses a number of constraints to filter out non - characters within the page image . examples of the constraints are the number of pixels exceeds a predetermined threshold ; both width and height are large enough ; the ratio of height to width does not exceed a predetermined threshold ; the ratio of the number of black pixels in the connected component to the area of its bounding box is not too large or too small ; the size of the component does not approach the size of the page ; and the number of transitions from white to black and back along a line crossing the character in either horizontal or vertical direction is not too large . some of the components passing this test may contain glued characters , pieces of broken characters , and the like . in an embodiment , assuming reasonable image quality , a statistically meaningful majority contains individual characters . the algorithm proportionally scales of each of the components to fit into a gray - scale square of 20 by 20 pixels . the algorithm then adds a 2 pixel white margin around the gray - scale square and sends the resulting 24 × 24 image to a trained feed - forward neural network for orientation detection . the neural network used in the algorithm , in an embodiment , has a preprocessing layer that converts the 576 inputs into 144 features . the features pass through two hidden layers of 180 and 80 nodes , respectively . the result of the neural network is four outputs indicating confidences in “ up ”, “ down ”, “ left ”, or “ right ” orientation . this neural network with its rather distinct preprocessing using gabor wavelets has been described in the papers , “ a subspace projection approach to feature extraction : the two - dimensional gabor transform for character recognition ”, neural networks , 7 ( 8 ), pp . 1295 - 1301 , 1994 , and “ neural network positioning and classification of handwritten characters ”, neural networks 9 ( 4 ), pp . 685 - 693 , 1996 . the training of the neural network is not a part of the run - time algorithm and is performed off - line using scaled characters from common business fonts , such as , for example , arial , times roman , courier , and the like . next , the algorithm decides whether to accept the orientation having the highest confidence level . the algorithm decides based on confidence ratios that exceed predetermined thresholds . for increased or maximum accuracy , in an embodiment , the analysis of the page utilizes the components found within it . typically , for most text pages a small percentage of the components is sufficient to make a confident decision . to achieve a reasonable tradeoff between accuracy and speed , the page is divided into several sets of stripes . the stripes in each set are distributed over the page to make the selection of components quasi - random . if , in an embodiment , the number of good connected components in the first set exceeds a predefined number and the votes confidently determine the winning orientation , the algorithm returns the result . otherwise , the next set of stripes is processed , then the next , etc ., until the end condition is met , or until all or a predetermined percentage of the components on the page have been examined . recognition of character shapes becomes more difficult as the font size and resolution become smaller . for the algorithm to perform well , in an embodiment , the height of binary characters exceeds 16 pixels . the algorithm can show graceful degradation for characters up to 8 pixels in height . the algorithm , in an embodiment , may assume that the majority of connected components on the page are individual characters . embodiments of the algorithm have been trained with the latin alphabet . since there are many common shapes between latin and cyrillic as well as between the latin and greek alphabets , the algorithm also performs well for cyrillic and latin . the algorithm can be trained specifically for different character sets . an embodiment of the detect bleed - through algorithm addresses automatically detecting bleed - through on sides of scanned documents in order to perform further image processing on these pages . in an embodiment , the algorithm uses page boundary detection within front and back scanned images to approximately match side coordinates . then , the algorithm uses existing color or gray content to fine - tune the mapping . this additional step can be used because of slightly different optics and skews of front and back cameras . if residual ( unexplained ) content fall below predetermined density criterion , the algorithm determines that the page is blank . in an embodiment , the algorithm detects each side of the page against the background of the scanner . next , the algorithm runs individual blank page detection on both sides of the page to determine if one or both sides of the page are blank regardless of possible bleed - through . if one or both sides are blank , the algorithm ends . if one or both sides are not blank , the algorithm determines the main background of the page on both sides . next , the algorithm chooses the side with greater volume of content as the front side . next , the algorithm maps the back side to the front side using corresponding rectangles of the page . dark pixels with color sufficiently different from the background are marked on both sides to form mask images . the algorithm analyzes the mask images locally block by block to determine the local shift relative to the rough mapping . next , the algorithm uses a least mean squares approximation to finalize the back - to - front mapping . the algorithm cancels content on the back side within a predefined distance of darker content on the front side , and then the algorithm sends the residual image to the blank page detection step . an embodiment of the color detection ‘ algorithm detects the color content in a scanned image and distinguishes between the foreground and background color . the algorithm eliminates the background color if it is the most predominant color in the document . the algorithm examines pixels in the scanned image and determines if the pixel is a color pixel and if the pixel is a background pixel . this determination uses the saturation and luminance levels of the pixel . in an embodiment , the algorithm converts the image from an rgb representation to a ycbcr ( luma and chrominance ) representation . the algorithm looks at the saturation component of the pixel to determine the saturation level . saturation provides a measure of the amount of color in a pixel . the higher the saturation , the more vivid the color . the lower the value , the less color the pixel contains . saturation is expressed as a number between 0 and 182 , which comes from the mathematical formulation used to calculate saturation . a user adjustable color threshold value , in an embodiment , is used to determine if a pixel is a color pixel . if the saturation value is greater than the threshold , the pixel is color , else it is not . the algorithm determines if the pixel is a background pixel . when scanner scans a document , the white or black background of the document and / or the scanner can appear as a low saturated light or dark color . for most images , the amount of background pixels is a large percentage of the total area . the color detection algorithm , in order to exclude the contributions of the white and / or black background portions of an image , uses a white background threshold , a black background threshold , and a background saturation threshold to determine background pixel membership . if , in an embodiment , the luminance of a pixel is higher than the white background threshold or lower than the black background threshold , and the saturation of the pixel is lower than the background saturation threshold , then the pixel is a classified as a background pixel . otherwise , the pixel is non - background pixel . the algorithm analyzes the non - background pixels to determine the various color contents by building a histogram of the pixels based on their saturation values . a scanner can introduce some color to the scanned image because of the lamp or the camera . a dirty camera can add color spots , for instance . if a color saturation value of a pixel is below a predetermined threshold , the algorithm determines that the pixel does not have color . otherwise , the pixel is considered a valid color . if the document contains any valid color , the document is considered a color document . an embodiment of the background smoothing algorithm reduces the number of colors within the backgrounds of an image to improve the appearance of the image as well as decreases the size of the image after compression . the algorithm clusters the colors found in the image and selects those that contain enough pixels to be considered backgrounds . the algorithm determines the co - occurrence of the background clusters to determine if two or more clusters actually represent a single background . these types of backgrounds are commonly generated by dithering or using microdots , which the eye perceives as the averaged color within the background . when the scanner scans the image at a high resolution , the individual colors are seen for each of the pixels . the algorithm merges the co - occurring clusters and calculates an average color for the cluster . then , the algorithm determines if backgrounds have neighboring clusters with colors that are slightly darker or slightly brighter . often , when scanning , for example , the paper going through the transport will buckle due to the rollers and forces acting on the paper , and can create shadows and highlights within the image . these shadows and highlights can be perceived as different clusters and they can be merged with the main background . the algorithm modifies the image pixel by pixel by searching the image and determining if the color of the pixel belongs to one of the background clusters . if the pixel belongs to a background cluster , the algorithm changes the pixel color to the averaged color of the cluster . the detection of scanned page boundaries algorithm automatically detects page boundaries within a scanned image . generally , page skew detection algorithms used in the industry work reliably only for black background scanning where the contrast between very dark background of the scanner and typically white page is difficult to miss . in an embodiment , this algorithm detects the page against any background , thus , performing page skew correction and cropping even for white background scanners . since there may be very small color or gray level differences between the background of the scanner and the background of the page , the differences alone cannot be relied upon to detect the page boundary paints . instead , the algorithm calculates and compares statistics collected in a small window centered on pixels of analysis . the algorithm compares these statistics to the range of the statistics collected in the corners of the scanned image , where the algorithm expects the background of the scanner . the algorithm calculates the statistics in the four corners of the scanned image . if some of the corners are not uniform , which can occur when the content of the page is close to the corner , the algorithm does not consider the non - uniform corners . if some of the corners are significantly different from the other corners , the algorithm chooses the majority of like corners . if the choice has to be made between equally plausible alternatives , the algorithm compares the corners to the background of the inside of the scanned image in order to disqualify the background of an over - cropped page . for qualifying corners , the algorithm aggregates the statistics of the scanner background for later use . the algorithm searches rows and columns of the scanned image looking for the first and last pixel with statistical properties significantly different from those of the scanner background . predetermined thresholds determine the significance of the deviations of the pixel - centered windows from the range of the scanner background . the detected first and last non - background pixels can be used to determine candidate edge points . several constraints are used to filter out outliers . for example , if searching for the left boundary of the page , the candidate edge point has immediate neighbors above and below such that the angles formed by connecting segments are within 45 degrees from the vertical and are close to each other . candidate edge points are analyzed with a variant of a least mean square approximation to find best straight lines representing the main rectangle of the page . the algorithm assigns a confidence measure to the found rectangle based on the ratio of edge points supporting the rectangle to the maximum possible number of edge points , which may depend on the size of the page , the resolution of the scan , and the like . after the algorithm determines the angle of skew , the algorithm , checks if individual edge points outside of the main rectangle of the page have enough support from their neighbors to indicate a tab or another existing deviation from the assumed rectangular shape of the page . edge points deemed meaningful are used to determine the crop lines . in case of dual scanning , the algorithm reconciles the skew angles between the front and back of the page image . if the angles of skew detected on the front side are different from that of the back side , it is likely that one of the two is wrong . in this case , the algorithm uses the angle associated with the higher confidence and recalculates crop lines for the other side . similarly , if the crop lines on the front and back significantly disagree , the algorithm reconciles the crop lines between the front and back of the page image . the algorithm considers the differences between the main rectangle of the page and its crop line to determine and remove extensions due to scanner artifacts . in an embodiment , the detection of page boundaries algorithm assumes that the background of the scanner is uniform , that variation in brightness between individual sensors over the width of the scan are not significant , and that there are very few non - functioning or badly calibrated sensors causing streaks . while certain embodiments of the inventions have been described , these embodiments have been presented by way of example only , and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions . indeed , the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms ; furthermore , various omissions , substitutions , and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions . the accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions . the following description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein . further , particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each of the various possible combinations and permutations . unless otherwise specifically defined herein , all terms are to be given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by those skilled in the art and / or as defined in dictionaries , treatises , etc . it must also be noted that , as used in the specification and the appended claims , the singular forms “ a ,” “ an ” and “ the ” include plural referents unless otherwise specified . the present application refers to image processing of images ( e . g . pictures , figures , graphical schematics , single frames of movies , videos , films , clips , etc .) captured by cameras , especially cameras of mobile devices . as understood herein , a mobile device is any device capable of receiving data without having power supplied via a physical connection ( e . g . wire , cord , cable , etc .) and capable of receiving data without a physical data connection ( e . g . wire , cord , cable , etc .). mobile devices within the scope of the present disclosures include exemplary devices such as a mobile telephone , smartphone , tablet , personal digital assistant , ipod ®, ipad ®, blackberry ® device , etc . however , as it will become apparent from the descriptions of various functionalities , the presently disclosed mobile image processing algorithms can be applied , sometimes with certain modifications , to images coming from scanners and multifunction peripherals ( mfps ). similarly , images processed using the presently disclosed processing algorithms may be further processed using conventional scanner processing algorithms , in some approaches . of course , the various embodiments set forth herein may be implemented utilizing hardware , software , or any desired combination thereof . for that matter , any type of logic may be utilized which is capable of implementing the various functionality set forth herein . as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art , aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system , method or computer program product . accordingly , aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment ( including firmware , resident software , micro - code , etc .) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as “ logic ,” “ circuit ,” “ module ” or “ system .” furthermore , aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium ( s ) having computer readable program code embodied thereon . any combination of one or more computer readable medium ( s ) may be utilized . the computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium . a computer readable storage medium may be , for example , but not limited to , an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system , apparatus , or device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . more specific examples ( a non - exhaustive list ) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following : a portable computer diskette , a hard disk , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), an erasable programmable read - only memory ( eprom or flash memory ), a portable compact disc read - only memory ( cd - rom ), an optical storage device , a magnetic storage device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . in the context of this document , a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , processor , or device . a computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein , for example , in baseband , as part of a carrier wave , an electrical connection having one or more wires , an optical fiber , etc . such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms , including , but not limited to , electro - magnetic , optical , or any suitable combination thereof . a computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate , propagate , or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium , including but not limited to wireless , wireline , optical fiber cable , rf , etc ., or any suitable combination of the foregoing . computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages , including an object oriented programming language such as java , smalltalk , c ++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages , such as the “ c ” programming language or similar programming languages . the program code may execute entirely on the user &# 39 ; s computer , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer , as a stand - alone software package , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server . in the latter scenario , the remote computer may be connected to the user &# 39 ; s computer through any type of network , including a local area network ( lan ) or a wide area network ( wan ), or the connection may be made to an external computer ( for example , through the internet using an internet service provider ). aspects of the present invention are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods , apparatus ( systems ) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention . it will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , can be implemented by computer program instructions . these computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer , special purpose computer , or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine , such that the instructions , which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus , create means for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . these computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to function in a particular manner , such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function / act specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer , other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture , functionality , and operation of possible implementations of systems , methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention . in this regard , each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module , segment , or portion of code , which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function ( s ). it should also be noted that , in some alternative implementations , the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures . for example , two blocks shown in succession may , in fact , be executed substantially concurrently , or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order , depending upon the functionality involved . it will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , can be implemented by special purpose hardware - based systems that perform the specified functions or acts , or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions . fig1 - 1 illustrates an architecture 12 - 100 , in accordance with one embodiment . as shown in fig1 - 1 , a plurality of remote networks 12 - 102 are provided including a first remote network 12 - 104 and a second remote network 12 - 106 . a gateway 12 - 101 may be coupled between the remote networks 12 - 102 and a proximate network 12 - 108 . in the context of the present architecture 12 - 100 , the networks 12 - 104 , 12 - 106 may each take any form including , but not limited to a lan , a wan such as the internet , public switched telephone network ( pstn ), internal telephone network , etc . in use , the gateway 12 - 101 serves as an entrance point from the remote networks 12 - 102 to the proximate network 12 - 108 . as such , the gateway 12 - 101 may function as a router , which is capable of directing a given packet of data that arrives at the gateway 12 - 101 , and a switch , which furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway 12 - 101 for a given packet . further included is at least one data server 12 - 114 coupled to the proximate network 12 - 108 , and which is accessible from the remote networks 12 - 102 via the gateway 12 - 101 . it should be noted that the data server ( s ) 12 - 114 may include any type of computing device / groupware . coupled to each data server 12 - 114 is a plurality of user devices 116 . such user devices 116 may include a desktop computer , lap - top computer , hand - held computer , printer or any other type of logic . it should be noted that a user device 111 may also be directly coupled to any of the networks , in one embodiment . a peripheral 12 - 120 or series of peripherals 12 - 120 , e . g ., facsimile machines , printers , networked and / or local storage units or systems , etc ., may be coupled to one or more of the networks 12 - 104 , 12 - 106 , 12 - 108 . it should be noted that databases and / or additional components may be utilized with , or integrated into , any type of network element coupled to the networks 12 - 104 , 12 - 106 , 12 - 108 . in the context of the present description , a network element may refer to any component of a network . according to some approaches , methods and systems described herein may be implemented with and / or on virtual systems and / or systems which emulate one or more other systems , such as a unix system which emulates an ibm z / os environment , a unix system which virtually hosts a microsoft windows environment , a microsoft windows system which emulates an ibm z / os environment , etc . this virtualization and / or emulation may be enhanced through the use of vmware software , in some embodiments . in more approaches , one or more networks 12 - 104 , 12 - 106 , 12 - 108 , may represent a cluster of systems commonly referred to as a “ cloud .” in cloud computing , shared resources , such as processing power , peripherals , software , data , servers , etc ., are provided to any system in the cloud in an on - demand relationship , thereby allowing access and distribution of services across many computing systems . cloud computing typically involves an internet connection between the systems operating in the cloud , but other techniques of connecting the systems may also be used . fig1 - 2 shows a representative hardware environment associated with a user device 116 and / or server 12 - 114 of fig1 - 1 , in accordance with one embodiment . such figure illustrates a typical hardware configuration of a workstation having a central processing unit 210 , such as a microprocessor , and a number of other units interconnected via a system bus 12 - 212 . the workstation shown in fig1 - 2 includes a random access memory ( ram ) 12 - 214 , read only memory ( rom ) 12 - 216 , an i / o adapter 12 - 218 for connecting peripheral devices such as disk storage units 12 - 220 to the bus 12 - 212 , a user interface adapter 12 - 222 for connecting a keyboard 12 - 224 , a mouse 12 - 226 , a speaker 12 - 228 , a microphone 12 - 232 , and / or other user interface devices such as a touch screen and a digital camera ( not shown ) to the bus 12 - 212 , communication adapter 12 - 234 for connecting the workstation to a communication network 12 - 235 ( e . g ., a data processing network ) and a display adapter 12 - 236 for connecting the bus 12 - 212 to a display device 12 - 238 . the workstation may have resident thereon an operating system such as the microsoft windows ® operating system ( os ), a mac os , a unix os , etc . it will be appreciated that a preferred embodiment may also be implemented on platforms and operating systems other than those mentioned . a preferred embodiment may be written using java , xml , c , and / or c ++ language , or other programming languages , along with an object oriented programming methodology . object oriented programming ( oop ), which has become increasingly used to develop complex applications , may be used . an application may be installed on the mobile device , e . g ., stored in a nonvolatile memory of the device . in one approach , the application includes instructions to perform processing of an image on the mobile device . in another approach , the application includes instructions to send the image to a remote server such as a network server . in yet another approach , the application may include instructions to decide whether to perform some or all processing on the mobile device and / or send the image to the remote site . in various embodiments , the presently disclosed methods , systems and / or computer program products may utilize and / or include any of the functionalities disclosed in related u . s . patents , patent publications , and / or patent applications incorporated herein by reference . for example , digital images suitable for processing according to the presently disclosed algorithms may be subjected to image processing operations , such as page detection , rectangularization , detection of uneven illumination , illumination normalization , resolution estimation , blur detection , classification , extraction , etc . in more approaches , the presently disclosed methods , systems , and / or computer program products may be utilized with , implemented in , and / or include one or more user interfaces configured to facilitate performing any functionality disclosed herein and / or in the aforementioned related patent applications , publications , and / or patents , such as an image processing mobile application , a case management application , and / or a classification application , in multiple embodiments . in still more approaches , the presently disclosed systems , methods and / or computer program products may be advantageously applied to one or more of the use methodologies and / or scenarios disclosed in the aforementioned related patent applications , publications , and / or patents , among others that would be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art upon reading these descriptions . it will further be appreciated that embodiments presented herein may be provided in the form of a service deployed on behalf of a customer to offer service on demand . in general , the presently disclosed inventive concepts encompass the notion of performing a recognition - guided thresholding and extraction process on individual regions of interest of a digital image to maximize the quality of the processed ( preferentially a binarized image , since a great number of ocr engines rely on binary images as input ) for subsequent extraction of information therefrom . the process is iterative in that individual regions of interest are identified , and subjected to a plurality of thresholding and extraction iterations , in an attempt to identify the best quality image for extraction . the process is intelligent in that a training phase is employed from which a priori expectations may be developed regarding the nature ( e . g . identity , location , size , shape , color , etc .) of information depicted in images of objects belonging to a common classification , e . g . driver &# 39 ; s licenses issued by a particular state . these a priori expectations may be leveraged in subsequent operations directed to extracting information from other objects belonging to the same classification , for example by matching an expected region of interest identity with an expected region of interest location , it is possible to acquire confidence in the extraction result . for instance , and as will be described in further detail below , by matching a region of interest location with an expected region of interest identity , the result of extraction from various image “ frames ” subjected to different threshold levels may be evaluated to determine whether the extraction at one particular threshold is “ correct .” in the training phase , image features ( such as the bounding box locations and ocr results from various regions of interest ) are determined for a plurality of images depicting representative exemplars of a class of object , such as a document or person . the features are determined using a learn - by - example classification technique . features are analyzed to determine characteristic features of the subject of the image . for example , characteristic features include any suitable feature upon which a person or item may be identified , such as the dynamic location range for the region ( i . e . a subset of pixels within the image in which a field or object is statistically likely to be located , which may preferably be determined based on observing location of many exemplars in the training phase ); median height , width , or other dimension ( s ) of each region ; appropriate character set for each region ; text or image formatting for each region ; text color for each region ; background color for each region ; text alignment for each region ; etc . as would be understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present descriptions . a set of characteristic features is preferably defined as corresponding to objects belonging to a particular class of object based on this training . in this manner , it is possible to subsequently facilitate identification of characteristic features based on object class , and vise - versa , in various embodiments . for example , an image may be labeled as depicting a particular class of object , and features of the individual object belonging to that particular class may be determined based in whole or in part on the class definition including the characteristic object features . conversely , an object may be determined to belong to the particular class based on determining an image of the object depicts some or all of the characteristic features defined in the class definition . a trained system , algorithm , technique , etc . as referenced above is provided a test or sample image , e . g . an image depicting a document belonging to a particular class of objects for which the system , algorithm , technique , etc . was trained . using the test image , the presently disclosed inventive concepts perform an initial classification and extraction operation such as described in u . s . patent publication no . 2014 / 0270439 ; and / or u . s . patent publication no . 2014 / 0270536 and attempt to extract as much information as possible from the image based on the object class and corresponding extraction model . however , for various reasons including background / foreground overlap , complex background , etc ., at least some of the information cannot be reliably extracted . for example , in one embodiment an image depicts a driver &# 39 ; s license wherein the name , date of birth , expiration date , etc . partially overlap with a state seal depicted in the background of the driver &# 39 ; s license and a hologram overlaying the text ( e . g . embedded in a laminate layer overlaying the foreground text and the background state seal ). worse still , the name , date of birth , expiration date , etc . is depicted in a font color substantially similar to the color of the state seal , but significantly contrasting with other portions of the driver &# 39 ; s license background . in preferred embodiments , training therefore may also encompass the initial attempt to extract information , such that particular elements within the image which are robustly difficult or impossible to accurately extract may be identified . this “ trouble region ” information may be included as part of the characteristic features of the object , such that computational cost of performing iterative , recognition - guided thresholding as described further below is minimized . as will be appreciated by skilled artisans , it is incredibly difficult if not impossible to define appropriate parameters for extracting underlying information such as text from an image that depicts text or other foreground regions having both substantial similarity and substantial contrast with the background region ( s ) they respectively overlay / overlap . this is in part because extracting underlying information relies in some form on reducing the color depth of the received image , e . g . from rgb to grayscale or bi - tonal , before performing recognition , e . g . ocr . as a result , where a region depicts both significantly similar and significantly contrasting foreground and background elements , it is not possible to define color suppression ( e . g . binarization ) parameters which generate a legible result for both the significantly similar foreground / background elements and the significantly contrasting foreground / background elements . instead , color suppression parameters may be configured to boost the contrast between the significantly similar foreground / background elements , but this generally renders the significantly contrasting foreground / background elements illegible . in the opposite scenario , e . g . without contrast boosting , the significantly contrasting foreground / background elements are legible , but the significantly similar foreground / background elements are not . in rare circumstances , it may be possible to achieve an intermediately contrasting result by boosting contrast only slightly , but in practice this approach does not adequately facilitate extraction of all elements within the region of interest . in order to accomplish accurate and reliable extraction of both significantly similar and significantly contrasting foreground / background elements within a single image or region of interest of an image , the presently disclosed inventive concepts propose an iterative , intelligent , recognition - guided thresholding and extraction process . in essence , and with reference to a string of text characters as the exemplary embodiment , the thresholding process may be performed in a manner that renders a legible result on a per - character basis , and upon achieving a legible result , extraction is performed on the legible result , and the process proceeds to obtain a legible result for other characters in the string . upon accurately extracting all individual characters , the string may be reconstructed from the aggregate extraction results , including the extracted portion ( s ) of the image , as well as the result of extracting the region of interest ( e . g . ocr result ). as described herein , this basic procedure is referred to as recognition - guided thresholding . of course , it should be understood that recognition - guided thresholding as generally described herein may be performed on the basis of any suitable confidence criterion , and need not evaluate textual information as a means of deriving such confidence information . for example , in various approaches image features may serve as the basis for deriving confidence . in one implementation , a recognition - guided thresholding process may identify a region of interest depicting one or more image features . characteristics of the image features ( e . g . size , location , shape , color profile , etc .) may be known based on a training operation such as a learn - by - example classification training operation . for example , a class of documents includes an image feature comprising an embedded security mark that overlaps with or is otherwise partially obscured by background textures appearing in the document . in order to authenticate the document , it is necessary to extract and verify the security mark . so as to overcome the apparent obscurity or overlap , it may be advantageous to apply an iterative thresholding process as described herein , and evaluate confidence of result under each threshold on the basis of image features in the thresholded region matching corresponding image features in thresholded training images . of course , any other equivalent means of determining confidence as to whether a particular image feature matches an expected image feature may be employed without departing from the scope of the present disclosures . recognition - guided thresholding and extraction may also preferably include color normalization as an aspect of improving extraction robustness and accuracy . as discussed herein , color normalization should be understood as normalizing intensity values across the various color channels ( e . g . r , b and g ) to “ stretch ” each channel onto a single normalized scale . most preferably , color normalization is performed prior to thresholding , and may be performed for each region of interest independently or on the aggregate of all regions of interest . this is particularly advantageous where foreground and background are similar and relatively dark , and assists in discriminating between foreground and background by “ stretching ” the values across the entire intensity range . for instance , an image region is characterized by pixels having a rgb color profile . no pixel in the region has an intensity value greater than 100 in any color channel . each color channel permits intensity values in a range from 0 - 255 . in this scenario , color normalization may effectively set the maximum intensity value of 100 as corresponding to the maximum value in the range , and “ stretch ” the intervening values across the entire color space , such that each difference of 1 intensity unit in the original image becomes effectively a difference of 2 . 55 intensity units . of course , it should be understood that the iterative thresholding and extraction process described above is equally applicable to extraction of non - textual information , such as lines or other document structures , graphical elements , etc ., as long as there is a quality criterion ( as akin to ocr confidence for characters , e . g . a classification - based or other feature - matching confidence measure ) evaluating the result . for example , consider a graphical element depicting a gradient of color , which progresses from contrasting with the background to substantially representing the background color the graphical element overlays . in such circumstances , it is similarly possible to progress along the gradient ( or other pattern or progression ) using an iterative thresholding process to extract a legible or clear version of the graphic . in practice , and according to another exemplary approach based on connected components , images of a particular class of object such as a document depict a plurality of regions of interest corresponding to photograph ( s ), document structure , graphical elements , text fields , etc . a plurality of such images are used in a training phase as described above , and subsequent to training an image depicting a plurality of regions of interest is analyzed . as referred - to herein , it should be understood that the term “ connected component ” refers to any structure within a bitonal image that is formed from a contiguous set of adjacent black pixels . for example connected components may include lines ( e . g . part of a document &# 39 ; s structure such as field boundaries in a form ), graphical elements ( e . g . photographs , logos , illustrations , unique markings , etc . ), text ( e . g . characters , symbols , handwriting , etc .) or any other feature depicted in a bitonal image . accordingly , in one embodiment a connected component may be defined within a bitonal image according to the location of the various pixels from which the component is formed . the term “ image feature ” is to be understood as inclusive of connected components , but also includes such components as may be defined within color spaces other than a bitonal image . thus , an image feature includes any structure of an image that is formed from a contiguous set of adjacent pixels . the image feature may be defined according to the location of constituent pixels as noted above for connected components , but may also include other information such as intensity information ( e . g . in one or more color channels ). based on the training phase , each region of interest expected to appear is known a priori , preferably both in terms of the statistically - likely location of the region , as well as an expected identity of one or more image features and / or connected components located within the region ( including an expected set of possible identities , such as a subset of alphanumeric characters , pixel color channel values , feature shape , size , etc . or other identifying characteristics of one or more connected components located within the region of interest .) this information is utilized to perform conventional classification and extraction , by which a plurality of expected regions of interest are successfully extracted , while others are either not found or imperfectly extracted . one or more particular regions of interest , e . g . depicting a field partially or wholly overlaying a seal , logo , or other similar background texture , may be known to be among the “ trouble regions ” defined in the classification , and / or imperfect / incomplete extraction results from the conventional attempt , it is determined that recognition - guided thresholding should be applied to the particular regions of interest . each of the particular regions of interest are subjected to a color normalization process to stretch the intensity values in each color channel , thereby enhancing ability to distinguish between foreground and background elements . in one exemplary approach , where the confidence measure is ocr confidence and the primary but nonexclusive objective is to threshold textual information , each particular region is matched to a corresponding region of interest known from the training set , e . g . based on its location , and is rendered ( e . g . in grayscale ) using channel weights derived from the analysis of foreground and background colors so that the foreground in the rendered image is made dark vs . lighter background . if the foreground is known or determined to be brighter than the background , this rendered image is inverted . for each region of interest , a plurality of thresholds are applied to the rendered image , which is preferably a grayscale image , of the rectangular region encompassing the region of interest . each threshold represents a different intensity value along a range of intensity values ( e . g . grayscale intensity ), and generates a different binary image with a number of connected components . each component is subjected to a recognition process such as optical character recognition to attempt extracting information therefrom , e . g . character identity . as will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art , the ocr may achieve varied results across the set of connected components . however , it is extremely likely that in at least one such binary image the component will be legible and the extraction will match expected extraction results based on the training set . for example , the extracted character may match an expected character or match one of a set of possible expected characters with high confidence , and deemed a candidate on this basis . while the above example contemplates performing a plurality of thresholding operations on a particular region , it is also within the scope of the present disclosures to perform thresholding on a per - component or a per - feature basis . for example , in one approach a particular region may depict text having a known character spacing , or depict one or more image features according to a known pattern . it may be advantageous in some approaches to perform thresholding on individual features rather than the region as a whole . for example , the region may be divided according to the known character spacing or pattern , and each subregion defined therein may be separately subjected to thresholding , which may utilize different parameters than a thresholding process applied to the region as a whole . in this manner , it is possible to tailor the thresholding to the individual feature or component desired for extraction , and its immediately surrounding background region , without needing to consider the differences between the foreground and background of the region as a whole . for instance , in one approach a credit card may depict a credit card number comprising a plurality of characters arranged in a line and having equal spacing between each character . the credit card number as a whole may be encompassed within a region of interest , which may be matched as described above . in addition or in the alternative to performing region - based thresholding as above , thresholding may include subdividing the region into a plurality ( e . g . 16 ) subregions of interest , and performing thresholding on each individual region . this may be particularly useful in situations where , e . g ., the credit card depicts a complex background whereby some but not all of the characters in the credit card number are in “ trouble spots ” and overlap or are obscured by unique background elements , such that no single threshold applied to the region as a whole can identify character ( s ) overlapping one or more of the unique background elements . by isolating those characters , thresholding may be specifically performed on the “ trouble spot ” to maximize the likelihood of achieving a candidate result with sufficient confidence for extraction . in any event , as the threshold value diminishes the amount of black in the binary image is reduced and connected components become thinner and break into smaller components . performing ocr on the sequence of progressively thinning components associated with diminishing threshold levels with significant overlap of their bounding boxes generates a sequence of candidates , and as the components break up a formerly single candidate with a wider bounding box may be replaced by a more confident pair or triple associated with a lower threshold level . the candidates with highest confidences form the final string , and since each winning label may be associated with several consecutive threshold levels , there is a choice : from which thresholded image to pull the corresponding bounding box into the final binary rendition of the original region of interest . upon identifying the threshold range for each candidate in the region of interest , the various bounding boxes ( and / or extraction results obtained therefrom ) may be assembled into a cohesive result . as noted in further detail herein , in some embodiments where the various portions of the image corresponding to each component are to be assembled , it is advantageous to select a legible bounding box ( but not necessarily the one with the highest confidence character ) for some or all of the components in order to generate a more consistent visual result . as another advantage , the presently disclosed inventive , recognition - guided thresholding process provides superior accuracy and reliability even outside the context of foreground elements that overlap with similar background elements . for instance , and as known in the art , extraction may be frustrated or rendered impossible due to poor image quality , e . g . arising from insufficient illumination in the capture environment , presence of artifacts such as shadows , etc . to address these common problems , conventional image processing algorithms seek to improve the quality of the image as a whole , which yields moderate improvements to extraction capability , e . g . via correcting a uniformly insufficient illumination and permit improved distinction between foreground and background elements . however , these conventional solutions approach the rectification process from the perspective of the image , rather than individual elements of the image ( e . g . connected components ), and thus are limited in applicability and efficacy because adjustments that may be appropriate for one portion of an image are not appropriate or are less appropriate for other portions of the image . by contrast , the presently disclosed inventive concepts can provide extraction that is robustly capable of extracting only the information from the image that most closely matches expected information based on training , both in terms of information content ( e . g . text character identity ) as well as location ( e . g . center pixel , dynamic region , etc .). in particularly preferred approaches , extracted information matches the expected information in terms of information content , location , and size . for instance , and as will be appreciated by persons having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present descriptions , insufficient contrast between foreground and background in a digital image can have the effect of making foreground elements appear larger , due to “ blobifying ” of the foreground element . as a result , in an image having insufficient contrast , an expected element may be identifiable , but the appearance of the element may be unreliably identifiable due to obscured boundaries between foreground and background , or the identity of the element may be in question because the element is not fully contained within the dynamic region where the element is expected based on training . similarly , when contrast is excessive , a single element in an image may appear “ broken ” into several constituent elements ( e . g . connected components ) which may be unrecognizable or problematically represent an incorrect element ( e . g . a capital letter “ h ” representing two adjacent “ 1 ” or “ 1 ” characters when the cross - bar is broken or missing ). by leveraging the expected identity , location , and size , the presently disclosed concepts may more accurately and robustly determine , e . g . based on the width of spacing between the two “ 1 ” or “ 1 ” characters , the location within the image , and / or the identity of the components extracted from a corresponding location in training , that the component is actually a capital h instead of adjacent “ 1 ” or “ 1 ” characters . in addition and / or alternatively , the presently disclosed inventive concepts may include determining a more appropriate image intensity to utilize prior to extracting the “ h ” character based on an iterative thresholding process as described herein . accordingly , not only may overall extraction may be improved with respect to compliance with expected results , the quality of information extracted may be bolstered by selectively thresholding the region from which the component is to be extracted . thus , while conventional image processing techniques are limited to determining the best possible extraction based on the overall image , the presently disclosed techniques can evaluate each element individually at varying levels of image intensity , and thus provide a more accurate extraction result ( e . g . by selecting a frame where the component most closely matches the size , shape , and location expected by training from among a plurality of frames , where each frame depicts the component at a different level of image intensity ). in addition , the overall extraction process is more robust since this process can be performed individually for each component , rather than on the image as a whole , increasing the likelihood of extracting a similarly accurate result from even drastically different renditions of the same image , or from different portions of a single image ( e . g . illuminated region versus shadowed region ). those having ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that this recognition - guided thresholding and extraction technique may generate resulting extracted versions of portions of a component or element which exhibit perhaps drastically different appearance , to the point of potentially looking like a “ mosaic ” or “ ransom note ” stitched together from multiple images . for example , adjacent characters , one of which overlays a dark background but the other of which overlays only a bright background , may be extracted based on very different image intensity levels and thus appear very different upon recreating or synthesizing a composite of the extracted components . to alleviate this artifact , it is advantageous to select from among plural exemplary frames of a component so as to minimize the overall range of frame intensity across a particular set of components . for instance , assuming a two - component element is represented by a plurality of frames for each component , each of the plurality of frames being characterized by a different intensity level . while it may be the case that the most legible frame for the first component is characterized by an intensity of 100 , and the most legible frame for the second component is characterized by an intensity of 20 , if each component has a frame that is legible ( even if not most legible ) and characterized by a value closer to the midpoint between the two values ( i . e . 60 ), it is preferable in some approaches to choose the frames that more closely match in intensity to generate a single , consistently intense result . in practical application , the presently disclosed inventive techniques have been applied to images depicting driver licenses . training involved providing a plurality of exemplar driver licenses from a particular state , identifying characteristic features thereof , defining a classification based on the characteristic features , and attempting classical extraction . based on this training , several “ trouble regions ” were identified , and intelligent , iterative thresholding was applied to these regions when processing subsequent test images . from experimentation , it was determined that iterative , intelligent thresholding as described herein employ approximately twenty thresholds with which to investigate the image to determine ideal extraction parameters and perform extraction therewith . the various threshold levels may be evenly distributed across a particular range , e . g . grayscale intensity ranging from 0 - 255 , or may be staggered throughout a particular range , e . g . according to predetermined intensity levels known to generate desirable extraction results . again , according to experimental results , it is apparent that distributing the threshold levels across a grayscale intensity ranging from 1 to 120 ( i . e . each threshold corresponding to a 6 - point intensity increment ). as will be appreciated by skilled artisans , different threshold values , distributions , or ranges may be appropriate depending on the nature of the image data to be processed . the aforementioned experimentally determined values were established as optimal for processing complex documents having primarily a white or light colored background , with a plurality of dark background and foreground elements depicted thereon . the following images represent experimental results determined from a massachusetts driver &# 39 ; s license when attempting to extract an expiration date that overlaps the state seal in a “ trouble region ” where thresholding and extraction using conventional ( e . g . ocr ) approaches cannot obtain the entire date . in all images , the expiration date is jun . 27 , 2013 ( represented as “ 06 - 23 - 2013 ”). the images have been enlarged to emphasize differences . first , fig1 - 3 shows the rendition of the image in color , where many different background textures underlay the month , date and the majority of the year . fig1 - 4 depicts the same portion of the driver &# 39 ; s license , appearing in a grayscale rendition of the color image shown in fig1 - 3 . fig1 - 5 , below , depicts a plurality of binary images generated using a plurality of different thresholds as described herein . each image is characterized by a difference in threshold value of 6 with respect to its vertically adjacent counterpart . thus , here the first image corresponds to a threshold value of 115 , while the last image corresponds to a threshold value of 1 ( each on a scale from 0 - 255 ). fig1 - 6a ( enlarged ) and 12 - 6 b ( native size ) depict a composite image generated by extracting high - confidence characters from the plurality of thresholded images shown in fig1 - 5 . in even more embodiments , it may be advantageous to essentially invert the assumptions ( and potentially , the image data ), e . g . when attempting to detect a light foreground element on a light background as opposed to a dark foreground element depicted on a dark background . this inversion may be particularly advantageous when one particular component overlays multiple different background textures , or when a particular component depicts multiple colors or textures itself . the presently disclosed inventive concepts also encompass performing binarization ( which in various embodiments involves a thresholding process , but which does not necessarily employ the iterative , recognition - guided approach described presently ) based on classification , e . g . as described in related us patent publications 2014 / 0270439 , and 2014 / 0270536 . in additional embodiments , classification and / or extraction results may be presented to a user for validation , e . g . for confirmation , negation , modification of the assigned class , etc . for example , upon classifying an object using semi - or fully automated processes in conjunction with distinguishing criteria such as defined herein , the classification and the digital image to which the classification relates may be displayed to a user ( e . g . on a mobile device display ) so that the user may confirm or negate the classification . upon negating the classification , a user may manually define the “ proper ” classification of the object depicted in the digital image . this user input may be utilized to provide ongoing “ training ” to the classifier ( s ), in preferred approaches . of course , user input may be provided in relation to any number of operations described herein without departing from the scope of the instant disclosures . in even more preferred embodiments , the aforementioned validation may be performed without requiring user input . for instance , it is possible to mitigate the need for a user to review and / or to correct extraction results by performing automatic validation of extraction results . in general , this technique involves referencing an external system or database in order to confirm whether the extracted values are known to be correct . for example , if name and address are extracted , in some instances it is possible to validate that the individual in question in fact resides at the given address . this validation principle extends to classification , in even more embodiments . for example , if the extraction is correct , in some approaches it is appropriate to infer that the classification is also correct . this inference relies on the assumption that the only manner in which to achieve the “ correct ” extraction result ( e . g . a value matches an expected value in a reference data source , matches an expected format for the value in question , is associated with an expected symbol or other value , etc . as would be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present descriptions ). while the present descriptions of data extraction within the scope of the instant disclosure have been made with primary reference to methods , one having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the inventive concepts described herein may be equally implemented in or as a system and / or computer program product . for example , a system within the scope of the present descriptions may include a processor and logic in and / or executable by the processor to cause the processor to perform steps of a method as described herein . similarly , a computer program product within the scope of the present descriptions may include a computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith , the program code readable / executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform steps of a method as described herein . the inventive concepts disclosed herein have been presented by way of example to illustrate the myriad features thereof in a plurality of illustrative scenarios , embodiments , and / or implementations . it should be appreciated that the concepts generally disclosed are to be considered as modular , and may be implemented in any combination , permutation , or synthesis thereof . in addition , any modification , alteration , or equivalent of the presently disclosed features , functions , and concepts that would be appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the instant descriptions should also be considered within the scope of this disclosure . accordingly , one embodiment of the present invention includes all of the features disclosed herein , including those shown and described in conjunction with any of the figs . other embodiments include subsets of the features disclosed herein and / or shown and described in conjunction with any of the figs . such features , or subsets thereof , may be combined in any way using known techniques that would become apparent to one skilled in the art after reading the present description . while various embodiments have been described above , it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only , and not limitation . thus , the breadth and scope of an embodiment of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above - described exemplary embodiments , but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents . | 6 |
the general structure and techniques , and more specific embodiments which can be used to effect different ways of carrying out the more general goals , are described herein . the present application describes an automatic cable handling system , which allows automated processing of the cable . one of the issues found with cable handling in the prior art is that the cable was effectively stretched across a work floor . this stretching and the subsequent coiling was done manually , and required significant manual effort . the cables laid across the floor , hence causing a hazard . moreover , the cables got very dirty during their time on the floor . the stretched cables were then bundled up . one aspect of this application cleans the cable while the cable is being conveyed . a cable clamp holds various sizes of cable , conveying the cable along a conveyor . in operation , the cable is first sorted by type . the cable sorting may be done on a dock or other table . the cables may then be sent , for example , to the input stage of the conveyor shown in fig1 - 3 . the cables are initially placed in cable holders such as 145 . the cable holders move along a support , forming the conveyance path in the direction of arrow 105 . cable clamp 145 holds the cables as they are moved . the cable clamps 145 , 155 may be located on the support 160 every 20 feet , for example ; see fig2 . the clamps are driven to move in a continuous loop , so that clamps such as 145 are driven in a first direction to stretch the cable , and 150 is driven in a second direction to return the clamp back to the cable - initiation point at which point a new cable can be attached and stretched . after attachment , the cables are first conveyed to a soap and water wash spot , which may include a presoak area 129 which presoaks the cables . the cables are then each washed by brushes . brushes 125 , 126 are shown for a first cable , and 127 , 128 for a second cable . it should be understood that there may be other brushes in other locations . the cables are then rinsed with water or solvent in a rinse area 130 . water is blown off the cables at 135 by an air blower device . the cables pass through area 140 , held by the cable clamp / grippers 145 in fig2 . this shows a second area of the conveyor , along which the cables are allowed to dry , and / or blown off . in the embodiment , the cable grippers may be located on 20 foot centers . the cable continues being conveyed to the section of fig3 . the cable is then passed to a bundler 130 , which rotates a wrapper 160 , for example , to bundle the cables into any desired configuration , such as bundles or spools . the wrapper 160 may also include a label printer 161 which automatically affixes information indicative of the cables . for example , this can be an inventory number or the like to facilitate the tracking . since the conveyance path is along a support , the conveyance surface can be open , to allow foreign objects such as dirt and liquid , to fall off . this is different than a belt style conveyance , in which all dirt and foreign objects would fall on the belt , for example . a side view of the conveyor is shown in fig4 a - 6 . fig4 a illustrates the conveyor support including the cable grippers 145 , 150 , 155 and other structures . 145 is conveying a cable in the direction of stretching , 150 is a cable clamp that is returning back toward the origin . the returning clamp 150 is conveyed around a curved support area 161 , after which it is ready to receive another cable . fig4 b shows another view of the conveyance path , which shows the different stations , including the presoak station 129 , the rollers 125 , 126 , the rinse station 128 , and the air blower station 130 . the different structures which hold the washing material are also shown . fig4 b , for example , shows the fresh water tank 400 , soap concentrate held in receptacle 402 , and also shows a soap drain tank 404 for receiving the dirty water . input 408 represents an air compressor , for the air blower 130 . the area under the conveyance path , in the area of washing and rinsing , is preferably a mesh structure , e . g ., a metal mesh . fig5 a illustrates a close - up of the different structure including the presoak , brushes , and the motor . fig5 c shows a perspective view with presoak , rinses and drying , as well as the brushes . fig5 b illustrates the end part of the conveyance path . note that the clamp 155 is holding the cables such as cable 500 . at degrip zone 510 , the cables are released from their clamps . this may be automatically done when sensing the position of a mechanical part 504 . the cable 501 , once so released , may be loaded onto a desired caddie for coiling . a roller device 520 may also be provided , to facilitate rolling up bundles of cable . fig5 b also illustrates the second end portion 602 of the support 600 , in which the clamps such as 145 are turned around to be returned to the origin . since these cables are heavy and bulky , an important feature is the emergency switch . an emergency off switch 530 is located within the reach of each operator . fig6 shows an alternative view of the fig5 embodiment , showing how the cables can be released from the different grippers . fig7 shows a top view of the conveyor including two cables 700 , 702 . emergency stop buttons 710 and 720 are located on opposite sides of the table . fig8 a , 8 b , 9 a and 9 b illustrate a more detailed view of the cable gripper . the cable gripper is formed of a first holding piece and a second holding piece 800 , 805 . the gripper 145 rides on , and moves along , an edge surface 811 of a support piece 810 . for example , the support piece 810 can be an “ i beam ”, and the edge surface 811 can be the portion of the i beam that is substantially perpendicular to the main support piece . the two pieces 800 , 805 are opened by the movement of a linear driving part such as piston 820 . this causes the bottom piece 805 to tilt downward , opening the area between the top and bottom pieces . fig8 a and 8b illustrate the pieces 800 , 805 in their open position . in this position , the cables 830 , 832 can be inserted therein . fig9 a and 9b illustrate the cylinder in its closed position , with two cables , 830 and 832 , held between the two gripper parts 800 , 805 . in this way , a number of cables of similar sizes can all be held by the same device . the opening and closing can be via an air operated part , such as an air piston , the device in essence self - adjusts — closing with a certain amount of force to thereby hold the cables of any size automatically . note that the cables are held between a first movable surface 801 that is controlled by the piston 820 , and a second surface 802 . the second surface may also move against a spring force . accordingly , any size cable can be held by the gripper . the gripper assembly itself is connected to a carriage 850 but moves on rollers 852 along the conveyor . in an embodiment , a foot pedal may be provided that allows the operator to press the foot pedal to raise the first movable surface , after which the cables are placed into position , and the foot pedal is released to lower the first movable surface . an important feature of this system is that pans and troughs may be located under the device to catch runoff . fig1 illustrates a cross - section along the line 10 - 10 in fig5 . this shows , for example , how the presoak nozzles 1000 , 1002 , 1004 , 1006 can be used to spray presoak water onto the cables . drain pans 1010 and 1020 are located under this area of the conveyor , to capture the overflow water . the brushes are shown in fig1 , where brushes are formed in an area so that the cable needs to pass between the brushes . in the area of the brushes 1100 , there may be splash guards 1102 to prevent the water from splashing . the brushes 1100 have indentations which are intended to provide additional surfaces for cleaning the cable . a piston drives the position of the brushes . fig1 illustrates a side view of the rinsing station , again with nozzles such as 1200 , and splash areas 1202 . this structure allows the cable to be pulled and washed at the same time . all customer markings can be removed by washing , as well as dirt and the like . an automatic release system allows the end of the cable to be released once the cable end reaches the correct area . an automatic bundling system may be used at that area . the printer may print a barcode that is associated with the cable , and which states characteristics of the cable . after bundling the cable , a barcode may be scanned into an inventory management system , which indicates that a bundle , having those specific characteristics , is ready to rent . the cable is then placed on pallets for storage , for example , and when rented , the barcode is scanned again , removing the cable from inventory . in operation , operators may be on each side of the conveyor . a conveyor button may be pressed when the conveyor is ready for work . the next available cable gripper opens automatically , on the side of the operator where the conveyor button was pressed . the operator inserts the cable into the open gripper area , and then presses a pre - start part , for example a prestart switch on the floor , to close the gripper . as a safety measure , the operator may be forced at that point to press either a wash , or a pass selector switch to start the operation . the wash switch causes the cables to be washed , by raising the brushes via the piston 1105 , while the pass switch just passes the cables without washing . the cable , while gripped , is passed through the washer area . depending on the buttons which are pressed , either wash operations or no wash operations is performed . if wash has been selected , a selected sensor will read the cable gripper and start a wash cycle . the different structure shown along the conveyor includes a prewash cycle which begins using a water and soap solution . the cable is then passed through foam brushes where one brush moves over the cable , and a second brush moves up from the bottom . the cable is then rinsed with water , and finally passes through an air blower area . cable droop may prevent some part of the cable from being washed . when the cable reaches the end of the conveyor , the clamping device automatically releases the cable at the discharge area via the unclamping ramp in the area 510 . in one embodiment , emergency stop buttons are mounted in each corner of the conveyor , near each location where a worker might be located . pressing any of the emergency stop buttons causes all equipment functions to stop . the general structure and techniques , and more specific embodiments which can be used to effect different ways of carrying out the more general goals are described herein . although only a few embodiments have been disclosed in detail above , other embodiments are possible and the inventor ( s ) intend these to be encompassed within this specification . the specification describes specific examples to accomplish a more general goal that may be accomplished in another way . this disclosure is intended to be exemplary , and the claims are intended to cover any modification or alternative which might be predictable to a person having ordinary skill in the art . for example , other kinds of bundling can be used . also , the inventor ( s ) intend that only those claims which use the words “ means for ” are intended to be interpreted under 35 usc 112 , sixth paragraph . moreover , no limitations from the specification are intended to be read into any claims , unless those limitations are expressly included in the claims . the computers described herein may be any kind of computer , either general purpose , or some specific purpose computer such as a workstation . the computer may be a pentium class computer , running windows xp or linux , or may be a macintosh computer . the computer may also be a handheld computer , such as a pda , cellphone , or laptop . the programs may be written in c , or java , brew or any other programming language . the programs may be resident on a storage medium , e . g ., magnetic or optical , e . g . the computer hard drive , a removable disk or media such as a memory stick or sd media , or other removable medium . the programs may also be run over a network , for example , with a server or other machine sending signals to the local machine , which allows the local machine to carry out the operations described herein . | 1 |
hereinafter , with reference to accompanying drawings , the detailed description will be made of one preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention . [ 0026 ] fig1 is a view which illustrates the communication mode between a software user and a software sales company , and the systematic structure of payment of the software fees . a computer system ( pc ) 10 used by a software user , a computer system 20 used by a software sales company , and a computer system 30 used by a credit company should preferably be connected with each other by a network ( not shown ) to form the system embodying the present invention . it is possible to adopt for these systems a computer of known structure such as comprising a cpu ; a rom serving as a main storage device ; a hdd and a fdd serving as auxiliary storage devices ; an ram serving as the work area for the cpu and a provisional data storage area ; a communication i / f used for exchanging data with the outside ; a key board and a mouse serving as input devices ; and a crt display ( or a liquid crystal display ) as image indication device . the computer system 20 and the computer system 30 can be connected on line as a private line . here , the computer system 10 and the computer system 20 are not necessarily made executable on line . it should be good enough if only the software user and the software sales company can communicate with each other on required information by use of a telephone , a facsimile equipment , or some other communication set up . with the mutual communications of the kind , the software user presents to the software sales company the credit information which will be describe later . then , when the computer system 20 recognizes the input of such information , the computer system 20 issues installation keys , which are notified from the software sales company to the software user . thus , only when the information notified to the software user is inputted into the computer system 10 , it becomes possible to instal that particular software . the payment of the software is charged by the credit company directly to the bank account or the like ( not shown ) of the software user . the sales company transmits the payment to the software sales company after deducting a commission . now , with reference to fig2 the description will be made of the features of the issuance procedures of an installation keys in accordance with the system that adopts the mode described above . the user cannot install a software or use it unless he is provided with installation keys even if he has already secured the software by means of a cd - rom or by delivery or the like using on line . at first , therefore , the user requests the software sales company of the issuance of keys using the communication set up ( s 201 ). here , more specifically , the credit information , such as the credit card number of a credit card issued by the credit company ; the name of the credit card holder indicated alphabetically ; and the validity of the credit card to be used , is notified . these items of credit information verify that the user has been approved by the credit company to use such credit card . next , the software sales company inputs the credit information thus notified and the sales price of the software in the computer system 20 to communicate on line with the computer system 30 of the credit company who is the authorizing agency , and requests the credit company to confirm whether or not the user is a legitimate user of the card ( s 202 ). the computer system 30 of the credit company determines the validity of the card by identifying the user of the credit card . then , in accordance with the validity thus confirmed and the limit of payment established in advance against the amount of sales , the use of the credit card is authorized . then , with the authorization , the use thus approved is notified to the computer system 20 of the software sales comply by use of on line communication ( s 203 ). the soft sales company can confirm the user on the bases of the approval of the credit company given to the use of the card . the computer system 20 works out a calculation as described later in accordance with the credit information , such as the confirmed credit card number , holder &# 39 ; s name , and validity , and then , produces installation keys formed by alphanumeric characters in 12 digits , for example , ( s 204 ). the software sales company issues such installation keys and notifies the user accordingly by use of the aforesaid communication set up ( s 205 ). receiving the installation keys thus issued from the software sales company , the user can actuate the installer for the intended installation . in other words , on the installation input display on a screen 300 as shown in fig3 the respective items of the credit information , the installation keys 31 thus received ; the credit card number 32 ; the name 33 of the credit card holder ; and the validity 34 given to the use of the card , are inputted in each of the designated columns , and then , the execution button 35 is clicked ( s 206 ). thus , the installation is performed in accordance with the procedures to be described later ( s 207 ). [ 0037 ] fig4 is a flowchart which shows in detail the procedure of the installation key preparation in the step s 204 in fig2 . as shown in fig4 the hashing technique is used for preparing the installation keys for the present embodiment . in step s 401 , the credit card number , the alphabetically expressed name , and the validity are digitized to produce an integer of 32 digits . of the 32 digits , the high order 16 digits indicate the credit card number , and the following 12 digits are allocated for producing the mane , and further , the following two digits are used for the indication of the month in which the validity expires . the last two digits stand for the last two digits of the dominical year in which the validity expires . if the holder &# 39 ; s name is “ x y z ”, for example , the hexadecimal ascii code thereof is “ 5820595a ”. this code stands for “ 1478515034 ” when decimalized , and then , the aforesaid 12 digits become “ 001478515034 ”. therefore , assuming that the credit card number is “ 1234 - 5678 - 9012 - 3456 ”, the holder &# 39 ; s name is “ x y z ”, and the validity expires in february , 2010 , the integer of 32 digits is obtained as follows : in step s 402 , the above - mentioned integer of 32 digits is given a designated calculation to work out a 36 - adic number of eight digits . form this 36 - adic number , the check sum of four - digit 36 - adic number is produced . then , from both of them , an installation key of 12 digits is produced , which is dedicated for the use of that particular user . here , at first , the remainder is obtained by dividing the integer of 32 digits by the integer of 12 digits “ 123456789013 ” which is prepared in advance for the system , and then , the remainder thus obtained is converted into a 36 - adic number . this divisor is used only for reducing the digit numbers . therefore , the divisor is not necessarily limited to this value . it is good enough if only one designated value should be prepared for the system use here . now , the 36 - adic number is such as to use 0 to 9 and a to z as a numerical value , respectively , and from 0 to 9 are the same as the decimal numbers , and a letter a indicates 10 in terms of the decimal number . thus , a letter z indicates 35 likewise . now , for example , 10 in terms of the 36 - adic number is equivalent to 36 in terms of the decimal number . then , zz of 36 - adic number corresponds to 1 , 295 in terms of the decimal number . therefore , the aforesaid remainders represent “ 122463224728 ” in decimal , and then , “ 1k9bfwyq ” is obtained if expressed in the 36 - adic number . this 36 - adic number is divided into the higher order four digits of “ 1k9b ” and the lower order four digits of “ fwyq ”, and the value of each digit is added to each other . then , the value thus obtained by addition is given a check sum calculation so that each of them becomes a multiple of 36 . for example , since the most significant digit is 1 and 15 ( f corresponds to 15 ) in terms of decimal number , the check sum thereof is 20 in decimal , that is , k in 36 - adic number . likewise , k is induced from the k and w , j from 9 and y , and 9 from b and q , hence obtaining a check sum code of “ kkj 9 ” in four characters ( digits ). in continuation , this check sum code of “ kkj 9 ” is added to the head of the aforesaid 36 - adic number of “ 1k9bfwyq ” in order to obtain the installation keys of “ kkj91k9bfwyq ”. since this value is obtained from the credit information of 32 digits the amount of which is compressed to 12 digits using the remainders of a division , it is impossible to induce the original credit information having a high secrecy , such as a credit card number , the holder &# 39 ; s name , among some others , even if a third party should steal this installation key on the network . in this way , the leakage of personal information can be prevented . [ 0045 ] fig5 is a flowchart which shows the procedures of installation of a software using an installer in the step s 207 in fig2 . the user uses the computer system 10 to inputs the credit card information , such as the installation key 31 , the credit card number 32 , the credit card holder &# 39 ; s name 33 , and the validity thereof 34 , along with the installation input display on a screen 300 ( see fig3 ), and clicks the execution button 35 . then , the installer obtains these items of information in step s 501 . in step s 502 , whether or not the check sum is correct for the installation key is determined . if there is no agreement , it is interpreted that the user is illegal , who is not authorized . the process proceeds to step s 505 where an error indication ( not shown ) is displayed on a screen , and the precess terminates . if agreed , it is determined that the use is correctly authorized , and the process proceeds to step s 503 . in the step s 503 , the installation key is worked out in the same procedures as in the step s 402 as described above , beginning with the credit card number , the credit card holder &# 39 ; s name , and the validity obtained in the step s 501 . in the step s 504 that follows , the installation key obtained in the step s 501 is compared with the installation key obtained by calculation in the step s 503 , and if there is no agreement , it is interpreted that the use is illegal , who is not authorized , and the process proceeds to step s 505 where an error is displayed ( not shown ) on a screen , and the process terminates . while the non - existent illegal user is excluded by making such confirmation as this , the correct user who is in actual existence is acknowledged if these installation keys are in agreement , and the process proceeds to step s 506 where the installation of the software begins . when the installation is completed , the process terminates . when the step s 506 is executed to enable the installer to install the software , the screen 600 shown in fig6 appears on the display device of the computer system 10 to indicate that the installation is being executed . in accordance with the present embodiment , the sales company issues an installation key after having inquired the credit company of the approved id of the credit card held by the user and the related information currently available . there is no need for keeping the approved id on software . then , it is possible to compare the approved id and installation key at the time of actuating the installer in order to determine the legality of software use . therefore , the legality of the use can be determined satisfactorily , while it becomes unnecessary to take any key issuance procedures anew by the same user who should carry out the same installation on another computer due to the trouble or the like that necessitates the original computer to be replaced . in this way , it is possible to provide an installer capable of avoiding problems taking place when a software is processed or analyzed . in accordance with the embodiment described above , the id information of the user of a software is notified to the sales company who communicates with an authorizing agency to confirm whether or not the user who has notified the id information is a legitimate user . if affirmative , the sales company produces an installation key uniquely corresponding to the user based on the id information thus verified , and issues the installation key to the user . therefore , the illegal use of the software by any non - existent user can be prevented , and even if the computer becomes out of order , there is no need for the reissuance of the installation key . the same user can use on another computer the installation key thus issued for installation of such software . also , the installation key is produced by carrying out a designated operation on either one of the credit card number , the holder &# 39 ; s name , and the validity of use as id information , thus preventing the id information from being known to the third party . in this respect , the present invention may be applicable to the system which is formed by a plurality of equipment ( such as a computer main body , an interface equipment , a display , among some others ) or applicable to the system formed by single equipment . also , the present invention is construed to include in the scope thereof the programming codes of a soft wafer which implement the functions of the embodiment described earlier , and which are provided for a computer in an apparatus or a system connected with various devices arranged for the implementation thereof , hence operating each of the devices by the computer ( cpu or mpu ) in such system or apparatus in accordance with the programming codes thus stored . in this case , the aforesaid programming codes themselves of the software implement the functions of the embodiment . therefore , the programming codes themselves , means for supplying such programming codes to a computer , that is , the storage medium that has stored the programming codes , for example , are construed to constitute the present invention . as a storage medium for storing such programming codes , it is possible to use a floppy disc , a hard disc , an optical disc , an optomagnetic disc , a cd - rom , a cd - r , a magnetic tape , a non - volatile memory card , a rom , or the like , for example . also , the present invention is construed as a matter of course to include not only the case where the functions of the aforesaid embodiment is implemented by a computer that executes the programming codes supplied thereto , but also , the case where the aforesaid embodiment is implemented by such programming codes in corporation with the operating system ( os ) that operates on the computer or with other application software or the like . further , the present invention is of course construed to include the case where the programming codes thus supplied are once stored on the expanded functional board or on the memory provided for the expanded functional unit connected with the computer , and then , the actual processes are executed partly or totally by the cpu or the like provided for such expanded functional board or functional storage unit in accordance with the instructions contained in the programming codes , hence implementing the functions of the aforesaid embodiment . when the invention hereof is made applicable to any one of the aforesaid storage media , it should be good enough to store programming codes in the storage thereof corresponding to the flowcharts described earlier . although the present invention has been described in its preferred from with a certain degree of particularity , many apparently widely different embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and the scope thereof . it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims . | 6 |
a simplified airplane electrical system , such as the one illustrated in fig1 , generates power in a generator 20 which is mechanically connected to an engine 10 . the power created by the generator 20 is then sent to an inverter / conditioner 30 . the inverter / conditioner 30 modifies the electrical power output of the generator 20 to make the electrical power have more constant power attributes . after the electrical power has been conditioned the power is then sent through the aircraft &# 39 ; s electrical distribution system 40 to onboard electrical devices / drives ( such as sensors , gauges , meters , pumps , fans , etc .). the introduction of the inverter / conditioner 30 may also introduce a common mode choke . as described above , a common mode choke has the practical effect of limiting the possible current , which can potentially interfere with known ground fault detection schemes . the effect of the common mode choke on a ground fault detector can be addressed by introduction of a controller 50 and a voltage sensor 60 to the electrical system . the controller 50 can determine if a ground fault condition exists based on the total root mean square ( rms ) voltage of the inverter / conditioner 30 ac input . an electrical system without a ground fault condition is a balanced system . in a balanced system the magnitude of each ac signal is identical , and each signal is phase shifted from the nearest phase by 360 / n where n is the number of phases . by way of example , in a balanced three phase system the power output of phase a will not be shifted , phase b will be shifted by 120 degrees , and phase c will be shifted by 240 degrees . as a result of the equal magnitude and proportional phase shifting at any given time the sum of phases a , b , and c will be equal to zero in a theoretical balanced system . when a phase to ground fault is present in a power system , the system is thrown out of balance since one phase will have a direct connection to ground , while the other phases must still pass through a load and return to the generator . as a result of the imbalance , the total rms voltage on the phase with a ground fault will be significantly greater than zero . a controller 50 and voltage sensors 60 may thereby be utilized to monitor the sum of the phase voltages to determine if the sum is above a certain threshold . when the sum exceeds the threshold , a ground fault is determined to be present on one of the phases . the generator with the phase to ground fault can then be identified and isolated from the electrical system . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of the above described method for detecting a phase to ground fault based on rms voltage . in the first step of the method , the voltage sensor 60 measures the inverter / conditioner 30 ac input voltage and sends the voltage measurements to the controller 50 ( step 102 , fig2 ). in order to make a ground fault determination based on the voltage measurements , the controller 50 then calculates an rms voltage for each phase ( step 104 , fig2 ). after the phase rms voltages are calculated , the controller 50 calculates a sum of all of the phase voltages for the electrical system and derive its rms value , referred to as “ total vrms ” ( step 106 , fig2 ). in most applications the electrical system will have three phases ; however it is known that an alternate number of phases could be used . once a total rms voltage value has been calculated , the controller 50 compares the total rms voltage value to a threshold value ( step 108 , fig2 ). if the total rms voltage exceeds the threshold then a phase to ground fault is found ( step 110 , fig2 ). when a phase to ground fault is found , the controller 50 then either takes a predefined action ( such as isolating the faulty inverter ), or transmits a ground fault detected signal to a second controller 70 , which then allows the second controller 70 to take any necessary actions ( step 112 , fig2 ). in another embodiment , the rms voltage value of each phase ( i . e ., step 104 ) can be determined by the method illustrated in fig3 . in the embodiment of fig3 , step 1104 first filters the raw rms voltage to remove harmonic frequencies ( step 1104 ( a )). the harmonic frequencies are removed because the harmonic frequencies are unnecessary in the determination of the phase rms voltage , and can cause miscalculations when the phase voltages are summed . the filtered rms voltage is then squared ( step 1104 ( b )) and passed to a second filter . in the second filter the signal is again filtered ( step 1104 ( c )) to remove harmonic frequencies . since the second filter is after the squaring operation , any harmonics that were too small to be filtered in the first filter step 1104 ( a ) will have been squared and thus are large enough to be filtered by the second filter step 1104 ( c ). the signal is then square rooted ( step 1104 ( d )), which returns the signal to its original amplitude without the harmonics . the signal is then sent to step 1106 of fig3 where the remainder of the method is identical to the method described in the first embodiment , and illustrated in fig2 . in another embodiment the total rms voltage is computed for step 2106 of fig5 with the sub - steps illustrated . in the embodiment of fig5 , a raw voltage for each phase is received from step 2104 and initially filtered ( step 2106 ( a )). the filtered voltages of each phase are then added together ( step 2106 ( b )) and sent to a divider . the divider then divides the sum of the phase voltages by the total number of phases in the system ( step 2106 ( c )). next the output of the divider is squared ( step 2106 ( d )) in order to make any harmonics that were too small for the first filter ( 2106 ( a )) larger . after being squared , the signal is again filtered ( step 2106 ( e )). the output of the second filter ( step 2106 ( e )) is square - rooted ( step 2106 ( f )). finally the total rms voltage value is output ( step 2106 ( g )) and sent to step 2108 ( fig5 ). fig6 illustrates a logic circuit 200 for a voltage summer which is capable of performing the steps shown in block 2106 of fig5 , and described above . the total rms voltage evaluator 200 accepts a voltage input 206 of all three phases . the voltage inputs 206 are then filtered in low pass filters 202 to remove harmonics and leave a cleaner ac signal . the filtered voltage signals 232 are then sent to a summer 204 . the summer 204 combines the filtered voltage signals 232 and outputs a single raw combined voltage signal 234 . due to the nature of the summer 204 the raw combined 3 - phase voltage signal 234 is larger than zero in the event of a ground fault . the raw combined voltage signal 234 , is sent to a divider 212 . the divider 212 additionally has a second input 236 equal to k . the divider 212 then divides the raw combined voltage by k and outputs a combined voltage value 238 . the k value for input 236 is the number of phases and may be determined by a signal from the controller 50 , the secondary controller 70 , predefined within the divider 212 , or set using any other known technique . for the combined voltage value 238 to be properly interpreted by the controller 50 , harmonics that survived the initial filter 202 , and that were introduced as a result of the summer 204 and the divider 212 operations , must be removed from the signal 238 . to remove the remaining harmonics the signal 238 is squared ( in multiplier block 214 ), then sent through a filter 218 , and then square - rooted ( in square - root block 222 ). the square root block 222 outputs a total rms voltage signal 230 which is in a format that can be accepted and interpreted by the controller 50 . these operations remove the minor harmonics in the same manner as described in the second embodiment . the output 230 is then passed to step 2108 of fig5 . another embodiment of the ground fault detection method combines the phase rms voltage calculations ( step 104 , fig2 ) with the total rms voltage calculations ( step 106 , fig2 ), resulting in the method illustrated in fig7 , 8 . after the raw measurements are received ( step 3102 , fig7 ), the measurements are filtered ( step 502 ) to remove harmonic frequencies . next the filtered signals are copied at junction 504 and separate operations are performed on the signals simultaneously ( as illustrated in fig8 ). the first operation , used to calculate phase rms voltage , of the embodiment of fig7 squares the phase rms voltages ( step 506 ) from junction 504 . then , the rms voltage signals are again filtered ( step 508 ). after the second filter the signal is combined with the output of the second operation and square rooted ( step 510 ). after being square rooted the voltage signals are output to step 3108 of fig7 ( step 512 ). the second operation , used to calculate total rms voltage of the embodiment of fig7 , sums the filtered signals from junction 504 ( step 514 ). the summed signal is then divided by the total number of phases in the system ( step 516 ), and the resulting signal is squared ( step 518 ). after being squared the signal is again filtered ( step 520 ) and combined with the output of the first operation where the signal is square - rooted ( step 510 ) and output to step 3108 of fig7 ( step 512 ). while it is known that the above described methods can be performed using a number of different controllers and logic circuits , disclosed below are sample logic circuits which could be used by the controller 50 to perform the above described methods . the logic circuit 400 of fig4 is capable of performing step 1104 of the embodiment of fig3 . the logic circuit initially accepts raw ac phase voltage measurements 402 from the sensor 60 and passes them through a low pass filter 404 . the signal is then sent to a multiplier 406 . the multiplier 406 accepts the filtered ac input signal twice and multiplies them together , resulting in a squaring operation . the squaring operation additionally squares minor harmonics that were too small to be removed by the initial low - pass filter 404 . the signal is then sent through a second low - pass filter 408 where the remaining harmonics are removed , resulting in a clean signal that can be properly read by a controller 50 . finally the signal is square rooted in logic block 410 , which results in an output signal 412 equal to the phase rms voltage without additional harmonics . the output signal 412 can then be passed to step 106 of fig3 and a total rms voltage may be calculated based on the output signal 412 . a logic circuit which is a combination of the logic circuits of fig4 and fig6 , and capable of performing the method of fig7 , 8 , is disclosed in fig9 . the logic circuit of fig9 utilizes a combined first low pass filter 404 , and then separates into two separate sub - circuits corresponding to each of the logic circuits 400 , 200 of fig4 and 6 . these circuits have identical components and operate in the same manner as the logic circuits 200 , 400 described above . the foregoing description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in any limiting sense . a worker of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that certain modifications , such as utilizing a different logic circuit within a controller , would come within the scope of this invention . for that reason , the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention . | 7 |
improved methods of treating wastewater and wastewater treatment systems have now been discovered . notably , the methods and systems provide benefits in reducing bod , tn , phosphorous , and tss in effluent wastewater . applicant has invented a method of treating wastewater comprising : directing the flow of wastewater to a density separation tank at rate 1 ; separating wastewater by density into portion a and portion b ; and circulating portion b through at least one media at rate 2 ; wherein the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 1 . as used herein , the term “ directing ” refers moving wastewater towards a particular place . in one embodiment , the wastewater is directed into the density separation tank by way of a conduit such as a pipe . for example , wastewater may be collected from various toilets and drains and then moved through a pipe to a density separation tank . the movement may be accomplished by gravitational force ( where the density separation tank is lower in elevation than the sources of wastewater ) or the movement may be accomplished by using a pump or other device for actively transporting the wastewater . as used herein , the term “ density separation tank ” means a vessel in which wastewater is partitioned into different portions according to their relative densities . one example of a density separation tank is a vessel having a raised dividing wall , separating the vessel into chambers , wherein the influent solid matter sinks to the bottom without passing over the dividing wall , thereby separating the influent wastewater into portions having different densities . one specific example of a density separation tank is a septic tank . “ rate 1 ” refers to the rate that influent wastewater enters the wastewater treatment system . rate 1 can be expressed in units of volume divided by units of time . for example , rate 1 can be expressed as gallons per year . in one example , rate 1 is about the same as the rate that water is used and / or discarded in a house or dwelling . “ separating ” means dividing a particular amount of mass into more than one portion , each portion having less mass than the original amount . where influent wastewater is separated by density into a portion a and a portion b , portion a means the more dense of these two portions and portion b means the less dense of these two portions . “ circulating ” means directing a volume of material through a path with at least some of that volume returning to its original place . circulating portion b includes , for example , pumping portion b from a vessel through one or more media , and then draining the one or more media into the original vessel . “ rate 2 ” refers to the rate at which portion b circulates through the one or more media . rate 2 can be expressed in units of volume divided by units of time . in one example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 5 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 25 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 30 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 40 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 50 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 65 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 80 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 100 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 125 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 150 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 200 . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than . in another example , the ratio of rate 2 : rate 1 is greater than 500 . the circulating described above may be either uninterrupted circulating or intermittent circulating . uninterrupted circulating means that the volume of portion b moves continuously through the one or more media , substantially free from periods where volume of portion b does not circulate through the one or more media . by contrast the circulating may be intermittent . intermittent circulating means that the movement of portion b periodically stops so that sometimes the volume of portion b is moving through the one or more media and sometimes it is not . intermittent circulating may be accomplished , for example , by equipping a pump with a repeat cycle timer . in one case , the material of portion b is moved through the one or more media with a pump that is connected to a repeat cycle timer . the repeat cycle time controls whether the pump is on or off . the repeat cycle timer can be adjusted to control the frequency and duration of each of the on and off periods . as used herein , the term “ on : off ratio ” means the ratio of time that portion b is moving through the one or more media ( e . g ., when the pump is on ) divided by the amount of time that the portion b is not moving through the one or more media ( e . g ., when the pump is off ). in one embodiment the on : off ratio is less than about 1 : 1 . in one embodiment , the on : off ratio is between about 1 : 1 and about 2 : 1 . in one embodiment , the on : off ratio is between about 2 : 1 and about 4 : 1 . in one embodiment , the on : off ratio is between about 4 : 1 and about 8 : 1 , such as , for example 5 : 1 . in one embodiment , the on : off ratio is between about 8 : 1 and about 20 : 1 . in one embodiment , the on : off ratio is between about 20 : 1 and about 50 : 1 . in one embodiment , the on : off ratio is between about 50 : 1 and about 250 : 1 . in one embodiment , the on : off ratio is between about 250 : 1 and about 1000 : 1 . the term media means a solid porous structure that is capable of supporting biomass . in one embodiment , the media is made of plastic , such as pvc . in one embodiment , the media is a cross - flow media . in one embodiment , each sheet of the media is corrugated at a 60 ° angle from the horizontal and assembled in a cross - corrugated pattern with adjacent sheets . in one embodiment , the media has a 95 % void - to - volume ratio . in one embodiment the media is about 110 to 130 ft 2 per ft 3 . in one embodiment , the media is about 119 ft 2 / ft . in one embodiment , the media is a trickling media , i . e ., the aqueous material passes through and is distributed throughout the media under the force of gravity . in one embodiment , the media is maintained at a temperature of greater than 0 ° c . in another embodiment , the media is maintained at a temperature of greater than 5 ° c . in another embodiment , the media is maintained at a temperature of greater than 10 ° c . in another embodiment , the media is maintained at a temperature of greater than 15 ° c . in another embodiment , the media is maintained at a temperature of greater than 20 ° c . in another embodiment , the media is maintained at a temperature of greater than 25 ° c . in another embodiment , the media is maintained at a temperature of greater than 30 ° c . in one embodiment , the media is maintained at a particular temperature or temperature range by insulating the media , for example in an enclosure , such as a cabinet . in one embodiment , the media is maintained at a particular temperature or temperature range by ventilating the media . in one embodiment , the media is maintained at a particular temperature or temperature range by heating the media with a heater . heating the media can be accomplished either be heating the media directly , or heating the surrounding environment , e . g ., by heating the air surrounding the media within a contained space . in one embodiment , the material of portion b is delivered to the media by spraying it onto the media . as used herein , “ spraying ” means creating a multitude of droplets from a relatively more contiguous liquid . for example , one may spray the material of portion b by pumping it through one or more nozzles , which transform the portion b from a relatively more contiguous liquid form into a relatively more dispersed form . in one embodiment , portion b is sprayed onto the media through one or more nozzles . as used herein , the term “ nozzle ” means a mechanical device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow as it exits an enclosed chamber or pipe via an orifice . in one example , the spraying portion b includes pumping portion b through one or more nozzles , each producing a full cone having an angle of greater than 100 degrees . the term “ full cone ” refers to a cone - shaped pattern of water , wherein the water is distributed rather evenly throughout the entire cone instead of concentrating the spray primarily at the edges of the cone - shaped pattern of water . in another example , the spraying portion b includes producing a full cone having an angle of between 80 - 180 degrees . in another example , the spraying portion b includes producing a full cone having an angle of between of between 90 - 150 degrees . in another example , the spraying portion b includes producing a full cone having an angle of between of between 100 - 130 degrees . in another example , the spraying portion b includes producing a full cone having an angle of between of between 105 - 125 degrees . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises returning a fraction of portion b to the density separation tank , e . g ., the first compartment of a first septic tank . for example , in one embodiment , a wastewater treatment system comprises two two - chamber septic tanks in series and some of the circulating matter of portion b is directed to the first chamber of the first septic tank . applicant has determined that directing a fraction of the recirculating portion b into the density separation tank results in a lowering of tn because it provides a source of oxygen for microbial respiration . fig1 a shows an exemplary embodiment in which wastewater is directed to a density separation tank , where it is separated into a portion b , which is both recirculated and also fed back into the first compartment of the first septic tank . in one embodiment , the flow rate directed to the first chamber of the first septic tank is from about 1 % to about 10 % of the flow rate of the recirculating portion b . in another embodiment , the flow rate directed to the first chamber of the first septic tank is from about 2 % to about 5 % of the flow rate of the recirculating portion b . in one embodiment of the method of treating wastewater , a portion c is separated from portion b . the portion c may be separated form portion b by directing the flow of portion b into a separate container . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises adding an antimicrobial to portion c . as used herein , the term “ antimicrobial ” means a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria , fungi , or protozoans . in one example , the antimicrobial is an oxidizing agent . in one example , the antimicrobial is a chlorinating agent . in one embodiment the antimicrobial is chlorine . in one embodiment , the antimicrobial is a hypochlorite salt , such as sodium or calcium hypochlorite . in one embodiment , the antimicrobial is uv light , i . e ., portion c is treated with uv light by exposing it to a uv lamp . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises adding a reducing agent . as used herein , the term reducing agent means a molecule capable of donating one or more electrons to another compound , for example , sodium sulfite , sodium bisulfite , and / or sodium metabisulfite . in one embodiment , the reducing agent is added to portion c . in one embodiment , the reducing agent is added to portion c after the antimicrobial is added to portion c . in one embodiment , the reducing agent is sulfite or hydrogen sulfite or a salt of either . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises filtering portion c . in one example , the filtering removes materials having a size greater than about 5 microns . in another example , the filtering removes materials having a size greater than about 1 micron . in another example , the method of treating wastewater includes more than one filtering step . for example , the filtered water may be first filtered to remove materials having a size greater than about 5 microns and thereafter filtered to remove materials having a size of greater than about 1 micron . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system comprises a carbon filter . in one embodiment , the carbon filter is a powdered block filter . in one embodiment , the carbon filter is a granular activated filter . in one embodiment , the carbon filter includes a bacterial growth inhibitor , such as silver , copper , and / or zinc . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system comprises separating portion d from portion c by applying pressure to portion c across a reverse osmosis membrane . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises evaporating water . in one embodiment , water is evaporated from portion c . in one embodiment , water is evaporated from portion b . in one embodiment , water is evaporated from portion d . the term “ evaporative rate ,” as used herein , means the rate at which water leaves the wastewater treatment system in the gaseous or suspended ( e . g ., liquid water suspended in the air ) form . the evaporative rate can be expressed in units of volume divided by units of time , wherein the volume refers to the amount of water measured in the liquid form . for example , in one embodiment , the evaporative rate is less than 10 , 000 gallons per year . in another exemplary embodiment , the evaporative rate is between about 10 , 000 and about 50 , 000 gallons per year . in another exemplary embodiment , the evaporative rate is between about 50 , 000 and about 150 , 000 gallons per year . in another exemplary embodiment , the evaporative rate is between about 150 , 000 and about 300 , 000 gallons per year . in another exemplary embodiment , the evaporative rate is between about 300 , 000 and about 1 , 000 , 000 gallons per year . in another exemplary embodiment , the evaporative rate is greater than 1 , 000 , 000 gallons per year . in one embodiment , water is evaporated by misting the water . as used herein , the term “ misting ” means converting liquid aqueous material into fine droplets , having a surface area greater than the original liquid . this may be accomplished , for example , by pushing the liquid aqueous material through one or more nozzles . in one embodiment , water is evaporated by blowing air through the space having the water to be evaporated . this blowing may be accomplished , for example , by using one or more fans . in some circumstances , this blowing may be accomplished by harnessing the natural wind currents . for example , the water may be evaporated by misting water into a well ventilated structure , such as a tobacco barn . the blowing may occur at different temperatures , depending on the evaporative requirements . in one embodiment , the blowing air is heated to increase the rate of evaporation . in one embodiment , the evaporative rate is more than 75 % of rate 1 . in another embodiment , the evaporative rate is more than 80 % of rate 1 . in another embodiment , the evaporative rate is more than 85 % of rate 1 . in another embodiment , the evaporative rate is more than 90 % of rate 1 . in another embodiment , the evaporative rate is more than 95 % of rate 1 . in another embodiment , the evaporative rate is more than 99 % of rate 1 . in another embodiment , the evaporative rate is more than 99 . 9 % of rate 1 . in another embodiment , the evaporative rate exceeds rate 1 . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises heating portion a . as used herein , the term “ heating ” means adding thermal energy to the object heated . the heating may be accomplished by devices known to produce thermal energy , such as gas burners , electric resistors , etc . in one embodiment , the heating is accomplished by capturing solar energy . for example , in one embodiment , the heating is achieved by using a translucent window to permit incoming solar radiation to enter the system . once inside the system , the light energy gives rise to thermal energy , thereby heating the system . for example , in one embodiment , portion a is heated by allowing incoming solar radiation to enter the density separation tank . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises heating portion b . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises heating portion c . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises heating portion d . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises adding a metal salt coagulant to portion a and / or portion b . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises adding an inorganic aluminum salt to portion a and / or portion b . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises adding an inorganic ferric salt to portion a and / or portion b . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises adding a metal salt coagulant to portion a and / or portion b without substantially raising or lowering the ph of portion a and / or portion b . in one embodiment , the method of treating wastewater comprises adding a compound of the chemical formula al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m to portion a and / or portion b . in one embodiment , the metal salt coagulant ( e . g ., al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m ) is added to portion a by flushing the metal salt coagulant down a toilet emptying into portion a . in another embodiment , the metal salt coagulant ( e . g ., al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m ) is added directly into the house sewer pipe without passing through the toilet . by adding al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m to the wastewater as described above , the phosphorous levels of the effluent wastewater can be dramatically reduced . in one embodiment , about 60 milligrams of al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m is added to the toilet or sewar pipe each day , resulting in a reduction in the phosphorous level to about 1 . 5 mg / l . the appropriate amount of al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m can be determined by monitoring the phosphorous levels in the household &# 39 ; s effluent — adding more al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m to mittigate against higher than desired phosphorous levels . in one embodiment of the method of treating wastewater , the biological oxygen demand in portion c is less than 5 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment of the method of treating wastewater , the total suspended solids in portion c is less than 10 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment of the method of treating wastewater , the total nitrogen in portion c is less than 25 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total kjeldahl nitrogen in the effluent is less than 10 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the biological oxygen demand in the effluent is less than 5 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total suspended solids in the effluent is less than 10 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total suspended solids in the effluent is less than 5 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total suspended solids in the effluent is less than 2 . 5 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total suspended solids in the effluent is less than 1 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total suspended solids in the effluent is less than 0 . 1 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total nitrogen in the effluent is less than 25 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total nitrogen in the effluent is less than 5 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total nitrogen in the effluent is less than 1 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total nitrogen in the effluent is less than 0 . 1 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total kjeldahl nitrogen in the effluent is less than 10 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total kjeldahl nitrogen in the effluent is less than 1 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment , the total kjeldahl nitrogen in the effluent is less than 0 . 1 % of that in the wastewater directed into portion a . in one embodiment the bod of the effluent is less than 100 grams per year . in one embodiment the bod of the effluent is less than 10 grams per year . in one embodiment the bod of the effluent is less than 1 gram per year . in one embodiment the tss of the effluent is less than 100 grams per year . in one embodiment the tss of the effluent is less than 10 grams per year . in one embodiment the tss of the effluent is less than 1 gram per year . in one embodiment the tn of the effluent is less than 100 grams per year . in one embodiment the tn of the effluent is less than 10 grams per year . in one embodiment the tn of the effluent is less than 1 gram per year . in one embodiment the amount of aqueous effluent is less than 100 , 000 gallons per year . in one embodiment the amount of aqueous effluent is less than 10 , 000 gallons per year . in one embodiment the amount of aqueous effluent is less than 1 , 000 gallons per year . in one embodiment the amount of aqueous effluent is less than 100 gallons per year . in one embodiment the amount of aqueous effluent is less than 10 gallons per year . in one embodiment the amount of aqueous effluent is less than 1 gallon per year . applicant has also invented a wastewater treatment system comprising : a wastewater inlet ; a first vessel ; a second vessel ; a pump equipped with a repeat cycle timer ; a spraying nozzle ; and a media . as used herein , the term “ wastewater inlet ” means a structure or conduit that carries the flow of wastewater , delivering that wastewater to a particular place . for example , in one embodiment , the wastewater inlet is a drainpipe carrying the flow of toilet and / or drain water from a residence . the first vessel is a container that is substantially impermeable to water along its structural barriers . in one embodiment , the first vessel is made of polymers ( e . g ., plastic or natural materials ), metal , and / or minerals ( e . g ., rock and concrete ). in one embodiment the first vessel is made of concrete , polyethylene or fiberglass . in one embodiment , the first vessel has a volume of between about 1000 gallons to about 2000 gallons . in one embodiment , the first vessel has a volume of between about 2000 gallons to about 3000 gallons . in one embodiment , the first vessel has a volume of between about 3000 gallons to about 5000 gallons . in one embodiment , the first vessel has a volume of greater than 5000 gallons . in one embodiment , the first vessel is a conventional septic tank . the second vessel is a container that is substantially impermeable to water along its structural barriers . in one embodiment , the second vessel is made of polymers ( e . g ., plastic or natural materials ), metal , and / or minerals ( e . g ., rock and concrete ). in one embodiment the second vessel is made of concrete , polyethylene or fiberglass . in one embodiment , the second vessel has a volume of between about 1000 gallons to about 2000 gallons . in one embodiment , the second vessel has a volume of between about 2000 gallons to about 3000 gallons . in one embodiment , the second vessel has a volume of between about 3000 gallons to about 5000 gallons . in one embodiment , the second vessel has a volume of greater than 5000 gallons . in one embodiment , the second vessel is a conventional septic tank . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system described above comprises an evaporator . as used herein , the term “ evaporator ” means a device ( or team of devices ) that increases the rate at which liquid water transforms into gaseous water . this may be accomplished by increasing the surface area of the water , for example , by aerosolizing water . in one embodiment , the evaporator includes at least one mister . liquid water may also be transformed into gaseous water by increasing the temperature of the water . this may be accomplished by heating the water , for example by employing one or more heaters . the rate at which liquid water evaporates may also be increased by increasing the rate at which unsaturated air circulates within the vicinity of the water . increasing the circulation of air may be accomplished , for example , by equipping the evaporator with one or more blowers , such as fans or the like . in one embodiment , the evaporator is equipped with a mist membrane . as used herein , the term “ mist membrane ” means a membrane of material that is more permeable to gaseous water than liquid water . in one embodiment , the mist membrane is plastic . in one embodiment , the mist membrane is a plastic screen . in one embodiment , the mist membrane is a rectangular prismatic structure with slatted wood , such as a tobacco barn . in one embodiment , the mist membrane is cloth . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system described above comprises at least one antimicrobial . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system described above comprises at least one filter . in one embodiment , at least one filter is a 5 micron filter . in one embodiment , at least one filter is a 1 micron filter . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system described above comprises at least one reducing agent . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system described above comprises at least one carbon filter . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system described above comprises at least one reverse osmosis filter . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system described above comprises at least one heater . in one embodiment , the spraying nozzle produces a spray angle of at least 100 degrees . in one embodiment , the repeat cycle timer directs the flow of aqueous materials intermittently through the spraying nozzle , onto the media . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system comprises an inorganic aluminum salt . in one embodiment , the wastewater treatment system comprises a compound of the chemical formula al n cl 3n - m ( oh ) m . although the present invention herein has been described with reference to various exemplary embodiments , it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention . those having skill in the art would recognize that various modifications to the exemplary embodiments may be made , without departing from the scope of the invention . moreover , it should be understood that various features and / or characteristics of differing embodiments herein may be combined with one another . it is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the scope of the invention . it will be appreciated that there is an implied “ about ” prior to all numerical values recited herein , whether or not so stated . it should also be understood that the precise numerical values used in the specification and claims form additional embodiments . efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the numerical values disclosed herein . any measured numerical value , however , can inherently contain certain errors resulting from the standard deviation found in its associated measuring technique . furthermore , other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein . it is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only , with a scope and spirit being indicated by the claims . finally , it is noted that , as used in this specification and the appended claims , the singular forms “ a ,” “ an ,” and “ the ,” include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent , and vice versa . thus , by way of example only , reference to “ a composition ” can refer to one or more compositions , and reference to “ a salt of ascorbic acid ” can refer to one or more salts of ascorbic acid . as used herein , the terms “ comprise ”, “ comprises ”, “ comprising ”, “ contain ”, “ contains ”, “ containing ”, “ have ”, “ having ”, “ include ”, “ includes ”, and “ including ” are intended to be non - limiting , such that recitation of an item or items is not to the exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to the recited item ( s ). the following examples are illustrative only , and are not intended to be limiting of the invention , as claimed . a single - family residence was connected by pipe to a first , concrete , 1 , 500 gallon 2 - compartment septic tank , allowing the separation of sludge , water , and other materials based on density . the clarified water flowed through from the first compartment of first septic tank into the second compartment of the first septic tank . that water was directed to the first chamber of a second , concrete , 1 , 500 gallon septic tank . the clarified water was allowed to flow from the first compartment of second septic tank into the second compartment of the second septic tank . the second septic tank was equipped with a submersible pump , which pumped the liquid from the second compartment of the second septic tank through a nozzle and onto 3 feet of pvc cross - flow trickling media acquired from brentwood and jaeger industries . the liquid was allowed to trickle through the media into a drain . the rate of pumping / trickling / draining was adjusted from between 1 gallon per minute to 10 gallons per minute . the drain returned the liquid to the second compartment of the first septic tank . the liquid from the second compartment of the second septic tank was allowed to flow into a third vessel equippped with a pump . the liquid from the third vessel was pumped to a leaching system . the water directed to the distribution box and leaching field was measured to have greater than 90 % reduction of bod , greater than 90 % reduction of tss , greater than 76 % reduction of tn , and greater than 90 % reduction of tkn . a residence was connected by pipe to a first 1 , 500 gallon , 2 - compartment septic tank , allowing the separation of sludge , water , and other materials based on density . the clarified water flowed through from the first compartment of first septic tank into the second compartment of the first septic tank . that water was directed to the first chamber of a second , concrete , 1 , 500 gallon septic tank . the clarified water was allowed to flow from the first compartment of second septic tank into the second compartment of the second septic tank . the second compartment of the second septic tank was connected to a biofilter feed tank . the water from the biofilter feed tank was pumped through a nozzle and onto 3 feet of pvc cross - flow trickling media acquired from brentwood industries . the liquid flowing through the media was allowed to drain into the second compartment of the first septic tank , thereby circulating that portion of aqueous materials . the biofilter feed tank was also connected to a series of separate tanks , equipped with separate sources of hypochlorite and sulfite . as an alternative to continued circulation , the aqueous materials from the biofilter tank could be subjected to chlorination ( hypochlorite ). following chlorination , that aqueous material was filtered through a 5 micron filter , then a 1 micron filter , then a 0 . 9 micron ( absolute ) filter . after filtering , that aqueous material was subjected to carbon filtering and a reducing agent ( a sulfite salt ) was added . after carbon filtering and reduction the aqueous material was directed to a reverse osmosis pump . following purification by reverse osmosis , the purified aqueous material was released as effluent into the external environment by way of a pipe extending into a nearby creek ( bungay creek ). this effluent was measured to have a bod below the 2 mg / l detection limit , a tss of less than 1 mg / l , a tn of less than 1 mg / l , a total phosphorous of less than 1 mg / l , and a tkn of less than 1 mg / l . the high - salt effluent from the reverse osmosis filtration was directed to the 6000 gallon tank . water directed to the 6000 gallon evaporation storage tank was thereafter pumped through six misters , allowing for the water to evaporate . water that did not evaporate was allowed to fall by gravitational force , then drain via gravity through a pvc pipe , returning to the evaporation storage tank . using the above system , the average daily effluent of a household with an average daily flow of 250 gallons per day was reduced to approximately 0 . 03 gallons per day . fig5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a wastewater treatment system for a residence which incorporates a chemical reservoir containing alumnium chlorohydrate . in fig5 , a chemical reservoir containing aluminum chlorohydrate ( 2 ) in a residence or building ( 1 ) flows to chemical metering pump with programmable intermittent discharge ( 3 ) into house toilet ( 4 ) or directly into house sewer ( 5 ). discharge from toilet ( 4 ) flows thru house sewer pipe ( 5 ) to two compartment septic tank # 1 ( 6 ). discharge from tank ( 6 ) thru 4 ″ pipe ( 7 ) into two compartment septic tank # 2 ( 8 ). ½ , ¾ , or 1 horsepower pump ( 9 ) in second compartment of septic tank # 2 ( 8 ) pumps wastewater via 1 , 1½ , or 2 ″ pipe ( 10 ) into bio filter ( 12 ). optionally , pump ( 9 ) discharges concurrently via ¼ , ½ , or ¾ ″ pipe ( 11 ) which originates in a tee from pipe ( 10 ). pipe ( 11 ) discharges to the inlet to septic tank # 1 ( 6 ). discharge from bio filter ( 12 ) flows via 4 ″ drain ( 13 ) returning to the second compartment of septic tank # 1 ( 6 ). the discharge from septic tank # 2 ( 8 ) flows via 4 ″ pipe ( 14 ) to equalization / holding tank ( 15 ). a 4 ″ well pump ( 16 ) is encased in 6 ″ pipe sleeve ( 17 ). the well pump ( 16 ) discharge is pumped to evaporation structure ( 19 ) via 2 ″ flexible hose ( 29 ) connecting the well pump ( 16 ) to plastic pipe ( 18 ). a 4 ″ perforated drain ( 20 ) located in evaporation structure ( 19 ) returns water not evaporated to tank ( 15 ). the perforated drain ( 20 ) transitions to solid 4 ″ pipe ( 21 ) at the point where the perforated drain ( 20 ) exits the evaporation structure ( 19 ). the solid pipe ( 21 ) continues to tank ( 15 ). the evaporation structure ( 19 ) is a standard pole barn above a containment structure ( 22 ) constructed of masonry or other impervious material . portions of pipe segments ( 18 ) and ( 20 ) and all of pipe ( 23 ) are located within the containment structure ( 22 ). the containment structure ( 22 ) is sufficiently deep to prevent the freezing of the pipes when it is filled with ¾ ″ to 1 ″ screened gravel or broken stone ( 24 ). according to the size of the evaporation structure , several ¼ ″ to 1 ″ riser pipes ( 23 ) extend from the buried influent pipe ( 18 ) to the surface to supply individual spray heads ( 25 ). the dimensions of the evaporation structure ( 19 ) in this example are 30 feet by 20 feet for a residence with an average monthly wastewater generation rate of 200 gallons per day or less . greater wastewater flows require a proportionally larger area . the evaporation structure ( 19 ) may be open sided or enclosed . if the evaporation structure ( 19 ) is enclosed board siding shall be spaced a minimum of ¾ inch between vertical or horizontal boards in a manner similar to the construction of a tobacco barn . all wooden portions of the evaporation structure ( 19 ) are constructed using rot resistant and rust proof materials . the eaves of the evaporation structure ( 19 ) are 14 feet above ground level . within the evaporation structure , pipe ( 18 ) is located just above pipe ( 20 ). both pipes are surrounded by ¾ to 1 ″ stone to a depth sufficient to prevent pipe freezing . alternatively , septic tank ( 8 ) may drain via 4 ″ pipe ( 28 ) to reverse osmosis system ( 30 ). it the reverse osmosis system ( 30 ) is at a higher elevation than septic tank # 2 ( 8 ), the tag ( 28 ) may signify an appropriately sized pump and pump tank . reject water from the reverse osmosis system drains via 2 ″ or larger pvc pipe ( 31 ) to tank ( 15 ). permeate from the reverse osmosis ( 30 ) is discharged via 1½ or 2 ″ pipe ( 32 ) to surface water ( 33 ). alternatively , septic tank ( 8 ) may drain via 4 ″ pipe ( 26 ) to standard leaching system ( 27 ). fig1 shows three views of the exemplified evaporation structure . fig6 depicts presents the same flow path as discussed in example 3 ( referencing fig5 ), except that the biofilter ( 34 ) is located within the building . the biofilter ( 34 ) is vented by 4 ″ or larger pipe ( 35 ) to a roof exhaust . fig7 shows four views of a biofilter cabinet suitable for outdoor use and storage . in this example biofilter ( 12 ) is a structure constructed using ¾ ″ pvc board that is screwed together using stainless steel screws and whose joints are sealed with waterproof caulk . the structure has two chambers ( 36 ) ( 37 ). chamber ( 37 ) is accessible by a door ( 38 ) and encloses the influent pipe ( 10 ) shut off valve ( 39 ) and sample tap ( 40 ). chamber ( 36 ), the larger of the two , contains three layers of cross flow media ( 41 ), a segment of the influent feed pipe ( 10 ), a ¾ ″ flow control gate valve ( 42 ), a pipe reducer ( 43 ), ¾ ″ spray feed pipe ( 44 ), and a ½ or ¾ full cone spray nozzle ( 45 ) located above the midpoint of the chamber ( 36 ). the biofilter ( 12 ) is positioned on a 4 ″ wire reinforced concrete slab ( 46 ) and covered by a removable top ( 47 ) constructed with ¾ ″ pvc board . wood trim and lath are applied to the exterior of the plastic structure for aesthetic purposes ( view c ). effluent from septic tank # 2 ( 8 ) flows via 1 , 1½ or 2 ″ pipe ( 10 ) to the biofilter ( 12 ). the feed pipe ( 10 ) is normally laid underground from the septic tank ( 8 ) to the biofilter ( 12 ). the feed pipe ( 10 ) rises from below the ground surface within chamber ( 37 ) to an elevation just below the top cover ( 47 ) whence it turns 90 degrees and penetrates the wall of the biofilter chamber ( 36 ). the full cone spray nozzle ( 45 ) sprays water onto 3 layers of crossflow plastic media ( 41 ). the plastic media ( 41 ) is supported off the floor of the chamber ( 36 ) by thickened sidewalls ( 48 ) and crosspieces ( 49 ) constructed using ¾ ″ pvc sheet . a 4 ″ floor drain ( 50 ) attached to pipe ( 13 ) is provided to return water to septic tank # 1 ( 6 ). the biofilter chamber is provided with adjustable ventilation holes ( 51 ) at the top and the bottom . a 44 ″ high by 18 ″ wide fixed access panel ( 52 ) is provided at the back of chamber ( 36 ) for the installation of the crossflow media ( 41 ). the indoor biofilter cabinet ( 34 ) depicted in fig8 bears many similarities to the outdoor biofilter ( 12 ) shown in fig7 . consistent numbering has been uses where fig8 exemplifies components that are the same as those in fig7 . the indoor biofilter ( 34 ) is mechanically vented . a 4 ″ duct fan ( 53 ), connected to 4 ″ duct ( 54 ) feeds air into the base of the biofilter ( 34 ). the airflow exits the biofilter via 4 ″ duct ( 35 ) which is extended and terminated above the roof of the building . the filtrate collection chamber ( 55 ) drains out a wall of the biofilter to pipe ( 13 ). inspection access to the filtrate collection chamber ( 55 ) is provided by way of an 8 ″ marine hatchway ( 56 ). fig9 depicts and evapoation storage tank . the evaporation storage tank ( 15 ) stores wastewater when the weather characteristics required for evaporation are not met . the size of the tank is determined by the maximum volume of storage required at any time during the year . the estimated storage required for the eastern shore of maryland is 28 days flow or 4 , 200 gallons . liquid from septic tank # 2 enters the below ground tank ( 15 ) via pipe ( 14 ). a 4 ″ 316 stainless steel submersible well pump ( 16 ) installed within 6 ″ pipe casing ( 17 ) lays on the floor of the chamber . the pipe casing is fitted with a 6 ″ pipe tee ( 57 ) at the motor end of the pump to serve as a torque arrestor . the discharge end of the pump ( 16 ) is connected to a 2 ″ discharge pipe which is terminated just outside the casing with a quick connect fitting ( 58 ). the pump end quick connect attaches to its mate which is the terminal end of a 2 ″ pressure rated flexible hose ( 29 ). the flexible hose extends and is joined to a quick connect coupling ( 59 ) at the terminal end of pipe ( 18 ) which feeds the evaporation structure ( 19 ). a vertically oriented ball check valve ( 60 ) is attached to pipe ( 18 ) to allow the discharge pipe to drain when the pump is not operating . the pump ( 16 ) is operated based on the level of the water in the tank which is measured by a pressure transducer ( 61 ) connected to a pump controller ( 62 ). the controller ( 62 ) is programmable and maintains the water level below a set level and above a minimum level . the controller ( 62 ) also relies on a combined temperature / humidity sensor ( 63 ) to determine if weather conditions are right for evaporation . | 2 |
as has been mentioned , the present invention provides semiconductor memory devices , and methods of using the same . the invention is now described in more detail . referring now to fig3 , a memory device 100 made according to the invention is described . memory device 100 may be a nand flash memory . memory device 100 has an array 110 of memory cells to store data , a page register and sense amplifier ( s / a ) block 120 , and a y - gating circuit 130 to gate data stored in a group of the memory cells . page register and s / a block 120 is coupled between memory cell array 110 and y - gating circuit 130 . page register and s / a block 120 includes a page buffer 122 . page buffer 122 includes dual registers according to the invention , as will be described in more detail below . device 100 also includes additional components , such as x - buffers latches and decoders , y - buffers latches and decoders , a command register , a control logic and high voltage generator , and global buffers . they exchange data , address , and command signals as shown , and as will be understood from the description below . referring now to fig4 , a sample arrangement is shown for the array 110 of the memory cells . many bit lines are shown , alternatingly designated ble , blo , with “ e ” representing even and “ o ” representing odd . many memory cells ( m 1 , m 2 , . . . , mm ) are connected to each bit line . a group of memory cells ( e . g . m 1 ) are controlled by a single word line ( e . g . wl 1 ). the cells in that group are called a page unit for purposes of this application . referring now to fig5 , page register and s / a block 120 and y - gating circuit 130 are described in more detail . y - gating circuit 130 is between page register and s / a block 120 and a data line 131 . data line 131 may be for bits d 0 - d 7 . y - gating circuit 130 is made from two nmos transistors 132 and 133 . transistors 132 and 133 are controlled by signals ya , yb . signals ya , yb may be derived from information from a column address . page register and s / a block 120 includes a single page buffer 122 , which has a sense line 125 that includes a sense node e . one or more bit lines may be connected to page buffer 122 at node e . in the example of fig5 , two bit lines ble , blo are connected to node e . a transistor 141 has a source connected to a corresponding bit line ble , a drain which is connected to a node providing signal virpwr and a gate connected to receive the gate control signal vble . a transistor 142 has a source connected to bit line blo , a drain which is connected to the node providing signal virpwr , and a gate connected to receive the gate control signal vblo . the node providing signal virpwr is charged at either one of a first or a second supply voltage . accordingly , transistors 141 and 142 apply the first or second supply voltage to bit lines ble and blo , in response to gate control signals vble and vblo . in addition , an nmos transistor 143 connects the bit line ble to node e in response to a blshfe signal . an nmos transistor 144 connects the bit line blo to node e line in response to a blshfo signal . page buffer 122 is thus coupled to bit lines ble , blo through node e of sense line 125 . a pmos transistor 148 supplies current to the bit lines ble , blo via sense line 125 during a read operation . the pmos transistor 148 is connected between a power supply voltage and the sense line and turns on / off according to a control signal pload . importantly , page buffer 122 has two registers 150 , 170 . the prior art provides only one such register . both are connected to sense line 125 . second register 150 is also known as main register 150 . main register 150 includes two nmos transistors 151 , 152 , two inverters 153 , 154 , and a pmos transistor 155 . the data is stored in main latch 156 , formed by inverters 153 , 154 . pmos transistor 155 forms a precharge circuit for main latch 156 . first register 170 is also called an auxiliary register 170 . auxiliary register 170 includes two nmos transistors 171 , 172 , two inverters 173 , 174 , and a pmos transistor 175 . the data is stored in auxiliary latch 176 , formed by inverters 173 , 174 . pmos transistor 175 forms a precharge circuit for auxiliary latch 176 . the dual register ( made from the two registers 150 , 170 ) of the page buffer 122 of the present invention provides many advantages . functions are performed better than in the prior art , which are found to justify increasing the magnitude of the page buffer circuit . additional structure is provided to facilitate and control exchanging data between the two page buffer registers 150 , 170 , memory cell array 110 , and y - gating circuit 130 . an nmos transistor 181 controlled by a control signal pdump is turned on to transfer data between auxiliary register 170 and main register 150 . alternately , it is turned off to electrically isolate auxiliary register 170 from main register 150 . this transfer is advantageously performed over sense line 125 . nmos transistor 181 is also known as an isolation switch . nmos transistors 182 , 183 provide for storing information in auxiliary register 170 . this is performed responsive to the externally input signals di and ndi , respectively . a nmos transistor 184 connects or disconnects main register 150 to or from a selected one of bit lines ble , blo . this is performed when information to be programmed is transferred to the selected one of the bit lines from main register 150 . a nmos transistor 185 is controlled by a control signal pbdo . transistor 185 outputs information read out via the selected bit line to the exterior of page buffer 122 during a selected interval of time . a transistor 186 is prepared for checking the program state , and provides program pass / fail information at a node b of main register 150 . referring now to fig6 , fig7 , fig8 and also fig4 , programming methods according to the invention are described . programming is where data is input in the memory cells of a device from outside the device . in fig6 , a flowchart 600 is used to illustrate a programming method according to an embodiment of the invention . the method of flowchart 600 may also be practiced by circuit 100 of fig3 . according to a box 610 , first external data is passed through a y - gating circuit , such as circuit 130 . the first external data is passed towards a page buffer , such as page buffer 122 . it can be a single datum or many data . it may even be a whole page of data . according to a next box 620 , the first data passed at box 610 is stored at a first register of a page buffer . the first register may be auxiliary register 170 . according to an optional next box 630 , a switch may be activated to connect the first register with a second register . the second register may be main register 150 . the switch may be nmos transistor 181 , controlled by control signal pdump . according to a next box 640 , the first data that is stored in the first register is stored at the second register . according to an optional next box 650 , the switch may be activated to isolate the first register from the second register . according to a next box 660 , the first data that is stored in the second register is stored at a cell of a memory cell array , which is also called programming . concurrently , second external data is received at the first register , and stored therein . therefore , an information - storing operation can be carried out without increasing the information - loading time . in the embodiment of fig3 , the concurrent operation of box 660 is made possible because of the isolation of the first register and the second register . other methods are also possible . referring to fig7 and fig8 , a programming method of the invention is described in more detail . fig7 shows command signals that may be applied to the circuit of fig5 . the horizontal axis is divided into nine time segments , respectively labeled 1 , 2 , . . . , 9 . fig8 shows how data is transferred in the circuit of fig5 , resulting from applying the command signals of fig7 . fig8 should be referred to along with fig7 , using the same cross - referenced time segments as fig7 . at a first step ( time segment 1 ), a data line 131 is taken to a ground voltage , and transistor 175 is turned on by pbset signal . this is also known as page buffer setting for the first page . afterwards ( time segment 2 ) a node d of auxiliary latch 176 is at a high state , and nmos transistors 132 and 133 are turned on . data “ 0 ” or “ 1 ” in data line is thus stored to auxiliary latch 176 by applying phases of di and ndi signals . this is also known as data loading of the first page , and loosely corresponds to box 610 described above . then ( time segment 3 ), the stored data is transferred to sense line 125 from the auxiliary register 170 . this is accomplished by transitioning control signal pdump to a logic high state . prior to transferring the data to main register 150 , sense line 125 and node a of latch 156 are precharged by the transistor 148 and 155 respectively . afterwards ( time segment 4 ) the signals are zeroed . the process is also called hv enable . then ( time segment 5 ), the appropriate one of the bit lines ble , blo is set up , by being precharged . then ( time segments 6 and 7 ), two actions happen concurrently , corresponding to box 660 above . the data to be programmed is transferred from main register 150 to selected bit line ble by activating the blslt signal , and from there to the memory cell . in addition , the next data to be programmed is stored ( loaded ) in auxiliary register 170 from the exterior of the memory device . generally , the data loading operation is done by byte unit , while programming operation is done by page unit . data loading means that data is transferred from the data line to the auxiliary register 170 , while programming operation means that data transfers from main register 150 to the memory cells in the memory cell array 110 . as described above , page unit means that a plurality of memory cells are connected and controlled by a single word line . since the two actions take place concurrently , the data - storing characteristic is maintained even at high volumes of data . thus implementing the page buffer circuit with auxiliary register 170 is well worth increasing the magnitude of the page buffer circuit . then ( time segment 8 ), the read operation is verified , and ( time segment 9 ), the bit lines are precharged again for the next load / program operation . referring now to fig9 and fig1 , a read operation of the device of fig3 is described in more detail . data is assumed to be read out from one of the memory cells of array 110 , and that gate control signals of memory cells to be read apply appropriate voltages to word lines . fig9 shows command signals that may be applied to the circuit of fig5 . the horizontal axis is divided into six time segments , respectively labeled 1 , 2 , . . . , 6 . fig1 shows how data is transferred in the circuit of fig5 , resulting from the command signals of fig9 . fig1 should be referred to along with fig9 , using the same cross referenced time segments as fig9 . briefly , reading out is performed directly through main register 150 , bypassing auxiliary register 170 . this way , auxiliary register 170 does not obstruct reading data , while it facilitates data loading and data programming as described above . in order to perform a stable read operation , the bit lines ble and blo are first discharged through nmos transistors 141 and 142 by zeroing the virpwr signal , and activating the control signals vble and vblo high . ( time segment 1 .) at the same time , a pbrst signal transitions from a logic high state to a logic low state , so that a state of the main register 150 ( or an input of inverter 153 ) is set to a predetermined state ( i . e ., a logic high state ). afterwards , the pload signal goes low , and thus pmos load transistor 148 is turned on . the control signal blshfe of the nmos transistor 143 is made to have a voltage of summing a bit line precharge voltage and a threshold voltage of the nmos transistor 143 . after precharging the bit line ble with an appropriate voltage , the blshfe signal goes to a logic low state of the ground voltage . ( time segment 2 .) a precharged voltage of the bit line is varied according to a state of a selected memory cell . for example , in the case where the selected memory cell is an off cell , the precharged voltage of the bit line continues to be maintained . in the case where the selected memory cell is an on cell , the precharged voltage of the bit line is lowered . ( time segment 3 .) if a voltage of the blshfe signal is changed into an intermediate voltage between the precharge voltage and the previous blshfe signal level , a voltage on sense line 125 is maintained at the power supply voltage by shutting off the nmos transistor 143 when the selected memory cell is an off cell . if not , however , a voltage on sense line 125 is lowered along a bit line ble voltage ( or is synchronized with a bit line ble ). at a midway point where the blshfe signal goes to a logic low state of the ground voltage , the pload signal turns to the power supply voltage . after this , a gate control signal pblchm of nmos transistor 152 goes to a logic high state of the power supply voltage , and nmos transistor 151 is turned on or off according to a state of the sense line . as a result , the state of sense line 125 is stored in main register 150 . ( time segment 4 .) then the data stored in main register 150 is transferred to the data line via nmos transistor 185 , which is controlled by control signals pbdo and next via y - gating circuit 130 . ( time segment 6 .) copy - back methods according to the invention are now described . during the performance of reading operation , it may become necessary to perform a page copy operation by copying data read from a first page of memory cells at a first address to a second page of memory cells at a second address . referring now to fig1 , a flowchart 1100 is used to illustrate a copy - back method according to an embodiment of the invention . the method of flowchart 1100 may also be practiced by device 100 of fig3 . according to a box 1110 , data of a first cell is stored at a first register of a page buffer . this may be performed by reading out data into the auxiliary register 170 . reading out may be performed as described above . according to a next box 1120 , the data stored in the first register is stored at the second register of a page buffer . this may be performed by transferring the read out data between the auxiliary register 170 and the main register 150 . the transfer may optionally involve activating a switch to connect the first register with the second register . according to a next box 1130 , the data of the second register is stored at a second cell of the memory cell array . this may be performed as a programming operation , as described above . referring now to fig1 , fig1 , fig1 , a copy - back operation of the device of fig3 is described in more detail . data is assumed to be read out from original memory cells of array 110 into page buffer 122 , and copied back there , into different cells . fig1 shows command signals that may be applied to the circuit of fig5 . the horizontal axis is divided into eleven time segments , respectively labeled 1 , 2 , . . . , 11 . the data is first read out from the cells to the page buffer . it will be recognized that the signal commands in the first four time segments 1 , 2 , 3 , are substantially the same as in those of fig1 , except that data is read into auxiliary register 170 , instead of main register 150 . referring to fig1 , the data read out into the page buffer is shown . a blank space is also shown , where the prior art of fig2 required an additional indicator bit to indicate the polarity ( inverted or not ) of the stored data . returning to fig1 , the data is then transferred from auxiliary register 170 into main register 150 of the page buffer . this takes place during time segments 5 , 6 . then the data is programmed from main register 150 into other cells of the memory , during time segments 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 . it will be recognized that the signal commands during time segments 5 - 11 are substantially the same as in those of fig8 . referring to fig1 , the reprogrammed data is shown . it will be appreciated that the data is stored in the different cells according to the invention without being inverted from how they were stored in the original cells . accordingly , there is no need to include the indicator bit of fig2 , which further saves space . erase methods according to the invention are now discussed . erasing generally dumps data . in a flash memory , the threshold voltage goes to a value between − 1v and − 3v by applying a high voltage to the memory cells . data in registers is dumped . referring now to fig1 , a flowchart 1500 is used to illustrate a verify read operation after erasing according to another embodiment of the invention . the method of flowchart 1500 may also be practiced by device 100 of fig3 . according to a box 1510 , data of first memory cell is dumped through a first register of a page buffer . according to another box 1520 , data stored in the first register of the page buffer circuit is dumped through a second register . according to an optional box 1530 , data stored in the first register is checked pass or fail of the memory cell state by transistor 186 . referring now to fig1 and fig1 , an erase method is described for the device of fig3 . fig1 shows command signals that may be applied to the circuit of fig5 . the horizontal axis is divided into seven time segments , respectively labeled 1 , 2 , . . . , 7 . fig1 shows how data is erased in the circuit of fig5 , resulting from applying the command signals of fig1 . fig1 should be referred to along with fig1 , using the same cross - referenced time segments as fig1 . in time segments 1 and 2 , an erase execution command is received . in time segment 3 , bit lines ble , blo are grounded for discharge . in time segment 4 , a verify read operation takes place for a first cell . in time segment 5 , a verify read operation takes place for a second cell . in time segment 6 , data is dumped through the first register . the data includes data of a memory cell , and also data from main register 150 and supplemental register 170 of the page buffer . in time segment 7 , a wired or operation takes place , and data is dumped from node b of main register 150 . the invention offers the advantage that , even if the size of the page is increased , the program time ( or the information - storing time ) of the memory is increased slightly or not at all . in addition , a time for loading information on the page buffer circuit is increased in proportion to the increased magnitude of the page . referring to fig1 , fig1 , fig2 , fig2 , examples are discussed of handling large volumes of data in memories . efficiencies of the invention are thus illustrated . fig1 is a depiction of how large volumes of memory are counted for the capacity of a memory device , for two cases , namely a and b . a three dimensional box depicts the total memory capacity of a device . it can be thought of as a stack of blocks , and each block is a stack of pages . each page ( and also each block ) is one byte ( ib ) wide . a byte equals eight bits , namely i / o 0 - i / o7 . in case a , one page is ( 512 + 16 ) 528 b long . assuming blocks of 32 pages , a capacity of 2048 blocks will yield a device of 264 mbit . in case b , enabled by the present invention , one page is ( 2048 + 64 ) 2112 b long . assuming blocks of sixty - four pages , a capacity of 1024 blocks will yield a device of 1 gbit . fig1 displays various design choices for memory devices , including devices a and b of fig1 . fig2 illustrates how a block can be reconfigured to sixty - four pages ( such as for device b of fig1 ) from thirty - two pages ( such as for device a of fig1 ) by designating successive pages of data as “ even ” and “ odd ”. the invention attains faster loading times than the prior art . this is illustrated by examples . assuming : f 2 = 1 page ( for two cases of 528 b and 2112 b ) then the time required by the device of the prior art for the sequence of data loading , program , data loading , program , etc . requires total time ( prior art )=[( t 1 × f 2 )+ t 3 ]× f 4 equation ( 1 ) this yields 8 , 089 . 6 μs for a device of 528 b and 13158 . 4 μs for a device of 2112 b . accordingly , it is not possible to store information of large volume into the page buffer in a show time ( the information - storing characteristic deteriorates ). referring to fig2 , data would be loaded and programmed according to the present invention more efficiently . the total time required would be total time ( present invention )=( t 1 × f 2 )+( t 3 × f 4 ) equation ( 2 ) this , for a device of 2112 b , yields 6611 . 2 μs , which is about half of the comparable time of equation 1 . this means that a page buffer circuit of a large volume ( e . g ., over 2048 b ) may now be used . fig2 through 29 relate to another embodiment of the invention , to be described in detail below . fig2 shows a memory cell array 100 in a nand flash memory device . the memory cell array has a plurality of strings that comprise a plurality of memory cells . each of the string is connected to one bit line . the strings are connected to a common source line csl in parallel . the common source line csl is connected to ground . in the nand flash memory device , al of the memory cells that are connected to one word line are simultaneously programmed . in other words , if the word line wl 1 is enabled , all of the memory cells mc 1 are programmed according to the state of the bit line . if the bit line state is “ 0 ”, then the memory cells are programmed . if the state of the bit line is “ 1 ”, then the memory cells are not programmed . afterwards , during the program verify procedure , the state of the memory cells is latched in the data node ( n 3 of latch 2 in fig2 ). when the bit line state is “ 0 ”, all of the memory cells are not programmed in the first program step . normally , the cells are successfully programmed after several steps of the program procedure . because the coupling ratios of the memory cells are different from one another according to the vagaries of the semiconductor manufacturing process , even though the state of the bit line is a program state “ 0 ”, all of the memory cells to be programmed are not necessarily programmed during a single cycle or step of the program procedure . in general , before starting the program procedure , all of the memory cells in a nand flash memory are erased . accordingly , all of the memory cells have a negative threshold voltage . after several program steps in the first page , all of the memory cells go to a positive threshold voltage above the verify voltage . in a given page containing plural memory cells , if the first page has finished the first program step then during the program verify procedure all of the memory cells are checked whether the threshold voltage of the memory cells is below the verify voltage or not . the verify voltage is shown in fig2 . at that time , even though a portion of the memory cells have been successfully programmed ( to “ 0 ”), nevertheless most of the memory cells typically are below the range of the verify voltage for the above - described reason . referring still to fig2 , during the program verify procedure , the voltage level of a common source line csl rises because of resistors r 0 , r 1 , r 2 , . . . rm and currents ic 0 , ic 1 ic 2 , . . . icm . this of course is derived from ohm &# 39 ; s law ( v = ir ). those of skill in the art will appreciate that the resistors r 0 , r 1 , r 2 , . . . rm represent parasitic resistances of the common source line and the currents ic 0 , ic 1 , ic 2 , . . . icm represent the currents that flow from each bit line to the common source line . such currents flow through the cells that remain in erased state or that are not sufficiently programmed . as a result , the voltage level of the common source line csl rises because of the current flowing through the strings . the fluctuation of the voltage level of the common source is referred to as csl noise . this phenomenon occurs more readily after the first program step because of the memory device &# 39 ; s condition . but after several program steps , the phenomenon is minimized because the current that flows to the memory cells is minimal . referring now to fig2 , because of the csl noise , during the program verify procedure , the latch 2 sets the node 3 to a programmed state “ 1 ”, even though the threshold voltage of the memory cell is actually below the level of the verity voltage . as a result , the memory cell that is not sufficiently programmed is falsely and misleadingly indicated as a sufficiently ( successfully ) programmed cell . for example , if the memory cell mc 0 has a threshold voltage of 0 . 3v after the first program , and the level of the csl is 0 . 7v because of the csl noise , the threshold voltage of the memory cell mc 0 becomes 0 . 7v during the program verify procedure . if the verify voltage is 0 . 7v , the memory cell is indicated as a programmed memory cell in the page buffer . accordingly , the node n 3 of the latch 2 goes to “ 1 ”. in other words , even though the memory cell ( mc 0 in fig2 ) is not sufficiently programmed , the node n 3 of the latch 2 is in the high state “ 1 ”. if the memory cell is programmed in the second step , because the node n 3 of the latch 2 remains in the state “ 1 ”, the threshold voltage of the memory cell mc 0 having a 0 . 3v threshold voltage is not changed . another object of this invention is that the memory cell not to be programmed sustains a program inhibit state and the memory cell to be programmed cell is reprogrammed even though the memory cell is falsely indicated as having achieved a programmed state during the program verify procedure . fig2 depicts the present invention in schematic circuit form . from fig2 it may be seen that the present invention comprises a storing circuit and a restoring circuit not shown in the embodiments of the invention described in parent u . s . application ser . no . 10 / 013 , 191 . by reference to fig2 and 27 , the present invention will be explained . in fig2 , a page buffer comprises a first sense amplifier 1 , a second sense amplifier 2 , a pass / fail check circuit , a storing circuit and a restoring circuit . those of skill in the art will appreciate that the sense amplifier ( 1 or 2 ) is referred to as a register in the parent patent application . in step f 1 , the data to be programmed and the data to be program inhibited are loaded to the node n 4 in one data register latch 1 . the data to be programmed is “ 0 ” ( gnd ) and the data to be program inhibited is “ 1 ” ( vdd ). in step f 2 ( in fig2 ), the data “ 0 ” and “ 1 ” are dumped to the node n_data . before step f 2 , the node n_data is pre - charged to vdd level according to a pre signal . in step f 3 , the data in the node n 4 is dumped to the node n 3 of another data register latch 2 through the transistor tr 12 . the phase of the data in the node n 3 is the same as the phase of the data in the node n 4 and is the inverse phase of the data in the node n_data in the storing circuit . in step f 4 , the memory cells are programmed according to the state of the node n 3 of the other register latch 2 . if the state of the node n 3 is “ 0 ”, then the memory cell is programmed . if the state of the node n 3 is “ 1 ”, then the memory cell is not programmed . the program state means that the threshold voltage of the memory goes to a level above the verify voltage , wherein the verify voltage has an intermediate level between the threshold voltage of a programmed memory cell and that of an erased memory cell . in step f 5 , the node n 3 is restored according to the state of the storing circuit . if the state of the node n_data is “ 1 ”, then the node n 3 is reset to “ o ”. if the state of the node n_data is “ 0 ”, then the node n 3 retains the previous data . in step f 6 , the program verify read procedure is executed . in the first program verify read step , the memory cell that is not sufficiently programmed is indicated as being in a programmed state in the latch 2 . but the memory cell is indicated as a cell that is not programmed because the csl noise is reduced after several program steps . because the node n 3 is reset to “ 0 ” according to the state of the storing circuit , the memory cell that is insufficiently programmed is programmed during the next program step . in step f 7 , the state of the node n 3 of latch 2 is checked in the pass / fail check circuit . if the state of the node n 3 is “ 1 ”, then the program procedure is finished . if not , then the procedure returns to step f 4 . fig2 is a timing diagram of the invented programming and verifying method . the steps f 1 through f 7 are represented along the horizontal axis , while the various control and data signals are represented along the vertical axis . the control signals include x - decoder signals ssl ; w / l ( sel .) ( selected word line ); w / l ( unsel .) ( unselected wordline ); gsl ; csl ( common source line ). they also include page buffer signals virpwr ( power supply voltage ); vble ( even bit line voltage ); vblo ( odd bit line voltage ); blsi - ife ( even bit line shift voltage ); bl , shfo ( odd bit line shift voltage ); pblchm ( gate control ); pblchc ; pload ; pbset ; pdump 1 ; blslt ( selected bit line ); di ( data input ); ndi ( inverse data input ); pre ( precharge ); reset ; pdump 2 and data line . these signals will be understood in large part to be conventional or understood from the disclosure of the parent application . as may be seen from fig2 , in accordance with the invention , pdump 2 ( during phase f 2 ) precedes pdump 1 ( during phase f 3 ) so that the previous state of node n 3 of latch 2 is temporarily stored for restoration of node n 3 in the case the bit must be programmed again by returning when needed to step f 4 , as described above . table 1 below illustrates typical voltages for the program and verify modes of programming a memory device of the type described herein . in accordance with one embodiment of the invention , the maximum step - up count ( number of cycles ) is twelve and the step - up voltage increment is 0 . 5v / step . those of skill in the art will appreciate that alternative maximum step - up counts and / or alternative step - up voltage increments are contemplated , and are within the spirit and scope of the invention . typically , programming is completed within in five or six steps so that the maximum count is not reached . finally , fig2 is a graph showing the distribution of voltages across a plurality of memory cells after programming in accordance with the invention . it may be seen by contrast to fig2 that , in accordance with the invention , the number of bits successfully programmed rises significantly by effectively pushing the programming of all or substantially all data “ 0 ”- programmed cells to a higher threshold voltage that is above their verify voltages . this is illustrated by the lack of any overlap in fig2 of the data “ 0 ” programming of all bits ( represented by the bell curve on the right side of the graph ) and the verify voltage level ( represented by a vertical dashed line ). a person skilled in the art will be able to practice the present invention in view of the description present in this document , which is to be taken as a whole . numerous details have been set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention . in other instances , well - known features have not been described in detail in order not to obscure unnecessarily the invention . while the invention has been disclosed in its preferred embodiments , the specific embodiments as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense . indeed , it should be readily apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present description that the invention may be modified in numerous ways . the inventor regards the subject matter of the invention to include all combinations and sub - combinations of the various elements , features , functions and / or properties disclosed herein . the following claims define certain combinations and sub - combinations , which are regarded as novel and non - obvious . additional claims for other combinations and sub - combinations of features , functions , elements and / or properties may be presented in this or a related document . | 6 |
in the embodiment of fig1 and 3 , the door latch 10 has a frame 12 connected to a door which is associated with an access opening of a household appliance 16 . the latch 10 has a handle 18 pivotally connected by pin 20 to the frame 12 . a lever 22 has first and second end portions 24 , 26 and a middle portion 28 . the lever 22 is fixedly connected at the first end portion 24 to the handle 18 . the lever 22 extends outwardly from the handle 18 and pivots between first and second positions with the handle 18 . fig3 shows the lever 22 at the first or closed position and fig1 shows the lever 22 at the second or open position . a detent 30 of the latch 10 has first , second , and third end portions 32 , 34 , 36 . the detent 30 is pivotally connected at the first end portion 32 to the frame 12 by pin 20 . the detent 30 is pivotally movable between a first position , as shown in fig1 at which said second end portion 34 of the detent 30 is at a lower , first elevation in engagement with keeper 38 , and a second position , as shown in fig3 at which the second end portion 34 of the detent 30 is at a higher , second elevation . keeper 38 is positioned adjacent the detent 30 . the keeper 38 has first and second end portions 40 , 42 , and a middle portion 46 . the keeper 38 is pivotally connected at the middle portion 46 to the frame 12 by pin 48 . the keeper 38 is pivotally movable about pin 48 between a first position shown in fig3 at which the first end portion 40 is spaced from and at a lower elevation than the second end portion 34 of the detent 30 , and a second position shown in fig1 at which the first end portion 40 is rotatably moved from said first position and is being held at said second position by the second end portion 34 of the detent 30 . the first end portion 40 of the keeper 38 has a notch 70 , better seen in fig3 . the notch 70 is of dimensions sufficient for nesting the second end portion 34 of the detent 30 therein at the second position of elements 30 , 38 ( fig1 ) for locking the latch 10 in the open position . a link 49 having first and second end portions 52 , 54 is pivotally connected at respective end portions by pins 56 , 58 to the respective middle portion 28 of the lever 22 to form a toggle linkage 50 . the link 49 has its opposite end attached to the second end portion 42 of the keeper 38 . the toggle linkage 50 provides the connection between the keeper 38 and the lever 22 for pivotal movement of the keeper about pin 48 in response to movement of the lever 22 between its first and second positions . a biasing means 60 , for example a helically - coiled spring , performs three specific functions . firstly , spring 60 is connected to the keeper 38 for biasing it toward the second or open position . to accomplish such biasing , the spring 60 is connected at one end to the pivotal connection 58 of link 49 and keeper 38 , and at the other end , to the detent 30 . secondly , because spring 60 is connected to detent 30 , detent 30 is biased toward its keeper engaging position as shown in fig1 . such biasing insures that the door latch cannot be locked until the dishwasher door is closed and striker 62 has disengaged detent 30 from keeper 38 . such an arrangement allows the dishwasher controls to be keyed to movement of either the detent or keeper by , for example , an interlock switch ( not shown ). thirdly , spring 60 provides a biasing force between pins 20 and 58 and thus provides a force which must be overcome when toggle linkage 50 passes over - center . this arrangement provides a latching system that is opened with a force of low value applied to end 26 of lever 22 . referring to fig . 2 , striker 62 has a first end portion 64 and is attached to the appliance 16 and is positioned adjacent a third end portion 36 of the detent 30 at a level just above the keeper 38 . the striker end portion 64 contacts the detent 30 and causes it to move from the second toward the first position in response to closing the door . referring to fig1 and 3 , a cam or element 72 is associated with control equipment such as a timer ( not shown ). element 72 is located adjacent the second end portion 26 of the lever 22 for contacting and moving the lever in a direction away from the keeper 38 and thereby moving the keeper 38 from the first , latched position toward the second , unlatched position . by so constructing the latch 10 of this invention , a relatively minor force is required to open the latch at end portion 26 . in addition , the latch can be opened by a force executed on the handle 18 . in the open position , the latch is locked open by the second end portion 34 of the detent 30 nesting in notch 70 of the keeper 38 , thereby preventing the keeper 38 and lever 22 from moving to the closed position shown in fig3 . in operation , the dishwasher door may be swung toward its closed position whereby striker 62 engages detent 30 and thereby releases keeper 38 . continued pressure downwardly on handle 18 causes lever 22 to be rotated in a counterclockwise direction , thereby forcing toggle connection 50 into its over - center position and extending spring 60 . keeper 38 , meanwhile , is free to rotate through an opening provided in striker 62 and abut against one edge thereof to releasably secure the door in close position . during the washing operation , the timer will cause the dishwasher to pass through the various wash and rinse cycles and finally cause movement of cam 72 , which movement will , as shown in fig3 force the toggle linkage out of its over - center position , thus unlatching the dishwasher door . suitable hinge means can be mounted on the dishwasher door ( not shown ) to cause the door to move to an open position of about two or three inches , thus promoting natural drying of the dishes inside the dishwasher . | 8 |
in fig1 is seen a side view of a roller mill 1 , which comprises a horizontal grinding table 2 rotating about a vertical axis and supported by a gear reducer 21 . rollers 3 , 13 are configured to operate interactively with the grinding table 2 . roller 3 rotates about a stationary shaft 4 attached to a frame 5 . the shafts 4 are attached to the frame 5 by means of flanges 6 on the shafts 4 and corresponding flanges 7 provided on the frame 5 and are located above and over table 2 . on the outer end of each shaft 4 is mounted a bracket 8 to which a draw bar 9 pivotally is attached , whereby the roller 3 can be forced against the grinding table 2 by means of a hydraulic cylinder 10 pivotally retained in a bracket 11 , which is anchored in the mill foundation . with reference to conventionally mounted roller 13 , a rocker arm assembly 18 is pivotally mounted to a mill stand 16 . roller 13 is mounted on a shaft 14 , which is fixed to an end of a rocker arm 15 , for rotation about the axial center line of the shaft 14 . the rocker arm 15 is pivotally mounted to the mill stand 16 to turn about a horizontal axis 19 . a rocker arm fork 20 is in one end fixed to the rocker arm 15 and in the other end pivotally connected to a hydraulic cylinder 17 . the other end of the hydraulic cylinder 17 is pivotally connected to the mill stand 16 . besides this the rocker arm fork 20 is , between the connections to the rocker arm 15 and the hydraulic cylinder 17 , pivotally mounted to the mill stand 16 to turn about the horizontal axis 19 . fig2 shows a top view of the roller mill 1 seen in fig1 having three rollers 13 connected to mill stands 16 and three rollers 3 attached to the frame 5 . the roller mill 1 may very well have two rollers 13 connected to mill stands 16 and two rollers 3 attached to the frame 5 . preferably the number of rollers conventionally mounted to mill stands will be equal to the number of rollers mounted to the frame . as a further example , the roller mill may have four rollers 13 connected to mill stands 16 and four rollers 3 attached to the frame 5 or only one roller 13 connected to a mill stand 16 and one roller 3 attached to the frame 5 or any combination of the above - mentioned number of rollers 3 , 13 for the mill stands 16 and frame 5 , respectively . the rollers 3 attached to the frame and the rollers 13 , which are connected to the mill stands , are situated alternatively and symmetrically around the perimeter of the grinding table 2 , and , as a result , the mill stands 16 can be situated symmetrically around the grinding table 2 . the shafts 4 are prevented from moving in the direction of rotation of the grinding table by means of horizontal draw bars or pressure bars 12 , which at one end are attached to brackets 8 and at the other end are connected ( not shown ) to the roller mill structure . referring to fig3 , there is shown another embodiment of employing rollers that are not connected to mill stands . while in this view , for the purpose of clarity , there is only depicted those rollers not connected to mill stands , the depicted principle is meant to be used in conjunction with rollers connected to mill stands to achieve the full benefit of the invention as the same is more clearly set forth in fig4 . in fig3 there is the figure is seen a sectional view of a roller mill 21 which comprises a horizontal grinding table 23 and a set of rollers 24 operating interactively therewith , with the set of rollers being connected to and turning about a vertical shaft 25 . vertical shaft 25 comes up from beneath and rises through a center portion of table 23 . vertical shaft 25 is connected to a drive motor ( not seen ) separate from the table drive motor . vertical shaft 24 can cause the rollers to rotate on the table either in the same direction that the table rotates or in a direction opposite the rotation of the table . in addition , vertical shaft 25 is adopted to move up and down during operation , and resultantly move the rollers up and down , as a means of compensating for roller wear and also to change the camber angle of the roller on the table . the rollers 24 turn about separate horizontal roller shafts 26 which are connected to the vertical shaft 25 via a hinged connection 27 which allows a roller 24 , when turning about this connection , to move freely up and down in a plane which comprises the centerline 32 of the roller shaft . according to the invention the center 27 a of rotation of the hinged connection 27 , viewed in a vertical plane , is situated under the horizontal plane which comprises the center of mass 28 of the roller 24 , the roller shaft 26 and the hinged part 27 b connected thereto , shown on the drawing by a dot - and - dash line coinciding , for reasons of simplicity , with the centerline 32 of the roller shaft . as a result , the centrifugal force which during the operation of the mill acts upon the roller 24 , the roller shaft 26 and the hinge part 27 b connected thereto , will produce a turning moment about the hinge 27 and hence a downwardly directed force which contributes to the grinding pressure of the roller 24 against the grinding table 23 . the magnitude of the force contributing to the grinding pressure which stems from the centrifugal force will , among other things , depend on the speed of rotation of the set of rollers and on the vertical distance l a as well as the horizontal distance v a between the center 27 a of rotation of the hinged connection and the center of mass 28 for the roller 24 , the roller shaft 26 and the hinged part 27 b connected thereto . in practice it will , therefore , be desirable to maximize the vertical distance l a to extent possible from a design perspective and to minimize the horizontal distance v a to extent possible so that the ratio l a / v a is as high as possible , preferably higher than about 0 . 2 , most preferably from about 0 . 2 to about 3 , and , if suitable , higher than about 3 . normally , the grinding table 23 is turned at a certain speed of rotation in order to move the material across the grinding table 23 towards its peripheral edge by means of the centrifugal force . in order to attain a high speed of rolling , defined as the relative speed between the rollers 24 and the grinding table 23 , and hence a high capacity of the mill , it is preferred that the set of rollers 24 and the grinding table 23 are turned in opposite directions . for smaller mills the speed of rotation of the roller set 24 must , however , exceed that applied in bigger mills in order to achieve the desired grinding pressure . for avoidance of operational problems in terms of vibrations and similar occurrences in case of excessive speeds of rolling , it is therefore preferred that the set of rollers 24 and the grinding table 23 are turned in the same direction in small mills . referring to fig4 , three rollers 24 rotate in a circular path about a roller shaft 26 which in turn is attached to vertical shaft 25 . as depicted , rollers 24 travel around the table 23 in a circular path in the direction of arrow a , which is opposite the direction of rotation , as depicted by arrow b , of table 23 , although it is understood that rollers 24 can move in either direction . also depicted are three conventional rollers 13 which as set forth above are mounted on a shaft 14 fixed to an end of a rocker arm 15 , and which in turn is pivotally mounted to mill stand 16 . the circular path through which rollers 24 travel keeps rollers 24 sufficiently separated from conventional rollers 13 . the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof . although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described , those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention . accordingly , all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims . therefore , it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed , and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments , as well as other embodiments , are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims . the invention is defined by the following claims , with equivalents of the claims to be included therein . | 1 |
referring firstly to fig1 in the process of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 232 , 067 natural wood logs 10 are first partially broken down , being passed successively between rollers 12 of one or more roller pairs to induce cracking and thence progressively open up the log structure to form it into a web of loosely interconnected splinter - like strands ( called &# 34 ; splinters &# 34 ; in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 232 , 067 ). the resultant web , shown at 14 in fig1 is of flexible open lattice work form , individual strands maintaining the original grain direction of the wood . adhesive is then applied to the webs 14 such as by immersion in a suitable liquid adhesive in a bath 16 as shown . after removal of excessive adhesive , a plurality of webs 14 are assembled together , such as by laying them one over the other in a suitable mould 18 . the assemblage of overlaid webs 14 is then compressed in mould 18 such as by compression between the base of the mould and an upper press element 20 as shown , and the adhesive is cured , to form the final product 22 . product 22 is characterized in that it comprises a plurality of wood strands which remain naturally interconnected and which extend generally in the original grain direction of the wood . the strands are bound together by the adhesive but are positioned in somewhat displaced relative locations as compared with the positions occupied in the original log 10 . the product 22 has been found to be particularly satisfactory as it possesses good mechanical properties , due to the relatively small degradation of the original wood structure which is caused by the process , as well as good nailability and a generally pleasing appearance . fig2 illustrates a modified product 22 with a varied manner of arranging webs prior to the consolidation step referred to in fig1 . more particularly , as shown in fig3 the webs are loaded into a press 48 ( constituting the mould 18 in fig1 ) for the consolidation of the webs in generally parallel arrangement with the grain directions parallel . the lower ends of the webs rest on the base surface 50 of the press 48 , with the webs extending at an angle &# 34 ; γ &# 34 ; as shown in fig3 upwardly to upper ends thereof which are arrayed along the length of the surface 50 . then , during compression and consolidation , an upper press plate 52 is moved downwardly towards surface 50 so that the under surface 54 thereof engages the upper surface presented by the upper ends of the webs 14 and presses downwardly . preferably , the arrangement is such that the dimension between corresponding surfaces 60 , 64 of the end product formed against the respective surfaces 50 , 54 is 1 / 6 to 1 / 4 the distance prevailing before compression is effected and the angle between the webs and surfaces 60 , 64 is less than 5 °. fig4 illustrates an arrangement in which ends 14a of the webs 14 , being the ends of greater mass per unit length formed at ends of the webs corresponding to ends of the initial logs 10 which were closest to the base of the tree from which the logs were cut , are arranged adjacent to each other and uppermost in the press 48 . fig5 shows an arrangement in which alternate ones only of the webs 14 have the ends 14a uppermost , the intervening webs having the ends 14a lowermost . the arrangement in fig5 facilitates the achievement of a product 22 having uniform density across the distance between the opposed surfaces 60 , 64 of the end product . the formation of the consolidated wood product via the above - mentioned method where the webs 14 are at an angle to the surfaces 60 , 64 of the product 22 has the effect that defects in product 22 occurring at locations corresponding to web ends appear at the surfaces of the end product 22 where they can be readily , planed off . furthermore , as mentioned in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 232 , 067 , it is envisaged that , instead of forming products in accordance with the invention by batch loading of webs into a mould for consolidation , it would be possible , equally , to use a continuous process where webs were loaded continuously into a mechanism operable to effect the desired compression . it will be appreciated that the arranging the webs at an angle as herein described facilitates infeeding in a continuous fashion into any mechanism for effecting consolidation by continuous processes . the arrangement described also has the advantage that the webs 14 may be cut to a constant length before feeding into the described arrangement prior to compression and this too facilitates the obtaining of a uniform product . the described arrangement has been advanced merely by way of explanation and many modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims . | 8 |
the following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the described embodiments or the application and uses of the described embodiments . as used herein , the word “ exemplary ” or “ illustrative ” means “ serving as an example , instance , or illustration .” any implementation described herein as “ exemplary ” or “ illustrative ” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations . all of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to practice the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims . furthermore , there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field , background , brief summary or the following detailed description . the disclosure is generally directed to an integrated automated filler production method from gap measurement , filler definition , nc ( numerical control ) programming , filler machining ( regardless of the material type ), delivery of fillers for the assembly of a structure such as a composite aircraft , and filler status tracking the method may be embodied in software which enables integration of these processes and assures the quality of the finished filler . the disclosure is further generally directed to the configuration , features and method of application of a diamond abrasive cutting tool configuration which enables the unique gauge reduction material removal capabilities of non - metallic composite materials ( gfrp and cfrp ). additionally , the methods may enable the production of multiple metallic material fillers utilizing their unique required cutter configurations . referring initially to fig1 , a flow diagram 100 of an illustrative embodiment of the automated filler production method is shown . the method 100 may be implemented in the integration of fillers during the production of aircraft or other structures . in block 102 , measurement of a gap between component parts of the aircraft or other structure may be made . the gap measurement may be made by multiple methods — mechanical , electrical , or computer based , for example and without limitation . the accuracy of the gap measurement capture is assured through a graphical user interface for the data collection function . in block 104 , the gap measurement data obtained in block 102 may be captured and delivered to a data collector function which is adapted to display and assess all measurement points and then to deliver the properly formatted measurement data to a proper server location . a “ watcher ” function transmit notifications to personnel who are responsible for supporting the filler machining process that new measurement data has arrived and if the gap measurements meet specified design criteria . automated entry of the gap measurement data to the data collector function may be made via interfaces with the measurement equipment . the gap measurement data may be transmitted to the data collector function via a factory wireless network or via direct hardwired network connection . upon receipt of the gap measurement file , an automatic population of a filler cad definition with the measurement data may occur . in block 106 , a solid model of the structure , including the filler solid model , may be updated with the population of filler cad definition carried out in block 104 . an automated update of the nc ( numeric control ) program for the machining process may be generated from the updated solid model and the creation of portable machine control data ( mcd ) may be accomplished . an automated download of the mcd to a central server may be accomplished . in block 108 , a status update to note availability of the mcd may be accomplished . in block 110 , a direct delivery of the mcd to a machining center may be generated such as by request from a machinist and the filler may be machined from a larger sheet of material . in some embodiments , the sheet of material from which the filler is machined may be a composite material in the form of glass fiber re - enforced plastic ( gfrp ) or carbon fiber re - enforced plastic ( cfrp ) or other non - metallic materials . in other embodiments , the material sheet from which the filler is machined may be metallic in nature . if necessary , machining of the filler may be shifted within the material sheet envelope to assure maximum material utilization . highly - specialized cutting tool configurations may be utilized by the mcd to machine the complex filler surfaces . the filler may be machined from a material which may be of any type including composite non - metallic , and metallic materials , for example and without limitation . in block 112 , changes in the status of the filler through out its fabrication process may be logged and reported as required . in block 114 , deburring of the filler may be carried out and the filler may be marked for incorporation into the structure . the filler may be immediately installed on an inline flow production line or retained for future use depending on the production strategy . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the method of the disclosure may be implemented to define , produce , and ascertain and distribute the status of fillers that are custom - produced on demand for immediate installation on an inline flow production line in applications in which the full design requirement of an aircraft or other structure resides solely in a cad / cam system . it will be further appreciated by those skilled in the art that the method 100 may support 5 - axis machine tools , 3d engineering definition of an aircraft or other structure , automatic capture of gap measurement data , automated delivery of the gap measurement data , machining of composite materials , automated generation of the machine control data ( mcd ), delivery of the mcd to the machine tool and automated filler status collection , communication , and storage for future performance and process analysis . referring next to fig1 a , a flow diagram 100 a of an illustrative embodiment of a method of applying a diamond abrasive cutting tool configuration which enables unique gauge reduction and complex surface generation via material removal techniques of non - metallic composite materials is shown . in some applications , the flow diagram 100 a may be implemented as part of block 110 of the flow diagram 100 which was heretofore described with respect to fig1 . in block 102 a , a cutting tool having a tool shank , an attached material removal cutting head on the tool shank and diamond abrasive cutting material applied on all material removal surfaces including grooves formed to facilitate the material removal process is provided . the cutting tool may have one of the cutting tool configurations which are described with respect to fig2 - 5a herein below . in block 104 a , a non - metallic filler material sheet is provided . in some embodiments , the non - metallic filler material sheet may be a composite material , such as cfrp and gfrp . in block 106 a , a filler may be fabricated from the filler material sheet using the cutting tool provided in block 102 a . it should be noted that a filler or multiple instances of the filler may be located in a single sheet of material . additionally , multiple filler configurations may grouped in a single sheet of filler material and sequentially without interruption of the process to load material or to unload material and / or fillers . referring next to fig2 - 5a of the drawings , various cutting tool configurations for production of fillers according to the method of the disclosure are shown . for example and without limitation , the cutting tool configurations shown in fig2 - 5a may be implemented in block 110 of the flow diagram 100 which was heretofore described with respect to fig1 and in the flow diagram 100 a which was heretofore described with respect to fig1 a . application of the cutting tool configurations may enable the unique gauge reduction and complex surface generation via material removal capabilities of the non - metallic composite materials ( such as gfrp and cfrp ). as illustrated in fig2 and 2a , in some embodiments the cutting tool 1 may include a generally elongated tool shank 2 having an attached material removal cutting head 3 on the tool shank 2 . the attached material removal cutting head 3 may have a generally semispherical proximal head portion 3 a and a generally semispherical cutting surface 3 b which extends from the proximal head portion 3 a . diamond abrasive is applied on the material removal surfaces including grooves formed to facilitate the material removal process 4 may extend along the cutting surface 3 b of the attached material removal cutting head 3 . as shown in fig2 a , in some embodiments , the grooves formed to facilitate the material removal process 4 may be generally arranged in helical or straight patterns on the cutting surface 3 b to facilitate the material removal process . as shown in fig3 and 3a , in some embodiments the cutting tool 1 a may include attached material removal cutting head 3 having a generally cylindrical proximal head portion 3 a and a generally semispherical cutting surface 3 b which extends from the proximal head portion 3 a . the grooves formed to facilitate the material removal process 4 may extend along the cutting surface 3 b of the attached material removal cutting head 3 . as shown in fig4 and 4a , in some embodiments , the attached material removal cutting head 3 of the cutting tool lb may include a generally cylindrical proximal head portion 3 a and a generally cylindrical side cutting surface 3 b with a generally planar end cutting surface 3 c . an annular cutting surface to facilitate the material removal process and to enable the generation of complex surfaces 3 d which may be curved in cross - section and may circumscribe the end cutting surface 3 c . diamond abrasive coated grooves formed to facilitate the material removal process 4 may extend along the side cutting surface 3 b , the radiused cutting surface edge 3 d and the end cutting surface 3 c . as shown in fig5 and 5a , in some embodiments the attached material removal cutting head 3 of the cutting tool 1 c may include a generally cylindrical proximal head portion 3 a and a generally cylindrical side cutting surface 3 b with an annular cutting surface edge 3 d . as shown in fig5 a , the material removal cutting head 3 may have a cutting surface bore 3 e to facilitate material removal . diamond abrasive cutting ridges 4 may extend along the side cutting surface 3 b and onto the cutting surface edge 3 d of the material removal cutting head 3 and into the area defined by 3 e . referring next to fig6 and 7 , embodiments of the disclosure may be used in the context of an aircraft manufacturing and service method 78 as shown in fig6 and an aircraft 94 as shown in fig7 . during pre - production , exemplary method 78 may include specification and design 80 of the aircraft 94 and material procurement 82 . during production , component and subassembly manufacturing 84 and system integration 86 of the aircraft 94 takes place . thereafter , the aircraft 94 may go through certification and delivery 88 in order to be placed in service 90 . while in service by a customer , the aircraft 94 may be scheduled for routine maintenance and service 92 ( which may also include modification , reconfiguration , refurbishment , and so on ). each of the processes of method 78 may be performed or carried out by a system integrator , a third party , and / or an operator ( e . g ., a customer ). for the purposes of this description , a system integrator may include without limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major - system subcontractors ; a third party may include without limitation any number of vendors , subcontractors , and suppliers ; and an operator may be an airline , leasing company , military entity , service organization , and so on . as shown in fig7 , the aircraft 94 produced by exemplary method 78 may include an airframe 98 with a plurality of systems 96 and an interior 116 . examples of high - level systems 96 include one or more of a propulsion system 118 , an electrical system 120 , a hydraulic system 122 , and an environmental system 124 . any number of other systems may be included . the assembly and / or installation requires filler to assure proper assembly and installation procedure as defined by the product design criteria . although an aerospace example is shown , the principles of the invention may be applied to other industries , such as the automotive industry . the apparatus embodied herein may be employed during any one or more of the stages of the production and service method 78 . for example , components or subassemblies corresponding to production process 84 may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to components or subassemblies produced while the aircraft 94 is in service . also one or more apparatus embodiments may be utilized during the production stages 84 and 86 , for example , by substantially expediting assembly of or reducing the cost of an aircraft 94 . similarly , one or more apparatus embodiments may be utilized while the aircraft 94 is in service , for example and without limitation , to maintenance and service 92 . although the embodiments of this disclosure have been described with respect to certain exemplary embodiments , it is to be understood that the specific embodiments are for purposes of illustration and not limitation , as other variations will occur to those of skill in the art . | 1 |
the present invention provides a single step process for preparation of 2 - phenyl ethanol [ cas 60 - 12 - 8 ] by catalytic transfer hydrogenation of styrene oxide [ cas 96 - 09 - 3 ] with a transition metal catalyst such as a palladium catalyst supported on clay in presence of a hydrogen donor and a solvent . the reaction is carried out in a temperature range of 30 - 80 ° c . under stirring conditions . after completion of the reaction , the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature , and the catalyst is separated from the product by conventional methods like filtration . products were analyzed using gas chromatography and also identified by gas chromatograph - mass spectroscopy ( gcms ). this method is particularly useful as an alternative to the conventional methods like grignard synthesis , friedel - craft alkylation and also for molecular hydrogen for preparation of 2 - phenyl ethanol . this invention eliminates the handling of dangerous hydrogen gas , hazardous diethyl ether solvent , ethylene oxide and the use of alcl 3 , which poses serious effluent problems . the invention produces 2 - phenyl ethanol selectively via catalytic transfer hydrogenation of styrene oxide using clay supported palladium catalyst . the present invention provides an improved process for the selective preparation of 2 - phenyl ethanol , which avoids the use of hazardous chemicals like ethylene oxide , aluminium chloride , gaseous hydrogen under pressure etc . the catalyst used comprises a supported catalyst which is easily separable from the reaction mixture . the support for the catalyst is preferably clay and the selectivity for the desired product , 2 - phenyl ethanol is almost total . the catalyst used in the invention which comprises palladium supported on clay does not generate any problems relating to the environment , such as heavy metal , when being used to hydrogenate styrene oxide to 2 - phenyl ethanol . the catalyst has a uniform chemical composition prepared by a standard method and then used for the preparation of the hydrogenation catalyst to give high activity and selectivity to the desired product . the process of the present invention also avoids the use of hydrogen under pressure , hazardous material such as diethyl ether , ethylene oxide , and alcl 3 , of the conventional process . the present process gives complete conversion of styrene oxide with ≧ 99 . 9 % selectivity to 2 - phenyl ethanol at milder reaction conditions . the present process achieves a very - high selectivity to 2 - phenyl ethanol , and it requires merely the filtration of catalyst and distillation of 2 - phenyl ethanol of the perfumery grade purity . the conversion and selectivity to pea was found to be dependent on the supports used for the preparation of the catalysts . pea selectivity was & gt ; 99 . 9 % for only clay as a support and for other supports it varied between 40 - 80 % while conversion also varied from 60 to 99 . 9 % depending on support used . the present invention comprises catalytic transfer hydrogenation of styrene oxide in an organic solvent under stirring conditions , over a supported palladium metal catalyst in presence of a hydrogen donor , preferably at a temperature range of 30 - 80 ° c . for 1 - 12 hours . the catalyst is separated by any conventional method and the product 2 - phenyl ethanol separated by distillation . the heterogeneous catalyst contains a metal from platinum group such as platinum , palladium and nickel and a support . the concentration of the metal in the catalyst is preferably in the range of 0 . 02 - 5 . 0 % ( w / w ) and the catalyst to styrene oxide ratio can be in the range of 1 : 100 to 1 : 4000 . the support for the catalyst is a saponite clay of the formula , [ na + ( x ) { m 2 + ( 6 ) }{ si ( 8 - x ) al ( x ) } o 20 ( oh ) 4 ] wherein m can be either magnesium or zinc , x is preferably in the range of 0 . 2 to 2 . 0 . the organic solvents used for preparing the solution of styrene oxide are aliphatic alcohols selected from the group containing methanol , isopropyl alcohol or higher alcohols . the hydrogen donor compound are preferably selected from aliphatic alcohols , alkali metal or amine esters of fatty acids exemplified by sodium acetate , ammonium formate , sodium formate and potassium formate preferably ammonium formate and sodium formate . in a feature of the present process a complete conversion and almost complete selectivity (≧ 99 . 9 %) to 2 - phenyl ethanol is obtained with high ton at milder reaction conditions and also avoids the use of molecular hydrogen , hazardous material such as diethyl ether , ethylene oxide , and alcl 3 of the conventional process . in still another feature the reaction time may vary depending on the concentration of the metal in the catalyst and may be in the range of 1 to 12 hours . the following examples describe specific illustrative embodiments of the present invention , and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention in any manner . this example demonstrates synthesis of saponite type clay support for the metal catalyst . for synthesis of saponite type clay , slurry of sodium silicate ( 17 . 962 gm ), aluminium nitrate ( 3 . 127 gm ) and sodium hydroxide ( 0 . 391 gm ) was made in de - ionized water and stirred for half an hour at 90 ° c . after being mixed homogeneously , magnesium nitrate ( 15 . 827 gm ) and urea ( 15 . 015 gm ) were added . whole mixture was stirred for 12 hrs . the mixture was cooled , filtered and washed with distilled water and kept over night in aluminium nitrate solution and then again filtered , washed with distilled water and kept for drying for 10 hrs . this example demonstrates preparation of catalysts used in transfer hydrogenation of styrene oxide to 2 - phenyl ethanol process . for the preparation of 0 . 5 % pd on clay , a solution of anhydrous palladium chloride ( 0 . 04166 gm ) in hcl ( 1n , 10 ml ) was obtained by warming for two hrs . this was added drop wise to a stirred hot ( 80 ° c .) suspension of clay ( 4 . 975 gm ) in water ( 55 ml ) and stirred for 5 - 6 hrs until the supernatant solution becomes colourless . formaldehyde ( 4 ml ) was added followed by 10 % naoh solution sufficient to make the suspension strongly alkaline and kept under stirring for 2 - 3 hrs . the catalyst was filtered , washed with distilled water ( until the ph became neutral ) and dried in an oven at 110 ° c . this example illustrates the effect of concentration of pd , which is supported on clay for the conversion of styrene oxide to 2 - phenyl ethanol . in a typical experiment , styrene oxide 1 . 2015 gm ( 10 mmol ), isopropyl alcohol 19 . 771 gm , ammonium formatel 891 gm ( 30 mmol ), pd on clay 0 . 200 gm catalyst were charged in a 50 ml two neck round bottom flask . the reaction mixture was stirred at 65 ° c . after the reaction was complete , the round bottom flak was cooled below ambient temperature and content were discharged . the reaction mixture was filtered and the resulting filtrate was analyzed by gas chromatography and confirmed by gcms gcir . the results are given in table 1 . this example illustrates the effect of temperature , for the conversion of styrene oxide to 2 - phenyl ethanol . in typical experiment , styrene oxide 1 . 2015 gm ( 10 mmol ), isopropyl alcohol 19 . 771 gm , ammonium formatel . 891 gm ( 30 mmol ), 0 . 5 % pd on clay catalyst 0 . 200 gm were charged in a 50 ml two neck round bottom flask . the reaction mixture was stirred at different temperatures . after the reaction was complete , the round bottom flak was cooled below ambient temperature and content were discharged . the reaction mixture was filtered and the resulting filtrate was analyzed by gas chromatography and confirmed by gcms gcir . the results are given table 2 . this example illustrates the effect of solvent for the conversion of styrene oxide to 2 - phenyl ethanol . in typical experiment , styrene oxide 1 . 2015 gm ( 10 mmol ), solvent 19 . 771 gm , ammonium formate 1 . 891 gm ( 30 mmol ), pd on clay catalyst 0 . 200 gm were charged in a 50 ml two neck round bottom flask . the reaction mixture was stirred at 65 ° c . after the reaction was complete , the round bottom flak was cooled below ambient temperature and content were discharged . the reaction mixture was filtered and the resulting filtrate was analyzed by gas chromatography and confirmed by gcms gcir . the results are given in table 3 . the major side product was obtained in case of entry no . 1 , 1 - hydroxy 2 - methoxy and in case of entry no . 2 , 1 - hydroxy 2 - ethoxy ethyl benzene . this example illustrates the use of pd / clay and the use of sodium formate , for the conversion of styrene oxide to 2 - phenyl ethanol . in typical experiment , styrene oxide 1 . 201 gm ( 10 mmol ), isopropyl alcohol 19 . 398 gm , sodium formate 2 . 040 gm ( 30 mmol ), 0 . 5 % pd on clay catalyst 0 . 200 gm were charged in a 50 ml two neck round bottom flask . the reaction mixture was stirred at 65 ° c . for 8 hrs . after the reaction was complete , the round bottom flak was cooled below ambient temperature and content were discharged . the reaction mixture was filtered and the resulting filtrate was analyzed by gas chromatography and confirmed by gcms gcir . the gc analysis of reaction mixture showed 51 . 7 % conversion of styrene oxide while the selectivity of 2 - phenyl ethanol obtained was 50 . 1 %. 1 - hydroxy 2 - isopropoxide ethyl benzene was obtained as a side product . ii ) turn over number ( ton ) for this process is very high ( 1073 ). iii ) the process is very convenient to operate since ; it does not involve hydrogen gas under pressure . | 2 |
referring to fig1 , a diluent is maintained in a liquid phase during a polymerisation reaction where the polymer solids produced are essentially not soluble in the diluent and are suspended by it . the effluent stream of the polymerisation reactor 1 comprises a liquid diluent carrying a slurry of polymer solids together with residual catalyst and reagents such as monomer ( s ), comonomer ( s ), molecular weight control agents such as hydrogen , and cocatalysts . the effluent stream is withdrawn from the reactor via line 3 from where it passes into a hydrocyclone 5 which concentrates the slurry to a solids level of about 50 - 70 wt %. the stream is then usually subjected to a pressure let - down at 7 , from the reactor pressure ( typically 40 barg ) to a pressure of 7 - 10 barg . depending on the solids concentration and temperature of the stream , the heat content of the stream may be boosted by slurry line heater 9 ; the degree of heat input designed or controlled to maximise vaporization of liquid whilst avoiding risk of sintering in the heater . preferably the slurry heater exit temperature is controlled to the dew point temperature of the stream of fluid withdrawn . the stream then passes into a fractionator feed vessel 11 . the pressure in the feed vessel 11 is adjusted so as to flash off sufficient diluent to leave an unsuspended polymer in the base . the solid polymer is withdrawn through line 13 . the flashed diluent stream is then fed via line 15 towards the fractionator column 17 , preferably at the base . the base of the column may be heated if the solids content of the stream is insufficient to provide enough heat for fractionation . the pressure at which column 17 operates can be in the broad range of 1 barg to 30 barg or more . preferred temperature conditions in column 17 include an overhead temperature ( temperature at the top of the column ) of 30 - 50 ° c . and a bottoms temperature ( temperature at the bottom of the column ) of 65 - 95 ° c . the fractionator has between 5 and 25 sieve and / or dual flow trays . liquid bottoms product , typically containing diluent rich in heavy comonomer ( s ), is withdrawn from column 17 through line 19 . if additional heating is required , some of the bottoms product is passed through line 19 to a heater ( reboiler ) 21 , and from there through line 23 as vapour back to column 17 . alternately , the bottom of column 17 can be heated with a jacket . in the case where the comonomer is heavier than the diluent , a ( preferably vaporous ) sidedraw stream may optionally be withdrawn from column 17 through line 25 . the sidedraw stream typically contains mainly diluent lean in comonomer . the sidedraw stream is cooled and condensed and then recycled to the reactor 1 ( not shown ). it can also be withdrawn from the column as a liquid . the column , by providing a stream leaner in comonomer than in the preceding reactor , and or by providing buffer capacity of comonomer lean streams provides the facility to substantially reduce the time for product transitions between polymer grades of differing density . overhead vapour from column 17 , typically containing diluent , unreacted monomer , hydrogen , nitrogen , and other lights passes through line 27 to cooler 29 , where it is condensed to be recycled as reflux to the column 17 via line 31 . a lights vent may be taken from the condenser . referring to fig2 , this shows an alternative embodiment of the invention relating to a bimodal polymerisation in which hydrogen is removed from the polymerisation stream by a fractionator located between the reactors . the second reactor is not shown in the figure . in the arrangement shown in fig2 , the numerals are the same as in fig1 . the principal difference from the arrangement of fig1 is that in this embodiment the bottoms product from the fractionator 17 is recycled to the fractionator feed vessel 11 via line 33 . in this case the polymer in the bottom of the feed vessel 11 is maintained in suspension in the diluent by a stirrer 35 , and this suspension is withdrawn from the base of the feed vessel via line 13 and pumped by pump 37 to the second reactor ( not shown ). the liquid portion of the stream withdrawn through line 13 may be recycled to the feed vessel 11 via line 39 , which may contain a heater 40 . the feed vessel 11 , having a well agitated solids suspension , may be heated by a heater 43 . regarding the fractionator 17 in the embodiment of fig2 , this operates as in fig1 without any sidedraws except that hydrogen is vented from the overhead stream , line 27 , when the stream is otherwise condensed in the cooler 29 . thus the recycled stream 31 has a substantially reduced level of hydrogen . stream 33 recovers the vast majority of diluent , comonomers and even monomer flashed in vessel 11 whilst being lean in hydrogen . this fractionator design typically has about 5 sieve and / or dual flow trays . referring to fig3 , this shows a further embodiment of the invention relating to a bimodal polymerisation in two reactors , in which a single fractionation column is used to treat both the polymer stream intermediate the reactors and also the final stream from the second reactor . in the following description it is assumed that the low molecular weight product is made in the first reactor , however this design configuration gives full flexibility , by choosing the appropriate recycle streams from the fractionator , to equally enable the high molecular weight product to be made in the first reactor . as in the embodiments of fig1 and 2 , effluent stream from the first reactor 1 is withdrawn from the reactor via line 3 from where it passes into a fractionator feed vessel 11 ( details shown in fig1 and 2 omitted here ). as in the previous embodiments , concentration with a hydrocyclone , a pressure let - down and additional heating ( none shown in the figure ) may all be applied to the stream if required . diluent is flashed from the feed vessel 11 via line 15 to a fractionation column 17 . all or most of comonomer rich diluent stream from column 17 is returned to vessel 11 via line 57 . suspended polymer is withdrawn from the bottom of the feed vessel 11 via line 13 and is transferred to the second reactor 41 , where additional comonomer may be added as desired . effluent stream from the second reactor 41 is withdrawn from the reactor via line 43 from where it passes into a second fractionator feed vessel 51 . as in the case of the first reactor 1 , concentration with a hydrocyclone , a pressure let - down and additional heating ( none shown in the figure ) may all be applied to this second effluent stream if required . a powder level is maintained in second fractionator feed vessel 51 and the unsuspended , final polymer product essentially absent of free liquid , is withdrawn via line 55 , whilst the vapourised diluent stream is then fed via line 53 to the fractionation column 17 . the temperature profile and pressure of column 17 is adapted so as to remove separate the full spectrum of components of the incoming stream . preferred temperature conditions in column 17 include an overhead temperature ( temperature at the top of the column ) of 35 - 55 ° c . and a bottoms temperature ( temperature at the bottom of the column ) of 65 - 95 ° c . liquid bottoms product , together with any polymer fines , typically containing diluent and rich in comonomer , is withdrawn from column 17 through , line 57 . optional sidedraw stream 59 consists mainly of diluant and some comonomer . optional sidedraw stream 61 takes off diluent free of monomer if required for example for transport of catalyst to reactor 1 . sidedraw stream 63 consists of a diluent stream free of comonomer that may be recycled to reactor 1 . overhead vapour , from column 17 withdrawn in line 27 and a stream rich in hydrogen , together with some monomer is vented from condenser 29 through line 65 . the number of trays required in the column is minimised by preferably not designing it to separate monomer from the diluent streams recycled to either reactor . referring to fig4 , this shows an embodiment of the invention relating to a bimodal polymerisation in which hydrogen is removed from the polymerisation stream by a fractionator located between the reactors . thus this is similar to the embodiment of fig2 , and where appropriate reference numerals are the same . the effluent stream passes from reactor 1 to fractionator feed vessel 11 in the same manner as in the embodiment of fig2 . the pressure in the feed vessel 11 is adjusted so as to flash off sufficient diluent to the fractionator 17 via line 15 to leave an unsuspended polymer in the base . line 15 enters the fractionator 17 above the bottom so as to enhance hydrogen separation . the solid polymer is withdrawn through line 67 into a second slurry vessel 69 , which also receives the bottoms product from the fractionator 17 via line 71 . a reboiler can also be present at the bottom of column 17 to enhance separation in the column . the polymer in the bottom of the slurry vessel 69 is in suspension in the hydrogen lean diluent , and this suspension is withdrawn from the base of the slurry vessel 69 via line 73 and pumped by pump 37 to the second reactor 41 . a liquid portion of the stream withdrawn through line 73 may be recycled to the slurry vessel 69 via line 39 . in one specific example of the invention in which a fractionator is employed between two reactors in a bimodal dual - reactor system such as described in fig2 , the fractionator is fed with a stream comprising isobutane , ethylene , hydrogen , hexene - 1 and polyethylene issuing from a first polymerisation reactor . this stream is first concentrated in a hydrocyclone , after which it is passed through a slurry heater before entering the base of the fractionator . in this particular example , a flow rate of 10090 kg / h of polyethylene and 9685 kg / h hydrocarbon enters the base of the fractionator . the hydrocarbon in this case comprises mainly isobutane but also contains about 3 . 22 kg / h of hydrogen , 116 kg / h ethylene , about 10 kg / h of solid polymer which contains some active catalyst , and minor amounts of other components . as the stream enters the base of the fractionator , the hydrocarbon portion is about 75 % vapour . upon entering the base , the residual liquid and almost all of the solid polyethylene falls into a boiling and agitated pool . the base slurry in this example is heated by a jacket which provides the heat for about a third of the column &# 39 ; s vapour flow , and is at about 70 ° c . and 10 barg pressure . the hydrocarbon vapour coming from the reactor stream combines with the boil - up from the boiling slurry in the fractionator base such that a vapour flow of about 11500 kg / hr enters the fractionation column . this vapour contains some catalytically active polymer fines which carry over from the upstream equipment . the fractionation column is about 1 meter in diameter , and has five dual - flow trays . each tray has about 9 % open area , and has holes of 25 mm diameter . this large hole diameter is important to ensure that blocking is minimised . the gas stream works its way up the scrubber , and each tray progressively removes fines by contacting the gas / fines stream with a liquid stream which is falling down the column . this also removes hydrogen from the liquid which falls down the column . at the top of the column , the stream enters a condenser and is almost totally condensed at about 30 ° c . a gas purge is taken off this condensed stream to remove hydrogen . a filter may be installed in this stream to test the solids removal efficiency of the column : the applicants have never found any trace of polyethylene in such a filter . additionally , the applicants have never found any polyethylene in the condenser , nor have they experienced any sort of fouling . these observations confirm the excellent performance of the system in handling active fines . the liquid which is condensed is returned to the fractionator and falls back down each tray . by the time it reaches the bottom of the fractionator the liquid has been depleted of hydrogen , and any active fines are recycled back to the base liquid . it should be noted that since almost all the liquid is condensed and returned back to the fractionator base , there is no need for liquid make - up in the base to maintain solids concentration . the essentially hydrogen - free slurry is agitated to minimise settling , and is then pumped to the second reactor . a slip stream is taken off this pump discharge and returned to the slurry base to aid in slurry homogeneity . the typical hydrogen content of the slurry going to the second reactor is below 100 g / h . thus , considering the initial hydrogen flow rate leaving the first reactor of 3 . 22 kg / h , it can be seen that the process of the invention is very efficient at removing hydrogen from the feed stream and also removing active fines from the purge gas at the top of the column . this simple equipment thereby demonstrates a reliable and economic means to control hydrogen concentration and hence molecular weight in the second reactor independently of conditions required in the first reactor — even when using diluents which are vapour under atmospheric conditions . furthermore , the column may also be adjusted so as to minimise the amount of ethylene and diluent lost . | 8 |
referring first to fig1 and 2 , the present invention broadly relates to material handling equipment , and particularly a transport mechanism for moving semiconductor devices , such as wafers through various processing stations used to fabricate semiconductor devices . such fabrication processes are normally conducted in a clean room , broadly indicated by the numeral 10 which may be partitioned into one or more areas respectively possessing differing levels of cleanliness . for example , clean room 12 is defined by a perforated ceiling 18 and floor 20 through which laminar air flows . a mini - clean room environment 14 within room 12 is defined by partition walls 16 so that the mini clean room environment 14 possesses a cleanliness level greater than that of the surrounding area within the clean room 12 . for example , the mini - clean room environment 14 may be a class 1 , while the surrounding area outside of the partitioned walls 16 might be a class 1000 clean room . along with the trend toward the use of sub - micron technologies , there is an increasing need for cleanliness of the fabrication environment , particularly in and surrounding processing machines and the equipment used to transport wafers into and away from a processing machine or station . in the illustrated embodiment , one or more processing machines ( not shown ) are stationed within the mini - clean room environment 14 . in order to transport wafers into the mini - clean room environment 14 , standard mechanical interface ( smif ) pods 24 are employed , each of which holds one or more cassettes 28 containing a plurality of wafers 30 . the pods 24 are moved by a robotic transfer system 22 through an opening 25 in the partition 16 . each of the pods 24 includes a set of later discussed mechanical arms which move the cassettes 28 through the opening 25 onto a cassette indexer 26 , which in turn indexes the cassettes 28 to a processing machine or station ( not shown ) where a fabrication process is carried out on the wafers 30 . as best seen in fig2 each of the smif pods 24 includes a back wall 27 and a top shelf 29 upon which there is supported one of the cassettes 28 containing a plurality of wafers 30 . a pair of laterally spaced arms 32 are mounted for vertical sliding movement on guides 31 . a second pair of laterally spaced elongated arms 34 each has one end thereof pivotally connected to an outer extremity of a corresponding arm 32 . pivotally connected between the outer extremities of arms 34 there is provided a cassette - supporting tray 33 . as will be described below , the smif pod 24 transfers cassettes 28 onto a stage 36 , and more particularly to a position on the stage 36 between a pair of registration stops 35 . the stage 36 , which in the illustrated embodiment would form part of the indexer 26 , is mounted for pivotal movement about an axis 38 in order to move the cassettes 28 toward a processing machine or station within the mini - clean room environment 14 . as will be discussed below , the operation of each of the pods 24 and the stage 36 is carried out under automatic control by a programmed computer or programmable logic controller , which transports and indexes the cassettes 28 completely automatically , normally without operator intervention . each of the pods 24 is moved by the robotic transfer system 22 to a staging area , immediately adjacent the opening 25 . once indexed to the staging position , the arms 32 move upwardly while arms 34 move rearwardly and a tray 33 is pivoted to a horizontal position , in readiness to pick up a cassette 28 , this position of readiness may be referred to as the home position . when it is desired to transfer a cassette 28 to the stage 36 , the tray 33 moves upwardly to engage a cassette 28 , arms 32 move downwardly while arms 34 pivot outwardly , and tray 33 is pivoted so as to remain in a horizontal position . this sequence of operations moves the cassette 28 onto the stage 36 , whereupon the tray 33 releases the cassette 28 and both the tray 33 and arms 34 return to their normal home or stand - by position . with the cassette 28 having been delivered to the stage 36 , the stage 36 is then pivoted about axis 38 to move the cassette 28 to a processing machine or station , for further processing . in a variety of circumstances , it is sometime necessary to operate the above - described wafer handling equipment in an off - line mode , wherein an operator controls the movement of each element of the transfer mechanism separately . whereas in the on - line , automatic mode of operation the operation of the various movable elements of the equipment are precisely synchronized with each other , such is not the case when the equipment is operated off - line . thus , in the off - line mode it is possible to move the mechanical elements of the system in a manner which results in collision of such elements , and consequent damage to either the mechanical elements or to the wafers . the present invention provides a novel interlock system which not only prevents mechanical collision during direct operator control , but also provides prompting to the operator so that the operator will know when and in what order to actuate individual elements of the transport system . the essential elements of the interlock system are shown in fig3 and 4 . a sensor s 1 is provided to sense the position of arm 32 . sensor s 1 produces an output signal when the arm 32 is in its home position . a second sensor s k is provided to sense when the stage 36 is in its normal , horizontal home position , ready to accept the transfer of a cassette 28 from one of the pods 24 . a third sensor s 2 senses when the arms 34 are in their normal standby or home position . finally , a fourth sensor s c is provided to sense when a cassette 28 is present on the stage 36 . the above - described sensors may comprise conventional , commercial devices using any of various contact or non - contact technologies such as an infrared beam of light . the interlock system further includes a series of visual indicators preferably in the form of leds l 1 , l 2 and l k , all of which leds are mounted on or near a control panel 56 so that the operator can readily view them while manually controlling the transport system . led l 1 provides an indication to the operator as to whether the stage 36 is in its home position , in readiness to receive a cassette 28 . if there are no cassettes 28 present on the stage 36 , led l 1 will display a green color . led l k provides the operator with an indication of whether the arms 32 , 34 are in their home position , thus indicating that such arms are clear from the stage 36 , and it is safe to rotate the stage 36 in order to transfer one of the cassettes 28 . in the event that there is a cassette 28 on a stage 36 , led l 2 will be illuminated yellow to indicate that it is not safe to operate the pods 24 to transfer another cassette ; conversely , when l 2 is green , it is safe to transfer a cassette from the pod 24 . referring now to particularly fig4 the controller 56 includes a conventional logic control unit 66 which typically will comprise a plc ( programable logic controller ) provided with a set of programmed instructions , a light control unit 62 , a sensor control unit 60 , a relay control unit 58 , and a power supply unit 64 coupled with a source of ac power 68 . the controller 56 receives control signals from each of the sensors s 1 , s 2 , s k and s c . leds l 1 , l 2 and l k are controlled by output signals from the controller 56 . the relay control unit controls a pair of relay modules 50 , 52 , each of which includes two normally closed relays , 50 a , 50 b and 52 a , 52 b . relay 50 a switches a pair of lines w 1a and w 1c . relay 50 b switches a pair of lines w 1b and w 1d . relay 52 a switches a pair of lines w 2a and w 2c . finally , relay 52 b switches a pair of lines w 2b and w 2d . relays 50 a and 52 a are operated by a “ load ” button or switch 63 forming part of the controller 56 and manually operated by the operator to initiate the loading of a cassette 28 from the pod 24 onto the stage 36 . relay 50 b , 52 b are coupled with a second button or switch forming part of the controller 56 which is manually operated by the operator to initiate unloading or retraction of the arms 33 , 34 after a cassette 28 has been loaded onto the stage 36 . the relay modules 50 , 52 are preferably incorporated into the controller 56 . when the stage 56 is in its normal , home position and is free of cassettes 28 , the logic control unit 66 possesses logic circuitry which enables the above mentioned load and unload buttons which in turn close relays 50 a and 52 a . in other words , when sensor s k senses that the stage 36 is in its normal horizontal , home position and sensor s c senses that there are no cassettes 28 present on the stage 36 , the load and unload buttons 63 are enabled to be manually operated by the operator . if , however , sensor s k senses that the stage 36 is not in its home position , or if sensor s c senses that a cassette is still present on the stage 36 , then the load and unload buttons are not enabled , i . e . actuation of either of these buttons will not result in closure of the relays 50 a 52 a . the controller 56 further includes a “ continue ” button or switch manually operated by the operator which controls a motor that rotates the stage 36 to transfer a cassette 28 . the logic of the logic control unit 66 locks - out operation of the “ continue ” button unless sensors s 1 and s 2 and the arms 33 , 34 are in their home positions , and thus clear of the stage 36 . further , the readiness of the stage 36 to be rotated will be indicated by the led l k . the control logic employed by the controller 56 , and the operation of the interlock system is further illustrated by the following logic statements : if s 1 = on and s 2 = on then l k = on else l k = off from the foregoing description , it is apparent that the interlock system described above not only provides for the reliable accomplishment the objects of the invention but does so in a particularly effective and economical manner . it is recognized , of course , that those skilled in the art may make various modifications or additions to the preferred embodiment chosen to illustrate the invention , without departing from the spirit and scope of the present contribution to the art . accordingly , it is to be understood that the protection sought and to be afforded hereby should be deemed to extend to the subject matter claimed and all equivalent thereof fairly within the scope of the invention . | 8 |
fig1 shows a 3 - dimensional top view of a coupling 1 comprising a half shell 3 and a seal 5 . the coupling 1 is adapted for coupling a first flow cell 7 with a second flow cell 9 . each of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 comprises a light path 11 comprising a wave guide 13 and a fluid path 15 , comprising a capillary 17 . the coupling 1 is adapted for fluidically coupling the fluid paths 15 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 in series . for this purpose , the coupling 1 or rather the half shell 3 of the coupling 1 comprises a channel 19 adapted for connecting ends 21 of the capillaries 17 of the firstand second flow cells 7 and 9 . the channel 19 can be realized , for example , as a groove of the half shell 3 and can provide a microfluidic fluid path . the channel 19 of the half shell 3 ends up in a first aperture 23 adapted for at least partly receiving the end 21 of the first flow cell 7 . besides this , the half shell 3 of the coupling 1 comprises a second aperture 25 adapted for at least partly receiving the end 21 of the second flow cell 9 , wherein the channel 19 ends up in the second aperture 25 . the first and second apertures 23 and 25 can be realized , for example , as half - pipe - shaped grooves of the half shell 3 . aperture can be understood as a half - pipe - shaped groove . besides this , aperture can be understood as a combination of two opposed mounted half - pipe - shaped grooves , wherein the two grooves can be combined to a substantially circular shaped opening or aperture . for this purpose , the half shell 3 can be combined with a cover shell 31 as shown in fig3 and 4 . advantageously , the coupling 1 and the flow cells 7 and 9 coupled by the channel 19 can be integrated in one device , wherein any dead volume and the total amount of component parts can be reduced to a minimum . besides this , the channel 19 can be branched or better can comprise a forking for providing a splitting device for the fluid path 15 . consequently , the splitting device can also be integrated in said one device . furthermore , the half shell 3 comprises two recesses 27 adapted for at least partly receiving the capillaries of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 , wherein between the outer surfaces of the capillaries 17 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 and the recesses 27 remains an air gap 29 . fig4 shows a cross - sectional view of the half shell 3 of the coupling 1 of fig1 together with the cover shell 31 of the coupling 1 , taken along the lines in iv - iv of fig1 . in the following , by referring to the fig1 and 4 , the design of the seal 5 of the coupling 1 is described . the seal 5 comprises a foil 33 surrounding the channel 19 . the foil 33 of the seal 5 of the coupling 1 can be doughnut - shaped , wherein the channel 19 lays in an inner loop 35 . the inner loop 35 can be realized as a break - through within the foil 33 . possibly , the inner loop 35 of the seal can be used for conducting the fluid between the flow cells 7 and 9 . the shells 3 and 31 can be joined together via the seal 5 in a small distance to each other . by this , the seal 5 can provide the channel of the coupling 1 , wherein the clearance between the shells 3 and 31 within the loop of the seal 5 provides a fluid path between the flow cells 7 and 9 . consequently , if desired , the groove scribed in at least one of the shells 3 and 31 can be dropped . furthermore , the inner loop 35 of the seal 5 can be reduced to a small slit or groove providing the channel of the coupling 1 . finally , the seal can 5 be extended to a layer or a plurality of layers adapted to the size of the surfaces 43 and 41 of the shells 3 and 31 . at least one of said layers can comprise the channel . the shells 3 and 31 can be joined together via the seal 5 in a small distance to each other . as shown in fig4 , the foil 33 of the seal 5 comprises a top layer 37 and a bottom layer 39 . the top layer 37 of the seal 5 is coupled in a fluid - tight manner to a surface 41 of the cover shell 31 . the bottom layer 39 is coupled in a fluid - tight manner to a surface 43 of the half shell 3 of the coupling 1 . the half shell 3 and the cover shell 31 can be substantially symmetrically designed . by this , the first and second apertures 25 of the coupling i are realized by according grooves of the half shell 3 and the cover shell 31 . for realizing a complete fluid - tight seal 5 for the channel 19 and the first and second flow cells 9 , the top layer 37 and the bottom layer 39 are additionally in a sealing contact with spans 45 of the according grooves of the first and second apertures 25 of the half shell 3 and the cover shell 31 . summarizing , the top layer 37 and the bottom layer 39 are in contact with each other in a fluid - tight manner . besides this , the top layer 37 and the bottom layer 39 are in contact with the according outer surfaces of the capillaries 17 and the wave guides 13 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 , the spans 45 of the grooves of the first and second apertures 23 and 25 , and with the half shell 3 and the cover shell 31 , each in a fluid - tight manner . for realizing the fluid - tight sealing contact of the top layer 37 and the bottom layer 39 with the according components of the coupling 1 and with each other , the half shell 3 and the cover shell 31 can be pressed to each other , for example , by screws , by a clamping device , hydraulic forces , and / or alike . possibly , the top layer 37 and the bottom layer 39 can comprise a foil 33 that can be activated by heating , for example by executing a heat sealing process . besides this , the sealing contact of the top layer 37 and the bottom layer 39 can be realized by adhesives . fig4 a shows a detail of fig4 showing the seal 5 in a sealing contact with the surfaces 41 and 43 of the shells 31 and 3 of the flow cell 1 . as shown in fig4 a , possibly , the seal 5 can be embedded in recesses 46 of the shells 31 and 3 . possibly , the recesses 46 can slightly less deep as the thickness of the layers 37 and 39 of the foil 33 of the seal 5 . by varying said deepness of the recesses 46 and the thickness of the layers 37 and 39 , the sealing forces of the seal 5 can be adjusted and / or limited . furthermore , by this , the surfaces 41 and 43 of the cover shell 31 and the half shell 3 can be flushly joined together . fig2 shows a 3 - dimensional top front view of a part section of a coupling 1 comprising a doughnut - shaped seal 1 . the seal 1 of the coupling 1 comprises a plastic material 47 . the plastic material 47 of the seal 1 is shown partly in fig2 . the plastic material 47 of the coupling 1 comprises , for example , an elastic material . furthermore , the plastic material can comprise , an elastomeric material , a thermoplastic material , polyetheretherketone ( peek ), one of a broad range of flouropolymeres , in particular perfluoroamines ( pfa ) or flourinated ethylen - propylene copolymer ( fep ), duroplastic material or compound , in particular polyimide , liquid crystal polymers ( lcp ), and / or alike . for realizing the seal 5 of the coupling 1 as shown in fig2 , the plastic material 47 can be injected as a fluid into circular or doughnut - shaped recesses 49 of the half shell 3 and the cover shell 31 of the coupling 1 . for this purpose , the cover shell 31 of the coupling 1 can comprise an injection channel 51 and a mold vent channel 53 . in further embodiments , plastic material can simply be inserted into the recesses 49 . for assembling the coupling 1 , the wave guides 13 and the capillaries 17 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 can be inserted into apertures 55 of the plastic material 47 of the seal 5 . fig3 shows a cross - sectional view of the coupling 1 of fig2 , taken along the lines iii - iii of fig2 . as can be seen in fig3 , the cross sections of the recesses 49 of the cover shell 31 and the half shell 3 of the coupling 1 are rectangular shaped . possibly , the cross sections of the recesses 49 can comprise any other shape ; can be , for example , half - pipe - shaped . possibly , the recesses 49 of the shells 3 and 31 can comprise undercuts 56 for improving the sealing effect , as exemplarily shown on the left hand side of fig3 by dashed lines . the plastic material 47 of the seal 5 being located in the recesses 49 surrounds the channel 19 of the coupling 1 , wherein a sealing effect is realized at the surfaces of the recesses 49 and the outer surfaces of the wave guides 13 and the capillary 17 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 at the spans 45 of the capillaries 17 and the wave guides 13 . by this , any fluid leakage toward the outside of the coupling 1 can be avoided by the seal 5 . as can be seen in the fig3 and 4 , the cover shell 31 also comprises a channel 19 being oppositely arranged to the channel 19 of the half shell 3 of the coupling 1 . possibly , just one of the shells 3 or 31 comprises a channel 19 . for connecting the light paths 11 and the fluid paths 15 of the first and second flow cells , the optical outlets of the wave guides 13 are inserted into inner tubes 57 of the according capillaries 17 . by this , the fluid conducted within the capillaries 17 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 can be irradiated by the optical outlets of the wave guides 13 . the elastic or elastomeric material can be pressurized by at least one pin inserted into one of the channels 51 or 53 of the cover shell 31 leading into the recesses 49 forming a cavity . possibly , said seal can comprises a low pressure seal comprising the solvent resistant material , for example , an elastomeric material and a high pressure seal comprising an adhesive which is not in contact with the solvent or fluid . fig5 shows a schematic top view of an arrangement of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 being connected by the coupling 1 . the capillaries 17 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 as shown in fig5 are fluidically coupled in series . the light paths 11 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 are connected in parallel . each of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 are operated in a counter - current flow manner . operating a flow cell in a counter - current flow manner can be understood as sending the light of the light path 11 of the flow cell in the opposite direction through the capillary 17 as the fluid within the inner tube 57 of the capillary 17 . the direction of the light guided through the wave guides 13 and the capillaries 17 are indicated by arrows 59 . the flow direction of the fluid paths 15 of the flow cells 7 and 9 are indicated by arrows 60 . besides this , different beams of the light paths 11 of the first and second flow cells 7 and 9 are indicated by a plurality of lines 61 . as shown in fig5 , within the wall of the capillaries 17 , at the transition of the outer surface of the capillary 17 and the air gap 29 ( fig1 or fig2 ), total reflection of the beams — as indicated with the lines 61 — occurs . the light of the light paths 11 can be guided though a fluid conducted within the inner tubes 57 of the first and second flow cells , wherein the fluid can comprise a sample to be analyzed . fig6 shows a schematic top view of an arrangement of a first flow cell 63 , a second flow cell 65 and a third flow cell 67 . the fluid paths 15 of the flow cell 63 , 65 and 67 of the arrangement as shown in fig6 are fluidically connected in series by a first coupling 1 and a second coupling 1 , for example , as shown in the fig1 - 4 . the light paths 11 of the three flow cells 63 , 65 and 67 of the arrangement are connected in parallel . each of the light paths 11 can be connected with a not shown light source adapted for coupling light into the light paths 11 . on the other side , in direction of fig6 right hand sided , the light paths 11 can be coupled to not shown detectors adapted for determining the amount of light guided through the flow cells 63 , 65 and 67 . for metering fluid into the fluid paths 15 of the flow cells 63 , 65 , 67 , an inlet port 69 of the first flow cell 63 can be coupled to a not shown fluid source , for example a pump , a nanopump , and / or alike . accordingly , an outlet port 71 of the third flow cell 67 can be coupled to a waste or to an arbitrary downstream device . in difference to the arrangement of fig5 , the flow cells 63 , 65 and 67 are operated in a combined flow manner , wherein the first flow cell 63 and the third flow cell 67 are operated in a counter - current flow manner and the second flow cell 65 is operated in a co - current flow manner . co - current flow manner can be understood as operating a flow cell in a way that the light and the fluid is guided through the flow cell in the same direction . fig7 shows a schematic top view of an arrangement of a first flow cell 73 , a second flow cell 75 , and a third flow cell 77 . the flow direction of the fluid paths 15 of the flow cells are indicated by arrows 60 . in difference , the first flow cell 73 and the second flow cell 75 are fluidically connected in parallel . for this purpose , the fluid path 15 of the arrangement as shown in fig7 can comprise a forking device 79 for manifolding the flow into the first and second flow cells 73 and 75 . the forking device 79 can be analogously designed as on of the couplings 1 of one of the fig1 to 4 . the first flow cell 73 can be coupled downstream to a not shown waste or an additional device . the second flow cell 75 is fluidically coupled downstream to the third flow cell 77 . in other words , the second flow cell 75 and the third flow cell 77 are fluidically coupled in series , wherein the third flow cell 77 can be coupled downstream to a waste or to a not shown additional device . the light path 11 of the arrangement or rather of the first , second , and third flow cell 73 , 75 and 77 is branched . therefore , the arrangement comprises a light manifolding device 81 . for this purpose , the light manifolding device 81 can comprise a semi - transparent mirror 83 adapted for splitting the light beam and a mirror 85 . the light path 11 conducted through the first flow cell 73 is forked in two light paths 11 of the second flow cell 75 and the third flow cell 77 . by this , the second flow cell 75 and the third flow cell 77 or rather the wave guides 13 of the second and third flow cells 75 and 77 can be coupled to a not shown light detector . the direction of the light directed through the light paths is indicated by the arrows 59 . the first flow cell 73 and the third flow cell 77 are operated in a co - current flow manner . the second flow cell 75 is operated in a counter - current flow manner . fig8 shows a schematic top view of an arrangement of three flow cells 63 , 65 , and 67 . in difference to the arrangement as shown in fig6 , all flow cells 63 , 65 , and 67 are operated in a co - current flow manner . the forking device 79 can be analogously designed as on of the couplings 1 of one of the fig1 to 4 . fig9 shows an arrangement of three flow cells 63 , 65 , and 67 . in difference to the arrangements as shown in fig6 and fig8 , the arrangement of fig9 comprises three flow cells 63 , 65 , and 67 fluidically coupled in parallel . for this purpose , the fluid paths 15 of the arrangement of fig9 comprises a forking device 79 comprising three branches 87 , wherein each of the three flow cells 63 , 65 , and 67 is coupled to one of the branches 87 of the forking device 79 . the flow cells 63 , 65 , and 67 are operated in a co - current flow manner . by this , additionally , the forking device 79 can couple the capillaries 17 and the wave guides 13 of the flow cells 63 , 65 , and 67 of the arrangement as shown in fig8 . advantageously , undesired side effects , for example caused or influenced by the direction of the streaming fluid and / or variation of the composition of the fluid , can be reduced , compensated and / or eliminated by accordingly arranging the flow cells , for example as shown in the fig . above , and evaluating the signals of coupled detectors . fig1 shows a fluidic system 201 comprising a fluid source 203 , for example a pump , a nanopump , and / or alike , and a fluid sink 205 , for example a waste or a downstream coupled device , for example for analysis purposes . between the fluid source 203 and the fluid sink 205 , the fluidic system 201 comprises a fluid path 207 . the fluid path 207 is coupled with at least one light path 209 . possibly , the fluid path 207 of the fluidic system 201 can be coupled with a second light path 211 . the fluid path 207 and the first and second light paths 209 and 211 belong to a first and a second flow cell 213 and 215 . for coupling the fluid path 207 and the first and second light paths 209 and 211 , the fluidic system 201 comprises at least one coupling 217 . the coupling 217 can be realized according to one of the couplings according to the figures above . each of the flow cells 213 and 215 comprises a capillary 219 and comprises a wave guide 221 . the capillaries 219 of the first and second flow cells 213 and 215 are adapted for conducting a fluid , for example , a fluid comprising a sample , for example , a sample dissolved in a liquid . for analyzing the sample of the fluid , the fluid can be irradiated by the wave guides 221 of the light paths 209 of the first and second flow cells 213 and 215 . for measuring the amount of light guided through the fluid sample , the light paths 209 can be connected to not shown light detectors . the wave guide 221 can also be an optical element like a window , glass rod , and / or alike . furthermore , the coupling / s 217 can comprise a plurality of communicating branches , for example , for coupling the capillaries 219 , the wave guides 213 , and / or according supplying or rather draining conduits to each other . the direction of the light guided though the light paths 209 of the first and second flow cells 213 and 215 is indicated by arrows 223 . the direction of the fluid guided though the fluid paths 207 of the first and second flow cells 213 and 215 is indicated by arrows 225 . besides this , different beams of the light paths 209 are indicated by lines 231 . the capillaries 219 of the first and second flow cells 213 and 215 can comprise a transparent material , for example glass , quartz glass , and / or alike , wherein within the walls of the capillaries total reflection can occur as shown by the beams as indicated by the lines 231 of fig1 . the fluid source 203 can comprise a separating device 227 and / or can be coupled with such a device . besides this , the fluid sink 205 can comprise an analyzing device 229 , for example , a mass spectrograph . the fluidic system 201 can be realized as an integrated system for analysis purposes , for example as a integrated system commercially available , for example , a chromatographic system ( lc ), a high performance liquid chromatographic ( hplc ) system , an hplc arrangement comprising a chip and an mass spectrograph ( ms ), a high throughput lc / ms system , a purification system , a micro fraction collection / spotting system , a system adapted for identifying proteins , a system comprising a gpc / sec column , a nanoflow lc system , and / or a multidimensional lc system adapted for separation of protein digests . the fluidic system 201 can be adapted for analyzing liquid . more specifically , the fluidic system 201 can be adapted for executing at least one microfluidic process , for example an electrophoresis and / or a liquid chromatographic process , for example a high performance liquid chromatographic process ( hplc ). therefore , the fluidic system 201 can be coupled to a liquid delivery system , in particular to a pump , and / or to a power source . for analyzing liquid or rather one or more components within the liquid , the fluidic system 201 can comprise a detection area , such as an optical detection area and / or an electrical detection area being arranged close to a flow path within the fluidic system 201 . otherwise , the fluidic system 201 can be coupled to a laboratory apparatus , for example to a mass spectrometer , for analyzing the liquid . for executing an electrophoresis , the flow path can comprise a gel . besides this , the fluidic system can be a component part of a laboratory arrangement . it is to be understood , that this invention is not limited to the particular component parts of the devices described or to process steps of the methods described as such devices and methods may vary . it is also to be understood , that different features as described in different embodiments , for example illustrated with different fig ., may be combined to new embodiments . it is finally to be understood , that the terminology used herein is for the purposes of describing particular embodiments only and it is not intended to be limiting . it must be noted , that as used in the specification and the appended claims , the singular forms of “ a ”, “ an ”, and “ the ” include plural referents until the context clearly dictates otherwise . thus , for example , the reference to “ a coupling ” or “ a fluid path ” may include two or more such functional elements . | 6 |
in describing the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure illustrated in the drawings , specific terminology is employed for sake of clarity . however , the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected , and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner . vulnerabilities are technology faults that have been discovered . configuration standards are instructions for implementing specific technologies . vulnerabilities that go uncorrected can threaten network security by allowing an unauthorized person or program to access information technology systems , or assets , that are connected to the network . configuration standards dictate how security features that protect network assets are configured . poorly configured security features can also severely threaten network security . automated content management systems ( cms ) are used to better manage the treatment of vulnerabilities and configuration standards that can threaten network security . according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , the cms is a computer program , generally running on a computer , for example a network server , which organizes and manages the actions of individuals in their treatment of vulnerabilities and configuration standards . individuals who use a cms to manage the treatment of vulnerabilities and configuration standards are known as “ users .” each user can be assigned one or more roles . a role dictates the types of tasks that may be assigned to an individual user . roles can also be assigned to a responsibility group . a responsibility group is a category of users that share a particular skill set . tasks that are assigned to a responsibility group can be completed by any member of that responsibility group . the present disclosure relates to an automated cms . according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , measures for correcting vulnerabilities and configuration standards are divided into discrete tasks that are then distributed to users according to their associated responsibility group . a task that has been completed by one user may then lead to a subsequent task being created for another user until the vulnerability or configuration has been satisfactorily remedied . when one task relating to the remediation of a specific vulnerability or configuration standard is completed by one user and as a result a second task relating to the remediation of the same specific vulnerability or configuration standard is created and assigned to a second user , for simplicity , this scenario is herein referred to in terms of the vulnerability being sent or routed from the one user to the second user . this propagation of tasks from user to user may be referred to as a workflow . according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , the cms provides an automated workflow where new tasks are automatically created and assigned to users and completed tasks may automatically trigger the creation of subsequent tasks . according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , the cms includes a quality assurance ( qa ) process . the qa process allows the cms to manage tasks through the workflow to ensure that vulnerabilities and configuration standards are remedied with a repeatable high level of quality . the qa process associates roles with individual users . during the process of working on tasks , users may generate content . content can be text , computer code or anything else that may contribute to remediation of the vulnerability or configuration standard associated with the user &# 39 ; s current task . users may implement corrections by creating new content or editing old content . when the user has completed a task and content has been changed , the cms creates a new task for a user with a role of approver to review the changed content and potentially approve the changes made . according to embodiments of the present disclosure , there may be multiple approvers corresponding to multiple hierarchical approval levels . changes made to content do not become effective until approved by a final approver . after content changes have been finally approved , the changed content is added to a content database . subsequent tasks requiring access to the updated content will be able to pull the updated content off of the content database . if the changes are not approved , the changes are erased or stored for later editing and the content reverts to its prior state . in order to prevent multiple users from changing content at the same time , content may be locked while a user is currently working on a task and when the content is pending approval . each user may be assigned multiple tasks . each user has a task list where all tasks assigned to that user are listed . the cms assigns tasks to individual users or to a responsibility group and these tasks show up on the task lists of the appropriate users . the task list will also indicate the status of the tasks listed . a task has the status of open when the task is available to be completed by a user within the group the task is assigned to . a task has the status of personal when the task is currently being worked on by the user who &# 39 ; s task list the task is listed on . a task has the status of locked when another user within the group is currently working on the task . the task list may also indicate the priority of the tasks listed . priority is the level of importance of the task . for example , a task &# 39 ; s priority may be high , medium , or low . the task list may also indicate the date the task was submitted to the cms . the task list may also indicate the name of the task , the technology asset that the task affects , and / or the qa step the task is currently at . the qa step is an indication of how far along in the quality assurance process the vulnerability or configuration standard has come . when a task is referred to herein as being assigned to a user such as a reviewer , researcher , etc ., it should be understood that the task may be assigned to a specific user or to a group of users with the specific roles of reviewer , researcher , etc . a user may view a task listed on his or her task list . viewing a task allows the user to see the content associated with the task . a user viewing a task may not make changes to the corresponding content . other viewers can still access the task and its content even when a user is currently viewing that task . the user may also open the task . when the task is open , the user is permitted to make changes to the corresponding content , however , other users may not open the opened task . the user may change the order in which tasks are displayed in the task list by the use of a filter . filters may display tasks by content type . content type indicates if the task relates to a vulnerability or a configuration standard . filters may also display tasks by status or priority . according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , users may be assigned a level of experience . for example , the level of experience may indicate how much experience the user has in dealing with assigned tasks . the experience level of a user will help the cms to determine how many levels of review are required before finally approving the content changes that user has made . for example , users with little experience may require more levels of review than more experienced users . at each qa step , users may enter a reference name / number and a new technology name . the technology name and reference name / number identify what asset the vulnerabilty or configuration standard relates to . changes made to names and references of assets are presented to an approver for approval and will not become effective until after final approval has been given . after final approval has been given , names and references will be added to the content database . embodiments of the present disclosure may use technology names that utilize a hierarchical structure to demonstrate the relationship between related assets . the technology name can include , for example , vendor name , product name , release number , minor release number , service pack number and / or other descriptive names . vulnerabilities and configuration standards can relate to either a specific asset or a family of assets . when the vulnerability or configuration standard relates to a family of assets , the technology name used may be the technology name that includes all of the affected assets . for example , if a vulnerability relates to every release number for a given product name , that vulnerability may be identified with the vendor name and the product name . if a vulnerability relates only to a specific minor release number , the technology name may be the vendor name , the product name , the release number and the minor release number . remedial steps taken for a family of assets may be applied to all assets within that family . users who have opened a task may make additions to a workflow comment field that is part of the vulnerability or configuration standard &# 39 ; s content . workflow comments may be displayed along with content when a task is opened by a user . workflow comments may be displayed with the most recent additions appearing first . according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , each user may have an associated user account . the user account is maintained by an administrator of the cms . the user account may store information such as the user &# 39 ; s company name , login name and a password conforming to set password standards . users login to the cms in order to gain access to their task lists . the cms captures and stores cms usage data . data relating to the times users log in and out is recorded . the date vulnerabilities and configuration standards are submitted to the cms is also recorded . the length of time for which the vulnerability or configuration standard is in the cms may also be recorded . according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , this length of time is taken from the time the first task relating to the vulnerability or configuration standard is initiated to the time the task of final approval is completed . this information is particularly recorded for high priority vulnerabilities and configuration standards . length of time data may also be recorded for all discrete tasks relating to all remediation . recorded data may then be used to generate metrics such as a user activity report . users &# 39 ; accounts may be inactivated by the cms administrator . when a user account is inactivated , all open tasks associated with that user will revert back to the user &# 39 ; s group or will be reassigned . fig1 shows a high - level view of the qa process relating to the remediation of vulnerabilities . the diagram specifies the qa step as well as the role of the user who may be assigned the task relating to that qa step . when a task is assigned to a user , that task will appear in the task list of that user . when vulnerabilities are sent to another user , a new task is created in the task list of that other user and the original task is completed . the first task , according to this embodiment of the present disclosure , is assigned to a user with a role of vulnerability initiator . the vulnerability initiator can initiate a new vulnerability ( step s 1 ). the vulnerability initiator may create content related to the new vulnerability . for example , the content may include a description of the vulnerability . in order to prevent unnecessary delay in the automated cms , users may only have a task open for a set amount of time . for example , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure , vulnerability content may only be open for a period less than 48 hours or the vulnerability is unlocked and changes made to the content are lost . the user may be warned of this fact after having the vulnerability open for 24 hours . after the vulnerability initiator initiates the new vulnerability ( step s 1 ), thereby completing the assigned task , a user with the role of vulnerability reviewer performs an initial review ( step s 2 ). vulnerabilities to be reviewed will appear in the task list of the vulnerability reviewer who will review the vulnerability content . the initial reviewer may reject the vulnerability if , for example , the vulnerability already exists in the cms or is known to not be a valid vulnerability . for example , a vulnerability may be known to not be a valid vulnerability if , for example , the same suspected vulnerability has in the past been rejected . if the vulnerability is rejected , the vulnerability may be sent to the task list of a vulnerability final approver for final rejection ( step s 8 ). final rejection may end the remediation of the vulnerability . the vulnerability reviewer may also approve the vulnerability ( step s 2 ) thereby completing the assigned task . approved vulnerabilities are then assigned to a user or group of users with a role of vulnerability researcher . if the task is assigned to a group of vulnerability researchers , the task may appear in each user &# 39 ; s task list in the group until one user in the group opens the task at which point the other users in the group can no longer open the task . if the task is assigned to a specific user , only that user may open the task . the user who first opens the task may research the vulnerability and update the content accordingly ( step s 3 ). the researcher will either mark the vulnerability for rejection and send it to the final approver ( step s 8 ), send the vulnerability to a consultant ( step s 4 ), send the updated vulnerability content to a vulnerability validator ( step s 6 ) or mark the vulnerability with a pre - alert flag if the researcher believes the vulnerability to be a major vulnerability . vulnerabilities may be deemed major , for example , when they affect a major asset , the vulnerability has not yet been recognized by the vendor and no patch to correct the vulnerability exists or the vulnerability is serious and affects a variety of non - major assets . when the researcher , or a validator sends the vulnerability to a consultant , the consultant will assist in the research and validation process ( step s 4 ). the consultant can edit the vulnerability content and then send it back to the researcher for further research ( step s 3 ). the consultant may be any user affiliated with the management of the information technology to be managed or an individual not affiliated with the information technology to be managed . when the researcher marks the vulnerability with a pre - alert flag and submits the vulnerability back into the workflow , the final approver will receive the pre - alert in his or her task list ( step s 5 ). the final approver can approve the pre - alert or reject the pre - alert . in either case , the vulnerability is sent to the task list of the vulnerability researcher . when the vulnerability researcher determines that research is completed , the vulnerability is sent to the vulnerability validator ( step s 6 ). the vulnerability validator will validate the vulnerability content . this involves either , marking the vulnerability for rejection , sending the vulnerability to a consultant for consultation ( step s 4 ), returning the vulnerability to the researcher ( step s 3 ) to continue research or validating the vulnerability content . when the vulnerability validator validates the vulnerability content ( step s 6 ), the vulnerability is moved to the vulnerability technical editor &# 39 ; s task list ( step s 7 ). the technical editor will edit the vulnerability content for format and clarity . the vulnerability is then sent to the task list of the vulnerability final approver ( step s 8 ). the vulnerability final approver will perform the final approval step where he or she has the ability to either reject the vulnerability , return the vulnerability to the researcher ( step s 3 ) to continue research or approve the vulnerability content . vulnerability content that has been approved by the vulnerability final approver is added to the content database . fig2 shows a high - level view of the qa process for remediation of configuration standards . when one user sends a configuration standard to another user , thereby completing a task , a new task is created in the task list of that other user . the configuration standard initiator initiates a new configuration standard ( step s 11 ). while the configuration standard is being created , the configuration standard will be locked and no other users may open the configuration standard content . after the configuration standard has been initiated , it is sent to a configuration standard reviewer ( step s 12 ). the configuration standard reviewer performs an initial review of the configuration standard . the configuration standard reviewer may either assign the configuration standard to a research group or an individual researcher ( step s 13 ). the initial reviewer can also reject the configuration standard if , for example , it already exists in the cms or is known to not be a valid configuration standard . the configuration standard researcher performs research on the configuration standard ( step s 13 ). the configuration standard researcher has the ability to either mark the configuration standard for rejection and have the configuration standard presented to the final approver for rejection ( step s 17 ), send the configuration standard content to a consultant ( step s 14 ) or update the configuration standard content and send it to the configuration standard validator ( step s 15 ). the consultant may receive an email when the task enters his or her task list . the configuration standard consultant may assist in the research and validation of the configuration standard ( step s 14 ). the consultant can edit the configuration standard content and then send it back to the researcher ( step s 13 ) or validator ( step s 14 ) depending on who sent it . if the consultant does not open the task within five days , the task will be returned to the researcher or validator who sent it . in step s 15 , the configuration standard validator can either mark the configuration standard for rejection and have the configuration standard sent to the configuration standard final approver for final approval ( step s 17 ), send the configuration standard to consultant ( step s 14 ), return the configuration standard to the researcher ( step s 13 ) to continue the research or validate the configuration standard content and have it sent to the configuration standard technical editor ( step s 16 ). in step s 16 , the configuration standard technical editor edits the configuration standard content for format and clarity and then sends it to the configuration standard final approver . in step s 17 , the configuration standard final approver either rejects the configuration standard , returns it to the researcher ( step s 13 ) or validator ( step s 15 ) or approves the configuration standard content . approved configuration standard content is added to the content database . policies are text documents that may be used to regulate the behavior of users . fig3 shows a high - level view of the workflow for entering new policies into the cms . during initiation ( step s 21 ), a user initiates a new content entry using a graphic user interface and the content is assigned to a user who is certified for handling the content type . this user will research the content ( step s 22 ) and may either reject it , sending it to the final approver ( step s 27 ), or send it to be validated ( step s 23 ). at the validation step s 23 , the validator can accept the content and forward it to a technical editor for editing ( step s 24 ). the validator can also reject the content and notify the final approver ( step s 28 ). if information is missing , the validator can return the content to the researcher for further research ( step s 22 ). during edit ( step s 24 ), the technical editor edits the content for format and clarity and sends it to an approval queue ( step s 25 ). the approval queue may be , for example , the task list of the approver . at the approval step s 25 , the approver can accept , reject or rout the submission back to the validator for additional information . if rejected , the submission is saved as not approved ( step s 29 ). if the approver has a question , the submission can be returned to the validator for further validation ( step s 23 ). if accepted by the approver , the content is sent to publishing ( step s 26 ). during publishing a research team can perform a final check prior to publication and then the content can be published to the content database ( step s 30 ). fig4 shows a flow diagram for introducing of new vulnerabilities into the cms . during web monitoring and research ( step s 31 ), a research team monitors internet newsgroups , mailing lists and alert services to obtain information about new vulnerabilities . when a potential vulnerability is recognized , a researcher submits vulnerability content to a content development initiation queue ( step s 32 ). the content development initiation queue may be , for example , part of the task list of the vulnerability content manager . if the vulnerability content manager deems the potential vulnerability to be major , a pre - alert notification is immediately issued . vulnerabilities may be deemed major , for example , when they affect a major asset , the vulnerability has not yet been recognized by the vendor and no patch to correct the vulnerability exists or the vulnerability is serious and affects a variety of non - major assets . a content manager assigns each new vulnerability to an appropriate researcher for research . the researcher may analyze , test and / or document the potential vulnerability to verify that the vulnerability exists ( step s 33 ). if the vulnerability is deemed to be real , the researcher may add a unique description of the vulnerability to the vulnerability content . the researcher may also assign values to indicate the impact the vulnerability may have on assets , the popularity of the vulnerability and / or the complexity of the technique ( s ) necessary for exploiting the vulnerability . the researcher then may document any vendor patches for the vulnerability and / or any other countermeasures for mitigating the risk in the vulnerability content . the vulnerability is then sent to a validator , who reviews the vulnerability content for accuracy and completeness ( step s 34 ). a technical editor may then review the vulnerability content to ensure that the language is clear and that the style complies with set standards ( step s 35 ). the vulnerability content manager may then review the vulnerability content to ensure the information is accurate and complete ( step s 36 ). an approver can then perform a quality assurance check and then rout the vulnerability content back to the vulnerability content manager for publication to the content database ( step s 37 ). fig5 shows a flow diagram providing more detail how a vulnerability is researched and documented as performed in step s 33 of fig4 . after the vulnerability content manager assigns a vulnerability to the task list or queue of a researcher ( step s 41 ), the researcher checks the vulnerability database to see if the vulnerability has already been reported ( step s 42 ). the researcher may review the vulnerability and attempt to find additional sources establishing the same vulnerability ( step s 43 ). if a second source for the vulnerability can be found ( yes , step s 43 ) the researcher researches and documents the vulnerability can be found ( step s 44 ). the researcher will then submit the vulnerability for review ( step s 45 ) and the vulnerability will proceed to validation ( step s 60 ). if no second source can be found ( no , step s 43 ), the researcher will attempt to verify the vulnerability with the vendor or test for the vulnerability ( step s 46 ). if the vulnerability can be verified ( yes , step s 47 ), the vulnerability is documented in the vulnerability content ( step s 48 ), submitted for review ( step s 49 ) and sent for validation ( step s 60 ). if the vulnerability cannot be verified ( no , step s 47 ), the results of the search are noted in the content and the vulnerability is sent to the vulnerability content manager ( step s 50 ). the content manager can review the vulnerability content ( step s 51 ) and return it for further research ( step s 52 ) if he believes the unverified vulnerability can be verified ( yes , step s 54 ). in the alternative , the content manager can send the vulnerability content to a file for unverified vulnerabilities for later research ( step s 53 ) if he believes that the unverified vulnerability can not be verified with additional research ( no , step s 54 ). fig6 shows a flow diagram providing more detail how a vulnerability can be validated and edited as performed in steps s 34 and s 35 of fig4 . the validator receives the vulnerability that has been sent for review in his or her task list ( step s 62 ). the validator assesses the nature of the vulnerability to determine the vulnerability &# 39 ; s impact , popularity and simplicity of exploitation and may review any external references found by the researcher ( step s 63 ). if the validator determines that the vulnerability is not valid ( no , step s 64 ), the validator may enter comments into the vulnerability content and rout the vulnerability back to the vulnerability manager ( step s 65 ). if the validator determines that the vulnerability is valid ( yes , step s 64 ) the validator may determine if the information relating to the vulnerability is complete ( step s 66 ). if it is determined to be incomplete ( no , step s 66 ), comments may be entered into the vulnerability content and the vulnerability routed back to the researcher ( step s 67 ). if the vulnerability is determined to be complete ( yes , step s 66 ), the vulnerability may be routed ( step s 68 ) to the vulnerability content manager for review ( step s 69 ). if the vulnerability content manager determines that the vulnerability is invalid ( no , step s 70 ) it can be sent to an unverified vulnerability file for later research ( step s 71 ). if it is determined that the vulnerability is valid ( yes , step s 70 ), the vulnerability content manager can determine if the information relating to the vulnerability is complete ( step s 72 ). if it is not complete ( no , step s 72 ), comments may be added to the vulnerability content and the vulnerability routed back to the researcher ( step s 73 ). if it is complete ( yes , step s 74 ), the vulnerability can be routed ( step s 74 ) to the technical editor for review ( step s 75 ). the technical editor may edit the vulnerability content for language and conformity with set standards and then route the vulnerability ( step s 76 ) to the vulnerability manager for approval and publication . fig7 shows a flow diagram providing more detail how a vulnerability is reviewed , approved and published as performed in steps s 36 and s 37 of fig4 . the vulnerability is received from the technical editor and reviewed by the vulnerability content manager ( step s 82 ). if for any reason the vulnerability is not acceptable ( no , step s 83 ), it can be routed back to the researcher , validator or technical editor for further research , validation and / or technical review ( step s 85 ). if the vulnerability is acceptable ( yes , step s 83 ) it can be routed ( step s 84 ) to the approver for review ( step s 86 ). if the approver finds the vulnerability to be unacceptable ( no , step s 87 ), the vulnerability is routed back to the vulnerability manager ( step s 88 ). if the approver finds the vulnerability to be acceptable ( yes , step s 87 ), the approver approves the vulnerability for publication ( step s 89 ) and sends the vulnerability to the vulnerability content manager for publication ( step s 90 ). the vulnerability content manager then publishes the vulnerability ( step s 91 ) to a vulnerability database . fig8 shows an example of a computer system which may implement the method and system of the present disclosure . the system and method of the present disclosure may be implemented in the form of a software application running on a computer system , for example , a mainframe , personal computer ( pc ), handheld computer , server , etc . the software application may be stored on a recording media locally accessible by the computer system and accessible via a hard wired or wireless connection to a network , for example , a local area network , or the internet . the computer system referred to generally as system 100 may include , for example , a central processing unit ( cpu ) 102 , random access memory ( ram ) 104 , a printer interface 106 , a display unit 108 , a local area network ( lan ) data transmission controller 110 , a lan interface 112 , a network controller 114 , an internal buss 116 , and one or more input devices 118 , for example , a keyboard , mouse etc . as shown , the system 100 may be connected to a data storage device , for example , a hard disk , 120 via a link 122 . | 7 |
the deposition of silica films by pecvd from a silane , sih 4 , and nitrous oxide , n 2 o , gas mixture at a relatively low temperature of 400 ° c . is typically described by the following reaction : sih 4 ( g )+ 2n 2 o ( g )→ sio 2 + 2n 2 ( g )+ 2h 2 ( g ) this chemical reaction shows that it should theoretically be possible to achieve optical quality silica films directly from silane and nitrous oxide . this would be true if this was really the only chemical reaction involved in the deposition of the silica films . in reality the incorporation of oxygen atoms , a key factor to achieve optical quality silica , competes with the incorporation of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in the silica films . at a microscopic scale , the local incorporation of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms results in a mixture of a considerable number of undesirable si — o x — h y — n z as - deposited compounds that are bonded to each other as to form the deposited silica films . [ 0054 ] fig1 lists the various si — o x — h y — n z possible as - deposited compounds that may result from the combinations of a silane ( sih 4 ) and nitrous oxide ( n 2 o ) gas mixture . it shows seventy - five ( 75 ) combinations of potential as - deposited compounds : 0 to 2 oxygen atoms ( 3 combinations ); 0 to 4 nitrogen atoms ( 5 combinations ); and 0 to 4 hydrogen atoms . ( 5 combinations ). only thirty - five ( 35 ) of these seventy - five ( 75 ) combinations can actually form potential as - deposited compounds that can accommodate the chemical bonds of their constituting atoms : 4 chemical bonds for silicon ; 2 chemical bonds for oxygen ; 3 chemical bonds for nitrogen ; and 1 hydrogen bond for hydrogen . [ 0056 ] fig2 lists the chemical reactions of the thirty - five ( 35 ) potential as - deposited compounds that could form in silica films deposited from a silane ( sih 4 ) and nitrous oxide ( n 2 o ) gas mixture . during these chemical reactions , it is clear that n 2 , o 2 , hno , nh 3 , h 2 o , and h 2 gaseous compounds must be eliminated from the micro - pores of the growing silica films up to their surface and from their surface through the gaseous boundary layer present near their surface . it is also clear that many of these chemical reactions involve a modification of the number of gaseous compounds ; i . e . that the number of gaseous product compound molecules is different than three , the number of gaseous reactant compound molecules . then , the fundamentals of classical thermodynamics predict that the equilibrium constants of these many chemical reactions will be affected by the total deposition pressure and that the optimization of the silica films requires more then just controlling the ratio of silane - to - nitrous oxide gas flow ratios . the obtained silica films are the result of these competing chemical reactions and are composed of a mixture of these various si — o x — h y — n z potential as - deposited compounds . to these potential as - deposited compounds are associated inter - atomic oscillators which can be detected by ftir as absorption peaks which are different from the four characteristic peaks of ideal optical silica films . some of these extra absorption peaks do have a higher harmonics mode that cause optical absorption in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical bands . for that reason , the prior art uses a post - deposition high temperature thermal treatment of silica films in a dry ( nitrogen ) ambient at a temperature ranging between 600 and 1350 ° c . in an attempt eliminate these extra absorption peaks in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region . [ 0058 ] fig4 lists the possible chemical reactions ( i . e . thermal decomposition reactions ) that may result from the exposure of the thirty - five ( 35 ) potential as - deposited compounds to nitrogen at very high temperature . again , the thermal decomposition reactions ( producing a potential post - treatment compound after the high temperature thermal treatment which is different then the potential as - deposited compound before high temperature thermal treatment ) have to preserve the need to accommodate the chemical bonds of their constituting atoms . these various reactions present a very clear overview of the limitations of these high temperature thermal treatments : only twelve ( 12 ) of the thirty - five ( 35 ) si — o x — h y — n z potential as - deposited compounds can lead to the formation of sio 2 during a high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient with gaseous by - products such as : nitrogen , n 2 , hydrogen , h 2 , and ammonia , nh 3 . following a high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient , the other twenty - three ( 23 ) si — o x — h y — n z potential as - deposited compounds can lead to the formation of a short list of five ( 5 ) other potential post - treatment compounds : sinh ( no o incorporated in the potential as - deposited compound ); sin 2 ( no o incorporated in the potential as - deposited compound ); sioh 2 ( one o incorporated in the potential as - deposited compound ); sionh ( one o incorporated in the potential as - deposited compound ); and sion 2 ( one o incorporated in the potential as - deposited compound ). it is important to realize that high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient produces thermal decomposition reactions which are incapable of transforming the twenty - three ( 23 ) potential si — o x — h y — n z as - deposited compounds that result , from a lack of oxygen incorporation into sio 2 , in the other five potential post - treatment compounds . it is then also very important to realize that the displacement of the equilibrium constants of these many chemical reactions which result in the formation of these twenty - three ( 23 ) oxygen - lacking potential si — ox — hy — nz as - deposited compounds as a result of a modification of the total deposition pressure will have a definitive effect on the optimization of the silica films and that this effect will allow the deposition of silica films with optical properties not achievable with a more traditional adjustment of the silane - to - nitrous oxide gas flow ratios . as a result a control of the total deposition pressure independently of the silane - to - nitrous oxide gas flow ratio can have a pronounced effect on the optical properties of silica films following a lower temperature nitrogen thermal treatment . since the silica films that result from these high temperature thermal treatments in a nitrogen ambient are solid mixtures of six ( 6 ) potential post - treatment compounds : sio 2 , sinh , sin 2 , sioh 2 , sionh and sion 2 , the ftir spectra can be used to verify this hypothesis by monitoring the transformation of these six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds . in general the higher the temperature the lower the optical absorption of the silica films but unlike the case for the fused silica optical fibres , which are heated at a temperature exceeding about 2000 ° c . during the drawing process , the high temperature thermal treatment of the silica films on silicon wafers is performed at a much lower temperature of less then about 1350 ° c ., the fusion point of the silicon wafer . the thermal treatment temperature is also typically limited by the high compressive mechanical stress induced in the silica films from the difference of thermal expansion between the silica films and the underlying silicon wafer . [ 0065 ] fig5 lists some ftir fundamental infrared absorption peaks and their corresponding higher harmonics peaks associated with the six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds that result from thermal decomposition during a high temperature thermal treatment of these silica films in a nitrogen ambient . it is clear from fig5 that the higher harmonics of the absorption peaks corresponding to these six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds contribute to the optical absorption in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical bands . the six peaks are : the second vibration harmonics of the ho — h oscillators in trapped water vapour in the micro - pores of the silica films ( 3550 to 3750 cm − 1 ), which increase the optical absorption near 1 . 333 to 1 . 408 μm ; the second vibration harmonics of the sio — h oscillators in the silica films ( 3470 to 3550 cm − 1 ), which increase the optical absorption near 1 . 408 to 1 . 441 μm ; the second vibration harmonics of the si : n — h oscillators in the silica films ( 3300 to 3460 cm − 1 ), which increase the optical absorption near 1 . 445 to 1 . 515 μm ; the second vibration harmonics of the sin — h oscillators in the silica films ( 3380 to 3460 cm − 1 ), which increase the optical absorption near 1 . 445 to 1 . 479 μm ; the third vibration harmonics of the si — h oscillators in the silica films ( 2210 to 2310 cm − 1 ), which increase the optical absorption near 1 . 443 to 1 . 505 μm ; the fourth vibration harmonics of the si ═ o oscillators in the silica films ( 1800 to 1950 cm − 1 ), which increase the optical absorption near 1 . 282 to 1 . 389 μm ; and the fifth vibration harmonics of the n ═ n oscillators in the silica films ( 1530 to 1580 cm − 1 ), which increase the optical absorption near 1 . 266 to 1 . 307 μm . the negative effects of these the oscillators on the optical properties of silica films are reported in the literature . examples of relevant literature articles are : grand g ., low - loss pecvd silica channel waveguides for optical communications , electron . lett ., 26 ( 25 ), 2135 , 1990 ; bruno f ., plasma - enhanced chemical vapor deposition of low - loss sion optical waveguides at 1 . 5 - μm wavelength , applied optics , 30 ( 31 ), 4560 , 1991 ; imoto k ., high refractive index difference and low loss optical waveguide fabricated by low temperature processes , electronic letters , 29 ( 12 ), 1993 ; hoffmann m ., low temperature , nitrogen doped waveguides on silicon with small core dimensions fabricated by pecvd / rie , ecio &# 39 ; 95 , 299 , 1995 ; bazylenko m ., pure and fluorine - doped silica films deposited in a hollow cathode reactor for integrated optic applications , j . vac . sci . technol . a 14 ( 2 ), 336 , 1996 ; pereyra i ., high quality low temperature dpecvd silicon dioxide , j . non - crystalline solids , 212 , 225 , 1997 ; kenyon a ., a luminescence study of silicon - rich silica and rare - earth doped silicon - rich silica , electrochem . soc . proc . vol . 97 - 11 , 304 , 1997 ; alayo m ., thick sioxny and sio2 films obtained by pecvd technique at low temperatures , thin solid films , 332 , 40 , 1998 ; worhoff k ., plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon oxynitride optimized for application in integrated optics , sensors and actuators , 74 , 9 , 1999 ; and germann r ., silicon - oxynitride layers for optical waveguide applications , 195 th meeting of the electrochemical society , 99 - 1 , may 1999 , abstract 137 , 1999 . this literature describes the tentative elimination of optical absorption ( i . e . of the six residual oscillators ) using the discussed thermal decomposition reactions during thermal treatments under a nitrogen ambient at a maximum temperature lower then 1350 ° c ., the fusion point of the silicon wafer . as mentioned , these thermal decomposition reactions in a nitrogen ambient result in a potential of six residual oscillators in the treated silica films which still absorb infrared light in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region . the lack of incorporation of oxygen atoms into the deposition reaction produces , at a microscopic scale , a mixture of the thirty - five ( 35 ) undesirable si — o x — h y — n z potential as - deposited compounds ( listed in fig3 ) difficult to eliminate with temperature treatments . twenty - three ( 23 ) of these thirty - five ( 35 ) undesirable si — o x — h y — n z potential as - deposited compounds are sub - stoichiometric oxygen compounds ( fig4 ) and this makes it very unlikely that temperature treatments in nitrogen inducing thermal decomposition of these residual as - deposited compounds will result in the required pure silicate , sio 2 , films ; i . e . that the thermal decomposition in nitrogen will not likely be able to completely eliminate the five residual undesirable post - treatment compounds : sinh , sin 2 , sioh 2 , sionh and sion 2 associated to the various residual undesirable oscillators which prevent the achievement of optical quality silica waveguides with reduced optical absorption of in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region . [ 0070 ] fig6 a shows the basic ftir spectra of typically deposited pecvd silica films before and after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a temperature of either 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , 1000 or 1100 ° c . it is clear that the higher the thermal decomposition temperature of the high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient , the better the thermal decomposition of silica films , the better the elimination of : nitrogen , n 2 , hydrogen , h 2 , and ammonia , nh 3 . ( i . e . as per the chemical reactions of fig4 ) and the better the ftir spectra of the treated silica films ( i . e . the better the four basic optical absorption peaks ): a more intense and smaller fwhm si — o — si “ rocking mode ” absorption peak ranging between 410 and 510 cm − 1 ; a smaller fwhm si — o — si “ bending mode ” absorption peak ranging between 740 and 880 cm − 1 ; a more intense and smaller fwhm si — o — si “ in - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak ranging between 1000 and 1160 cm − 1 , indicating a more stoichiometric silica films with the optimum density and optimum si — o — si bond angle of 144 °; a gradual elimination of the si — o — si “ out - of - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak ranging between 1080 and 1280 cm − 1 , as compared to the si — o — si in - phase - stretching mode absorption peak ; a gradual separation between the si — o — si “ in - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak ( 1080 cm − 1 ) and the si — o — si “ bending mode ” absorption peak ( 810 cm − 1 ) with a deeper valley between 850 and 1000 cm − 1 . an in - depth examination of some infrared regions of the ftir spectra of fig6 a with the help of the ftir regions of the table of fig5 helps verify the presence of the six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds : sio 2 , sinh , sin 2 , sioh 2 , sionh and sion 2 that potentially contribute to the reported residual optical absorption in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm wavelength optical bands . [ 0077 ] fig7 a shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 810 to 1000 cm − 1 of typically deposited pecvd silica films before and after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a temperature of either 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , 1000 or 1100 ° c . this region of the ftir spectra should show a net separation between the si — o — si “ in - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak ( 1080 cm − 1 ) and the si — o — si “ bending mode ” absorption peak ( 810 cm − 1 ) and should show a deep valley between 850 and 1000 cm − 1 . it is clear that the higher the thermal decomposition temperature of the high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient , the better the separation and the deeper the valley . the reduction and gradual elimination of the si — oh oscillators , centered at 885 cm − 1 ( i . e . of some configurations of the sioh 2 residual potential post - treatment compounds ) using various chemical reactions of fig4 is demonstrated to occur following the 600 ° c . thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient . a residual peak is observed at 950 cm − 1 , indicating the presence of residual oscillators as a result of the various thermal decomposition reactions of fig4 . these residual oscillators are associated to the si — on oscillators of two ( 2 ) of the six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds : sionh and sion 2 . it is clear that the higher the temperature of the high temperature thermal treatment from 600 to 1100 ° c . in a nitrogen ambient , the more nitrogen incorporation and the more evident the si — on oscillators ( i . e . some configurations of the residual potential : sionh and / or sion 2 post - treatment compounds ). [ 0078 ] fig8 a shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 1500 to 1600 cm − 1 of typically deposited pecvd silica films before and after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a temperature of either 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , 1000 or 1100 ° c . this region of interest focuses on the n ═ n oscillators , centered at 1555 cm − 1 , of the various post - treatment compounds described by the various chemical reactions of fig4 . it is apparent that the higher the thermal decomposition temperature of the high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient , the better the elimination of n ═ n oscillators ( which fifth harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 266 and 1 . 307 μm ) with a complete elimination of residual n ═ n oscillators ( i . e . some configurations of the residual potential sion 2 post - treatment compounds ) after a thermal treatment beyond 900 ° c . in a nitrogen ambient . [ 0079 ] fig9 a shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 1700 to 2200 cm − 1 of typically deposited pecvd silica films before and after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a temperature of either 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , 1000 or 1100 ° c . this region of interest focuses on the si = o oscillators , centered at 1875 cm − 1 of four ( 4 ) of the six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds : sio 2 , sioh 2 , sionh and sion 2 . another unknown absorption peak is also observed centered at 2010 cm − 1 but since this unknown oscillator does not have a higher harmonics which could cause optical absorption in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical bands , the search of its identity was not prioritized . it is clear that the higher the thermal decomposition temperature of the high temperature thermal treatment from 600 to 1100 ° c . in a nitrogen ambient , the more evident the si ═ o oscillators ( which fourth harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 282 and 1 . 389 μm ) and the more evident the unknown oscillators which have no higher absorption harmonics between 1 . 300 and 1 . 550 μm . [ 0080 ] fig1 a shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 2200 to 2400 cm − 1 of typically deposited pecvd silica films before and after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a temperature of either 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , 1000 or 1100 ° c . this region of interest focuses on the si — h oscillators , centered at 2260 cm − 1 of three ( 3 ) of the six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds : sinh , sioh 2 , and sionh . it is clear that the higher the thermal decomposition temperature of the high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient , the better the elimination of si — h oscillators ( which third harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 443 and 1 . 508 μm ) with a complete elimination of residual si — h oscillators ( i . e . some configurations of the residual potential sinh , sioh 2 , and sionh post - treatment compounds ) after a thermal treatment beyond 600 ° c . in a nitrogen ambient . [ 0081 ] fig1 a shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 3200 to 3900 cm − 1 of typically deposited pecvd silica films before and after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a temperature of either 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , 1000 or 1100 ° c . this region of interest focuses on the si : n — h oscillators , centered at 3380 cm − 1 , the sin — h oscillators , centered at 3420 cm − 1 , the sio — h oscillators , centered at 3510 cm − 1 and the ho — h oscillators , centered at 3650 cm − 1 of three ( 3 ) of the six ( 6 ) residual potential post - treatment compounds : sinh , sioh 2 and sionh . it is clear that the higher the thermal decomposition temperature of the high temperature thermal treatment from 600 to 1100 ° c . in a nitrogen ambient , the better the elimination of : the ho — h oscillators ( trapped water vapour in the micro - pores of the silica films and which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 333 and 1 . 408 μm ) with a complete elimination over 600 ° c . ; the sio — h oscillators ( which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 408 and 1 . 441 μm ) with a complete elimination over 900 ° c . ; the sin — h oscillators ( which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 445 and 1 . 479 μm ) ) with a complete elimination over 1000 ° c . ; the si : n — h oscillators ( which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 445 and 1 . 515 μm ) with are not yet completely eliminated at 1100 ° c . the complete elimination of the si : n — h oscillators is extremely difficult because the nitrogen atom is bonded to the silicon atom of the sio 2 network with two covalent bonds . the upper fig6 a to fig1 a show that it is very difficult to completely eliminate the residual oscillators of the various undesirable si — o x — h y — n z potential post - treatment compounds and achieve optical quality silica films from typically deposited pecvd silica films using thermal treatments at temperature between 600 and 1100 ° c . in a dry ( nitrogen ) ambient . this improved plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique of silica films results in a better elimination of the undesirable residual si : n — h oscillators ( observed as a ftir peak centered at 3380 cm − 1 ) after thermal treatments at lower post - deposition temperature as to provide improved optical quality silica waveguides with reduced optical absorption of in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region in order to use them in the fabrication of high performance optical quality multiplexers ( mux ) and demultiplexers ( dmux ) with improved performances in the 1 . 30 bi - directional narrow optical band and / or in the 1 . 55 μm video signal optical band . the improved plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique of silica films results in a better elimination of the undesirable residual si : n — h oscillators ( observed as a ftir peak centered at 3380 cm − 1 ) after thermal treatments at lower post - deposition temperature and provide improved optical quality silica waveguides with reduced optical absorption of in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region in order to use them in the fabrication of high performance optical quality multiplexers ( mux ) and demultiplexers ( dmux ) with improved performances in the 1 . 30 bi - directional narrow optical band and / or in the 1 . 55 μm video signal optical band . [ 0089 ] fig6 b shows the basic ftir spectra of silica films obtained with the improved pecvd deposition technique after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a low temperature of 800 ° c . it is clear that the control of the deposition pressure of this improved pecvd deposition technique has a major effect on the ftir spectra of the treated silica films ( i . e . the better the four basic optical absorption peaks ): a gradually more intense and smaller fwhm si — o — si “ rocking mode ” absorption peak ( between 410 and 510 cm − 1 ) as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 torr up to an optimum 2 . 40 torr and then a gradually less intense and larger fwhm si — o — si “ rocking mode ” absorption peak as the pressure is further increased from the optimum 2 . 40 torr up to 2 . 60 torr ; a slightly more intense and slightly smaller fwhm si — o — si “ bending mode ” absorption peak ( between 740 and 880 cm − 1 ) can be obtained at an optimum deposition pressure of 2 . 40 torr ; a gradually more intense and smaller fwhm si — o — si “ in - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak ( between 1000 and 1160 cm − 1 ) indicating a much more stoichiometric silica films with the optimum density and optimum si — o — si bond angle of 144 °) as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 torr up to an optimum 2 . 40 torr and then a gradually less intense and fwhm si — o — si “ in - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak as the pressure is further increased from the optimum 2 . 40 torr up to 2 . 60 torr ; a gradually more evident separation between the si — o — si “ in - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak ( 1080 cm − 1 ) and the si — o — si “ bending mode ” absorption peak ( 810 cm − 1 ) with a gradually deeper valley between 850 and 1000 cm − 1 as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 torr up to an optimum 2 . 40 torr and then a gradually less evident separation and a gradually less deep valley between 850 and 1000 cm − 1 as the pressure is further increased from the optimum 2 . 40 torr up to 2 . 60 torr ; an in - depth examination of some infrared regions of the ftir spectra of fig6 b with the help of the ftir regions of the table of fig5 could help verifying the gradual elimination of the various si — o x — h y — n z potential as - deposited compounds and verify the gradual achievement of pure sio 2 with minimum optical absorption in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical bands as the pressure is changed around this optimum deposition pressure of 2 . 40 torr . [ 0095 ] fig7 b shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 810 to 1000 cm − 1 of silica films obtained with the improved pecvd deposition technique after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a low temperature of 800 ° c . this region of the ftir spectra should show a net separation between the si — o — si “ in - phase - stretching mode ” absorption peak ( 1080 cm − 1 ) and the si — o — si “ bending mode ” absorption peak ( 810 cm − 1 ) and should show a deep valley between 850 and 1000 cm − 1 . it is clearly observed that there is a gradual elimination of the residual si — oh oscillators ( centered at 885 cm − 1 ) of the residual sioh 2 residual post - treatment compound ( fig4 ) as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 torr up to the optimum pressure of 2 . 40 torr and that the elimination gradually get worse as the pressure is further increased from the optimum 2 . 40 torr up to 2 . 60 torr . similarly , it is clearly observed that there is a gradual elimination of the si — on oscillators ( centered at 950 cm − 1 ) of the residual sionh and / or sion 2 post - treatment compounds ( fig4 ) as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 torr up to the optimum 2 . 40 torr and then gradually less effective as the deposition pressure is further increased from this optimum 2 . 40 torr up to 2 . 60 torr . the optimum separation and deep valley observed at 2 . 40 torr is an indication that the silica films resulting from this optimum deposition pressure are composed of high quality sio 2 material . [ 0096 ] fig8 b shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 1500 to 1600 cm − 1 of silica films obtained with the improved pecvd deposition technique after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a low temperature of 800 ° c . this region focuses on the n ═ n oscillators ( centered at 1555 cm − 1 and which fifth harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 266 and 1 . 307 μm ) of the various residual post - treatment compounds of fig4 . it is observed that these oscillators are gradually eliminated as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 up to the optimum pressure of 2 . 40 torr and that the elimination is gradually ( slight effect ) less complete as the pressure is further increased from this optimum pressure of 2 . 40 up to 2 . 60 torr . [ 0097 ] fig9 b shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 1700 to 2200 cm − 1 of silica films obtained with the improved pecvd deposition technique after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a low temperature of 800 ° c . this region focuses on the si ═ o oscillators ( centered at 1875 cm − 1 ) and on the unknown oscillator ( centered at 2010 cm − 1 ) of the various residual post - treatment compounds described by fig4 . it seems that even at the optimum deposition pressure of 2 . 40 torr , it is not possible to eliminate the si ═ o oscillators ( which fourth harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 282 and 1 . 389 μm ) and the unknown oscillators ( which does not have a higher harmonics which could cause optical absorption in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical bands ) at any of the deposition pressures . this limitation is not that important since only the fourth harmonics of the si ═ o oscillators which can absorb in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical bands . [ 0098 ] fig1 b shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 2200 to 2400 cm − 1 of silica films obtained with the improved pecvd deposition technique after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a low temperature of 800 ° c . this region focuses on the si — h oscillators ( centered at 2260 cm − 1 ) of the various residual post - treatment compounds of fig4 . it is clear that the si — h oscillators ( which third harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 443 and 1 . 508 μm ) are completely eliminated for all deposition pressures . [ 0099 ] fig1 b shows the in - depth ftir spectra from 3200 to 3900 cm − 1 of silica films obtained with the improved pecvd deposition technique after a three hours long high temperature thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at a low temperature of 800 ° c . this region focuses on the si : n — h oscillators ( centered at 3380 cm − 1 ), on the sin — h oscillators ( centered at 3420 cm − 1 ), on the sio — h oscillators ( centered at 3510 cm − 1 ) and on the ho — h oscillators ( centered at 3650 cm − 1 ) of the various residual post - treatment compounds described by fig4 . it is clear that all these oscillators are gradually eliminated as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 to 2 . 60 torr . the ho — h oscillators ( trapped water vapour in the micro - pores of the silica films and which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 333 and 1 . 408 μm ) are completely eliminated for all deposition pressures ; the sio — h oscillators ( which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 408 and 1 . 441 μm ) are completely eliminated for all deposition pressures ; the sin — h oscillators ( which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 445 and 1 . 479 μm ) are gradually eliminated as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 torr to 2 . 60 torr ; the si : n — h oscillators ( which second harmonics could cause an optical absorption between 1 . 445 and 1 . 515 μm are gradually eliminated as the deposition pressure is increased from 2 . 00 torr to 2 . 60 torr . this complete elimination at such a low thermal treatment temperature of only 800 ° c . is really spectacular because it requires thermally breaking two covalent bonds binding the nitrogen atom to the silicon atom of the sio 2 network . it is to be concluded that the increase of deposition pressure from 2 . 00 torr to 2 . 60 torr minimizes the formation of such residual si : n — h oscillators with two covalent bonds . by looking at fig2 and fig4 it appears that this gradual increase of deposition pressure from 2 . 00 to 2 . 60 torr may gradually prevent the formation of as deposited residual sionh , sionh 3 , sion 3 h and sion 3 h 3 compounds which would result in the residual sionh post - treatment compound responsible of the residual si : n — h oscillators after thermal treatment . a systematic comparison between : ( fig5 a and 5 b ), ( fig6 a and 6 b ), ( fig7 a and 7 b ), ( fig8 a and 8 b ), ( fig9 a and 9 b ) as well as ( fig1 a and 10 b ) shows the spectacular benefits of the improved pecvd deposition technique which results in a substantially total elimination of the various undesirable si — o x — h y — n z potential post - treatment compounds after a low temperature ( 800 ° c .) thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient and in particular of the residual sionh post - treatment compounds which can still be detected by the residual si : n — h oscillators ( centered at 3380 cm − 1 and which second harmonics causes an optical absorption between 1 . 445 and 1 . 515 μm ) of fig1 a &# 39 ; s 1100 ° c . curve . by contrast , it is clear that these residual si : n — h oscillators are completely eliminated from fig1 b &# 39 ; s 2 . 40 torr curve , even after a much lower temperature ( 800 ° c .) thermal treatment in the same nitrogen ambient . the improved plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique of silica films results in a better elimination of the undesirable residual si : n — h oscillators ( observed as a ftir peak centered at 3380 cm − 1 ) after thermal treatment at lower post - deposition temperature so as to provide improved optical quality silica waveguides with reduced optical absorption of in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region in order to use them in the fabrication of high performance optical quality multiplexers ( mux ) and demultiplexers ( dmux ) with improved performances in the 1 . 30 bi - directional narrow optical band and / or in the 1 . 55 μm video signal optical band . the comparison of the various pecvd approaches summarised in fig1 shows that the novel pecvd approach has a number of advantages : it does not require the use of b and / or p ; it does not use teos ; it does not use o 2 ; it does not use cf 4 ; it does not use sih 4 , n 2 o and nh 3 gas mixtures ; it does not use sih 4 , n 2 o and ar gas mixtures ; it does use more then just sih 4 and n 2 o gas mixtures ; and while it does use sih 4 , n 2 o and n 2 gas mixtures , it does so in a very different way from the cited prior art ( imoto k ., 1993 ) which only reports the control of the mass flow rates of the three gases as a way to control the transparency and refractive index of the silica film . the described technique uses an independent control of the sih 4 , n 2 o and n 2 gases as well as of the total deposition pressure via an automatic control of the pumping speed of the vacuum pump . as mentioned before the fundamental principles of classical thermodynamics predict that the equilibrium constants of the various chemical reactions of fig3 will be affected by the total deposition pressure and will result in an improved elimination of some of thirty - five ( 35 ) si — o x — h y — n z potential as - deposited compounds due to an improved elimination of n 2 , o 2 , hno , nh 3 , h 2 o , and h 2 gaseous compounds that must be eliminated from the micro - pores of the growing silica films up to their surface and from their surface through the gaseous boundary layer present near their surface . this effect is due to the fact that many of the chemical reactions of fig3 are associated with a modification of the number of gaseous compounds ; i . e . the number of gaseous product compound molecules is different then three , the number of gaseous reactant compound molecules : sih 4 ( g )+ 2n 2 o ( g )→ the various products of fig3 in other words , unlike the various cited references which use : sih 4 / n 2 o gas flow ratios in a two - dimensional space ( a unique independent variable , the sih 4 / n 2 o ratio , and the observed variable , the observed film characteristics ); or sih 4 / n 2 o / n 2 gas flow ratios in a three - dimensional space ( a first independent variable , the sih 4 / n 2 o ratio , a second independent variable , n 2 o / n 2 ratio , and the observed variable , the observed film characteristics ); sih 4 , n 2 o , n 2 gas flows in a four - dimensional space ( a first independent variable , the sih 4 flow , a second independent variable , the n 2 o flow , a third independent variable the n 2 flow , and the observed variable , the observed film characteristics ); the technique described in this patent application uses a five - dimensional space ( a first independent variable , the sih 4 flow , a second independent variable , the n 2 o flow , a third independent variable the n 2 flow , a fourth independent variable , the total deposition pressure ( controlled by an automatic adjustment of the pumping speed ), and the observed variable , the observed film characteristics ) to optimize the silica films characteristics . the spectacular effect of the total deposition pressure was demonstrated by the ftir spectra of : fig5 b , fig6 b , fig7 b , fig8 b , fig9 b and fig1 b which compare the results of silica films deposited at the following fixed gas flows : the first independent variable , the sih 4 gas flow , was fixed at 0 . 20 std liter / min ; the second independent variable , the n 2 o gas flow , was fixed at 6 . 00 std liter / min ; the third independent variable , the n 2 gas flow , was fixed at 3 . 15 std liter / min . the spectacular effect of this fourth independent variable , the total deposition pressure , on the elimination of the various undesirable si — o x — h y — n z potential post - treatment compounds after a low temperature ( 800 ° c .) thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient is clearly demonstrated by comparing : ( fig5 a and 5 b ), ( fig6 a and 6 b ), ( fig7 a and 7 b ), ( fig8 a and 8 b ), ( fig9 a and 9 b ) as well as ( fig1 a and 10 b ). in particular , it is demonstrated that the residual si : n — h oscillators of the residual sionh post - treatment compounds ( centered at 3380 cm − 1 and which second harmonics causes an optical absorption between 1 . 445 and 1 . 515 μm ) are completely eliminated from fig1 b &# 39 ; s 2 . 60 torr curve even after a low temperature thermal treatment of only 800 ° c . in nitrogen . this contrasts with the results of fig1 a which shows that a much higher temperature thermal treatment of 1100 ° c . in nitrogen is required to eliminate the same oscillators from silica films obtained from typical non - optimized pecvd conditions . [ 0122 ] fig1 summarises the spectacular effect of this fourth independent variable , the total deposition pressure , on the integrated area under the 3380 cm − 1 ftir peak of the si : n — h oscillators of pecvd silica films deposited at a fixed sih 4 gas flow of 0 . 20 std liter / min , at a fixed n 2 o gas flow of 6 . 00 std liter / min and at a fixed n 2 gas flow of 3 . 15 std liter / min and following a thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at 800 ° c . the elimination of the residual si : n — h oscillators at lower temperature is not the only benefit of the novel technique according to the invention . fig1 shows the effect of the total deposition pressure on the 1 . 55 μm refractive index of pecvd silica films deposited at a fixed sih 4 gas flow of 0 . 20 std liter / min , at a fixed n 2 o gas flow of 6 . 00 std liter / min and at a fixed n 2 gas flow of 3 . 15 std liter / min and following a thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at 800 ° c . it is again clear that the introduction of the fourth independent variable , the total deposition pressure , is critical for the development of optimized optical silica films . the refractive index at the operation wavelength of 1 . 55 μm is certainly one of the most important film characteristic . this fig1 clearly indicates that the control of this parameter is of prime importance for the repeatable achievement of high quality optical silica films . at this point it should be noted that typical vacuum pumping systems used in pecvd equipment ( i . e . rotary vane mechanical pumps , roots blowers , turbo - molecular pumps or others ) suffer from many sources of pumping speed variation over time ( variation of the ac electrical power source , variation of the pumping conductance due to accumulation of residues in the protection scrubber or pumping lines etc ) and it is then expected that a pecvd deposition condition involving a fixed set of gas flow parameters will suffer from a non - repeatability of the observed film characteristics . [ 0124 ] fig1 summarises the effect of the n 2 o mass flow rate on the integrated area under the 3380 cm − 1 ftir peak of the si : n — h oscillators of pecvd silica films deposited at a fixed sih 4 gas flow of 0 . 20 std liter / min , at a fixed n 2 gas flow of 3 . 15 std liter / min , at a fixed total deposition pressure of 2 . 60 torr and following a thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at 800 ° c . it is very clear that once the local optimum operation point is found in the five dimensional space ( four independent variables and one output measurement ), there might be no further relationship between the residual optical absorption of the obtained silica films and that the sih 4 - to - n 2 o gas flow ratio is actually not a determining factor . again , since the optical transparency at the operation wavelength of 1 . 55 μm is certainly one of the most important film characteristic of optical silica waveguides , this fig1 clearly indicates that , unlike for what is reported in the previous art literature , the sih 4 - to - n 2 o gas flow ratio is not an important factor in the definition of the optical properties of silica films . [ 0125 ] fig1 shows the effect of the n 2 o gas flow on the 1 . 55 μm refractive index of pecvd silica films deposited at a fixed sih 4 gas flow of 0 . 20 std liter / min , at a fixed n 2 gas flow of 3 . 15 std liter / min , at a fixed total deposition pressure of 2 . 60 torr and following a thermal treatment in a nitrogen ambient at 800 ° c . it is again very clear that once the local optimum operation point is found in the five dimensions space ( four independent variables and one output measurement ), there might be no more relationship between the measured film characteristics and the ratio of sih 4 - to - n 2 o gas flow ratio . again , since the refractive index at the operation wavelength of 1 . 55 μm is certainly one of the most important film characteristic of optical silica waveguides , this fig1 clearly indicates that the sih 4 - to - n 2 o gas flow ratio is not a critical factor in the definition of the optical properties of silica films . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that a number of variants of the invention as described are possible . purely , by way of non - liming example , the pecvd silica films could be deposited with some molecules incorporating phosphorus , boron , germanium , titanium or fluorine to modify the refractive index of the optimized films . the pecvd silica films could be deposited at a temperature different from 400 ° c . it could be deposited at any temperature between 100 and 650 ° c . the pecvd equipment could be different from the novellus concept one . the requirement is to provide independent control of the four basic control parameters : sih 4 gas flow rate , n 2 o gas flow rate , n 2 gas flow rate and total deposition pressure . the found local optimum ( sih 4 gas flow of 0 . 20 std liter / min , n 2 o gas flow of 6 . 00 std liter / min , n 2 gas flow of 3 . 15 std liter / min and a total deposition pressure of 2 . 60 torr ) is this four - independent - variables space . a different set of coordinates ( sih 4 , n 2 o , n 2 , deposition pressure ) could be found using the same novellus concept one equipment . a different set of coordinates ( sih 4 , n 2 o , n 2 , deposition pressure ) could be found for another type of pecvd equipment . the sih 4 silicon raw material gas could be replaced by an alternate silicon containing gas , such as : silicon tetra - chloride , sicl 4 , silicon tetra - fluoride , sif 4 , disilane , si 2 h 6 , dichloro - silane , sih 2 cl 2 , difluoro - silane , sih 2 f 2 or any other silicon containing gases involving the use of hydrogen , h , chlorine , cl , fluorine , f , bromine , br , and iodine , i . the n 2 o oxidation gas could be replaced by an alternate oxygen containing gas , such as : oxygen , o 2 , nitric oxide , no 2 , water , h 2 o , hydrogen peroxide , h 2 o 2 , carbon monoxide , co or carbon dioxide , co 2 . the n 2 carrier gas could be replaced by an alternate carrier gas , such as : helium , he , neon , ne , argon , ar or krypton , kr . a different set of coordinates ( silicon source , oxygen source , carrier gas , deposition pressure ) could be found for other alternate chemistries . the high temperature thermal treatment in nitrogen could be performed at a temperature different than 800 ° c . the preferred range is from 400 to 1200 ° c . the described invention thus results in a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique of silica films that results in a better elimination of the undesirable residual si : n — h oscillators ( observed as a ftir peak centered at 3380 cm − 1 ) after thermal treatments at lower post - deposition temperature to provide improved optical quality silica waveguides with reduced optical absorption of in the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region in order to use them in the fabrication of high performance optical quality multiplexers ( mux ) and demultiplexers ( dmux ) with improved performances in the 1 . 30 bi - directional narrow optical band and / or in the 1 . 55 μm video signal optical band . the optical region of interest is not limited to the 1 . 30 to 1 . 55 μm optical region since the higher oscillation harmonics of the eliminated oscillators have other optical benefits at longer or shorter wavelengths . the wavelengths of the first , second , third and fourth harmonics of these oscillators are also included in the invention . the invention has application in any manufacturing processes involving the use of high quality silica films , such as : photonics devices other than mux / dmux devices ; semiconductor devices ; micro electro mechanical systems ( mems ); bio - chips ; lab - on - a - chip devices ; and multi - chip modules . | 2 |
basic components of the banknote validator of this embodiment are essentially as shown and described in wo97 / 26626 , the contents of which are incorporated by reference . referring to fig1 , in the validator , a banknote 2 is sensed by an optical sensing module 4 as it passes along a predetermined transport plane in the direction of arrow 6 . the sensing module 4 has two linear arrays of light sources 8 , 10 and a linear array of photodetectors 12 directly mounted on the underside of a printed circuit board 14 . a control unit 32 and first stage amplifiers 33 for each of the photodetectors are mounted directly on the upper surface of the printed circuit board 14 . printed circuit board 14 is provided with a frame 38 made of a rigid material such as metal on the upper surface and around the peripheral edges of the board . this provides the printed circuit board , made of a fibre - glass composite , and the source and detector components mounted on its underside , with a high degree of linearity and uniformity across its width and length . the frame 38 is provided with a connector 40 whereby the control unit 32 communicates with other components ( not shown ) of the banknote validator , such as a position sensor , a banknote sorting mechanism , an external control unit and the like . the optical sensing module 4 has two unitary light guides 16 and 18 for conveying light produced by source arrays 8 and 10 towards and onto a strip of the banknote 2 . the light guides 16 and 18 are made from a moulded plexiglass material . each light guide is elongate and rectangular in horizontal cross section and consists of an upper vertical portion and a lower portion which is angled with respect to the upper portion . the angled lower portions of the light guides 16 , 18 direct light that has been internally reflected with a light guide 16 , 18 towards an illuminated strip on the banknote 2 which is centrally located between the light guides 16 and 18 . lenses 20 are mounted between the light guides in a linear array corresponding to the detector array 12 . one lens 20 is provided per detector in the detector array 12 . each lens 20 delivers light collected from a discrete area on the banknote , larger than the effective area of a detector , to the corresponding detector . the lenses 20 are fixed in place by an optical support 22 located between the light guides 16 and 18 . the light - emitting ends 24 and 26 of the light guides 16 and 18 , and the lenses 20 , are arranged so that only diffusely - reflected light is transmitted to the detector array 12 . the lateral ends 28 and 30 , and the inner and outer sides 34 and 36 of the light guides 16 and 18 are polished and metallised . although not evident from fig1 , each source array 8 and 10 , the detector array 12 and the linear lens array 20 , all extend across the width of the light guides 16 and 18 , from one lateral side 28 to the other , so as to be able to sense the reflective characteristics of the banknote 2 across its entire width . the light detector array 12 is made up of a linear array of a large number of , for example thirty , individual detectors , in the form of pin diodes , which each sense discrete parts of the banknote 2 located along the strip illuminated by the light guides 16 and 18 . adjacent detectors , supplied with diffusely reflected light by respective adjacent lenses 20 , detect adjacent , and discrete areas of the banknote 2 . reference is made to fig2 , which illustrates one of the source arrays 8 as mounted on the printed circuit board 14 . the arrangement of the other source array 10 is identical . the source array 8 consists of a large number of discrete sources 9 , in the form of unencapsulated leds . the source array 8 is made up of a number of different groups of the light sources 9 , each group generating light at a different peak wavelength . such an arrangement is described in swiss patent number 634411 , incorporated herein by reference . in this embodiment there are six such groups , consisting of four groups of sources generating light at four different infra - red wavelengths , and two groups of sources generating light at two different visible wavelengths ( red and green ). the wavelengths used are chosen with a view to obtain a great amount of sensitivity to banknote printing inks , hence to provide for a high degree of discrimination between different banknote types , and / or between genuine banknotes and other documents . the sources of each colour group are dispersed throughout the linear source array 8 . the sources 9 are arranged in the sets 11 of six sources , all sets 11 being aligned end - to - end to form a repetitive colour sequence spanning the source array 8 . each colour group in the source array 8 , is made up of two series of ten sources 9 connected in parallel to a current generator 13 . although only one current generator 13 is illustrated , seven such generators are therefore provided for the whole array 8 . the colour groups are energised in sequence by a local sequencer in a control unit 32 , which is mounted on the upper surface of printed circuit board 13 . the sequential illumination of different colour groups of a source array is described in more detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 304 , 813 and british patent application no . 1470737 , which are incorporated herein by reference . during banknote sensing all six colour groups are energised and detected in sequence during a detector illumination period for each detector in turn . thus , the detectors 12 effectively scan the diffuse reflectance characteristics at each of the six predetermined wavelengths of a series of pixels located across the entire width of the banknote 2 during a series of individual detector illumination periods . as the banknote is transported in the transport direction 6 , an entire surface of the banknote 2 is sensed by repetitive scanning of strips of the banknote 2 at each of the six wavelengths . the outputs of the sensors are processed by the control unit 32 as described in more detail below . a validation algorithm , such as that disclosed in european patent application no . 0560023 , is used to evaluate the acquired data representative of the banknote in control unit 32 . by monitoring the position of the banknote during sensing with an optical position sensor located at the entrance to the transport mechanism used , predetermined areas of the banknote 2 which have optimum reflectance characteristics for evaluation are identified . the sensed reflectance characteristics of the banknote in those areas are compared with that of stored reference values in order to determine whether the banknote falls within predetermined acceptance criteria , whereupon a validation signal is produced by control unit 32 . reference is now made to fig3 , which illustrates a banknote validator including optical sensing modules as illustrated in fig1 . components already described in relation to fig1 will be referred to by identical reference numerals . fig3 shows a banknote validator 50 similar to that described in international patent application no . wo 96 / 10808 , incorporated herein by reference . the apparatus has an entrance defined by nip rollers 52 , a transport path defined by further nip rollers 54 , 56 and 58 , upper wire screen 60 and lower wire screen 62 , and an exit defined by frame members 64 to which the wire screens are attached at one end . frame members 66 support the other end of the wire screens 60 and 62 . an upper sensing module 4 is located above the transport path to read the upper surface of the banknote 2 , and a lower sensing module 104 is located , horizontally spaced from said upper sensing module 4 by nip rollers 56 , below the transport path of the banknote 2 to read the lower surface of the banknote 2 . reference drums 68 and 70 are located opposedly to the sensing modules 4 and 104 respectively so as to provide reflective surfaces whereby the sensing devices 4 and 104 can be calibrated . each of nip rollers 54 , 56 and 58 and reference drums 68 and 70 are provided with regularly - spaced grooves accommodating upper and lower wire screens 60 and 62 . an edge detecting module 72 , consisting of an elongate light source ( consisting of an array of leds and a diffusing means therefor ) located below the transport plane of the apparatus 50 , a ccd array ( with a self - focussing fibre - optic lens array ) located above the transport plane and an associated processing unit , is located between entrance nip rollers 52 and the entrance wire supports 66 . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating the control unit 32 and connections between the control unit and the light source arrays 8 , 10 and the sensor array 12 . with reference to fig4 , as mentioned previously , each detector in the detector array 12 is connected to a respective amplifier 33 . the output of each amplifier 33 is in turn connected to a respective low pass filter 200 . each low pass filter has a dominant single pole structure with time constant τ and limits the bandwidth to approximately 300 hz . in this embodiment , τ is approximately 500 μs . the output of each low pass filter 200 is connected to an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 202 , and the output of the adc 202 is connected to a digital signal processor ( dsp ) 204 . the low pass filters 200 , the adc 202 and the dsp 204 are part of the control unit 32 . the control unit 32 also includes a central processing unit ( cpu ) 206 , connected to the adc 202 and the dsp 204 , for overall control of the control unit 32 , and a memory 208 connected to the cpu 206 . a dsp memory 209 , in the form of ram , is connected to the dsp 204 and the cpu 206 . the control unit 32 further includes a digital - to - analog converter ( dac ) 210 connected to the cpu 206 for control of the source arrays 8 , 10 . more specifically , the dac 210 is connected to each of the current generators 13 which are connected to respective groups of light sources 9 . the low pass filters 200 are shown as elements of the control unit 32 but they may be formed separately , as may other elements of the control unit 32 . in operation , a document is transported past sensing module 4 by means of the transport rollers 54 . as the document is transported past the sensing module , light of the respective wavelength is emitted from each group of sources 9 in sequence , and light of each wavelength reflected from the banknote is sensed by each of the detectors , corresponding to a discrete area of the banknote . each group of sources is driven by a respective current generator 13 which is controlled by the control unit 32 by way of the dac 210 . each group of sources 9 is driven by current from a current generator corresponding to a predetermined rectangular pulse signal e ( t ), as shown in fig5 . the pulse width and amplitude is the same for each group of sources in this embodiment . for each wavelength , light from the respective group of sources 9 is mixed in the optical mixer before being output towards the document . in that way , diffuse light is spread more uniformly across the whole width of the document . light reflected from the document , which has been modified in accordance with the pattern on the document , is sensed by the detector array and the output signals are processed in the control unit 32 . each group of sources for a respective wavelength is driven in turn by an excitation signal e ( t ), as shown in fig5 . the excitation signal in this embodiment is a rectangular pulse signal , having pulse width tp . the time from the end of a pulse to the beginning of the next pulse ( the “ off ” period ) is to . in this embodiment , the excitation signal is the same for each group of sources . however , in order to calibrate the device , the current supplied ( amplitude of pulse signal ) may be different for different wavelengths , as described in wo97 / 26626 . fig6 shows the signal s ( t ) output from a single sensor in response to a sequence of pulses of light of different wavelengths , after reflection from a document . the signal has a pulse formation , like the excitation signal e ( t ), with the amplitude modified in accordance with the pattern on the document . the signal s ( t ) is input to the low pass filter 200 . fig7 shows the output signal y ( t ) from the low pass filter 200 as a solid line superimposed on the signal s ( t ) shown as a broken line . the signal y ( t ) is sampled by the adc 202 at a sampling interval ts resulting a sequence of values y ( k ), y ( k + 1 ) etc . sampling is performed in the “ off ” period . td is the time between the end of each pulse and the sampling point . the sampling interval ts is close to the time constant τ of the analog filter 200 . in this embodiment ts = 560 μs . the dsp 204 uses the values y ( k ) together with an inverse digital filter , corresponding to the inverse of the analog system ( consisting of the excitation pulse e ( t ) and the low pass filter 200 ) to estimate values representing the pattern on the bill . these estimated values are given by { circumflex over ( x )}( k ). as these estimated values are based on the values y ( k ), that is , on a filtered version of s ( t ), the effect of noise is reduced . the transfer function h ( s ) for the analog system ( pulse generation and low pass filter ) can be regarded as : h ( s ) = ⅇ ( tp + td ) · s · 1 - ⅇ - tp · s s · 1 ( τ · s + 1 ) assuming the signal input to the analog filter is now just a dirac impulse sequence multiplying the signal from the bill x ( t ), thus x s ( t ) ( see 1 & amp ; 2 ). the z transform of h ( t ) can be derived using the invariant impulse method , which gives : the inverse digital filter d ( z ) is h − 1 ( z ), that is : an estimate of x , { circumflex over ( x )}, is derived using a de - convolution process . { circumflex over ( x )} ( k )= b 1 · y ( k )+ b 2 · y ( k − 1 ) 6 ) thus , a sequence of estimated amplitude values , { circumflex over ( x )}( k ), representing the pattern on the bill can be obtained from sampled values of the signal output from the filter . the coefficients b 1 and b 2 are stored in the memory 208 of the control unit . the coefficients are loaded into the dsp memory 209 , together with the dsp code , when the apparatus is turned on , or re - booted . d ( z ) is a non - recursive filter which means that dealing with any initial conditions needs only two samples . the estimation of the round - off errors and the noise are also easier to handle with non - recursive processing . the coefficients of the inverse digital filter can be calculated theoretically as described above , using an estimate of the time constant τ of the filter . alternatively , the simple ls ( least squares ) method uses a least mean square estimation of the coefficients by probing the system response with a plurality of excitation signals of known width and amplitude . the model assumes a matrix x of test samples so that x = yb where y is a matrix of the various test outputs and b is the matrix of researched coefficients . note that as y is usually not square , it cannot be inverted . therefore b can best be estimated using the pseudo inverse matrix method , giving other methods known in the theory of adaptive digital filters ( such as wiener , lms ( least mean square ), rls ( recursive least square ), can be used to yield similar results and find optimal filter coefficients . these methods are described for example in isbn 0 201 54413 digital signal processing , ifeachor & amp ; jervis ). these methods of estimating the coefficients allows the model to be fitted to the values of the actual analog components used in a specific validator unit , allowing for compensation of the dispersion of components values in various units of a production batch . this calibration process takes place either before reading the document , and / or it can be performed at regular time intervals or each time a document is inserted , during initialisation . in practice , the excitation is generated by controlling the intensity of current in an led . the amplitude at the input of the filter depends on the optical transfer function of the system at calibration time and can vary during the product life . this problem can be addressed as the test excitation can be directly measured at the input of the filter , or deduced from measurement at the output of the filter . the pulse width can be made large enough to neglect the effect of the time constant of the filter . ( for example substantially 8τ for a single pole filter and an error & lt ; 1lsb of a 12 bits a / d converter .) the above discussion was limited to the output from one sensor . the embodiment actually includes several sensors , which are read in parallel , and the outputs from each sensor , for each pulse of each wavelength , are handled sequentially by the adc 202 . in order to reduce further the noise , another digital filter is added to filter the output of the inverse filter . this is possible because the maximal frequency content of the signal on a banknote is typically approximately in the range of 50 hz for each wavelength , for a typical banknote transport speed of about 400 mm / sec with a sensor diameter of approximately 5 – 10 mm , where as the detector circuit needs a higher bandwidth in order to pass all the 6 wavelengths in sequence . because of this situation , for each wavelength , a decimation process by ⅙ can be used , sending each individual wavelength data into a corresponding digital low - pass filter of bandwidth substantially 50 hz . in this embodiment , the further digital filters are 2 nd order butterworth filters , although other suitable known filters may be used . this arrangement is shown schematically in fig8 . with such an arrangement , the rms of quantization noise can be reduced , for example , by about a factor of 2 , assuming that 50 hz is sufficient for the banknote signal x ( t ). the values { circumflex over ( x )}( k ) representing the pattern on the banknote are used for validating the banknote according to a suitable known method , for example , by comparing values with stored reference windows representative of acceptable banknotes . preferably , the values are taken from predetermined areas of the banknote . in a modification of the embodiment described above , the device is calibrated by adjusting the pulse widths of the excitation signal . this may be instead of or as well as calibration by adjusting the current levels . the calibration process is performed using the reference drums 68 , 70 or a reference media such as air or a reference bill , where the expected reference output x r for each detector is known . fig9 shows an example of an excitation signal e ( t ) for use with the light sources having successive pulses of different widths . tp is the maximum pulse width and to is the minimum time off . tw is an arbitrary pulse width . the following discussion shows in theory how the pulse width tw can be adjusted to obtain the desired measurement on the detector side . equation 6 above shows that the estimate of x is the sum of two terms . one deals with the previous lp filter output signal y ( k − 1 ) taken during to ( where every source is off ), therefore this will not be affected by the next excitation pulse . on the other hand the y ( k ) term includes the effect of the current pulse . the equation 8 shows the structure of y ( k ) assuming we have a linear system and the superposition theorem can be applied . 9 ) y o ( k ) = ( 1 - ⅇ - tw τ ) · x ( k ) y o ( k ) corresponds to the whole effect of the current excitation only , assuming the initial condition is null . consider first the actual measured value x ( k ) for a pulse width tw which is equal to tp , compared with the expected reference value x r ( k ). if x ( k ) is not the same as x r ( k ), then tw can be adjusted so that y o ( k ) based on x ( k ) and tw is the same as for x r ( k ) and tp . if x ( k )& gt ; x r ( k ) then tw & lt ; tp ( a larger x ( k ) means a larger asymptote for y o ( t )). in other words , tw must be reduced in order to meet the expected y o ( k ) value . this is illustrated in fig1 . the above discussion shows that for a measured value that is greater than the desired reference value , calibration can be performed by shortening the associated pulse width . preferably , the pulse width is adjusted such that the computed value { circumflex over ( x )}( k )= x r ( k ). we estimate tw in order to get at the output of the deconvolution filter : { circumflex over ( x )}( k )= x r ( k ). assuming a current actual excitation is x ( k ), the equation 10 gives its relation with the reconstructed value { circumflex over ( x )}( k ). the equation 11 shows that the pulse width is a logarithmic function . depending on the ratio tp / τ , a linear approximation can also be used . as example , fig1 shows a plot of the ratio x ^ ( k ) x ( k ) = ( 1 - ⅇ - ktp τ 1 - ⅇ - tp τ ) for tp / τ = 1 as function of k compared to a linear curve . the practical implementation can be done in different ways , one being to use the above equation 12 to compute values for tw for each light source . preferably , a table of excitation values with various output levels is built to allow for the imperfections of the actual unit compare to a theoretical model . to build the table , the pulse width is tried by a classical successive approximation to cover the signal dynamic and the dac value corresponding to the desired output is stored in memory from which it can be retrieved when measuring the document . the table can be built by measurement in the air or through a calibration paper , the transitivity of which is chosen similar to a typical document . when the table is built with air data , a correction factor is used to select the right value to use later when measuring a document . a suitable value of correction factor can be predetermined by the ratio between the signal in the air and the signal in a calibration paper and stored in memory . the above procedure can be used to obtain different pulse widths for leds of different wavelengths , or to obtain different pulse widths for different leds of the same wavelength . for a group of ieds emitting light of the same wavelength , brighter leds require a shorter pulse width than weaker leds . the leading edge of a shorter pulse is delayed so that all the pulses end at the same time , which enables the deconvolution process described above to be used . two alternative implementations for such an arrangement are shown in fig1 and 13 with the associated timing diagram in fig1 . in a further modification , pulse width modulation can be used during normal operation of the validator , during document data acquisition , that is other than in the initial calibration , thereby providing a form of “ automatic range control ”. in that way , the signal can be maximised , improving the signal to noise ratio and avoiding signal conversion in the low range of the adc . for a given led , using the current signal , the next value for the led brightness , and the corresponding pulse width of the current signal , is determined in order to enhance the signal . in other words , if the current led output is relatively low , then the intensity of the next led pulse is increased by a factor f . the factor f will need to be calculated in accordance with the expected maximum variation in the document to avoid clipping of the signal in the subsequent processing . the factor f is subsequently removed in the detected signal digitally by applying a correction factor 1 / f to regain the original value of the document . fig1 is a flow diagram setting out an example of a pulse width modulation method during operation for an led of a specific wavelength , in a device operating with leds of six wavelengths . here maximum and minimum desired values y h and y l and step factor sf are selected in accordance with characteristics and dynamics of the validator ( such as detector size , speed of movement of the banknote , adc scale , dynamic for the bill being processed or for the group of bills accepted by the validator etc ). the maximum value y ( k ) from all of the detectors for a given pulse of a given wavelength is determined . if y ( k ) is less than y l or higher than y h , then the current pulse width is increased or decreased by multiplication or division by the step factor sf accordingly to get a suitably higher or lower value for y at the next pulse . in the above discussion , the excitation signal has a rectangular pulse and a low pass single pole filter is used to filter the signals from the detectors . other excitation waveforms and more complex filters can be used , with consequential modification of the inverse transfer function , as will be understood by the person skilled in the art . the embodiment is described as a banknote validator but is applicable to other document sensors , such as other value sheet validators . furthermore , as the essence of the invention relates to signal processing , it can be used in association with other types of currency handling machines or validators such as coin validators where a signal representative of a characteristic of a coin is filtered and then reconstructed from the signal output from the filter . examples of coin handling machines which use signals from sensors influenced by a coin , and which could be adapted in accordance with the invention , are given in ep - a - 0 489 041 , gb - a - 2 093 620 and ep 0 710 933 . in the previous description , the sampling frequency is constant and in that case different sets of filter coefficients may be required for each channel . however , in another aspect of the invention , another advantage of the 2 coefficients non recursive filter is that it is possible to modulate the sampling frequency and allocate different pulse width maximum time slots for each wavelength . the impact on the performance is a change in the noise level . for example shorter pulses and higher sampling frequency , ie lower sampling period can be used with infra - red leds where the signal is strong and the signal to noise ratio sufficient to tolerate a higher noise level . to the contrary , for the blue led for example , a longer pulse and a longer sampling period can be used , causing a longer integration improving the noise reduction . in that case , the filter coefficient must be adapted to the current sampling period . the sources and detectors in the embodiment are leds and pin diodes but other suitable sources and detectors , such as photo - transistors , may be used . the embodiment measures light reflected from a banknote , but the invention may be used in association with a document sensor which measures light transmitted through the document . instead of a fir , a recursive filter ( infinite impulse response , iir , filter ) could be used . for example , when the excitation signal has no off signal , a recursive filter is used . another alternative is to operate in the fourier domain using fast fourier transforms ( ffpt ) and inverse fft to return to the time domain . this has the advantage that it is only necessary to compute the spectrum for the frequencies of interest ( in the given example using a banknote , between about 50 hz and 300 hz ). this approach is particularly useful when the filters have a large number of coefficients , because it requires fewer operations . in this specification , the term ‘ light ’ is not limited to visible light , but covers the whole electromagnetic wave spectrum . the term currency covers , for example , banknotes , bills , coins , value sheets or coupons , cards and the like , genuine or counterfeit , and other items such as tokens , slugs , washers which might be used in a currency handling mechanism . although the invention has been described in detail as one embodiment with modifications thereof , aspects of the invention can be embodied independently of each other . | 6 |
with reference to fig1 therein is shown a preferred embodiment 10 of this invention . in the most basic and generic structural form , the invention corrosion monitoring system 10 ( as shown by the embodiment in fig1 ), comprises : ( a ) a means ( generally designated 20 ) for sensing galvanic corrosion , with this means 20 disposed in an environment 100 wherein galvanic corrosion of preselected metals ( such as representative ones 110 and 120 ) is to be monitored , such that if and when galvanic corrosion is sensed , an amount of galvanic current ( as indicated by the arrow heads pointing away from this means 20 ) flows from the means 20 ; and ( b ) means ( generally designated 30 ), in electrical connection with the galvanic corrosion sensing means 20 , for amplifying , integrating , and storing in a non - volatile memory for recalling and displaying the amount of galvanic current that is flowing and that already has flowed from the galvanic corrosion sensing means 20 . as represented by the fragmentation of the leads in fig1 the galvanic sensing means 20 is located remotely from the means 30 . it is here to be noted that the means 20 can be located nearby , but is more useful either located remotely or located in a place or environment that in the usual and normal course of events is either inaccessible or , so difficult to gain access to , that it is inaccessible for all practical purposes , as will be shown later herein . with reference to means 30 , fig1 and as indicated by the legends and by the electrical flow path designated by the arrow heads therebetween , this means 30 includes : ( a ) an amplifier means 32 in electrical connection with the galvanic sensing means 20 ; ( b ) an integrator means 34 in electrical connection with the amplifier means 32 ; ( c ) a non - volatile memory means 36 ( such as a bubble memory ) in electrical connection with the integrator means 34 ; and ( d ) a digital display means 38 in electrical connection with the non - volatile memory means 36 . it is here to be noted that the non - volatile memory means 36 is preferred because it will prevent data loss in the event of power failure . with reference now to fig1 and fig3 a - 3d , inclusive , the galvanic corrosion sensing means 20 , fig1 and 3d , includes a sensor ( head device ) 22 which further includes a galvanic couple 24 made of metals ( such as 24a and 24b ) that are identical to the preselected metals ( such as 110 and 120 , fig1 ) which are to be monitored for galvanic corrosion . the galvanic couple 24 is preferably coiled in the shape of a spiral ( as is emphasized in fig3 b ) and is potted in a housing 26 that is made of electrically insulating material ( such as any of the readily available moldable plastics ), with the leads ( such as 27a and 27b , fig1 and 3d ) protruding therefrom . as a matter of preference and not of limitation , and for illustrative purposes , some of the various structural steps of constructing the sensor 22 are shown in fig3 a - 3d , inclusive . firstly , strips of the two dissimilar ( i . e ., different ) metals ( such as 24a and 24b ) that are identical to the preselected metals ( e . g ., metal 24a is identical to metal 110 , fig1 and metal 24b is identical to metal 120 , fig1 ) are laminated in layered position , as best shown in fig3 a , with conventional insulating / bonding materials ( such as 24c and 24d , fig3 a ), such that a multiple - layered strip is formed . then , the multiple - layered strip is rolled into a spiral coil , as best shown in fig3 b , with the lowest layer ( i . e ., insulating / bonding material 24d ) bonded to the uppermost layer ( i . e ., metal 24a ), as best shown in fig3 b and 3c . next , insulated conductor leads 27a and 27b are attached to , respectively , metals 24a and 24b . then , the coil assembly ( which includes metals 24a and 24b , insulating / bonding materials 24c and 24d , and portions of leads 27a and 27b ) is inserted into the moldable plastic housing 26 which has been molded into the desired and / or needed shape . lastly , the coil assembly is potted in the housing 26 with suitable conventional potting compound 28 . the sensor 22 is thereby formed . with reference to fig2 therein is shown , in simplified schematic form , a preferred embodiment 40 of a variation of the invention , in which said variation a plurality of remotely located sensors , such as 52a and 52b , which are similar in structure to the previously described and shown sensor 22 , fig1 and 3a - 3d , inclusive , are used to sense corrosion conditions in different environments ( or of different pieces of hardware , or in different places in the same environment , or in different locations on the same hardware ), with said environments , or the like , being generally designated , respectively , 210 and 220 for identification purposes . this variation 40 comprises , in its most basic form , the following components : ( a ) a plurality of means ( such as 50a and 50b ) for sensing galvanic corrosion that are disposed in a plurality of environments or the like ( such as the aforementioned ones 210 and 220 ) in which galvanic corrosion of preselected materials is to be monitored , with at least one of these means disposed in at least each of the environments ( e . g ., means 50a is disposed in environment 210 ); ( b ) a plurality of buffer amplifier means ( such as 60a and 60b ), with each means of this plurality in electrical connection with a different one of the plurality of means for sensing galvanic corrosion ( e . g ., means 60a is connected to means 50a ); ( c ) a plurality of integrating amplifier means ( such as 70a and 70b ), with each means of this plurality in electrical connection with a different one of the plurality of buffer amplifier means ( e . g ., means 70b is connected to means 60b ); ( d ) a microprocessor ( such as 80 ), which receives and stores the amplified and integrated input , in electrical connection with the plurality of integrating amplifier means ( e . g ., means 80 is connected to means 70a and to means 70b ); and ( e ) a readout display means ( such as 90 ), preferably of the lcd type , in electrical connection with the microprocessor . as was the situation in the preferred embodiment 10 , fig1 each galvanic corrosion sensing means 50a and 50b of this variation 40 in fig2 includes a sensor , such as 52a and 52b , and each sensor further includes a galvanic couple which is similar to or is identical to the already described and shown galvanic couple 24 of fig3 i . e ., each galvanic couple is made of metals identical to the preselected metals that are to be monitored for galvanic corrosion , and is coiled in the shape of a spiral , and also is potted in a housing of electrically insulated material that preferably is made of moldable plastic which has been molded to the desired or needed shape . also , as was the situation with regard to the preferred embodiment 10 , fig1 the galvanic sensing means 50a and 50b are remotely located from their respective buffer amplifier means 60a and 60b , as is schematically represented by the broken lead lines . now , with reference to fig4 therein is shown , in pictorial and simple schematic form , a multiple sensor variation 300 of our inventive corrosion monitoring system in a represenative application , i . e ., in use on and in an aircraft 400 . to better orient the reader , with regard to accessibility , the &# 34 ; floor &# 34 ; ( i . e ., the deck ) of the aircraft 400 is shown and legended . in an aircraft , such as 400 , there are a multiplicity of locations ( i . e ., environments ) where , for many reasons , a corrosion process can begin and continue . some of these locations are the latrine , the wing flap bond straps area , the dry bay under the fuel cells , the wing splice plate area , the galley , and the area under and / or behind the flight panel electronics . these representative areas are identified in fig4 by an arrow together with an appropriate legend . if each of these six ( 6 ) locations is to be monitored for corrosion with our inventive system 300 , fig4 then at least six ( 6 ) of our galvanic corrosion sensing means ( such as 310 - 360 , inclusive , fig4 ) will be needed , i . e ., one sensing means for each location to be monitored . it is here to be remembered that all of our galvanic corrosion sensing means ( such as 20 , fig1 and 3 ; and 210 and 220 , fig2 ; and also 310 - 360 , inclusive , fig4 ) are similar , and that each includes our sensor 22 , fig1 and 3d , in turn , includes our galvanic couple 24 , fig1 and 3d . in fig4 the &# 34 ; electronics ,&# 34 ; i . e ., the means for amplifying , integrating , and storing in a non - volatile memory for recalling and displaying the amount of galvanic current that is , and has been , flowing is generally designated 380 , and the six remotely located sensors 310 - 360 , inclusive , are shown in position and in electrical connection with the means 380 . the manner of operation and of use of the inventive corrosion monitoring system ( such as 10 , fig1 ; 40 , fig2 ; and 300 , fig4 ) can be easily ascertained by any person of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing description , coupled with reference to the contents of the figures of the drawing . for others , it is sufficient to say in explanation that the operation and use of our inventive corrosion monitoring system is based upon two scientific facts , namely : ( a ) that corrosion of a metal consists of the slow chemical and electrochemical reactions between the metal and the moisture of the environment in which the metal is located ; and ( b ) that , if two different metals are in contact with an electrolyte ( e . g ., the moisture of the environment ) and therefore are , in effect , in contact with each other , then a closed circuit results with an electric potential between the metals , and corrosion of one of the metals takes place . in this regard it is to be noted that , as a practical matter , a metal ( such as aluminum ) used in a particular application ( such as is used in making an aircraft ) is an alloy of the metal , rather than the metal in pure form . in that situation , two or more metals ( rather than one ) would be involved . accordingly , if the hardware to be monitored for corrosion is made of two different metals , then the galvanic couple 24 is made of the two metals . if the hardware is made of more than two different metals , then the couple 24 can be made of any two of the metals involved . if the hardware is of only one metal , then the couple 24 is made of that metal plus any other metal , e . g ., copper . if an environment only is involved , i . e ., no hardware is involved , then the couple 24 can be made of any two different metals ( e . g ., aluminum and copper ). it is abundantly clear from all of the foregoing , and from the figures of the drawing , that the stated desired object of this invention , as well as other related objects of this invention , have been achieved . it is to be noted that , although there have been described and shown the fundamental and unique features of this invention as applied to a preferred embodiment 10 , fig1 and a variation thereof 40 , fig2 and also a representative use thereof in fig4 that various other embodiments , variations , adaptations , substitutions , additions , omissions , and the like may occur to , and can be made by , those of ordinary skill in the art , without departing from the spirit of the invention . for example : ( a ) the invention can be provided with a visual and / or audio alarm which is activated automatically when the corrosion exposure exceeds either an incremented , or a cumulative , predetermined limit ; ( b ) the thickness and length of the metals used in the galvanic couple 24 , and the insulation composition and thickness , can be varied to enhance the performance of the sensor 22 ; and ( c ) the overall shape of the sensor 22 can be modified to be useable in specific applications . | 6 |
referring to fig7 , there is shown a four - electrode , alternating current ( ac ) surface - discharge pdp according to an embodiment of the present invention . the four - electrode ac surface - discharge pdp includes a first electrode t , a second electrode y and a third electrode z provided , in parallel to each other , on an upper substrate ( not shown ), and an address electrode a provided on a lower substrate ( not shown ). a barrier rib 70 is provided between the upper substrate and the lower substrate . the barrier rib 70 is formed in parallel to the address electrode a to prevent an ultraviolet ray and a visible light generated by a discharge from being leaked into adjacent discharge cells . the discharge cells 72 , 74 and 76 are positioned at an intersection between the first to third electrodes t , y and z and the address electrode a . the first electrodes t and third electrodes z included in the discharge cells 72 , 74 and 76 are arranged such that they are adjacent to the same electrodes t and z . in other words , the third electrode z is provided at the upper side of the second discharge cell 74 . the lower side of the first discharge cell 72 being adjacent to the third electrode z is provided with the third electrode z . in other words , the same electrode z is provided at a boundary portion between the first discharge cell 72 and the second discharge cell 74 . further , the lower side of the second discharge cell 74 is provided with the first electrode t . the upper side of the third discharge cell 76 being adjacent to the first electrode t is provided with the first electrode t . in other words , the same electrode t is provided at a boundary portion between the second discharge cell 74 and the third discharge cell 76 . in the pdp according to the embodiment of the present invention , a distance d zz between the third electrodes z being adjacent to each other is set to be equal to a distance d ytty between the second electrodes y , the first electrodes t and the first electrode t and the second electrode y . accordingly , the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 included in each discharge cell 72 , 74 and 76 are arranged at an equal distance . more specifically , the first discharge space d 1 and the second discharge space d 2 is spaced at the distance d zz between the third electrodes z being adjacent to each other . further , the second discharge space d 2 and the third discharge space d 3 are spaced at the distance d ytty between the second electrodes y , the first electrodes t and the first electrode t and the second electrode y . herein , all the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 are arranged at an equal distance because these distances d zz and d ytty are set at an equal distance . the distances d zz and d ytty include a width of each electrode t , y and z . fig8 shows electrodes arranged in accordance with an electrode arrangement shown in fig7 . in fig8 , all the electrodes t , y and z have the same width . referring to fig8 , widths of the first electrode t , the second electrode y and the third electrode z are set to 150 μm . widths of the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 , that is , distances between the second electrodes y and the third electrodes z are set to 200 μm . a distance between the first electrode t and the second electrode y is set to 70 μm . a distance between the third electrodes z is set to 580 μm while a distance between the first electrodes t is set to 140 μm . herein , the distance d zz is set to 880 μm , which is a value obtained by adding the width of two third electrodes z ( i . e ., 150 μm + 150 μm ) to the distance between two third electrodes z ( i . e ., 580 μm ). the distance d ytty is set to 880 μm , which is a value obtained by summing the width of four electrodes y , t , t and y ( i . e ., 150 μm + 150 μm + 150 μm + 150 μm ), the distances between the second electrodes y and the first electrodes ( i . e ., 70 μm + 70 μm ) and the distance between the first electrodes t ( i . e ., 140 μm ). in other words , the distances d zz and d ytty are set equally as shown in fig8 , so that the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 can be arranged at an equal distance . fig9 depicts electrodes arranged in accordance with other embodiment . referring to fig9 , widths of the second electrode y and the third electrode z are equally set to 130 μm while a width of the first electrode t is set to be larger than widths of the second and third electrodes y and z . herein , a width of the first electrode t is set to 140 μm . widths of the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 , that is , distances between the second electrodes y and the third electrodes z are set to 180 μm . a distance between the first electrode t and the second electrode y is set to 60 μm . a distance between the third electrodes z is set to 640 μm while a distance between the first electrodes t is set to 240 μm . herein , the distance d zz is set to 900 μm , which is a value obtained by adding the width of two third electrodes z ( i . e ., 130 μm + 130 μm ) to the distance between two third electrodes z ( i . e ., 640 μm ). the distance d ytty is set to 900 μm , which is a value obtained by summing the widths of four electrodes y , t , t and y ( i . e ., 130 μm + 140 μm + 140 μm + 130 μm ), the distances between the second electrodes y and the first electrodes ( i . e ., 60 μm + 60 μm ) and the distance between the first electrodes t ( i . e ., 240 μm ). in other words , the distances d zz and d ytty are set equally as shown in fig9 , so that the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 can be arranged at an equal distance . fig1 depicts electrodes arranged in accordance with another embodiment . referring to fig1 , widths of the first electrode t and the second electrode y are equally set to 110 μm while a width of the third electrode z is set to be larger than widths of the first and second electrodes t and y . herein , a width of the third electrode z is set to 120 μm . widths of the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 , that is , distances between the second electrodes y and the third electrodes z are set to 250 μm . a distance between the first electrode t and the second electrode y is set to 70 μm . a distance between the third electrodes z is set to 590 μm while a distance between the first electrodes t is set to 250 μm . herein , the distance d zz is set to 830 μm , which is a value obtained by adding the width of two third electrodes z ( i . e ., 120 μm + 120 μm ) to the distance between two third electrodes z ( i . e ., 590 μm ). the distance d ytty is set to 830 μm , which is a value obtained by summing the widths of four electrodes y , t , t and y ( i . e ., 110 μm + 110 μm + 110 μm + 110 μm ), the distances between the second electrodes y and the first electrodes ( i . e ., 70 μm + 70 μm ) and the distance between the first electrodes t ( i . e ., 250 μm ). in other words , the distances d zz and d ytty are set equally as shown in fig1 , so that the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 can be arranged at an equal distance . accordingly , in the present invention , the distances d zz and d ytty are set equally irrespectively of the widths of the electrodes t , y and z and the distances between the electrodes t , y and z , so that the discharge spaces d 1 , d 2 and d 3 can be arranged at an equal distance . fig1 shows the four - electrode ac surface - discharge pdp shown in fig7 that is provided with a black matrix . referring to fig1 , the black matrices 92 and 94 is formed in parallel to the first to third electrodes t , y and z at a boundary portion of the discharge cells 72 , 74 and 76 . the black matrix 92 positioned between the first discharge cell 72 and the second discharge cell 74 is provided between the third electrodes z . the black matrix 94 positioned between the second discharge cell 74 and the third discharge cell 76 is formed in such a manner to overlap with the first electrodes t positioned at the lower and upper side of the second discharge cell 74 and the third discharge cell 76 . since the third electrodes z provided at the lower side of the first discharge cell 72 and at the upper side of the second discharge cell 74 are formed at a wide distance d zz , the black matrix 92 is provided between the third electrodes z . otherwise , since the first electrodes t provided at the lower side of the second discharge cell 74 and at the upper side of the third discharge cell 76 are formed at a narrow distance , the black matrix 94 is formed in such a manner to overlap with the first electrodes t . alternatively , the black matrices 92 and 94 may be formed at widths less than a desired value between the first electrodes t provided at the lower side of the second discharge cell 74 and at the upper side of the third discharge cell 76 . as described above , according to the present invention , a discharge space causing a sustain discharge is arranged at an equal distance at its upper and lower portions . accordingly , the pdp according to the present invention can display a uniform picture . although the present invention has been explained by the embodiments shown in the drawings described above , it should be understood to the ordinary skilled person in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiments , but rather that various changes or modifications thereof are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention . accordingly , the scope of the invention shall be determined only by the appended claims and their equivalents . | 7 |
the following descriptions are exemplary embodiments only , and are not intended to limit the scope , applicability or configuration of the invention in any way . rather , the following description provides a convenient illustration for implementing exemplary embodiments of the invention . various changes to the described embodiments may be made in the function and arrangement of the elements described without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims . referring to fig1 - 5 , a structure of an embodiment of the present invention is shown , which comprises two portions that are respectively mounted to a door frame and a door body and will be respectively referred to as “ first portion ” and “ second portion ” herein , wherein the first portion provides accommodation slots respectively corresponding to and for a latch ( 28 ) and a security hook ( 7 ) and , here , the first portion specifically comprises a plastic casing ( 47 ), a stainless steel plate ( 48 ) and mounting screws ( 49 ). next , description will be given to the structure of the second portion , which comprises a lock housing ( 2 ), a latch ( 28 ), a security hook ( 7 ), an outside handle operation mechanism , an inside handle operation mechanism , a cylinder driving mechanism , and an inside deadlocking rotary knob driving mechanism , wherein the outside handle operation mechanism and the inside handle operation mechanism are structures that are independent each other and are not inter - driving with each other and the cylinder driving mechanism and the inside deadlocking rotary knob driving mechanism are structures that are independent each other ; and the inside handle operation mechanism simultaneously drives and controls the latch ( 28 ), the security hook ( 7 ), and the inside deadlocking rotary knob driving mechanism . in the instant embodiment , the driving mechanism is specifically designed for a cylindrical independent lock cylinder structure ( such as a cylindrical independent lock cylinder available from schlage ), wherein the cylinder ( 40 ) that is exposed outside the outer side of the door to work with a key and the rotary knob ( 42 ) that is exposed inside the inner side of the door for deadlocking are two mutually independently controllable operation parts , of which the structure is apparently different from a coaxial driving type lock cylinder structure that is commonly used in china . such a cylindrical independent lock cylinder structure is commonly used in european and american areas . thus , the humanized convenient door lock according to the present invention is more suitable for use in european and american areas and the maintenance and replacement of the cylindrical independent lock cylinder is very easy and convenient . the lock housing ( 2 ) is of a unitary chamber structure comprising a mounting chamber formed therein and a side surface facing the accommodation slots and comprising an opening formed therein to help mounting a module , which is designated with character a , and to allow the latch ( 28 ) and the security hook ( 7 ) of the module to expose and project outward therefrom . the module a is generally a primary part of the lock body and comprises an enclosure structure that is composed of a lock body fixing plate ( 3 ) and two ( front and rear ) cover plates ( 1 ) combined together in a circumferentially enclosing manner , wherein the lock body fixing plate ( 3 ) is provided , on the outside thereof , with a lock body fixing plate decoration plate ( 4 ). the lock body fixing plate ( 3 ) and the lock body fixing plate decoration plate ( 4 ) are each provided with two through holes through which the latch ( 28 ) and the security hook ( 7 ) respectively extend . the outside handle operation mechanism comprises an outside handle assembly , an outside handle pull plate ( 25 ), and an outside handle driving plate ( 38 ), wherein the outside handle pull plate ( 25 ) is driven by rotation of the outside handle assembly to push the outside handle driving plate ( 38 ), and the outside handle driving plate ( 38 ) in turn drives the latch ( 28 ) to extend out and / or retract in . the inside handle operation mechanism comprises an inside handle assembly , an inside handle pull plate ( 26 ), and an inside handle driving plate ( 18 ), wherein the inside handle pull plate ( 26 ) is driven by the rotation of the outside handle assembly to push the inside handle driving plate ( 18 ), and the inside handle driving plate ( 18 ) in turn drives the latch ( 28 ) to extend out and / or retract in . in the instant embodiment , the latch ( 28 ) is installed and positioned by means of a positioning tube , a compression spring , washers , a positioning plate , and a bolt . the inside handle assembly and the outside handle assembly are coupled to each other with an arrangement of a handle axle ( 39 ). the inside handle assembly and the outside handle assembly are independently operable to rotate the handle axle ( 39 ) ( and are not is driving connection with each other and thus , the handle axle ( 39 ) is not an axle for driving connection and provides a function of positioning and supporting . in the instant embodiment , the inside and outside handle assemblies both comprise a handle ( 44 ), a handle plug ( 45 ), a handle torsional spring ( 46 ), a handle torsional spring positioning plate , a grip positioning plate , a washer , and a retention ring and the likes . the cylinder driving mechanism comprises the cylinder ( 40 ), a cylinder driving axle ( 14 ), a torsional spring ( 17 ), and a cylinder driving plate ( 9 ). the cylinder driving plate ( 9 ) is provided with a cylinder driving plate first axle ( 10 ), a cylinder driving plate first axle ( 11 ), a cylinder driving plate pull plate axle ( 23 ), cylinder driving plate pull plates ( 37 ), and a cylinder driving plate pull plate return spring ( 35 ). the cylinder ( 40 ) drives the cylinder driving axle ( 14 ). the torsional spring ( 17 ) has an end connected to the cylinder driving axle ( 14 ) and the torsional spring ( 17 ) has an opposite end connected to the cylinder driving plate ( 9 ). the cylinder driving plate ( 9 ) is acted upon by the torsional spring ( 17 ) to selectively rotate in such a way that the cylinder driving plate pull plate axle ( 23 ) thereof drives the first cylinder driving plate pull plate ( 37 ) and the second cylinder driving plate pull plate ( 19 ) to move . the cylinder driving plate pull plate ( 37 ) and the second cylinder driving plate pull plate ( 19 ), in turn , drive the outside handle driving plate ( 38 ) and the inside handle driving plate ( 18 ) that are respectively corresponding thereto in order to control the extension and retraction of the latch ( 28 ). at the same time , the cylinder driving plate ( 9 ) drives the security hook ( 7 ) to rotate in a direction for hooking or in an opposite direction for releasing . the inside deadlocking rotary knob driving mechanism comprises a rotary knob ( 42 ), a first rotary knob pull plate ( 20 ), a second rotary knob pull plate ( 41 ), and a third rotary knob pull plate ( 21 ). the first rotary knob pull plate ( 20 ) and the second rotary knob pull plate ( 41 ) each have an end collectively and operatively coupled via a rotary knob pull plate axle ( 43 ) to the cylinder driving plate ( 9 ) and the first rotary knob pull plate ( 20 ) and the second rotary knob pull plate ( 41 ) each have an end collectively and operatively coupled via the inside handle driving plate axle ( 22 ) to the inside handle driving plate ( 18 ). the inside handle assembly is operable , via the driving coupling of the inside handle pull plate ( 26 ) and the inside handle driving plate ( 18 ), to drive the first rotary knob pull plate ( 20 ), the second rotary knob pull plate ( 41 ) and the third rotary knob pull plate ( 21 ), at the same time when driving the latch ( 28 ), and also driving the cylinder driving plate ( 9 ) to move the security hook ( 7 ). as such , door opening can be achieved through a one - time operation by simply pressing down the handle . it will be understood that each of the elements described above , or two or more together may also find a useful application in other types of methods differing from the type described above . while certain novel features of this invention have been shown and described and are pointed out in the annexed claim , it is not intended to be limited to the details above , since it will be understood that various omissions , modifications , substitutions and changes in the forms and details of the device illustrated and in its operation can be made by those skilled in the art without departing in any way from the claims of the present invention . | 4 |
fig1 shows a setup 1 for producing a three - phase waveform as shown in fig1 . the setup includes a battery power supply 2 . for illustrative purposes , the battery power supply 2 is shown as a plurality of cells 21 connected in series . the battery power supply 2 is connected to a stator and commutator 3 . as shown in fig1 , a rotor 4 with three brushes 5 turns within the stator and commutator 3 . the three brushes 5 each pick up a sine - shaped voltage waveform . the combined waveform is therefore a three - phase waveform . each phase is conducted from one of the brushes to a respective slip ring 6 . from the slip rings 6 , the current is transferred to the output 9 . to initiate the turning of the rotor 4 , a starter 7 and motor 8 are connected mechanically to the axel 42 of the rotor 4 . fig1 , and 21 show the battery 2 and the stator and commutator 3 in detail . the battery 2 is formed by a plurality of cells 21 connected in series . the series connection provides different voltage levels at the taps where each cell is connected to the next . a neutral point n is defined at the midpoint of the battery 2 . as noted in fig1 , one side of the battery has a voltage in a first direction a + and the other side has a voltage in an opposite direction a −. the stator and commutator 3 is a wheel made from conductive segments 31 that are electrically insulated from each other . preferably , the segments 31 are made from copper . an insulative ring surrounds the outside of the stator and commutator and supports the segments 31 . preferably , the number of cells 21 is a whole number ratio ( i . e . . . . 3 : 1 , 2 : 1 , 1 : 1 , 1 : 2 , 1 : 3 . . . ) to the number of segments 31 . in a most preferred embodiment , the number of segments 31 is twice the number of cells 21 . the battery power segments 31 are connected in the sequence of the cells 21 . the result is stepped voltage approximating a sine wave as is shown in fig2 . the number of steps in the sine wave equals the number of segments 31 in the stator and commutator 3 . therefore , the more segments 31 that are present , the more perfectly the stepwise approximation will approach a sine wave . the ground for the sine wave is connected to the neutral point n of the battery 2 . to reduce the necessary speed of the rotor to create a desired frequency , additional brushes 5 can be added to the rotor and the multiple of segments 31 can be increased . in the stator and commutator shown in fig1 , the multiple is two ; that is , two complete phases are produced per turn of the rotor 4 . as shown in fig1 , the segments 31 of the stator are connected to have an increasing positive voltage i , a decreasing positive voltage ii , a decreasing negative voltage iii , and an increasing voltage iv . these voltages can be plotted to the waveform shown in fig3 . the purpose of the stator and commutator 3 is to supply a sequence of increasing and then decreasing dc voltage to the brushes 5 of the rotor 4 . as the brushes 5 rotate and contact the segments 31 in sequence , an increasing then decreasing voltage is created over time . the voltage when plotted versus time is a sine wave . as shown in fig1 , the rotor 4 rotates concentrically within the stator and commutator 3 . fig3 , 7 , and 12 show an embodiment where the rotor 4 has one brush 5 . the brush 5 contacts the various segments 31 of the stator and commutator 3 as the rotor 4 turns . the rotor 4 rotates on a steel shaft 42 . to start the rotor 4 turning , a starter 7 and a motor 8 are connected to the steel shaft 42 . a counterbalance 51 is added to maintain a balanced rotation . in a preferred embodiment , the rotor 3 is a solid wheel 41 that rotates on a steel shaft 42 . an electric motor 8 with a starter 7 is included to start the rotor 3 turning . a slip ring 6 is connected to the brush 5 . in turn , the slip ring 6 is connected to the output 9 . fig8 , 10 , and 11 show an embodiment where the rotor 4 has two ( 2 ) brushes 5 . preferably , the brushes 5 are spread evenly about the perimeter of the rotor 4 . by spreading the brushes 5 evenly , the dual waveform shown in fig9 can be produced . the brushes 5 contact the various segments 31 of the stator and commutator 3 as the rotor 4 turns . the rotor 4 rotates on a steel shaft 42 . to start the rotor 4 turning , a starter 7 and a motor 8 are connected to the steel shaft 42 . in a preferred embodiment , the rotor 3 is a solid wheel 41 that rotates on a steel shaft 42 . an electric motor 8 with a starter 7 is included to start the rotor 3 turning . each brush s is connected to a respective slip ring 6 and the waveform is carried to the slip ring 6 . likewise , the slip ring 6 is connected to the output 9 . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , three brushes 5 are distributed about the perimeter of the wheel 32 . to distribute the phases to be created , the brushes 5 are spaced equidistantly about the wheel 32 . as each of the brushes 5 rotates against the stator and commutator 3 , a sine wave is created . the frequencies of the three resultant waveforms are equally out of phase with each other by one - third of a period . the three waveforms are shown in fig1 . as shown in fig1 , the shaft 33 has three slip rings 6 . a current from each of the brushes 5 is carried to a respective slip ring 6 . from the sling ring , the current is connected to the output 9 , where it can be used to power any typical device . fig1 shows an embodiment that produces increased power . in this embodiment , the battery 2 is as described above . three stators and commutators 3 a , 3 b , and 3 c are connected in parallel to the battery 2 . respective rotors 4 a , 4 b , and 4 c ( hidden in the view of fig1 ) rotate on a common axis 42 . the rotors 4 a , 4 b , and 4 c could include one , two , or three brushes 5 . in the embodiment shown in fig2 includes three brushes 5 . each of the brushes 5 of each of the rotors 4 a , 4 b , and 4 c are connected to a respective slip ring 6 a , 6 b , or 6 c . the slip rings 6 a , 6 b , and 6 c , are connected to output 9 . preferably , the electric motor 7 is a direct current power unit with rpm control in order to maintain the same rpm . the motor 7 has a light load . the purpose of the motor 7 is to turn the rotor ( s ) 4 in the stator and commutator 3 . the rpm ( revolution per minute ) of the motor 7 determines the frequency of the output signal according to the following equation : rpm = ( 60 sec / min ) ( frequency ) ( multiple ) where “ multiple ” is the multiple of cycles per revolution and “ frequency ” is the desired frequency , typically 60 hz . fig2 shows a setup 1 being utilized as a back - up generator for a house 104 receiving alternating current under normal conditions from an electric company 108 . normally , current from the electrical company 108 reaches a main breaker 107 that is connected to a transfer box 106 of the house 104 . during normal operation , electricity from the electric company 108 recharges the battery 2 via the battery charger 100 . in alternate embodiment , the battery charger 100 can be an internal combustion motor connected to an alternator . as described above , the battery 2 powers the rotary switching device ( rsd ) of the setup 1 and outputs power to the transfer box 106 . if power from the electric company is interrupted , the setup 1 feeds alternating current for the house 104 via the transfer box 106 . fig2 shows the connections used to apply the setup 1 in a typical power generator . in this case , a battery charger 100 is formed simply by a motor 101 connected to an alternator 102 . in turn , the alternator 102 is connected to and charges the battery 2 . the setup 1 is connected to the fuse box 103 of the user ( i . e . house or business ). the fuse box 103 distributes electricity throughout the house 104 . fig2 shows the setup 1 being used with solar panels 105 . solar panels 105 are connected to the battery 2 and provide direct current to the battery 2 for charging . as before , the setup 1 is connected to the fuse box 103 where electricity is distributed to the house 104 . | 8 |
the invention presents a system and method for remotely identifying and monitoring individuals , and for communicating information to the individuals . in a preferred embodiment of the invention , the individuals are patients and the system is used to collect data relating to the health status of the patients . the data can be used by healthcare providers or pharmaceutical companies for research or marketing purposes . in the present invention , an individual is designated to mean a unique patient or a unique patient type , such as a diabetic . also , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to remote patient monitoring . the system and method of the invention may be used for any type of remote monitoring application . the invention may also be implemented as an automated messaging system for communicating information to individuals , as will be discussed in an alternative embodiment below . a preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in fig1 - 12 . referring to fig1 , a networked system 16 includes a server 18 and a workstation 20 connected to server 18 through a communication network 24 . server 18 is preferably a world wide web server and communication network 24 is preferably the internet . it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that server 18 may comprise a single stand - alone computer or multiple computers distributed throughout a network . workstation 20 is preferably a personal computer , remote terminal , or web tv unit connected to server 18 via the internet . workstation 20 functions as a workstation for entering in server 18 messages and queries to be communicated to the patients . system 16 also includes a remotely programmable apparatus 26 for monitoring patients . apparatus 26 is designed to interact with one or more patients in accordance with script programs received from server 18 . apparatus 26 is in communication with server 18 through communication network 24 , preferably the internet . alternatively , apparatus 26 may be placed in communication with server 18 via wireless communication networks , cellular networks , telephone networks , or any other network which allows apparatus 26 to exchange data with server 18 . for clarity of illustration , only one apparatus 26 is shown in fig1 . it is to be understood that system 16 may include any number of apparatuses , with each apparatus used to monitor any number of patients . in the preferred embodiment , each patient to be monitored is also provided with a monitoring device 28 . monitoring device 28 is designed to produce measurements of a physiological condition of the patient , record the measurements , and transmit the measurements to apparatus 26 through a standard connection cable 30 . examples of suitable monitoring devices 28 include blood glucose meters , respiratory flow meters , blood pressure cuffs , electronic weight scales , and pulse rate monitors . such monitoring devices are well known in the art . the specific type of monitoring device provided to each patient is dependent upon the patient &# 39 ; s disease . for example , diabetes patients are provided with a blood glucose meters for measuring blood glucose concentrations , asthma patients are provided with respiratory flow meters for measuring peak flow rates , obesity patients are provided with weight scales , etc . fig2 shows server 18 , workstation 20 , and apparatus 26 in greater detail . server 18 includes a database 38 for storing script programs 40 . script programs 40 are executed by apparatus 26 to communicate queries and messages to a patient , receive responses 42 to the queries , collect monitoring device measurements 44 , and transmit responses 42 and measurements 44 to server 18 . database 38 is designed to store responses 42 and measurements 44 . database 38 further includes a look - up table 46 . table 46 contains a list of the patients and patient types to be monitored , and for each patient or patient type , a unique patient identification code , biometric enrollment information and a respective pointer to the script program assigned to the patient . each apparatus 26 is designed to execute assigned script programs 40 , which it receives from server 18 . as each apparatus 26 is used by a number of patients , apparatus 26 can execute any number of script programs 40 . fig3 - 4 show the structure of each apparatus 26 according to the preferred embodiment . referring to fig3 , apparatus 26 includes housing 62 . housing 62 is sufficiently compact to enable apparatus 26 to be placed unobtrusively on a pharmacy counter , a check stand , a night stand or carried by an individual user . apparatus 26 also includes a display 64 for displaying queries and prompts to the patient . in the preferred embodiment , display 64 is a liquid crystal display ( lcd ). four user input buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d are located adjacent display 64 . user input buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d are for entering in apparatus 26 responses to the queries and prompts . in the preferred embodiment , user input buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d are momentary contact push buttons . in alternative embodiments , user input buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d may be replaced by switches , keys , a touch sensitive display screen , or any other data input device . three monitoring device jacks 68 a , 68 b , and 68 c are located on a surface of housing 62 . device jacks 68 a , 68 b , and 68 c are for connecting apparatus 26 to a number of monitoring devices 28 , such as blood glucose meters , respiratory flow meters , or blood pressure cuffs , through respective connection cables ( not shown ). apparatus 26 also includes a modem jack 66 for connecting apparatus 26 to a telephone jack through a standard connection cord ( not shown ). apparatus 26 further includes a visual indicator , such as a light emitting diode ( led ) 74 . led 74 is for visually notifying the patient that he or she has unanswered queries stored in apparatus 26 . apparatus 26 also contains a data card reader 63 . data card reader 63 is capable of reading a data card 65 containing information about a patient . in the present invention , data card 65 contains the patient &# 39 ; s identity , condition or disease , and possibly prescription information . data card 65 is placed in data card reader 63 , thus allowing apparatus 26 to identify the patient and assign script program 40 . apparatus 26 also has a printer port 67 , allowing apparatus 26 to be directly connected to a printer . queries 94 , responses 42 , device measurements 44 , and other pertinent information stored on apparatus 26 can be printed directly . the apparatus 26 also includes a biometric sensor 71 for gathering biometric information from the user . the biometric sensor may be substituted for , or used in addition to , other patient identification means ( e . g ., the data card reader 63 ). examples of biometric sensors that may be used by the apparatus 26 include an optical device ( e . g ., a camera created from a ccd ), a silicon sensor ( e . g ., a chip that gathers information using the capacitance occurring as a result of a body part coming into contact with the silicon chip ), a sound sensor ( e . g ., a microphone ), an olfactory sensor ( e . g ., an “ artificial nose ”) and / or a sensor for measuring three - dimensional biometric topology ( e . g ., a laser or ultrasound measuring device ). the type of biometric sensor 71 used in a given embodiment of the invention corresponds to the type of biometric information that is used to enroll and later identify the individual . the present invention may use any type of biometric information gathering and analysis as described herein or otherwise known to those skilled in the art . biometric information includes information that when used alone or in combination with other information uniquely identifies an individual with reasonable certainty . examples of biometric information include : retina metrics , iris metrics , voice print metrics , body measurement metrics , handwriting metric , body odor metrics , heart beat signature metrics and biometrics that may be discernable from the individual &# 39 ; s body fluids such as blood , urine or breath . retina metrics make use of individual blood vessel patterns on the retina of the eye which are photographed , encoded , and compared to a previously coded “ enrollment .” iris metrics similarly refer to individualized patterns in the iris of the eye which are photographed , encoded , and compared to a previously coded “ enrollment .” voice print metrics capture a sample of an individual voice which reflect the physical structure producing the voice and the developmental speech patterns . body measurement metrics map the physical measurement of the body and may include the physical characteristics of a finger , a hand , a face or other parts of the body . handwriting metrics may include not only a comparison of the handwriting to a know sample , but also characteristics such as the speed , stroke order and pressure associated with , for instance , a signature . use of physiological measurements as biometric information is discussed in more detail below . fig4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the components of apparatus 26 in greater detail . apparatus 26 includes a microprocessor 76 , and a memory 80 connected to microprocessor 76 . memory 80 is preferably a non - volatile memory , such as a serial eeprom . memory 80 stores script programs 40 received from server 18 , measurements 44 received from monitoring device 28 , responses to queries , and a patient or patient type &# 39 ; s unique identification code . unique information for identifying the individual may also be stored in the memory 80 of the apparatus 26 , in the memory of the server 18 , or both . this unique information may include a unique identification number or biometric enrollment information associated with the individual that uniquely identifies that individual . microprocessor 76 also includes built - in read only memory ( rom ) which stores firmware for controlling the operation of apparatus 26 . the firmware includes a script interpreter used by microprocessor 76 to execute script programs 40 . the script interpreter interprets script commands , which are executed by microprocessor 76 . the script commands allow apparatus 26 to identify the patient or patient type through user buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d , monitoring device 28 , data card 65 , biometric sensor 71 or printer port 67 . the script commands also allow apparatus 26 to display the query sets to the patient , receive responses 42 to the query sets , receive measurements 44 from monitoring device 28 , and transmit responses to server 18 . specific techniques for interpreting and executing script commands in this manner are well known in the art . microprocessor 76 is preferably connected to memory 80 using a standard two - wire 12 c interface . microprocessor 76 is also connected to user input buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d , data card reader 63 , biometric sensor 71 , printer port 67 , led 74 , a clock 84 , and a display driver 82 . clock 84 indicates the current date and time to microprocessor 76 . for clarity of illustration , clock 84 is shown as a separate component , but is preferably built into microprocessor 76 . display driver 82 operates under the control of microprocessor 76 to display information on display 64 . microprocessor 76 is preferably a pic 16c65 processor , which includes a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter ( uart ) 78 . uart 78 is for communicating with a modem 86 and a device interface 90 . a cmos switch 88 under the control of microprocessor 76 alternately connects modem 86 and interface 90 to uart 78 . modem 86 is connected to a telephone jack 22 through modem jack 66 . modem 86 is for exchanging data with server 18 through communication network 24 . the data includes script programs 40 which are received from server 18 as well as responses 42 to queries , device measurements 44 , script identification codes , and the patient or patient type &# 39 ; s unique identification code or other information that uniquely identifies the individual which modem 86 transmits to server 18 . modem 86 is preferably a complete 28 . 8 k modem commercially available from cermetek , although any suitable modem may be used . device interface 90 is connected to device jacks 68 a , 68 b , and 68 c . device interface 90 is for interfacing with a number of monitoring devices , such as blood glucose meters , respiratory flow meters , blood pressure cuffs , weight scales , or pulse rate monitors , through the device jacks . device interface 90 operates under the control of microprocessor 76 to collect measurements 44 from the monitoring devices and to output the measurements to microprocessor 76 for storage in memory 80 . in the preferred embodiment , device interface 90 is a standard rs232 interface . for simplicity of illustration , only one device interface is shown in fig4 . however , in alternative embodiments , apparatus 26 may include multiple device interfaces to accommodate monitoring devices 28 , which have different connection standards . the monitoring device 28 may include a biometric sensor 79 in lieu of or in addition to a biometric sensor 71 made part of the apparatus 26 . in addition to the types of biometric sensors 71 discussed above , a biometric sensor 79 may utilize or augment the data gathered by the monitoring device 28 . for example , the biometric sensor 79 may make use of a heartbeat signature obtained by a pulse rate monitor , the blood characteristic obtained using a blood glucose meter , or the signature antigens present in a device reading a urine sample . referring again to fig2 , server 18 includes a monitoring application 48 . monitoring application 48 is a controlling software application executed by server 18 to perform the various functions described below . application 48 includes a script generator 50 , a script assignor 52 , and a report generator 54 . script generator 50 is designed to generate script programs 40 from script information entered through workstation 20 . the script information is entered through a script entry screen 56 . in the preferred embodiment , script entry screen 56 is implemented as a web page on server 18 . workstation 20 includes a web browser for accessing the web page to enter the script information . fig5 illustrates script entry screen 56 as it appears on workstation 20 . screen 56 includes a script name field 92 for specifying the name of script program 40 to be generated . screen 56 also includes entry fields 94 for entering query sets to be answered by a patient . each entry field 94 has corresponding response choice fields 96 for entering response choices for the query . screen 56 further includes check boxes 98 for selecting desired monitoring device 28 , such as a blood glucose meter , respiratory flow meter , or blood pressure cuff , from which to collect measurements 44 . screen 56 additionally includes a connection time field 100 for specifying a prescribed connection time at which apparatus 26 executing the script is to establish a subsequent communication link to server 18 . the connection time is preferably selected to be the time at which communication rates are the lowest , such as 3 : 00 am . during this connection time , apparatus 26 transmits to server 18 all responses 42 and device measurements 44 it has received during the day . during this same connection time , apparatus 26 also receives from server 18 all script programs 40 it will need for the following day or until the next prescribed connection time . this store and forward feature of apparatus 26 reduces communication expenses . however , if numerous patients are using apparatus 26 , more than one connection can be made during the day in order to download necessary script programs 40 . screen 56 also includes a create script button 102 for instructing script generator 50 to generate script program 40 from the information entered in screen 56 . screen 56 further includes a cancel button 104 for canceling the information entered in screen 56 . in the preferred embodiment , each script program 40 created by the script generator 50 conforms to the standard file format used on unix systems . in the standard file format , each command is listed in the upper case and followed by a colon . every line in script program 40 is terminated by a linefeed character { lf ), and only one command is placed on each line . the last character in script program 40 is a unix end of file character { eof ). table 1 shows an exemplary listing of script commands used in the preferred embodiment of the invention . the script commands illustrated in table 1 are representative of the preferred embodiment and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention . after consideration of the ensuing description , it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that many other suitable scripting languages and sets of script commands may be used to implement the invention . script generator 50 preferably stores a script program template which it uses to create each script program 40 . to generate script program 40 , script generator 50 inserts into the template the script information entered in screen 56 . for example , fig6 a - 6b illustrate sample script program 40 created by script generator 50 from the script information shown in fig5 . script program 40 includes identification commands to determine the patient or patient type from user buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d , monitoring device 68 a , 68 b , and 68 c , card chip reader 64 , biometric sensor 71 , 79 printer port 67 , and display commands to display the queries and response choices entered in fields 94 and 96 , respectively . script program 40 also includes input commands to receive responses 42 to the queries . script program 40 further includes a collect command to collect device measurements 44 from monitoring device 28 specified in check boxes 98 . script program 40 also includes commands to establish a subsequent communication link to server 18 at the connection time specified in field 100 . the steps included in script program 40 are also shown in the flow chart of fig1 a - 12b and will be discussed in the operation section below . referring again to fig2 , script assignor 52 is for assigning script programs 40 to the patients . script programs 40 are assigned in accordance with script assignment information entered through workstation 20 . the script assignment information is entered through a script assignment screen 57 , which is preferably implemented as a web page on server 18 . fig7 illustrates a sample script assignment screen 57 as it appears on workstation 20 . screen 57 includes check boxes 106 for selecting script program 40 to be assigned and check boxes 108 for selecting the patient or patient types to whom script program 40 is to be assigned . screen 57 also includes an assign script button 112 for entering the assignments . when button 112 is pressed , script assignor 52 creates and stores for each patient or patient type selected in check boxes 108 a respective pointer to script program 40 selected in check boxes 106 . each pointer is stored in the patient or patient type look - up table 46 of database 38 . screen 57 further includes an add script button 110 for accessing script entry screen 56 and a delete script button 114 for deleting script program 40 . referring again to fig2 , report generator 54 is designed to generate a patient report 58 from the responses and device measurements received in server 18 . patient report 58 is displayed on workstation 20 . fig1 shows a sample patient report 58 produced by report generator 54 for a selected patient . patient report 58 includes a graph 116 of device measurements 44 received from the patient , as well as a listing of responses 42 received from the patient . specific techniques for writing a report generator program to display data in this manner are well known in the art . the operation of the preferred embodiment is illustrated in fig1 a - c as a flow chart illustrating steps included in the monitoring application executed by server 18 . in step 202 , server 18 determines if new script information has been entered through script entry screen 56 . if new script information has not been entered , server 18 proceeds to step 206 . if new script information has been entered , server 18 proceeds to step 204 . as shown in fig5 , the script information includes queries 94 , and for each query 94 , corresponding responses choices 96 . the script information also includes a selected monitoring device type from which to collect device measurements 44 . the script information further includes a prescribed connection time for each apparatus to establish a subsequent communication link to server 18 . the script information is generally entered in server 18 by a healthcare provider , such as the patients &# 39 ; physician or case manager . of course , any person desiring to communicate with the patients may also be granted access to server 18 to create and assign script programs 40 . further , it is to be understood that the system may include any number of workstations 20 for entering script generation and script assignment information in server 18 . in step 204 , script generator 50 generates script program 40 from the information entered in screen 56 . script program 40 is stored in database 38 . steps 202 and 204 are preferably repeated to generate multiple script programs , e . g . a script program for diabetes patients , a script program for asthma patients , etc . each script program 40 corresponds to a respective one of the sets of queries 94 entered through script entry screen 56 . following step 204 , server 18 proceeds to step 206 . in step 206 , server 18 determines if new script assignment information has been entered through assignment screen 57 . if new script assignment information has not been entered , server 18 proceeds to step 210 . if new script assignment information has been entered , server 18 proceeds to step 208 . as shown in fig7 , script programs 40 are assigned to each patient by selecting script program 40 through check boxes 106 , selecting the patient or patient types to whom selected script program 40 is to be assigned through check boxes 108 , and pressing the assign script button 112 . when button 112 is pressed , script assignor 52 creates for each patient or patient type selected in check boxes 108 a respective pointer to script program 40 selected in check boxes 106 . in step 208 , each pointer is stored in look - up table 46 of database 38 . following step 208 , server 18 proceeds to step 210 . in step 210 , server 18 determines if apparatus 26 is remotely connected to server 18 . if not , server 18 proceeds directly to step 220 . if apparatus 26 is connected , server 18 determines in a decision step 211 whether to enforce security during communication with the remote apparatus 26 . in an embodiment of the invention , biometric information is used to uniquely identify the individual via the remote apparatus 26 or monitoring device . in a step 212 ( fig1 b ), biometric information is received from the remote apparatus 26 or monitoring device . the biometric information is compared to previously enrolled biometric information in a decision step 213 to determine if the biometric information sent by the remote apparatus 26 matches that of an authorized user . if the information does not match an authorized user , the communication is rejected in a step 221 and the method progresses to step 220 . if the biometric information does match an authorized user ( step 213 ) or security is not enabled ( step 211 ), the method continues with step 214 where the server 18 receives from apparatus 26 the patient or patient type &# 39 ; s unique identification code . this step can be achieved in a number of ways . biometric information identifying the patient can be sent at this point if not duplicative of biometric information previously sent ( e . g ., in step 212 ). the patient can answer specific queries on display 64 of apparatus 26 , which allows identification of the patient &# 39 ; s identity , condition , or disease . the patient &# 39 ; s identification can also be recognized via monitoring device 28 , including biometric information obtained by the monitoring device 28 or a biometric sensor 79 in communication with the monitoring device 28 . monitoring device 28 can contain the patient &# 39 ; s unique identification code , and can send it to apparatus 26 . apparatus 26 is also capable of recognizing the type of monitoring device 28 , for example a blood glucose meter , to determine the patient type , for example diabetes . data card reader 63 is another way in which apparatus 26 can recognize a patient or patient type . data card 65 contains information about the patient &# 39 ; s identity , condition or disease , and possibly prescription information , which can be read by data card reader 63 of apparatus 26 . this information is then sent to server 18 , where it is used to determine which script program 40 is sent back to apparatus 26 to which the patient is to respond . another way in which apparatus 26 can identify a patient or patient type is through printer port 67 , as illustrated in fig2 . patient data from the server 106 of another information system can be sent to a printer 108 via apparatus 26 . apparatus 26 can then send the intercepted data to server 18 of the remote monitoring system of the present invention , which can then send appropriate script program 40 to apparatus 26 . a more detailed description of the data interception embodiment of the present invention is described below . in step 216 , server 18 uses the patient identification code or individual identification information obtained as discussed above to retrieve from table 46 the pointer to script program 40 assigned to the patient . if the script program is to be customized for an individual , this is determined in a decision step 217 and custom information is merged into the script program in a step 218 . the individual to customize the script program for is identified using the individual identification information . the customization of script programs is discussed below in more detail with reference to fig1 - 21 . server 18 then retrieves assigned script program 40 from database 38 . in step 219 , server 18 transmits assigned script program 40 to patient &# 39 ; s apparatus 26 through communication network 24 . following step 219 , server 18 proceeds to step 220 . in step 220 , server 18 determines if a patient report request has been received from workstation 20 . if no report request has been received , server 18 returns to step 202 . if a report request has been received for a selected patient , server 18 retrieves from database 38 , measurements 44 and query responses 42 last received from the patient , step 222 . in step 224 , server 18 generates and displays patient report 58 on workstation 20 . as shown in fig1 , report 58 includes device measurements 44 and query responses 42 last received from the patient . following step 224 , the server returns to step 202 . fig1 a - 12b illustrate the steps executed by the remote apparatus 26 . in a step 290 , biometric information is gathered via a biometric sensor 71 , 73 that is integrated with the remote apparatus 26 ( fig3 - 4 ) or its various embodiments ( e . g ., fig1 , 17 ). the remote sensor 79 may alternatively be integrated into a monitoring device 28 or may be a separate device that is placed into communication with the monitoring device 28 or the remote apparatus 26 . any biometric sensor that gathers information that reasonably identifies an individual may be used . since a number of biometric sensors are commercially available and known to those skilled in the art , they will only be briefly described herein . examples of biometric sensors that may be used by the apparatus 26 include an optical device ( e . g ., a camera created from a ccd ), a silicon sensor ( e . g ., a chip that gathers information using the capacitance occurring as a result of a body part coming into contact with the silicon chip ), a sound sensor ( e . g ., a microphone ), an olfactory sensor ( e . g ., an “ artificial nose ”), a pressure sensor for detecting the speed , stroke order and pressure of handwriting and / or a sensor for measuring three dimensional biometric topology ( e . g ., a laser or ultrasound measuring device ). the type of biometric sensor 71 used in an embodiment of the invention corresponds to the type of biometric information used by the methods of the invention . biometric information includes information that when used alone or in combination with other information uniquely identifies an individual with reasonable certainty . examples of biometric information include : retina metrics , iris metrics , voice print metrics , body measurement metrics , handwriting metric , body odor metrics , heart beat signature metrics and biometrics that may be discernable from the individual &# 39 ; s body fluids such as blood , urine or breath . retina metrics make use of individual blood vessel patterns on the retina of the eye which are photographed , encoded , and compared to a previously coded “ enrollment .” iris metrics similarly refer to individualized patterns in the iris of the eye which are photographed , encoded , and compared to a previously coded “ enrollment .” voice print metrics capture a sample of an individual voice which reflect the physical structure producing the voice and the developmental speech patterns . body measurement metrics map the physical measurement of the body and may include the physical characteristics of a finger , a hand , a face or other parts of the body . handwriting metrics may include not only a comparison of the handwriting to a know sample , but also characteristics such as the speed , stroke order and pressure associated with , for instance , a signature . referring to fig1 a , biometric information is gathered in a step 290 . security for the apparatus 26 may be configured separately from the security settings of the server 18 . in a decision step 292 , an apparatus configuration is checked to determine if security has been enabled for the remote apparatus 26 . if security is not enabled , the method continues with step 296 . if security is enabled , the biometric information collected in step 290 is checked in a decision step 294 against local biometric information maintained for authorized users . if the biometric information verifies with the local biometric information , the method continues with step 296 . the method ends at step 334 ( fig1 c ) if the biometric information does not verify with the local biometric information . the method continues with the script program 40 being executed by apparatus 26 . before script program 40 is received , apparatus 26 is programmed with the script interpreter used by microprocessor 76 to execute script program 40 . the initial programming may be achieved during the connection to server 18 . following initial programming , apparatus 26 receives ( step 296 ) from server 18 script program 40 assigned to the patient associated with apparatus 26 . script program 40 is received by modem 86 through a first communication link and stored in memory 80 . in step 302 ( fig1 b ), microprocessor 76 assigns a script identification code to script program 40 and stores the script identification code in memory 80 . in step 304 , microprocessor 76 lights led 74 to notify the patient that he or she has unanswered queries stored in apparatus 26 . led 74 preferably remains lit until the queries are answered by the patient . in step 308 , microprocessor 76 prompts the patient by displaying on display 64 “ answer queries now ? press any button to start ”. in step 310 , microprocessor 76 waits until a reply to the prompt is received from the patient . when a reply is received , microprocessor 76 proceeds to step 312 . in step 312 , microprocessor 76 executes successive display and input commands to display the queries and response choices on display 64 and to receive responses 42 to the queries . fig8 illustrate a sample query and its corresponding response choices as they appear on display 64 . the response choices are positioned on display 64 such that each response choice is located proximate to a respective one of input buttons 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d . in the preferred embodiment , each response choice is displayed immediately above respective input button 70 . the patient presses input button 70 a , 70 b , 70 c , and 70 d corresponding to his or her response . microprocessor 76 stores each response in memory 80 . in steps 314 - 318 , microprocessor 76 executes commands to collect device measurements 44 from selected monitoring device 28 if it is directed to do so by script program 40 . script program 40 specifies selected monitoring device 28 from which to collect measurements 44 . in step 314 , microprocessor 76 prompts the patient to connect selected monitoring device 28 , for example a blood glucose meter , to one of device jacks 68 a , 68 b , and 68 c . a sample prompt is shown in fig1 . in step 316 , microprocessor 76 waits until a reply to the prompt is received from the patient . when a reply is received , microprocessor 76 proceeds to step 318 . microprocessor 76 also connects uart 78 to interface 90 through switch 88 . in step 318 , microprocessor 76 collects device measurements 44 from monitoring device 28 through interface 90 . measurements 44 are stored in memory 80 . in the preferred embodiment , apparatus 26 is always plugged into telephone jack 22 . if not , however , microprocessor 76 prompts the patient to connect apparatus 26 to telephone jack 22 so that apparatus 26 may connect to server 18 at the prescribed connection time in step 320 . in step 322 , microprocessor 76 waits until a reply to the prompt is received from the patient . when a reply is received , microprocessor 76 turns off led 74 in step 324 . in step 326 , microprocessor 76 waits until it is time to connect to server 18 . microprocessor 76 compares the connection time specified in script program 40 to the current time output by clock 84 . when it is time to connect , microprocessor 76 connects uart 78 to modem 86 through switch 88 . in step 328 , microprocessor 76 establishes a subsequent communication link between apparatus 26 and server 18 through modem 86 and communication network 24 . if the connection fails for any reason , microprocessor 76 repeats step 328 to get a successful connection . biometric information gathered by the remote apparatus 26 is transmitted to the server 18 in a step 329 . in step 330 , microprocessor 76 transmits device measurements 44 , query responses 42 , script identification code , and patient or patient type identification code stored in memory 80 to server 18 through the subsequent communication link . in step 332 , microprocessor 76 receives through modem 86 new script program 40 from server 18 . new script program 40 is stored in memory 80 for subsequent execution by microprocessor 76 . following step 332 , script program 40 ends . in the above description , apparatus 26 connects to server 18 each time a new patient identification is entered . fig1 shows an alternative embodiment , where apparatus 26 connects to server 18 at one time during the day . during this connection period , apparatus 26 receives from server 18 all script programs 40 it expects to need during the following day . as shown in fig1 , steps 202 - 208 are the same as above , with server 18 generating and storing new script assignments and new script programs if needed . in step 210 , apparatus 26 connects with server 18 . in step 216 , server 18 retrieves script programs 40 from database 38 . script programs 40 can be for patients who are likely to use apparatus 26 the following day or script programs 40 can be for general conditions , diseases , or prescriptions that are requested everyday . in step 218 , server 18 transmits assigned script program 40 to patient &# 39 ; s apparatus 26 through communication network 24 . following step 218 , server 18 proceeds to step 220 , which is carried out in the same manner as the embodiment illustrated in fig1 a and 11b . in the embodiment of fig1 , patients &# 39 ; responses to all queries are transmitted from apparatus 26 to server 18 during a single connection period , ideally the same connection period when script programs 40 are downloaded into apparatus 26 for the following day . fig1 a and 14b show the steps of script program 40 for the embodiment of fig1 . notice all steps are the same , except for the addition of step 325 . in step 325 , apparatus 26 has the option of repeating another script program sequence for the same or another patient before connecting to server 18 . thus , many patients can use apparatus 26 during the day . apparatus 26 stores all their responses 42 and measurements 44 , and then forwards them to server 18 at the end of the day , as shown in step 330 . apparatus 26 used in this embodiment must have sufficient memory means 80 . an advantage of the present invention is that it does not require that each patient purchase his or her own apparatus 26 . instead , patients can visit their nearest pharmacy or healthcare clinic where apparatus 26 is located and answer queries there . since apparatus 26 only requires identification of a patient or patient type in order to connect to server 18 and download appropriate script program 40 , any patient can use any apparatus 18 as long as they have a patient identification code , data card , or have enrolled biometric information . ideally , patients who are traveling or are far from home can just stop into any pharmacy and answer queries , which will get sent back to server 18 . a second advantage of the monitoring system is that it allows each apparatus 26 to be programmed remotely through script programs 40 . patient surveys , connection times , display prompts , selected monitoring devices , patient customization , and other operational details of each apparatus may be easily changed by transmitting a new script program 40 to apparatus 26 . moreover , each script program 40 may be easily created and assigned by remotely accessing server through 18 the internet . thus , the invention provides a powerful , convenient , and inexpensive system for remotely monitoring a large number of patients . fig1 - 18 illustrate a second embodiment of the invention in which each remotely programmable apparatus has speech recognition and speech synthesis functionality . fig1 shows a perspective view of an apparatus 27 according to the second embodiment . apparatus 27 includes a speaker 72 for audibly communicating queries and prompts to the patient . apparatus 27 also includes a microphone 118 for receiving spoken responses to the queries and prompts . apparatus 27 may optionally include a display 64 for displaying prompts to the patient , as shown in fig1 . fig1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the components of apparatus 27 in greater detail . apparatus 27 is similar in design to apparatus 26 of the preferred embodiment except that apparatus 27 includes an audio processor chip 120 in place of microprocessor 76 . audio processor chip 120 is preferably an rsc - 164 chip commercially available from sensory circuits inc . of 1735 n . first street , san jose , calif . 95112 . audio processor chip 120 has a microcontroller 122 for executing script programs 40 received from server 18 . a memory 80 is connected to microcontroller 122 . memory 80 stores script programs 40 and a script interpreter used by microcontroller 122 to execute script programs 40 . memory 80 also stores measurements 44 received from monitoring device 28 , responses 42 to the queries , and script identification codes . audio processor chip 120 also has built in speech synthesis functionality for synthesizing queries and prompts to a patient through speaker 72 . for speech synthesis , chip 120 includes a digital to analog converter pac ) 142 and an amplifier 144 . dac 142 and amplifier 144 drive speaker 72 under the control of microcontroller 122 . audio processor chip 120 further has built in speech recognition functionality for recognizing responses spoken into microphone 118 . audio signals received through microphone 118 are converted to electrical signals and sent to a preamp and gain control circuit 128 . preamp and gain control circuit 128 is controlled by an automatic gain control circuit 136 , which is in turn controlled by microcontroller 122 . after being amplified by preamp 128 , the electrical signals enter chip 120 and pass through a multiplexer 130 and an analog to digital converter ( adc ) 132 . the resulting digital signals pass through a digital logic circuit 134 and enter microcontroller 122 for speech recognition . audio processor chip 120 also includes a ram 138 for short term memory storage and a rom 140 which stores programs executed by microcontroller 122 to perform speech recognition and speech synthesis . chip 120 operates at a clock speed determined by a crystal 126 . chip 120 also includes a clock 84 which provides the current date and time to microcontroller 122 . as in the preferred embodiment , apparatus 27 includes an led 74 , display driver 82 , modem 86 , and device interface 90 , all of which are connected to microcontroller 122 . the operation of the second embodiment is similar to the operation of the preferred embodiment except that queries , response choices , and prompts are audibly communicated to the patient through speaker 72 rather than being displayed to the patient on display 64 . the operation of the second embodiment also differs from the operation of the preferred embodiment in that responses 42 to the queries and prompts are received through microphone 118 rather than through user input buttons . script programs 40 of the second embodiment are similar to the script program shown in fig6 a - 6b , except that each display command is replaced by a speech synthesis command and each input command is replaced by a speech recognition command . the speech synthesis commands are executed by microcontroller 122 to synthesize queries , response choices , and prompts through speaker 72 . the speech recognition commands are executed by microcontroller 122 to recognize responses 42 spoken into microphone 118 . for example , to ask the patient how he or she feels and record a response , microcontroller 122 first executes a speech synthesis command to synthesize through speaker 72 “ how do you feel ? please answer with one of the following responses : very bad , bad , good , or very good .” next , microcontroller 118 executes a speech recognition command to recognize the response spoken into microphone 118 . the recognized response is stored in memory 80 and subsequently transmitted to server 18 . other than the differences described , the operation and advantages of the second embodiment are the same as the operation and advantages of the preferred embodiment described above . although the first and second embodiments focus on querying individuals and collecting responses to the queries , the system of the invention is not limited to querying applications . the system may also be used simply to communicate messages to the individuals . fig1 - 21 illustrate a third embodiment in which the system is used to perform this automated messaging function . in the third embodiment , each script program contains a set of statements to be communicated to an individual rather than a set of queries to be answered by the individual . of course , it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the script programs may optionally include both queries and statements . the third embodiment also shows how the queries and statements may be customized to each individual by merging personal data with the script programs , much like a standard mail merge application . referring to fig1 , personal data relating to each individual is preferably stored in look - up table 46 of database 38 . by way of example , the data may include each individual &# 39 ; s name , the name of each individual &# 39 ; s physician , test results , appointment dates , or any other desired data . as in the preferred embodiment , database 38 also stores generic script programs 40 created by script generator 50 . server 18 includes a data merge program 55 for merging the data stored in table 46 with generic script programs 40 . data merge program 55 is designed to retrieve selected data from table 46 and to insert the data into statements in generic script programs 40 , thus creating custom script programs 41 . each custom script program 41 contains statements which are customized to an individual . for example , the statements may be customized with the individual &# 39 ; s name , test results , etc . examples of such customized statements are shown in fig1 and 20 . the operation of the third embodiment is similar to the operation of the preferred embodiment except that script programs 40 are used to communicate messages to the individuals rather than to query the individuals . each message is preferably a set of statements . referring to fig1 , the statements may be entered in server 18 through script entry screen 56 , just like the queries of the preferred embodiment . each statement preferably includes one or more insert commands specifying data from table 46 to be inserted into the statement . the insert commands instruct data merge program 55 to retrieve the specified data from database 38 and to insert the data into the statement . for example , the insert commands shown in fig2 instruct the data merge program to insert a physician name , an appointment date , a patient name , and a test result into the statements . as in the preferred embodiment , each statement may also include one or more response choices which are entered in fields 96 . following entry of the statements and response choices , create script button 102 is pressed . when button 102 is pressed , script generator 50 generates a generic script program from the information entered in screen 56 . the generic script program is similar to script program 40 shown in fig6 a - 6b , except that the display commands specify statements to be displayed rather than queries . further , the statements include insert commands specifying data to be inserted into script program 40 . as in the preferred embodiment , multiple script programs are preferably generated , e . g ., a generic script program for diabetes patients , a generic script program for asthma patients , etc . the generic script programs are stored in database 38 . following generation of the generic script programs , server 18 receives script assignment information entered through script assignment screen 57 . as shown in fig7 , script programs 40 are assigned by first selecting one of the generic script programs through check boxes 106 , selecting individuals through check boxes 108 , and pressing the assign script button 112 . when button 112 is pressed , data merge program 55 creates a custom script program for each individual selected in check boxes 108 . each custom script program is preferably created by using the selected generic script program as a template . for each individual selected , data merge program 55 retrieves from database 38 the data specified in the insert commands . next , data merge program 55 inserts the data into the appropriate statements in the generic script program to create a custom script program for the individual . each custom script program is stored in database 38 . as each custom script program is generated for an individual , script assignor 52 assigns the custom script program to the individual . this is preferably accomplished by creating a pointer to the custom script program and storing the pointer with the individual &# 39 ; s unique identification code in table 46 . when the individual &# 39 ; s remote apparatus connects to server 18 , server 18 receives from apparatus 26 the individual &# 39 ; s unique identification code , biometric information , or data card information , etc . server 18 uses the unique identification information to retrieve from table 46 the pointer to the custom script program assigned to the individual . next , server 18 retrieves the assigned custom script - program from database 38 and transmits the assigned custom script program to apparatus 26 through communication network 24 . apparatus 26 receives and executes script program 40 . the execution of script program 40 is similar to the execution described in the preferred embodiment , except that statements are displayed to the individual rather than queries . fig1 - 18 illustrate two sample statements as they appear on display 64 . each statement includes a response choice , preferably an acknowledgment such as “ ok ”. after reading a statement , the individual presses the button corresponding to the response choice to proceed to the next statement . alternatively , script program 40 may specify a period of time that each statement is to be displayed before proceeding to the next statement . the remaining operation of the third embodiment is analogous to the operation of the preferred embodiment described above . the multi - user capabilities of the present invention allow for the collection and tracking of patient data . apparatuses 26 are connected to one or more servers 18 . they are placed in a number of different public places , such as pharmacies , where they are accessible to a wide range of patients . patient responses 42 and measurements 44 are received by apparatuses 26 in the manner described above . the data is then sent to server or servers 18 where it is collected and organized . ideally , pharmaceutical companies or healthcare providers will use monitoring system 16 to gather patient response to their products or services . the companies or providers will send queries or script programs 40 to server 18 , which will then send queries or script programs 40 to one or more apparatuses 26 . after patients have answered the queries or attached their monitoring devices 28 , server 18 will send the patient data back to the companies and providers . fig2 shows how the present invention can be used in conjunction with a separate information system , such as a pharmacy information system . patient data from the pharmacy information system 105 can be intercepted by the apparatus 29 in order to trigger the execution of script programs 40 . in this embodiment , apparatus 29 is located in series between the pharmacy server 106 of pharmacy information system 105 and the pharmacy printer 108 . pharmacy information system 105 comprises pharmacy server 106 , pharmacy workstation 107 , and pharmacy printer 108 . patient data sent from pharmacy server 106 to pharmacy printer 108 must pass through apparatus 29 . apparatus 29 takes the patient data and sends it to server 18 of the system of the present invention . server 18 uses patient data to determine which script program 40 to send to apparatus 29 for patient to answer . it is obvious that this method can be used to identify the patient to apparatus 29 and also server 18 . alternatively , interception of patient data by apparatus 29 can be used to trigger printing of information on pharmacy printer 108 . in this embodiment , apparatus 29 is again located in series between pharmacy server 106 of separate information system 105 and pharmacy printer 108 . when apparatus 29 receives the patient data , it triggers a stored script program 40 , which commands pharmacy printer 108 to print out information for the patient . this information differs in content from the patient data and is printed in addition to it . in addition , the patient data can also be sent to server 18 to trigger additional script program 40 which displays queries on display 64 of apparatus 29 to be answered by patient . fig2 shows a block diagram of apparatus 29 as used in this embodiment , while fig2 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating the components of apparatus 29 in greater detail . fig2 and 24 are similar to fig3 and 4 , except for the addition of a server port 69 in both figures . server port 69 is used to connect apparatus 29 to pharmacy server 106 . server port 69 can receive a standard scsi cable connection or a telephone cable connection , in which case it operates as a modem . thus apparatus 29 can connect to server 18 through modem jack 66 , pharmacy server 106 through server port 69 , monitoring device 28 through device jacks 68 a , 68 b , and 68 c , and pharmacy printer 108 through printer port 67 . although the above description contains many specificities , these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention but merely as illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments . many other embodiments of the invention are possible . for example , the scripting language and script commands shown are representative of the preferred embodiment . it will be apparent to one skilled in the art many other scripting languages and specific script commands may be used to implement the invention . moreover , the invention is not limited to the specific applications described . the system and method of the invention have many other applications both inside and outside the healthcare industry . for example , the system may also be used by insurance companies and medical clinics to conduct all types of surveys of patients . retailers and service companies can conduct all types of surveys of consumers . marketing firms can use the invention to do widespread market research . in addition , stores can use the invention to receive information from customers regarding their shopping tastes . an example of this application would be a bridal registry . the invention may also be used for educational purposes , such as testing students remotely . students can use the apparatus to take national standardized multiple - choice tests , such as the graduate record examination ( gre ). in addition , the invention can be used for financial purposes . banks , utilities , credit card companies , etc . can send billing information from their servers to customers using the apparatuses . customers can then authorize the institutions to transfer funds , pay their bills , etc . therefore , the scope of the invention should be determined not by the examples given , but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents . | 6 |
fig1 shows pictorially a system 10 wherein a plurality of web users 11 a , 11 b and 11 c surf the internet 12 so as to access websites 13 a to 13 e . an overlap server 14 to be described in more detail below is coupled to the internet 12 and tracks all connections to any one of the websites 13 a to 13 e so as to detect and identify which of the web users 11 a , 11 b and 11 c access each of the websites . to the extent that reference is made to the web users without regard to a specific one thereof , such web users will be referenced as 11 . in a typical scenario an advertising agent sets up an ad campaign for a customer whereby a campaign is displayed on multiple host websites , such as yahoo . com , msn . com , aol . com and so on , so that when a web user 11 enters any of these host websites he or she is exposed to the campaign . it should be noted that while the invention is described with regard to an ad campaign , what is actually displayed is an advertisement and the host web page ultimately provides a link to that advertisement . thus , reference to an ad campaign is not intended to be limiting in any way . the customer pays the owners of the host websites for displaying the campaign in exactly the same manner that he would pay a newspaper or magazine publisher for displaying a campaign . the invention allows the customer to determine how many unique visitors are exposed to the campaign from each host website , thus allowing him to assess whether it is financially worthwhile to display the campaign in all of the host websites or whether sufficient coverage will be achieved by a reduced number of host websites , thus saving costs . to this end the campaign advertisements are served by an ad server ( not shown ) that maintains a list of source urls of each advertisement , whose ( ad server &# 39 ; s ) link is embedded in the host web page in known manner by means of html tags . when a web user opens that web page , a call is made to the ad server , which further calls the appropriate url of the advertisement to be displayed . within the call to the ad server , a call is made also to the overlap server 14 . when a web user enters the web page , thus displaying the ad on the web user &# 39 ; s computer , the html tag calls the overlap server 14 thereby establishing brief connection between the web user &# 39 ; s computer and the overlap server 14 . during the brief connection thus established , the overlap server 14 is able to store a cookie on the web user &# 39 ; s computer that is unique to the overlap server 14 and identifies the web user , since it is stored on his or her computer . likewise , if the cookie already exists , the overlap server 14 is able to edit it on the web user &# 39 ; s computer . the cookie is formatted to allow the overlap server 14 to identify a specific campaign as well as each host website through which the user was exposed to the campaign . thus using the cookie , the overlap server 14 is able to determine whether the web user to whom the cookie belongs ( i . e . on whose computer the cookie is stored ) has been previously exposed to the currently identified campaign . a suitable cookie structure is described below by way of non - limiting example . additionally , the overlap server 14 maintains a database 15 that is structured to allow direct determination of the cumulative number of different web users exposed to n different websites ( s 1 , s 2 . . . s n ). for each ad campaign , the database 15 maintains a number of separate records for each of the n websites and for each unique combination of websites , i . e . each unique combination of two websites , each unique combination of three websites , and so on . it is easy to show that the number of unique combinations of k websites out of a total of n websites is : consider , by way of example , an advertising campaign where an ad is displayed on four different websites , a , b , c and d . a user can visit any one of these websites only , or he may visit any two the websites , or any three the websites , or he may visit all four websites . it is easy to tabulate the combinations of possible websites as shown in table i below : thus , in general the maximum number of records that must be maintained in the database for an ad campaign displayed on n different websites where the order of visiting the sites is not important is given by : if the order of visiting the sites is important , then records must be maintained in the database for each permutation , rather than merely for each combination . it is easy to tabulate the permutations of possible websites as shown in table ii below : ab , ba , ac , ca , ad , da , bc , cb , bd , db , cd , dc abc , acb , bac , bca , abd , adb , bad , bda , acd , adc , cad , cda thus , in general the maximum number of records that must be maintained in the database for an ad campaign displayed on n different websites where the order of visiting the sites is important is given by : in either case , it is clear that the number of records that must be maintained in the database 15 for any given advertising campaign is a determinate function of the number of websites participating in the campaign and can thus be configured when the campaign is set up . clearly this data can be maintained by other means such as memory , flat files , etc . and reference to database is non - limiting . it should also be noted that some embodiments of the invention allow records to be added to the database 15 on - the - fly as required . fig2 and 3 are flow charts that show the principal operations carried out by the overlap server 14 in accordance with two different embodiments of the invention . in the first embodiment depicted in fig2 , order of visitation is unimportant , while the second embodiment depicted in fig3 takes order of visitation into consideration . since both methods share a common basis , the embodiment shown in fig2 will first be described in detail and later supplementary details will be provided of the slight differences required to implement the second embodiment depicted in fig3 . when a web user 11 enters into a website displaying a campaign advertisement that calls the overlap server 14 , brief communication is established between the overlap server 14 and the web user &# 39 ; s computer . during the brief communication thus established , the overlap server 14 checks whether a cookie belonging to the overlap server 14 is stored on the web user &# 39 ; s computer . if so , the overlap server 14 reads the cookie in order to determine whether this particular web user has been previously exposed to the campaign displayed in the currently accessed web page . as will be explained below , this requires that each campaign has a unique id that is encoded within the cookie . if the cookie does not contain the id of the current campaign , this means that this is the first time that the web user has been exposed to the campaign and the database record corresponding to the website currently accessed by the web user is incremented by 1 . the cookie is likewise updated to reflect the id of the website via which the web user was exposed to the campaign . on the other hand , if the cookie does contain the id of the current campaign , this means that the web user was already exposed to the campaign . in this case , he may have accessed the same website previously and / or he may have accessed a different website participating in the ad campaign . which of these two scenarios is applicable is also encoded within the cookie . thus , by way of simple example , a multi - bit binary website overlap code may be stored in the cookie , wherein the number of bits is equal to the number of websites participating in the ad campaign and wherein each bit is initially zero and it set to 1 when the corresponding website is visited by the web user . thus , by parsing the binary representation of the site overlap code each bit provides an indication as to whether or not the corresponding website were visited by the web user . there are , of course , other ways than binary to encode the site data , and a different encoding scheme is presented in greater detail below . based on the site overlap code , the database is now updated as follows . first , the site overlap code shows which websites have been previously visited by the web user . specifically , before the site overlap code is updated by setting the corresponding bit to 1 , the site overlap code shows the current combination of websites in the present campaign that have been visited by the current web user . this allows direct translation to a unique database record . thus referring again , to table i , if websites a and d were previously visited , this translates to a unique database record entry whose value is set to the cumulative number of unique ( i . e . unrepeated ) visitors who have visited both a and d but no other websites in the campaign . if the current website is a or d then , of course , the corresponding bit in the site overlap code within the cookie will already be 1 ; and in this case no further action is required . on the other hand , if the current website is b or c then the corresponding bit in the site overlap code within the cookie will be 0 ; and in this case the following actions are required . first , the database record corresponding to the current site overlap code ( before it is updated ) i . e . “ ad ” is decremented by 1 and the database record corresponding to the new site overlap code ( after updating ) i . e . “ abd ” or “ abc ” ( as appropriate ) is incremented by 1 . the site overlap code is also , of course , updated to show that the current user also visited site b or c . it will thus be apparent that the site overlap code always provides an indication as to the current combination of websites visited by any given identifiable user , while the database 15 provides an indication as to the cumulative number of visits to each combination of websites participating in the ad campaign . thus , in the simple example shown in table 1 , the database shows the cumulative number of visits to a , b , c , d on their own ; to the double combinations ab , ac , ad , bc , bd , cd ; to the triple combinations abc , abd , acd , bcd and to the quad combination abcd . suppose that the record corresponding to ab is the same or very close in value to the record corresponding to abcd . this would imply that the added cost benefit of displaying the campaign on websites c and d is probably not warranted since the same or significantly the same exposure is provided by displaying the campaign on websites a and b alone — and , of course , for much less cost . likewise , if one of websites , say a , on its own is dominant so that all combinations containing a show significantly more visits than combinations not containing a , this may imply a cost - effective ad campaign can be realized by advertising on website a alone . the above description assumes that the order of visiting websites is not important so that it does not matter whether the web user arrived at website b after first surfing a and then d or whether he first surfed d and then a and only then arrived at b . and , of course , once the cookie is updated , all that is known is that the web user surfed a , d and b there being no way to determine in which order he visited these websites . however , there may be occasions where the order in which the web user surfs the websites is important . for example , suppose in the above embodiment , it emerges that the dominant combination is ad suggesting that the ad campaign is effective even if the campaign is displayed on websites a and d only . this would require that the customer pays two websites a and d for the right to display the campaign on their websites . but suppose now that the order in which the websites are visited is also recorded . this gives valuable additional information since if web users predominantly visit a before visiting d , this would imply that an effective ad campaign can be realized by displaying the campaign on a only . thus , in such an application order may be significant but it will be understood that this may not necessarily be true in other applications . for example , suppose an on - line museum wishes to assess which artifacts or exhibits are most popular with the object of exhibiting more artifacts in those exhibits that are popular at the expense of those that are rarely visited . in this case , order may not be significant and the desired information can be determined by configuring the database so as to store records for each combination of artifacts visited — or , more likely , for each combination of exhibits . so , for example , if the curator of an on - line museum wishes to determine in which exhibit visitors are most interested among dinosaurs , anthropology and paleontology then each artifact may be encoded so as to identify the corresponding field ( e . g . prehistory , anthropology , paleontology etc .) and a cookie stored on the computer of each on - line visitor may encode the relevant overlap data , as described above . order is of interest in the event that , for example , for a given campaign there are two dominantly visited websites , and the advertiser wishes to find out whether one of these websites is typically visited earlier , to the effect that by advertising only there the advertiser would gain substantially the same exposure and earlier in time . having described the principles of the invention , we will now describe various implementations it being understood that these are by way of example only . the overlap server maintains in the cookie a list of the sites the user has visited per campaign . this list can be saved in one of the following ways : the cookie holds a list of site ids separated by a delimiter , allowing the sites to be in any order . a sequence of bits represents the list of sites participating in a campaign . each site is represented by a bit indicating if this site were visited , 1 , or not , 0 . the location of each bit in the sequence of bits is according to the ordinal number of the site in the database . site 1 is bit 1 , site 12 is bit 12 and so on . in a specific implementation , room for 40 sites is reserved in the cookie . a sequence of 40 bits represents a binary number between 0 and 2 40 - 1 . this binary number can be represented in base 62 as a 7 characters string with preceding zeros . for a campaign with 4 websites all of whose websites were visited the binary number will be , looking at the bits sequence from right to left , 000 . . . 0001111 , which is 15 . 15 in base 62 is f so in the string that will be written in the cookie is 000000f . the overlap server 14 needs to update the cookie with the sites that a user visited . in order to do this , each site in the campaign has to get a unique ordinal number . this number is accessed by the overlap server 14 and is used to determine what bit corresponds to a specific site participating in a campaign and , given a web user &# 39 ; s exposure to a campaign , should be changed from 0 to 1 . to this end , the unique ordinal number of each campaign may be stored in the database 15 or in any other file or database that is accessible to the overlap server 14 . table iii below is built for a configuration embracing 3 sites : a , b , c this table also facilitates calculation of the current reach and frequency , since summing only a with a + b and a + c and a + d and a + b + c and a + b + c + d gives the cumulative number of unique users who have visited website a since the start of the campaign . if the order of the sites is important as well , a larger table is required as shown below in table iv , which allows determination of how many users visited site a and then visited site b as opposed to users that first visited site b and then site a . for example for sites a , b , c : in order for the overlap server 14 to keep track of the order in which websites are visited not only must there be order - dependent records in the database 15 , but also the cookie must be configured to be order - sensitive . to this end , the cookie is configured to contain a sequence of data cells . upon a web user &# 39 ; s exposure to a campaign ad in a certain website , the overlap server writes an identifier of the site id in the subsequent data cell . thus if that user visited websites e . com , f . com , i . com in that order , the cookie will at that point display the following sequence : e . com identifier , f . com identifier , i . com identifier . the number of data cells required is the number of the websites participating in the campaign . the potential maximum number of rows in the table for n sites will be : in accordance with one embodiment , the overlap server database contains fields only for the combinations / permutations that actually exist in reality , i . e ., if no web users actually visited the combinations / permutations of , for example , websites bcd , then there would be no such line at all in the overlap server database for this combination / permutation . in such an embodiment the database structure is updated on the fly by adding new rows to the appropriate database tables as required . alternatively , all possible relevant fields can be allocated in advance : although this will be wasteful of memory if it turns out that not all combinations / permutations were actually visited . if the cookie holds the sites as bits then a table having the general structure of the table header shown below in table v should exist : for each website that is added an increased ordinal number should be added that will specify its location in the list of websites . in accordance with one embodiment , updating the database 15 is done by means of a log . a new entry to the log must be written for each new site that the user visited . the log contains the following information in each entry ( line ): date campaign id the existing state — the list of sites the user has visited till now i . e . prior to the log being accessed the updated state — the updated list of sites the user has visited . actually this is the existing state plus the new site . the cookie stores the sites on which the user saw the campaign . the overlap server 14 checks the user &# 39 ; s cookie and for the sake of explanation determines that the user already saw the campaign on sites a , b and c . in one embodiment of the invention , the overlap server 14 maintains a log of all changes that need to be made to the database 15 , but does not itself update the database . instead , it conveys the log to a data warehouse ( not shown ) which maintains the integrity of the database 15 . if the user now sees the campaign on one of these sites , no unique user should be added to a new combination and the overlap server 14 therefore takes no further action . however if the user saw the campaign on site d , then the overlap server 14 marks in the log that : 1 unique user should be removed from the combination a + b + c 1 unique user should be added to the combination a + b + c + d the data warehouse receives the log and updates the database tables accordingly . remote updating of the database 15 by the data warehouse offloads the need to do so from the overlap server 14 and avoids the need for the overlap server 14 to make repeated connections to the database . however , it will be appreciated that the invention also contemplates the possibility to update the database 15 by the overlap server 14 . fig4 is a block diagram showing functionality of the overlap server 14 in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention . as shown , the overlap server 14 comprises a memory 21 for storing a data structure containing records relating to each of the objects ( s 1 , s 2 . . . s n ) and to each combination of two or more objects ( s 1 s 2 , s 1 s 3 , . . . s 1 s n , s 2 s 3 , s 2 s 4 , . . . s 2 s n , s 1 s 2 s 3 , s 1 s 3 s 4 , . . . s 1 s n - 1 s n etc .). a visitor history determination unit 22 is coupled to the memory 21 for determining whether a visitor is visiting an object ( s m ) for the first time . an object combination determination unit 23 is coupled to the memory 21 for determining a current combination of objects previously visited by the visitor . an incrementing unit 24 coupled to the object combination determination unit 23 and to the memory 21 and is responsive to the current combination being null for incrementing a respective record relating to said object ( s m ). a decrementing unit 25 is coupled to the object combination determination unit 23 and to the memory 21 and is responsive to the current combination being non - null for decrementing the record relating to the current combination and incrementing the record relating to the combination of the object ( s m ) with the current combination . an optional summation unit 26 is coupled to the memory 21 and adapted to calculate a total number of unique visitors to a specific object ( s m ) by summing respective values stored in all records of the database 15 relating to the object ( s m ). an optional output device 27 may be provided for outputting data subsisting in the data structure . likewise , an optional tracking unit 28 allows for tracking changes in the visitor distribution and objects overlap over time , typically by comparing between two or more data states obtained from the data structure at different times . similar hardware is employed for implementing the second embodiment where order of visitation is important . the main differences are as follows . the data structure contains records relating to each of the objects ( s 1 , s 2 . . . s n ) and to each permutation of two or more of objects ( s 1 s 2 , s 2 s 1 , s 1 s 3 , s 3 s 1 , . . . s 1 s n , s n s 1 , s 2 s 3 , s 3 s 2 , s 2 s 4 , s 4 s 2 , . . . s 2 s n , s n s 2 , s 1 s 2 s 3 , s 1 s 3 s 2 , . . . s 1 s 3 s 4 , . . . s 1 s n - 1 s n etc .). the object combination determination unit 23 is adapted to determine a current permutation of objects previously visited by the visitor that conforms to a specified visitation order . the incrementing unit 24 is responsive to the current permutation being null for incrementing a respective record relating to the object ( s m ); and the decrementing unit 25 is responsive to the current permutation being non - null for decrementing the record relating to the current permutation and incrementing the record relating to the permutation of the object ( s m ) with the current permutation arranged in the specified visitation order . in all cases , the data structure may be pre - compiled to contain all records in a complete set of records relating to all possible combinations or permutations . alternatively , the incrementing unit 24 may be configured to create records in the data structure on - the - fly , possibly even starting from an initially empty data structure . while a number of different embodiments have been described , it will be appreciated that modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims . for example , although the invention is principally applicable to determining the number of unique visitors to a site , it is also possible with minor modification to compute repetitions too . this could be achieved , for example , by allocating additional fields in the database , such as abc and a separate line for abcc . such an approach would clearly require that the database tables be updated on the fly . for example , the invention allows for real - time monitoring of visitor distribution and objects overlap . whenever required , the then - current data subsisting in the data structure may be drawn and viewed in any one of a number of feasible implementations , including but not limited to a web - based reporting system , a reporting email , etc . further , as noted above , the invention allows for tracking of changes in the visitor distribution and objects overlap over time . by drawing then - current data from the data structure and comparing between two or more such data states obtained at different times , trends and other information may be derived from the comparison . likewise , while an embodiment has been described with particular reference to site reach in an on - line ad campaign , it will be appreciated that similar principles can be utilized in other applications . one example has been suggested above for use in an on - line museum to allow the curator to assess which artifacts or exhibits are most popular with the object of exhibiting more artifacts in those exhibits that are popular at the expense of those that are rarely visited . however , the museum does not have to be an on - line museum since the same principles can be applied to a conventional exhibition . for example , an entry barrier to each exhibit can be equipped with a contactless reader and each visitor can be provided with a contactless tag having a unique id , so that when each visitor visits a new exhibit his identity can be read by the corresponding reader . a database can be configured so as to store records for each combination of exhibits visited and updated in a manner analogous to that described above for on - line visits . it will also be understood that the system according to the invention may be a suitably programmed computer . likewise , the invention contemplates a computer program being readable by a computer for executing the method of the invention . the invention further contemplates a machine - readable memory tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine for executing the method of the invention . in the method claims that follow , roman numerals used to designate claim operations are provided for convenience only and do not dictate any particular order of performing the operations . finally , it should be noted that the word “ comprising ” as used throughout the appended claims is to be interpreted to mean “ including but not limited to ”. | 7 |
fig1 and 3 show a magnetic recording medium as a first embodiment of the invention . the magnetic recording medium 10 , as shown in fig1 is constructed as follows . that is , there is provided a disc plate 12 for magnetic recording use ( base of recording medium ). magnetic recording layer 14 ( e . g ., magnetic metal or magnetic metal oxide such as fe - ni , ni - c 2 , fe 2 o 3 ) is formed on the disc plate 12 by use of sputtering deposition method , etc . thereafter , silane surface active agent is adsorbed to the magnetic recording layer 14 and polymerized to one another by bonding of silicon and oxygen by use of chemical adsorption method so that monomolecular protection film 16 , which is produced by the silane surface active agent , is formed in a manner such that the siloxane bonds are oriented in a plane of the protection layer extending parallel to the base body . for example , as the silane surface active agent 18 , ch 2 ═ ch --( ch 2 ) n -- sicl 3 ( n : integer , the value of approximately 10 ˜ 20 is the easiest to handle ) is used as shown in fig2 . there is provided a solution of 80 % n - hexane , 12 % trichloro carbon and 8 % chloroform which are dissolved by concentration of approximately 2 × 10 - 3 ˜ 5 . 0 × 10 - 2 mol / l . then , the base of recording medium base 12 on which the magnetic recording layer 14 is formed is immersed in the above - stated solution . ## str1 ## is formed between magnetic recording layer 14 and the silane surface active agent 18 since natural oxide is formed on the metal surface of the magnetic recording layer 14 , so monomolecular protection film 16 , which is formed by polymerization of the silane surface active agent , is further formed up to the thickness of 20 ˜ 30 å . in this case , vinyl group ( ch 2 ═ ch --) 22 , which is located at one end of the silane surface active agent 18 , is juxtaposed on the surface of the protection film 16 . in fig2 energy beam 24 ( see , fig3 ) such as electron beam , x - ray , v - ray , ultra violet ray , ion beam , etc . is irradiated on the surface of the protection film 16 so that vinyl groups 22 are bridged ( see , 26 in fig3 ) to one another , and monomolecular the protection film 16 , is reinforced and stabilized . second embodiment of the invention is shown in fig4 . in this embodiment , the recording medium of the structure shown in fig2 is processed in an atmosphere of high frequency plasma such as cf 4 which includes fluorine and is of approximately 10 - 3 torr . as a result , adding of f and the above - stated bridging are simultaneously carried out , and it also becomes possible to improve smoothness of the surface of the magnetic recording medium . third embodiment of the invention is shown in fig5 and 6 . this embodiment is used to slightly increase the thickness of the protection film 16 . in this embodiment , the recording medium of the structure shown in fig2 is immersed first into a thf solution of diborane - 1 mol / l at room temperature , and then , immetsed into a solution of naoh - 0 . 1 mol / l and 30 % h 2 o 2 . as a result , oh groups 30 are added to the vinyl groups on the surface of the protection film 16 as shown in fig5 . thereafter , like the first embodiment , additional silane surface active agent 32 is added to the surface of the protection film 16 by use of chemical adsorption method . that is , bonding 34 of ## str2 ## groups 30 and trichloro silane groups of the silane surface active agent 32 so that another monomolecular film 36 is formed on the monomolecular film 16 . by repeating the above - stated process including chemical adsorption process and oh adding process , a protection film having the desired thickness can be formed . incidentally , 38 denotes vinyl group which is located at one end of silane surface active agent 32 . fourth embodiment of the invention is shown in fig7 . the first embodiment is of the recording medium wherein the recording layer is formed on only one surface of the medium , whereas the fourth embodiment is of the recording medium wherein the recording layer 14 and protection film 16 are formed on both surfaces of the base 12 . fifth embodiment of the invention is shown in fig8 and 9 . the structure shown in fig8 is almost the same as that shown in fig6 . the difference is that diacetylene group (-- c . tbd . c -- c . tbd . c --) 40 is included in normal chain carbon bonding (--( ch 2 ) n --) of the silane surface active agent 32 . that is , the silane surface active agent 32 in fig8 is , for example , ch 2 ═ ch --( ch 2 ) n -- c . tbd . c -- c . tbd . c --( ch 2 ) m -- sicl 3 ( wherein , n , m : integer , m + n = 10 ˜ 20 ). in fig8 energy beam 24 ( see , fig9 ) is irradiated on the surface of the protection film ( 16 + 36 ) so that the diacetylene groups 40 are bonded ( see , 42 in fig9 ) on the whole surface of the medium and the accumulated protection film ( 16 + 36 ) has electric conductivity in the surface direction thereof . incidentally , acetylene groups , or cyano groups may be used instead of the vinyl group of the silane surface active agent . dichloro silane group , monochloro silane group or an agent in which both groups are mixed may be used instead of trichloro silane group . sixth embodiment is shown in fig1 . in case that the recording medium is a magnetic recording tape , a tape manufacturing machine shown in fig1 may be used . an uncoated magnetic recording tape 44 which is supplied from supply drum 46 passes through first solution 48 for chemical adsorption , first reaction solution 50 , second reaction solution 52 and second solution 54 for chemical adsorption , respectively so that tape 56 having the recording layer and protection film is obtained and taken up by take - up drum 58 . in fig1 , 60 denotes a capstan for forming a tape feed path . while specific embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described herein , it is realized that modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art . it is therefore to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention . | 8 |
referring to fig1 the carburetor 10 of the present invention generally comprises a body 12 having an air inlet end 14 , an air outlet end 16 and a centrally located slide supporting portion 18 ; a cover 20 adapted to fit over the upper portion of the slide supporting portion 18 ; and a fuel reservoir or bowl 22 secured to the underside of the body beneath the slide supporting portion 18 . preferably , the inlet end 14 , outlet end 16 and slide supporting portion 18 are formed of unitary construction , and a throat 24 extends through the body from one end to the other . the cover 20 and reservoir 22 may be removably secured to the body 12 in any suitable manner , such as by flexible and resilient spring members , not shown . as specifically shown in fig1 - 3 , the body 12 is provided with an insert 26 fixedly mounted by a locking screw or the like within the slide supporting portion 18 . the insert 26 comprises an upper yoke portion 28 having an aperture 30 therethrough that corresponds in size and shape to the adjacent portions of the throat 24 in the body 12 . the upper end of the upper insert yoke portion 28 is open and comprises oblique end faces 32 , one of which has a threaded aperture 34 extending therethrough which is adapted to receive the locking screw in a conventional manner . a fuel supply tube 36 is secured to the bottom of the upper portion 28 and extends through an aperture therein into communication with the aperture 30 . the fuel supply tube 36 extends downwardly into the fuel reservoir or bowl 22 and is provided at its lower end with an outwardly and downwardly extending flange or &# 34 ; umbrella &# 34 ; portion 38 disposed near the lower end of the bowl 22 for a purpose to be more fully described hereinafter . as shown in fig2 the insert 26 is narrower than the adjacent portions of the slide supporting portion 18 so as to define grooves on each side of the slide supporting portion that are adapted to slidably receive the side edge portions of the front and rear panels 40 and 42 of a throttle slide member 44 mounted within the slide supporting portion 18 for substantially vertical slidable movement therein as shown in fig1 . at its upper potion , the slide member 44 is provided with a pair of downwardly facing oblique surfaces which are adapted to engage the complementary oblique faces 32 on the upper end of the insert 26 for the purpose of limiting the downward movement of the slide member 44 within the slide supporting portion 18 of the body 12 . the locking screw can be adjusted to engage one of the oblique surfaces on the slide member 44 for the purpose of adjusting the lowest position of the slide member . in addition to the locking screw , the insert 26 may be retained within the slide supporting portion 18 by locking pins or the like , not shown . a fuel metering rod or needle 50 is adjustably secured to and extends downwardly from the slide member 44 , through the fuel supply tube 36 and into the flange portion 38 thereof disposed near the bottom of the reservoir or bowl 22 . the metering rod 50 is provided with an enlarged head portion 52 at its upper end which is slidably received within a bore 54 in the slide member 44 . as shown in fig1 the bore 54 preferably is near or at the front panel 40 of the throttle slide member 44 for a purpose to be described hereinafter . the head portion 52 is provided with a key portion 56 that is receivable within a complementary groove 58 in the slide member bore 54 for the purpose of maintaining the metering rod 50 in a desired orientation which will be more fully described hereinafter . a coil spring 60 or other biasing means is provided between the bottom of the slide member bore 54 and the lower surface of the head portion 52 of the metering rod 50 and serves to urge the head portion 52 upwardly away from the lower end of the bore 54 , as specifically shown in fig1 . an adjusting screw 62 is threadably mounted within an upper threaded portion of the slide member bore 54 and has a lower end in engagement with the upper surface of the enlarged head portion 52 of the metering rod 50 . the adjusting screw 62 is provided with a lower internal bore 64 and an upper internal bore 66 which are separated by an intermediate flange portion 68 having an aperture therethrough extending between the lower bore 64 and the upper bore 66 . a control cable 70 for the throttle slide member 44 extends through the upper bore 66 in the adjusting screw 62 and through the aperture in the intermediate flange 68 . the control cable 70 is provided with an enlarged head portion 72 at its lower end which is disposed within the lower bore 64 in the adjusting screw 62 and through the aperture in the intermediate flange 68 . the control cable 70 is provided with an enlarged head portion 72 at its lower end which is disposed within the lower bore 64 in the adjusting screw 62 and is in engagement with the intermediate flange 68 for the purpose of connecting the cable 70 to the adjusting screw 62 and to the throttle slide member 44 . a helical spring 74 surrounds the cable 70 and extends from the lower end of the upper bore 66 and the adjusting screw 62 to the upper end of the slide supporting portion 18 . at its upper end , the helical spring 74 surrounds the lower end of a tube 76 extending downwardly from and threadably secured in an aperture in the cover 20 for the slide supporting portion 18 . the cable 70 extends through the tube 76 and the cap member 20 for connection to any suitable type of manual control means disposed on the vehicle in which the carburetor is mounted . the helical spring 74 serves to urge the slide member 44 to the closed or down position shown in fig1 wherein it cuts off air flow through the throat 24 of the body 12 . upward movement of the cable 70 serves to move the slide member 44 upwardly against the force of the spring 74 to allow air flow through the throat 24 and upward movement of fuel from the reservoir 22 through the fuel supply tube 36 in a manner to be described more fully hereinafter . the vertical position of the metering rod or needle 50 relative to the slide member 44 may be easily adjusted by rotation of the adjusting screw 62 which is provided at its upper end with a transverse recess 78 or the like for receiving the head of a screwdriver or similar tool . rotation of the adjusting screw 62 serves to move the head portion 52 of the metering rod 50 upwardly or downwardly within the lower portion of the bore 54 in the throttle slide member 44 . the metering rod or needle 50 is provided with a downwardly and inwardly tapered flat portion 80 extending from the upper portion toward the lower end thereof . the key portion 56 is so located on the enlarged head portion 52 of the metering rod 50 that the flat portion 80 faces the outlet end 16 of the carburetor body 12 when the metering rod 50 is mounted within the throttle slide member 44 , as specifically shown in fig2 . it will be readily seen , therefore , that upward movement of the slide member 44 and corresponding upward movement of the metering rod 50 within the fuel supply tube 36 will cause a gradually larger opening at the outlet of the fuel supply tube for the supply of fuel from the fuel reservoir or bowl 22 to the carburetor throat 24 , owing to the tapered flat portion 80 on the metering rod . by varying the taper of the flat portion 80 on the metering rod 50 , the variation in fuel flow for a given upward movement of the slide member 44 and metering rod 50 may be adjusted . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the inner surface of the carburetor body 12 is tapered inwardly from the inlet end 14 to the slide supporting portion 18 and is tapered outwardly from the slide supporting portion 18 to the outlet end 16 , thereby creating a venturi effect when air flows through the carburetor throat from the inlet to the outlet end . this air flow past the metering rod 50 and outlet end of the fuel supply tube 36 serves to create a vacuum at the outlet of the fuel supply tube , thereby causing a flow of fuel from the fuel reservoir or bowl 22 upwardly through the opening in the fuel supply tube defined by the metering rod 50 and into the carburetor throat 24 where the fuel is mixed with incoming air and moves toward the outlet end therewith . the fuel flows upwardly from the fuel reservoir 22 into the fuel supply tube 36 because the reservoir 22 is vented to the atmosphere in a manner to be more fully described hereinafter . the fuel reservoir bowl 22 is provided with a suitable float valve assembly 82 or any other suitable means for maintaining a minimum quantity of fuel in the reservoir . the float valve assembly 82 is connected to a fuel supply tube in any suitable manner . the downwardly extending flange portion 38 on the lower end of the fuel supply tube 36 serves to trap fuel within it and to keep air from entering the fuel supply tube when the carburetor is subjected to vibration owing to travel of the vehicle over rough terrain or the like . by trapping fuel within it , the flange portion 38 also serves to reduce turbulence in the fuel entering the lower end of the fuel supply tube . a smooth supply of fuel to the lower end of the fuel supply tube 36 is further enhanced by the upwardly and inwardly tapered inner surfaces 86 of the flange portion 38 which lead to the lower end of the fuel supply tube . it will be appreciated that upward and downward movement of the throttle slide member 44 , as actuated by the control cable 70 or other suitable means , serves to control the air flow from the inlet end to the outlet end of the carburetor body 12 and also serves to control the flow of fuel from the fuel reservoir or bowl 22 to the carburetor throat 24 because of corresponding upward or downward movement of the metering rod 50 secured to the throttle slide member 44 . a significant feature of the carburetor is to maximize air flow past the metering rod to assure thorough atomization and distribution of the fuel in the airstream before it reaches the combustion chamber . a choke assembly 90 of any suitable construction is also provided which allows extra fuel to be atomized and to enter the carburetor throat when desired . the choke assembly is shown in fig1 and 2 and is similar to that described in the inventor &# 39 ; s prior u . s . pat . no . re . 31 , 475 . in accordance with the present invention , the metering rod 50 is tapered in cross - section as shown in fig2 and 4 . the metering rod 50 has a pointed forward edge 94 which faces in the direction of the inlet end and side walls 96 which taper outwardly and rearwardly to provide the metering rod with a wedge shape . this new and improved shape of the metering rod serves to streamline the flow of air from the inlet end around the metering rod to increase the air flow past the metering rod in a non - turbulent manner , thereby enabling the air - fuel mixture to be more precisely controlled . the precise flow of fuel from the supply tube 36 results in a more consistent air - fuel mixture and fuel economy . as an illustrative example , the metering rod 50 may be approximately one quarter of an inch in length , and one - eighth of an inch in width at the widest rear portion thereof . while in accordance with the provisions of the patent statute the preferred forms and embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described , it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without deviating from the inventive concepts set forth above . | 8 |
the system according to the present invention will now be described in connection with fig1 - 7 of the drawings . identical elements in the various figures are designated with the same reference numerals . as explained above , fig1 shows a typical image capture system as it is known in the prior art . this system comprises a camera 10 , capable of producing either still or video digital images ( or both ), which is connected to one or more of a display screen 12 , a printer 14 and a digital computer 16 having digital , non - volatile storage . the digital computer may of course also have a display screen as well as a keyboard and mouse for user control . the computer may be , and usually is , connected to a separate printer ( not shown ). the computer may also be connected to a lan and / or wan which allows images to be transported . the computer operates with the software provided by the camera manufacturer to store and display the digital images . this software allows the computer user to select images for display and to store selected images in file folders using the keyboard and / or the mouse . this prior art system is expensive to purchase , particularly with all of the different software packages that are required to operate and support the various separate functions that implement the capture , annotation , recordkeeping , filing , transporting , etc . of the images . in addition , when operating the system , the user must change from one applications program to another , and must be proficient in using these various applications programs . the basic system hardware according to the present invention is illustrated in fig2 and 3 . fig2 illustrates a first preferred embodiment in which the camera 10 ( still image camera , camcorder , television set , vcr , dvd player , endoscope or other image source ) is connected to a video capture card 18 , such as the “ usb videobus ii ”™ which is available commercially from belkin components , of compton , calif ., usa . this device 18 converts analog signals from the camera 10 — either 3 - cable video or s - video — to a digital usb input for a desktop or laptop computer 20 . the computer is loaded with f5u2208 drivers , supplied with this video capture card ( e . g . via download from belkin . com ) as well as application software in accordance with the present invention and described below . the computer 20 , which receives and processes the usb input , also receives a signal from the system user which designates those camera images and / or video clips to be captured . this signal can come from any suitable signaling device , such as a computer keyboard , a mouse , a touch screen or a foot switch connected to the serial port of the computer , such as the “ treadlite ii ”™ which is commercially available from linemaster switch corporation of woodstock , conn ., usa . the computer 20 is connected to a computer monitor 22 , as well as to a network ( lan or wan ) and to the internet , as desired . fig3 illustrates a second preferred embodiment in which the camera 10 , that outputs digital image signals , is connected directly to the desktop or laptop computer 20 via a usb video cable or a firewire ( ieee 1394 standard ). otherwise , the hardware is essentially the same as that of fig2 . fig4 is a flow chart according to the invention , detailing the operations of the software used in the computer 20 in the system of fig2 and 3 . this software uses wdm or video for windows ( vfw ) image capture capabilities of microsoft windows to acquire the images received at the usb input . the software also utilizes windows support for firewire cameras or a custom driver software , referred to above , for the image capture device 18 . the acquired images , selected using the keyboard , mouse or foot switch , are saved on the local hard drive or on the network in a user selected location or a computer on the network . once networked , the user can view the selected images and create reports by using the system reporter program from any computer on the network . images ( including video clips ) are stored in the identity folder and catalogued by an id_x . yyy or id_x . vvv where x is the image number ; yyy = extension for the image file format and vvv = extension for the video file format . this number is sequential and is incremented every time a new image or video is captured . the software automatically finds the largest x and then increments it by one . custom microsoft word templates can be created for use with the system software . the system software has an “ export to word ” feature that allows the user to select images and export them directly into a template of their choice . this makes customization and report generation easy . users can store predefined information in report templates and use the system to select the template and automatically resize and place the images into the report . the system software exports images to any proprietary templates created by the end user . this allows them to use a template of their choice for reporting . when a patient id is entered , for example , the software automatically searches the default identity folder for that patient id . once a match is found , it automatically displays a thumbnail view of the captured images and video clips for that identity . if the entered identity does not exist , it creates a new folder for that identity . the system software uses a graphical user interface ( gui ), shown in fig5 , where actions are indicated by buttons instead of words . the buttons are self - explanatory and the user interface has been designed for simplicity and ease of use . the graphical user interface makes it simpler for non - english speaking users to train on the use of the software and the system . still images and video clips can be captured using the foot - pedal that interfaces with the serial port of the computer 20 . the software can also use the serial interface to respond to button presses on the cameras or endoscopes . fig4 ( a ) illustrates the method used in the application software for the computer 20 , running the microsoft windows operating system . the main software program generates the graphical user interface shown in fig5 . the user clicks on the box entitled “ enter identity ” and types in the name of a person ( for example ) which becomes the name of an identity folder . this folder is then created at a location which has been preset by the user either locally or in a network . for example , the local disk drive would be designated as c :\ path , where path is the full path for the folder location . thereafter , the image capture and annotation process proceeds in three steps : 1 . first the user clicks button 112 ( fig5 ) the “ connect to camera ” driver for the default camera selection . if another camera is desired , the user clicks on the “ video setup ” drop down menu to connect to another camera driver and initialize the system . 2 . thereafter , the user clicks on either the camera capture image button 122 or the video capture button 120 to capture the live image shown on the screen area 140 using the mouse or touch screen or the user presses the foot pedal . the still or video image is then captured and stored at the location previously set by the user in the current folder having the identity name . successive images and video strips are given sequential numbers . these captured images are also displayed in the thumbnail image screen area 132 . 3 . finally , the user may annotate the captured image 132 by simply double clicking on the thumbnail of the image they wish to annotate . fig4 ( b ) illustrates a number of features that may be accessed using the graphical user interface . these features correspond to the gui buttons , as indicated by the respective reference numerals . the main display screen of the graphic user interface ( gui ) is shown in fig5 . this display screen provides control over all of the features and capabilities of the system . set forth below is a list of the various buttons and drop - down menus shown on the screen associated with their reference numerals as indicated in the drawing : 100 . assign the port into which the foot pedal switch is plugged . 101 . field for entering the “ identity ” to be assigned to the file folder . 108 . select the template to which images are to be sent when the “ export to word ” button is clicked . 112 . connect or disconnect to and from live camera feed . 122 . capture stills : select to capture images . the foot pedal switch may be used to capture images . 132 . click on an image to open it in the annotation screen . 140 . image preview window . a double click on this window displays a full screen live image . a . a single entry of an identifier used to file and save captured or imported files . b . a single entry of overlay text or watermark on previewed and captured images . c . selection using an input device such as computer mouse for access by selecting an icon / image for 3 . capturing still images , saving under a pre - defined identifier and instant preview of image thumbnails for this identity , 4 . start and stop of video recording with automatic image thumbnail of video in the preview list , 7 . image export and direct placement of image ( s ) to a user selected document or template in a word processing application , 11 . access to a list of available report templates or documents for image export , 22 . replay of captured video files from the preview list of captured video and images , and 23 . access to annotation screen by double clicking the image from the preview list . the software according to the invention enables the images to be annotated . double clicking on an image opens the image for annotation and it is saved after the annotation is complete . a sample report template is shown in fig6 . the template is highly customizable for each individual user . this offers the user the ability to create custom templates targeted to their industry specific requirements . the system opens the template selected from the drop down menu in the gui and exports ( inserts ) images to the selected customer templates and / or documents in the template directory . the system , with the software , is extremely flexible and easy to use , allowing : 1 . capture of still images and video clips on a laptop or desktop computer without the need for expensive equipment . 2 . capture of still images and video clips from any camera system . 4 . capture of still images and video clips on the computer for storage on the hard drive or other media . 7 . the use of customizable , pre - stored microsoft word templates or user - created microsoft word templates to create reports . 10 . capture of still images and video clips using a remote trigger such as foot pedal switch during a medical procedure . the system according to the invention can be applied to any industry in which there is a need to provide documentation which includes images , such as medical , insurance , automotive , repair / service , real estate , defense , aviation , etc . the system allows the user to select the device he / she would like to use to capture images . since image capture capabilities vary by device , the system software utilizes several methods to facilitate capture . when a device is selected , the software depends on the drivers for that device the user selected to enable the device and configure it for use . for example , if a user selects the driver for a usb camera , then that unit becomes the source for video and images in the system software . the software also utilizes windows operating system support for firewire or ieee 1394 video devices , bluetooth and wireless technologies , if this type of device is selected by the user . in most cases the system software will use the custom drivers supplied with the hardware from the manufacturer . this allows the system to interface with a multitude of devices including , but not limited to , one or more image capture boards and usb video converters . there has thus been shown and described a novel computer - based image capture system which fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor . many changes , modifications , variations and other uses and applications of the subject invention will , however , become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose the preferred embodiments thereof . all such changes , modifications , variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention , which is to be limited only by the claims which follow . | 7 |
while this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms , there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspect of the invention to the embodiments illustrated . this invention relates to the removal of heat from operating devices that generate waste heat as a byproduct of normal operation . these operating devices require some means to remove this heat for long life , for limiting the temperature for safety , and / or for maintaining an operating temperature within a desired or prescribed range . broadly speaking , a device of the present invention acts to move heat through primarily conductive means as opposed to radiation or convective means . use of this invention allows heat to be safely and efficiently extracted with low rises in temperature via use of inexpensive , available , and recyclable materials . in most applications , a device of the present invention can reduce the use of metals in a heat management system by 70 to 90 percent while providing thermal management equal to , and in some circumstances , exceeding other well - know and accepted means ( e . g . such as extruded aluminum heat sinks and blowers ). since it eliminates the need for secondary heat removal instruments ( e . g . a blower ) to provide mass flow for heat removal , a higher level of efficiency is obtained without loss of effectiveness . the present invention allows heat removal through surfaces and boundaries that normally would be considered thermal non - conductors , while at the same time , keeps the average temperature of the materials of the surfaces and boundaries well below safe levels for human exposure and combustive limits . the invention allows an array of materials — organic , recyclable , low cost , lightweight fibrous and non - rare earths such as clay and glass to be used for high volume applications , such as lighting . all materials have a propensity for heat conduction . metals generally have the highest conductivity expressed in watts per meter degree kelvin ( w / mk ). silver ( 428 w / mk ), copper ( 401 w / mk ) and aluminum ( 171 w / mk ) are widely accepted as efficient conductors . however , silver and copper are infrequently used as prime thermal conductors due to cost constraints . aluminum has an added benefit of being easily extruded , thus allowing it be quickly formed into designed shapes for optimal heat transfer . gasses , as a result of their low densities , have some of the lowest thermal conductivity . air has a thermal conductivity of 0 . 018 w / mk . to provide the same square millimeter of heat flow of aluminum , it requires 9500 mm 2 of air . the present invention matches thermal impedances to optimize the flow of heat . the structures and consequences of using such a method are described herein . referring to fig2 , a two element thermal system 10 is illustrated . the system 10 includes a heat source 12 embedded in a heat sink 14 of a first material , e . g . aluminum , and attached to a second material , preferably having a thermal conductivity of 0 . 10 w / mk . a heat flow q is generally dissipated via the heat sink 14 . an impedance matching is critical to the invention and comes from several disciplines . one classic example is a desk toy consisting of a sequence of masses as seen in fig3 . masses m 1 , m 2 , m 3 , m 4 , and m 5 are arranged in descending magnitude from left to right . initially , the masses m 1 , m 2 , m 3 , m 4 , and m 5 are not in an excited condition . if the smallest mass , m 5 , is excited — elevated to acquire an amount of potential energy in the gravitational field — then released , the smallest mass m 5 will substantially transfer its kinetic energy through the intermediate masses , m 4 , m 3 , and m 2 , to the largest mass , m 1 . as illustrated in fig4 , when the intermediate masses , m 4 , m 3 , and m 2 , are removed , the same excitation of the smaller mass , m 5 , will have a much different outcome . instead of a substantial amount of energy being transferred to the larger mass , m 1 , the smaller mass , m 5 , will retain nearly all of its kinetic energy , albeit in the opposite direction , after the collision . this is an example of mechanical impedance matching and can be applied to any flow of energy through any medium . the example uses mechanical energy because it is generally agreed that thermal energy is a mechanical process and therefore the example has a direct correlation to the subject of this invention . the electrical analogy of this mechanical process can be seen in fig3 . the mass 14 with embedded heat source 12 of fig5 is replaced by its electrical analog , a voltage source 16 and a series impedance 18 . this provides the current i that is the electrical analog of heat flow q . the principle of maximum power transfer is well - known in electrical engineering and it states : “ maximum energy transfer occurs when the load impedance equals the source impedance .” having established the analogic basis between mechanical / thermal behavior and further to its electrical analog and using the principles of maximum energy transfer , the maximum energy transfer in the mechanical / thermal system will occur when the thermal impedances are equal . as discussed above most thermal systems have a high degree of mismatch ( e . g . between the aluminum heat and air ). to achieve a thermal match , applying the mechanical analogy , the answer to thermal impedance match is , as in the case of ascending / descending masses , having the thermal impedances in an ascending / descending progression . this arrangement is shown in fig6 . a structure of having progressively lower thermal impedances and progressively increasing areas r 0 , r , r 2 , r 3 is depicted . for thermal impedance match : a study of the units for thermal impedances teaches that to maintain a thermal match , the minimum requirement is reasoned with the following argument . the unit of thermal conductivity is watts per meter degree kelvin ( w / mk °). however , this is a reduction of the equation watt - meter per meter 2 - k ° ( wm / m 2 - k °). this is shown in equation where m 2 is area . the following derivation shows the needed area differences for equal heat flow at the same temperatures and layer thickness . for two materials at the same temperature to conduct the same amount of heat at equal temperatures and for maximum transfer : only the areas can be manipulated , so for equal heat flow at equal temperature : if a design allows a three dimensional approach , then an approach such as shown below in equation 5 can be used to approximate a material requirement using a radial distance to area ratio , where l 1 and l 2 are radial distances . fig7 shows an impedance matching device in a cylindrical coordinate system . in this framework , the heat is vectored into the z - axis and the radial - axis consistent with equation 4 . the local heat flow vectors 20 are seen in the heat flow simulation in fig7 , and it is everywhere orthogonal to the isometric boundary . each isothermal boundary is a temperature change of 0 . 011 degrees kelvin . it can be seen from the average temperature of each layer that there is a very uniform distribution of temperature . the heat source layer is 319 . 8 ° k , the next layer 318 . 5 ° k , the next 317 . 8 ° k and the last layer 313 . 38 ° k . the layers of materials in this example r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , r 4 , r 5 are aluminum , steel , glass , plaster ( or drywall ), and plywood , respectively . the average temperature demonstrates that each layer has moved the temperature gradient to a nearly uniform - radial - distribution over each subsequent layer and , therefore , fully utilizes the available areas for heat transport . conversely , a much lower average temperature would indicate a rapid reduction in temperature and , therefore , a rapidly reducing radial temperature and declining heat flow . the described simulation is derived from the effects of the maximum power transfer theorem . for electrical circuits , it would be the point where the voltage drop across the load is the same as the voltage drop across the internal source impedance . the only difference is that temperature on the absolute kelvin scale causes some confusion . it is , thus , helpful to define a local condition , i . e . the total temperature is the local temperature differential . in the example , ambient temperature is 22 ° c . ( 298 ° k ), and the source / first layer is 42 ° c . ( 319 ° k ) therefore the local differential is 20 ° c . to meet the criteria for maximum transfer , the temperature needs to ideally drop 10 ° c . across the impedance matching network . the total drop is in the simulation and across the impedance matching is about 7 ° c . this would indicate that we have not reached an ideal condition and would require adjustment of one of the layer thicknesses or areas . however , the simulation does not handle less than ideal boundary conditions well . in reality , the drop is typically higher than shown in the simulation . the design is critical in the first layers nearest the heat source and less critical as in subsequent layers moving away from the heat source 12 . this allows designs to be fabricated on large sheets of the least costly materials while not significantly impacting the overall performance . the first layers provide strong vectoring of heat flow and must not be smaller than prescribed by the invention design criteria . once vectored , the final layers are less important and can have deviations larger than design without significant impact . however , the extra materials do not significantly change the operational outcome . this has practical importance to the extent the inventor contemplates the addition of materials outside the local boundaries of primary heat flow and would clearly fall within the intended scope of the invention as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art . on the contrary , additional materials could allow for inherent flow re - vectoring in a case where a dirt layer could accumulate on the final layer . this could be anticipated in a design and thus , the extra materials allow the heat to re - vector into , as the final thermal layer is altered , preserving the functionality . this would provide and inherent adjustability to the design allowing it to adapt to changing environmental changes , such as accumulation of dust and dirt or other environmental conditions likely to be encountered by a thermal management system of the present invention . the matching network has many possible variations that can provide good thermal matching to thin layers , such as steel furniture . the steel outside of the furniture is typically between 5 and 10 thousandths of an inch thick . in fig1 , a network 26 is a typical design for a thin - wall steel configuration . the network comprises multiple layers 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 . the first layer 30 is generally aluminum . the final layer 33 is the steel layer and has a very small radial cross - section and , therefore , a high thermal impedance looking from the center of the heat source outwardly . ( see fig9 ). the next step is counterintuitive , insert a low thermal conductive material . two criteria must be met for this to be meaningful . the thermal impedance needs to be chosen to cause a great enough temperature drop to provide a strong radial vectoring . two common materials , but by no means the only two , are brass and a thin polyester film , preferably mylar ® ( mylar ® is a registered trademark of e . i . du pont de nemours and company corporation ), in layers 31 , 32 before the final steel layer 33 . the thermal conductivity transition between the two materials vector the heat out radially until the cross section at the final radius r 33 , in the steel final layer 33 , for good heat transfer . at r 33 , the cross - section would appear , if unwrapped from the perimeter , as shown in fig1 , a long , slim rectangle . r 33 is the perimeter where the cross - sectional area of the section approaches the cross - section in the impedance matching network . near this radius and beyond , thermal heat transfer is effective . for this reason the network 26 could be a series of concentric rings that are stacked as shown in fig1 . in fig1 , a stack is formed by a first thermal layer 29 . the first layer 29 is typically a solid material , as the source is typically located in the center of the initial layer , for example solid copper . the next layers 30 , 31 are concentric rings followed by a layer 32 of polyester film , e . g . mylar ®, and the final layer 33 , e . g . a thin steel layer . it should be noted that although this provides for the minimum use of materials , it could be all solid without loss of effectiveness . see also fig1 . broadly speaking , the invention is not limited to any particular physical shape or material dimension . however , one of ordinary skill would readily understand that in each geometry , where the invention is applied , the sequence of material thermal / impedance transitions , to meet the geometric condition , could be much different than described . however , the transitions will substantially be sequenced in ascending or descending order of thermal impedances it is important to remember that the impedance network is bi - directional and has solar applications for non - optical collection and redirection of solar energy . fig1 shows the use of a thermal network 40 collecting a diffuse thermal energy and , through a progressive thermal mass , concentrating the thermal flow to a smaller area where it can be effectively collected . the network 40 is composed of , but not limited to , a glass layer 42 , a steel layer 44 , an aluminum layer 46 , and a final copper layer 48 to which a heat exchanger 50 is attached . to prevent heat loss to the air , a layer of insulation 52 is provided opposite the glass . for best absorption of the visible solar energies , a second steel layer 44 just below a glass layer 42 would be black in color . the glass layer 42 traps the infrared energies , giving the invention a broadband absorption characteristic unlike solar voltaic cells which are much narrower band collectors . another method of achieving a thermal impedance match is to use as few as , but not limited , to two materials and a minimum condition that is repeated as shown in fig1 . the figure shows a composite layer 58 formed from two discrete materials , a metallic layer 60 , e . g . copper 60 , and a second layer 62 , preferably a temperature resistant , flame retardant nylon , such as nomex ® ( nomex ® is a registered trademark of e . i . du pont de nemours and company corporation ), or a fiber paper . each copper 60 / nomex ® 62 composite layer 58 creates an averaged thermal impedance to the heat source 12 . it should be noted that , in fig1 , the layers are shown equal thickness , width and length . this is for explanation purposes only and not a requirement of inventive method . this composite layered form 58 , having alternating layers of high and low thermal conductivity , creates a thermal impedance layer that meets the criteria of transition layers that approach the thermal impedance of the final heat sinking layer as explained previously . isotherms 63 for a heat flow q are shown . the calculation of the minimum condition for a thermal matching device utilizing layer - averaging is set forth below . providing only two layers , however , would represent a poor impedance match and would transfer heat poorly . the greater the number of layers , and thus the greater the transitional granularity , the better the heat transfer . equation 6 shows the simple averaging process given the criteria previously described . the thermal impedance for this explanation is shown as t h1 , t h2 and t havg for a single composite layer . for the sake of explanation , t h2 is known to be half of t h1 . the results are of the averaging process for a first composite layer 58 . the averaging process for a pair of composite layers is set forth below . we see that the average of the averaged layers is the same . this has created the thermal equivalent of the distributed impedances in a transmission line , where , for example , the impedance of a cable could be 50 ohm no matter how long it may be . however , the goal is to transition from two very different thermal impedances to improve transfer . to accomplish this , average layer to average layer must be incrementally different . this can be seen in fig1 where each composite average layer is ½ of the previous layer for example purposes . this is accomplished by either adjusting layer thickness or thickness to volume ratio of one or both of the two materials in the composite layer 66 . now , there is graduated transition averaged layer to averaged layer where the averaged value of the composite layer 68 is half that of composite layer 66 etc . equation 8 describes the average process : this process would continue until the temperature drop for the given heat flow is equal to half the thermal differential , thus fitting the maximum transfer theorem for heat flow . the calculation and the potential variations and layer type and dimensions are not detailed due to the shear volume of options as would be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art . an additional variation is to have a graduated suspension of a high thermal conductivity material in another of lower thermal conductivity . fig1 illustrates a plurality of layers , e . g . four layers 70 , 72 , 74 , 76 where a material 78 , e . g . a conductor , such a metal like copper or aluminum , is interspersed in a clay substrate 80 . although shown as layers it could be a graduated distribution over a clay block . the dot density in fig1 represents the level of ( or ratio ) of high conductivity to low conductivity such that each subsequent layer has a decreasing ratio of high conductivity material 78 to low conductivity material as the layers move away from the heat source 12 . showing it in discrete form allows use of the graduated layer explanation previously described . referring to fig1 , an additional variation is to use the principle of diffusion to diffuse a higher thermal impedance material 82 ( e . g . a metal ) into a lower thermal impedance 84 material ( e . g . a ceramic ). this would generate a continuum of thermal graduations 86 a , 86 b , 86 c and the most ideal thermal matching . the layer would be designed for specific heat flows and differential impedances and follow the rules of maximum energy transfer for heat . the present invention immediately finds application in light emitting diode lighting systems . it allows the ordinary surfaces — walls , floors , ceiling tiles , concrete walls to become viable heat sinks for led lighting . it is purely passive and uses the most ordinary materials . it includes unique counter - intuitive characteristics such as — when 60 watts of leds are mounted and operating on a half inch thick piece of paperboard by two foot square ( a ceiling tile ) positioned horizontally , the temperature equilibrates to design level — place fiberglass insulation on top and the temperature will not rise — if the insulation to paperboard interface is good the temperature will drop . one practical application of the invention is removing heat from an led lighting system . the described technique can be implemented to decrease the application limitations of leds while reducing the carbon footprint associated with the heavy use of metals such as copper , aluminum and steel . metal usage can be reduced by 80 % and substituted with common recyclable / degradable materials such as wood , concrete and plastics . this is accomplished with an engineered thermal impedance matching / thermal vectoring network that transitions the heat from the source to subsequent intermediate layers that provide rapid dispersal of the heat to background materials and structures such as walls , floors , ceilings and ceiling tiles . this allows leds to be deployed in a rational , ecological manner with a much smaller environmental impact . all materials can conduct heat , some much better than others . classically only very high thermally conductive materials , e . g . copper and aluminum are used in the construction of heat removal devices . however , this approach albeit functional does not fill the need of form and function needed to allow leds to come to highest level of utilization in most lighting applications . to gain a full perspective of the approach , it is best to understand the materials that could be involved or encountered in a user environment . table 1 gives a brief sketch of some of those materials and an approximation of that materials thermal conductivity . from table 1 several observations can be made . the most obvious is that all heat sinks should be fabricated from diamonds — albeit expensive — and could only add to the glamour of led lighting . at a more practical level , the materials commonly used are aluminum and air . the thermal conductance of aluminum and air differ by a ratio of more than 12 , 000 : 1 . according to the principles of the invention described above , this is an undesirable impedance matching condition . several conditions have to be met for the proper impedance / conductance matching according to one aspect of the invention to take place . the use of impedance matching is used as generic term for the matching process . heat much be moved in such a way as to create an optimal thermal distribution to deliver heat flux densities that match with the materials heat flow capabilities . this is nearly impossible with homogeneous material structures such as a typical heat sink . fig1 is a schematic diagram representing a lighting system 100 having a string of leds 102 . the leds 102 are mounted on a copper bar 104 and attached to an aluminum heat sink 106 having a plurality of fins 108 . the leds have a total heat contribution of 12 watts , and the dimensions of the system 100 are 3 . 35 ins × 5 . 15 ins × 2 ins . a distribution of the temperatures in the system 100 showed that the highest drop in temperature occurred at the air / fin interface . this system 100 was highly ineffective at moving the heat from the operating device . in this example , with 12 watts and an ambient of 300 ° k with natural convection , the temperature rise in the center of the copper bar 104 / led 102 interface boundary was 15 ° k to 315 ° k . any obstruction that would interfere with air movement would be catastrophic to operating this device 100 . the heat sink occupied a volume of 34 cubic inches and 400 grams . the volumetric requirements that the structure needed to occupy for adequate operation in the less the optimal orientation shown , was at least twice its physical displacement needed to provide space enough for establishment of real convection . the physical structure illustrated in fig1 was ineffective at moving the heat from its target thermal load as the heat flow tries to vector into the outer areas of the heat sink 106 of the fin header . the system 100 did not effectively move heat to the outer regions for removal . it was clear that the structure could move more heat if it were distributed uniformly over the header region 106 . fig1 is a plot of the flux distribution along a line between the copper 104 and the heat sink 106 . it is clear that the density bunching in that region focuses the heat flow to the fins 108 immediately above the led bar 104 . it is apparent that the center 30 % is handling 80 % of the thermal loading in the heat sink ( see also fig1 , reference 110 ). thus , it is clear more metal does not always equate to cooler leds . the above discussion now leads to the concept of vectored thermal flow and thermal impedance / conductance matching . vectoring of the heat flow is used to distribute the heat flux , as needed to effectively move the heat away from the operating device , while simultaneously delivering it to the areas that can sink the heat away . fig2 shows the physical structure of a network 200 designed according to the principles of the present invention . the network 200 is composed of a plurality of layers of materials of descending thermal conductance . the led bar is the same as described earlier with a string of leds 202 on a layer of copper 204 and has the same thermal loading of about 12 watts for a thermal density of 2200 w / m 2 . the dimensions were 5 ins × 5 . 15 ins × 0 . 170 ins for a volume of 4 . 4 in 3 and a weight of 200 grams . the layers in this example were layer one 204 of copper 0 . 02 ins , layer two 210 of aluminum at 0 . 03 ins , layer three 212 of 347 stainless steel at 0 . 04 ins , and layer four 214 of glass at 0 . 08 ins as the final stage material . the performance of this network can be seen in fig2 and 23 . the thermal distribution over the structure 200 had a thermal rise above ambient of 16 ° k for a temperature of 316 ° k . as compared to the typical finned heat sink arrangement , the system 200 is as effective at ⅙ the volume . a closer look at the simulation output of the heat densities revealed a strong vectoring of the heat flow orthogonal to the led bar normal vector . the densities were lower in the second layer 210 with much less variation — more uniform distribution — of heat flux density . by the third layer 212 , the densities were nearly uniform . fig2 shows the temperature distribution of the network 200 as well as a test boundary between layer three 212 and layer four 214 . as compared with the finned heat sink example , the distribution shows a higher thermal potential over very broad region of the network body . this is a requirement for optimal thermal flow . the nearly uniform heat flux can be seen in fig2 . the effect can be explained by thermal potential equalization that takes place by the progression of thermal conductance from the highest , at the source , through intermediate layers , to a final layer that is far less dissimilar to the final transport media thermal conductance . at each layer , the thermal potential drop is equalized orthogonally to the normal heat flow vector . with the right combination of layers materials and layer thicknesses networks can be designed to use ordinary structures , e . g . walls , floors , ceiling , and tiles , for very potent heat sinks . there seemed to be an under deployment for the first copper layer 204 , transitioning from ˜ 23 , 000 w / m 2 to ˜ 13 , 000 w / m 2 . this was by design to provide for an inherent self - adjusting property . to demonstrate , a second design 300 of the matching network . the only difference was a fifth layer 316 of a 1 . 0 ins layer of fiberglass insulation as illustrated in fig2 . intuition would lead to the conclusion that the heat would be trapped by the insulation layer 316 . in reality , as seen in table 1 , fiberglass insulation is a better conductor of heat than air by a factor of three . the effect of the insulation did not radically change the overall performance of the network 300 . in this example , there was an additional 8 ° k rise over the previous un - insulated example ( compare fig2 with fig2 ). also , the normal heat flux vector , fig2 , shows a seeming reduction ; however , the tangential component , fig2 , now comes into play . the effect of the insulation causes the network to redirect heat potentials to maximize flow . other designs have been tested that can properly heat sink 60 watts on 0 . 2 in thick networks attached directly to cellulose ceiling tiles . concrete , woods , plastic and many other materials classically considered thermal impediments now can be configured into effective heat removal entities thus reducing the need for metals in heat sinking applications by 80 % or more . three devices were produced for comparison purposes . two devices were produced according to conventional commercially available thermal dissipation methods , and one device was built according to the thermal impedance matching network of the present invention . all three devices had equivalent thermal performance . one of the conventional devices was a finned aluminum dissipation device . it weighed 497 grams and was 5 ins × 5 ins × 1 . 2 ins . for proper free air operation the fins needed to be positioned vertically and clearance had to be at least 1 . 2 ins around the back side . this made the use of this very difficult with many fixture designs . a far more complex compound device with a copper thermal spreader to embedded heat pipes distributing the heat was also built . it weighed 461 grams and was 3 . 4 ins × 2 . 7 ins × 2 . 5 ins . this device also needed proper clearances to allow for proper thermal dissipation , thus suffering the same drawbacks as the simple finned device . the third device was an equivalent thermal impedance matching network of the present invention . it weighed 261 grams and was 4 ins × 7 ins by 0 . 2 ins . there were no limits on front side clearance ; however it needed to be in contact with wallboard or table top . a test was carried out to measure the operation of each unit . the test allowed for free air convection with two 13 watt leds operating at rated power until thermal equilibration . this device has multiple orientations of which only one will give design performance . two common orientations were applied in this test , fins vertical and then horizontal . the proper placement is fin vertical to allow convective air currents to pass through the fins and remove heat . the fins horizontal mode destroys effective air convection through the fins and is less effective . the configuration of the first prior art unit was with fins vertical and one led above the other thus creating a different temperature in the two leds . at 25 ° c . ambient and 26 watts power the fins vertical configuration , the lower led achieved 71 ° c . and the upper led achieved 74 ° c . tests with fins horizontal , which is technically a wrong configuration , negated the differential temperature , and the leds reached equilibrium at 77 ° c . it should be noted that the above test allowed clearances around the heat sink that would not be allowed in real world application . the sheer volume of the heat sink is 30 in 3 . to provide for proper free air convective current a 50 % to 100 % additional volume is needed to properly utilize this device . the horizontal orientation had the same limitations ; however , the convective efficiency was reduced making it not much better than a flat aluminum plate . if this type of thermal management is utilized fixture flexibility is comprised as to its orientation , and the required clearances will limit its aesthetic appeal . similar testing was carried out on the second prior art unit , which is a compound heat sink . this is because of the use of multiple materials such as : a copper header , an aluminum base , heat pipes , and fabricated fins . at 26 watts and 25 ° c . ambient the equilibrated temperature was 79 . 3 ° c . the unit weighed 461 grams with a volume of 23 in 3 . while there were small savings in volume and weight , they were vastly offset by the cost of such a device . the thermal impedance matching device of the present invention was tested in normal horizontal position . in this position , the heat flow is nearly all conductive sinking to support surface on which it rests , in this case a table top . convection is a very small part of the heat flow and thus could be completely enclosed without affecting the equilibrated temperature . at 26 watts 25 ° c . ambient , the final temperature was 79 ° c . the unit weighed 261 grams 130 grams of which was window glass , 31 grams were copper , 60 grams were steel and 40 grams were aluminum . the volume was 5 . 6 in 3 , and the device did not require additional space for proper operation . compared to the simple finned aluminum device there was a 47 % reduction in weight and an 82 % reduction in volume . compared to the compound device there was a 44 % weight improvement and 76 % reduction in volume . the only limitation in applying the thermal impedance device was that it needed to be in contact with wallboard , wood thick paper or concrete . another example of an application of the present invention is illustrated in fig2 . a network 400 includes a 24 watt led array 402 , with a first layer of copper 404 , a second layer of aluminum 410 , a third layer of glass 412 , and a fourth layer of a compressed cellulose fiber board 414 . another example of an application of the present invention is illustrated in fig2 . a network 500 includes a 60 watt led array 502 , with a first layer of copper 504 , a second layer of aluminum 510 , a third layer of glass 512 , and a fourth layer of a cellulose paper ceiling tile 514 . fig3 is a system 600 having a 350 watt led array 602 where the final layer 614 is a concrete backing board . the concrete has an aluminum foil 616 to hide the concrete layer 614 . each led is backed by first , second , and third layers of copper , aluminum , and stainless steel . the devices described in the examples generally use a technique of stacking or layering wherein a surface of each subsequent layer is in thermal communication , preferably engaging , a surface of the preceding layer as shown consistently throughout the figures . the terms “ first ,” “ second ,” “ upper ,” “ lower ,” “ top ,” “ bottom ,” etc . are used for illustrative purposes relative to other elements only and are not intended to limit the embodiments in any way . the term “ plurality ” as used herein is intended to indicate any number greater than one , either disjunctively or conjunctively as necessary , up to an infinite number . the phrase “ stacked relationship ” is generally intended to indicate successive layers of material having thermal impedances . layers in “ stacked relationship ” tend to engage successive layers in the stack . “ stacked relationship ” includes successive annular layers as well as generally planar members and combinations of the same as described and shown in the drawings . while this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms , there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspect of the invention to the embodiments illustrated . while the specific embodiments have been illustrated and described , numerous modifications come to mind without significantly departing from the spirit of the invention , and the scope of protection is only limited by the scope of the accompanying claims . | 5 |
the present invention is implemented in a mobile communication system , such as a umts ( universal mobile telecommunications system ), which has been developed according to 3gpp specifications . however , the present invention can also be applied to a different communications system . the present invention relates to discontinuously transmitting and receiving mbms data between a network providing one or more mbms services and a mobile terminal receiving a specific mbms . for this purpose , the network system transmits an mbms control message through a first physical channel , and transmits mbms data and an mbms control assist message ( e . g . scheduling message ) assisting the mbms control message through a second physical channel , to thereby discontinuously transmit the mbms data to the mobile terminal according to the mbms control assist message . the mobile terminal receives the mbms control message through the first physical channel , receives the mbms data and the mbms control assist message assisting the mbms control message through the second physical channel , and discontinuously receives the mbms data from the network according to the control assist message . the mbms control assist message includes , for example , mbms scheduling information for mbms data transmitted through an mtch and indicates the suspension or resumption of an mbms transmission or reception . if the mbms scheduling information included in the mbms control assist message indicates suspension of the mbms transmission or reception , the terminal suspends reception of the mbms data . if the mbms scheduling information indicates resumption of the mbms transmission or reception , the terminal resumes reception of the mbms data . furthermore , if the mbms scheduling information of the mbms control assist message indicates suspension of transmission or reception of the mbms data , the mbms scheduling information additionally transfers suspension time information to the terminal . preferably , the suspension time information includes a time for when the terminal suspends reception of the mbms data , a suspension period or a suspension offset for receiving the mbms data . the mbms control message is transmitted through the logical channel mcch . the mbms data is transmitted through the logical channel mtch . the first physical channel is preferably the physical channel sccpch to which the mcch is mapped . the second physical channel is preferably the physical channel sccpch to which the logical channel mtch is mapped . the mbms control assist message is transmitted through a second physical channel to which the logical channel mtch is mapped . the mbms control assist message is preferably transmitted through a logical channel different from the mcch . preferably , the mbms control assist message includes scheduling information indicating a control message transmitted through the first physical channel . fig4 illustrates an mbms channel mapping structure in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig4 , in order to discontinuously transmit and receive mbms data , an s - mcch ( secondary mcch ) assists the mcch , wherein the s - mcch is used to transmit the mbms control assist message to the terminal . the logical channel s - mcch is mapped to the transport channel fach and the fach is mapped to the physical channel sccpch . the s - mcch is mapped to the same sccpch to which the mtch is mapped . preferably , the s - mcch is always mapped to the same sccpch to which one or more mtch are mapped . furthermore , it is preferable that the s - mcch not be mapped to the same sccpch to which the mcch is mapped . only one mcch exists per cell , but comparatively , the number of s - mcchs existing per cell are as many as the number of sccpchs to which one or more mtchs are mapped . preferably , one or more s - mcchs exist in one cell . further , a protocol stack of the s - mcch is the same as a protocol stack of the mcch . referring to fig4 , one mtch is used to transmit the mbms data for a specific mbms service . the s - mcch transmits an mbms control assist message related to the transmission and reception of the mtch mapped to the same sccpch as the s - mcch . the mbms control assist message includes mbms scheduling information for the mbms data transmitted through the mtch , e . g ., a transmission / reception indicator . the mbms scheduling information is used to inform terminals desiring to receive a specific mbms to suspend or resume reception of the mbms through a specific mtch . the mbms control assist message transmitted through the s - mcch may include mbms scheduling information with an identifier for identifying a specific mtch ( mtch identifier ) or an identifier for identifying an mbms transmitted through the mtch ( mbms identifier ). accordingly , the mbms scheduling information can control the transmission / reception of mbms data transmitted through the mtch by using the mtch identifier or mbms identifier . the operation of discontinuously transmitting / receiving mbms data in accordance with the present invention will now be described . referring to fig5 to 7 , a process is illustrated in which the utran discontinuously transmits specific mbms data in units of tti ( transmission time interval ) through the sccpch and the terminal discontinuously receives the specific mbms data through the sccpch . herein , the units of tti can be set at 10 ms , 20 ms , 40 ms or 80 ms . fig5 illustrates a timeline for discontinuously transmitting / receiving mbms data between the utran and the terminal in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention ( mode 1 ). as shown in fig5 , the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension is not repeatedly transmitted during a suspension interval ( s 3 ) of mbms data reception . first , the network ( for example , the utran ) transmits data through an sccpch to which a specific mtch for a specific mbms is mapped . the data is transmitted in units of tti ( transmission time interval ). the terminal desiring to receive the mbms receives the mbms data through the sccpch ( step s 1 ). if the data transmission is suspended for the specific mbms service through the specific mtch , the utran transmits an mbms control assist message including mbms scheduling information indicating suspension and an mbms identifier ( or a mtch identifier ) through the s - mcch ( step s 2 ). the terminal receives the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension and the mbms identifier ( or the mtch identifier ). the utran may also include in the mbms control assist message time information at which mbms scheduling information indicating resumption of mbms data transmission is transmitted . in this case , the terminal obtains from the mbms control assist message the time information at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is transmitted . accordingly , the utran suspends mbms data transmission through the mtch and the terminal suspends mbms data reception through the mtch according to the indication of the mbms scheduling information included in the mbms control assist message ( step s 3 ). during the data reception suspension interval , the terminal may perform various operations such as a measurement process according to an instruction of the utran , receive the mcch , or receive a paging indicator channel for an mbms . in step s 2 , if time information at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption of the mbms data transmission is to be transmitted is included in the mbms control assist message , the terminal detects in the mbms control assist message the time information at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is transmitted from the utran . if , however , the time information at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is to be transmitted is not included in the mbms control assist message , the utran transmits the time information at which the mbms scheduling information is to be transmitted through the mcch or the paging indicator channel during the data reception suspension interval . accordingly , the terminal can obtain the time information at which the mbms scheduling information is to be transmitted and detect the time information at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption of the mbms data transmission is to be transmitted . in this manner , the terminal can detect the time information at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is to be transmitted and suspend reception of the mbms data through the sccpch to which the mtch is mapped until the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is transmitted . when the data transmission for the mbms through the mtch is resumed , the utran transmits the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption of the mbms data transmission and the mbms identifier ( or the mtch identifier ) to the terminal ( step s 4 ). then , the terminal receives the mbms control assist message and obtains the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption of the mbms data transmission and the mbms identifier ( or the mtch identifier ). if there is a time difference between the point at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is transmitted and the point at which mbms data transmission through the mtch is resumed , the utran also includes information regarding an mtch data transmission resumption point in the mbms control assist message . the terminal obtains the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point from the mbms control assist message . accordingly , the utran resumes the data transmission for the mbms through the mtch and the terminal resumes receiving the mbms data through the mtch according to the indication of the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption ( step s 5 ). in this case , if the received mbms control assist message includes the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point , the terminal starts receiving the mbms data through the mtch from the mtch data transmission resumption point . if , however , the mbms control assist message does not include the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point , the terminal starts receiving the mbms data through the mtch immediately after receiving the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption . fig6 illustrates a timeline for discontinuously transmitting / receiving mbms data between the utran and the terminal in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention ( mode 2 ). as shown in fig6 , the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information is periodically transmitted during the suspension interval of the data reception . for this purpose , the utran should inform the terminal about a transmission cycle of the mbms scheduling information that is periodically transmitted during the suspension interval of the data reception . the transmission cycle information of the mbms scheduling information includes a cycle length with which the mbms scheduling information is repeatedly transmitted during the suspension interval of the data reception . the cycle length refers to a time interval between two successive mbms scheduling information transmissions . in fig6 , the cycle length is equal to 5 tti ; i . e ., five times a tti length . referring to fig6 , the process of transmitting and receiving the mbms data between the utran and the terminal is as follows . the utran transmits specific mbms data through the sccpch to which a specific mtch is mapped in units of tti . the terminal that desires to receive the mbms , receives the mbms data through the sccpch to which the mtch is mapped ( step s 1 ). if the mbms data transmission through the mtch is intended to be suspended , the utran transmits an mbms control assist message including mbms scheduling information indicating suspension of the mbms data transmission and the mbms identifier ( or mtch identifier ) through the s - mcch ( step s 2 ). here , the utran also includes the transmission cycle information of the mbms scheduling information in the mbms control assist message . then , the terminal receives the mbms control assist message and obtains the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension of the mbms data transmission and the mbms identifier ( or mtch identifier ). in this case , the terminal obtains the transmission cycle information of the mbms scheduling information from the mbms control assist message . the utran suspends mbms data transmission through the mtch and the terminal suspends mbms data reception through the mtch according to the indication of the mbms scheduling information included in the mbms control assist message ( step s 3 ). during the suspension interval of the data reception , the terminal can perform various operations such as a measurement process according to an instruction of the utran , receive the mcch , or receive a paging indicator channel for an mbms . the utran periodically transmits the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information through the s - mcch during the suspension interval of the data reception ( step s 4 ). if the transmission cycle information of the mbms scheduling information is included in the mbms control assist message in the step s 2 , the terminal obtains the transmission cycle information of the mbms scheduling information from the mbms control assist message and detects a point at which the mbms scheduling information is periodically transmitted . if , however , the transmission cycle of the mbms scheduling information is not included in the mbms control assist message , the terminal receives the transmission cycle information of the mbms scheduling information through the bcch or the mcch before performing the step s 4 . after obtaining a point at which the mbms scheduling information is periodically transmitted , the terminal suspends reception of the mbms data through the mtch and receives the mbms scheduling information through the s - mcch periodically . in addition , during the suspension interval of the data reception , the utran periodically transmits the mbms scheduling information through the s - mcch ( step s 5 ). meanwhile , the terminal suspends mbms data reception through the mtch and periodically receives the mbms scheduling information through the s - mcch by using the transmission cycle information of the mbms scheduling information obtained in the step s 4 . thereafter , when the mbms data transmission through the mtch is to be resumed , the utran sets the mbms scheduling information to indicate resumption of the mbms data transmission and transmits an mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption and the mbms identifier ( or the mtch identifier ) to the terminal through the s - mcch ( step s 6 ). if there is a time difference between the point at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is transmitted and the point at which data transmission of the mbms through the mtch is resumed , the utran also includes information regarding an mtch data transmission resumption point in the mbms control assist message . the terminal obtains the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point from the mbms control assist message . accordingly , the utran resumes data transmission of the mbms through the mtch and the terminal resumes reception of the mbms data through the mtch according to the indication of the control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption of the mbms data transmission that has been received in the step s 6 ( step s 7 ). if the mbms control assist message received in the step s 6 includes the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point , the terminal starts receiving the mbms data through the mtch from the mtch data transmission resumption point as indicated by the information . if , however , the mbms control assist message received in the step s 6 does not include information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point , the terminal starts receiving the mbms data through the mtch immediately after receiving the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption . fig7 illustrates a method of discontinuously transmitting / receiving mbms data between the utran and the terminal in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention ( mode 3 ). as shown in fig7 , the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information is non - periodically transmitted during the suspension interval of the data reception . for this purpose , if the mbms control assist message transmitted during the suspension interval of the data reception includes the mbms scheduling information , the utran also includes transmission point information regarding the next mbms scheduling information transmission transmitted in a corresponding mbms control assist message . preferably , the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information includes transmission point information of the mbms scheduling information to be transmitted next . preferably , the transmission point information of the mbms scheduling information to be transmitted next includes time difference ( offset ) information between a transmission point of the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information being currently transmitted and a transmission point of the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information to be transmitted next . for example , in the step s 2 of fig7 , the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension of the mbms data transmission includes an offset value of 7 . the offset value is the time difference between the transmission point of the mbms scheduling information in the step s 2 and the transmission point of the mbms scheduling information in the step s 4 . in this manner , the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension transmitted in the step s 4 includes an offset value of 4 . the offset value indicates the time difference between the transmission point of the mbms scheduling information in the step s 4 and the transmission point of the mbms scheduling information in the step s 5 . in the same manner , the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension transmitted in the step s 5 includes an offset value of 5 , wherein the offset value indicates the time difference between the transmission point of the mbms scheduling information in the step s 5 and the transmission point of the mbms scheduling information in the step s 6 . such a method can be also applied to a mbms control assist message including mbms scheduling information indicating resumption of the mbms data transmission . the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption transmitted in the step s 6 of fig7 includes an offset value of 3 . the offset value indicates the time difference between the transmission point of the mbms scheduling information in the step s 6 and the resumption point of the data transmission of the mbms through the mtch that follows immediately . the process of transmitting / receiving specific mbms data between the utran and the terminal will now be described . the utran transmits the mbms data through a specific sccpch to which a specific mtch is mapped in units of tti . the terminal that desires to receive the mbms , receives the mbms data through the sccpch to which the mtch is mapped ( step s 1 ). if the data transmission for the mbms through the mtch is to be suspended during the data transmission , the utran transmits an mbms control assist message including mbms scheduling information indicating suspension of the mbms data transmission , an mbms identifier ( or a mtch identifier ) and an offset value through the s - mcch ( step s 2 ). here , the offset value is equal to 7 . the terminal receives the mbms control assist message and obtains the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension , the mbms identifier ( or the mtch identifier ) and the offset value . thereafter , the utran suspends the data transmission of the mbms data through the mtch and the terminal suspends receiving the mbms data through the mtch according to the indication of the mbms scheduling information included in the mbms control assist message ( step s 3 ). during the suspension interval of the data reception , the terminal may perform various operations such as a measurement process according to an instruction of the utran , receive the mcch , or receive a paging indicator channel for an mbms . the utran transmits the next mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information , the mbms service identifier ( or the mtch identifier ) and the offset value through the s - mcch during the suspension interval ( step s 4 ). the terminal detects the next transmission point of the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information by using the offset value ( offset = 7 ) obtained in the previous step s 2 , and receives the corresponding mbms control assist message at the indicated transmission point . preferably , since the offset value obtained by the terminal in the step s 2 is 7 , the terminal suspends reception of the sccpch to which the specific mtch is mapped during 6 ttis . after the seventh tti , the terminal receives the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information of the current step s 4 . in addition , the terminal also obtains a new offset value ( offset = 4 ) included in the mbms control assist message received in the current step s 4 . the utran then transmits the next mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information , the mbms identifier ( or the mtch identifier ) and an offset value through the s - mcch during the suspension interval of the data reception ( step s 5 ). in this case , the terminal receives the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information being currently transmitted according to the new offset value ( offset = 4 ) obtained in the previous step s 4 . the terminal also obtains the new offset value ( offset = 5 ) included in the mbms control assist message received in the current step s 5 . thereafter , if data transmission of the mbms through the mtch is to be resumed , the utran sets the mbms scheduling information to indicate the resumption of the mbms data transmission and then transmits the mbms control assist message including the corresponding mbms scheduling information and the mbms identifier ( or the mtch identifier ) to the terminal through the s - mcch ( step s 6 ). if there is a time interval between the point at which the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption is transmitted and the point at which the mbms data transmission through the mtch is resumed , the utran also includes in the mbms control assist message information relating to an mtch data transmission resumption point , such as an offset value . in this case , the terminal obtains the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point , namely , the offset value , from the mbms control assist message . here , the offset has a value of 3 . accordingly , the utran resumes the data transmission of the mbms through the mtch and the terminal resumes receiving the mbms data through the mtch according to the indication of the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption as received in the step s 6 ( step s 7 ). if the mbms control assist message received in the step s 6 includes the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point , namely , the offset value ( offset = 3 ), the terminal starts receiving the mbms data through the mtch from the mtch data transmission resumption point indicated by the offset . for example , as shown in fig7 , when the offset value is equal to 3 , the terminal receives the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption and the mtch data transmission resumption point at the step s 6 . the terminal then resumes receiving the mbms data through the mtch after suspending reception during 2 ttis . if the mbms control assist message received in the step s 6 does not include the information regarding the mtch data transmission resumption point , the terminal resumes receiving the mbms data through the mtch immediately after receiving the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating resumption . in the present invention , for the sake of explanation , three types of discontinuous transmission / reception methods have been described in three different embodiments ( modes ). the three types of discontinuous transmission / reception methods can be selectively used , for which the utran should transmit information regarding the selected embodiment ( mode ) to the terminal . namely , the utran may transmit a mode indicator to the terminal . the utran transmits the mode indicator and the terminal operates during the suspension interval of the data reception according to a mode indicated by the received mode indicator . the operations of the terminal according to each mode have been described with reference to fig5 to 7 . the utran can transmit the mode indicator to the terminal through various logical channels . first , a utran rrc can transmit the mode indicator to a terminal rrc by using system information through the bcch . second , the utran rrc can transmit the mode indicator to the terminal rrc by using an mbms rrc message through the mcch . third , the utran rrc can transmit the mode indicator to the terminal rrc through the s - mcch . preferably , when the mode indicator is transmitted to the terminal through the s - mcch , the utran rrc transmits the mode indicator to the terminal rrc using the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension of the mbms data transmission . specifically , the utran rrc transmits the mode indicator to the terminal rrc by using the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension most adjacent to the mtch data transmission . namely , the utran rrc uses the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension in the step s 2 of fig5 to 7 . for example , in the step s 2 of fig5 to 7 , the utran includes the mode indicator in the mbms control assist message including the mbms scheduling information indicating suspension and then transmits it to the terminal . accordingly the terminal receives the mbms control assist message including the mode indicator and then operates during the suspension interval of the data reception according to a mode indicated by the corresponding mode indicator . as so far described , the method for discontinuously receiving the mbms data in accordance with the present invention has many advantages . for example , a wireless system transmits an mbms control assist message through a physical channel transmitting mbms data and transmits mbms data discontinuously using the mbms control assist message . a mobile terminal receives the mbms control assist message through the physical channel and then receives the mbms data discontinuously according to the mbms control assist message . therefore , the mobile terminal can receive the mbms data or perform measurement operations effectively . namely , the terminal can easily perform a measurement operation while the mbms service is being provided . thus , the problem of the related art wherein the terminal cannot receive the mbms data while the measurement operation is performed is solved . although the present invention is described in the context of mobile communication , the present invention may also be used in any wireless communication systems using mobile devices , such as pdas and laptop computers equipped with wireless communication capabilities . moreover , the use of certain terms to describe the present invention should not limit the scope of the present invention to a certain type of wireless communication system . the present invention is also applicable to other wireless communication systems using different air interfaces and / or physical layers , for example , tdma , cdma , fdma , wcdma , etc . the preferred embodiments may be implemented as a method , apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and / or engineering techniques to produce software , firmware , hardware , or any combination thereof . the term “ article of manufacture ” as used herein refers to code or logic implemented in hardware logic ( e . g ., an integrated circuit chip , field programmable gate array ( fpga ), application specific integrated circuit ( asic ), etc .) or a computer readable medium ( e . g ., magnetic storage medium ( e . g ., hard disk drives , floppy disks , tape , etc . ), optical storage ( cd - roms , optical disks , etc . ), volatile and non - volatile memory devices ( e . g ., eeproms , roms , proms , rams , drams , srams , firmware , programmable logic , etc .). code in the computer readable medium is accessed and executed by a processor . the code in which preferred embodiments are implemented may further be accessible through a transmission media or from a file server over a network . in such cases , the article of manufacture in which the code is implemented may comprise a transmission media , such as a network transmission line , wireless transmission media , signals propagating through space , radio waves , infrared signals , etc . of course , those skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope of the present invention , and that the article of manufacture may comprise any information bearing medium known in the art . the foregoing embodiments and advantages are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention . the present teaching can be readily applied to other types of apparatuses . the description of the present invention is intended to be illustrative , and not to limit the scope of the claims . many alternatives , modifications , and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art . in the claims , means - plus - function clauses are intended to cover the structure described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures . | 7 |
fig2 a - 2e are cross - sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing a thin film transistor according to preferred embodiments of the present invention . referring to fig2 a , silicon oxide is deposited on an insulating substrate 200 such as glass to form a buffer oxide layer 202 . next , polysilicon is deposited on the buffer oxide layer 202 and then patterned preferably via an etching step so that the patterned polysilicon forms an active layer 204 . the buffer oxide layer 202 is provided to suspend defective induction . this can be caused by movement of the silicon component of the polysilicon towards the substrate during deposition of the polysilicon . the buffer oxide layer 202 also is arranged to function as a buffer between the insulating substrate 200 and the active layer 204 . note that the active layer 204 may also be formed from amorphous silicon instead of polysilicon . however , if amorphous silicon is used to form the active layer 204 , the amorphous silicon is instantaneously heated at a high enough temperature to achieve crystallization . this can be achieved with the use of a laser or some other suitable device . referring to fig2 b , a gate insulating layer 206 is formed on the buffer oxide layer 202 and covers the active layer 204 . a metal film is then formed on the gate insulating layer 206 and the active layer 204 preferably by sputtering a metal such as aluminum or molybdenum , or other suitable material . next , the metal film is patterned preferably via an etching process to cover only a portion of the active layer 204 , and thus , the patterned metal layer forms a gate electrode 208 . the gate electrode 208 is used as a mask while n type impurity ions heavily dope the entire surface of the insulating substrate 200 . the doping process creates heavily doped impurity regions on both sides of the gate electrode 208 within the active layer 204 . these regions serve as source region s 2 and drain region d 2 . referring to fig2 c , an interlevel insulating layer 210 is formed by covering the entire surface of the structure . the interlevel insulating layer 210 is then etched until the source region s 2 of the active layer 204 is exposed . this process forms a first contact hole c 3 . next , a metal film is formed on the interlevel insulating layer 210 and covers the first contact hole c 3 . the metal film is patterned by an etching process so that it is connected to the source region s 2 , and thus forms the source electrode 212 . thereafter , a protective layer 214 is formed to cover the entire surface of the structure . referring to fig2 d , the protective layer 214 is patterned preferably via an etching process to create a second contact hole c 4 , thus exposing the drain region d 2 . a metal film 218 , hereinafter referred to as the low resistance metal film , made from an in film , sn film or in / sn alloy film or other suitable material is formed on the protective layer 214 and covers the second contact hole c 4 . in this preferred embodiment , the thickness of the low resistance metal film 218 should be in the range of about 100 - 200 angstroms . referring now to fig2 e , ito ( indium tin oxide ) is deposited on the low resistance metal film 218 preferably via sputtering or chemical vapor deposition . note , when izo ( indium zinc oxide ) instead of ito is deposited on the low resistance metal film 218 , in , zn or in / zn alloy may be used for the low resistance metal film . the ito is then patterned preferably via an etching process to cover the second contact hole c 4 , and thus forms an interconnecting metal film ( conductive material ) 220 . finally , the low resistance metal film 218 is now patterned with the conductive material 220 functioning as a mask . except for certain portions , the low resistance metal film 218 is oxidized by the oxygen in the atmosphere during ito deposition and other processes so that it becomes transparent . further , the conductive material 220 serves both as a pixel electrode and a drain electrode because it is connected to the drain region d 2 of the active layer 204 . as described above , the preferred embodiments of the present invention have many advantages over the prior art such as the contact resistance being greatly reduced in the present invention . more specifically , the contact resistance is greatly reduced because the second contact hole c 4 is oxidized much less because of the existence of the low resistance film between the impurity - doped silicon layer and the ito . further , there is no need for an additional mask because the low resistance metal film is patterned using a photo - mask when forming the interconnecting metal line . while the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments , it will be understood by those skilled in the that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 7 |
description will now be directed to embodiments of the present invent ion with reference to fig1 to fig9 . fig1 shows an example of semiconductor laser according to the present invention having a wavelength of 1 . 3 - micrometer band capable of high - speed modulation not smaller than 40 giga bits per second . as shown in fig1 , on an n - type ( 100 ) inp semiconductor substrate 101 are successively formed by the organic metal gaseous phase growth method : an n - type inp buffer layer 102 having a thickness of 1 . 0 micrometers ; an n - type inalas buffer layer 103 having a thickness of 0 . 5 micrometers ; an n - type ingaalas lower side light guide layer 104 having a thickness of 0 . 05 micrometers ; a well layer of 1 % compression distorted ingaalas ( growth wavelength 1 . 37 micrometers ) having a thickness of 6 . 0 nm ; a 10 - cycle multi - well layer 105 formed from in gaalas ( growth speed 1 . 00 micrometers ) isolation layer having a thickness of 10 nm ; an upper side light guide layer 106 having a thickness of 0 . 05 micrometers ; a p - type inalas clad layer 107 having a thickness of 0 . 1 micrometers ; a p - type inp clad layer 108 having a thickness of 0 . 15 micrometers ; and a high - concentration p - type ingaas cap layer having a thickness of 0 . 2 micrometers . the multi - quantum well active layer 105 have light emitting wavelength of about 1 . 31 micrometers . next , by using a stripe - shaped guide mask and the known selective dry etching technique , a ridge waveguide is formed . here , as shown in fig1 , in addition to a straight - line - formed mono lateral mode waveguide 113 having a width of 1 . 6 micrometers , a multi - mode interference waveguide 114 is formed in such a manner that the lateral width is increased at the center portion of the waveguide . by properly designing the lateral width w mmi and the waveguide length l mmi , it is possible to obtain a high optical connection between the mono - mode waveguide and the multi - mode interference waveguide . here , considering the theoretically optimal approximate value ( l mmi = nw mmi 2 / λ , wherein n is a waveguide effective refraction index and λ is an operation wavelength ), the lateral width was set to 6 . 0 micrometers and the length was set to 89 . 7 micrometers . because of the manufacturing error , it is difficult to completely satisfy l mmi = nw mmi 2 / λ but an error of ± 10 % is normally allowed . moreover , when considering that the lateral width w mmi of the multi - mode waveguide has a lower limit of about 3 micrometers and accordingly , n is assumed to be about 3 . 2 , the l mmi has a lower limit of about 18 micrometers in case the wavelength is 1 . 55 micrometers . after this , the known ridge waveguide laser structure was subjected to wafer processing . after cutting into the element length 100 micrometers , on the front surface of the element was formed a high - reflection film 111 having a reflection factor of 80 % and on the rear surface was formed a high - reflection film having a reflection factor of 97 %. as shown in fig1 , a conventional element 113 entirely consisting of a straight waveguide is formed on the same substrate as a reference . fig2 shows a similar embodiment . this embodiment differs from the embodiment of fig1 in that the reflection surface of laser back was prepared by using the known dry etching technique . in this case , the laser resonator length can be reduced further down to 50 micrometers or less as compared to the embodiment of fig1 . fig3 shows a modification of the embodiment of fig2 , in which the laser back reflection mirror is replaced by the known distribution reflection mirror 115 consisting of semiconductor / air and a light output monitor 116 is monolythically integrated . fig4 shows check results of the laser element current / light output characteristics of the laser element shown in fig2 under the 85 ° c . and cw conditions . as shown in the figure , in the conventional type straight waveguide laser , the light output was thermally saturated at a low current level of about 42 ma . the main cause of this was a high electric resistance . on fig4 , current dependency of electric resistance is plotted . as is clear from this plot , in the straight waveguide element , when the resonator is reduced to 50 micrometers , the resistance becomes as high as 40 ohms or above . because of this output saturation , it becomes impossible to obtain a desired light output . furthermore , as is clear from the current dependency of the mitigation oscillation frequency shown in fig5 , saturation occurs at the level of 26 ghz and it is impossible to realize a high - speed direct modulation such as 40 giga bits per second . as compared to this , in the laser using the multi - mode interference waveguide , the electric resistance is reduced to 20 ohms which is about half of the aforementioned value . this is the effect of that the current flow area is increased by introducing the multi - mode interference waveguide . this improves the saturation light output of fig4 by about twice as compared to the conventional element . moreover , the mitigation oscillation frequency can be increased to 45 ghz , thereby enabling a high - speed direct modulation of 40 giga bits per second . the present invention is further characterized in that the threshold value current density can be reduced . in the conventional element , if the resonator length is reduced to improve the high laser speed , the active volume is reduced and the threshold value carrier density is remarkably increased . for this , as shown in the gain - carrier relationship of fig6 , laser operates in the gain saturation region . this not only lower the differential gain but also increases non - linear type damping . as a result , both of these effects deteriorate the laser high speed . according to the present invention , the problem of increase of the threshold value current density can be solved . that is , it is possible to reduce the threshold value current density of the short resonator laser and accordingly , it is possible to simultaneously increase the mitigation oscillation frequency and suppress damping . thus , it is possible to improve the laser high speed characteristic by a simple method . thus far has been explained a typical embodiment of the present invention using the ridge waveguide type laser structure formed from ingaalas material . the present invention can be applied to all the semiconductor materials such as ingaasp , gainnas , ingaas , ingaalp , and the like . moreover , the present invention can be applied not only to the ridge waveguide type laser but also to a laser having a so - called embedded hetero - structure and a embedded ridge structure . fig7 shows a 1 . 55 - micrometer band distribution reflection type laser capable of changing an oscillation wavelength by an electric signal according to the present invention . the continuous wavelength change characteristic of the distribution reflection type laser is determined by the laser longitudinal mode jump . the laser longitudinal mode jump interval δλ dbr depends on the active region length l a and is defined as follows : wherein λ is an oscillation wavelength and n is an optical refractive index of the laser medium . accordingly , in order to enlarge the continuous wavelength change width , at least δλ dbr should be increased . when the wavelength band λ is fixed , as is clear from equation ( 1 ), in order to increase the δλ dbr , the only effective means is reduction of l a . in the second embodiment , like in the first embodiment , the laser characteristic deterioration such as the electric resistance increase and output lowering upon reduction of l a can be improved by introducing the multi - mode waveguide into the active region . in fig7 a and 7b , on the n - type ( 100 ) inp semiconductor substrate 501 are successively formed by the organic metal gaseous phase growth method : an n - type ingaalas refractive index control layer ( composition wavelength 1 . 40 micrometers ) having a thickness of 0 . 3 micrometers ; an inalas etching stop layer having a thickness of 0 . 02 micrometers ; a p - type inp spacer layer having a thickness of 0 . 02 micrometers ; and an ingaasp ( composition wavelength 1 . 37 micrometers ) diffraction grating supply layer 504 . next , 241 - nm - cycle uniform diffraction grating is printed onto the diffraction grating supply layer 504 by the known method . subsequently , by using the known selective etching and the known technique for directly connecting a waveguide of a different type , 5 - cycle multi - quantum well layer 502 is formed from a distorted ingaalas material only at a portion to become an active region of the distribution reflection laser . subsequently , a p - type inp clad layer 505 having a thickness of 1 . 5 micrometers and a high - concentration p - type ingaas cap layer having a thickness of 0 . 2 micrometers are successively formed by the organic metal gaseous phase growth method . the multi - quantum well active layer 502 has a light emitting wavelength of about 1 . 56 micrometers . next , by using a stripe - shaped mask and the known selective dry etching technique , a ridge waveguide is formed . here , a mono - lateral mode waveguide of strait line shape having a width of 1 . 6 micrometers is formed on the regions which are to become a distribution reflector and a phase adjusting area and a part of the active region . furthermore , a multi - mode interference waveguide whose center portion has a greater width than the other portion is formed at the center portion of the active region . by designing the lateral width of this multi - mode waveguide and the length of the waveguide to be appropriate values , it is possible to realize a high optical connection between the mono - mode waveguide and the multi - mode interference waveguide . here , the width was set to 6 . 0 micrometers and 74 . 6 micrometers . the distribution reflector , the phase adjusting region , and the active region have length of 250 micrometers , 80 micrometers , and 100 micrometers , respectively . an isolation region of 25 micrometers was provided between the respective regions . the entire element length was 480 micrometers . the wafer after the growth was subjected to wafer processing to have the known ridge waveguide laser structure and cut into the element length of 480 micrometers . after this , the element front surface was covered by a low reflection film 510 having a reflection factor of 0 . 1 % while the element back surface was covered by a high reflection film having a reflection factor of 95 %. the distribution reflection type laser thus prepared had mono - axis mode oscillation in the 1 , 550 nm band . the threshold value current was 10 ma . the chip light output at laser current of 60 ma was about 10 mw , which is sufficient for optical communication . while keeping the laser current to be 60 ma , current was applied to the distribution reflector , thereby tuning the oscillation wavelength . the wavelength change characteristic is shown in fig8 b . in contrast to this , fig8 a shows the wavelength tuning characteristic of a conventional distribution reflection type laser in which the total of the active region and the phase adjusting region is 410 micrometers . longitudinal mode jump can be seen at wavelength interval of about 0 . 8 nm corresponding to 410 micrometers . this longitudinal mode jump is accompanied by a sub - mode suppression ratio greatly changing . on the other hand , in the element of the present invention , the longitudinal mode jump wavelength interval is increased to 1 . 6 nm and the control current interval where the longitudinal mode jump occurs is increased . this is because the total length of the active region and the phase adjusting region has been reduced to 205 micrometers , which is a significant improvement from the viewpoint of realizing the continuous wavelength tuning not causing mode jump . on the other hand , when assuming 40 db as the mono longitudinal mode reference , in the element of the present invention , mono longitudinal mode operation of 40 db and above is realized in a wider control current range as compared to the conventional element . it should be noted that setting of the oscillation wavelength at the wavelength between the longitudinal mode jumping is easier than adjusting the current to be applied to the phase adjusting region . thus , by introducing the multi - mode interference waveguide into the active region of the distribution reflection type laser , it is possible to obtain a sufficient light output while maintaining the spectrum unity upon wavelength change . fig9 a and 9b show a third embodiment . the third embodiment is different from the second embodiment in that the active region is reduced to 33 micrometers and the continuous wavelength change region is enlarged . in this case , it is possible to continuously change wavelength by several nm without using the phase adjusting region . the basic structure and production method of the third embodiment is identical to the second embodiment except for that no phase adjusting region is provided and that the semiconductor light amplifier for increasing light output is monolythically integrated . the main difference in the laser design is that the diffraction grating has an optical coupling coefficient increased to 200 cm − 1 so as to compensate the laser gain lowering due to reduction of the active region and that the diffraction grating phase at the front and back regions of the active layer is reversed to obtain a stable mono - axis mode oscillation in the vicinity of the bragg wavelength , thereby obtaining a so - called λ / 4 shift type . in the laser of the present invention , the continuous wavelength change width of 4 nm and the light amplifier output of 10 mv were easily obtained . in this embodiment , since the active region is short , the optical phase change in the active region due to wavelength change is very small . as a result , the longitudinal mode jump cannot be easily caused , which is the important point of the present invention . by introducing the multi - mode interference waveguide , it is possible to suppress an abrupt increase of the electric resistance , which is the essential point of the present invention . fig1 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention . the fourth embodiment is different from the third embodiment in that a field absorption type optical modulator 736 and a power monitor 735 are monolythically integrated . in this case , in addition to the wide range continuous wavelength change characteristic , it is possible to realize a low - chirp high - speed modulation and to provide a light source especially preferable for a high - density wavelength multi - optical transmission . the advantage obtained by introducing the multi - mode interference waveguide has been thus far explained by using the embodiments 2 to 4 . this effect can also be applied to a similar improved distribution reflection type laser using a sample diffraction grating structure , a super structure diffraction grating structure , and the like . by using the semiconductor light emitting element according to the embodiments of the present invention , it is possible to realize direct modulation of 40 giga or above per second . it is also possible to reduce the cost of the optical components , to reduce the cost of the optical communication system using this element , and to realize a large capacity . moreover , the present invention provides quite a simple method for producing a wavelength change distribution reflection type semiconductor laser operating with a stable mono - mode and high output as well as an optical module using the same . by using the embodiments of the present invention , it is possible not only to significantly enhance the element performance and production yield but also to improve the optical communication system using the element in cost , capacity , and distance . it should be further understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing description has been made on embodiments of the invention and that various changes and modifications may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims . | 7 |
a semiconductor device is generally manufactured by forming elements such as transistors etc . on a semiconductor substrate , forming an insulating layer thereon , making contact holes and then forming a pattern of a wiring layer . 1 - c in fig3 is a section where a semiconductor device is formed . due to the shape of the semiconductor device tip being square , some portions with no pattern will appear at the periphery of the semiconductor substrate . 1 - a in fig3 is sections where a conductive layer has a large surface area . the structure of these portions is a structure where an insulating film with no pattern and a wiring layer with no pattern are on a semiconductor substrate 2 with no pattern . in many cases , this wiring layer with no pattern has a larger surface area than the surface area of the semiconductor device inside . the present invention provides a structure of a semiconductor substrate where the semiconductor substrate is electrically connected with a conductive layer having a large surface area via contact holes by forming only contact holes on this portion . namely , in the same steps of manufacturing an element of a semiconductor device , after forming an insulating film 4 , contact holes 6 are also formed in the portions 1 - a where a conductive layer has a large surface area and then a conductive layer 5 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 2 . since it becomes a structure such that the semiconductor substrate 2 and this conductive layer 1 - a are electrically connected by forming the same contact pattern under the conductive layer 1 - a having a large surface area as the semiconductor device , even if a semiconductor device is exposed to charged particles such as plasma etching during its manufacture , this conductive layer can release the charge to the semiconductor substrate 2 . the charge is therefore not built up . as a result , abnormal discharge is prevented from occurring and the yield is improved . only a contact pattern , but no pattern of a conductive layer of a semiconductor device , is formed on a lot number stamping portion 1 - b , so that reading of the lot number is not hindered and can be used as before . however , no special process needs to be added because the conductive layer 5 can be formed without forming a pattern . further , the present invention can be applied to the inside of a semiconductor device . for example , there is a case ( not shown ) where a conductive layer having large surface area is not connected to a semiconductor substrate while a semiconductor device is being manufactured . an abnormal discharge easily occurs also in this case . an abnormal discharge can be prevented from occurring by having a structure such that contact holes are previously formed on the conductive layer portion and connected with a semiconductor substrate in order that such a large conductive layer which is not connected to a semiconductor substrate does not exist . this therefore prevents the generation of particles and the yield is improved . further , the present invention can be realized even if a number of layers of a conductive layer increases . the manufacturing method will be described below with reference to an example of two - layer wiring . fig5 shows a cross - sectional structure of a semiconductor substrate formed using this manufacturing method . first of all , a prescribed element is formed on a semiconductor substrate 2 , a first insulating layer 4 is formed and then first contact holes 7 are formed in the portions where a conductive layer has a large surface area around the periphery of a wafer . after that , a first conductive layer 5 is formed and then a second insulating layer 8 is formed . next , second contact holes 9 are also formed around the periphery of the wafer . after that , a second insulating layer 10 is formed . with this semiconductor substrate structure , both of the first conductive layer 5 having a large surface area and the second conductive layer 10 having a large surface area can be electrically connected to the semiconductor substrate 2 . even if more than three conductive layers are formed , the structure of the present invention can be realized using the same method . also , a conductive layer is not affected by materials such as aluminum , tungsten , polysilicon , etc . as described in detail above , the present invention provides a structure where a conductive layer , on a semiconductor substrate having a large surface area where a semiconductor device is not formed , and the semiconductor substrate are electrically connected , so that charge can be released to the semiconductor substrate without being built up on the conductive layer having a large surface area . such a semiconductor substrate structure can has a significant effect of preventing abnormal discharge of particles from occurring and the yield is improved . similarly , for the structure of the semiconductor device formed on the semiconductor substrate , in order that a large conductive layer which is not connected the semiconductor substrate does not exist , contact holes are formed on this conductive layer portion to have connection with the semiconductor substrate so that an abnormal discharge can be prevented from occurring . as a result , particles can be prevented from occurring and the yield is improved . | 7 |
referring first to fig1 there is shown an arrangement in which the sealing structure of the present invention may be employed . there is shown the sealing rings of the present invention 10 in vertical crossection mounted on a shaft 100 . the shaft extends through a bearing housing 50 . sleeve type bearing , journal bearing or rolling element with bearings shown schematically as 52 , is conventionally fitted to the shaft 100 . conventional means are provided to provide lubricant to the race . more details of this feature can be discerned from the aforementioned u . s . pat . no . 4 , 022 , 479 , which is herein incorporated by reference . in order to prevent leakage of the lubricant from inside the housing 50 outwardly and the leakage of foreign material from outside the housing into the bearings or lubricant , there is provided a sealing ring structure composed of a first ring 12 and a mating second ring 24 . the first ring 12 has an external radially extending face or first end 13 , facing internally to the fixed housing , an internal radially extending face or second end 15 , facing externally to the fixed housing , an inner axially extending face , and an outer axially extending face . the first ring 12 also possesses an external annular groove 17 in which seats a conventional o - ring 16 that bears against the inner diameter of a complimentary circular opening in the housing 50 . the first ring 12 may be secured with respect to the housing 50 by a wedge fit with respect thereto . inwardly extending radial grooves 14 are provided on the inner surface of the first ring 12 and provide radial shoulders which engage lubricant tending to move axially outwardly along the shaft portion 100 and to guide it into an axially extending groove 20 on the inside of the first ring 12 . the groove 20 joins the annular grooves 14 and leads back into the housing 50 to provide a drain trough . the second end 15 of the first ring ( stator ) 12 is provided with an annular recess 22 that extends axially from the second end 15 and serves as one part of the interface with the second ring ( rotor ) 24 . the annular recess 22 has an inwardly radially facing wall and an outwardly radially facing wall . the second ring 24 fits around the shaft portion 50 and possesses internal annular grooves that are fitted with conventional o - rings 40 , 42 . the frictional engagement of the o - rings 40 , 42 between the second ring 24 and the shaft portion 50 causes the second ring 24 to rotate with the shaft 50 . the o - rings also limit axial movement of the second ring 24 on the shaft portion 50 . further , the second ring is provided with an annular flange 26 that is complimentary to and fits within the aforementioned axial recess 22 of the first ring 12 . the flange 26 extends axially from the inner and outer radial faces that are positioned alongside the inner and outer faces of the recess at the second end 15 of the first ring 12 . a hole is provided externally of the first ring 12 which extends to the recesses 22 and 29 . preferably , the hole has an axially extending length greater than its circumferentially extending width . this preferred embodiment eliminates expulsion problems which occasionally arise due to relative axial displacement of the two sealing rings , 12 and 24 , and facilitates the expulsion of matter from the recesses 22 and 29 as a vent or port . it should also be known that the radial dimension of the flange 26 is from 0 . 005 inches to 0 . 015 inches smaller than the radial dimension of the recess 22 . consequently , the second ring 24 is permitted to rotate within the recess with practially zero friction between the respective surfaces . the first ring 12 also includes shoulder means 18 on its outer most axially extending face . the shoulder means or incline 18 limits the depth to which said first ring member may be inserted into housing 50 . the incline 18 , depending on the housing , may be 5 degrees to 20 degrees from the axis of the first ring member . optimally , the incline 18 is 15 degrees . further , the incline 18 permits the seal 10 to orient to the axis of the shaft , rather than conforming to the orientation of the housing . the incline 18 is made steep enough to limit the axial positioning inward to the housing and shallow enough so angular orientation of the entire seal is kept to the axis of the shaft . the first ring 12 and second ring member 24 each have complimentary adjacent annular recesses 36 , 38 . in the first ring 12 , the complimentary adjecent annular recess 36 is located at the second end 15 facing externally of the housing . within the complimentary adjacent annular recesses 36 , 38 is placed a third ring member 30 . the third ring member 30 may be made of plastic , wood , fiber or any other non - metallic material . alternatively , the third ring member 30 may be made of any metallic material . the third ring member 30 , may include an raised edge or annular groove along its circumference of both ends . these raised edges or annular grooves would be accomodated by annular grooves or annular protrusions in the wall of both complimentary recesses 36 , 38 . with this raised edge and groove combination a locking fit of the first ring member 12 to the second ring member 24 is obtained . however , the axial displacement remains accomodated by the continuity of the third ring member 30 . the introduction of the third ring 30 also provides a sealing means at the first and second ring interfaces 32 , 34 . this provides an effective seal not dependent upon rotary motion in any degree . it further provides a means of accomodating any consequences of separation of the first ring 12 and second ring 24 caused by axial displacement of the shaft . also , it has been observed that differential pressures across the seal in various instances , i . e . lubricant submerged shafts and pump stuffing boxes , are accomodated . thus , leakage accross the seal is greatly diminished , if not virtually eliminated . as was mentioned in the issued patents , that while o - rings are provided for seals , there is little or no relative rotation between the sealing surfaces and the o - rings . therefore , the o - rings should not wear and the possibility of breaking the seal is remote . based on this disclosure , many other modifications and ramifications will naturally suggest themselves to those skilled in the art . these are intended to be comprehended within the scope of this invention . | 5 |
the lc filter 10 in fig1 has a substrate 1 of al 2 o 3 with a fist side 41 and a second side 42 , of the substrate 1 , there is a first electrically conducting layer 3 of ni in which a first capacitor electrode 21 is defined . also present in the first electrically conducting layer 3 is a conductor track 27 which connects a via 13 — and thereby inter alia a first coil 12 — to a u - shaped electrical contact 14 . a dielectric 26 lies on the first capacitor electrode of the first capacitor 11 . in the edge zones 22 and 23 of the capacitor 11 , the dielectric 26 comprises a layer of dielectric material 5 of 0 . 01 to 0 . 2 μm thickness and a layer of electrically insulating material 4 of 0 . 1 to 0 . 8 μm thickness . the dielectric 26 comprises the layer of dielectric material 5 in the middle zone 24 of the capacitor 11 . the dielectric material is bandtio 3 . the electrically insulating material is sio x , 1 ≦ x ≦ 2 . a second electrically conducting layer 7 of al is present on the layer of dielectric material 5 . the second capacitor electrode 25 of the first capacitor 11 , the first coil 12 , and a vertical interconnect area ( via ) 13 are defined in this second electrically conducting layer 7 , which has a thickness of 4 to 7 μm . the first coil 12 is the first pattern , the second capacitor electrode is the second pattern . a perpendicular projection of the second capacitor electrode 25 onto the first conducting layer 3 lies within the first electrode 21 . the fact that underetching occurs during etching of holes 31 , 32 , and 33 in the second conducting layer 7 causes the surface area of the second capacitor electrode 25 to decrease , and thus also the capacitance value of the first capacitor 11 . at the same time , the inductance value of the first coil 12 increases . the second conducting layer 7 is covered with a protective layer 8 . the electronic device 110 in fig2 comprises a substrate 1 of silicon with a first side 41 and a second side 42 . at the second side 42 , the substrate 1 is covered with an electrically insulating layer 2 of silicon oxide . a first electrically conducting layer 3 of al , in which a first capacitor electrode 21 of the first capacitor 11 is defined , is present on the layer 2 . a layer of dielectric material 5 , which is removed at the area of the via 13 , lies on the first electrically conducting layer 3 . the layer of dielectric material 5 comprises sin x , 0 . 5 ≦ x ≦ 2 , and constitutes the dielectric 26 in a middle zone 24 of the capacitor 11 . in the edge zones 22 and 23 , the dielectric 26 comprises not only the layer of dielectric material 5 but also a layer of electrically insulating material 4 , in this example sio x , 1 ≦ x ≦ 2 . an intermediate layer 6 comprising al lies on the layer of dielectric material 5 and is partly covered by the layer of electrically insulating material 4 . a conductor track 28 is defined in the intermediate layer 6 . a second pattern 29 of a second electrically conducting layer 7 , also comprising al , is in electrical contact with this conductor track 28 . the conductor track 28 and the second pattern 29 together form the second capacitor electrode 25 of the first capacitor 11 . the second conducting layer 7 in addition comprises a first coil 12 as a first pattern , a via 13 , and an interconnect 14 , and is covered with a protective layer 8 . a perpendicular projection of the second pattern 29 onto the intermediate layer 6 lies partly outside the conductor track 28 . a perpendicular projection of the second pattern 29 onto the first conducting layer 3 lies partly outside the first capacitor electrode 21 , i . e . at the area of the interconnect 14 . this interconnect 14 is necessary for connecting the second capacitor electrode 25 to other parts of the device 110 . hence , a perpendicular projection of the second capacitor electrode 25 onto the first conducting layer 3 lies at least partly inside the first capacitor electrode 21 . | 7 |
it is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only , and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present disclosure . in general , the present disclosure is directed to absorbent articles incorporating a wetness indicator . in accordance with the present disclosure , the wetness indicator includes a combination of active graphics and permanent graphics . in one embodiment , for instance , the active graphics and permanent graphics may be interrelated to display an overall scene with a common storyline . the permanent graphics are used to accentuate the active graphics for providing a very prominent change when the absorbent article is wetted . in this manner , the wearer or caregiver can instantly ascertain when the absorbent article has been insulted with a body fluid , such as urine . in one embodiment , for instance , the scene depicted upon the absorbent article provides an integrated , one - piece look that can be consistent with a background color that covers substantially the entire outer cover and side panels . the absorbent article can include an intuitive wetness indicating graphic that , in one embodiment , eliminates a substantial amount of white area in the crotch region of the absorbent article and highlights the location of the active graphic when the product is dry . when wetted , the active graphic offers a dramatic visual change without compromising the integrated appearance of the product . the wetness indicator of the present disclosure can be incorporated into all sizes of absorbent articles and can be designed to appeal to a certain gender . referring to fig1 through 3 , for instance , one embodiment of an absorbent article 10 made in accordance with the present disclosure is shown . in the figures , a child &# 39 ; s training pant is generally shown . it should be understood , however , that the inventive concepts described herein can be applied to any suitable absorbent article , such as a diaper , an adult incontinence product , a feminine hygiene product or the like . in the figures , the active graphics and permanent graphics are shown to be visible from an exterior surface of the absorbent article , such as by being applied to the outer cover . it should be understood , however , that the graphics may also be applied so as to be visible from an interior surface of the article . for instance , when applied to a feminine hygiene product , the graphics may more appropriately be placed to be visible from the interior surface which is adjacent to the body of the wearer . in order to be visible from the interior surface , the active graphics may be applied to a liquid permeable bodyside liner , to a surge layer , to a portion of the absorbent core , or even to the outer cover material in certain embodiments . when applied to the interior surface of an article , the active graphics need not be surrounded or associated with a framing device , outline , silhouette , or the like . referring to fig3 , absorbent articles generally include an outer cover 12 that includes an exterior surface and an interior surface . located adjacent the interior surface is an absorbent structure 15 . optionally , the absorbent article can also include a liquid permeable inner lining 14 . the absorbent structure can be placed in between the outer cover 12 and the inner lining 14 . the absorbent article 10 can further include elastic waistbands 16 and 18 and elastic leg members 20 and 22 . the absorbent article 10 as shown in fig1 can be made from various materials . the outer cover 12 may be made from a material that is substantially liquid impermeable , and can be elastic , stretchable or nonstretchable . the outer cover 12 can be a single layer of liquid impermeable material , or may include a multi - layered laminate structure in which at least one of the layers is liquid impermeable . for instance , the outer cover 12 can include a liquid permeable outer layer and a liquid impermeable inner layer that are suitably joined together by a laminate adhesive . for example , in one embodiment , the liquid permeable outer layer may be a spunbond polypropylene nonwoven web . the spunbond web may have , for instance , a basis weight of from about 15 gsm to about 25 gsm . the inner layer , on the other hand , can be both liquid and vapor impermeable , or can be liquid impermeable and vapor permeable . the inner layer is suitably manufactured from a thin plastic film , although other flexible liquid impermeable materials may also be used . the inner layer prevents waste material from wetting articles such as bedsheets and clothing , as well as the wearer and caregiver . a suitable liquid impermeable film may be a polyethylene film having a thickness of about 0 . 2 mm . a suitable breathable material that may be used as the inner layer is a microporous polymer film or a nonwoven fabric that has been coated or otherwise treated to impart a desired level of liquid impermeability . other “ non - breathable ” elastic films that may be used as the inner layer include films made from block copolymers , such as styrene - ethylene - butylene - styrene or styrene - isoprene - styrene block copolymers . as described above , the absorbent structure is positioned in between the outer cover and a liquid permeable bodyside liner 14 . the bodyside liner 14 is suitably compliant , soft feeling , and non - irritating to the wearer &# 39 ; s skin . the bodyside liner 14 can be manufactured from a wide variety of web materials , such as synthetic fibers , natural fibers , a combination of natural and synthetic fibers , porous foams , reticulated foams , apertured plastic films , or the like . various woven and nonwoven fabrics can be used for the bodyside liner 14 . for example , the bodyside liner can be made from a meltblown or spunbonded web of polyolefin fibers . the bodyside liner can also be a bonded - carded web composed of natural and / or synthetic fibers . a suitable liquid permeable bodyside liner 14 is a nonwoven bicomponent web having a basis weight of about 27 gsm . the nonwoven bicomponent can be a spunbond bicomponent web , or a bonded carded bicomponent web . suitable bicomponent staple fibers include a polyethylene / polypropylene bicomponent fiber . in this particular embodiment , the polypropylene forms the core and the polyethylene forms the sheath of the fiber . other fiber orientations , however , are possible . the material used to form the absorbent structure , for example , may include cellulosic fibers ( e . g ., wood pulp fibers ), other natural fibers , synthetic fibers , woven or nonwoven sheets , scrim netting or other stabilizing structures , superabsorbent material , binder materials , surfactants , selected hydrophobic materials , pigments , lotions , odor control agents or the like , as well as combinations thereof . in a particular embodiment , the absorbent web material is a matrix of cellulosic fluff and superabsorbent hydrogel - forming particles . the cellulosic fluff may comprise a blend of wood pulp fluff . one preferred type of fluff is identified with the trade designation cr 1654 , available from us alliance pulp mills of coosa , ala ., usa , and is a bleached , highly absorbent wood pulp containing primarily soft wood fibers . as a general rule , the superabsorbent material is present in the absorbent web in an amount of from about 0 to about 90 weight percent based on total weight of the web . the web may have a density within the range of about 0 . 1 to about 0 . 45 grams per cubic centimeter . superabsorbent materials are well known in the art and can be selected from natural , synthetic , and modified natural polymers and materials . the superabsorbent materials can be inorganic materials , such as silica gels , or organic compounds , such as crosslinked polymers . typically , a superabsorbent material is capable of absorbing at least about 15 times its weight in liquid , and suitably is capable of absorbing more than about 25 times its weight in liquid . suitable superabsorbent materials are readily available from various suppliers . for example , favor sxm 880 superabsorbent is available from stockhausen , inc ., of greensboro , n . c ., usa ; and drytech 2035 is available from dow chemical company , of midland , mich ., usa . in addition to cellulosic fibers and superabsorbent materials , the absorbent pad structures may also contain adhesive elements and / or synthetic fibers that provide stabilization and attachment when appropriately activated . additives such as adhesives may be of the same or different aspect from the cellulosic fibers ; for example , such additives may be fibrous , particulate , or in liquid form ; adhesives may possess either a curable or a heat - set property . such additives can enhance the integrity of the bulk absorbent structure , and alternatively or additionally may provide adherence between facing layers of the folded structure . the absorbent materials may be formed into a web structure by employing various conventional methods and techniques . for example , the absorbent web may be formed with a dry - forming technique , an airlaying technique , a carding technique , a meltblown or spunbond technique , a wet - forming technique , a foam - forming technique , or the like , as well as combinations thereof . layered and / or laminated structures may also be suitable . methods and apparatus for carrying out such techniques are well known in the art . the absorbent web material may also be a coform material . the term “ coform material ” generally refers to composite materials comprising a mixture or stabilized matrix of thermoplastic fibers and a second non - thermoplastic material . as an example , coform materials may be made by a process in which at least one meltblown die head is arranged near a chute through which other materials are added to the web while it is forming . such other materials may include , but are not limited to , fibrous organic materials such as woody or non - woody pulp such as cotton , rayon , recycled paper , pulp fluff and also superabsorbent particles or fibers , inorganic absorbent materials , treated polymeric staple fibers and the like . any of a variety of synthetic polymers may be utilized as the melt - spun component of the coform material . for instance , in some embodiments , thermoplastic polymers can be utilized . some examples of suitable thermoplastics that can be utilized include polyolefins , such as polyethylene , polypropylene , polybutylene and the like ; polyamides ; and polyesters . in one embodiment , the thermoplastic polymer is polypropylene . some examples of such coform materials are disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 100 , 324 to anderson , et al . ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 284 , 703 to everhart , et al . ; and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 350 , 624 to georger , et al . ; which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference for all purposes . it is also contemplated that elastomeric absorbent web structures may be used . for example , an elastomeric coform absorbent structure having from about 35 % to about 65 % by weight of a wettable staple fiber , and greater than about 35 % to about 65 % by weight of an elastomeric thermoplastic fiber may be used to define absorbent pad structures according to the invention . examples of such elastomeric coform materials are provided in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 645 , 542 , incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes . as another example , a suitable absorbent elastic nonwoven material may include a matrix of thermoplastic elastomeric nonwoven filaments present in an amount of about 3 to less than about 20 % by weight of the material , with the matrix including a plurality of absorbent fibers and a super - absorbent material each constituting about 20 - 77 % by weight of the material . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 362 , 389 describes such a nonwoven material and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes . absorbent elastic nonwoven materials are useful in a wide variety of personal care articles where softness and conformability , as well as absorbency and elasticity , are important . the absorbent web may also be a nonwoven web comprising synthetic fibers . the web may include additional natural fibers and / or superabsorbent material . the web may have a density in the range of about 0 . 1 to about 0 . 45 grams per cubic centimeter . the absorbent web can alternatively be a foam . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the absorbent article 10 can include side panels 24 and 26 . the side panels 24 and 26 can have a color that blends with the overall scene appearing on the absorbent article . the side panels 24 and 26 can be permanently bonded together or can be releasably attached to one another . in fig3 , for instance , the side panels 24 and 26 are shown in an unattached state . in general , the side panels 24 and 26 are made from an elastic material , such as an elastic laminate . as shown particularly in fig3 , the absorbent article 10 defines a longitudinal center line 3 , a transverse center line 32 , a first or front longitudinal end edge 34 , and a second or back longitudinal end edge 36 . the longitudinal axis lies in the plane of the article and is generally parallel to a vertical plane that bisects a standing wearer into left and right body halves when the article is worn . the transverse axis lies in the plane of the article generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis . in general , the absorbent article along the longitudinal axis can be divided into a front region 40 , a back region 44 , and a crotch region 42 positioned in between the front region and the back region . in one embodiment , the front region , the crotch region , and the back region can all have approximately the same length in the longitudinal direction . the absorbent article can also be divided into a front half and a back half . the front half , for instance , may extend in the longitudinal direction from the front edge to the midpoint of the product , while the back half may extend from the back edge to the midpoint of the product . as shown in fig1 through 3 , the absorbent article 10 includes wetness sensing graphics . in accordance with the present disclosure , the entire scene displayed on the outer cover of the absorbent article can be made from a combination of permanent graphics and active graphics . in the embodiment illustrated , for instance , the scene depicts two main car or vehicle characters 50 and 52 . the car characters 50 and 52 appear on a background 54 with further graphics . the background 54 , for instance , may provide further scene details . in the embodiment illustrated , for instance , the background 54 depicts a race track stadium . alternatively , the background 54 may simply be a solid color that matches the color of the side panels 24 and 26 while contrasting against the car characters 50 and 52 . in the embodiment illustrated , the car characters 50 and 52 and the background 54 may all comprise permanent graphics . in the foreground to the car characters 50 and 52 is a framing device 56 surrounding active graphics 58 . the framing , device 56 , in accordance with the present disclosure , is of a particular size and position so as to accentuate the active graphics 58 . the framing device 56 , for instance , may substantially surround the active graphics . for instance , the framing device may surround at least about 90 % of the active graphics or may completely surround the active graphics as shown . in one embodiment , the outer cover 12 defines a printable surface area that may be compared in relation to the size of the framing device and the amount of surface area occupied by the active and / or permanent graphics . it should be understood that the printed matter may cover more than the printable surface area of the outer cover depending upon the particular application . for instance , the outer cover may be wider in the waist region than the crotch region . in one embodiment , the active graphics present within the framing device occupy greater than 1 % of the printable surface area of the outer cover . for instance , the active graphics may occupy greater than 1 . 2 % or greater than 1 . 4 % of the printable surface area of the outer cover . the active graphics occupying the above proportions of the outer cover surface area is relatively large in comparison to many prior art products commercialized in the past . in particular , the total surface area occupied by the active graphics within the framing device 56 may be greater than 800 mm 2 , such as greater than 900 mm 2 , such as greater than 1000 mm 2 , such as even greater than 1200 mm 2 . when the active graphics are contained in a framing device , they may , in various embodiments , have a surface area of less than about 140 , 000 mm 2 , such as less than about 45 , 000 mm 2 , such as less than about 20 , 000 mm 2 . the framing device 56 , in one embodiment , may depict an object , image or character that is further integrated into the overall scene and storyline presented by the absorbent article . in the embodiment illustrated , for instance , the framing device 56 represents a tire and can be multi - colored . the framing device 56 can include an inner perimeter and an outer perimeter . in one embodiment , the framing device may have a relatively large size so as to make the framing device prominent on the absorbent article . in one embodiment , the surface area defined by the outer perimeter of the framing device may occupy at least about 5 % of the printable surface area of the outer cover ( greater than about 10 % of the printable surface area of the front half of the outer cover ), such as greater than about 7 . 5 % of the printable surface area of the outer cover ( such as greater than about 15 % of the printable surface area of the front half of the outer cover ), such as greater than about 10 % of the printable surface area of the outer cover ( such as greater than about 20 % of the printable surface area of the front half of the outer cover ). as described above , within the framing device 56 and / or intersecting the framing device are one or more active graphics 58 . the active graphics are created by applying an active graphic composition to the outer cover of the absorbent article . the active graphic composition undergoes a change when contacted with a body fluid , such as urine . in accordance with the present disclosure , the change is significantly more noticeable than many prior art constructions allowing the wearer or caregiver to instantly recognize that the absorbent article is in a wet condition . in the embodiment illustrated in fig1 and 2 , for instance , the active graphics 58 comprise a concentric ring and a circle that are intended to appear as a hubcap for the tire . in one embodiment , the active graphic fades , turns clear or disappears when wetted . for instance , as shown in fig2 , after the absorbent article 10 is wetted , the active graphics 58 disappear and leave white space within the framing device 56 . the active graphic composition used to produce the active graphics can comprise a composition that is water soluble and thus dissolves and disperses when wetted . alternatively , the active graphic composition may be water insoluble and may undergo a color change when contacted with urine . for instance , the active graphic composition may go from a blue to a clear color . alternatively , the active graphics 58 may undergo a change from one color to another color or from one shade of color to another shade . in one embodiment , the active graphics 58 contained within the framing device 56 occupies a substantial portion of the surface area within the perimeter of the framing device . in this manner , a reduced amount of “ white space ” is left inside the framing device 56 . minimizing white space significantly improves the ability of the wearer or caregiver to notice a change in the graphics when wetted . for example , in one embodiment , the framing device 56 includes an outer perimeter and an inner perimeter that defines the surface area therein . the active graphics may occupy greater than about 35 % of the surface area defined by the inner perimeter , such as greater than about 40 % of the surface area defined by the inner perimeter , such as greater than about 50 % of the surface area defined by the inner perimeter . in general , the active graphic can occupy 100 % of the surface area defined by the inner perimeter or less than about 90 % of the surface area defined by the inner perimeter , such as less than about 80 % of the surface area defined by the inner perimeter , such as less than about 70 % of the surface area defined by the inner perimeter . although minimizing white space may be desirable when the product is dry , in one embodiment , the active graphics turn the same color as the white space , turn clear , fade or turn white thus dramatically increasing the white space on the absorbent article when the active graphics are activated . substantially increasing the white space becomes a noticeable change on the product . in one embodiment , for instance , the white space on the printable surface area of one side of the product increases by greater than about 15 %, such as greater than about 20 %, such as greater than about 40 %, such as greater than about 50 %, such as even greater than about 60 %. in other embodiments , the active graphics may be configured to decrease the amount of white space when activated . for instance , the product may include active graphics that turn from the same color of the white space to a different color . in this embodiment , the white space on the printable surface area may decrease by greater than about 15 %, such as greater than about 20 %, such as greater than about 40 %, such as greater than about 50 %, such as even greater than about 60 %. the active graphics and permanent graphics used to form the scene as shown in fig1 and 2 can be applied to the absorbent article in different ways . in one embodiment , for instance , the outer cover 12 of the absorbent article includes multiple layers . the outer cover 12 may include , for instance , an inner water impermeable film and an outer water permeable layer that may comprise , for instance , a nonwoven layer . the inner film may be clear such that graphics printed on the inner film can be visible from the exterior surface of the outer cover . as can be appreciated , the active graphics should be applied to the absorbent article such that they contact any bodily fluids that may be absorbed by the article . in this regard , the active graphics may be printed on the interior surface of the outer cover such as on the inner surface of the inner film . the permanent graphics , however , can be printed on other layers of the outer cover . the permanent graphics , for instance , can be printed on the exterior surface of the outer cover , or can be printed on any of the interior layers either on the side facing the wearer or on the side opposite the wearer . when the active graphics are to be visible from an interior side of the garment , the active graphics can be applied to a bodyside liner , a surge material , a wrap sheet that surrounds an absorbent structure , or may even be applied to the outer cover as long as the active graphics are visible from the interior . when printing the graphics on the absorbent article , the active graphics should remain in alignment with the permanent graphics such that the overall scene is integrated . in one embodiment , in order to allow for greater variance in print pattern registration , at least a portion of the framing device 56 may overlap with at least a portion of the active graphics 58 . for instance , the printed perimeter of the framing device can be smaller than the printed perimeter of the active graphics within the framing device . another consideration when designing a scene comprised of permanent graphics and active graphics as shown in fig1 and 2 is the location of the active graphics on the absorbent article . in one embodiment , for instance , the active graphics 58 and / or the framing device 56 are located primarily within the crotch region 42 of the absorbent article as particularly shown in fig3 . in one embodiment , for instance , all of the active graphics may be contained within the crotch region while a portion or all of the framing devices may also be located within the crotch region . having the active graphics in the crotch region ensures contact with urine if the absorbent article is wetted . as shown in fig1 and 2 , however , the active graphics should also extend from the center of the absorbent article such that they are visible when the article is being worn . in one embodiment , for instance , the active graphics can have a center that is a distance from the center of the absorbent article where the longitudinal and transverse axes meet . for instance , the active graphics can have a center that measures from about 6 to about 20 cm from the center of the absorbent article . referring to fig4 and 5 , another embodiment of an absorbent article 10 made in accordance with the present disclosure is shown . like reference numerals have been used to indicate similar elements : as shown , the absorbent article 10 includes an outer cover 12 and side panels 24 and 26 that form a chassis . in accordance with the present disclosure , a combination of permanent graphics and active graphics has been applied to the outer cover 12 in order to depict a scene . in this embodiment , the scene is intended to represent a princess 60 that is surrounded by a background 62 . the background 62 includes solid colors and various images . the images include a castle , flowers and butterflies . instead of a framing device as shown in fig1 through 3 , the embodiment illustrated in fig4 and 5 includes an outline 64 of the princess 60 that is comprised of permanent graphics . active graphics 66 are located within and overlapping the outline 64 . the active graphics , in this embodiment , are clothing items worn by the princess character including her dress , gloves and hair band . the absorbent article 10 in fig4 is shown in a dry state . fig5 , on the other hand , illustrates the absorbent article 10 once insulted with urine . as shown , the active graphics 56 are a color when the article is dry and turn clear or fade when the article is wetted . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the character princess takes up a substantial amount of the surface area of the outer cover 12 . further , the princess extends from the crotch region of the absorbent article into the front region of the absorbent article ( or alternatively the back region of the absorbent article ). thus , the character princess and the outline 60 can occupy at least about 10 %, such as at least about 20 %, such as at least about 40 %, such as at least about 60 %, such as at least about 80 % of the front half of the outer cover . in one embodiment , for instance , the character or active graphics can occupy 100 % of the front half of the outer cover . in this manner , the surface area of the active graphics can be greater than 20 , 000 mm 2 , such as greater than about 45 , 000 mm 2 . the above provides for a very noticeable and prominent change in appearance when the absorbent article is wetted . as described above , in the past , relatively small active graphics were printed on absorbent articles that were surrounded by significant amounts of white space . these active graphics faded when wetted by incorporating into the absorbent article water soluble inks . in one embodiment , however , by using a water insoluble composition that either changes from a first color to a second color or changes from a color to clear , much larger images can be applied to the absorbent article making the change in appearance much more dramatic when the article is wetted . in the embodiment illustrated in fig4 and 5 , the active graphic 66 goes from a color , such as blue , red , green , etc . to clear . in an alternative embodiment , however , the active graphic composition used to produce the active graphic may change from a first color or shade to a second color or shade . in certain embodiments , the active graphic 66 may be also produced using water soluble inks . in this embodiment , the permanent graphics that form the outline 64 and the background 62 remain recognizable when the active graphics 64 disappears , fades or changes color . the absorbent article illustrated in fig1 through 3 that includes car characters may be designed for use by boys , while the princess scene depicted in fig4 and 5 may be particularly well suited for girls . it should be understood , however , that the inventive concepts described in the embodiments can be used for either sex by designing the appropriate scene and using the appropriate colors . in the embodiments illustrated in fig1 through 5 , the scenes and active graphics present on the absorbent articles are particularly well suited for indicating that the absorbent article has been wetted . the wetness indicator can be used by adults or caregivers to prevent children from wearing wet diapers or can be used by children to assist in the toilet training process . when used as a toilet training tool , various other features can be incorporated into the active graphics for not only encouraging use of the toilet , but also for discouraging the wetting of the absorbent article . for instance , in one embodiment , the active graphics appearing in the scenes can undergo a color change when wetted . in particular , the active graphics can go from a pleasant color ( e . g . blue or pink ) to an undesirable color ( e . g . pea green , gray , etc .). referring to fig1 and 12 , another embodiment of an absorbent article 10 similar to the article illustrated in fig4 and 5 is shown . in this embodiment , the outer cover 12 of the absorbent article depicts a character scene . the character scene includes a character surrounded by an integrated background 65 including various related objects and images . the character is comprised of permanent graphics and active graphics . the character 67 further forms a silhouette that surrounds , in this embodiment , flowers 68 . flowers 68 are comprised of an active graphic . as shown in fig1 , when the absorbent article is wetted , the flowers either change color or disappear . another embodiment of an absorbent article 10 made in accordance with the present disclosure is shown in fig6 . in fig6 , only the portion of the absorbent article is shown where the graphics are located . in accordance with the present disclosure , the scene depicted on the absorbent article 10 is made from a combination of permanent graphics and active graphics . the particular scene shown in fig6 illustrates princess characters 70 appearing on a color background 72 . the background color , for instance , may comprise any color that complements the appearance of the characters 70 . as shown , the scene further depicts a foreground graphic that includes a framing device 74 , a background color 78 , various heart - shaped outlines 80 , and heart - shaped images 82 . the foreground graphic serves as the wetness indicator for the entire scene . the various elements contained within the framing device 74 can be made from permanent graphics and active graphics . in one embodiment , for instance , only the heart - shaped images 82 are the active graphics . in an alternative embodiment , the heart - shaped graphics 82 and the background 78 comprise active graphics . in this manner , substantially all of the area within the framing device may turn to a different color or fade and disappear . referring now to fig7 and 8 , still another embodiment of an absorbent article 10 made in accordance with the present disclosure is shown . as illustrated , the absorbent article 10 includes an outer cover 12 that depicts a scene and is comprised of at least active graphics . more particularly , in this embodiment , the scene includes a background 90 comprised of active graphics that surround or cover other images . in the embodiment illustrated in fig7 , for instance , the background 90 comprised of active graphics , surrounds a plurality of stars 92 . the stars 92 can be made in various ways . for example , in one embodiment , the stars 92 can be made from an active graphic composition or from a permanent graphic composition . alternatively , the background 90 may be made from an active graphic composition that is applied to the outer cover in a manner that forms treated areas and untreated areas . the stars 92 may comprise the untreated areas . fig7 represents the absorbent article 10 in a dry state , while fig8 illustrates the absorbent article once wetted . as shown , once wetted , the background 90 changes color or fades . in this manner , the entire scene disappears once the background 90 is contacted with urine . of particular advantage , by having the background 90 comprise an active graphic that changes color , fades , disappears or appears , almost the entire surface of the outer cover 12 changes in appearance when the absorbent article is wetted . in this manner , the wetness indicator becomes clearly noticeable when a change occurs . referring to fig9 and 10 , another embodiment of an absorbent article 10 is shown . in this embodiment , the absorbent article 10 includes an outer cover 12 that depicts a scene comprised of permanent graphics and active graphics . as shown in fig9 , the absorbent article 10 includes a background color 94 and active graphics 96 that are not visible when the product is dry . more particularly , when the product is dry , the entire outer cover appears as a single color or shade . once wetted , however , as shown in fig1 , the active graphics 96 become visible . in one embodiment , for instance , the active graphics 96 may be comprised of an active graphic composition that changes from a first color to a second color ( such as a shade change ) or changes from a first color to clear . the first color can be substantially the same color as the background 94 which is comprised of a permanent graphic composition . in this manner , the active graphics 96 are not discernible on the product when it is dry but become readily noticeable when the absorbent article 10 has been wetted . as shown in fig1 , in one embodiment , the active graphics 96 may comprise words , phrases , and various images . in other embodiments , however , a complete colorized scene may appear including characters and objects . in an alternative embodiment , the background 94 may be comprised of an active graphic , while the image or scene that appears once the article is wetted may be comprised of a permanent graphic 96 . in this embodiment , instead of the image changing color or turning to clear , the background 94 may change color or turn clear thus making the image 96 visible . referring to fig1 , still another embodiment of an absorbent article 10 made in accordance with the present disclosure is shown . in the embodiment illustrated in fig1 , the absorbent article includes an outer cover 12 that depicts a scene . the scene may comprise , for instance , a character with background and foreground graphics . the scene depicted upon the absorbent article 10 may be comprised entirely of permanent graphics . in accordance with the present disclosure , the absorbent article 10 as shown in fig1 further includes a wetness indicator 100 that is designed to undergo a change when contacted with a body exudate . as shown , the wetness indicator 100 comprises a gauge - like graphic . in this embodiment as opposed to the other embodiments illustrated above , the wetness indicator 100 is relatively small and is not integrated or in any way tied to the overall scene displayed on the garment . instead , the wetness indicator 100 is visually different from the other graphics on the outer cover and appears to have a more functional appearance . in this manner , the wetness indicator 100 is visually distinct on the outer cover , although visually distinct , because the wetness indicator 100 is relatively small , the wetness indicator may also provide some discretion to the wearer of the absorbent article . for example , although the gauge - like graphic is easy to recognize , the size of the graphic can be such that it would not be readily noticeable to a bystander . as shown , the wetness indicator 100 includes a framing device 102 that includes an inner perimeter and an outer perimeter . within the inner perimeter of the framing device 102 are gauge elements 104 , which comprise a column of spaced apart bars . the gauge elements 104 may be contained completely within the inner perimeter of the framing device 102 or may overlap with the framing device . the gauge elements may or may not be surrounded by a background color . the gauge elements 104 comprise active graphics that change color , such as change shade , or disappear when contacted with a liquid , such as urine . in one embodiment , for instance , the gauge elements may turn from color to clear when contacted with a body fluid . the framing device 102 focuses one &# 39 ; s attention on the gauge elements for better discerning when the wetness indicator has been wetted . as described above , in the embodiment in fig1 , the wetness indicator 100 can be relatively small in relation to the overall surface area of the outer cover . for instance , the active graphics contained within the wetness indicator 100 may have a surface area of less than about 150 mm 2 , such as less than about 120 mm 2 , such as less than about 90 mm 2 . the active graphics may have a surface area of generally greater than about 20 mm 2 , such as greater than about 50 mm 2 , such as greater than about 70 mm 2 . as defined above , the outer cover 12 includes a printable surface area . the active graphics or gauge elements 104 may occupy generally less than about 1 % of the printable surface area of the outer cover , such as less than about 0 . 2 % of the printable surface area of the outer cover , such as less than about 0 . 15 % of the printable surface area , such as less than about 0 . 12 % of the printable surface area . with respect to the surface area defined by the inner perimeter of the framing device 102 , the active graphics occupy generally less than about 30 % of the surface area , such as less than about 20 % of the surface area , such as less than about 15 % of the surface area , especially when a background color is not present . if a background color is present , the active graphics can occupy greater than about 70 %, such as greater than about 80 %, such as greater than about 90 % of the inner surface area ( up to 100 % of the surface area ). in the embodiment illustrated in fig1 , the gauge elements 104 are formed by the active graphics and are surrounded by white space or a background color within the framing device 1 or 2 . in an alternative embodiment , the wetness indicator 100 may comprise a background color within the framing device 102 . the gauge elements 104 may be formed where the background color has not been applied to the surface of the absorbent article . referring to fig1 through 17 and 19 , various other wetness indicators 100 similar to the one illustrated in fig1 are shown . in fig1 and 19 , the gauge elements generally comprise a column of bars contained within a framing device 102 . in fig1 through 17 , on the other hand , the gauge elements comprise a column of dots 104 contained within the framing device 102 . referring to fig1 , still another embodiment of a wetness indicator 100 is shown that includes a circular framing device 102 that encloses a gauge element 104 comprised of active graphics . in this embodiment , only a single gauge element is present in the framing device . the gauge element is circular and concentric with the framing device . the gauge element 104 may comprise a solid circle as shown or may have a ring - like shape that includes white space or a background color in the center . in the above examples , the active and permanent graphics were applied to the exterior surface of an absorbent article . it should be understood , however , that the above graphics can be applied equally so as to be visible from the interior surface of an absorbent article . in one embodiment , for instance , active graphics may be applied to both the exterior surface and to the interior surface of the absorbent article . when applied to the interior surface of the absorbent article , a gauge - like graphic may be used as shown in fig1 . alternatively , a relatively large active graphic may be applied to the interior surface . the active graphic , for instance , may have a surface area of greater than about 800 mm 2 or may have any of the dimensions described above depending upon the particular type of product . for example , in one embodiment , the active graphic can be visible from the interior surface of the absorbent article and have a size such that the active graphic ( s ) occupies greater than about 1 % of the printable surface area of the interior surface . various aspects of the present disclosure may be better understood with reference to the following example . in the following example , 18 absorbent articles sold in the past that contained graphic wetness indicators were analyzed in relation to 6 absorbent articles in accordance with the present disclosure . sample nos . 1 and 2 in accordance with the present disclosure were similar to the design illustrated in fig4 . sample no . 3 in accordance with the present disclosure , on the other hand , was similar in design to fig1 through 3 . sample nos . 4 and 5 were similar in design to the embodiment illustrated in fig6 . sample no . 6 included a gauge - like design as illustrated in fig1 . as shown in the tables below , various characteristics of the graphics applied to the absorbent articles were measured including the printable surface area of the outer cover , the surface area of the active graphics , and the ratio of the above two measurements . in addition , inner and outer perimeters of various graphics were measured . it should be understood , however , that applicants do not in any way admit that any of the comparative samples contained a framing device or outline as those terms are used in the present application . the data in the table below was generated by manipulating images of a product or product drawing in an open and laid flat configuration . graphics within image files were converted to 100 % black . images were then imported to photoshop software in grayscale format . a product called image analysis toolkit from reindeer graphics was used as an add - in with photoshop software to calculate the black area of the image and provided as a percentage of the selected image area defined by the width and height . the border thickness of the frame and largest dimension of the frame were determined manually with a ruler . other values in the table were calculated . the following are definitions of the terms used in the table . % inner perimeter surface area in relation to printable surface area : area defined by the inner perimeter of the framing device or outline with respect to the total area of the image defined by the width and height . % outer perimeter surface area in relation to printable surface area : area defined by the outer perimeter of the framing device or the outline or the silhouette with respect to the total area of the image defined by the width and height . % active graphics surface area : area defined by the actual area of the active graphic , not including any background that may be within the perimeter of the active graphic that does not change color when wetted with respect to the total area of the image defined by the width and height . % active graphics perimeter surface area : area defined by the perimeter of the outermost elements of the active graphic with respect to the total area of the image defined by the width and height . for example in a line drawing of a flower , the outside border of the flower defines the area to be calculated . if multiple elements make up the active graphic , such as in the gauge with multiple elements ( fig1 ), the individual elements are added together to determine the area . % white area : area of white with respect to the total area of the image defined by the width and height . border thickness : widest dimension of a border between inner and outer perimeter . largest dimension of framing device or outline : longest linear dimension between two points on the outer perimeter . printable surface area : area defined by width and height of image . inner perimeter area ( mm2 ): actual area defined by the inner perimeter calculated from % inner perimeter surface area and printable surface area . outer perimeter area ( mm2 ): actual area defined by the outer perimeter calculated from % outer perimeter surface area and printable surface area area of framing device or border ( mm2 ): outer perimeter area minus inner perimeter area . area of framing device between the outer and inner perimeter . active graphics surface area ( mm2 ): actual area defined by the active graphic , not including any background that may be within the perimeter of the active graphic that does not change color when wetted . calculated from % active graphic surface area and printable surface area . active graphics perimeter surface area ( mm2 ): actual area defined by the perimeter of the outermost elements of the active graphic with respect to the total area of the image defined by the width and height . calculated from % active graphic perimeter surface area and printable surface area . initial white space area ( mm2 ): actual white area of possible printed area . white can be from a non printed area over a white substrate or can be a printed or otherwise white colored area . calculated from % white area and printable surface area white space area once active graphics activated ( mm2 ): actual white area of printable surface area plus area of active graphic that changes to white . the active graphic can change to a white color or can disappear from a white background . % increase in white space : percentage of increase of white space area as a result of an active graphic disappearing to a white background or changing to a white color . as shown above , the surface area of active graphics used in conjunction with some embodiments of the present disclosure are much larger than the previous commercial products . in addition , the active graphics of samples 1 and 2 in accordance with the present disclosure occupied a significantly greater amount of the surface area of the printable surface area of the outer cover . sample no . 3 in accordance with the present disclosure which included a wetness indicator having a gauge - like appearance occupied a much smaller amount of space than many prior products , while still remaining visibly distinct . these and other modifications and variations to the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art , without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention , which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims . in addition , it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part . furthermore , those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only , and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims . | 0 |
as illustrated in fig . la , a liquid ring pump 10 includes a chamber 14 formed by a pumping chamber housing 16 . a rotor 18 in the pumping chamber to pump the gas 20 has a plurality of blades 18 a which are arranged around a central area of the rotor . more particularly they are arranged circumferentially about the rotor &# 39 ; s central axis 18 b . the blades 18 a are equidistantly spaced from each other . between each pair of adjacent blades is a space which can be called a bucket 18 c . there is a plurality of buckets 18 c arranged around the rotor central axis 18 b . each bucket 18 c , when the liquid ring pump is operating at its running speed , forms a separate sealed bucket 18 c sealed by liquid of a liquid ring 22 . the sealed bucket 18 c has a void space ( volume ) which expands and contracts depending on the angular orientation of the bucket 18 c relative to an inner surface 22 a of the rotating liquid ring 22 in the chamber . the inner surface 22 a of the liquid ring delimits a radial inner boundary of the liquid ring 22 and forms a radial outer boundary of a respective sealed bucket 18 c . the radial inward boundary of each sealed bucket 18 c is formed by an exterior facing surface 24 a of a second sidewall 24 of a port member 26 . each sealed bucket can be called a compressible fluid chamber . each rotor blade 18 a has a first free end 18 d which extends in a radial direction relative to the central axis of the rotor . each rotor blade has a second free end 18 e extending in an axial direction relative to the rotor central axis 18 b . each second free end 18 e is either inclined or parallel relative to the rotor central axis 18 b . in the present example they are inclined . each blade &# 39 ; s first and second free ends intersect with each other . the second free ends form a cavity 19 . the rotor is fixedly connected to a shaft 28 . the shaft extends through the cavity 19 and through a shaft receiving aperture 18 g formed by a hub 18 h of the rotor 18 . the port member 26 is in the cavity 19 . the port member 26 has a first sidewall 30 in the cavity 19 . the first sidewall 30 is elongated in a first direction . the first direction is a direction away from a first open end 26 a of the port member towards a second open end of the port member 26 b . the first sidewall 30 extends in the first direction and is between the first open end 26 a and second open end 26 b . the first sidewall 30 is an outer sidewall and can be called a port wall . the first sidewall is disposed around the second sidewall 24 . the second sidewall 24 is an inner sidewall . the inner sidewall 24 forms a shaft receiving hollow 24 b . the shaft 28 extends into the hollow 24 b . the port member 26 has a gas inlet port 32 and a gas discharge port 36 formed in the first sidewall 30 . the gas inlet port 32 opens through the first sidewall 30 . the gas discharge port 36 opens through the first sidewall 30 . the inlet port 32 and discharge port 36 each has a respective beginning end 33 , 37 . each respective beginning end 33 , 37 is spaced , in the circumferential direction from a respective closing end 34 , 38 . the beginning end 37 of the discharge port is spaced from the closing end 38 of the gas discharge port . the beginning end 33 of the gas inlet is spaced from the closing end 34 of the gas inlet port . the beginning ends 33 , 37 of the inlet port and gas discharge port each comprise a beginning edge and the closing ends 34 , 38 of the gas inlet port and gas outlet port each comprise a closing edge . a portion of an interior surface 30 a of the first sidewall 30 delimits in a second direction a gas inlet port channel 35 ( shown in fig7 ). the second direction is a direction going outward in a radial direction from the central axis of the port member . the gas inlet port channel 35 extends from and opens through the first open end 26 a of the port member to the gas inlet port 32 . the gas inlet port 32 is open to the gas inlet port channel 35 . the gas inlet port channel 35 provides a gas flow connection between a gas intake channel 42 in the pump head 44 and the gas inlet port 32 . the gas inlet port channel 35 is open to the gas intake channel 42 in the pump head . the pump head gas intake channel 42 is open to a pump head inlet 43 . the pump head inlet 43 opens into the pump head 44 . a portion of the interior surface 30 a of the first sidewall 30 delimits in the second direction a gas discharge channel 39 . the gas discharge channel 39 extends from the outlet port to and through the first end 26 a of the port member 26 . the gas discharge port 36 is open to the gas discharge channel 39 . the gas discharge channel 39 provides a gas flow connection to a gas discharge channel 45 in the pump head . the pump head gas discharge channel 45 is open to port member gas discharge channel 39 . the pump head gas discharge channel 45 is open to a pump head gas outlet 46 . the gas outlet 46 opens out of the pump head . the port member 26 has an anti - cavitation passage 50 ( shown in fig6 and 7 ) comprising a gas opening 51 which opens through an exterior surface 30 b of the first sidewall 30 . the anti - cavitation gas opening 51 is an exit for the anti - cavitation passage . the anti - cavitation passage gas opening 51 is in gas flow connection with a gas entry 52 of the anti - cavitation passage 50 . the gas entry 52 is in the port member 26 . the gas entry 52 is not in receiving flow connection or receiving gas discharge connection with any bucket 18 c in the chamber 14 . the entry 52 is outside of the buckets 18 c . the gas entry 52 is in flow connection with a gas supply channel 56 . it is open to the gas supply channel 56 . the gas supply channel is outside of said pumping chamber . it can extend through the pump head 44 . the gas supply channel 56 is not open to the pump head gas inlet 43 or pump head intake channel 42 . it is separated from , including fluidly separated from , the pump head gas intake channel 42 and pump head inlet 43 . the gas supply channel 56 receives gas from a source external to the pumping chamber and the pump head . the gas supply channel 56 and the anti - cavitation passage 50 are continuous . the anti - cavitation passage is not open to the gas inlet port channel 35 or gas inlet port 32 . the anti - cavitation passage is separated from , including fluidly separated from items 35 , 32 . the gas source for the gas supply channel 56 can be ambient air in the environment surrounding the chamber 14 and pump head 44 . further details of the anti - cavitation passage are explained in more detail below . the port member 26 also has a sealing liquid introduction port 60 which opens through the first sidewall 30 . the sealing liquid introduction port 60 is oriented in the circumferential direction of rotation of the rotor between the closing end 34 of the gas inlet port 32 and the beginning end 37 of the gas discharge port 36 . the sealing liquid introduction port 60 is open to a sealing liquid introduction channel 61 of the port member 26 . the sealing liquid introduction channel 61 provides a flow connection to a sealing liquid supply channel 62 . the sealing liquid introduction channel 61 is open to the sealing liquid supply channel 62 . the sealing liquid supply channel 62 can extend through the pump and in particular the pump head . the sealing liquid introduction channel 61 of the port member comprises walls 63 which extend in a direction away from the first sidewall exterior surface 30 b towards the central axis 40 of the port member . the walls are connected with the second sidewall 24 and the first sidewall 30 . the sealing liquid introduction channel 61 opens through the second sidewall 24 and is open to the shaft 28 . the sealing liquid introduction channel 61 extends from and opens through the first open end 26 a of the port member to the sealing liquid introduction port 60 . the sealing liquid 21 enters the buckets 18 c from the sealing liquid introduction port 60 as the buckets 18 c sweep past the sealing liquid introduction port in the circumferential direction of rotation . the sealing liquid fills interstices and otherwise allows for proper operation of the pump . in operation , a sealed bucket 18 c rotates to a position k ( as shown in fig2 ) wherein it is in a gas flow receiving connection with said anti - cavitation exit 51 . in the position k the sealed bucket is open to the anti - cavitation exit 51 . the exit 51 opens into the sealed bucket 18 c . the bucket when in the position k is in a gas flow discharge connection with said gas discharge port 36 . the bucket 18 c is open to the gas discharge port 36 . in the position k the bucket is not in a gas flow receiving connection with said gas inlet port 32 or gas inlet port channel 35 . it is not open to the gas inlet port 32 or gas inlet channel 35 . it has swept completely past the gas inlet port 32 . in the position k it is not open to the sealing liquid introduction port 60 . at least a portion of the bucket is circumferentially between the closing end 34 of said gas inlet port and the beginning end 37 of said gas discharge port . when the bucket is in the position k the external supply of gas has entered the anti - cavitation passage 50 through the entry 52 without having first flowed through the gas inlet port 32 . the gas in the anti - cavitation passage is passing through said anti - cavitation opening 51 into said sealed bucket 18 c without having first passed through the gas inlet port 32 . the flow into the bucket increases the volume of gas and pressure in the bucket . thus the bucket in the position k has an increased gas volume and increased gas pressure from gas received from said anti - cavitation passage 50 . the gas received from said passage is from the external gas source . the gas is received without said gas first passing through the gas inlet port 32 . the area of the sealing liquid introduction port 60 opening through the first side wall is delimited by a rim 65 . the rim comprises a chamfered surface . the chamfered surface is seamless with the first sidewall and part of the first sidewall 30 . the surface can be a continuous perimeter . the surface delimits at least one half of the perimeter &# 39 ; s length . the sealing liquid introduction channel 61 is open to the shaft 28 . the walls 63 of the sealing liquid introduction channel are angled relative to a plane 67 passing through the area of the sealing inlet port opening through the first side wall and more particularly the area opening through the external surface 30 b of the first sidewall . the plane passing through extends along the central axis 40 of the port member and is parallel thereto . the walls are each angled in a direction going away from a first end of the wall distal the first end 26 a to a second end of the wall proximate the first end 26 a . thus a shortest straight line extending from the first end of the wall to the second end of the wall is angled relative to the plane 67 . the walls , along the line , are each angled 10 degrees ± 2 relative to the plane . the walls along an axis extending along the line area angled relative to the plane in the same amount . the walls can be considered to have been rotated 10 degrees ± 2 degrees in the circumferential direction of rotation from a prior position relative to the plane . in the prior position , in the direction from the first end to the second end , the walls extend parallel to the plane . the angled walls 63 lesson the pressure drop in the bucket because the angled walls direct the sealing liquid through the sealing liquid introduction port at an angle relative to the plane 67 . the angled flow lessons the velocity of the sealing liquid thus increasing the pressure in the bucket . the chamfered rim 65 operates on the same principal . proximate the sealing liquid introduction port 60 is a diverter 69 having an interference orientation to a flow of the sealing liquid 21 . the interference is before the liquid passes through the sealing liquid introduction port 60 . the diverter 69 breaks up the sealing liquid 21 thus decreasing the velocity of the liquid running along a leading surface of a trailing blade delimiting the bucket as it sweeps past the sealing liquid introduction port . the resulting decrease in velocity increases the pressure in the bucket and thus lessons the pressure drop in the bucket and thus the cavitation at the base of the leading surface of the trailing blade . in more detail , the anti - cavitation passage 50 comprises a channel having a first portion 53 and a second portion 55 . the first portion comprises the gas entry 52 to the anti - cavitation passage of the port member . the gas entry 52 opens through a surface of the port member 26 . the surface can be a face surface at the first open end 26 a of the port member . the face surface faces the pump head 44 when the port member 26 is connected to the pump head . the gas entry is configured to couple to the gas supply channel 56 . the first portion extends in the first direction . the first portion does not open though the interior facing surface 30 a of the first sidewall 30 . it does not open into the gas inlet port channel 35 or discharge channel 39 . it extends in the first direction within additional structure 71 of the port member 26 . the structure 71 is between interior surface 24 c of said second side wall 24 and said exterior surface 30 b of said first sidewall 30 . the additional structure can be considered a portion of the first sidewall 30 having increased thickness in a direction away from the exterior surface of first sidewall towards the central axis of the port member . the direction comprises a radial direction away from the first sidewall exterior surface towards the central axis of the port member . the structure can be a portion which extends from the first sidewall 30 to the second sidewall 24 . the structure can delimit the gas discharge channel 39 in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of rotation . the additional structure 71 has a length measured in a direction going away from the first open end 26 a of the port member towards the second open end 26 b of the port member along the central axis less than a length of the gas discharge port 36 measured along the central axis . the length of the gas discharge port 36 is measured from a first end 73 of the opening of the discharge port 36 through the exterior surface 30 b most proximate the port member first end 26 a to a second end 75 of the opening of the discharge port 36 most distal the port member first end 26 a . the length of the additional structure is at least 1 . 5 and more preferably about 2 times the length of the gas discharge port . the second portion 55 of the channel comprises the opening ( exit ) 51 of the passage 50 . the first portion 53 opens into the second portion 55 . the second portion does not open through the interior surface 30 a of the first sidewall . the first and second portions are in gas flow connection and continuous with each other . the anti - cavitation passage does not open through the interior surface 30 a of the first sidewall 30 . it does not open into the inlet port 32 or inlet port channel 35 . excepting the entry , it does not open through a surface of the additional structure 71 . the passage 50 is separated from , including fluidly separated from , the gas inlet port 32 , gas inlet port channel 35 , gas discharge port 36 and gas discharge channel 39 . a bucket 18 c , when in position k , can couple exit 51 to the discharge port 36 . as shown in fig8 and 9 , the opening 51 ( more particularly the midpoint of the opening 51 ) of the anti - cavitation passage 50 is an axial distance x from the first open end 26 a . the axial distance is measured along the central axis of the port member 26 . the distance x is greater than the axial distance y from the first end 26 a of the port member 26 to an end 77 of the gas inlet port 32 most proximate the first open end 26 a of the port member . preferably the distance is minimized . the distance y is measured along the central axis of the port member . the distance x is less than the axial distance z from the first end 26 a of the port member to an end 79 of the gas inlet port 32 most distal the first end 26 a of port member 26 . again the distance z is measured along the central axis of the port member . with reference to fig2 , the opening 51 ( more particularly the midpoint of the opening 51 ), in the circumferential direction of rotation , is a degrees from the closing end 34 of the gas inlet port 32 . it is b degrees from the beginning end 37 of the gas discharge port 36 . preferably a is greater than b . preferably a is 2 times b ± 0 . 2 . in the shown example a is 66 degrees ± 5 degrees and b is 32 degrees ± 5 degrees . the diverter has a first length from one end to an opposite end measured in the circumferential direction preferably the same as or about the same as the width of the sealing liquid introduction channel measured in the circumferential direction at the rim of the sealing liquid introduction port 60 opening through the exterior surface 30 b of the first sidewall 30 . the length should be at least the 0 . 5 times the width of the sealing liquid introduction port . the diverter should have a closest distance d measured along a radius of the central axis of the port member . the distance d should be greater than the inner radius r of the second sidewall . the distance d is about 1 . 22 times r ± 0 . 02 . a surface 81 of a filling 82 delimits said anti - cavitation passage 50 and thus said passage is open to said surface 81 of said filling . the surface 81 thus forms a surface of said passage . the filling 82 can be a plug . the filling 82 fills at least a portion of a channel 85 . the channel 85 having the filling 82 is in the additional structure 71 . exclusive of the filling 82 , the channel 85 has an opening 85 a which opens into said ant - cavitation passage 50 from said additional structure . the filling 82 fills the opening . the channel 85 also has an opening 85 b through the surface of the additional structure . this opening 85 b is not filled . the channel 85 is a locating channel provided in connection with providing the anti - cavitation passage 50 . in a preferred operating mode , the pump 10 operates as a vacuum pump that produces a low absolute pressure ( high vacuum pressure ) at the inlet 32 and discharges the pumped fluid at a higher absolute pressure ( e . g ., atmospheric pressure ) at the discharge 36 . during some operating conditions , the pressure within the bucket as it passes the inlet 32 closing end 34 is lower than the vapor pressure of the liquid that forms the liquid ring . this condition can result in boiling ( i . e ., the formation of bubbles ) of the liquid . sudden exposure of this boiling liquid to a high pressure region ( such as atmospheric pressure at the discharge 36 ) can cause the sudden collapse ( implosion ) of the bubbles which can cause cavitation . with reference to fig2 , the operation of the pump including the anti - cavitation device is best understood . fig2 illustrates multiple positions of buckets delineated by several radial broken lines . each bucket rotates through multiple positions with positions g , h , i , j , k , and l being identified for description . a bucket begins its rotational cycle in position g . in this position , the bucket is closed to both the discharge opening 36 and the inlet opening 32 and is rotating in a clockwise direction as shown in fig2 . in position g , the liquid ring is at or near its closest approach to the shaft such that the volume of the bucket is at or near its minimum . further rotation positions the bucket in position h . in this position , the bucket is open to the inlet opening 32 and the volume of the bucket is increasing as the liquid ring recedes from the shaft . the increasing volume draws fluid into the increasing volume . further rotation positions the bucket in position i . in this position , the bucket is again closed to both the inlet 32 and the discharge 36 . in addition , in position i , the liquid ring is at or near its maximum distance from the rotor such that the volume of the bucket is at or near its maximum . it is at position i where the bucket is at its lowest pressure ( highest vacuum pressure ) and the formation of bubbles is most likely . continued rotation positions the bucket in location “ j ”. as the bucket approaches this position , the liquid ring is moving toward the shaft to reduce the volume and increase the pressure within the bucket . once in position “ j ”, the bucket is open to the anti - cavitation opening 51 . the anti - cavitation opening 51 is fluidly coupled to a source of relative high pressure ( e . g ., atmospheric pressure ) and admits a volume of high pressure fluid into the bucket . the anti - cavitation opening 51 or the fluid path is sized to control the quantity of fluid admitted into the bucket to slowly increase the pressure in the bucket . the bucket then rotates to position k where it is open to both the anti - cavitation opening 51 and the discharge opening 36 . at this point fluid is free to enter the bucket to increase the pressure to atmospheric pressure . the bucket eventually rotates to position l where the volume is substantially at atmospheric pressure and the volume is reducing as the liquid ring moves closer to the shaft and the bucket volume is reduced . finally , the bucket returns to position g and the process begins again . the admission of high pressure fluid via the anti - cavitation inlet prior to exposing the bucket to the discharge 36 allows for a more gradual increase in the pressure within the bucket which allows any bubbles to dissipate more slowly , thereby reducing the likelihood of cavitation damage . to manufacture the port member 26 the first sidewall 30 and the second sidewall 24 of said port member 26 are provided . the gas inlet port 32 and gas discharge port 36 are provided in the first sidewall 30 . the sealing liquid introduction port 60 is provided in the first sidewall 30 . the sealing liquid channel 61 has the walls 63 angled relative to the plane 67 . the additional structure 71 is provided to extend a length less than the length of the discharge port 36 . the above features can be provided by way of casting in combination with machining . the first portion 53 of the channel of the anti - cavitation passage is provided in the additional structure 71 to have the entry 52 into the anti - cavitation passage . the locating channel 85 is provided in the additional structure 71 to open into the first portion 53 and to open through a surface of the additional structure 71 . the second portion 55 of the channel is provided to have the opening 51 of the anti - cavitation passage 50 and to open into the first portion 53 . the opening 85 a of the locating channel open to the first portion 53 is filled with filling 82 . the first 53 and second portion 55 and location channel 85 are machined into the port member 26 after it has been cast or otherwise formed . the pump 10 can have a chamber housing 16 that has a circular inner surface delimiting a chamber 14 . in this case the compressor package is a single lobe design having a single intake zone and compression zone . the pump could be a multiple lobe design . in this case the working chamber housing 16 would have an oval inner surface delimiting an oval chamber 14 . the chamber would have two intake zones and two compression zones in an alternating pattern . the two intake zones would be on opposite ends of the minor axis of the oval and the two compression zones would be on opposite ends of the major axis . the term gas as use herein is broad enough to include , without limitation , ambient air , fluids in a gaseous state other than ambient air , mixtures of gases , other than ambient air , with ambient air and / or non - ambient gases , and mixtures of incompressible and compressible fluids , vaporized liquids mixed with ambient air ; and vaporized liquids . various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims . | 5 |
fig1 - 4 generally illustrate a process for making a graphic artwork of the invention . fig1 illustrates a substrate 1 on which has been formed a coating layer 2 , and fig2 illustrates the article of fig1 subsequent to a resist material 3 being formed on top of the coating layer 2 in a predetermined pattern . thereafter , the substrate 1 , the coating layer 2 , and the pattern resist material 3 are exposed to an etching solution which selectively etches exposed portions 4 of the coating 2 rather than the resist material 3 so as to form the predetermined pattern on the substrate 1 and also on the coating layer 2 , as illustrated in fig3 . the graphic artwork 15 so produced is then used to transfer the predetermined pattern onto an appropriate medium , such as a printed circuit board 9 illustrated in fig4 so as to print circuit paths and circuit features corresponding to the predetermined pattern onto conducting layer 12 of the board 9 . the printing is accomplished by disposing the graphic artwork or mask 15 over the printed circuit board 9 and exposing both the graphic artwork 15 and the printed circuit board 9 to ultraviolet light radiation 8 . the radiation is transmitted through the graphic artwork 15 at all areas thereof where the coating layer 2 has previously been etched away thereby exposing an upper ultraviolet sensitive layer 13 of the printed circuit board along these areas , the ultraviolet light radiation being blocked by the graphic artwork at all locations where the coating layer 2 has not been previously removed . after ultraviolet light radiation exposure , exposed portions of the ultraviolet sensitive layer 13 of the printed circuit board 9 are removed by conventional techniques , and portions of the metal layer 12 so exposed are then etched away so as to form the predetermined pattern within the metal layer 12 of the printed circuit board . in practice , it is not atypical for a printed circuit board to have a plurality of stacked metal layers thereon each individually patterned in a preselected way , the plurality of layers being interconnected by vias or vertical circuit lines . accordingly , it can be appreciated that for producing such multilayer printed circuit boards it is advantageous that the graphic artworks or masks used for printing the circuits on the various board layers be at least partially transparent at visual light wavelengths so as to assist in aligning the masks with alignment markings on the board or other patterns of a set of masks . of course the graphic artworks of the invention can be used in additional applications as well . for example , masks are used for producing color printing plates . since a plurality of such masks and associated plates need to be used to superimpose a plurality of colors for a single image to achieve good color resolution , it is particularly advantageous that the masks used to create these plates be semitransparent at visual wavelengths so as to allow the masks associated with any one image to be stacked to insure a partial image of each mask appropriately registers with partial images of each of the other masks . according to a first embodiment of the invention , the coating layer 2 of the graphic artwork 15 comprises a copper oxide thin film , optimally having a thickness of between 300 and 3000 angstroms , preferably between 500 and 2000 angstroms , e . g . between 600 and 1200 angstroms , the copper oxide essentially corresponding to cu 2 o . though the oxide cu 2 o is known to be formed according to the first embodiment since a color of the coating is yellowish , it is conceivable that the other oxide of copper , cuo , may also exist in small amounts in the coating layer of the first embodiment . according to a second embodiment of the invention , the coating layer 2 comprises a copper oxide plus unoxidized copper metal particles , the coating layer having a volume average composition cu 2 o x where x is less than 2 . 0 , preferably less than 1 . 0 . it should be noted there are a variety of ways of characterizing the crystalline structure of the coating layer of the second embodiment of the invention , e . g ., as a suboxide or as a cermet , due to its extremely thin layer structure and an inevitable random nature in which it must be deposited . however , the characterization of the coating layer as only one of a suboxide and a cermet is actually of only academic concern , the important characteristic of the coating being that unoxidized copper does exist , and hence the volume average composition of the coating layer comprises cuo x where x is less than 1 . 0 , and preferably less than 0 . 5 . preferred materials for the substrate include polyester and other types of thin plastic films . examples of resist materials include riston ® manufactured by dupont and az1350 liquid photoresist manufactured by shipley . a preferred method for forming the coating layer 2 on the substrate 1 is by planar magnetron reactive sputtering using an apparatus such as that illustrated in fig6 . referring more particularly to fig6 a target 2 , which comprises a cathode , consists essentially of copper metal , and is located directly above a magnet 21 utilized for confining ionized gases in a region of the target 22 , the gases to be ionized being injected into a sputtering chamber 31 via any one of inlet ports 27 - 29 . an outlet port 30 is provided for evacuating the sputtering chamber 31 . the copper is deposited onto the substrate 1 as the layer 2 by maintaining a voltage differential between the cathode copper target 22 and an anode 33 while introducing at least one inert gas such as argon into the sputtering chamber which is ionized by electric fields created within the sputtering chamber 1 . the ionized gas causes metal particles to be knocked off the target 22 and to be sputter deposited onto the substrate 1 . fig1 further shows a substrate holder 23 , 24 , a seal 25 for sealing between the holder portion 24 and a wall 26 of the sputtering chamber 31 , a d . c . high voltage power source 35 , insulation 36 , a shielding box 37 disposed around the copper cathode target 22 , and electrical connection cables 38 connected to the power source 35 . an important embodiment of the invention is that oxygen is introduced into the sputtering chamber 31 via any one of the inlet ports 27 - 29 so that the copper metal particles are deposited onto the substrate as an oxide or suboxide , depending upon the partial pressure of oxygen within the sputtering chamber 31 and the sputtering power . accordingly , if the substrate 1 is continuously transported across a sputtering region within the sputtering chamber 31 while a partial pressure of oxygen within the sputtering chamber 31 and / or a sputtering power is varied , it is possible to deposit various different coating layer compositions onto the substrate 1 so as to obtain optimum optical properties . in addition , if the opaqueness or transparency of the coated substrate 1 is measured soon after sputtering at various light wavelengths , feedback control can also be incorporated so as to continuously vary various deposition parameters until an optimum coating layer composition is achieved . for example , for some masking operations , a pure copper oxide composition , cu 2 o , may be found desirous since such a coating layer is essentially opaque to ultraviolet light having a wavelength from approximately 300 nanometers to 400 nanometers , and yet such a coating layer is also partially transparent at visible light wavelengths and in fact appears visually as yellowish . such a coating layer is extremely advantageous where at least partial visual light transparency is required for a graphic artwork such as for example where registration at a particular location on a printed circuit board or other article to be produced is required . on the other hand , in some applications a coating layer further including unoxidized copper oxide is more desirous since the resultant coating layer is even more opaque to ultraviolet light radiation , though in general a copper oxide including nonoxidized copper is also more opaque at visual light wavelengths hence making registering difficult if necessary . the copper oxide and copper oxide including nonoxidized copper of the invention have several significant advantages over prior art coating layers used for masks and other types of graphic artworks . first , these coating layers are extremely environmentally stable , second they are easily produced and optimized using reactive magnetron sputtering techniques , and third it is possible to etch such coating layers with materials that are non - caustic and relatively environmentally benign . in addition , the coating layers of the invention can be produced as extremely thin layers , as mentioned typically between 300 and 3000 angstroms thick , preferably between 500 and 1500 angstroms thick , optimally between 600 and 1200 angstroms thick , and are very fine grained , so that they can be etched to form extremely fine line patterns . and , as mentioned , optical properties of these coating layers can be readily adapted to meet optimum requirements for any particular photo reproductive system . the invention further includes a novel method for etching coating layers of the invention , these coating layers being etched by using a solution of ammonium chloride and hydrogen peroxide . for a fully oxidized coating layer , ammonium chloride is sufficient to etch the coating layer completely . however , when the coating layer also comprises unoxidized copper , ammonium chloride is not capable of etching the unoxidized copper metal particles , and accordingly the use of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with the ammonium chloride results in the copper being fully oxidizible and hence fully removable in the solution . the invention will be further described with reference to particular examples . an eighteen inch diameter stainless steel bell jar vacuum chamber was fitted with a planar magnetron sputtering source with an 8 &# 34 ;× 3 &# 34 ; target surface and a 12 &# 34 ; diameter rotating drum substrate holder around which a substrate of flexible film would be wrapped . the target to substrate separation was 21 / 2 &# 34 ;. the planar magnetron source was filled with a 99 . 9 % pure copper target , and a substrate of 4 mil thick pet polyester film substrate was wrapped around the drum . the chamber was evacuated to a pressure of 1 . 8 × 10 - 5 torr , then the following coating conditions were met : partial pressure of argon gas , 2 . 0 mtorr ; partial pressure of oxygen gas , 0 . 30 mtorr ; sputtering power , 500 watts ; drum speed , 0 . 19 rpm ; coating time , 25 sec . the resulting coating had a composition consisting essentially of cu 2 o , a visible light transmission of 60 %, a yellow color , and a transmission spectrum as shown in fig7 . it was less than 1 % transparent to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths less than 400 mm . this coating could be completely removed by immersing it for 20 sec . in a solution of 27 % ( by weight ) of ammonium chloride in water at 20 degrees for 20 seconds . the coating was however quite stable , and showed no change in properties after extended periods in air , at 80 degrees dry heat , and at 60 degrees c ., 95 % rh environments . the apparatus used in example 1 was used to coat a piece of 4 mil thick pet polyester film in the same manner as was used in example 1 , using the following conditions . the chamber was evacuated to a pressure of 1 . 8 × 10 - 5 torr , then backfilled with argon gas to a partial pressure of 2 . 0 mtorr and oxygen gas to a partial pressure of 0 . 8 mtorr . the target was then sputtered in this atmosphere at a power of 1000 watts for twelve minutes , while the substrate drum was rotated at a speed of 0 . 5 rpm . the resulting coating had a composition cuo x where x was less than 0 . 5 , had an optical density of 2 . 67 for visible light , and a transmission spectrum as shown in fig2 . it was less than 0 . 1 % transparent to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths less than 400 mm . this coating could be completely removed by immersing it for 20 seconds in a solution of 27 % ammonium chloride in water plus 7 ml of 3 % hydrogen peroxide solution per 100 ml of ammonium chloride solution , at 20 degrees c . the coating was however quite stable , and showed no change in properties after extended periods in air , 80 degrees c . dry heat and 60 degrees c . 95 % rh , environments . | 8 |
i have discovered useful azeotropes of 1 , 2 - dichloro - 1 - fluoroethane with each of the tetrahydrofuran , methyl ethyl ketone , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol ; and of 1 , 2 - dichloro - 1 , 2 - difluoroethane with each of tetrahydrofuran , methyl ethyl ketone , acetone , ethanol , and isopropanol . an azeotrope may be defined as a constant boiling mixture which distills without change in composition . yet , at a differing pressure , the composition indeed may vary , at least slightly , with the change in distillation pressure , which also changes , at least slightly , the distillation temperature . an azeotrope of a and b may represent a unique type of relationship with a variable composition . thus , it should be possible to fingerprint the azeotrope , which may appear under varying guises depending upon the conditions chosen , by any of several criteria : the composition may be defined as an azeotrope of a and b , since the very term azeotrope is at once definitive and limitative , requiring that a and b indeed form this unique composition of matter which is a constant boiling admixture . or , the composition may be defined as a particular azeotrope of a weight per cent relationship or mole per cent relationship of a : b , but recognizing that such values point out only one such relationship , whereas a series of relationships of a : b may exist for the azeotrope , varied by influence of temperature and pressure . or , recognizing that broadly speaking an azeotrope of a : b actually represents a series of relationships , the azeotropic series represented by a : b may in effect be fingerprinted or characterized by defining the composition as an azeotrope further characterized by a particular boiling point at a given pressure , thus giving identifying characteristics without unduly limiting the scope of the invention . the following data are presented in order to assist in disclosing and describing my invention , and , therefore , are not intended to be limitative of the reasonable scope thereof . the azeotropes of my invention were prepared by distilling mixtures of the chlorofluorohydrocarbon and the other component until the overhead temperature reached a constant value and the composition of the distillate remained unchanged as verified by glc analysis , thereby establishing the existence of a minimum boiling azeotrope in each case . the azeotropes were tested as solvents for solder flux on printed circuits . azeotropic compositions were prepared and characterized by the properties tabulated below : table i______________________________________ chloro - compositionazetrope . sup . a fluoro - of azeotrope ( pres - hydro - chlorofluoro - b . p . sure ) carbon alcohol hydrocarbon / alcohol______________________________________56 ° c ( 742 mm ) 141 . sup . b methanol ( 73 . 5 / 26 . 5 wt . % ( 64 . 4 / 35 . 6 area % 65 ° c ( 749 mm ) 141 ethanol 81 . 2 / 18 . 8 wt . % 68 ° c ( 740 mm ) 141 isopro - 81 . 3 / 16 . 6 . sup . d wt . % panol52 ° c ( 741 mm ) 132 . sup . c methanol 90 . 4 / 9 . 6 wt . % 56 - 57 ° c ( 748 mm ) 132 ethanol 94 . 9 - 95 / 5 - 5 . 1 wt . 547 ° c ( 744 mm ) 132 isopro - 98 . 7 / 1 . 3 wt . % panol______________________________________ . sup . a b . p . is the boiling point for the azeotropic composition at substantially atmospheric in each case . the pressure showing was the atmospheric barometric pressure taken from daily laboratory readings . . sup . b 141 represents 1 , 2 - dichloro - 1 - fluoroethane . sup . c 132 represents 1 , 2 - dichloro - 1 , 2 - difluoroethane . sup . d remaining 2 . 1 weight per cent not identified . the azeotropes were tested as solvents for removal of solder flux from commercial circuit boards , with results as shown below , along with comparative runs : table ii______________________________________ wt . % of fluxruns solvent systems dissolved______________________________________1 141 / methanol 97 . 02 141 / ethanol 91 . 53 141 / isopropanol 95 . 74 132 / methanol 98 . 75 132 / ethanol 94 . 06 132 / isopropanol 98 . 07 113 . sup . e 28 . 48 1 , 1 , 1 - trichloroethane 82 . 69 113 / ethanol azeotrope 66 . 510 113 / ethanol / acetone azeotrope 57 . 011 113 / isopropanol azeotrope 69 . 512 141 51 . 313 132 74 . 2______________________________________ . sup . e 113 represents 1 , 1 , 2 - trichloro - 1 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethane . the data in table ii show that the novel azeotropic compositions of this invention were more effective than several commercially available solvents or of 141 or 132 alone in removing solder flux from printed circuit boards . azeotropic compositions were prepared and characterized by the properties tabulated below : table iii______________________________________ approximate weight per cent composition of azeotropeazeotrope chlorofluoro - chlorofluoro - b . p . ( pressure ) hydrocarbon ether hydrocarbon / ether______________________________________74 ° c ( 739 mm ) 141 thf . sup . f 61 . 8 / 38 . 270 ° c ( 739 mm ) 132 thf 45 . 9 / 54 . 1______________________________________ . sup . f thf represents tetrahydrofuran . the azeotropes were tested as solvents for removal of solder flux from commercial circuit boards , with results as shown below , along with comparative runs with other similar materials . table iv______________________________________runs solvent systems wt . % of flux dissolved______________________________________14 141 / thf 10015 132 / thf 10016 1 , 1 , 1 - trichloroethane 82 . 617 113 / ethanol azeotrope 66 . 518 141 51 . 319 132 74 . 2______________________________________ the data in table iv above show that the novel azeotropic compositions of this invention were more effective in removing solder flux from printed circuit boards than several commercially available solvents or 141 or 132 alone . azeotropic compositions were prepared and characterized by the properties tabulated below : table v______________________________________ approximate wt . % chloro - composition fluoro - of azeotropeazeotrope hydro - chlorofluoro - b . p . ( pressure ) carbon ketone hydrocarbon / ketone______________________________________80 ° c ( atmospheric ) 141 mek . sup . g 54 . 1 / 45 . 980 ° c ( 743 mm ) 132 mek 39 . 8 / 60 . 266 ° c ( 736 mm ) 132 ace - 72 . 3 / 27 . 7 tone______________________________________ . sup . g mek represents methyl ethyl ketone . the azeotropes were tested as solvents for removal of excess solder flux from commercial circuit boards , with the results as shown below , along with comparative runs with other materials . table vi______________________________________runs solvent systems wt . % of flux dissolved______________________________________20 141 / mek 10021 132 / mek 9822 1 , 1 , 1 - trichloroethane 82 . 623 113 / ethanol azeotrope 66 . 524 113 / ethanol / acetone azeotrope 57 . 025 141 51 . 326 132 74 . 2______________________________________ the data in table vi above show that the novel azeotropic compositions of this invention were more effective in removing solder flux from printed circuit boards than several commercially available solvents or 141 or 132 alone . flash point data were obtained for azeotropic compositions of my discovery : table vii______________________________________ flash point of alcohol , etherrun azeotrope or ketone . sup . 1no . azeotrope flash point , ° f . sup . h component alone______________________________________27 141 / methanol 46 ° f 51 ° f28 141 / ethanol 75 ° f . sup . j 56 ° f29 141 / isopropanol -- 53 ° f30 132 / methanol 46 ° f 51 ° f31 132 / ethanol 75 ° f . sup . k 56 ° f32 132 / isopropanol 75 ° f . sup . l 53 ° f33 141 / thf 40 ° f 6 ° f34 132 / thf 36 ° f 6 ° f35 141 / mek -- 23 ° f36 132 / mek 42 ° f 23 ° f37 132 / acetone 45 ° f 15 ° f______________________________________ . sup . h flash point determination in accordance with astm method d - 56 . . sup . i flash point data obtained from shell chemical co . brochure ic - 71 - 18 . . sup . j burned at 75 ° f , not self - extinguishing . . sup . k did not burn at 75 ° f ; supported combustion of vapors and air , but was self - extinguishing . . sup . l did not burn at 75 ° f ; did not support combustion , but was self - extingusihing . data on two azeotropes were not obtained as indicated by the dashes above . the flash point data in general show that the inventive azeotropes are less hazardous in most cases than the alcohol , ether , or ketone non - chlorofluorohydrocarbon component alone . the azeotropes in most cases have higher flash points than does the second component alone . it will be understood that the description given hereinabove of the use of azeotropic compositions of my invention in cleaning or dissolving solder flux is given for illustrative purposes only , that the invention itself is not restricted to such specific embodiments , and that other techniques may be employed . these unique azeotropic compositions will have applications as solvents for greases , oils , waxes , aerosol propellants , and the like ; and in cleaning electric motors , compressors , photographic film , oxygen storage tanks , lithographic plates , typewriters , precision instruments , gauges , sound tape , cloth , clothing , and the like . it will be readily apparent that the novel azeotropic compositions can be used for a variety of purposes as indicated by my general description and suggestions . | 2 |
in accordance with this invention , a group of fibers are first formed into a rough bundle by placing the individual strands adjacent to one another and at the desired finished linear density and thickness . the maximum number of fiber strands per unit length which will fit next to one another side by side , owing to the diameter of the fibers , is the maximum linear density . once this maximum number is reached , addition of more fibers can no longer contribute to the linear number of strands per unit length of the fiber bundle , but will rather contribute towards increasing the thickness of the finished fiber bundle . the most preferable range of the linear density of fibers in a bundle produced according to this invention is between about 50 and 600 strands per centimeter , and the thicknesses of the finished fiber bundle is preferably between about the diameter of a single fiber and 2 . 5 centimeters , and between about 0 . 3 centimeters and 2 . 0 centimeters when the fibers comprise human hair . the fibers to be treated according to this invention are first cut to any desired length . the desired number of fibers are bundled together and held by the hand of a skilled operator in their desired finished position with all of the fibers being aligned along at least one of their ends . next , the fibers are sewn together using preferably a straight stitch , although other stitches are suitable including zig - zag stitches or any other types of stitches commonly employed in the textile industry . the fibers are sewn together in a direction perpendicular to their lengths within about 1 inch and preferably within about 1 - 10 millimeters from their ends . the composition of the stitching fiber is not a critical aspect of the finished product of this invention , since the main purpose of the stitching is to hold the fibers in stationary position while the binding composition is applied . the thread used may be comprised of any thread used in the sewing industry , including , cotton , linen , polyester , hemp , or any other fiber which has ever been employed by those skilled in the textile arts as a thread material . finally , the stitched portion of the fibers is treated with a binding agent which increases the integrity of the stitching to such a degree that normal physical handling does not allow the fiber bundles to distort , move about in a random fashion , or their physical configuration to be compromised in any other way . the composition of the binding agent with which the fiber bundle is treated after being sewn together is critical to the finished product produced herein . depending upon the nature of the physical testing to be done on a group of particular fibers , different compositions of binding agent may be employed . however , any binding agent material which is capable of maintaining the fibers in the position they are in at the time of application of the binding agent are suitable for use in this invention . suitable binding agents for use in this invention include all materials commonly recognized as adhesives , glues , and the like including without limitation castable polymeric materials , [ i . e ., materials which are in a liquid form upon being applied to the fibers and which undergo a phase transition to the solid state either upon cooling , ( as in the place of thermoset resins ), or by some type of chemical reaction , ( as in the case of epoxies ) and mixtures thereof , with the proviso that the melting point of the binding agent is preferrably at least about 5 and most preferably at least 10 degrees centigrade higher than the temperature at which the physical testing of the fiber bundles is to take place . castable polymeric materials useful as binding agents in this invention include commonly available plastics products which include at least one material from the following list , whether crystalline or amorphous , homopolymer or copolymer with at least one other monomer , substituted or unsubstituted : resin emulsions , model airplane glues , bookbinding compositions , epoxies , acrylates , polyacrylates , polyethylene , polypropylene , polycyanoacrylates , polystyrene , substituted polystyrenes , polyurethanes , abs , nylons , polybutene , polyamides , polyimides , thermoset resins , thermoplastic resins , polyalphaolefins , vinyl acetate polymers , vinyl acetate copolymers , natural latex , and mixtures thereof , but may also include other materials known to those of ordinary skill in the chemical arts as simply &# 34 ; polymers &# 34 ; including various so - called &# 34 ; hot melt &# 34 ; glues , typically proprietary mixtures containing amorphous polyalpha olefins , an example of which is sold in true value ( tm ) hardware stores , item dt - 20 mm , 457 - 033 and its equivalent . it has been determined that a very satisfactory binding agent according to this invention comprises a mixture of : 1 ) a proprietary polymer comprising vinyl acetate sold in the united states by by e . i . dupont de nemours known as &# 34 ; elvax - 40 &# 34 ;; and 2 ) natural beeswax , when the fibers to be bundled together comprise human hair . it has been determined that within this embodiment of the invention the most preferable ratio of this proprietary product to natural beeswax is five parts polymer to one part natural beeswax . however , the most preferable binding composition has been found to be a hot - melt glue type food packaging adhesive called cool - lok ( tm ) made by national starch company , item # 34 - 2116jgm - 775 . the use of additives in the binding agents such as waxes or other plasticizing esters is desirable in order to increase the ease with which the finished bundles are removed from the mold in which they are made , in allowing a quicker cure time thus permitting an increased production throughput and for decreasing the brittleness of the polymeric portion of the finished fiber bundle . included as useful as additives are plasticizers commonly employed in the polymer industry such as branched esters of phthalic acid , including diisodecylphthalate , and diisononylphthalate , wax , and beeswax . for purposes of this specification and the appended claims , the term &# 34 ; beeswax &# 34 ; means a ester produced by bees , which upon hydrolysis yields a mixture of mainly straight chain carboxylic acids having between 25 and 29 carbon atoms and straight chain primary alcohols having between 29 and 33 carbon atoms , regardless of the relative percentage content of each alcohol and carboxylic acid . other waxes useful in the place of the beeswax component of the binding agent according to this invention include those waxes which upon hydrolysis yield mainly carboxylic acids and alcohols having greater than about 16 carbon atoms , straight chain or branched , and long chain alcohols , having greater than about 16 carbon atoms , either primary , secondary , or tertiary , straight - chain or branched . for purposes of this invention , the term &# 34 ; wax &# 34 ; means esters of carboxylic acids and alcohols , said acid or alcohol having greater than about 16 carbon atoms , be they straight chain or branched ; and in the case of alcohols , primary , secondary , or tertiary . fig1 depicts the preferable water - cooled molding device useful for producing bundles of fibers according to this invention . in this figure , 26 represents a base portion upon which the mold assembly 10 is mounted by means of fasteners 22 . a stitched bundle of fibers is laid into machined recess 13 and is held in stationary position by stabilizing bar 28 , said stabilizing bar including a protruding portion 30 . the position of the stabilizing bar is maintained by means of thumbscrews 32 which are tightened upon locator rods 24 which are affixed to the base portion . the machined recess 14 is the location at which the stitched ends of the fiber bundle reside when all elements are in their proper position . 12 is a lower - relief section of the mold assembly , and 16 is a catch - basin for any excess binding composition . the mold assembly includes a hollow portion ( not shown ) between machined recess 14 and catch - basin 16 for passage of coolant liquid . 18 is coolant inlet and 20 is a coolant outlet . 54 is the stitched portion of the fiber bundle , and 52 is the fibers . 40 is the hand - held press bar which comprises a handle 42 , support members 44 and pressing portion 46 having an angled portion 48 . fig2 is a top plan view of the mold assembly . it shows more clearly the relationship of the locations of the various portions of the mold . fig3 is a side plan view of the mold assembly showing the location of a bundle of fibers in position within the mold when the stabilizing bar 28 is in its clamping position . also shown are the inlet and outlets for the coolant liquid , 18 and 20 . fig4 is a side elevation view of the mold showing a finished bundle of fibers including cured binding composition 56 affixed to the end portion of the fiber bundle as desired . fig5 shows a finished fiber bundle having thickness ( t ), length ( l ) and width ( w ). the stitched portion is protected beneath a bead of binding composition . the linear density of fibers is referenced along the dimension labelled &# 34 ; w &# 34 ;. to produce a bundle of fibers according to the instant invention , one first positions a bundle of fibers in an adjacent configuration , and then stitches the fibers together as previously indicated . next , the stitched portion of the fibers is placed into machined recess 14 . then , stabilizing bar 28 is lowered into position as shown in fig3 and held there by the force of screws 32 turned inward against locator rods 24 . next , molten binding composition is poured onto the stitched end portion of the fiber bundle and press bar angled portion 46 is pressed downward onto the stitched portion of the fibers . by virtue of the coolant liquid , which is preferably water , but may comprise glycols , alcohols or brine , and may include corrosion inhibitors as are well known to those skilled in the art . once the binding composition has solidified , the press bar is removed , the stabilizing bar is raised and the finished fiber bundle is removed from the mold . trimming with scissors to remove flashings may be undertaken to provide a more aesthetically appealing product . alternatively , a thin strip of thermoset or thermoplastic adhesive material may be provided in the form of a thin strip upon a piece of paper which is chemically treated so as to only have a minimal cohesive affinity for the adhesive , i . e ., a release paper , such as , for example , craft paper . fiber strands may be positioned atop the adhesive , and sufficient heat applied in order to cause sufficient melting of the adhesive to permit flow of the adhesive around the fibers , thus forming a fiber bundle according to those already described , however , lacking the stitching . subsequent removal of the heat source and peeling away of the release paper provides an alternative form of the fiber bundle product . fiber bundles produced in either such fashion are ideal for physical testing of the fibers for reasons already set forth herein . consideration must be given to the fact that although this invention has been described and disclosed in relation to certain preferred embodiments , obvious equivalent modifications and alterations thereof will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in this art upon reading and understanding this specification and the claims appended hereto . accordingly , the presently disclosed invention is intended to cover all such modifications and alterations , and is limited only by the scope of the claims which follow . | 6 |
fig1 represents the principal elements of a telecommunication electronic device 100 ( here a mobile telephone ). the mobile telephone 100 includes a microprocessor 130 with which are associated a non - volatile memory 140 ( for example a flash memory ) and a volatile memory ( or ram ) 150 . the mobile telephone also includes a keypad 120 and a screen 110 that form interface means with a user of the mobile telephone . finally , the mobile telephone accommodates a microcircuit card 200 ( described in more detail hereinafter ) adapted to exchange data with the microprocessor 130 , for example , as here , via physical connection means 160 . alternatively , other means could naturally be provided for exchanging data between the microcircuit 130 and the microcircuit card 200 , for example wireless communication means , possibly near - field wireless communication means . fig2 represents the principal elements of the microcircuit card 200 . the microcircuit card includes a microprocessor 210 associated with a non - volatile memory 220 . an input / output interface 240 ( which includes contacts intended to come into contact with corresponding contacts in the connection means 160 ) enables the microprocessor 210 of the microcircuit card 200 to interact with external devices , in particular the microprocessor 130 of the mobile telephone 100 when the microcircuit card 200 is in contact with the connection means 160 . the microcircuit card 200 also includes a movement sensor 230 , here of the accelerometer type , that provides access to at least one component of the movement of the microcircuit card 200 in the terrestrial frame of reference , here by way of the acceleration of the microcircuit card in the direction of at least one of its dimensions . alternatively , the movement sensor 230 could be a gyroscope adapted to measure the speed of rotation of the card about an axis , for example . another alternative is for the movement sensor 230 to be replaced by a position sensor , for example a magnetic sensor adapted to determine the position of the microcircuit card 200 relative to the terrestrial magnetic field ( on this topic see for example patent application ep 1 731 098 ). more than one position or movement sensor can naturally be used in the microcircuit card 200 without departing from the scope of the present patent application . moreover , in a first type of implementation that can be envisaged , the movement sensor 230 can deliver ( here to the microprocessor 210 ) information indicative of the movement detected at a given time ( either continuously or in response to a request from the microprocessor 210 ). in a second type of implementation that can be envisaged , the movement sensor 230 can additionally store a plurality of detected values and thus deliver a history of those values ( including the aforementioned plurality of values ), for example with a particular period or alternatively at the request of the microprocessor 210 . the microcircuit card 200 is a telephone ( in particular a mobile telephone ) network subscriber identification card , such as a sim ( subscriber identity module ), usim ( universal subscriber identity module ) or ruim ( removable universal identity module ) card . fig3 shows a first example of an application for the devices just referred to that can be envisaged . in this application , when the telephone receives a call from another electronic device connected to the same telecommunication network ( step e 300 ), it informs the microcircuit card 200 of this in the step e 302 ( for example by means of a sim toolkit event ). the microprocessor 210 of the microcircuit card 200 then receives this information to the effect that an incoming call has been detected in the step e 304 . the microprocessor 210 then executes in the step e 306 a movement detection algorithm ( or program ) that uses the data from the sensor 230 . such an algorithm is stored in the non - volatile memory 220 of the microcircuit card 200 , for example . the microprocessor 210 then sends the microprocessor 130 of the mobile telephone 100 a command that depends on the type of movement detected . for example , the microprocessor 210 selects a predetermined message in the non - volatile memory 220 as a function of the movement detected in the step e 306 and sends a command , for example a sim toolkit command , to send the selected message via the mobile telephone network , for example by means of an sms message ( in which case the sim toolkit command used is “ send sms ”) or an mms message ; alternatively , a voice message can be sent . this is a message of a first type , for example , if two taps on the telephone are detected ( detection by the sensor of two series of low - amplitude vibrations ) and a message of a second type ( alternatively no reaction ) in the case of repeated movement in one direction and then in the opposite direction . the messages of a first type and a second type and the movement with which each type of message is associated are stored in the non - volatile memory 220 . the sim toolkit command is sent to the microprocessor 130 of the mobile telephone 100 , which receives it and executes it in the step e 312 , which causes in the step e 314 transmission via the mobile telephone network of the message selected beforehand as a function of the movement detected by the movement sensor 230 of the microcircuit card . fig4 represents another example of application of the devices just described . in this application , the movement sensor 230 detects continuously in the step e 400 movement of the microcircuit card 200 ( and consequently movement of the mobile telephone 100 carrying the microcircuit card 200 ). the values of movement detected are periodically compared to a falling movement signature ( for example stored in the non - volatile memory 220 ). on this topic see for example us patent application 2001 / 004234 . whether falling has been detected is then determined in the step e 404 ( as a function of the result of the step e 402 comparison ). if no falling has been detected , continuous detection of the movement continues in the step e 400 . on the other hand , if falling is detected via positive comparison of the detected movement values and the signature stored in the non - volatile memory 220 ( which signature corresponds to a person carrying the telephone falling , for example ), the microprocessor 210 sends to the mobile telephone 100 a command executable by the microprocessor 130 . this is a sim toolkit function as defined by the gsm 11 . 14 standard . the command sent by the microprocessor 210 to the microprocessor 130 ( and therefore sent via the interface 240 and the connection means 160 ) leads according to one option that can be envisaged to the generation of a call by the mobile telephone 100 via the mobile telephone network in order , for example , to alert an emergency center . a call with the carrier of the mobile telephone can be initiated ( using the sim toolkit command “ set up call ”). alternatively , the command sent by the processor 210 could generate the sending via the mobile telephone network of a message ( for example an sms message , in which case the sim toolkit command “ send sms ” is used ) which can in particular include the identity of the subscriber , possibly with other information ( for example information as to the location of the mobile telephone 100 obtained either by identifying the cell to which the mobile telephone is connected in a cellular network or by gps type positioning means , for example ). clearly the mobile telephone thus sends a call or a message on the basis of a movement detected by the microcircuit card 200 without the mobile telephone having been configured beforehand to effect such detection . note that in the examples just described movement or the position of the mobile telephone 100 is deduced from movement or the position of the microcircuit card 200 because these two elements are physically linked . it can nevertheless be desirable to indicate the position of the microcircuit card 200 in the mobile telephone 100 ( in particular if commands initiated by movement depend on the relative orientation of the mobile telephone 100 and the microcircuit card 200 ). this is a configuration step that could naturally be effected only the first time the microcircuit card 200 is inserted into the mobile telephone 100 . according to a first implementation option , the position of the card 200 in the mobile telephone 100 could be indicated by the user via the keypad 120 in response to the display of a corresponding menu on the screen 110 . the menu is preferably stored by the microcircuit card 200 ( in the non - volatile memory 220 ) and its display by the telephone is commanded by a sim toolkit command “ select item ” sent by the card 200 to the mobile telephone 100 . according to a second implementation option , an application could be executed by the microprocessor 210 to cause the display on the screen 110 of a message prompting the user to perform a particular movement with the mobile telephone 100 . detection by the movement sensor 230 in the card 200 of the particular movement of the telephone 100 performed by the user would thus enable the processor 210 to deduce the relative orientation of the microcircuit card 200 and the mobile telephone 100 . fig5 represents a method that can be envisaged for configuring the functions associated with movement of the telephone , for example in addition to what has just been described with respect to the position of the microcircuit card in the mobile telephone 100 . this method begins with displaying a representation of possible movements on the screen 110 of the mobile telephone 100 and the user selecting one of those movements by means of the interface ( here the keypad 120 ) in the step e 500 . according to one option that can be envisaged , the user could then be prompted to perform this movement in order to effect a test in the step e 502 : then , as a function of the movement actually performed , as detected by the movement sensor 230 , information can be displayed enabling the user to reproduce the predefined movement more accurately , possibly by repeating the test of the step e 502 if the movement performed by the user and detected by the movement sensor 230 is not sufficiently close to the predefined movement selected in the step e 500 ( for example in terms of the signature of the movement ). the user is then prompted to select by means of the interface 110 , 120 an action to be associated with the movement selected in the step e 500 : the action to be associated is typically a function implemented by the mobile telephone 100 , for example displaying a menu , calling a predetermined number , sending a message ( for example an sms message ), connecting to the internet or using wireless communication means other than those of the telephone network ( for example bluetooth or wifi ). once the action has been selected by the user , the movement selected in the step e 500 is associated with the action selected in the step e 504 , for example by storing that association in the non - volatile memory 220 . accordingly , during subsequent steps of the operation of the mobile telephone 100 , if the movement previously selected in the step e 500 , for example a brief tap on the telephone detected by the sensor 230 as a brief low - amplitude movement , is detected by the movement sensor 230 as represented in the step e 508 , the microprocessor 210 requests ( step e 510 ) execution by the microprocessor 130 of the mobile telephone 100 of the action associated with the detected movement ( for example display of a menu such as that of the operator ), as described above , using an appropriate sim toolkit command , for example “ select item ” in the case of the example of displaying the menu of the operator referred to above . in one embodiment that can be envisaged , the aforementioned steps e 500 and e 502 could be replaced by displaying a prompt to the user to perform a free movement and detecting the movement performed by the user , which is thereafter the movement associated with one of the actions that can be envisaged , as required by the user . fig6 a and 6 b represent a method used in one possible embodiment in which at least some of the processing of the signals from the movement or position sensor 230 is carried out by the microprocessor 130 of the telephone 100 . in this method , the user switches on the telephone in the step e 602 , for example , which powers up the microcircuit card in the step e 604 and initializes communication between these two entities ( steps e 606 and e 608 ) in accordance with the iso7816 and usb protocols ( the microcircuit card 200 having contacts for communicating using these two types of protocol in accordance with the iso7816 - 12 standard ). in the step e 610 the microcircuit card 200 then declares ( here using the usb protocol ) at least part of the non - volatile memory 220 to be backing store ( i . e . a mass storage ). the declared backing store contains an autorun program to be executed automatically by the processor to which this backing store is connected . accordingly , the microprocessor 130 of the mobile telephone 100 detects this autorun program in the step e 612 and loads the autorun program into its volatile memory 150 ( from the backing store declared in the step e 610 ) and executes it , which effects the steps e 614 to e 622 described next . in the step e 614 , the autorun program sends the microcircuit card 200 a request for a file for installing an algorithm for processing data from the movement sensor . the microcircuit card fetches the requested installation file from its non - volatile memory and sends it to the mobile telephone in the step e 616 . the microprocessor 130 then verifies the version of the installation file received and in the step e 620 compares it to the version of a file of the same type previously installed . if a file of the same type has already been installed and the version that has just been received from the microcircuit card is earlier than or the same as the version already installed , the step e 622 is not executed . if not , there follows in the step e 622 the installation of the processing algorithm by means of the files received in the step e 616 . the processing algorithm that has just been installed as described above can then be executed at a later stage of the operation of the mobile telephone 100 , for example as a background task . in the example described here , this algorithm includes a step e 624 in which it requests the movement signatures stored in the microcircuit card 200 ( to be precise in the non - volatile memory 220 ). the microcircuit card 200 sends the requested signatures in the step e 626 . the processing algorithm also includes a step e 628 of requesting from the microcircuit card 200 values representing the movement or position of the mobile telephone detected by the movement or position sensor 230 . note in this regard that the requests of the steps e 624 and e 628 take the form of apdu commands , for example . the measured values are sent to the telephone 100 in the step e 630 . the processing algorithm includes a comparison step e 632 in which the latest measured values received by the mobile telephone and the movement signature ( s ) are compared to determine in the step e 634 if a particular movement has been detected . if not , the processing algorithm returns to the step e 628 ( which is executed periodically ) in which new values measured by the sensor 230 are requested by means of an apdu command . on the other hand , if a particular type of movement has been detected in the step e 634 , in the step e 636 the processing algorithm sends information indicating the type of movement detected to the microprocessor 210 of the microcircuit card 200 . on receipt of this information , the microprocessor 210 selects a command as a function of the type of movement detected as described above ( step e 638 ). the selected command is sent by the microprocessor 210 to the microprocessor 130 of the mobile telephone 100 ( for example in the form of a sim toolkit command ). the microprocessor 130 receives the selected command and executes it in the step e 642 . the method that has just been described performs some of the processing , in particular processing that is greedy for memory and processor resources , in the mobile telephone 100 , in order to lighten the processing load resulting from the presence of the movement or position sensor 230 in the microcircuit card 200 . however , thanks to the automatic installation of the processing algorithm , also as described above , the solution can be implemented in a mobile telephone not specifically prepared for this purpose . as already indicated , all processing of data from the movement sensor and produced by determining actions ( or functions of the telephone ) to be performed as a consequence of the detected movement could be performed by the algorithm installed in the telephone . in this context , that algorithm could nevertheless use data stored in the microcircuit card , for example data describing the association between movements and corresponding actions stored in the non - volatile memory 220 of the microcircuit card 200 . it is moreover clear that automatic launching of the program , for example with a view to installing an algorithm , is not necessarily limited to the context of the present description . thus other applications can be envisaged , for example with the movement sensor 230 replaced by positioning means , for example a gps receiver . the algorithm installed in the mobile telephone 100 can then send the microprocessor 210 of the card 200 a request for the position as determined by the gps receiver , for example . the microprocessor 210 then exchanges data with the gps receiver in order to find out the position that has been detected and responds to the microprocessor 130 of the mobile telephone 100 by sending it data representing the detected position . the microprocessor 110 ( for example still under the control of the installed algorithm ) can thus use the received position data , for example by looking up in a database ( stored in the non - volatile memory 220 of the microcircuit card 200 or in a memory of the mobile telephone 100 ) information associated with the detected position ( for example an advertising message or a list of sites of interest in the geographical sector associated with the detected position ), and display that information on the screen 110 of the mobile telephone 100 . fig7 represents a variant that can be envisaged of the steps e 614 and e 622 from fig6 a . the steps of this method executed in the telephone ( namely the steps e 702 , e 708 , e 716 , e 718 and e 720 ) are executed in an autorun program present in the microcircuit card and automatically loaded into and executed in the telephone as already described with reference to fig6 a ( for this reason the preceding steps equivalent to the steps e 602 to e 612 in fig6 a will not be covered again in detail ). in the step e 702 , the autorun program causes the processor 130 of the telephone 100 to send the microcircuit card 200 a request for the latter to communicate an identifier of the subscriber and an associated signature . the microcircuit card therefore calculates in the step e 704 the cryptographic signature associated with the identifier of the subscriber ( for example using a private key stored in the microcircuit card ). the microcircuit card then sends the identifier and the cryptographic signature to the telephone 100 in the step e 706 . the telephone can thus send a request including the identifier and the signature to a remote server in the step e 708 . the connection to the remote server is made using the means for connecting the mobile telephone 100 to the telephone network , for example ( thus the call to the remote server can be made via the telephone network and then the internet , for example ). to this end , the autorun program executed by the telephone includes a connection address for the remote server . ( alternatively , this address could be stored in the microcircuit card and obtained by means of a request from the telephone to the microcircuit card ). according to a variant that can be envisaged of the steps e 702 to e 708 , the program automatically loaded from the microcircuit card into the telephone could include the identifier and the cryptographic signature of the microcircuit card , in which case the steps e 702 to e 706 would not be necessary . after the step e 708 , the remote server receives the request in the step e 710 and can therefore verify the cryptographic signature received in the step e 712 , for example by means of the public key associated with the private key of the card . means other than a signature could naturally be envisaged for authenticating the microcircuit card causing initialization of the method as described here , in which case the step e 712 would verify the authenticity of the sender of the request . when the signature has been verified , there follows the step e 714 in which the remote server sends an installation file with an associated signature ( or other means of authentication ), which installation file can be selected from a plurality of installation files as a function of the identifier received in the step e 710 . if the signature is not verified correctly in step e 712 , the process naturally terminates and step e 714 is not executed . if step e 714 is executed , the telephone receives the installation file and the associated signature in the step e 716 . the telephone ( to be more precise the microprocessor 130 ) can then verify the signature ( or other authentication means ) in the step e 718 , enabling the legitimacy and / or the integrity of the applications that are loaded into the telephone to be checked . in the event of positive verification , an algorithm for processing values from the movement or position sensor is installed in the telephone 100 using the installation file received in the step e 716 . this algorithm can then be executed , for example as a background task , as described for the step e 624 and the subsequent steps with reference to fig6 b . fig8 shows a process that can be executed on installing the microcircuit card 200 ( as described with reference to fig6 a propos the call in the step e 608 ) in order to determine if this is the first use of the microcircuit card in the telephone and , if it is not , to inhibit automatic execution of the installation program as described above . this process begins in the step e 802 with a request for an identifier of the telephone from the microcircuit card , for example using the sim toolkit command provide local information and the imei ( international mobile equipment identifier ) option , enabling the microcircuit card to obtain the unique identifier imei of the telephone 100 . in the step e 804 the microcircuit card 200 receives this identifier in response to the request and in the step e 806 compares the identifier received and an identifier stored beforehand on previous executions of the process ( on this topic see step e 816 described hereinafter ). if the identifiers are equal ( cf . step e 808 ), there follows ( step e 810 ) inhibition of automatic execution of the program ( see the description with reference to fig6 a and 7 ): this inhibition is effected by modifying the name of the autorun file so that its name no longer indicates an autorun file , for example . alternatively , the file could be moved or its attributes modified so that it is considered a hidden file and is therefore not executed automatically . another option is simply to delete the file . if the identifiers are not found to be equal in the step e 808 ( in which event this is considered to be the first time the mobile telephone has been switched on with the microcircuit card concerned in it ), there follows the step e 812 in which the option of automatic execution of the program is activated : depending on how it is inhibited , activation of the automatic execution option could consist in returning the name of the file to the form indicating it is an autorun file , moving the file into a directory enabling its automatic execution , modifying its attributes so that it is no longer considered a hidden file or reinstalling the automatic launching file ( if previously deleted ), if necessary by means of a remote connection using the communication means of the mobile telephone 100 , for example by sending a remote server a request to obtain the file concerned including an identifier of the microcircuit card . once the automatic execution option has been activated in the step e 812 , the identifier received in the step e 804 is stored in the step e 816 in order to indicate upon subsequent switching on that a first switching on of the mobile telephone 100 with the microcircuit card 200 in it has already been effected . either way , the steps e 810 and e 816 are for example followed by the step e 610 described with reference to fig6 a . the foregoing embodiments are merely possible examples of implementation of the invention , which is not limited to them . the term movement refers to the evolution in space of the object concerned over time ; a movement could thus consist of a number of individual movements ( generally effected by the user ). | 6 |
the invention will now be described more closely in association with an experimental section . the aim of the following description is to characterise the inhibitory substances from the isolates of ahs that had been the most effective inhibitors of three major otitis media pathogens . as test bacteria clinical isolates of h influenzae , s pneumoniae and m catarrhalis , were used that were sampled from nasopharynx of patients with upper respiratory tract infections . it has earlier been shown that ahs isolates have good inhibitory activity against the test pathogens of m catarrhalis , h influenzae and s pneumoniae . two of the isolates were chosen for more thorough studies regarding the mechanism of inhibition , the alpha 4 ( s . oralis ) and the alpha 89 ( s . sanguis ). numbers of colony forming units ( cfu ) were counted after serial dilutions in pbs and growth over night at 37 ° c . in air . identification of the bacteria was based on different morphology of the isolates growing on the agar plates . ahs and m catarrhalis were grown on agar plates with 7 % human blood and mcleod plates were used when h influenzae was assayed . to achieve a filtrate with inhibitory activity , about 10 6 cfu of ahs were inoculated in 4 vials , each containing 15 ml of broth and incubated for 12 hours . the suspension was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min and the supernatant was thrown away . the bacteria were transferred into one vial and two ml of phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) was added and incubated at 37 ° c . for 5 hours . the suspension was then passed through a 0 . 2 μm sterile filter to remove the bacteria . otitis media pathogens ( 0 . 1 ml ) were then added to the filtrate ( 1 ml ) and incubated at 37 ° c . the controls were incubated in fresh pbs . catalase is a specific enzyme catalyzing the conversion of h 2 o 2 into o 2 and h 2 o . this reaction proceeds rapidly . purified catalase from human erythrocytes (& gt ; 30 . 000u / mg ) was used in the assays . the assays were performed as described above in the filtrate tests , with the exception that catalase , 1000 u / ml (= 0 . 01 ml ), was added to the vials with filtrate and pbs . ahs filtrate in pbs without catalase was used as positive controls and fresh pbs with catalase was used as negative controls . catalase was preincubated in the filtrate 10 min before the bacteria was added . the vials were incubated at 37 ° c . in air . in order to investigate if the inhibitory substance was a protein or a peptide , the filtrate was exposed to trypsin cutting peptide bonds . 2 . 5 mg of trypsin was weighted into test vials and 0 . 5 ml pbs filtrate of ahs was added . samples were incubated at 37 ° c . for 3 hours and thereafter boiled for 25 min . the suspension was allowed to cool before freezing (− 20 ° c .) until the next day . after thawing 10 6 cfu / ml of h . influenzae was added . finally , 150 μl of broth was added and the suspension was allowed to incubate at 37 ° c . amitrole is an irreversible catalase inhibitor [ 12 ]. if an increased or more efficient catalase production was involved in the development of resistance of m cararrhalis to an isolate of ahs . this resistance would be reverted by addition of amitrole . in broth tests with alpha 4 together with m catarrhalis in 5 ml broth , 50 mm ( 0 . 1 ml ) of amitrole ( 3 - amino - 1 , 2 , 4 - triazole ), was added into the solution and incubated for 7 hours at 37 ° c . in air with intermittent shaking . the isolate of m catarrhalis ( mcat - res ) had developed resistance against alpha 4 after co - culturing in broth . cfu counts were calculated at start and after 7 hours of incubation . alpha 4 with m catarrhalis in broth without amitrole , broth and m catarrhalis alone and m catarrhalis alone with amitrole in broth served as controls . size - exclusion chromatography was used as a step aiming to separate inhibitory substances found in the cell - free filtrates of ahs in pbs . by this procedure it is possible to separate substances in a solution according to their relative molecular weight . cell - free filtrates were applied on a superdex peptide column ( hr 10 / 30 , amersham pharmacia biotech , sweden ) equilibrated with 10 mm sodium phosphate , 0 . 5 m nacl , ph = 7 . 2 . for each run , 250 - 500 μl sample was loaded on the column , the flow rate was 1 ml / min , and 1 . 5 ml fractions were collected . a mixture of proteins / peptides ( 50 μl ) containing ribonuclease ( 13700 da , 200 μg / ml ), bovine insulin b chain ( 3495 da , 200 μg / ml ), oxytocine ( 1007 da , 200 μg / ml ), glutathione ( 307 da , 200 μg / ml ) and glycine ( 75 da , 7800 μg / ml ) was applied on the column and elution volumes were used for calculation of relative molecular weights . a lower number of the fractions correspond to a higher relative molecule weight . ultracentrifugation gives a crude hint regarding the size of the inhibitory substances . inhibitory substances consisting of protein molecules have a molecular weight above 30 kda . peptide bacteriocins ( inhibitory substances ) have a molecular weight between 5 - 10 kda . lanthionine containing bacteriocins ( lantibiotics ) typically lies between 1 - 5 kda and small inorganic inhibitory substances have a molecular weight below 1 kda . cell - free pbs filtrate of ahs were centrifuged step - wise through microsep ™ microconcentrators ( filtron technology corporation ) with molecule weight cut off ( mwco ) at 30 kda , 10 kda , 5 kda and 1 kda . the centrifuging was done with 4000 rpm at 8 ° c . the centrifuged filtrate was assayed with the size - exclusion chromatography as described above and also tested for inhibitory activity with the filtrate method described above . an assay for quantitative determination of h 2 o 2 concentration of cell - free filtrate of ahs was performed as follows : a standard curve was first obtained by addition of known amounts of hydrogen peroxide to catalase treated and catalase inactivated cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 in pbs . 500 μl alfa - 89a filtrate was treated with catalase ( 10000u / ml from human erythrocytes ) for 15 minutes in 37 ° c . before catalase inactivation for 35 minutes in 100 ° c . thereafter , the filtrate was rationed out in portions of 50 μl into eppendorf tubes . 28 μl of hydrogen peroxide , at different concentrations , was added to each tube to achieve final concentrations of 0 ; 1 . 0 ; 2 . 0 ; 3 . 0 ; 4 . 0 and 5 . 0 mm . these solutions served as standard points . 50 μl from each tube and 50 μl test filtrates where respectively added to vials containing 200 μl assay solution ( 200 μl phenol red ( final conc . 0 . 2 g / l ), 200 μl horseradish peroxidase ( final conc . 20u / ml ), 9 . 6 ml pbs ). 100 μl solution from each tube was added into wells on a micro titer plate . the plate was covered with a lid and incubated for 1 . 5h in 37 ° c . finally , 10 μl of 1m naoh was added to all wells and after 5 minutes the colour was measured using a spectrophotometer ( 620 nm ). pbs filtrate of alpha 4 and alpha 89 was produced according to the procedure above for electron microscopic examination . one ml of ahs filtrate was incubated together with 10 7 cfu / ml of m catarrhalis or h influenzae ( 0 . 1 ml ). bacteria in fresh pbs were used as controls . cfu was counted at start and after 6 hours of incubation at 37 ° c . in air . after 6 hours the vials with filtrate and bacteria were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min . the supernatant was removed and 3 % glutaraldehyde was added . the pellets were incubated in the fixative for at least 24 hours . the specimens were then post - fixed in 1 % osmium tetroxide in the same buffer , followed by dehydration in increasing concentrations of acetone and embedded in an epoxy resin . the plastic - embedded specimens were sectioned in 1 μm thick sections with an ultra microtome and subsequently stained with toluidine blue . the specimens were then cut into ultra thin sections , 50 - 80 nm , and contrasted with uranyl citrate and lead citrate . the sections were examined in a jem 1200 ex transmission electron microscope ( tem ). the objective of the following examples are to further characterise the inhibitory substance released by the ahs , by using the alpha 4 and alpha 89 isolates as models . trypsin ( 2 . 5 mg / ml ) could only slightly reverse the inhibitory effect of the cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 [ fig1 ]. alpha 89 is an isolate of ahs with good inhibitory activity . hi is an isolate of h influenzae . alpha 89 f + hi = cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 incubated together with an isolate of h influenzae . trypsin together with pbs and h influenzae showed the same level of growth as pbs + hi the results indicate that the inhibitory substance was not a protein or a peptide . catalase ( 1000u / ml ) could completely reverse the inhibitory effect of the cell - free filtrate of ahs [ fig2 ]. alpha 89 f + hi = cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 incubated together with the same isolate of h influenzae as in example 1 . catalase together with pbs and hi showed the same level as pbs + hi . the results strongly indicate that hydrogen peroxide was the inhibitory substance . the inhibitory activity of eight ahs isolates with a very good activity , tested with an agar overlay method , were also completely reversed with catalase . moreover , the inhibitory effect was not inactivated by boiling during 10 minutes . eighteen hours in room temperature could inactivate the filtrate , but freezing at − 80 ° c . for 24 hours had no harmful effect on the inhibitory substance . the substance produced by alpha 4 and alpha 89 also seemed to be toxic against the bacteria itself in high concentrations . the inhibitory substances passed membranes of a mwco of 1 kda after ultra filtration and the chromatogram had the same appearance before and after passing through the filters . when fractions from the gel filtration were assayed regarding inhibitory activity , the inhibitory effect of the filtrate was found in the fractions corresponding to a molecular weight of less than 75 da . morphology of h influenzae after exposure of cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 for 6 hours , at 37 ° c . the bacteria show pathologic changes with translucent and dense parts of the cytoplasm combined with bizarre cell membranes . these morphologic changes are similar to morphologic changes due to exposure of h influenzae to 5 mm of hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours . experiments with serially diluted hydrogen peroxide in pbs , assayed with h influenzae as in the filtrate tests , showed that the inhibitory effect of the ahs filtrate corresponded to a concentration of about 5 mm ( 0 . 02 %) hydrogen peroxide solution . in light microscopy no morphological changes of the inhibited gram stained bacteria were shown after 6 hours of incubation in ahs filtrate , in spite that the bacteria were not viable . in electron microscopy , the isolate of h influenzae that had been incubated with filtrate of alpha 89 or alpha 4 for 6 hours , showed disruptions of the cell wall membrane , a translucent protoplasm with dense parts and a bizarre cell configuration [ fig3 ]. an isolate of m catarrhalis ( mcat - res ), had been made resistant to the inhibitory effect of alpha 4 by co - cultivation in broth . in order to examine whether the catalase production of m catarrhalis could be responsible for this resistance , amitrole was added to the broth solution . when amitrole ( 50 mm ), an irreversible catalase inhibitor was added to the broth , the isolate of m catarrhalis became sensitive to the inhibition of alpha 4 , thus indicating that an increased or more efficient catalase production was due to the resistance of m catarrhalis [ fig4 ]. mcat - res + alpha 4 = growth of the resistant m catarrhalis together with alpha 4 . mcat - res + amitrole = amitrole incubated together with the isolate of m catarrhalis . alpha 4 together with amitrole or m catarrhalis showed the same growth as alpha 4 alone . adding amitrole to alpha 4 and the resistant isolate of m catarrhalis in broth showed that the resistance disappeared and the isolate of m catarrhalis became sensitive to inhibition by alpha 4 . the quantitative assay showed a maximum hydrogen peroxide concentration of the cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 of 3 . 5 mm . moreover , hydrogen peroxide was also detected in the gel filtration fractions with inhibitory activity [ fig5 ]. quantitative determination of h 2 o 2 - concentration in cell - free filtrate of ahs and in fractions of cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 . alpha 29 = cell - free filtrate of alpha 29 . alpha 29 had a poor inhibitory activity on the otitis media pathogens in the agar overlay tests . alpha 89 = cell - free filtrate of alpha 89 . alpha 89 is an ahs with very good inhibitory activity on otitis media pathogens . n . d = non - detectable . += inhibitory activity on m catarrhalis . the fractions tested represent samples from the size - exclusion chromatography . a lower number of the fractions correspond to a higher relative molecule weight . fractions 9 - 11 corresponds to a molecule weight of less than 100 da . each of the fractions contained about 1 . 5 ml . trypsin treatment of the pbs filtrate of ahs could only slightly reverse the inhibitory effect , but the inhibitory effect of ahs completely disappeared when catalase was added . catalase is an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into h 2 o and o 2 . moreover , amitrole , an irreversible catalase inhibitor , reversed the resistant isolate of m catarrhalis to an isolate sensitive to the inhibitory action by the ahs . after gel filtration inhibitory activity was only found in the fractions corresponding to very small molecular weights ( 75 da ). the morphologic examinations with tem of the killed h influenzae , showed pathologic changes well correlated to damage caused by hydrogen peroxide [ 13 , 14 ]. a quantitative assay also showed high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in the ahs filtrate , which correlates to the hydrogen peroxide levels found by uehara et al [ 9 ]. furthermore , only the fractions of ahs filtrate which contained substantial amounts of hydrogen peroxide showed inhibitory effect on h influenzae . the findings above strongly suggest that the inhibitory effect of the ahs was related to their hydrogen peroxide production . the reason for the small reduction of the inhibitory activity of the filtrate found , when trypsin was added is not easy to explain , but the cell free filtrate of ahs probably contains extra cellularly released nadh - oxidase . nadh - oxidase is responsible for the hydrogen peroxide production of the ahs [ 6 ]. it is possible that the trypsin treatment of the filtrate inactivates the nadh - oxidase and thus reduces the production of hydrogen peroxide in the cell free filtrate of ahs . trypsin had no catalase effect when tested together with hydrogen peroxide . the fact that no remaining inhibitory effect of the filtrate was observed after addition of catalase talks against a peptide bacteriocin . the short stability of the ahs filtrate in room temperature was probably due to the spontaneous oxidation of the hydrogen peroxide . catalase production has shown to correlate to hydrogen peroxide resistance [ 15 ] of some bacteria and the relative resistance of m . catarrhalis to the inhibition of ahs could probably be ascribed to high levels of or a more efficient catalase production [ 16 ]. amitrole is an irreversible catalase and lactoperoxidase inhibitor in the presence of hydrogen peroxide [ 12 ], and the presence of amitrole also increased the sensitivity of m . catarrhalis to inhibition by the ahs in the present study . an ecological advantage of producing hydrogen peroxide , instead of producing a peptide bacteriocin , would be the broad spectrum of inhibitory activity of hydrogen peroxide ; a bacteriocin produced by gram positive bacteria is effective only against other gram positive bacteria , while hydrogen peroxide is effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria , as well as against viruses and fungi . the clinical significance of hydrogen peroxide production among the normal bacterial flora of nasopharynx could be very important since it opens new interesting interactions between the normal bacterial flora and the non - specific immune system . there are potential synergistic antimicrobial effects when combining hydrogen peroxide together with lactoperoxidase ( lpo ) and the non - specific immune system [ 17 , 18 ]. lpo converts thiocyanate ( scn − ) produced by the salivary glands and hydrogen peroxide excreted from the normal bacterial flora into the more potent antibacterial substance , hypothiocyanate ( oscn − ) [ 18 ]. ahs with good inhibitory activity , that is high hydrogen peroxide production , can provide lpo with the hydrogen peroxide needed . hydrogen peroxide is thus directly or indirectly involved in the antibacterial effects of the normal flora ( ahs ), the non - specific immune system of the mucosa ( lpo ) and the polymorphonuclear granulocytes through their enzyme myeloperoxidase . 1 . tano k , grahn håkansson e , holm s e , hellström s ; inhibition of om pathogens by alpha haemolytic streptococci from healthy children , children with som and children with raom . int j pediatr otorhinolaryngol 2000 ; 56 : 185 - 190 2 . roos k , holm s e , grahn e , lind l ; alpha - streptococci as supplementary treatment of recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis : a randomized placebo - controlled study . scand j infect dis 1993 ; 25 : 31 - 35 3 . roos k , grahn - håkansson e , holm s e ; recolonization with interfering alpha - streptococci reduces the rate of recurrences in acute and secretory otitis media in otitis - prone children — a randomised placebo controlled study . bmj 2001 ; 322 : 210 - 212 4 . tano k , grahn håkansson e , holm s e , hellström s ; a nasal spray with alpha - haemolytic streptococci as long term prophylaxis against recurrent otitis media . int j pediatr otorhinolaryngol 2002 ; 62 : 17 - 23 5 . tano k ; bacterial ecology of the nasopharynx in relation to otitis media . inhibitory activity and adherence of alpha - haemolytic streptococci in the prevention of otitis media in children . umeå university medical dissertations , new series no 755 , 2001 ( study iv ) 6 . carlsson j , iwami y , yamada t ; hydrogen peroxide excretion by oral streptococci and effect of lactoperoxidase - thiocyanate_hydrogen peroxide . infect immun 1983 ; 40 : 70 - 80 7 . tenovuo j , pruitt k m ; relationship of the human salivary peroxidase system to oral health . j oral pathol 1984 ; 13 : 573 - 84 8 . pruitt k m , tenuvuo j o ; the lactoperoxidase system - chemistry and biological significance . p . 110 - 111 . marcel dekker inc new york 1985 9 . uehara y , kikuchi k , nakamura t , nakama h , agematsu k , kawakami y , maruchi n , totsuka k ; h 2 o 2 produced by viridans group streptococci may contribute to inhibition of methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization of oral cavities in newborns . cid 2001 ; 32 : 1408 - 13 10 . unal m , gorur k , ozcan c ; ringer - lactate solution versus isotonic saline solution on mucociliary function after nasal septal surgery . j laryngol otol 2001 ; 115 : 796 - 7 11 . boek w m , keles n , graamans k , huizing e h ; physiologic and hypertonic saline solutions impair ciliary activity in vitro . laryngoscope 1999 ; 109 : 3 12 . giulivi c , hochstein p , davies k j ; hydrogen peroxide production by red blood cells . free radic biol med 1994 ; 16 ( 1 ): 123 - 9 13 . silva m t ; electron microscopic study on the effect of the oxidation of ultrathin sections of bacillus cereus and bacillus megaterium . j ultrastruct res 1967 ; 18 ( 3 ): 345 - 53 14 . rosan b , eisenberg r j ; morphological changes in streptococcus sanguis associated with growth in the presence of oxygen . arch oral biol 1973 ; 18 ( 11 ): 1441 - 4 15 . ohwada t , shirakawa y , kusumoto m , masuda h , sato t ; susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide and catalase activity of root nodule bacteria . biosci biotechnol biochem 1999 ; 63 ( 3 ): 457 - 62 16 . jouve h m , lasauniere c , pelmont j ; properties of a catalase from a peroxide - resistant mutant of proteus mirabilis . can j biochem cell biol 1983 ; 61 : 1219 - 27 17 . thomas e l , milligan t w , joyner r e , jefferson m m ; antibacterial activity of hydrogen peroxide and the lactoperoxidase — hydrogen peroxidase — thiocyanate system against oral streptococci . infect immun 1994 ; 62 ( 2 ): 529 - 35 18 . ratner a j , prince a ; lactoperoxidase . new recognition of an “ old ” enzyme in airway defenses . am j respir cell mol biol 2000 ; 22 ( 6 ); 642 - 4 | 2 |
reference will now be made to experiments that embody the above general principles of the present invention . however , it is to be understood that the following description is not to limit the generality of the above description . hc11 is a mammary epithelial cell line and was grown in rpmi - 1640 supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum ( fcs ), 10 ng / ml egf ( recombinant human , sigma ) and 5 μg / ml insulin ( sigma ). bosc - 23 viral packaging cells were propagated in dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle &# 39 ; s medium with 10 % fcs . all culture media were supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin . hc11 cells were infected with the pbabe - puro retrovirus as described in morgenstern and land ( 1990 ) nucl . acids res . 18 : 3587 - 3596 . cells were either infected with the pbabe - puro encoding oncogenic neut ( pbabe - puro neut ) or control pbabe - puro . in this case , oncogenic activation is by the erbb2 receptor tyrosine kinase ( rtk ). the receptor is constitutively activated in a ligand - independent manner due to spontaneous dimerization . the retroviral infection of the cells represents the introduction of an exogenous nucleic acid into cells for the purpose of transforming the cells . in this particular case , the introduced exogenous nucleic acid is an oncogenic nucleic acid that transforms the cell by constitutively activating the tyrosine kinase receptor . high - titer , helper - free recombinant retroviruses were produced from bosc - 23 cells transiently transfected with plasmid dna , using the capo4 technique , as described in pear et al . ( 1993 ) proc . natl . acad . sci . 90 : 8392 - 8396 . hc11 cells were infected by exposure to filtered conditioned medium from 24 - 48 h transfected bosc - 23 cultures , in the presence of 40 μg / ml polybrene . one day later the medium was replaced with fresh virus - containing medium . cells were trypsinized , split 1 : 2 into hc11 growth medium containing 0 . 75 μg / ml puromycin and selected for 3 - 4 days . one day before harvesting , the cells were cultured in the absence of puromycin , trypsinized cells were washed , resuspended at 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 × 10 6 cells / 10 μl pbs and implanted in the fat pad as described in below . all experiments were performed with balb / c mice . transplants were performed on 8 - 10 week - old females . the anesthetized mouse was pinned on a cork board and scrubbed with 70 % ethanol . mice were shaved in the region of the left third mammary gland . a small incision of 5 mm length was made 1 - 2 mm horizontally above the spinal end of the third mammary gland . 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 × 10 6 cells were injected using an insulin or hamilton syringe with a 30 g needle directly into the intact mammary gland fat pad . the injection of mammary cells into the mammary gland represents a means for introducing cells into the orthotopic site without the removal of host tissue prior to the introduction of the cells . whole mount analysis was performed on selected mammary glands . glands were wholemounted , fixed a minimum of 2 days in carnoy &# 39 ; s fixative ( ethanol : chloroform : glacial acetic acid ( 6 : i : i )), defatted in ethanol 2 days , rehydrated and stained with carmine red . tumor material was fixed in formaldehyde containing 1 % acetic acid and embedded for haematoxylin and eosin staining . hcll - puro control cells only produced small areas of growth . implanted hcii - neut cells produced tumors , while no tumors were detected in mice injected with hcll - puro control cells . the histology of the tumors is similar to what has been observed in the mmtv - ltr neut transgenic strain as described in cardiff and wellings ( 1999 ) j . mamm . gland biol . neoplasia 4 : 105 - 122 . this data confirmed the ability of the neut gene to act as an oncogene and regulate tumor development . other potentially oncogenic nucleic acids can be identified in a similar manner . tumors developed after a latency period of four to six weeks . the mice were thereafter treated daily orally over a 19 or 22 day period with 0 , 38 , 75 , 2 × 75 mg / kg body weight egfr - kinase inhibitor ( n ; 7 - 9 per group ) or intravenously with 10 mg / kg body weight taxol . oral treatment with egfr - ki in this transgenic organ model showed clear anti - tumor efficacy in a dose - dependent manner in the range between 38 and 75 mg / kg body weight . the anti - proliferative effect appeared to be minimally increased at 75 mg / kg / day twice per day . in contrast , treatment with taxol showed no significant reduction of tumor growth or cell proliferation in this model . finally , it will be appreciated that various modifications and variations of the described methods and compositions of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments , it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments . indeed , various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are apparent to those skilled in the fields of cell biology , molecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the present invention . all of the above u . s . patents , u . s . patent application publications , u . s . patent applications , foreign patents , foreign patent applications and non - patent publications referred to in this specification and / or listed in the application data sheet , are incorporated herein by reference , in their entirety . | 0 |
all of the process steps for deposition of materials , etching and patterning are known in the art . therefore , the description will focus on the order and results of each step and not on the specific details required to perform each step . the micromechanical elements are built upon a substrate . in this embodiment , silicon is used for the substrate . silicon is ideal since it is not damaged during high temperature process steps . other materials , such as ceramics or some metals , could be substituted . this is a process for a self - constraining joint is a rod or cylindrical structure that may slide and / or rotate within a casing . the micromechanical elements are built upon a substrate 40 . in this embodiment , silicon is used for the substrate 40 , although other semiconductor materials are equally appropriate . fig1 illustrates the substrate 40 after depositing the first structural layer 42 . the first structural layer 42 comprises of three layers , a first nitride layer 44 , a doped polysilicon layer 46 , and a second nitride layer 48 . the first structural layer 42 undergoes two phases of patterning . the first step is done using conventional photoresist and etching processes and the results are shown in fig2 . when this step is completed , the remaining first structural layer 42 will define where the self - constrained structure will be on the substrate 40 . the second patterning phase is oxidation . an oxide bumper 50 is grown on the doped polysilicon layer 46 using a conventional oxidation process . the oxide grows on the exposed edge or wall of the doped polysilicon layer 46 . the oxide bumper 50 grows both inward and outward in a curved shape since the constraints put on it from the first and second nitride layers 44 and 48 control the shape of the bumper . the oxidation rate will be slowest at the interface of the doped polysilicon layer 46 with each of the nitride layers 44 and 48 . the oxide bumper 50 is grown until the profile of the oxide growth is circular . oxidation rates can be controlled by changing the dopant profile of the doped polysilicon layer 46 either by ion implantation or by controlling in situ dopant in the doped polysilicon layer 46 . since control of polysilicon oxidation rates is known , the depth and profile of the oxide bumper 50 can be precisely controlled . the growth and control of oxide bumpers is discussed in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 400 , 866 and 4 , 375 , 643 by bol and keming , both titled application of grown oxide bumper insulators to a high speed vlsi sasmefet , incorporated by reference herein . since the control of polysilicon oxidation rates is known , the size and shape of the oxide bumper can be precisely controlled . the oxide bumper is grown as shown in fig3 . in this sequence , attainment of a near circular oxide bumper is important . as shown in fig4 most of the first structural layer 42 is removed and the oxide bumper 50 remains separated from the substrate by a small portion of nitride layer 44 which also remains . the oxide bumper 50 will become a rod that can move inside a casing . the next step is covering the oxide bumper 50 with a sacrificial nitride layer 52 as shown in fig5 . in this embodiment a nitride layer is deposited by conventional means . the nitride is then patterned using the same photoresist and etching technique used to pattern the first structural layer 42 in fig2 . the excess nitride is removed and the result is shown in fig6 . the entire oxide bumper 50 is covered with a nitride layer 52 and separated from the substrate 40 by nitride . the structure is now ready for deposition of the second structural layer 54 , as shown in fig7 . polysilicon has been used in this embodiment although other materials are also appropriate . the second structural layer 54 is separated from the oxide bumper 50 by the sacrificial layer 52 . once the second structural layer 54 has been deposited it is ready for patterning . polysilicon is easily patterned by the conventional procedures of masking and etching that were used in previous steps to pattern the first structural layer 42 and the sacrificial layer 52 . fig8 shows the device after patterning the second structural layer 54 . a rod 56 that can slide or rotate in a casing 58 has been finished except for the etching away of the sacrificial layer 52 . the final step , shown in fig9 is a nitride etch to wash out the sacrificial layer 52 . this step frees the rod 56 from its casing 58 and the substrate 40 . while the present invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment , it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment . on the contrary , it is intended to cover all alternatives , modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . | 7 |
broadly stated , and referring to the drawing , there is shown two power supplies 10 and 12 , indicated generally within the dotted lines , each of which is connected to a common load 14 through respective high potential load conductors 16 and 18 and low potential load conductors , 20 and 22 . thus , each of the power supplies 10 and 12 is adapted to supply full load powers to the load 14 , and provide uninterrupted service even if one of the power supplies becomes inoperative . each of the power supplies 10 and 12 is similarly constructed and , accordingly , power supply 10 is described in greater detail herein , with substantially similar components in power supply 12 being given the same numbers with prime designators . the power supply 10 has input terminals 24 and 26 into which a d . c . input is supplied by a source ( not shown ). referring now to the drawing there is illustrated a d . c . to d . c . converter for deriving a regulated 12 volt output from a 50 volt d . c . source . transistor q1 is a power switch controlling the power applied to the primary of transformer t1 . when q1 is conducting , energy is stored magnetically in transformer t1 which is designed to have the properties of a linear inductor . when transistor q1 stops conducting , the secondary voltage of transformer t1 reverses polarity and through diode cr1 discharges the stored energy into the filter consisting of capacitor c2 , capacitor c3 , and inductor l1 and then to the load . when 50 volt d . c . is initially applied to the input terminals 24 and 26 , capacitor c1 is initially charged to the potential of source . then a current from terminal 24 via resistor r1 , the base to emitter path of transistor q3 , the base to emitter path of transistor q2 , resistor r2 , the base to emitter path of transistor q1 to terminal 26 and the source begins to flow . this current drives transistors q1 into saturation as a current path is completed from terminal 24 , winding w1 of transformer t1 , the collector to emitter path of transistor q1 to terminal 26 and the source . the mark at one end of each winding of transformer t1 indicates a like polarity , thus , with the marked end of winding w1 at a relatively positive potential the marked end of winding w2 will also have a relatively positive potential , this will via diode cr3 and the collector to emitter path of transistors q2 and q3 enhance the current flow to the base of transistor q1 to cause it to continue to increase its current flow . the level to which this build - up of current will continue is limited by the source voltage and the adjustment of resistor r2 . the collector current of transistor q1 is increasing linearly with time as shown by the following approximate relationship : ## equ1 ## where i c 1 is the collector current of transistor q1 , e in is the input voltage , and l p is the primary inductance of transformer t1 . the maximum base current applied to transistor q1 is limited by the value of resistor r2 . the collector current will continue to increase until the point where the base current is no longer sufficient to maintain q1 in saturation . the polarity of the transformer windings will now reverse , removing collector currents from q2 and q3 and effectively turning off transistor q1 . when the polarity of transformer winding w2 reverses diode cr1 will conduct , applying reverse potential to the base of q1 , further limiting the conductivity of transistor q1 . during the period of time q1 is on there is no output to the load due to the polarity of diode cr1 . when q1 is off the transformer field collapses , reversing the voltage across winding w3 allowing the transformer to discharge its stored energy through diode cr1 into the output filter composed of capacitors c1 and c2 and inductor l1 to the load 14 via conductor 16 for the positive side and resistor r8 , or - ing diode cr6 and conductor 20 for the negative side . because of the charge - discharge type of operation , the transformer t1 acts as a current limited source during discharge . for a capacitive filter , the output ripple will be lower than for a source which is not current limited . the output ripple for a capacitive filter may be calculated from the following equation : ## equ2 ## where δe o is the peak - to - peak output ripple voltage , from the above , it will be observed that the input conditions ( e in ) see primarily a choke - input filter and the output conditions ( i l ) see a capacitive filter . also t off may be set equal to t on to obtain a minimum ripple with respect to t off . for t on equal to t off , the equation becomes : ## equ3 ## thus the power delivered to the load is inversely proportional to the output frequency . by varying the base current to transistor q1 its on time will vary on the basis of 1 / 2f . the output power will then also be linearly varied . this may be demonstrated by addition of a series resistance r x ( not shown ) to r1 . the output power will depend on r x as follows : ## equ4 ## where r x is the control resistance . in the disclosed circuit configuration , transistor q4 will provide this necessary control resistance . transistor q4 , in turn , is controlled by an error detector via the optical coupler oc1 . the error detector consists of a differential amplifier . the differential amplifier senses the voltage at the output terminals and compares it with a constant voltage to provide a corrective current via the feedback loop . the differential amplifier consists of transistors q5 and q6 with their emitters connected together and via resistors r7 to the negative output end of winding w3 . transistor q6 has its base connected to the positive output lead 16 via resistor r9 and via zener diode cr5 and resistor r8 to the negative output end of winding w3 to provide a relatively constant reference potential . the collector of transistor q6 is connected directly to the positive output conductor 16 . transistor q5 has its base connected to the junction of resistors r5 and r6 of a voltage divider consisting of resistors r4 , r5 and r6 connected between the positive and negative outputs of the filter . the collector of transistor q5 is connected via the diode of the optical coupler oc1 to the positive output conductor 16 . basically , should the voltage at the output terminals rise high enough that the q5 base rises higher than the fixed reference ( ignoring r8 ) voltage at q6 base the conduction increases in the q5 collector to emitter path and signals the shunt regulator transistor q4 via the feedback path including oc1 to cause a smaller voltage drop across the shunt regulator , transistor q4 , thus to maintain a constant output voltage across the output terminals . now if the output current increases , there will be a finite voltage drop across resistor r8 , causing an increase in the reference voltage level provided by cr5 to the base of transistors q6 . note , diode cr6 a hot carrier diode was chosen because of its low forward resistance , but it still has a drop in voltage across it that varies with output current . this will cause transistor q6 to draw more current and transistor q5 to draw less current . this decreased current is coupled via oc1 to transistor q4 . transistors q3 and q2 draw more current , which increases the current drawn by transistor q1 , which in turn allows a greater energy build up in the transformer t1 magnetic field . this causes the output to build up until transistor q5 is in balance with transistor q6 . thus by the use of resistor r8 in the reference arm of the differential amplifier , the output is maintained at a proper level and compensated for the possible lead drops as well as the or - ing rectifiers without the drawbacks of remote sensing , where , should one power supply output drop to a low value , this condition would leave the output bus with very little indication because the other good supply would hold up the bus voltage . silicon controlled rectifier scr1 is connected across the supply output to protect it should the power supply output increase in voltage beyond its normal range , then the crowbar circuit consisting of scr1 and zener diode cr4 will cause the firing of scr1 resulting in a drop in the output voltage . resistors r3 and r3 &# 39 ; along with potentiometer r10 are used to individually margin the voltage down on each power supply while the other power supply continues to carry all the load , voltage is monitored across the load and ahead of each or - ing rectifier during this time of maintenance . after this , r10 is re - adjusted to its middle position , effectively out of the circuit . | 8 |
the following describes some preferred embodiments for an enhanced mechanism to enforce into the bearer layer those qos requirements negotiated by the users equipment on an sdf basis through the signalling layer as well as for ensuring that any sdf is delivered in accordance with the qos requirements previously negotiated . there is provided in accordance with the invention a method for guaranteeing into a bearer layer those requirements on quality of service negotiated through a signalling layer . as illustrated in fig3 , the bearer layer is a media transport layer capable of bearing several service data flows , sdf - 1 , sdf - 2 , and sdf - 3 , wherein each service data flow may include one or more ip flows , ip flow - 1 , ip flow - 2 , ip flow - 3 , ip flow - 4 , ip flow - 5 , and ip flow - 6 . in a first embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig4 and with due regard to fig6 - 8 , the method starts with a step of negotiating s - 200 between the ue 4 and the application function device 3 the requirements on quality of service to be guaranteed into the bearer layer . to this end , the application function device 3 may comprise negotiation means 30 for negotiating with a ue 4 the requirements on qos to be guaranteed for media transport through the bearer layer . in other embodiments , this negotiation may be carried out between the originating ue 4 and a destination ue 4 b ; or between the originating ue 4 and another server 6 involved in the signalling layer and thus located at the control plane . in these other embodiments , the application function device may act on behalf of the negotiating entity 6 at the control plane upon reception from such entity of those requirements on quality of service negotiated with the originating ue 4 . once the application function device 3 is aware of the requirements on quality of service negotiated with the originating ue 4 , and by using first output means 23 included therein , the application function submits in step s - 401 a session identifier session - id identifying the session established with the ue 4 , along with a description of negotiated media to a qos - control function device 1 interposed between the signalling layer and the bearer layer . in embodiments of the invention , this first output means 23 may be arranged to send a resource authorization request in step s - 401 as illustrated in fig4 , or an aar message in step s - 403 as illustrated in fig5 , wherein the description of negotiated media is given with media - component parameters and the session is identified with a session identifier session - id . the table i , following this , illustrates an exemplary description of negotiated media : in this context , the description of negotiated media may adopt the form of service parameters that include requirements on qos negotiated for a given sdf . the application function device 3 may thus send these service parameters including requirements on qos negotiated for a given sdf . in an embodiment of the invention , the application function device 3 may also submit a list of events sdf - events to be notified on an sdf basis . to this end , the first output means 23 in the application function device may be arranged to include the list of events sdf - events in the resource authorization request s - 401 or in the aar message s - 403 . however , in other embodiments of the invention this list of events sdf - events on an sdf basis may be configured in other network entities . that is , the list of events may be dynamically created at the application function device 3 or may be configured at the qos - control function device 1 , and this list may be complemented with another list of events on an sdf basis statically configured at a detection function device 2 further described . the session identifier session - id identifying the session and the description of negotiated media media - component as well as the list of events sdf - events on an sdf basis , if included by the application function device , are received in first output means 20 at the qos - control function device 1 . in accordance with an embodiment of the invention , the qos - control function device 1 may determine that the user has a bearer established by correlating in first processing means 50 the description of the negotiated media with service data flows in the bearer layer . under the embodiment illustrated in fig4 , the qos - control function device 1 may then inform during step s - 301 towards a detection function device 2 that qos - related rules qos - rules need to be installed for the negotiated media . the qos - related rules qos - rules include sdf filters sdf - filters to allow inspection of individual sdf &# 39 ; s in the bearer , and the list of events sdf - events to be notified , both on an sdf basis . for example , as shown in fig4 , the installation of qos - related rules qos - rules during step s - 301 may be triggered with a so - called resource reservation message . in particular , decisions on the qos - related rules qos - rules may be based on one or more of the following : information obtainable from the application function device 3 , such as the session identifier , media related information , and user related information ; information obtainable from the detection function device 2 , such as bearer attributes , request type and user related information ; information obtainable from an external repository , such as user and service related data ; and different alternative or complementary embodiments turn up at this stage . on the one hand , as fig4 shows , the qos - control function device 1 may generate in step s - 14 those qos - related rules qos - rules with the list of events sdf - events on an sdf basis either as received from the application function device 3 , or as configured in the qos - control function device 1 . in accordance with the procedure illustrated in fig4 , there is provided a method that comprises a step s - 14 of generating quality of service related rules , which include service data flow filters and lists of events to be notified per service data flow , at a qos - control function device 1 located between the signalling layer and the bearer layer ; and a step s - 301 submitting these quality of service related rules towards a detection function device 2 for inspecting media transported through the bearer layer . alternatively , the qos - control function device 1 may further comprise as illustrated in fig7 , retrieval means 50 for retrieving from storage 1 the qos - related rules that include service data flow filters sdf - filters and lists of events sdf - events to be notified per service data flow ; and second output means 12 for submitting these qos - related rules towards the detection function device 2 for inspecting media transported through the bearer layer . moreover , this qos control function device may be implemented so that the retrieval means 50 may include query means carrying out the step s - 500 to obtain the qos - related rules from an external repository 5 . in this respect , the invention provides a step s - 301 in the method illustrated in fig4 , and a step s - 303 in the method illustrated in fig5 , of installing quality of service related rules and this step may include a step of retrieving said quality of service related rules from a storage 1 or 5 accessibly located between the signalling layer and the bearer layer . for example , as shown in fig5 , the retrieval of qos - related rules qos - rules may be triggered during step s - 303 with a so - called rar message . alternatively or complementary to the retrieval means for retrieving from storage the quality of service related rules , the qos - control function device 1 may generate such rules . therefore , the qos - control function device 1 illustrated in fig7 may further comprise : second processing means 51 for generating qos - related rules , including service data flow filters and lists of events to be notified per service data flow ; and second output means 12 for submitting the qos - related rules , including service data flow filters and lists of events to be notified per service data flow , towards the detection function device 2 for inspecting media transported through the bearer layer . where the qos - related rules qos - rules are generated in step s - 14 by second processing means 51 at the qos - control function device 1 , these qos - related rules are submitted in step s - 301 towards the detection function device 2 and received therein via s - 300 as illustrated in fig6 . to this end , the detection function device 2 may further comprise first input means 13 for receiving the qos - related rules , which include service data flow filters and lists of events to be notified per service data flow , from the qos - control function device 1 in charge of guaranteeing into the bearer layer those requirements on quality of service negotiated through the signalling layer . alternatively or complementary to the reception of qos - related rules from the qos - control function device 1 , the detection function device may further comprise configuration means 30 for receiving in a step s - 600 the qos - related rules , including service data flow filters and lists of events to be notified per service data flow , from a provisioning system . that is , the qos - related rules qos - rules with the sdf filters on an sdf basis might also be statically configured at the detection function device 2 , and installed therein at request , during step s - 301 in fig4 or during step s - 303 in fig5 , from the qos - control function device 1 . the request during step s - 303 to install the qos - related rules might include , as fig5 illustrates , the list of events sdf - event to be notified either as received from the application function device 3 , or as configured in the qos - control function device 1 . then , the detection function device 2 installs the qos - related rules qos - rules on the established bearer . the list of events sdf - events are stored along with sdf filters sdf - filters on an sdf basis in storage means 54 included in the detection function device 2 for the qos - related rules qos - rules as fig6 illustrates . now , the originating ue 4 can carry out a media bearer transmission s - 100 for the service involved . once the ue 4 starts sending media s - 100 , the detection function device 2 performs an inspection of ip flows s - 11 and s - 12 , through the input / output means 55 for transmitting the media at the bearer layer , by using the filtering means 52 a and 52 b with the sdf filters ( sdf - filters ) on an sdf basis in order to identify each particular sdf . where an sdf event in the list of events to be notified on an sdf basis is detected in step s - 13 with the detection means 53 a and 53 b at the detection function device 2 , an event notification is sent during step s - 302 in fig4 , or during step s - 305 in fig5 , including the detected sdf event , from second output means 14 in the detection function device 2 towards the qos - control function device 1 . for example , as shown in fig4 , the detected event sdf - event on an sdf basis may be notified during step s - 302 with a so - called event notification message that includes information about such event . also for example and as fig5 shows , the detected event sdf - event on an sdf basis may be notified during step s - 305 with a so - called ccr message . this notification in steps s - 302 or s - 305 of an sdf event detected at the detection function device 2 is received in second input means 11 at the qos - control function device 1 , as illustrated in fig7 , and may be collected in an event report on an sdf basis . to this end , the qos - control function device 1 may comprise a processing means 50 adapted for handling sdf events in cooperation with a so called sdf - event report output means 22 for collecting such event report and for submitting it towards the application function device 3 in the signalling layer . nevertheless and irrespective of whether the event report is collected with sdf events notified on an sdf basis , the qos - control function device 1 receiving in steps s - 302 or s - 305 the notification of an sdf event detection at the detection function device 2 makes use of its first processing means 50 for determining the application function device 3 to be notified about such detected sdf event and , once the application function device 3 is determined , a corresponding notification is sent in step s - 402 as illustrated in . fig4 , or in step s - 405 as illustrated in fig5 , with first output means 21 in the qos - control function device 1 towards the application function device 3 found to be interested in this notification . for example , as shown in fig4 , the detected event sdf - event on an sdf basis may be notified during step s - 402 with a so - called event notification message that includes information about such event . also for example , and as fig5 shows , the detected event sdf - event on an sdf basis may be notified during step s - 405 with a so - called rar message . such notification received in step s - 402 , or in step s - 405 as the case might be , may be received by first input means 24 at the application function device 3 , as fig8 illustrates , whereas the event report on an sdf basis , if submitted from the qos - control function device 1 , may be received by second input means 25 at the application function device 3 . this event report may be advantageously used during subsequent negotiations to achieve more accurate results and to better agree on resources to be guaranteed . to this end , the application function device may further comprise means 31 for checking the event report during negotiation with the user equipment of the quality of service to be guaranteed for a subsequent media transport through a bearer layer . the application function device 3 may make use of each individual sdf event , or of the event report , notified on an sdf basis to update the service parameters to be further taken into consideration in subsequent negotiation of requirements on qos . moreover , the application service device 3 may make use of means 31 for checking previously received event reports on an sdf basis during subsequent negotiation of requirements on qos with the ue 4 . regarding the operational distribution of cooperating entities provided for by the present invention , and with an eye to possible integration with other existing entities in different scenarios outlined above , the invention further suggests some applicable use of this cooperating entities . in particular , a p - cscf server as referred for use in ims may advantageously be enhanced by including the above application function device . in addition , a ggsn operating in accordance with a gprs access network , and a pdg operating in accordance with a wlan access network , both may be enhanced to include the above detection function device . also in particular and for more general integration purposes , the invention provides for a policing and charging enforcement function in accordance with a pcc architecture and including the above detection function device , and for a policing and charging rules function in accordance with a pcc architecture and including the above qos - control function device . the invention is described above in respect of several embodiments in an illustrative and non - restrictive manner . obviously , variations , and combinations of these embodiments are possible in light of the above teachings , and any modification of the embodiments that fall within the scope of the claims is intended to be included therein . | 7 |
the present invention encompasses the novel diazepine , oxazepine and thiazepine derivatives set forth in formulas i and ii and certain novel compounds of formulas iii , iva and ivb as composition of matter and a process for the preparation of compounds of formulas i , ii and iii . charts i and ii illustrate the preparation of all intermediates . r is never hydrogen . chart iii illustrates reaction sequence for preparing end - products wherein r is other than hydrogen and n is 1 or 2 . chart iv illustrates preparation of compounds having ethyl and propyl radicals - omega substituted by primary amine (-- nh 2 ). r is never hydrogen . chart v illustrates methods of converting the omega - nh 2 - substituted ethyl and propyl compounds of secondary and tertiary amines . this is an alternate method for preparing the ethyl - secondary and tertiary amines . r is never hydrogen . preparations 1 - 40 and 42 - 57 illustrate syntheses of compounds of formulas iva , ivb or provide certain starting materials therefor . preparation 41 provides a starting material for an alternate process . see chart viii , formula vi . intermediates 1 - 83 ( see also table 1 ) illustrate preparation of compounds encompassed by formula ii , which are chemical intermediates substituted with haloalkyl , cyanoalkyl , or phthalimidoalkyl radicals . the compounds of formula ii are formed in the reaction mixture usually without isolation . charts vii and viii illustrate the preparation of compounds of formula i by novel alternate methods illustrated further in examples 68b , 90 and 107 to 109 , which process methods thereof are not part of the present invention but which process methods are the subject of a separate application , u . s . ser . no . 652 , 017 filed sept . 19 , 1984 . equations given in chart x , although shown specifically for the [ 3 , 2 - f ] pyridooxazepinones and thiones , represent general methods of preparing compounds of formulas i &# 39 ; and ii &# 39 ; wherein the a group is substituted by one phenyl or a substituted phenyl group . the preparation of compounds of formula i &# 39 ; are illustrated by examples 153 and 154 . examples 1 - 166 ( see also table 2 ) illustrate preparation of compounds encompassed by formula i . the scope of the invention is not limited by the preparations , intermediates and examples , however . ## str28 ## chart v__________________________________________________________________________additional preparations of secondary and tertiary amino - alkyl compoundswherein r is other than h . sup . ( a ) ## str29 ## ## str30 ## ## str31 ## footnotes :. sup . ( a ) illustrated for r . sup . 4 and r . sup . 5 = n and is applicable forr . sup . 4 and / or r . sup . 5 = loweralkyl ( 1 - 5c ). n = 1 - 3 * method described by r . f . borch , et al ., j . amer . chem . soc . 93 , 2897 ( 1971 ). illustration of reaction of a compound of formula i . sub . c - 1 wherein z isnh . sub . 2 with aldehydes and ketones follows : reactant z - radical produced__________________________________________________________________________ ( 1 ) 1 mole acetaldehyde nhc . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 1 mole nabh . sub . 3 cn excess primary amine ( z = nh . sub . 2 )( 2 ) 1 mole acetone nhch ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 1 mole nabh . sub . 3 cn ( 3 ) 1 mole benzaldehyde nhch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 1 mole nabh . sub . 3 cn excess primary amine ( z = nh . sub . 2 )( 4 ) 1 mole cyclohexanone nhc . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 1 mole nabh . sub . 3 cn ( 5 ) 2 mole acetaldehyde n ( c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 ). sub . 2 2 mole nabh . sub . 3 cn ( 6 ) 1 mole acetaldehyde 1 mole nabh . sub . 3 cn excess primary amine ( z = h ) n ( ch . sub . 3 ) c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 followed by 1 mole formaldehyde 1 mole nabh . sub . 3 cn ** j . e . norlander et al ., tetrahedron letters 1978 ( 50 ) pp 4987 - 4990 . ## str32 ## compounds of formulas i and ii have a chiral center in the oxazepine , thiazepine or diazepine moiety at the site of the carbon carrying the side - chain and therefore there is potential for separation of the enantiomers ( optical isomers ) or for synthesis of the enantiomers using already resolved starting chemicals or chemical intermediates . such a synthesis for n = 2 using resolved chemicals is outlined in chart ix . thus , by way of further amplification of possible methods of preparation of enantiomers of formula i and ii , one or more of the following procedures may be involved : ( a ) resolving a racemic mixture of a compound of formula i or ii using optically active acids and separating the salts ; ( b ) preparing optically active compounds of formula i from optically active compounds of formula ii prepared in ( a ) preceding , ( c ) or ( d ) following ; ( c ) starting the synthesis with known optically active enantiomers , for example , ( s ) or ( r ) malic acids illustrated in chart ix . the method is suitable only when the e to carbon bond is not broken ; and ( d ) resolving one of the precursors of compounds of formula ii and proceding with the synthesis illustrated in chart ix . preparation of enantiomers of compounds of formula i and ii were demonstrated by combinations of precedures ( b ), ( c ), and ( d ), see preparations 42 - 47 , intermediates 65 - 67 and examples 125 and 126 . one of the intermediates , ( s )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol , was synthetized with retention of optical purity as shown in chart ix starting with ( s )- malic acid . the ( s )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol was shown to be dextrorotatory . as an alternative method of obtaining the resolved isomers of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol , the racemic mixture was treated with ( 2s , 3s )- tartaric acid in methanol . the resulting crystals , after one recrystallization , were converted to the base . this base was the dextrorotatory ( s )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol identical to that produced from ( s )- malic acid . the levorotatory ( r )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol was made in the same manner using ( 2r , 3r )- tartaric acid . the synthesis illustrated in chart ix was carried out on both the r and s isomers using the resolved 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinols as the starting material . the lack of racemization at each step was demonstrated with nmr spectra by use of the optically active shift reagent technique . in each intermediate and the final product , it was demonstrated that both optical isomers could be seen in the racemic mixture ; however , none of the opposing isomers were detected in any of the resolved compounds . is primarily responsible for the activity of the racemic mixture ( active agent of the compound of example 12 ), at low dosage being considerably more potent than the corresponding ( s ) isomer ( active agent of example 125 ). ## str33 ## in reference to the processes and the process steps of the invention summarized above as they apply to the preparation of compounds of formulas i , ii and iii , the following further description is applicable . in step 1 , starting compounds of formula ivb ( see chart i ) bearing a carboxylic acid or an acid neutralizing ion such as an alkali - metal salt thereof on the a ring ortho to the ether linkage as a substantially pure entity or preferably derived in a reaction mixture resulting from hydrolysis of precursors bearing in the same ortho position , carbamoyl , cyano or carboxylic acid ester functions without substantial isolation of the carboxylic acid ( or salt ) compound from the reaction mixture , are treated with any suitable halogenating agent such as are described above , preferably thionyl chloride , oxalyl chloride , or triphenyl phosphine and carbon tetrachloride . the halogenation is conducted in any suitable organic solvent , preferably a refluxing organic solvent or a refluxing halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride . temperatures for the chlorination over a wide range may be employed , for example , from room temperature to 100 ° c . or above ; however , temperatures of 50 °- 80 ° c . are preferred , which temperatures encompass that of refluxing chloroform or thionyl chloride . when excess halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride has been used as carrier , it is advantageously evaporated . when solvent such as chloroform is used , it may , but not necessarily , be evaporated away . in any event a solution comprising a solvent and compounds of formula iii or a residue comprised of formula iii compounds , all of which are confirmed by infra - red analysis is available for use in the next step . in step 2 , the halogenated compounds of formula iii , prepared in step 1 , if not already in a solvent , are solubilized with organic solvent , preferably chloroform and usually neutralized or basified preferably with a tertiary amine such as triethyl amine , and then heated at a temperature and for a time sufficient to effect a fusion of the carbonyl with the basic nitrogen and cleavage of the cyclic amine and formation of the chloro or bromoalkyloxazepinone , thiazepinone or diazepinone compounds of formula iia . if the tendency to fuse is sufficiently great , the neutralization of basification may be eliminated . the formula iia compounds may be isolated by conventional means , for example , by partitioning between a suitable organic solvent or mixture of solvents and aqueous acid or base followed by drying and evaporating the organic layer and recrystallizing the residue from a suitable solvent . in step 3 , the compounds of formula iia may optionally be converted to the oxazepinethione , thiazepinethione or diazepinethione ( iib ) by heating together with sulfurizing agent in a suitable organic solvent such as toluene acetonitrile . the thione ( iib ) may be isolated by conventional means , preferably by partitioning between an organic solvent and dilute alkali metal base and crystallizing from a suitable solvent such as ethanol . in step 4 , an oxazepinone , thiazepinone or diazepinone ( iia ) is reacted with potassium cyanide in a hot protic solvent using a phase transfer catalyst such as tetrabutyl ammonium bromide . the resulting cyano compound is then extracted into a suitable solvent such as ethyl acetate , and the solution dried and evaporated . the residue is then recrystallized from suitable solvent such as a mixture of ethyl acetate and isopropyl ether or ethyl acetate alone . as will be realized , the compounds produced have cyanomethyl and cyano - ethyl side chains ( n = 1 or 2 ) which lead to side chain lengthening to amino propyl n = 3 or as an alternate starting material for lengthening of a methyl chain to amino ethyl . in step 5 , the oxazepinone , thiazepinone ( iia ) or diazepinone obtained in step 2 or the oxazepinethione and thiazepinethione ( iib ) or diazepinethione obtained in step 3 are reacted with pyrazole , imidazole or with an amine of the formula nhr 1 r 2 wherein r 1 and r 2 have the value given under formula i above to give compounds of formulas ia and ib , respectively . the latter reaction is preferably conducted in excess amine as in the instance of volatile methylamines . the free bases of products of formula ia and ib are isolated by conventional means by removing volatiles and partitioning between dilute aqueous alkali metal base and a solvent such as chloroform or methylene chloride followed by evaporation . the free base may be converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt with an appropriate acid and in the case of a quaternary salt with a loweralkyl halide or sulfate and recrystallized by conventional means . the free bases may be recovered from the acid addition salts , usually in a purer form , by again partitioning the salt between aqueous base and a suitable solvent followed by evaporation . as will be realized and as shown in chart i , the side chain of the intermediate produced is limited to aminomethyl and aminoethyl ( n = 2 ). in step 6 , when it is desirable , a compound prepared in step 5 wherein b is oxygen is sulfurized , preferably by refluxing in dry pyridine with phosphorus pentasulfide for several hours . the resulting thione is isolated by cooling the solution and partitioning between a suitable solvent such as chloroform and an aqueous base and evaporating the organic phase and isolating by conventional means . in step 7 , a cyano compound ( iic ) prepared in step 4 which is a diazepinone , an oxazepinone or a thiazepinone is reduced , preferably with hydrogen using raney nickel catalyst at about 60 ° c . the primary aminoethyl or aminopropyl compound ( n = 2 or 3 ) produced is isolated by conventional means , preferably as an acid addition salt which may be converted back to the free base by partitioning between a suitable solvent and aqueous base and thereafter drying and evaporating the organic layer . in step 8 ( see chart v ), a primary amine is converted to a secondary or tertiary amine by a choice of reactants . the method provides a route to secondary and tertiary amino compounds of formula i having n = 3 not afforded by step 5 and , in addition , provides an alternate route to secondary and tertiary amino compounds of formula i wherein n = 1 or 2 . the preparation of dimethylamino derivatives by reaction of primary amine with formaldehyde and formic acid is a conventional method for preparing tertiary dimethyl amines as is reaction of a dihalide to give a heterocyclic amine such as 1 - pyrrolidino , piperidino or 4 - morpholino . the alternatives employing sodium cyanoborohydride follow the procedures described by r . f . borch et al , j . amer . chem . soc . 93 , 2897 ( 1971 ). the procedure which employs conversion to a trifluoroacetamide is described by j . e . norlander et al , tetrahedron letters , 1978 ( 50 ) pp 4987 - 4990 . in step 9 , a 4 - benzyloxyazepinone , 4 - benzyl - thiazepinone or 4 - benzyldiazepinone derivative ( r = benzyl ) under formula i excluding primary or secondary amines is converted to the corresponding n - unsubstituted ( r = h ) oxazepinone , thiazepinone or diazepinone by reaction with sodium and ammonia and may be isolated as illustrated in example 68a . step 10 is optional depending on whether the compound of formula i is already in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or whether it is desirable to convert to another salt or whether the free base is desired . to obtain the free base from any addition salt of formula i , the salt is partitioned between a suitable organic solvent such as chloroform and a dilute aqueous base . the organic layer is dried and condensed to give the free base which is then , if desired , reacted with an acid described above to give the desired salt . as mentioned above , the preferred steps for reaching the preferred compounds having an ethyl side chain in the 2 - position include steps 1 to 3 , 5 , 6 and 10 of the general process for preparing all the compounds of formula i . inasmuch as the compounds having a methyl side chain can be made by the same process , compounds wherein n = 1 are included in the preferred process . these steps of a preferred process are designated a to f corresponding to the numbered steps of the general process with the limitation that n = 1 or 2 and r is other than hydrogen as follows : ______________________________________ corresponding general step number withpreferred process description pertainingstep designation to n = 1 or 2______________________________________a 1b 2c 3d 5e 6f 10______________________________________ compounds of formula i wherein e is o or s are preferred because of their potency as antihistamines based on test comparisons made . to a suspension of 4 . 3 g ( 0 . 11 mole ) of sodium amide in 60 ml of dry toluene was added 19 . 3 g ( 0 . 11 mole ) of 1 - benzyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol at a rate to maintain a temperature of 35 ° c . stirring was continued at room temperature for 3 hours . to the mixture was added at rapid drop 19 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of o - toluenesulfonyl chloride with ice bath cooling to maintain a temperature of 20 °- 30 ° c . stirring was continued at room temperature for 2 . 5 hours and the mixture allowed to stand overnight . the toluene was washed twice with water , dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated . to a suspension of 5 . 4 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of sodium methoxide in 50 ml of dimethylformamide in another vessel was added 13 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of salicylamide in 75 ml of dimethylformamide at a rate to maintain a temperature of 50 ° c . after stirring 15 minutes , the above prepared sulfonate in 25 ml of dimethylformamide was added dropwise and the solution refluxed 5 hours . the material was partitioned between 500 ml of ethyl acetate and 500 ml of water . the ethyl acetate was extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid , the acid basified with dilute sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic layer was dried , concentrated , and the residue crystallized twice from isopropyl ether - ethyl acetate . yield of product was 12 . 5 g ( 42 %), m . p . 120 . 5 °- 122 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 10 h 20 n 2 o 2 : c , 72 . 95 ; h , 6 . 80 ; n , 9 . 46 . found : c , 73 . 23 ; h , 6 . 78 ; n , 9 . 56 . to 85 . 6 g ( 2 . 2 moles ) of sodium amide in 1 . 5 liter of dry toluene was added 202 g ( 2 moles ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol so as not to exceed a temperature of 50 ° c . the mixture was then heated to 70 ° c . for 4 . 5 hours . the mixture was cooled with 381 g ( 2 moles ) of o - toluenesulfonylchloride was added at a rapid drop while maintaining a temperature of 20 °- 30 ° c . with an ice bath . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 . 5 hours and washed with water . the toluene solution was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue , dissolved in 500 ml of dimethylformamide , was added to a reaction mixture prepared by adding 119 g ( 2 . 2 moles ) of sodium methoxide and 274 g ( 2 . 0 moles ) of salicylamide to one liter of dimethylformamide and the mixture was worked up as in preparation 1 . yield of product was 170 g ( 38 %), m . p . 116 °- 118 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 16 n 2 o 2 : c , 65 . 43 ; h , 7 . 32 ; n , 12 . 72 . found : c , 65 . 28 ; h , 7 . 28 ; n , 12 . 77 . to a solution of 20 . 3 g ( 0 . 52 mole ) of sodium hydroxide in 600 ml of ethanol and 400 ml of water was added 150 g ( 0 . 51 mole ) of 2 -[ 3 -( 1 - benzyl ) pyrrolidinyloxy ] benzamide and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 48 hours . the mixture was concentrated on the rotary evaporator to one - half volume and the residue was extracted with ethyl acetate to remove unreacted amide . the water layer was filtered and the ph of the filtrate adjusted to 6 . 5 with hydrochloric acid . the filtrate was concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated . the residue 85 . 7 g was comprised substantially of the title compound . to a cooled solution of 68 g ( 0 . 67 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol and 74 g ( 0 . 73 mole ) triethylamine in 700 ml of dry benzene was added dropwise 74 g ( 0 . 63 mole ) of methanesulfonyl chloride . after stirring at room temperature for 45 min , the mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure and dissolved in 100 ml of dimethylformamide . to a cooled suspension of 10 . 8 g ( 0 . 45 mole ) of sodium hydride in 75 ml of dimethylformamide in another vessel , 84 g ( 0 . 45 mole ) of 3 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide dissolved in 400 ml of dimethylformamide was added dropwise . the above prepared sulfonate solution was added dropwise and the reaction mixture stirred and heated at reflux for 16 hr . the cooled solution was diluted with 1000 ml of water and extracted twice with 500 ml portions of chloroform . the chloroform was washed with water and extracted twice with 500 ml portions of 3n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous extracts were made alkaline with 50 % sodium hydroxide and extracted thrice with 500 ml portions of chloroform . after drying over magnesium sulfate , the chloroform was evaporated under reduced pressure affording 27 . 4 g ( 22 %) of a pale yellow solid . recrystallized from ethyl acetate , m . p . 128 °- 130 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 18 n 2 o 2 : c , 71 . 09 ; h , 6 . 71 ; n , 10 . 36 . found : c , 70 . 88 ; h , 6 . 68 ; n , 10 . 37 . to a solution of 21 . 6 g ( 0 . 54 mole ) of sodium hydroxide in 500 ml of water was added 74 g ( 0 . 27 mole ) of 3 -[ 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolinyl ) oxy ]- 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide . the solution was heated at reflux for 16 hrs and on cooling , the ph was adjusted to 6 . 8 with concentrated hydrochloric acid . the resultant solid was separated by filtration and the ph of the filtrate was adjusted to 6 . 02 . the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue boiled in 200 ml of isopropyl alcohol and filtered . the filtrate was again concentrated under reduced pressure to give 69 g ( 94 %) of an amorphous solid . an aliquot was dissolved in isopropanol and treated with oxalic acid . the oxalate salt was recrystallized from ethanol / water , m . p . 209 °- 212 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 18 no 5 : c , 64 . 55 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 4 . 43 . found : c , 63 . 86 ; h , 5 . 68 ; n , 4 . 37 . to a stirred suspension of 6 . 4 g ( 0 . 13 mole ) of 50 % sodium hydride ( mineral oil ) in 50 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added dropwise 6 . 4 g ( 0 . 063 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol . during addition , the temperature rose from 25 ° c . to 31 ° c . after 10 minutes , a solution of 10 g ( 0 . 063 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid in 50 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added dropwise causing the temperature to rise . when the temperature reached 55 ° c ., it was maintained there by the intermittent use of an ice bath until addition was complete . the mixture was then heated to 55 °- 60 ° c . for 1 . 5 hr ., cooled and filtered . the filter cake was suspended in 100 ml of ethyl acetate and filtered . the solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetatemethanol . yield of product was 5 g ., dec . 240 ° c . the nmr analysis showed that the compound contained 1 / 3 mole of sodium acetate as impurity . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 o 3 na . 1 / 3c 2 h 3 o 2 na : c , 51 . 62 ; h , 5 . 20 ; n , 10 . 32 . found : c , 51 . 81 ; h , 5 . 15 ; n , 10 . 39 . to a solution of 55 . 5 g ( 0 . 55 mole ) of triethylamine in 500 ml of dry benzene was added dropwise 50 . 5 g ( 0 . 50 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol at such a rate as to maintain a temperature of 25 °- 35 ° c . to the mixture , maintained at 20 °- 25 ° c ., was added dropwise , 57 g ( 0 . 50 mole ) of methanesulfonyl chloride . after stirring for 1 hr at room temperature , the mixture was filtered and the precipitate washed with 250 ml of hot benzene . the filtrate and wash were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in 200 ml dimethylformamide . to a cooled suspension of 19 . 6 g ( 0 . 41 mole ) of sodium hydride in 100 ml of dimethylformamide in another vessel was added dropwise a solution of 70 g ( 0 . 41 mole ) of 4 - chlorosalicylamide in 200 ml dimethylformamide at a rate such as to maintain a temperature of 20 ° c . to the resulting reaction mixture was added dropwise the above - prepared sulfonate salt and the mixture was heated at reflux for 19 hrs . the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with one liter of water . the diluted mixture was extracted three times with 300 ml portions of chloroform . the chloroform extracts were combined and extracted with two 500 ml portions of 3n hydrochloric acid . the combined aqueous extract was made alkaline with 50 % sodium hydroxide and extracted three times with 500 ml portions of ethyl acetate . the combined ethyl acetate extract was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 46 . 5 g ( 45 %) beige solid . the solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate , m . p . 122 ° - 123 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 15 n 2 clo 2 : c , 56 . 58 ; h , 5 . 94 ; n , 10 . 99 . found : c , 56 . 48 ; h , 5 . 96 ; n , 10 . 84 . to a cooled solution of 101 g ( 1 . 0 mole ) 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol , 111 g ( 1 . 1 mole ) triethylamine in 1000 ml of dry benzene was added dropwise 114 g ( 1 . 0 mole ) of methanesulfonyl chloride . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and dissolved in 100 ml dimethylformamide . to a cooled suspension of 30 g ( 0 . 63 mole ) sodium hydride in 100 ml dimethylformamide in another vessel was added dropwise 5 - bromosalicylamide ( 137 g , 0 . 63 mole ) dissolved in 750 ml of dimethyformamide . the above prepared sulfonate was added dropwise and the reaction mixture heated at reflux for 18 hrs . the cooled solution was diluted with 1000 ml of water and extracted thrice with 500 ml portions of chloroform . the chloroform extracts were washed with water and extracted four times with 500 ml portions of 3n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was made alkaline with 50 % sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform extracts were washed with water , dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 52 g ( 28 %) of a yellow solid . the solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate / chloroform , m . p . 160 °- 162 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 15 n 2 bro 2 : c , 48 . 18 ; h , 5 . 05 ; n , 9 . 36 . found : c , 48 . 02 ; h , 5 . 01 ; n , 9 . 22 . to a cooled suspension of 2 . 4 g ( 0 . 41 mole ) sodium hydride in 50 ml of dimethylformamide was added dropwise 17 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of 5 - chlorosalicylamide dissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide at a rate such that the temperature did not exceed 20 ° c . after addition of the salicylamide was complete , 16 . 7 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of 3 - bromo - 1 - methylpyrrolidine dissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide was added dropwise . the reaction mixture was stirred and heated at reflux for 19 hr . the cooled solution was diluted with 250 ml of water and extracted twice with 250 ml portions of chloroform . the chloroform was extracted thrice with 500 ml portions of 3n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous extracts were made alkaline with 50 % sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate . drying over magnesium sulfate and evaporation of the ethyl acetate under reduced pressure gave 6 g ( 23 %) of product as a beige solid . the solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate , m . p . 126 °- 128 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 24 h 32 n 4 cl 2 o 5 : c , 54 . 65 ; h , 6 . 11 ; n , 10 . 62 . found : c , 54 . 87 ; h , 6 . 12 ; n , 10 . 69 . a solution of 118 g ( 0 . 63 mole ) of 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide in 250 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added dropwise to a suspension of 27 . 6 g ( 0 . 69 mole ) of 50 % sodium hydride ( mineral oil ) in 250 ml of dimethylsulfoxide . the reaction was exothermic and the temperature rose to 60 ° c . in another vessel , 79 g ( 0 . 69 mole ) of methanesulfonylchloride was added dropwise to a solution of 69 . 7 g ( 0 . 69 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol and 77 g ( 0 . 76 mole ) of triethylamine in 500 ml of dry benzene while cooling with an ice bath . the mixture was stirred 15 minutes and filtered . the filter cake was washed with 500 ml of benzene and the benzene filtrates were combined and concentrated on the rotary evaporator to about 200 ml . the residue was added dropwise to the above prepared dimethylsulfoxide solution containing the sodium salt of 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide while stirring at 75 ° c . the temperature was maintained at 75 ° c . for 18 hr with external heat . the resulting solution was cooled and an equal volume of water was added . the mixture was extracted with three portions of chloroform . the washes were combined and concentrated . the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and dilute hydrochloric acid . the acid layer was made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted twice with ethyl acetate . the ethyl acetate washes were combined , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was crystallized from ethyl acetate - isooctane . yield of solid was 55 g ( 32 %). a portion was recrystallized twice from ethyl acetate - isooctane , m . p . 122 °- 129 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 18 n 2 o 2 : c , 71 . 11 ; h , 6 . 71 ; n , 10 . 36 . found : c , 70 . 96 ; h , 6 . 71 ; n , 10 . 31 . to a solution of 151 g ( 1 . 5 mole ) 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl and 166 g ( 1 . 6 mole ) triethylamine in 1500 ml of dry benzene was added dropwise 171 g ( 1 . 5 mole ) of methanesulfonyl chloride with cooling . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give an orange - colored oil . in another vessel , to a suspension of 50 % sodium hydride / mineral oil ( 72 g ; 1 . 5 mole ) in 150 ml dimethylformamide the sulfonate prepared above and 139 g ( 0 . 93 mole ) of 5 - methoxy salicylamide dissolved in 600 ml dimethylformamide were added dropwise with cooling . the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 14 hr . after cooling , the reaction was diluted with 1000 ml of water and extracted three times with 700 ml portions of chloroform . the combined chloroform extracts were washed thrice with water and extracted thrice with 500 ml portions of 3n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was made alkaline and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform extracts were washed thrice with water , dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a viscous brown oil . vacuum distillation of this material yielded a viscous orange oil which was dissolved in chloroform , extracted in acid ; made alkaline and extracted into chloroform again . evaporation of the solvent gave a dark brown oil which solidified under reduced pressure . three recrystallizations from ethyl acetate gave 10 g of white crystals ( 4 %), m . p . 85 °- 87 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 18 n 2 o 3 : c , 62 . 38 ; h , 7 . 25 ; n , 11 . 19 . found : c , 62 . 47 ; h , 7 . 26 ; n , 11 . 20 . a solution of 55 g ( 0 . 55 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 55 ml of dry dimethylformamide was added dropwise to a suspension of 22 g ( 0 . 58 mole ) of 60 % sodium hydride / 40 % mineral oil in 300 ml of dimethylformamide . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour and 73 g ( 0 . 53 mole ) of 3 - chloro - 4 - cyanopyridine in 200 ml of dimethylformamide was added dropwise with mild cooling to maintain a temperature of 30 °- 40 ° c . the solution was stirred 3 hours and an equal volume of water added . the solution was made acidic with dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted with isopropyl ether . the aqueous layer was made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted 5 times with chloroform . the extracts were combined , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was treated with 50 g of fumaric acid in 400 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 40 ml of water . the resulting crystals ( 51 g ; 21 %) were collected . a 2 g sample was recrystallized from methyl isobutyl ketone . yield of product was 1 . 5 g , m . p . 172 °- 174 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 21 n 3 o 9 : c , 52 . 42 ; h , 4 . 86 ; n , 9 . 65 . found : c , 52 . 40 ; h , 4 . 90 ; n , 9 . 68 . a solution of 29 g ( 0 . 11 mole ) of 1 -[( 1 - methylpyrrolidinyl ) oxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide and 38 g ( 0 . 32 mole ) of thionyl chloride in 150 ml of chloroform was heated to reflux for 6 hr . the solution was poured into ice and made basic with sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was separated , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in hot isooctane . the solution was treated with charcoal , filtered and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and oxalic acid was added . the precipitate was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol - water mixture . yield of product was 11 . 5 g ( 31 %), m . p . 176 °- 184 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 18 n 2 o 5 : c , 63 . 15 ; h , 5 . 30 ; n , 8 . 18 . found : c , 63 . 00 ; h , 5 . 29 ; n , 8 . 15 . to one liter of absolute methanol was added 150 g ( 0 . 39 mole ) of 3 , 5 - diidosalicylic acid . hydrogen chloride was bubbled through the reaction mixture under agitation and refluxed for 3 hrs . the reaction mixture turned cloudy and suddenly a large volume of white crystals precipitated . the mixture was filtered to give , after drying , 136 g ( 83 %) of product , m . p . 198 °- 202 ° c . a stainless steel bomb , cooled with dry ice acetone , was charged with excess liquid ammonia , 3 , 5 - diiodomethylsalicylate and a catalytic amount of sodium hydride . the bomb was sealed and shaken at room temperature for 16 hrs . on cooling again , the contents of the bomb were poured out and excess ammonia allowed to evaporate at room temperature . the product melted 190 °- 195 ° c . with decomposition . mass spec analysis confirmed molecular weight of the title compound . following the procedure of preparation 1 , substituting 2 - hydroxy - 3 , 5 - diiodobenzamide for salicylamide , the title compound is prepared . the title compound is prepared by following the procedure of preparation 6 but substituting 1 - methyl - 3 - azetidinol for 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol . 4 - chloropyridine is reacted with diisopropyl lithium amide and carbon dioxide to give the lithium salt of 3 - carboxy - 4 - chloropyridine which is then reacted with 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol as in preparation 6 . 2 - carboxamido - 3 - hydroxypyridine is reacted with ## str34 ## to give 2 - cyano - 3 - chloropyridine which is then reacted with 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol as in preparation 12 to give the title compound . to a solution of 101 g ( 1 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol and 110 g ( 1 . 1 mole ) of triethylamine in 700 ml of dry benzene was added dropwise 115 g ( 1 mole ) of methanesulfonyl chloride while stirring and cooling with an ice bath . the resulting mixture was stirred for 0 . 5 hr . and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated on the rotary evaporator to about 200 ml being careful not to overheat . the residue was dissolved in about 150 ml of ethanol . in a separate vessel , 25 . 3 g ( 1 . 1 mole ) of sodium was dissolved in 800 ml of 200 proof ethanol under nitrogen gas sweep . after dissolution was complete , 83 . 6 g ( 1 . 1 mole ) of thiolacetic acid was added slowly and the resulting solution was stirred an additional 10 min . the above prepared ethanolic solution of methanesulfonate was added and the resulting solution was heated to 60 ° c . for 20 hrs . the mixture was cooled to 25 ° c . and filtered and the filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved in isopropyl ether and the mixture filtered to remove a small amount of solid . the filtrate was concentrated and the residue distilled to yield 70 g of the free base title ester , b . p . 95 - 105 / 15 mm . a 7 g portion of the free base was treated with 4 g of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol and the salt obtained was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 8 . 4 g of title product , m . p . 108 °- 111 ° c . a solution of 62 g ( 0 . 39 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinethiol acetate ( ester ) in 200 ml of absolute methanol was treated with a 2 mm sphere of sodium and the resulting solution was distilled at 1 atm . pressure to a pot temperature of 100 ° c . vacuum was applied and the pressure was slowly decreased to 100 mm . the residue was distilled to a pot temperature of 130 ° c ., yielding 25 g ( 56 %) of distillate with a boiling point of 95 °- 100 ° c ./ 100 mm which was the free base of the title compound . a 4 g sample was treated with oxalic and in isopropyl alcohol to give 5 . 5 g of oxalate salt , m . p . 80 °- 82 ° c . to a stirred suspension of 80 g ( 2 mole ) of 60 % sodium hydride ( in mineral oil ) in 800 ml of dry dimethylformamide , all heated to 60 ° c . and using nitrogen gas flow was added dropwise , a solution of 157 . 0 g ( 1 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid and 117 g ( 1 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinethiol in 300 ml of dimethylformamide at a rate which maintained a temperature of 60 °- 67 ° c . the mixture was heated to 65 ° c . for 6 hr and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature and then filtered . the collected solid was suspended in one liter of isopropyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride was bubbled into the suspension until a ph of 6 . 2 was reached . the mixture was brought to a boil and filtered . the solid was dissolved in 2 liters of water and extracted with isopropyl ether . the ph was adjusted to 6 . 0 and the solution was concentrated to a volume of 800 ml and placed in a refrigerator . the resulting solid ( 85 g ) collected by filtration , was a mixture consisting of about 85 % of the title compound and 15 % sodium chloride . a sample portion of this was crystallized once from ethanol and twice from isopropyl alcohol - water . the recrystallized product decomposed at about 225 ° c . a solution of 105 g ( 0 . 68 mole ) of 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 - azetidinol and 106 g ( 0 . 68 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid in 400 ml of dry dimethylformamide was added at a rapid drop to 52 g ( 1 . 35 mole ) of 60 % sodium hydride / mineral oil suspended in 400 ml of dry dimethylformamide at 60 ° c . mild exothermic reaction was noted . after stirring for 2 hr at 60 ° c ., the mixture was filtered . the filter cake was washed with ethylacetate and dried at 80 ° c ./ 2 mm to give 174 g ( 86 %) of crude title compound . a mixture of 1068 g ( 6 mole ) of 3 - bromo - 1 - ethylpyrrolidine , 828 g ( 6 mole ) of potassium carbonate and 1700 ml of n - methylaniline was stirred at reflux for 2 hr , cooled and filtered . the filtrate was extracted with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and distilled . yield of 1 - ethyl - 3 -( n - methyl , n - phenylamino ) pyrrolidine was 452 g ( 37 . 5 %), b . p . 100 - 105 / 0 . 1 mm . the above prepared compound , 20 . 5 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) and 46 . 5 g of 15 . 1 % butyllithium and 20 ml of diethyl ether were heated at reflux for 2 hr . the reaction mixture was then poured onto a slurry of dry ice in diethyl ether . the excess carbon dioxide was allowed to evaporate over a period of time and the residue was stirred in diethyl ether and filtered . the filter cake was dried in vacuo to give 15 g of the title product . to a solution of 21 . 3 ml ( 0 . 15 mole ) of diisopropyl amine in 300 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran under a continuous nitrogen blanket , at - 70 ° c ., was added 61 . 6 ml of 2 . 7m n - butyllithium in hexane ( 0 . 165 mole ) while maintaining the temperature at - 60 to - 70 ° c . subsequent to this addition , the temperature was maintained at - 65 ° c . for approximately 20 minutes . a solution of 20 g ( 0 . 12 mole ) of 2 - chloroquinoline in 60 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise while maintaining the temperature at - 60 ° to - 70 ° c . after holding the temperature at - 65 ° c . for 20 minutes subsequent to this addition , the entire reaction mixture was poured onto a large excess of dry ice . most of the solvent was evaporated in a stream of air ; the residual solvent was removed by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in 300 ml water , made basic with dil aq . sodium hydroxide and washed with 3 × 50 ml of isopropyl ether . the aqueous layer was filtered and made acidic ( 4 to 5 ph ) with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid . the precipitate was collected , washed with water , isopropyl alcohol , and isopropyl ether , and dried , giving 15 . 4 g ( 62 %) of white crystals , m . p . 190 °- 210 ° c . ( decomp .). a sample was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol giving an analytical sample , m . p . 190 °- 210 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 10 h 6 no 2 : c , 57 . 85 ; h , 2 . 91 ; n , 6 . 75 . found : c , 57 . 80 ; h , 2 . 96 ; n , 6 . 6 . to a cooled solution of 15 . 8 ml ( 0 . 11 mole ) of diisopropyl amine in 250 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a blanket of dry nitrogen at - 70 ° c . was added 44 ml of 2 . 7 m n - butyllithium in hexane at - 60 ° to - 70 ° c . the solution was stirred for 20 minutes at - 70 ° c . and a solution / suspension of 25 g ( 0 . 11 mole ) of 3 - chloro - 7 - trifluoromethyl quinoline in 125 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise while maintaining the temperature between - 60 ° and - 70 ° c . the temperature was held at - 70 ° c . for 20 minutes subsequent to the addition of the quinoline . the solution ( deep red ) was poured onto a large excess of dry ice and the solvent allowed to evaporate overnight at room temperature . the residual solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 30 mm ) and the residue taken up in 800 ml of dil sodium hydroxide . an attempted wash with 75 ml of chloroform caused the sodium salt of the product acid to precipitate out . this precipitate was collected and washed with 1 liter of chloroform and suspended in 500 ml of water . the suspension was stirred while acidifying with 6n hydrochloric acid to ph 2 . the solid was collected and washed with 500 ml of water . after drying , 16 . 2 g ( 53 %) of white solid was collected , m . p . 310 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 5 no 2 clf 3 : c , 47 . 94 ; h , 1 . 83 ; n , 5 . 08 . found : c , 47 . 56 ; h , 1 . 79 ; n , 4 . 99 . to a solution of 4 . 96 ml ( 0 . 036 mole ) of diisopropylamine in 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran at - 65 ° c . under a nitrogen blanket was added dropwise 14 . 9 ml of 2 . 5m n - butyllithium in hexane while maintaining the above temperature . twenty minutes subsequent to that addition , a solution 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 034 mole ) of 3 , 5 - dichloropyridine in 30 ml tetrahydrofuran at - 60 ° to - 70 ° c . was added . the reaction mixture was stirred at - 70 ° c . for 1 / 2 hr , poured onto a large excess of dry ice and allowed to evaporate overnight at room temperature . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , washed with 3 × 30 ml of methylenechloride and filtered . the filtrate was acidified to ˜ ph 2 with dilute hydrochloric acid to precipitate out the product . after cooling , the precipitate was collected and recrystallized from ethyl acetate / hexane giving 1 . 9 g ( 29 %) of white analytically pure crystals , m . p . 231 °- 35 ° c . ( decomp .). analysis : calculated for c 5 h 3 no 2 cl 2 : c , 37 . 53 ; h , 1 . 57 ; n , 7 . 30 . found : c , 37 . 33 ; h , 1 . 56 ; n , 7 . 21 . 5 - hydroxy - 6 - isoquinolinecarboxylic acid methyl ester as reported by dyke , s . f . et al ., in tetrahedron 1973 , 29 ( 6 ), 857 - 62 , is reacted with excess ammonia in a steel bomb for 12 - 18 hr . the excess ammonia is allowed to evaporate and the residue is crystallized from a suitable solvent mix such as ethyl acetate - toluene to give the title compound . following the procedure of preparation 10 , but substituting 5 - hydroxy - 6 - isoquinolinecarboxamide for 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide , the title compound is prepared . 7 - hydroxy - 5 - isopuinolinecarboxylic acid methyl ester as reported by dyke ( see ref . given in prep . 28 ) is reacted with excess ammonia in a steel bomb for 12 - 18 hr . the excess ammonia is allowed to evaporate and the residue is crystallized from a suitable solvent mix such as ethyl acetate - toluene to give the title compound . following the procedure of preparation 10 , but substituting 5 - hydroxy - 6 - isoquinolinecarboxamide for 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide , the title compound is prepared . following the procedure of preparation 10 , but substituting 8 - hydroxy - 5 - methyl - 7 - quinolinecarboxamide [ as reported by v - kapoor et al , indian j . chem . 4 ( 10 ), 438 - 51 ( 1966 ); ( c . a . 66 , 75802p )] for 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide , the title compound is prepared . 8 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 - quinolinecarboxylic acid ( as reported by meek , w . h . et al ., in j . chem . eng . data 1969 , 14 ( 3 ), 388 - 91 ) is reacted with methanolic boron trifluoride solution for several hours . the resulting mixture is added to an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate to give finally a basic solution . the solution is extracted with chloroform . the chloroform extract is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated and the residue is crystallized from a suitable solvent such as isooctane to give the title compound . 8 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 - quinolinecarboxylic acid methyl ester is reacted with excess ammonia in a steel bomb for 12 - 18 hr . the excess ammonia is allowed to evaporate and the residue is crystallized from a suitable solvent to give the title compound . following the procedure of preparation 10 , but substituting 8 - hydroxy - 2 - methyl - 7 - quinolinecarboxamide for 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide , the title compound is prepared . 6 - hydroxy - 5 - quinolinecarboxylic acid [ as reported by da re , p . et al . in ann . chem . ( rome ) 1970 , 60 ( 3 ), 215 - 24 ( c . a . 73 , 25338 m )] is reacted with methanolic boron trifluoride solution for several hours . the resulting mixture is added to an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate to give finally a basic solution . the solution is extracted with chloroform . the chloroform extract is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated and the residue is crystallized from a suitable solvent . 6 - hydroxy - 5 - quinolinecarboxylic acid methyl ester is reacted with excess ammonia in a steel bomb for 12 - 18 hr . the excess ammonia is allowed to evaporate and the residue is crystallized from a suitable solvent to give the title compound . following the procedure of preparation 10 , but substituting 6 - hydroxy - 5 - quinolinecarboxamide for 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide , the title compound is prepared . 8 - hydroxy - 7 - quinolinecarboxylic acid methyl ester [ as reported by eckstein , z . et al . in pol . j . chem . 1979 , 53 ( 11 ), 2373 - 7 ( c . a . 92 , 215243s )] is reacted with excess ammonia in a steel bomb for 12 - 18 hr . the excess ammonia is allowed to evaporate and the residue is crystallized from a suitable solvent to give the title compound . following the procedure of preparation 10 , but substituting 8 - hydroxy - 7 - quinolinecarboxamide for 1 - hydroxy - 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide , the title compound is prepared . to a suspension of 11 . 9 g ( 0 . 076 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic in 200 ml of methylene chloride was added 10 . 2 g ( 0 . 076 mole ) of 1 - hydroxybenzotriazole , 10 g ( 0 . 076 mole ) of 1 - amino - 4 -( dimethylamino )- 2 - butanol , and 15 . 6 g ( 0 . 076 mole ) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide . the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 6 hr and allowed to stand for 66 hr . the resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was shaken with a mixture of dilute hudrochloric acid and isopropyl ether . the resulting 3 phase system ( 1 solid , 2 liquid ) was filtered and the solid discarded . the aqueous layer was separated , made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted 3 times with chloroform . the combined chloroform extracts were combined , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and acidified with ethereal hydrogen chloride . the resulting precipitate was dissolved by heating and adding methanol . the crystals obtained on cooling were recrystallized from ethanol to give 9 . 6 g ( 41 %), m . p . 182 °- 192 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 19 n 3 o 2 cl 2 : c , 46 . 77 ; h , 6 . 21 ; n , 13 . 63 . found : c , 46 . 67 ; h , 6 . 42 ; n , 13 . 91 . to a stirred solution of 134 g ( 1 mole ) of ( s )- malic acid in 700 ml of toluene was added 97 ml of 40 % aqueous methylamine . the temperature slowly rose to 50 ° c . after 0 . 5 hr the stirred mixture was heated to reflux and the water was collected in a dean - stark trap for 48 hr . a total of 93 ml of water was collected . the toluene residue was treated with 300 ml of ethanol and concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was distilled . the yield of product obtained was 101 g ( 78 %), b . p 140 °/ 2 mm ; 145 °/ 0 . 5 mm . a sample of the above compound was crystallized from ethyl acetate - isopropyl ether , m . p . 87 °- 89 ° c . ; [ α ] d 25 =- 79 . 2 ( methanol ). analysis : calculated for c 5 h 7 no 3 : c , 46 . 51 ; h , 5 . 46 ; n , 10 . 84 . found : c , 46 . 77 ; h , 5 . 55 ; n , 11 . 03 . a solution of 25 . 3 g ( 0 . 2 mole ) of ( s )- 3 - hydroxy - 1 - methyl - 2 , 5 - pyrrolidinedione in 150 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise so as to maintain reflux to a stirred solution of 226 g ( 0 . 78 mole ) of red - al ( bis ( methoxyethoxy ) sodium aluminum hydride ) in 500 ml of tetrahydrofuran . the refluxing was continued 1 hr after addition was complete . the solution was cooled with an ice bath and 30 ml of water was added dropwise followed by 30 ml of 15 % sodium hydroxide which was followed by 90 ml of water . the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 0 . 5 hr , cooled to 30 ° c . and the layers separated . the aqueous layer was extracted 5 times with chloroform . the organic layers were combined , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was distilled . yield of product was 13 g ( 64 %), b . p . 95 °- 100 ° c ./ 90 mm . [ α ] d 25 =+ 0 . 794 ( neat ). 1 gram of the liquid was treated with 1 . 5 g ( 25 , 35 ) tartaric acid in methanol . the resulting crystals weighed 2 g , m . p . 129 °- 131 ° c . [ α ] d 25 =- 11 . 5 ( water ). analysis : calculated for c 9 h 17 no 7 : c , 43 . 02 ; h , 6 . 82 ; n , 5 . 57 . found : c , 42 . 98 ; h , 6 . 87 ; n , 5 . 55 . to a solution of 420 g ( 4 . 16 mole ) of racemic mixture of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 1 liter of dry methanol cooled in an ice bath was added 500 g ( 3 . 33 mole ) of ( 2s , 3s ) tartaric acid dissolved in 1 liter of methanol . at 50 ° c . the solution was seeded with crystals obtained in preparation 43 . the resulting crystals were collected by filtration and and recrystallized three times with methanol to give 235 g ( 45 %) of analytically pure white crystals , m . p . 125 °- 129 ° c . [ α ] d 25 =(-) 11 . 6 ( water ). analysis : calculated for c 9 h 17 no 7 : c , 43 . 02 ; h , 6 . 82 ; n , 5 . 57 . found : c , 42 . 75 ; h , 6 . 87 ; n , 5 . 46 . a 235 g sample of ( s )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol ( 2s , 3s ) tartrate [ 1 : 1 ] was treated with 135 g of potassium hydroxide in 200 ml of water and the solution was continuously extracted with chloroform for 24 hr . the chloroform solution was dried over sodium sulfate , concentrated and distilled . yield of product was 80 g , b . p . 103 - 106 / 37 - 40 mm ; [ α ] d 25 =+ 0 . 817 ° ( neat ). analysis : calculated for c 5 h 11 no : c , 59 . 37 ; h , 10 . 96 ; n , 13 . 85 . found : c , 57 . 64 ; h , 10 . 40 ; n , 13 . 47 . to a solution of 420 g ( 4 . 16 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 1 liter of dry methanol cooled in an ice bath was added 500 g ( 3 . 33 mole ) of -( 2s , 3s ) tartaric acid dissolved in 1 liter of methanol . at 50 ° c . the solution was seeded with ( s )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol -( 2s , 3s )- tartrate [ 1 : 1 ]. the resulting crystals were collected by filtration and the organic layer was concentrated . the residue was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform and the aqueous layer extracted by continuous extraction with chloroform for 24 hr . the organic layers were combined , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in 500 ml of methanol and to this solution was added 150 . 09 g ( 1 mole ) of ( 2r , 3r ) tartaric acid dissolved in 500 ml of methanol . the mixture was filtered and the solid recrystallized two times from methanol to give 75 . 2 g , ( 14 %) of analytically pure white crystals , m . p . 124 °- 127 ° c . ; [ α ] d 25 =(+) 11 . 1 ( water ). analysis : calculated for c 9 h 17 no 7 : c , 43 . 02 ; h , 6 . 82 ; n , 5 . 57 . found : c , 42 . 84 ; h , 6 . 91 ; n , 5 . 63 . a 200 g sample of ( r )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol -( 2r , 3r ) tartrate [ 1 : 1 ] was treated with 135 g of potassium hydroxide and the resulting solution continuously extracted with chloroform for 24 hr . the chloroform extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , concentrated and distilled . yield of product was 73 g , b . p . 103 - 106 / 35 mm , [ α ] d 25 =- 0 . 852 ° ( neat ). analysis : calculated for c 5 h 11 no : c , 59 . 37 ; h , 10 . 96 ; n , 13 . 85 . found : c , 57 . 71 ; h , 10 . 78 ; n , 13 . 49 . to 15 g ( 0 . 069 mole ) of 5 - bromo - 2 - hydroxy nicotinic acid was added 75 ml of thionyl chloride and 3 ml of dimethylformamide . the mixture was heated to reflux for 30 minutes . after cooling , the excess thionyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue poured into water ( 1 liter ) with vigorous agitation . the precipitate was collected and the mother liquor condensed to 1 / 2 the volume , yielding additional precipitate . the precipitates were combined and crystallized from toluene giving 6 g ( 37 %) of material . the product was recrystallized from toluene , m . p . 174 °- 177 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 6 h 3 no 2 clbr : c , 30 . 48 ; h , 1 . 28 ; n , 5 . 92 . found : c , 30 . 21 ; h , 1 . 25 ; n , 5 . 89 . to a solution of 10 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of 2 - hydroxy - nicotinic acid in 16 . 8 g of 50 % sodium hydroxide ( 0 . 21 mol ) diluted with 25 ml of water was added 200 ml of sodium hypobromite solution prepared by adding 13 . 6 g ( 0 . 17 mole ) of bromine to a solution of 20 . 16 g of 50 % sodium hydroxide ( 0 . 25 mole ) in 125 ml of water at 0 ° c . diluted to 400 ml . after 24 hrs of stirring at room temperature , another 100 ml portion of the above sodium hypobromite solution was added and the reaction solution was stirred for another 24 hr . the reaction solution was cooled in an ice bath and acidified carefully with 12n hydrochloric acid . crystallization from isopropyl alcohol gave 9 . 7 g ( 63 . 5 %) of product . a sample was further recrystallized from 95 % ethanol , m . p . 245 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 6 h 4 no 3 : c , 33 . 06 ; h , 1 . 85 ; n , 6 . 42 . found : c , 32 . 98 ; h , 1 . 83 ; n , 6 . 44 . to a cooled suspension of sodium hydride ( 2 . 42 g of 60 % content of 0 . 06 mole ) in 50 ml of dimethylformamide under nitrogen was added dropwise a solution of 10 g ( 0 . 055 mole ) of 2 - chloro - 5 - nitrobenzamide in 20 ml dimethylformamide . the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr and heated to 60 ° c . at which time 9 . 9 g ( 0 . 055 mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinylmesylate ( freshly prepared ) in 10 ml of dimethylformamide was added . the reaction mixture was heated to 135 ° c . for 24 hr . since little product was observed , 9 . 9 g ( 0 . 055 mole ) additional n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinylmesylate and 1 . 21 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 03 mole ) of sodium hydride was added . heating was continued for 24 hr . another 4 equivalents of the above mesylate was added after cooling the reaction mixture to 100 ° c . the reaction mixture was maintained at 100 ° c . fo 24 hr . the dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation at 60 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg . the residue was taken up in 400 ml of methylene chloride and washed with 3 × 200 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide and 2 × 200 ml water . the organic layer was extracted with 3 × 200 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous extracts were combined and washed with ˜ 200 ml chloroform . the aqueous layer was made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide and extracted with 2 × 200 ml of methylene chloride . the organic extracts were combined , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was crystallized from toluene to give 1 . 7 g ( 12 %) of crude crystals . one recrystallization from toluene afforded light beige crystals , m . p . 215 °- 10 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 15 n 3 o 4 : c , 54 . 34 ; h , 5 . 70 ; n , 15 . 84 . found : c , 54 . 30 ; h , 5 . 73 ; n , 15 . 80 . to a suspension of 0 . 44 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 011 mole ) of sodium hydride in 10 ml of dimethylformamide was added 1 . 55 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 5 - fluoro - 2 - hydroxybenzamide in 10 ml of dimethylformamide under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature . the reaction mixture was heated to 60 ° c . and 1 . 80 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol methane sulfonate ( ester ) was added . the reaction mixture was then heated to 100 ° c . for 18 hr . the dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg . the residue was taken up in 200 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water . the organic phase was extracted with 2 × 50 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid . the combined aqueous extracts were washed with 50 ml of methylene chloride , made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide and extracted into 2 × 50 ml of methylene chloride . the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residual oil was crystallized from hexane to give 1 . 0 g of off - white crystals , m . p . 90 °- 93 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 15 n 2 o 2 f : c , 60 . 49 ; h , 6 . 35 ; n , 11 . 76 . found : c , 60 . 47 ; h , 6 . 39 ; n , 11 . 75 . to 191 g ( 0 . 98 mole ) of phenyl phosphonic dichloride was added 66 g ( 0 . 31 mole ) of 5 - phenyl - 2 - pyridone - 3 - carboxylic acid and the reaction mixture heated to 135 ° c . for 2 hr . after cooling , the reaction mixture was poured into ˜ 1 . 5 liter of water . to the mixture was added ˜ 1 liter of tetrahydrofuran to partially solubilize the precipitate formed . the temperature was moderated with ice and 1 liter of water was added to complete the precipitation . the crude precipitate was collected and weighed 67 g ( 0 . 29 mole , 93 %). a sample was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give white crystals , m . p . 239 °- 40 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 8 no 2 cl : c , 61 . 69 ; h , 3 . 45 ; n , 6 . 00 . found : c , 61 . 68 ; h , 3 . 37 ; n , 5 . 97 . to 5 g ( 0 . 027 mole ) of 5 - chloro - 2 - hydroxy - 6 - methyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid was added 35 g of phenylphosphonic dichloride . the mixture was heated to 135 ° c . for 1 . 5 hr . after cooling , the reaction solution was poured carefully into 250 ml of water and stirred for 1 hr . the water was extracted with 3 × 100 ml of methylene chloride . the combined organic extracts were washed with 2 × 100 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation , taken up in toluene , charcoaled , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude residue was crystallized from hexane to give 1 . 7 g ( 31 %) of beige analytically pure crystals , m . p . 123 °- 38 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 7 h 5 ncl 2 o 2 : c , 40 . 81 ; h , 2 . 45 ; n , 6 . 80 . found : c , 40 . 84 ; h , 2 . 36 ; n , 6 . 73 . to a solution of 15 . 7 g of 50 % sodium hydroxide and 18 . 2 ml of water was added 10 g ( 0 . 065 mole ) of 2 - hydroxy - 6 - methylnicotinic acid . when the acid had dissolved , 200 ml of 5 . 25 % aqueous sodium hypochlorite was added rapidly through a dropping funnel . the temperature was not moderated ( slight exotherm did occur ). the entire mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hr . the reaction mixture was then filtered and acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid . the precipitate was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol / ethereal to give ˜ 6 g of analytically pure crystals , m . p . 291 °- 94 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 7 h 6 no 3 cl : c , 44 . 82 ; h , 3 . 22 ; n , 7 . 47 . found : c , 44 . 69 ; h , 3 . 17 ; n , 7 . 45 . this compound was prepared by reacting 2 - chloro - 5 - phenyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid , sodium hydride and n - methyl pyrrolidinol as described in the first part of the preparation of intermediate 79 hereinbelow and isolated as crude salt . the crude salt : sodium - 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 5 - phenyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxylate ( 96 g ) prepared in preparation 55 was mixed with about 400 ml of thionyl chloride and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes . the unreacted thionyl chloride was evaporated off at 70 ° c . and the residue was azeotroped with toluene to give the title compound which was used to prepare 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 - phenylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 -( 4h )- one midway in preparation of intermediate 79 . to a solution of 99 g ( 0 . 6 mole ) of fluoro -( 4 - trifluoromethyl ) benzene in 750 ml of tetrahydrofuran at - 60 ° c . and under nitrogen was added dropwise 256 ml of 2 . 5 molar butyllithium in hexane ( 0 . 64 mole ) over a 1 hr period . the reaction mixture was stirred at - 60 ° c . to - 70 ° c . for 4 hr and poured onto a large excess of dry ice . after 15 minutes the excess dry ice was evaporated with some external heat and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in 500 ml of water and 30 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide and washed with 2 × 300 ml of ethyl acetate . the aqueous was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with 2 × 300 ml of ethyl acetate . the combined organic extracts were washed with 500 ml of water followed by 300 ml of brine , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude residue was crystallized from hexane to give 80 g ( 64 % yield based on aliquot taken ) of white analytically pure crystals , m . p . 100 °- 100 . 5 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 8 h 4 o 2 f 4 : c , 46 . 17 ; h , 1 . 94 . found : c , 46 . 16 ; h , 1 . 89 . to 54 g ( 1 . 35 mole ) of sodium hydroxide in 800 ml of water was added 148 g ( 0 . 67 mole ) of 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ] benzamide and the mixture brought to reflux for 18 hr . the ph was adjusted to 7 with hydrochloric acid and the solution filtered and concentrated . the residue was boiled with 400 ml of isopropanol and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and the residue ( which crystallized ) was refluxed with 300 ml of thionyl chloride for 0 . 5 hr . and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in 300 ml of chloroform and the solvent boiled off in vacuo . the residue was redissolved in chloroform , 150 ml of triethyl amine added and the mixture refluxed 1 hr . the solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between 400 ml of ethyl acetate , 400 ml of isopropyl ether and 500 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid . the organic layer was washed twice with water and once with dilute sodium hydroxide , dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was crystallized from isopropanol - water . yield of product was 75 g ( 47 %), m . p . 97 °- 107 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 14 no 2 cl : c , 60 . 13 ; h , 5 . 89 ; n , 5 . 84 . found : c , 60 . 35 ; h , 5 . 91 ; n , 5 . 65 . to 85 . 7 g ( 0 . 29 mole ) of 2 -[( 1 - benzyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- benzoic acid was added 150 ml of thionyl chloride . the solution stood for 15 min and was then refluxed 30 min . and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was twice treated with 250 ml of chloroform and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in 500 ml of chloroform and 101 g ( 1 mole ) of triethylamine added slowly with stirring . the solution was refluxed 1 hr . and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was partitioned between 50 % ethyl acetate - 50 % isopropyl ether and dilute hydrochloric acid . the organic layer was washed with dilute sodium hydroxide and concentrated . the residue was crystallized 5 times from isopropyl ether - ethyl acetate . yield of product was 23 . 8 g ( 26 %), m . p . 145 . 0 °- 147 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 16 no 2 cl : c , 68 . 46 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 4 . 44 . found : c , 68 . 47 ; h , 5 . 89 ; n , 4 . 32 . to a solution of 21 . 6 g ( 0 . 54 mole ) sodium hydroxide in 500 ml of water was added 74 g ( 0 . 27 mole ) of 3 -[ 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide and the mixture heated at reflux for 16 hr . the ph was adjusted to 6 . 8 with concentrated hydrochloric acid , the solution was filtered and concentrated . the residue was boiled with 200 ml of isopropyl alcohol and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in chloroform . thionyl chloride ( 59 g , 0 . 50 mole ) was added and the reaction mixture heated at reflux for 4 hr . after cooling ( 67 g , 0 . 67 mole ) triethylamine was added dropwise . the mixture was washed sequentially ; twice with 3n hydrochloric acid , twice with water , twice with 10 % sodium hydroxide , twice with water and dried over magnesium sulfate . evaporation of the chloroform under reduced pressure gave 44 g ( 58 %) of a viscous dark brown oil . the material was purified by high pressure liquid chromatography ( 50 / 50 ethyl acetate / hexane ) and recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol to yield brown crystals , m . p . 101 °- 102 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 16 nclo 2 : c , 66 . 32 ; h , 5 . 57 ; n , 4 . 83 . found : c , 66 . 19 ; h , 5 . 63 ; n , 4 . 77 . hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a suspension of 150 g ( 0 . 61 mole ) of sodium 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 3 - pyridinecarboxylate in 1 liter of chloroform until a ph of 6 was reached . to the stirred mixture was added 350 g ( 1 . 34 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 350 g ( 2 . 3 mole ) of carbon tetrachloride and the resulting cloudy solution was stirred at reflux for 1 . 5 hr . about 100 ml of ethanol was added and the heat removed . the solution was stirred for 1 hour while cooling and 200 ml of isooctane was added . the solution was extracted 4 times with a total of 800 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid . the acid extracts were combined , made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform layer was separated and dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in a mixture of 500 ml each of isopropyl alcohol and isopropyl ether and acidified with ethereal hydrogen chloride . the resulting crystals weighed 82 g ( 49 %). a portion was recrystallized from ispropyl alcohol , m . p . 149 °- 153 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 14 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 47 . 67 ; h , 5 . 09 ; n , 10 . 11 . found : c , 47 . 57 ; h , 5 . 18 ; n , 10 . 00 . to a solution of 10 . 4 g ( 0 . 26 mole ) of sodium hydroxide in 150 ml of water was added 32 g ( 0 . 13 mole ) of 4 - chloro - 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ] benzamide and the mixture was heated at reflux for 24 hr . the reaction mixture was adjusted to ph 6 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and filtered and the filtrate concentrated . the residue was boiled with 100 ml of isopropyl alcohol and the mixture filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and heated at reflux with 98 g ( 0 . 83 mole ) of thionyl chloride for 1 hr . the excess thionyl chloride was evaporated under reduced pressure . the residue was dissolved in 70 ml of chloroform and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure . the residue was redissolved in 75 ml of chloroform and 40 ml of triethylamine was added gradually . the mixture was heated at reflux for 1 hr . the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a dark - brown solid . the solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate and the resulting solution washed twice with 200 ml of water and twice with 250 ml of 20 % sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 21 g ( 59 %) of dark - brown solid . the solid was crystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give the title compound , m . p . 85 °- 87 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 ncl 2 o 2 : c , 52 . 57 ; h , 4 . 78 ; n , 5 . 11 . found : c , 52 . 57 ; h , 4 . 77 ; n , 5 . 04 . to a solution of 9 . 6 g ( 0 . 24 mole ) of sodium hydroxide in 200 ml of water was added 37 g ( 0 . 12 mole ) of 5 - bromo - 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- benzamide and the mixture was heated at reflux for 18 hr . the ph of the mixture was adjusted to 6 . 7 with concentrated hydrochloric acid solution . the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was boiled in 250 ml of isopropyl alcohol for 1 hr . the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated . the residue was dissolved in chloroform and to the solution was added 28 . 3 g ( 0 . 24 mole ) of thionyl chloride . the mixture was heated at reflux for 0 . 5 hr and cooled to 15 ° c . with an ice bath . to the mixture was added dropwise 26 . 6 g ( 0 . 26 mole ) of triethylamine at such a rate that the temperature did not exceed 25 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr , then washed consecutively with 3n hydrochloric acid , 15 % aqueous sodium hydroxide and water . the chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 23 g ( 60 %) of brown solid . a portion of the solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate - isopropyl ether , m . p . 92 °- 94 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 nbrclo 2 : c , 45 . 24 ; h , 4 . 11 ; n , 4 . 40 . found : c , 45 . 61 ; h , 4 . 17 ; n , 4 . 42 . hydrogen chloride was bubbled through a solution of 113 g ( 0 . 44 mole ) 5 - chloro - 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ] benzamide dissolved in 500 ml of glacial acetic acid for 15 min while the reaction was cooled with an ice bath . butylnitrite ( 142 g , 1 . 38 mole ) was then added in one portion ; the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hr and heated at reflux for an additional 6 hr . the acetic acid was evaporated under reduced pressure , tetrachloroethane was added twice to the residue and evaporated . the residue was dissolved in chloroform , treated with 163 g ( 1 . 38 mole ) of thionyl chloride and heated at reflux for 22 hr . the reaction mixture was cooled with an ice bath and 152 g ( 1 . 5 mole ) of triethylamine was added dropwise at such a rate that the temperature was kept at 25 °- 30 ° c . the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of chloroform and washed consecutively with 3n hydrochloric acid , water , 10 % sodium hydroxide and water . the chloroform was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 40 g of a black , tar - like residue ( 33 %). an aliquot of this residue was purified on a silica gel column using ethyl acetate as the eluting solvent . recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol gave beige crystals , m . p . 101 °- 103 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 ncl 2 o 2 : c , 52 . 57 ; h , 4 . 78 ; n , 5 . 11 . found : c , 52 . 63 ; h , 4 . 83 ; n , 5 . 05 . hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of 8 g ( 0 . 03 mole ) of 1 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 2 - naphthalenecarboxamide in 40 ml of acetic acid for about 2 min . the solution was cooled with an ice bath and 6 . 1 g ( 0 . 06 mole ) of n - butyl nitrite was added slowly beneath the surface of the liquid at 12 °- 15 ° c . ( about 10 minutes required ). the solution was stirred at 25 ° c . for 18 hr and heated on the steam bath for 3 hr . the solution was concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved in 60 ml of 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 - tetrachloroethane which was removed on the rotary evaporator at 0 . 5 mm / steam temperature . the residue was dissolved in 75 ml of chloroform and treated with 7 g ( 0 . 06 mole ) of thionyl chloride and brought to reflux for 12 hr . the solution was extracted with water ( tested acidic ) followed by dilute sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was crystallized twice from isopropyl etherethyl acetate . yield of product was 3 . 2 g ( 37 %), m . p . 109 °- 111 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 16 no 2 cl : c , 66 . 32 ; h , 5 . 57 ; n , 4 . 84 . found : c , 66 . 15 ; h , 5 . 56 ; n , 4 . 76 . to a solution of 19 . 2 g ( 0 . 48 mole ) of sodium hydroxide in 500 ml of water was added 60 g ( 0 . 24 mole ) of 5 - methoxy - 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- benzamide and the mixture was heated at reflux for 24 hr . the reaction mixture was cooled and the ph adjusted to 6 . 8 with concentrated hydrochloric acid . the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was boiled in isopropyl alcohol for 1 hour . the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated . the residue was dissolved in 500 ml of chloroform and to this solution was added 114 g ( 0 . 96 mole ) of thionyl chloride . the mixture was heated at reflux for 48 hr . then cooled with an ice / acetone bath . to the mixture was added dropwise 97 g ( 0 . 96 mole ) of triethylamine at such a rate that the temperature did not exceed 25 ° c . the reaction solution was washed in sequence with water , 3n hydrochloric acid solution , water , 15 % aqueous sodium hydroxide and water and finally dried over magnesium sulfate . the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a black solid . the solid was purified on a silica gel column using ethyl acetate as the eluting solvent to give on isolation 15 g ( 23 %) of beige colored product , m . p . 98 °- 100 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 13 n 16 nclo 3 : c , 57 . 89 ; h , 5 . 98 ; n , 5 . 19 . found : c , 57 . 53 ; h , 6 . 00 ; n , 5 . 16 . a mixture of 18 . 5 g ( 0 . 0834 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and 18 . 5 g potassium sulfide was ground together and added to a solution of 100 g ( 0 . 417 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in dry toluene , the mixture refluxed 24 hr . and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was concentrated and the residue was crystallized several times from ethanol . yield of product was 55 g ( 52 %), m . p . 105 °- 108 ° c . analusis : calculated for c 12 h 14 nsocl : c , 56 . 35 ; h , 5 . 52 ; n , 5 . 48 ; s , 12 . 54 . found : c , 56 . 55 ; h , 5 . 47 ; n , 5 . 49 ; s , 12 . 55 . to a solution of 59 g ( 0 . 25 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h ) one hydrochloride in 1500 ml of chloroform was added 41 . 5 g ( 0 . 19 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and the mixture was heated to reflux for 18 hr . the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was extracted with dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in 250 ml of boiling isopropyl alcohol . on cooling , 28 g ( 44 %) of yellow solid precipitated . a portion was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 134 °- 136 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 clos : c , 51 . 46 ; h , 5 . 10 ; n , 10 . 81 . found : c , 51 . 35 ; h , 5 . 21 ; n , 10 . 72 . to a solution of 16 . 6 g ( 0 . 06 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylnaphth [ 2 , 3 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 150 ml of dry toluene was added a mixture of 8 . 6 g ( 0 . 045 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and 8 . 6 g of potassium sulfide which had been ground together . the reaction mixture was stirred and heated at reflux for 24 hr . the mixture was filtered hot and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure . yellow solid , 6 . 5 g ( 35 %) was obtained which was recrystallized from ethanol , m . p . 166 °- 168 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 16 nclos : c , 62 . 84 ; h , 5 . 27 ; n , 4 . 58 . found : c , 62 . 29 ; h , 5 . 48 ; n , 4 . 47 . to a solution of 43 g ( 0 . 16 mole ) of 8 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 400 ml of dry toluene was added a mixture of 23 g ( 0 . 12 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and 23 g of potassium sulfide which had been ground together . the reaction mixture was stirred and heated at reflux for 24 hr . the mixture was filtered hot and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to give 25 . 5 g ( 55 %) of orange oil which solidified on standing at room temperature . the solid was recrystallized from ethanol , m . p . 105 °- 106 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 ncl 2 os : c , 49 . 66 ; h , 4 . 52 ; n , 4 . 83 . found : c , 49 . 63 ; h , 4 . 53 ; n , 4 . 75 . to a solution of 11 . 0 g ( 0 . 035 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 150 ml of dry toluene was added a mixture of 13 . 4 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and 13 . 4 g of potassium sulfide which had been ground together . the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 5 hr under a nitrogen atmosphere . the mixture was filtered hot and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue was dissolved in chloroform . the chloroform solution was washed twice with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 8 . 5 g ( 72 %) of yellow solid . the solid was recrystallized from ethanol , m . p . 118 °- 120 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 nbrclos : c , 43 . 07 ; h , 3 . 92 ; n , 4 . 18 . found : c , 43 . 08 ; h , 3 . 88 ; n , 4 . 12 . a mixture of 9 . 55 g of phosphorus pentasulfide and 9 . 5 g of potassium sulfide were ground together and added to a solution of 20 . 2 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylnaphth [ 2 , 1 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 200 ml of dry toluene . the mixture was stirred and heated at reflux for 7 hr . the hot reaction mixture was filtered and the product crystallized from the cooled filtrate . recrystallization from chloroform gave 18 g ( 84 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 167 °- 170 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 16 nclos : c , 62 . 84 ; h , 5 . 27 ; n , 4 . 58 . found : c , 62 . 85 ; h , 5 . 20 ; n , 4 . 55 . a 49 g ( 0 . 11 mole ) sample of 3 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 4 - pyridinecarbonitrile fumarate [ 1 : 2 ] was partitioned between chloroform and a saturated solution of potassium carbonate . the aqueous layer was extracted twice with chloroform . all chloroform extracts were combined , dried and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in 125 ml of t - butanol and added to 34 g ( 0 . 6 mole ) of potassium hydroxide pellets . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 88 hr . and then diluted with 150 ml of toluene . this mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated . the residue was dissolved in chloroform , with cooling , and the ph adjusted to 6 . 0 with hydrogen chloride gas . the resulting mixture was concentrated and 400 ml of dry toluene was added to the residue . the toluene was removed on the rotary evaporator ( steam heat / reduced pressure ) to remove any water . the residue was dissolved in 400 ml of chloroform and 63 g of triphenylphosphine was added followed by 70 g of carbon tetrachloride . the solution was stirred at reflux for 2 hr and another 30 g of triphenylphosphine added . after an additional hour reflux , 70 g more carbon tetrachloride and 63 g more of triphenylphosphine were added and reflux was continued for 4 hr . the solution was extracted with dilute sodium hydroxide , then concentrated . the residue was partitioned between toluene and dilute hydrochloric acid . the toluene layer was extracted five times with dilute hydrochloric acid . the acid extracts were combined , basified with sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed on a 7 × 25 cm column of silica gel with acetone liquid phase . free base of the title compound isolated after evaporation amounted to 5 . 8 g ( 20 %). to a portion of the free base dissolved in isopropyl alcohol was added ethereal hydrogen chloride and isopropyl ether . the resulting crystals were collected and dried , m . p . 188 °- 190 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 14 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 47 . 67 ; h , 5 . 09 ; n , 10 . 11 . found : c , 48 . 33 ; h , 5 . 22 ; n , 9 . 73 . in the procedure of intermediate 4 , equal molar amounts of sodium 4 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 3 - pyridinecarboxylate was substituted for 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid and the title compound was obtained . the procedure of intermediate 16 , 3 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 2 - pyridinecarbonitrile fumarate is substituted for 3 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 4 - pyridinecarbonitrile fumarate , the title compound is obtained . to a solution of 20 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 200 ml of toluene was added a mixture of 9 . 55 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and 9 . 5 g of potassium sulfide which had been ground together . the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow solid . recrystallization from absolute ethanol gave 12 . 5 g ( 68 %) of the product , m . p . 102 °- 104 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 ncl 2 os : c , 49 . 66 ; h , 4 . 52 ; n , 4 . 83 . found : c , 49 . 62 ; h , 4 . 55 ; n , 4 . 76 . when in the procedure of intermediate 1 , 3 , 5 - diido - 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- benzamide is substituted for 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ] benzamide , the title compound is prepared . when in the procedure of intermediate 4 , an equal molar amount of sodium 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - azetidinyl ) oxy ]- 3 - pyridinecarboxylate sodium acetate is substituted for sodium 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 3 - pyridinecarboxylate , the title compound is prepared . a solution of 5 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 4 , 3 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one and 5 . 1 g ( 0 . 0126 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 , 2 , 4 - dithiodiphosphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide in 100 ml of dry toluene was stirred at reflux for 2 . 5 hr . the solution was cooled and extracted three times with sodium bicarbonate solution . the toluene layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed ( high pressure liquid chromatograph ) using a silica column and ethyl acetate liquid phase . the fraction containing the product was concentrated by evaporation and the residue was crystallized from ethyl alcohol to give 0 . 6 g ( 11 %) of the title compound . to a solution of 10 . 3 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 7 - methoxy - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 200 ml of chloroform was added a mixture of 5 . 7 g ( 0 . 03 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and 5 . 7 g of potassium sulfide which had been ground together . the reaction mixture was stirred and heated at reflux under nitrogen atmosphere for 5 hr . the mixture was filtered hot and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue , an orange solid , was recrystallized from ethanol to give 7 . 4 g ( 65 %) of product , m . p . 98 °- 100 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 13 h 16 nclo 2 s : c , 54 . 64 ; h , 5 . 65 ; n , 4 . 90 . found : c , 54 . 57 ; h , 5 . 67 ; n , 4 . 85 . when in the procedure of intermediate 2 , equal molar amounts of the following are substituted for 2 -( 1 - benzyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyloxy ) benzoic acid : when in the procedure of intermediate 4 , equal molar amounts of the following are substituted for sodium 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 3 - pyridine carboxylate : a mixture of 80 . 75 g ( 0 . 34 mole ) of 2 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) thio ]- 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid , 500 ml of chloroform , 200 g of carbon tetrachloride and 178 g ( 0 . 68 mole ) of triphenylphosphine was stirred at reflux for 2 . 5 hr . the resulting solution was extracted with one 500 ml and three 125 ml portions of 1n hydrochloric acid . the acid extracts were combined and extracted with isopropyl ether . the aqueous layer was basified with sodium hydroxide and extracted three times with chloroform . the combined chloroform extract was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . a portion of the residue was chromatographed on the high pressure liquid chromatograph using a silica column and ethyl acetate . the compound obtained was crystallized from isopropyl ether - isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 97 °- 100 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 oscl : c , 51 . 46 ; h , 5 . 10 ; n , 10 . 91 . found : c , 51 . 63 ; h , 5 . 12 ; n , 10 . 85 . a mixture of 4 . 3 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] thiazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , 100 ml of toluene and 4 . 8 g ( 0 . 012 mole ) of 2 , 4 - disulfide was refluxed for 3 hr and then extracted twice with dilute sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was concentrated and the residue chromatographed on the high pressure liquid chromatograph using a silica column and 50 % ethyl acetate - 50 % hexane . the yield of title compound was 2 g , m . p . 160 °- 162 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 s 2 cl : c , 48 . 43 ; h , 4 , 80 ; n , 10 . 27 . found : c , 48 . 46 ; h , 4 . 81 ; n , 10 . 51 . a solution of 78 g ( 0 . 5 mole ) of 4 - chloronicotinic acid and 52 g ( 0 . 52 mole ) of 1 - methylpyrrolidinol in 150 ml of dimethylformamide was added to a suspension of 44 g ( 1 . 1 mole ) of 60 % sodium hydride / mineral oil in 800 ml of dimethylformamide at a rate so as to maintain a temperature of 55 °- 70 ° c . ( preheated to 55 ° c .). the resulting mixture was heated to 60 ° c . for 4 hr and filtered while hot . the filtrate was concentrated on the rotary evaporator ( 5 mm / steam bath ). the residue was dissolved in 600 ml of water and extracted with isopropyl ether . the ph of the aqueous layer was adjusted to 6 with hydrochloric acid and the solution was concentrated on the rotary evaporator ( 5 mm / steam bath ). the residue was suspended in 800 ml of chloroform and 188 g ( 1 . 1 mole ) of triphenylphosphine added followed by 250 ml of carbon tetrachloride . the mixture was gently heated to 60 ° c . whereupon the reaction became exothermic and an ice bath was used to maintain a temperature of 60 °- 65 ° c . for about 20 minutes . the ice bath was removed and the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 . 5 hr and cooled . the solution was extracted with 600 ml of water followed by two 200 ml portions on 1n hydrochloric acid . the acid layer was made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform was concentrated and the residue was chromatographed by high pressure liquid chromatography using silica gel and eluting with ethyl acetate . yield of product was 30 g ( 25 %). the mass spectra and nmr are in agreement with the structure of the title compound . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 4 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , 15 g ( 0 . 06mole ), was dissolved in 200 ml of dry toluene and 15 g ( 0 . 037 mole ) of [ 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )]- 1 , 3 , 2 , 4 - dithiaphosphatane - 2 , 3 - disulfide was added . the mixture was refluxed for 2 . 5 hr and the toluene solution decanted . the residue was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the chloroform was dried and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed on a high pressure liquid chromatograph ( water 500 ) using a silica column and eluting with ethyl acetate . the fraction containing material of molecular weight 257 was concentrated . the residue in isopropyl alcohol was treated with hydrogen chloride and the resulting crystals were collected . yield of hydrochloride salt was 0 . 1 g ( 0 . 6 %), m . p . 168 °- 171 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 14 n 2 oscl 2 : c , 45 . 06 ; h , 4 . 81 ; n , 9 . 55 . found : c , 45 . 15 ; h , 4 . 98 ; n , 9 . 26 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 100 g ( 0 . 415 mole ) was partitioned between dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 200 ml ) and chloroform ( 200 ml ). the organic layer was saved and the aqueous layer extracted with chloroform ( 3 × 50 ml ). the organic layer were combined , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue , the free base of the starting hydrochloride , 89 g ( 0 . 37 mole ) was dissolved in 150 ml of toluene and to the solution was added tetrabutyl ammonium bromide , 9 g ( 0 . 027 mole ). saturated aqueous potassium cyanide ( 100 ml ) was then added and the mixture stirred mechanically at reflux . after 2 hr , additional tetrabutyl ammonium bromide , 3 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) and saturated aqueous potassium cyanide ( 20 ml ) were added and the mixture stirred for 0 . 75 hr at reflux . the contents of the reaction vessel were extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 50 ml ). ( note : chloroform should be used instead ). the organic layer dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ) to 1 / 3 the original volume . upon cooling , crystallization ensued . the crystals were filtered and washed with several portions of ethyl acetate and isopropyl ether . thirty g ( 35 %) of off - white crystals were collected , m . p . 104 °- 105 ° c . a sample was recrystallized from ethyl acetate , m . p . 104 °- 105 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 n 3 o 2 : c , 62 . 33 ; h , 5 . 67 ; n , 18 . 17 . found : c , 62 . 06 ; h , 5 . 65 n , 17 . 97 . to a stirred suspension of sodium hydride mineral oil ( 81 . 45 g of 60 % dispersion 2 . 036 mole ) in dimethylsulfoxide ( 500 ml ) heated to 50 ° c . was added dropwise a solution of 2 - chloronicotinic acid ( 142 g , 0 . 905 mole ) and n - ethyl - 2 - pyrrolidinol ( 99 g , 0 . 86 mole ) in dimethylsulfoxide ( 500 ml ) at a rate to maintain 55 °- 60 ° c . ( occasional cooling was necessary ). after the addition was complete , the mixture was stirred at 50 °- 60 ° c . for 1 . 5 hr and allowed to cool . the solid which precipitated was filtered , washed with ethyl acetate and dried . the dry sodium salt ( 172 . 53 g , 0 . 62 mole ) was suspended in chloroform ( 1 liter ). hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled through the suspension until the ph meter read 5 . 76 . triphenylphosphine ( 365 . 5 g , 1 . 395 mole ) and ccl 4 ( 365 . 5 g ) were added and the mixture stirred at reflux . after 45 minutes , ir showed 95 % reaction . additional triphenylphosphine ( 100 g , 0 . 38 mole ) and ccl 4 ( 100 g ) were added and the solution stirred at reflux an additional 45 min . ir showed & gt ; 99 % reaction . after cooling , the solution was extracted several times with dilute hydrochloric acid ( 1 . 5 liter total ) the aqueous layer was then made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution and extracted into chloroform ( 3 × 250 ml ). the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residuel oil was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol ( 500 ml ) and acidified with hydrogen chloride gas . upon cooling , an oil was noted and the volume reduced to 1 / 3 the original volume . upon cooling , 70 g ( 0 . 241 mole , 28 %) of pale brown crystals were collected , m . p . 153 °- 155 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 16 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 49 . 50 ; h , 5 . 53 n , 9 . 62 . found : c , 49 . 64 ; h , 5 . 62 ; n , 9 . 32 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 4 - ethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydropyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , approximately 50 g , was partitioned between dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 50 ) and chloroform ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was saved and the aqueous layer extracted with additional methylene chloride ( 2 × 50 ml ). the organic layers were combined , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ) yielding 39 g ( 0 . 153 mole ) of the free base . the free base thus obtained was dissolved in chloroform ( 1 . 2 l ), and phosphorus pentasulfide ( 33 . 9 g , 0 . 153 mole ) was added while stirring . the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 16 hr . after cooling , the reaction mixture was filtered , washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 3 × 300 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ) to a yellow viscous oil . the oil was taken up in isopropyl alcohol (˜ 200 ml ) and made acidic with hydrogen chloride gas . upon cooling , 20 g ( 43 %) of crystals were collected , m . p . 133 °- 135 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 16 n 2 oscl 2 : c , 46 . 91 ; h , 5 . 25 ; n , 9 . 12 . found : c , 47 . 33 ; h , 5 . 38 ; n , 9 . 10 . a sample of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 -( 4h )- one hydrochloride ( 10 g , 136 mole ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 150 ml ) and heated to reflux . sulfuryl chloride ( 20 g , 0 . 148 mole ) was then added dropwise over a period of 40 - 50 minutes . the reaction was allowed to stir at reflux for 30 minutes following the addition of so 2 cl 2 . after cooling , the contents of the flask were partitioned between water ( 150 ml ) and benzene ( 150 ml ). the benzene layer was saved and the water layer extracted with an additional amount of benzene ( 2 × 50 ml ). the benzene extracts were combined and washed with dilute aqueous potassium hydroxide ( 2 × 50 ml ) followed by dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 50 ml ). the benzene layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation (˜ 70 ° c ., water aspirator ) yielding 2 . 61 g of crude material . the crude material was recrystallized from isopropyl ether giving 1 . 25 g ( 12 . 6 %) of off - white crystals , m . p . 78 °- 79 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 12 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 48 . 02 ; h , 4 . 40 ; n , 10 . 18 . found : c , 48 . 07 ; h , 4 . 53 ; n , 10 . 10 . 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one , 6 . 0 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) was suspended in 200 ml of toluene . to this suspension was added 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane - 2 , 4 - dilsulfide . the mixture was heated to reflux with vigorous stirring for 2 hours . because the reaction was not complete , an additional amount ( 3 . 0 g ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide was added and the mixture stirred at reflux for 2 hr and left standing for 56 hr at room temperature . the toluene layer was decanted and washed with 50 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid . toluene was removed by rotary evaporation (˜ 80 ° c ., water aspirator ). the crude oil was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol giving 3 . 5 g ( 54 %) of pale yellow crystals , m . p . 125 °- 127 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 12 n 2 oscl 2 : c , 45 . 37 ; h , 4 . 15 ; n , 9 . 62 . found : c , 45 . 40 ; h , 4 . 20 ; n , 9 . 71 . a 15 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) sample of sodium 2 -[ 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 - azetidinyl ) oxy ]- 3 - pyridine carboxylate obtained in preparation 23 was suspended in 100 ml of chloroform and hydrogen chloride passed in until a ph of 5 . 8 remained steady . to the stirred mixture was added 18 g of thionyl chloride . the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hr . an i . r . spectrum showed a peak at 1770 cm 1 which is characteristic of acid chloride . forty milliliters of triethylamine was added dropwise while cooling to about 25 ° c . with an ice bath . the chloroform solution was stirred an additional 0 . 5 hr and was extracted with water , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed on a 7 × 20 cm silica column using ethanol as the eluent . the desired material was the first to be removed from the column . the ethanolic solution was concentrated and the residue crystallized once from ethyl acetate - isopropyl ether and once from isopropyl alcohol . yield of title compound was 1 g ( 7 %), m . p . 120 °- 122 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 19 n 2 o 2 cl : c , 61 . 12 ; h , 6 . 50 ; n , 9 . 50 . found : c , 61 . 11 ; h , 6 . 62 ; n , 9 . 32 . the title compound was prepared in crude form in the first part of example 67 . to a solution of 4 . 92 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 -( 4h ) one in 35 ml of dimethylformamide was added 7 . 55 g ( 0 . 041 mole ) of potassium phthalimide . the mixture was stirred for 5 hr at 100 ° c . and left standing at room temperature overnight . dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c . vacuum pump ). the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform and washed with water ( 2 × 30 ml ) and 2m potassium hydroxide ( 2 × 3 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the 6 . 26 g of crude product was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 2 . 60 g ( 36 %) white crystalline powder , m . p . 146 °- 47 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 17 n 3 o 4 : c , 64 . 95 ; h , 4 . 88 ; n , 11 . 95 . found : c , 65 . 18 ; h , 4 . 91 ; n , 12 . 09 . to a solution of 1 . 0 g ( 0 . 0038 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 -( 4h )- thione in 20 ml dimethylformamide was added 1 . 43 g ( 0 . 0078 mole ) of potassium phthalimide . the mixture was heated to 100 ° c . for 6 hr with stirring . the dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 °, vacuum pump ) and the residue taken up in chloroform ( 100 ml ). the organic layer was washed with 2n potassium hydroxide ( 2 × 30 ml ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation (˜ 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the crude oil ( 1 . 2 g ) was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol giving 0 . 95 g ( 68 %) of pale white crystals , m . p . 172 °- 73 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 17 n 3 o 3 s : c , 62 . 11 ; h , 4 . 66 ; n , 11 . 44 . found : c , 61 . 85 ; h , 4 . 70 ; n , 11 . 53 . to a solution of 11 . 0 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetrahydro - 4 - methyl - 5 - oxopyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 2 - propanenitrile in 175 ml toluene was added 10 . 5 g ( 0 . 026 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hr with vigorous mechanical stirring . another 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 007 mole ) of 2 , 4bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane2 , 4 - disulfide was added and heating continued for 1 hr additional . the reaction mixture was allowed to cool and stand overnight at room temperature . toluene was removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., water aspirator ) and the residue taken up in 200 ml chloroform . this was washed with 2 × 50 ml 2m aqueous potassium hydroxide and concentrated by rotary evaporator ( 90 ° c ., water aspirator ). crystallization ensued upon cooling . recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol afforded 1 . 60 g ( 13 . 8 %) product , m . p . 155 °- 56 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 19 n 3 os : c , 58 . 28 ; h , 5 . 30 ; n , 16 . 99 . found : c , 58 . 00 ; h , 5 . 26 ; n , 17 . 13 . to a suspension of 59 . 6 g ( 60 %) in oil , 1 . 49 mole ) of sodium hydride in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran heated to reflux was added a solution of 110 g ( 0 . 71 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid and 81 . 3 g ( 0 . 71 mole ) of 1 , 4 - dimethyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran at a rate such that good reflux was maintained ( 20 - 35 minutes ). heating at reflux was continued for 2 hr subsequent to the completion of the addition . because mas spectra showed 30 % starting material at this point , 25 . 0 g ( 0 . 63 mole ) additional sodium hydride was added and reflux continued for 4 hr . the reaction mixture was left standing overnight . the mixture was quenched with isopropyl alcohol and filtration attempted . however , when filtration failed , the solvent was stripped off by rotary evaporation . this crude salt was suspended in 1 liter of chloroform and hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled in until a ph of 6 was reached . to this suspension was added 372 g ( 1 . 42 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 372 g carbon tetrachloride and the entire mixture heated at reflux for 1 . 5 hr . however , reaction was not complete as evidenced by i . r . an additional 100 g ( 0 . 38 mole ) of triphenyl phosphine and 100 g of carbon tetrachloride was added and reflux continued overnight . after cooling the reaction , 100 g of triethylamine was added . the reaction mixture was extracted with 4 × 200 ml of dil aqueous hydrochloric acid . the hydrochloric acid exctracts were made basic with conc . sodium hydroxide and extracted into a total of 1 liter of chloroform . the chloroform was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . ; 3 mm ) and the residue taken up in 300 ml toluene . the toluene was extracted with 4 × 125 ml of dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid . the hydrochloric acid extracts were combined and washed with 4 × 200 ml of methylene chloride . the hydrochloric acid layer was basified with conc . sodium hydroxide and extracted with methylene chloride . the organic extracts were combined , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in isopropyl alcohol and treated with hydrogen chloride gas . approximately 34 g ( 16 %) of white crystals were collected . recrystallization in isopropyl alcohol gave an analytical sample , m . p . 178 °- 81 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 16 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 49 . 50 ; h , 5 . 54 ; n , 9 . 62 . found : c , 49 . 46 ; h , 5 . 54 ; n , 9 . 50 . to a suspension of 60 g ( 60 % in oil , 1 . 5 mole ) of sodium hydride in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran heated to reflux was added a solution of 100 g ( 0 . 70 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid and 80 g ( 0 . 70 mole ) of 1 , 3 - dimethyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol so as to maintain good reflux . heating at reflux was continued overnight . the mass spectra showed very little product at this point ; therefore , 400 ml of dimethylformamide was added and heating at 77 ° c . was continued overnight . approximately 10 % of the desired product was then observed by mass spectra . the tetrahydrofuran was evaporated by passing nitrogen gas over the reaction mixture while at the same time being replaced with dimethylformamide . the temperature was concomitantly increased to 100 ° c . the mixture was stirred overnight at 100 ° c . after cooling , no salt precipitated out ; therefore , dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c . ; 5 mm ). approximately 250 g of crude salt was collected . into a suspension of 230 g (˜ 0 . 88 mole ) of this crude salt in 1 liter of chloroform was bubbled hydrogen chloride gas to ph 6 . to this suspension was added 463 g ( l . 77 mole ) of triphenyl phosphine and 463 g of carbon tetrachloride . the mixture was then heated to reflux . after 8 minutes a vigorous exotherm ensued which subsided in 30 minutes . reflux was continued for 2 . 5 hr . according to infrared analysis , the reaction was near completion . approximately 40 ml of triethylamine was added to drive the reaction to completion . the mixture was left standing overnight at room temperature . the reaction mixture was extracted with 700 ml dil . aq . hydrochloric acid . the hydrochloric acid extracts were combined and washed with 4 × 100 ml of chloroform . the combined aqueous hydrochloric acid extracts were then made basic with conc . sodium hydroxide and extracted with 5 × 200 ml of methylene chloride . the organic extracts were combined , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the residue was taken up in 600 ml of toluene and treated with activated charcoal 4 times . the toluene was then removed by rotary evaporation and the residue treated with hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol which afforded 53 g ( 21 %). recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol gave an analytically pure sample , m . p . 155 °- 158 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 16 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 49 . 50 ; h , 5 . 54 ; n , 9 . 62 . found : c , 49 . 49 ; h , 5 . 61 ; n , 9 . 75 . to a suspension of 4 . 6 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide in 50 ml of acetonitrile was added , all at once , a solution of 20 g ( 0 . 079 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 2 , 4 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of acetonitrile . the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hr with stirring , at which time the mass spectra showed no starting material . the reaction was left standing overnight at room temperature . to the reaction mixture was added 100 ml of toluene followed by stirring for 15 minutes . some tar - like material collected on the sides of the reaction vessel . the solution was filtered with much difficulty . the filtrate was saved and washed coutiously with 3 × 50 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate . the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , treated with activated charcoal , filtered , dried again over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the crude oil ( 9 . 2 g ) was crystallized from isopropyl alcohol , giving 6 . 0 g ( 28 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 119 °- 121 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 15 n 2 oscl : c , 53 . 23 ; h , 5 . 58 ; n . 10 . 35 . found : c , 53 . 05 ; h , 5 . 60 ; n , 10 . 34 . to a suspension of 36 . 1 g of 60 % sodium hydride in oil ( 0 . 90 mole ) in 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran heated to reflux and under a nitrogen blanket was added a solution of 68 . 3 g ( 0 . 43 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid and 50 g ( 0 . 43 mole ) of 1 , 2 - dimethyl - 4 - pyrrolidinol in 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran at a rate such that good reflux was maintained ( 20 min ). subsequent to this addition , heating at reflux was maintained for 2 . 5 hr at which time the reaction appeared to be complete ( by mass spec .). the crude sodium salt was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate affording 135 g of the crude sodium salt . to a suspension of 115 g (˜ 0 . 44 mole ) of the above sodium salt in 650 ml of chloroform was added hydrogen fchloride to reach a ph of 6 . to this mixture was added 231 . 8 g ( 0 . 88 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 231 . 8 g of carbon tetrachloride and the entire reaction mixture heated to reflux for 3 hr . after cooling , the reaction mixture was extracted with 4 × 250 ml of di hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was washed with 4 × 125 ml of chloroform and made basic with concentration sodium hydroxide . the aqueous layer was then extracted with 3 × 250 ml of chloroform . the organic extracts were combined , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . to the residue was added 800 ml of toluene and the resulting solution decolorized 3 times with activated charcoal . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residue was taken up in 300 ml of isopropyl alcohol and the solution was saturated with hydrogen chloride , seeded , and left standing overnight at room temperature . approximately 30 g (˜ 23 %) of salt was collected . an analytical sample was prepared by recrystallizating the salt 3 times from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 143 °- 49 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 16 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 49 . 50 ; h , 5 . 54 ; n , 9 . 62 . found : c , 49 . 85 ; h , 5 . 62 ; n , 9 . 84 . to a suspension of 4 . 90 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide in 30 ml of acetonitrile was added a solution of 10 g ( 0 . 039 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloropropyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 25 ml of acetonitrile . the mixture was heated to reflux , with stirring , for 5 . 5 hours and left standing at room temperature overnight . to the reaction mixture was added 50 ml of toluene , followed by stirring for a few minutes . the mixture was filtered and the residue washed with 25 ml of toluene / acetonitrile . the filtrate was washed cautiously with 3 × 75 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , treated with activated charcoal , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the crude syrup ( 10 . 0 g ) was crystallized from isopropyl ether / isopropyl alcohol , giving 5 g of yellow crystals , m . p . 95 °- 97 ° c . a second crop was collected , bringing the total to 6 g ( 57 %). analysis : calculated for c 12 h 15 n 2 oscl : c , 53 . 28 ; h , 5 . 58 ; n , 10 . 35 . found : c , 53 . 13 ; h , 5 . 58 ; n , 10 . 35 . to a suspension of 5 . 35 g ( 0 . 024 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide in 25 ml of acetonitrile was added a solution of 10 . 9 g ( 0 . 043 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloro - 1 - methylethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 25 ml of acetonitrile . the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 . 75 hr and left standing at room temperature overnight . to the cooled reaction mixture was added 50 ml of toluene , followed by filtration . the residue was washed with 45 ml of 3 / 1 , v / v toluene / acetonitrile . the filtrate was washed cautiously with 3 × 75 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , treated with activated charcoal , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol / isopropyl ether which yielded one crop of 4 . 5 g of yellow crystals , m . p . 148 °- 51 ° c . [( note : a second crop of 1 . 5 g was collected , bringing the total yield to 6 . 0 g ( 45 . 4 %)]. analysis : calculated for c 12 h 16 n 2 oscl 2 : c , 46 . 91 ; h , 5 . 25 ; n , 9 . 12 . found : c , 48 . 86 ; h , 5 . 34 ; n , 9 . 06 . to 21 . 3 ml ( 0 . 15 mole ) of diisopropylamine in 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran at - 70 ° c . was added dropwise , at a rate to keep the temperature between - 70 ° and - 60 ° c ., 61 . 1 ml of 2 . 7m n - butyllithium ( 0 . 16 mole ). the temperature was maintained at - 70 ° c .± 3 ° c . for 20 minutes . a solution of 2 - chloroquinoline in 60 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise at a rate such that temperature remained between - 70 ° and - 60 ° c . after 20 minutes , the darkened reaction solution was poured onto a large excess of dry ice . the solvent was evaporated with a stream of air . the residue was taken up in 300 ml of water , made basic with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide and washed with 3 × 50 ml of isopropyl ether . the aqueous phase was filtered and treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to ˜ ph 4 - 5 , at which time a copious presipitate formed . the precipitate was collected and the filtrate reacidified yielding more precipitate . the precipitates were combined and washed with water , isopropyl alcohol , and isopropyl ether . approximately 15 . 4 g ( 61 . 5 %) of off - white crystals were collected . to a suspension of 4 . 0 g of 60 % sodium hydride in oil ( 0 . 10 mole ) in 100 ml tetrahydrofuran heated to reflux was added a solution of 5 . 5 g ( 0 . 048 mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol and 10 g ( 0 . 048 mole ) of the above prepared 2 - chloro - 3 - quinolinecarboxylic and in 50 ml of tetrahydrofuran at such rate as to maintain good reflux . reflux was maintained for 1 . 5 hr and the reaction mixture cooled . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation yielding 26 g crude product . the entire crude product from above was suspended in 150 ml chloroform and hydrogen chloride bubbled in until ph of 5 . 76 was reached ( note : after hydrogen chloride addition ceased , the ph continued to lower to 1 . 7 ). to this suspension was added 25 . 0 g ( 0 . 096 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 25 g of carbon tetrachloride . after 45 min , an additional 10 g ( 0 . 038 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 10 g of carbon tetrachloride was added . after 30 minutes , the heat was removed and the reaction driven to completion by dropwise addition of 20 ml of triethylamine . the reaction mixture was extracted with 3 × 50 ml of 3n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous extracts were combined , washed with 2 × 50 ml chloroform , made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide and extracted with 3 × 50 ml of chloroform . the organic extracts were combined and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the syrupy residue was taken up in 100 ml of toluene and treated with activated charcoal . the toluene was removed by rotary evaporation and the syrupy residue crystallized from isopropyl alcohol , giving 1 . 5 g ( 11 %) of white crystals , m . p . 133 °- 134 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 15 n 2 o 2 cl : c , 61 . 97 ; h , 5 . 20 ; n , 9 . 63 . found : c , 61 . 73 ; h , 5 . 18 ; n , 9 . 54 . to 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - b ]- quinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 30 ml of acetonitrile was added 1 . 3 g ( 0 . 006 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide . the mixture was stirred vigorously at reflux for 2 hr . after cooling , the reaction mixture was diluted with 60 ml of toluene and filtered . the residue on the filter paper was washed with 50 ml of additional toluene / acetonitrile , 3 / 1 , v / v . the filtrate was washed with 3 × 50 ml saturated sodium carbonate ( caution : gas evolved ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , treated with activated charcoal , filtered again and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residual syrup was crystallized from isopropyl alcohol , yielding 1 . 6 g ( 52 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 114 °- 116 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 15 n 2 ocls : c , 58 . 72 ; h , 4 . 93 ; n , 9 . 13 . found : c , 38 . 38 ; h , 4 . 92 ; n , 9 . 07 . to a suspension of 3 . 16 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 08 mole ) of sodium hydride in 250 ml of tetrahydrofuran under dry nitrogen atmosphere heated to reflux was added a solution of 10 . 42 g ( 0 . 038 mole ) of 4 - chloro - 7 -( trifluoromethyl )- 3 - quinolinecarboxylic acid and 3 . 81 g ( 0 . 038 mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 50 ml of tetrahydrofuran at such a rate as to maintain good reflux . heating at reflux was continued for 3 hr . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., 30 mm ), and the crude sodium salt ( 12 g ) was dried overnight . the entire amount of crude sodium salt was suspended in 250 ml of methylene chloride . hydrogen chloride was added to a ph of 2 . to this suspension was added 19 . 4 g ( 0 . 074 mole ) of triphenyl phosphine and 19 . 4 g of carbon tetrachloride . the extire mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hrs . ir indicated presence of acid chloride ; therefore , the reaction was driven to completion by the addition of 15 ml of triethylamine . after cooling , the reaction mixture was extracted with 2 × 75 ml of 3n hydrochloric acid . the acid washings were combined and washed with 75 ml of methylene chloride . the water layer was made basic ( after cooling with ice ) and extracted with 3 × 75 ml methylene chloride . the methylene chloride was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue taken up in 100 ml of toluene . the solution was treated with activated charcoal , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and acidified with ethereal hydrogen chloride . approximately 1 . 1 g ( 7 . 3 %) of white needles were collected , m . p . 172 °- 174 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 15 n 2 o 2 cl 2 f 3 : c , 48 . 63 ; h , 3 . 83 ; n , 7 . 09 . found : c , 48 . 78 ; h , 3 . 84 ; n , 7 . 04 . to a suspension of 0 . 85 g ( 0 . 004 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide in 25 ml of acetonitrile was added to a solution of 2 . 3 g ( 0 . 0064 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 9 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - c ] quinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one and the mixture heated to reflux . tlc in ethyl acetate showed only 50 % conversion ; therefore , 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 0022 mole ) of phosphoruspentasulfide was added . after an additional 2 hr , no change was seen in starting material / product . heat was removed and the reaction mixture left standing overnight . the mixture was diluted with 75 ml of toluene and washed cautiously ( gas evolved ) with 3 × 50 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue combined with a previous run of the same material . the combined products were purified by column chromatography over silica gel eluting with ethyl acetate . the solvent was removed from the fractions containing the product giving 0 . 9 g of yellow oil . the oil was recrystallized from isopropyl ether giving 0 . 55 g of yellow crystals , m . p . 135 °- 37 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 14 n 2 osf 3 cl : c , 51 . 27 ; h , 3 . 77 ; n , 7 . 47 . found : c , 51 . 41 ; h , 3 . 83 ; n , 7 . 42 . to a stirring solution of 266 ml ( 0 . 64 mole ) of 2 . 4m butyllithium solution in hexane , was slowly added 117 . 5 g ( 0 . 58 mole ) of n - methyl - n - phenyl - 1 -( 1 - methylethyl )- 3 - azetidineamine . the temperature of the mixture rose to 55 ° c . which was then allowed to reflux for 5 . 5 hours . when cooled , the solution was poured slowly with vigorous stirring onto a slurry of dry ice in hexane and allowed to stand overnight . the residue was dissolved in chloroform and 117 . 0 g ( 1 . 16 mole ) of phosphorous oxychloride was added dropwise while stirring . the solution was refluxed for two hours . upon cooling , the solution was washed , first with a dilute hydrochloric acid solution , then with a dilute sodium hydroxide solution . the hexane layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in hot isopropyl ether . the crystals obtained on cooling were recrystallized from the same solvent . the white solid weighed 45 . 0 g ( 29 %). the solid was recrystallized twice more to give an analytical sample , m . p . 90 °- 92 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 19 cl 1 n 2 o : c , 63 . 03 ; h , 7 . 18 ; n , 10 . 50 . found : c , 62 . 59 ; h , 7 . 09 ; n , 10 . 40 . to 206 g ( 1 mole ) of 1 - ethyl - 3 - methylanilinopyrrolidine was added 660 ml ( 1 . 05 moles ) of 14 . 98 % butyllithium in hexane and the solution refluxed for 2 hours and poured on solid carbon dioxide . the carbon dioxide hexane mixture was allowed to evaporate overnight , leaving a dry yellow solid . the solid was dissolved in chloroform . to this solution was added dropwise with stirring 1 mole of phosphorous trichloride . the temperature rose to reflux during addition and remained there throughout most of the addition . when the addition was complete , the mixture was stirred one hour and water was added cautiously . the resulting mixture was made basic with sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was separated , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl ether to yield 112 g (; b 42 %), m . p . 75 °- 79 ° c . a 25 g sample was recrystallized from isopropyl ether to give 18 g of product , m . p . 78 °- 80 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 19 n 2 o 1 cl : c , 63 . 03 ; h , 7 . 18 ; n , 10 . 50 . found : c , 63 . 27 ; h , 7 . 22 ; n , 10 . 55 . to a suspension of 2 . 1 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 052 mole ) of sodium hydride in 125 ml of dimethylformamide heated to 60 ° c . under a nitrogen gas blanket was added a solution of 2 . 65 g ( 0 . 026 mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol and 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 026 mole ) of 3 , 5 - dichloropyridine - 4 - carboxylic acid in 40 ml of dimethylformamide dropwise at such a rate as to maintain 60 ° c . subsequent to this addition , the mixture was heated to 75 ° c . for 3 hr . the solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 5 mm ). the entire solid residue was suspended in 150 ml methylene chloride and hydrogen chloride added until a ph of 3 was reached . to the resulting mixture was added 15 g ( 0 . 057 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 15 g carbon tetrachloride and the entire mixture heated to reflux . after 1 hr , 7 . 5 g ( 0 . 029 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 7 . 5 g carbon tetrachloride was added , followed by the same increments 1 hr later . the reaction was driven to completion by adding 20 ml of triethylamine . the reaction mixture was washed with 6 × 50 ml of 3n hydrochloric acid , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . to the residue was added ethyl acetate , which caused much tarry material to fall out of solution , leaving the desired product and triphenylphosphie oxide in solution . the mixture was chromatographed by column chromatography using silica gel as the stationary phase and ethyl acetate as eluent . similar fractions were combined and ethyl acetate removed by rotary evaporation , yielding 0 . 6 g ( 7 %), of white crystals , m . p . 134 °- 38 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 12 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 48 . 02 ; h , 4 . 40 ; n , 10 . 18 . found : c , 47 . 89 ; h , 4 . 38 ; n , 10 . 12 . following the procedure of intermediate 8 , 5 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 6 - isoquinolinecarboxamide is converted to the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 47 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 7 , 6 - f ] isoquinoline - 5 -( 4h )- one is sulfurized to give the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 8 , 7 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 6 - isoquinolinecarboxamide is converted to the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 47 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - g ] isoquinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one is sulfurized to give the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 8 , 5 - methyl - 8 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 7 - quinolinecarboxamide is converted to the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 47 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinoline - 5 ( 4h )- one is sulfurized to give the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 8 , 2 - methyl - 8 [( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 7 - quinolinecarboxamide is converted to the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 47 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 10 - dimethyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinoline - 5 ( 4h )- one is sulfurized to give the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 8 , 6 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl )- oxy ]- 5 - quinolinecarboxamide is converted to the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 47 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2 - methyl [ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - f ] quinolin - 1 ( 2h ) one is sulfurized to give the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 8 , 8 -[( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyl ) oxy ]- 7 - quinolinecarboxamide is converted to the title compound . following the procedure of intermediate 47 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one is sulfurized to give the title compound . a solution of 47 . 4 g ( 0 . 3 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid and 30 g ( 0 . 3 mole ) of -( s )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added over a period of 1 hr to a stirred suspension of 26 . 4 g ( 0 . 66 mole ) of 60 % sodium hydride ) mineral oil in 500 ml of tetrahydrofuran at 50 °- 60 ° c . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 2 . 5 hr and allowed to cool to 25 ° c . about 400 ml of methylene chloride was added to the slurry followed by the dropwise addition of 34 . 5 g ( 0 . 36 mole ) of methane sulfonic acid in 100 ml of methylene chloride . the mixture was stirred 10 min and 157 g ( 0 . 6 mole ) of triphenylphosphine was added followed in 200 ml of carbon tetrachloride . the mixture was heated to reflux for 1 hr . to the cooled ( 25 ° c .) solution was added at a rapid drop , 100 ml of triethylamine . the solution was concentrated on the rotary evaporator and the residue was partitioned between methylene chloride and dilute hydrochloric acid . the methylene chloride was extracted 6 times with dilute hydrochloric acid . the acid extracts were combined , made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the extract was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and treated with a solution of hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting hydrochloride salt weighed 21 g ( 25 %). one gram of the salt was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 149 °- 151 ° c . [ α ] d 25 =- 38 . 3 ( water ). analysis : calculated for c 11 h 14 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 47 . 67 ; h , 5 . 09 ; n , 10 . 11 . found : c , 47 . 66 ; h , 5 . 11 ; n , 10 . 11 . a 20 g sample of ( s )- 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride [ 1 : 1 ] was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over soduum sulfate and concentrated . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl ether . a yield of 16 g was obtained , m . p . 61 °- 62 ° c . [ α ] d 25 =- 22 . 95 ( methanol ). analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 o 2 cl : c , 54 . 89 ; h , 5 . 44 ; n , 11 . 64 . found : c , 54 , 89 ; h , 5 . 47 ; n , 11 . 59 . a solution of 47 . 4 g ( 0 . 3 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid and 30 g ( 0 . 3 mole ) of ( r )- 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added over a period of 1 hr to a stirred suspension of 26 . 4 g ( 0 . 66 mole ) of 60 % sodium hydride / mineral oil in 500 ml of tetrahydrofuran at 55 °- 60 ° c . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 2 . 5 hr and allowed to cool to 25 ° c . about 400 ml of methylene chloride was added to the slurry followed by a dropwise addition of 34 . 5 g ( 0 . 36 mole ) of methane sulfonic acid in 100 ml of methylene chloride . the mixture was stirred for 10 min and 157 g ( 0 . 6 mole ) of triphenylphosphine was added followed by 200 ml of carbon tetrachloride . the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hr . to the cooled ( 25 ° c .) solution was added 100 ml of triethylamine at a rapid drop . the solution was concentrated on the rotary evaporator and the residue was partitioned between methylene chloride and dilute hydrochloric acid . the methylene chloride was extracted 6 times with dilute hydrochloric acid . the acid extracts were combined , made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted wih chloroform which was dried and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and treated with a solution of hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting hydrochloride weighed 25 g ( 30 %). one gram was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 152 °- 154 ° c . ; [ α ] d 25 =+ 36 . 2 ( water ). analysis : calculated for c 11 h 14 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 47 . 67 ; h , 5 . 09 ; n , 10 . 11 . found : c , 47 . 65 ; h , 5 . 20 ; n , 9 . 03 . a 24 g sample of ( r )- 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 -( 4h )- one hydrochloride [ 1 : 1 ] was partitioned between chloroform and sodium hydroxide solution . the chloroform extract was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl ether . yield of title compound was 19 g , m . p . 61 °- 62 ° c . ; [ α ] d 25 =(+) 22 . 4 ( methanol ). analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 o 2 cl : c , 54 . 89 ; h , 5 . 44 ; n , 11 . 64 . found : c , 54 . 93 ; h , 5 . 51 ; n , 11 . 67 . to a stirred suspension of 7 . 8 g ( 0 . 0176 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide in 65 ml of acetonitrile was added 15 . 6 g ( 0 . 065 mole ) of ( s )- 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 3 hr . about 50 ml of toluene was added and the mixture was cooled to 25 ° c . and the liquid was decanted . the liquid was washed with aqueous potassium bicarbonate , treated with magnesium sulfate and charcoal , and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated , leaving 4 . 5 g of solid . the pot residue was stirred with a mixture of aqueous potassium bicarbonate , chloroform , and acetonitrile . the organic layer was collected , dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated . the solid residue ( 10 . 5 g ) was combined with the above solid , giving a total of 15 g which was recrystallized from a mixture of isopropyl and ethyl alcohols . yield of title compound was 12 . 2 g ( 73 %). a one gram sample was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol - chloroform , m . p . 168 °- 170 ° c . ; [ α ] d 25 =(+) 48 . 2 ° ( chloroform ). analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 oscl : c , 51 . 46 ; h , 5 . 10 ; n , 10 . 91 . found : c , 51 , 24 ; h , 5 . 10 ; n , 10 . 85 . to a suspension of 9 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide in 75 ml of acetonitrile was added 18 g ( 0 . 075 mole ) of ( r )- 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 2 . 5 hr , cooled and treated with 60 ml of toluene . the mixture was filtered and the solid washed twice with 30 ml of 25 % acetonitrile - 75 % toluene . the volume was made to about 400 ml with 50 % toluene - 50 % acetonitrile and extracted with saturated aqueous potassium bicarbonate . the organic layer was separated , treated with magnesium sulfate and charcoal , and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and the residue was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol - chloroform . yield of title compound was 13 g ( 68 %), m . p . 168 °- 170 ° c . ; [ α ] d 25 =(-) 47 . 4 ( chloroform ). analysis : calculated for c 11 h 13 n 2 oscl : c , 51 . 46 ; h , 5 . 10 ; n , 10 . 91 . found : c , 51 . 23 ; h , 5 . 12 ; n , 10 . 80 . to a suspension of 51 . 2 g of 60 % sodium hydride in oil ( 1 . 28 mole ) in 1 liter of tetrahydrofuran heated to reflux , and under nitrogen atmosphere was added a soluion of 144 g ( 0 . 61 mole ) of 5 - bromo - 2 - chloropyridine - 3 - carboxylic acid and 61 . 6 g ( 0 . 61 mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 1 liter of tetrahydrofuran dropwise at reflux (˜ 1 hr ). heating was continued at reflux with vigorous agitation for 1 . 5 hr . after cooling , approximately 5 ml of water was added and the mixture soon solidified . additional tetrahydrofuran was added to aid in stirring . the mixture was filtered , washed with several portions of tetrahydrofuran , and dried at 50 ° c ., 0 . 05 mm hg , overnight to give 190 g of crude sodium salt . the entire amount of crude sodium salt ( 190 g ) was added slowly to 1000 g of thionyl chloride cooled in an ice bath . the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at ˜ 10 ° c . and 10 minutes at room temperature . excess thionyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation at 65 ° c ., 30 mm hg and the residue azetroped twice with toluene . the residue was taken up in ˜ 1 liter of methylene chloride and diisopropylethyl amine and was added slowly until the solution just turned basic . the mixture was stirred for 1 hr at room temperature and washed successively with 2 × 200 ml of 1n hydrochloride acid , 2 × 200 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide and 100 ml of water . the organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the black residue was triturated 5 times with 5 % toluene in diisopropyl ether to give 60 g ( 31 %) of light brown crystals . a sample was recrystallized from diisopropyl ether , m . p . 71 °- 75 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 12 n 2 o 2 brcl : c , 41 . 34 ; h , 3 . 79 ; n , 8 . 77 . found : c , 41 . 35 ; h , 3 . 81 ; n , 8 . 89 . to a solution of 5 . 9 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 25 ml of acetonitrile was added 2 . 07 g ( 0 . 005 mole ) of phosporous pentasulfide . the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hr . the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml of toluene and filtered . the filtrate was washed with 3 × 50 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation to ˜ 5 - 10 ml . crystallization ensued and 3 . 0 g of crystals were collected . the mother liquor was concentrated giving 1 . 0 g additional crystals . the two crops were combined and recrystallized from diisopropylether / toluene to give ˜ 3 g ( 56 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 138 °- 141 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 11 h 12 n 2 osbrcl : c , 39 . 36 ; h , 3 . 60 ; n , 8 . 35 . found : c , 39 . 54 ; h , 3 . 63 ; n , 8 . 43 . to a suspension of 22 g of sodium hydride ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 55 mole ) in 600 ml of tetrahydrofuran at reflux and under nitrogen atmosphere was added a solution of 85 g ( 0 . 5 mole ) of 2 - chloro - 6 - methyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid and 50 g ( 0 . 5mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 1 liter of tetrahydrofuran at a rate to maintain good reflux . heating was continued for 6 hr and a suspension of 2 . 5 g ( 0 . 025 mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol and 1 . 0 g of sodium hydride ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 025 mole ) in 25 mole of tetrahydrofuran was added . after heating for another 45 minutes , 1 ml of water was added and the reaction allowed to stand overnight at room temperature . the solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation . hexane was added to the viscous , semi - crystalline material . the precipitate was filtered to give 78 g of material . the mother liquor was concentrated by rotary evaporation and allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 days to give another 50 g of material . to a suspension of 130 g of the above material in 1200 ml of chloroform was added hydrogen chloride gas to ph 6 followed by 262 g ( 1 . 0 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 262 g of carbon tetrachloride . the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 . 5 hr . and an additional 80 g ( 0 . 3 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 80 g of carbon tetrachloride was added . after 30 min at reflux , the reaction flask was cooled in a water bath and ˜ 40 ml of diisopropylethylamine was added . the entire reaction mixture was extracted with 3 × 500 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid . the acid extracts were combined and washed with 3 × 300 ml of chloroform . the aqueous layer was made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide and extracted with 3 × 400 ml of methylene chloride . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation , treated twice with activated charcoal in toluene and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in 600 ml of chloroform and extracted into 1n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide and extracted with 3 × 300 ml of chloroform . the organic organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl ether and water to give 40 g ( 29 %) of title compound , m . p . 73 °- 74 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 17 n 2 o 3 cl : c , 52 . 85 ; h , 6 . 28 ; n , 10 . 27 . found : c , 52 , 58 ; h , 6 . 02 ; n , 10 . 26 . to a suspension of 17 . 4 g ( 0 . 043 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diposphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide in ˜ 300 ml of toluene was added 20 g ( 0 . 078 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrate [ 1 : 1 ]. the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hr and 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide was added and heating was continued for 1 hr . after cooling , toluene was decanted off and washed with 3 × 100 ml 1n sodium hydroxide and 100 ml water . the organic layer was then extracted with 2 × 100 ml of 2n hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was made basic to litmus with conc . sodium hydroxide causing the product to precipitate out . of the 25 g of crude collected , 2 g were recrystallized from diisopropyl ether to give pale yellow crystals , m . p . 80 °- 86 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 17 n 2 o 2 cls : c , 49 . 91 ; h , 5 . 93 ; n , 9 . 70 . found : c , 49 . 76 ; h , 5 . 72 ; n , 9 . 60 . to a suspension of 109 g ( 60 % in oil , 2 . 73 mole ) of sodium hydride in 800 ml of tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen atmosphere and at reflux was added a solution of 250 g ( 1 . 24 mole ) of 2 - chloro - 5 - nitro benzoic acid and 125 g ( 1 . 24 mole ) of n - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidine in 1 liter of tetrahydrofuran at such a rate as to maintain good relux . the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 3 hr . after cooling , concentrated hydrochloric acid was added until the reaction mixture was neutral . approximately 500 ml of isopropyl alcohol was added and the reaction mixture was filtered to remove sodium chloride . the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation to give approximately 350 g of residue . to 30 g ( 0 . 11 mole ) of this residue was added 100 ml of thionyl chloride . after 10 min of stirring at room temperature , the thionyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg . another 30 ml of thionyl chloride was added and the thionyl chloride was again removed by rotary evaporation . the residue was azeotroped once with toluene and taken up in 200 ml of methylene chloride . to the reaction mixture was added diisopropyl ethyl amine until the mixture was just basic . the reaction mixture was washed with 3 × 100 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid , 100 ml of water , and 3 × 200 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation , decolorized twice with activated charcoal in toluene , and concentrated again by rotary evaporation . the crude residue yielded 5 g ( 16 % based on starting 2 - chloro - 5 - nitrobenzoic acid ) of light yellow crystals from isopropyl ether / ethyl / acetate , m . p . 91 °- 92 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 n 2 o 4 cl : c , 50 . 03 ; h , 4 . 60 ; n , 9 . 84 . found : c , 50 . 51 ; h , 4 . 57 ; n , 9 . 75 . to 2 . 0 g ( 0 . 007 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 - nitro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 35 ml of acetonitrile was added 1 . 0 g ( 0 . 0023 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and the mixture heated to reflux for 2 hr . another 0 . 4 g ( 0 . 001 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide was added and heating continued for 2 hr . after cooling , the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml of toluene and filtered . the filtrate was washed with 3 × 50 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 100 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , charcoaled , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude oil was crystallized from isopropyl ether / toluene to give 1 . 2 g ( 57 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 153 °- 155 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 n 2 o 3 scl : c , 47 . 92 ; h , 4 . 36 ; n , 9 . 31 . found : c , 48 . 03 ; h , 4 . 39 ; n , 9 . 15 . into a suspension of 22 . 7 g ( 0 . 095 mole ) of 5 - fluoro - 2 -( 1 - methyl - 3 - pyrrolidinyloxy ) benzamide in 350 ml of acetic acid cooled to 10 ° c . in an ice bath was bubbled hydrogen chloride for 10 minutes . to this mixture was added 76 . 8 g ( 0 . 76 mole ) of n - butylnitrite through a dropping funnel equipped to deliver the liquid below the surface of the reaction mixture at 10 °- 15 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hr at 10 °- 15 ° c . and 18 hr at room temperature . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hr . the solvent ( acetic acid ) was removed at 70 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg for 5 hrs by rotary evaporation affording 23 g of crude material . the crude material was further purified by dissolving in 1n hydrochloric acid , washing the aqueous with methylene chloride and removing the water . to 5 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of this crude material was added 20 ml of thionyl chloride and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes . the thionyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm ) and the residue azeotroped once with toluene . the residue was taken up in 50 ml of methylene chloride and made basic by the careful addition of diisopropyl ethyl amine . the reaction mixture was washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1h hydrochloric acid and 2 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was triturated with hot diisopropyl ether to give 1 . 1 g ( 18 . 5 %) of analytically pure crystals , m . p . 113 °- 116 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 no 2 clf : c , 55 . 93 ; h , 5 . 09 ; n , 5 . 44 . found : c , 55 . 91 ; h , 5 . 09 ; n , 5 . 52 . to 1 . 0 g ( 0 . 0039 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 7 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 30 ml of acetonitrile was added 0 . 7 g ( 0 . 0016 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and the reaction mixture heated to reflux . after 2 hr , another 0 . 4 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide was added and heating continued for 2 hr . the reaction mixture was diluted with 70 ml of toluene and filtered . the filtrated was washed carefully with 3 × 50 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , charcoaled , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude material was recrystallized from diisopropyl ether to give 0 . 55 g ( 52 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 135 °- 137 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 13 nosclf : c , 52 . 65 ; h , 4 . 79 ; n , 5 . 12 . found : c , 52 . 60 ; h , 4 . 81 ; n , 5 . 08 . into 22 . 7 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 57 mole ) of sodium hydride suspended in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran , under a nitrogen blanket and heated to reflux , was added a solution of 63 g ( 0 . 27 mole ) of 2 - chloro - 5 - phenyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid and 27 . 2 g ( 0 . 27 mole ) of n - methyl pyrrolidinol in 350 ml tetrahydrofuran at a drop rate to maintain good reflux ( occasional external heating was required ). the mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hr and 2 . 5 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 063 mole ) of sodium hydride was cautiously added to complete the reaction . heating was continued for another 2 hr . after cooling , 3 - 6 ml of water was added and precipitation ensued . the precipitate was collected , washed with tetrahydrofuran and dried to give 97 g of crude sodium salt . the entire portion of the above sodium salt was added ˜ 400 ml of thionyl chloride slowly ( reaction was slightly exothermic ) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes . the thionyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ° c . and the residue azeotroped once with toluene . the residue was suspended in 600 ml of methylene chloride and to the suspension was added diisopropylethylamine cautiously until the solution was basic . the reaction solution was washed with 3 × 200 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid and 3 × 200 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation , taken up in toluene , charcoaled twice and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue ( 60 g ) was taken up in ethyl acetate and passed through a short bed of silica gel using 25 % hexane - 75 % ethyl acetate as the eluent . similar fractions were combined to give ˜ 25 g of crude ( but 95 % ( min )) purity oil which is 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 - phenylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one . to 12 . 5 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of the above amide was added 125 ml of toluene and 16 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithio - 2 , 4 - diphosphotane - 2 , 4 - disulfide . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hr . after standing overnight , the toluene was decanted off , washed with 3 × 100 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was further purified by column chromatography using silica gel as the stationary phase and eluting with ethyl acetate : hexane 1 : 1 , ( v / v ). like fractions were combined and concentrated giving 8 . 5 g ( 64 %) of desired product , m . p . 156 °- 58 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 17 n 2 oscl : c , 61 . 35 ; h , 5 . 15 ; n , 8 . 42 . found : c , 60 . 94 ; h , 5 . 13 ; n , 8 . 27 . to a suspension of 29 . 6 g of 60 % sodium hydride ( 0 . 74 mole ) in 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran under a nitrogen blanket and at reflux was added dropwise at a rate to maintain good reflux a solution of 74 . 5 g ( 0 . 36 mole ) of 2 , 5 - dichloro - 6 - methyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid and 36 . 5 g ( 0 . 36 mole ) of n - methylpyrrolidinol in 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran . the mixture was heated at reflux for 2 hr and cooled to 15 ° c . to the mixture was added dropwise , carefully , 47 . 2 g of oxalyl chloride between 15 °- 20 ° c . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 . 5 hr followed by addition of 400 ml of water . stirring was continued for 10 minutes . tetrahydrofuran was removed by rotary evaporation and the remaining aqueous extracted with 3 × 200 ml of toluene . the combined organic layers were washed with 300 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , charcoaled , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl alcohol / isopropyl ether to give 33 g ( 30 %) of crystals . a 3 g sample was recrystallized from isopropyl ether to give an analytically pure sample , m . p . 65 °- 69 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 14 n 2 cl 2 o 2 : c , 49 . 85 ; h , 4 . 88 ; n , 9 . 69 . found : c , 49 . 44 ; h , 4 . 88 ; n , 9 . 65 . to a solution of 14 . 0 g ( 0 . 048 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 80 ml of acetonitrile was added 10 . 75 g ( 0 . 024 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide . the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hr . after cooling , 150 ml of toluene was added and the mixture filtered . the filtrate was washed with 3 × 200 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate ( caution : gas evolved ), dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , charcoaled twice , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the oily residue was crystallized from isopropyl ether / hexane . however , tlc ( ethyl acetate ) showed 10 % of the starting oxazepinone was present . to a solution of this mixture plus an additional 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 70 ml of acetonitrile was added 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 0067 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and the mixture heated to reflux for 8 hr . the reaction was subjected to the same work - up as before but still 5 - 10 % of the starting oxazepinone remained as an impurity . to a solution of this mixture ( 9 . 0 g ) in 60 ml of acetonitrile was added 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 0067 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide . the mixture was heated to rflux for 10 hr . after cooling , the reaction mixture was subjected to the same work - up as before . approximately 7 . 0 g ( 0 . 023 mole ) of crude crystalline material was collected . recrystallization from isopropyl ether gave an analytically pure sample , m . p . 123 °- 32 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 14 n 2 oscl 2 : c , 47 . 22 ; h , 4 . 62 ; n , 9 . 18 . found : c , 47 . 22 ; h , 4 . 64 ; n , 9 . 18 . to a suspension of 30 g ( 60 %) sodium hydride in oil ( 0 . 75 mole ) in 600 ml of tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen atmosphere and heated to reflux was added a solution of 74 . 5 g ( 0 . 36 mole ) of 2 - fluoro - 5 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzoic acid and 36 . 18 g ( 0 . 36 mole ) of n - methylpyrrolidinol in 200 ml of tetrahydofuran dropwise at a rate to maintain good reflux ( some external heat was required ). the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 1 . 5 hr . after cooling to room temperature , the solid was filtered , washed with tetrahydrofuran , giving 85 g of the desired sodium salt . to a suspension of 81 g ( 0 . 26 mole ) of the sodium salt ( above ) in 600 ml of benzene was added at 0 °- 10 ° c ., 35 g ( 0 . 27 mole ) of oxalyl chloride . the mixture was stirred mechanically at ˜ 10 ° c . for 2 . 5 hr and 5 - 7 ml of dimethylformamide was added slowly followed by 20 . 0 g ( 0 . 16 mole ) of oxalyl chloride . after 30 minutes , enough diisopropylethylamine was added to make the mixture basic . the reaction mixture was extracted with 3 × 300 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide followed by 3 × 200 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation , giving 25 g of crude material . recrystallization from isopropyl ether gave 15 g of pure crystals , m . p . 102 °- 03 ° c . a second and third crop were collected , brining the total yield to 19 g ( 8 . 2 %). analysis : calculated for c 13 h 13 no 2 f 3 cl : c , 50 . 75 ; h , 4 . 26 ; n , 4 . 55 . found : c , 50 . 69 ; h , 4 . 20 ; n , 4 . 52 . to 30 ml of acetonitrile was added 1 . 25 g ( 0 . 004 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one and 0 . 92 g ( 0 . 002 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and the reaction mixture heated to reflux for 4 hr . after cooling , 30 - 40 ml of toluene was added and the mixture filtered . the filtrate was washed with 3 × 50 ml of saturated potassium carbonate , charcoaled , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl ether to give 0 . 65 g ( 50 %) of yellow , analytically pure crystals , m . p ., 146 °- 48 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 13 h 13 nosclf 3 : c , 48 . 23 ; h , 4 . 05 ; n , 4 . 33 . found : c , 48 . 32 ; h , 4 . 06 ; n , 4 . 36 . table 1__________________________________________________________________________ ## str35 ## no . mediateinter - a ( y ). sub . 0 - 2 b r r . sup . 4 e x ## str36 ## salt isomer . sup . ( a ) o ptical__________________________________________________________________________ 1 benz o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- rac . 2 benz o ch . sub . 2c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 3 naphth [ 2 , 3 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 4 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 5 8 - clbenz o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 6 7 - brbenz o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 7 7 - clbenz o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 8 naphth [ 2 , 1 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 9 7 - och . sub . 3benz o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 10 benz s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 11 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 12 naphth [ 2 , 3 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 13 8 - clbenz s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . -- &# 34 ; 14 7 - brbenz s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 15 naphth [ 2 , 1 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 16 pyrido [ 4 , 3 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 17 pyrido [ 3 , 4 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 18 pyrido [ 2 , 3 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 19 7 - clbenz s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 20 7 , 9 - diiodo - benz o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 21 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ch . sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 22 pyrido [ 4 , 3 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 23 7 - och . sub . 3benz s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . -- &# 34 ; 24 ( a ) benz o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 24 ( b ) benz o c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 24 ( c ) benz o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 24 ( d ) benz o 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 24 ( e ) benz o 4 - ch . sub . 3c . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 24 ( f ) benz o 3 , 5 -( och . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; c . sub . 6 hch . sub . 224 ( g ) benz o 3 - cf . sub . 3c . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 24 ( h ) benz o 4 - no . sub . 2c . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 25 ( a ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 25 ( b ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 25 ( c ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 25 ( d ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o 4 - clc . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 25 ( e ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o 4 - ch . sub . 3c . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 25 ( f ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o 3 , 5 -( och . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; c . sub . 6 hch . sub . 225 ( g ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o 3 - cf . sub . 3c . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 25 ( h ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o 4 - no . sub . 2c . sub . 6 h . sub . 4ch . sub . 2 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 26 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h s cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 27 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h s cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 28 pyrido [ 3 , 4 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 29 pyrido [ 3 , 4 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 30 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cn ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 31 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 32 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 33 7 - clpyrido o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ;[ 3 , 2 - f ] 34 7 - clpyrido s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ;[ 3 , 2 - f ] 35 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o c . sub . 6 h . sub . 11 h o cl ch . sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 36 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 2 c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 37 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o 1 - phtha - ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; limido38 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o 1 - phtha - ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; limido39 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cn ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 40 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ## str37 ## hcl &# 34 ; 41 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 42 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 43 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ## str38 ## hcl &# 34 ; 44 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ## str39 ## hcl &# 34 ; 45 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ## str40 ## hcl &# 34 ; 46 ## str41 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 47 ## str42 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 48 ## str43 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl &# 34 ; 49 ## str44 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 50 benz o ch ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 h ## str45 ## cl ch . sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 51 benz o c . sub . 2 h . sub . 5 h ## str46 ## cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 52 6 - clpyrido o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ;[ 4 , 3 - f ] 53 ## str47 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 54 ## str48 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 55 ## str49 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 56 ## str50 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 57 ## str51 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 58 ## str52 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 59 ## str53 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 60 ## str54 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 61 ## str55 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 62 ## str56 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 63 ## str57 ## o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 64 ## str58 ## s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 65 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl s (-) 66 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- s (-) 67 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 hcl r (+) 68 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- r (+) 69 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- s (+) 70 pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- r (-) 71 7 - brpyrido o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- rac . [ 3 , 2 - f ] 72 7 - brpyrido s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ;[ 3 , 2 - f ] 73 8 - ch . sub . 3pyrido o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 h . sub . 2 o &# 34 ;[ 3 , 2 - f ] 74 8 - ch . sub . 3pyrido s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 h . sub . 2 o &# 34 ;[ 3 , 2 - f ] 75 7 - no . sub . 2benz - o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 76 7 - no . sub . 2benz - s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 77 7 - fbenz - o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 78 7 - fbenz - s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 79 7 - c . sub . 6 h . sub . 5pyrido s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ;[ 3 , 2 - f ] 80 7 - cl8 - ch . sub . 3 o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] 81 7 - cl8 - ch . sub . 3 s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] 82 7 - cf . sub . 3benz o ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; 83 7 - cf . sub . 3benz s ch . sub . 3 h o cl ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 -- &# 34 ; __________________________________________________________________________ . sup . ( a ) rac = racemic mixture a solution of 9 g ( 0 . 2 mole ) of dimethylamine in 250 ml of ethanol was added to 24 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h ) one in a steel bomb . the mixture was heated at 100 ° c . for 18 hrs . the solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and dilute sodium hydroxide . the ethyl acetate layer was concentrated and the residue comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound was dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketoneisopropanol mixture . the solution was acidified with hydrogen chloride gas to give the title compound , m . p . 188 °- 197 ° c . all of the hydrochloride salt obtained in example 1 was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide and the chloroform layer concentrated . the residue was crystallized several times from isopropyl ether to give 6 g ( 21 %) of the free base , m . p . 56 °- 76 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 20 n 2 o 2 : c , 67 . 72 ; h , 8 . 12 ; n , 11 . 28 . found : c , 67 . 35 ; h , 8 . 16 ; n , 11 . 09 . to 50 ml of morpholine was added 20 g ( 0 . 064 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one . the solution was refluxed for 5 hrs and then concentrated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in chloroform , and the solution was washed with dilute sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the residue comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound was reacted with 10 . 5 g ( 0 . 09 mole ) of fumaric acid in isopropanol - water . the resulting solid was recrystallized from isopropanol - water to give 21 . 5 g ( 64 %), m . p . 199 °- 201 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 20 h 26 n 2 o 7 : c , 59 . 10 ; h , 6 . 45 ; n , 6 . 89 . found : c , 58 . 95 ; h , 6 . 52 ; n , 6 . 88 . to 200 ml of morpholine was added 30 g ( 0 . 095 mole ) of 4 - benzyl - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 -( 4h )- one . the solution was refluxed for 3 hrs and then concentrated in vacuo . the residue was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the solid obtained was recrystallized from isopropyl ether - ethyl acetate three times to give 15 . 2 g of solid ( 43 %), m . p . 97 °- 99 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 h 26 n 2 o 3 : c , 72 . 10 ; h , 7 . 15 ; n , 7 . 64 . found : c , 72 . 25 ; h , 7 . 22 ; n , 7 . 64 . a solution of 5 . 95 g ( 0 . 19 mole ) of monomethylamine in 200 ml of ethanol was added to 30 g ( 0 . 095 mole ) of 4 - benzyl - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in a steel bomb . the mixture was heated at 100 ° c . for 16 hr . the solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloforom layer was concentrated and the residue comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound was dissolved in isopropanol and reacted with fumaric acid to give the fumarate . the salt was dried under vacuum at 100 ° c . until entrapped isopropyl alcohol was removed , m . p . 178 °- 81 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 h 26 n 2 o 6 : c , 64 . 77 ; h , 6 . 15 ; n , 6 . 57 . found : c , 64 . 87 ; h , 6 . 20 ; n , 6 . 62 . to a solution of 7 . 2 g ( 0 . 16 mole ) of dimethylamine in 350 ml of absolute ethanol was added 20 . 4 g ( 0 . 08 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h ) thione . the solution was heated in a steel bomb for 18 hr at 100 ° c . and then concentrated . the residue was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroforom layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the solid comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound was reacted with hydrogen chloride gas in ethanol to give the hydrochloride salt . the salt was recrystallized from ethanol and dimethylformamide followed by three recrystallizations from ethanol to give 7 . 5 g ( 28 %), m . p . 233 °- 236 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 21 n 2 socl : c , 55 . 90 ; h , 7 . 04 ; n , 9 . 32 . found : c , 55 . 72 ; n , 7 . 26 ; n , 8 . 94 . following the procedure of example 1 , 4 - benzyl - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one and dimethylamine were reacted and the free base of the title compound was obtained in the concentrated residue . recrystallization from ethanol - water gave the product , m . p . 75 °- 77 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 20 h 26 n 2 o 3 : c , 70 . 13 ; h , 7 . 65 ; n , 8 . 21 . found : c , 70 . 02 ; h , 7 . 35 ; n , 8 . 25 . a solution of 20 . 4 g ( 0 . 08 mole ) of 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 60 ml of morpholine was refluxed for 5 hr . then concentrated . the residue was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a residue comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound . the hydrochloride salt was prepared in methyl isobutyl ketone - dimethylformamide solution with hydrogen chloride gas . the salt was recrystallized from ethanol - dimethylformamide to give 14 g solid ( 51 %), m . p . 253 °- 256 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 n 2 so 2 cl : c , 56 . 04 ; h , 6 . 76 ; n , 8 . 17 . found : c , 55 . 73 ; h , 6 . 63 ; n , 7 . 97 . a steel bomb was charged with 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylnaphth [ 2 , 3 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , 50 ml of absolute ethanol and 3 . 78 g ( 0 . 034 mole ) of dimethylamine as 40 % aqueous solution . the bomb was heated at 100 ° c . for 16 hr . volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between chloroform and 15 % aqueous sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2 . 7 g ( 54 %) of viscous yellow oil comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound . the oil was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with oxalic acid . the oxalate salt was recrystallized from ethanol - water , m . p . 192 °- 194 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 20 h 24 n 2 o 6 : c , 61 . 84 ; h , 6 . 23 ; n , 7 . 21 . found : c , 61 . 41 ; h , 6 . 27 ; n , 7 . 09 . to 90 g ( 0 . 8 mole ) of 40 % aqueous dimethylamine in a steel bomb was added 25 g ( 0 . 09 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride . the mixture was heated to 100 ° c . for 15 hr under mild agitation . the mixture was partitioned using dilute sodium hydroxide and two chloroform extractions . the chloroform layers were combined and concentrated . the residue comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound was dissolved in 200 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 9 g of oxalic acid added . the oxalate salt was recrystallized from 95 % ethanol to give 18 g . the oxalate salt was then converted to the free base by partitioning between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide and evaporating the chloroform layer . the residue , the free base of the title compound , was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with fumaric acid to give 13 g of white solid ( 34 %), m . p . 146 °- 148 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 25 n 3 o 8 : c , 53 . 90 ; h , 5 . 90 ; n , 9 . 92 . found : c , 53 . 76 ; h , 6 . 02 ; n , 9 . 96 . to a solution of 32 . 8 g ( 0 . 29 mole ) of 40 % aqueous dimethylamine and 100 ml of ethanol in steel bomb was added 15 g ( 0 . 058 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the mixture was heated to 100 ° c . for 18 hr under mild agitation . the solution was cooled and partitioned between chloform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate and conentrated . the residue comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound waas dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with 7 g of fumaric acid . the fumarate salt was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 19 g ( 86 %), m . p . 105 °- 129 ° c . a 14 g sample of the salt was recrystallized from ethanol to give 10 . 5 g yellow solid , m . p . 103 °- 118 ° c . the nmr spectra indicates the crystals contain 1 / 2 mole ethanol . analysis : calculated for c 36 h 52 n 6 o 11 s 2 : c , 53 . 45 ; h , 6 . 48 ; n , 10 . 39 . found : c , 53 . 07 ; h , 6 . 53 ; n , 10 . 23 . to a solution of 113 ml ( 1 . 0 mole ) of 40 % aqueous dimethylamine and 326 ml of ethanol in a steel bomb was added 48 . 4 g ( 0 . 189 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the mixture was heate at 100 ° c . for 14 hr . the ethanol was removed in a rotary evaporator leaving some water in the residue . the residue was dissolved in 200 ml of methylene chloride and washed with three 100 ml portions of 20 % aqueous potassium carbonate solution . the combined aqueous layers were extracted with three 150 ml portions of methylene chloride . methylene chloride solutions were combined and treated with charcoal . charcoal was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated to give an oil . the oil was dissolved in 215 ml isopropyl alcohol and the solution was heated to a slow boil . a solution of 21 . 9 g ( 0 . 19 mole ) of fumaric acid in 150 ml of boiling methanol was added to the isopropyl alcohol solution . crystalline solid was obtained weighing 63 . 4 g ( 88 %). the solid was recrystallized from hot 200 proof ethyl alcohol . the crystals were filtered off and triturated in isopropyl ether at room temperature and again separated by filtering . after drying in a vacuum oven overnight at 85 ° c ., crystals in the amount of 72 . 45 g ( 79 %), m . p . 130 °- 133 ° c ., were obtained . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 23 n 3 o 5 s : c , 53 . 53 ; h , 6 . 08 ; n , 11 . 02 . found : c , 53 . 23 ; h , 6 . 11 ; n , 10 . 64 . to a suspension of a finely ground mixture of 2 . 9 g ( 0 . 013 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide and 2 . 9 g of potassium sulfide in 75 ml of dry toluene was added 12 g ( 0 . 033 mole ) of 4 - benzyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - morpholino ) ethyl ]- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 10 hr . and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and the residue crystallized from isopropyl ether - toluene to give 2 . 54 g ( 20 %), m . p . 236 °- 238 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 h 26 n 2 o 2 s : c , 69 . 08 ; h , 6 . 85 ; n , 7 . 32 . found : c , 69 . 60 ; h , 6 . 96 ; n , 7 . 15 . following the procedure of example 5 , 50 g ( 0 . 21 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one and 13 . 0 g ( 0 . 42 mole ) of monomethylamine ( in 400 ml ethanol ) were reacted to give the free base of the title compound which was reacted with fumaric acid to give , after isolation and recrystallization from ethyl alcohol , 17 g ( 23 %) of the title compound , m . p . 154 °- 156 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 22 n 2 o 6 : c , 58 . 27 ; h , 6 . 33 ; n , 8 . 00 . found : c , 58 . 34 ; h , 6 . 52 ; n , 7 . 82 . 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 2 -[ 2 -( methylamino ) ethyl ]- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one fumarate was converted back to the free base by partitioning in dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . evaporation of the chloroform layer and distilling , b . p . 182 °/ 0 . 2 mm , gave 4 . 3 g of the product . analysis : calculated for c 13 h 18 n 2 o 2 : c , 66 . 64 ; h , 7 . 74 ; n , 11 . 96 . found : c , 66 . 48 ; h , 7 . 69 ; n , 11 . 88 . a suspension of 10 . 7 g ( 0 . 078 mole ) of potassium carbonate , 13 . 7 g ( 0 . 078 mole ) of 4 - hydroxy - 4 - phenylpiperidine and 19 . 8 g ( 0 . 078 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 200 ml of n - butanol was refluxed overnight . the mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in ethanol - ligroin and reacted with hydrogen chloride gas to give the hydrochloride salt which was recrystallized from ethanol - dimethylformamide . the hydrochloride salt was converted back to the free base by partitioning in chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide and evaporating the chloroform . recrystallization twice from isopropyl alcohol gave 9 . 27 g ( 30 %) product free base , m . p . 142 °- 148 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 n 28 n 2 o 2 s : c , 69 . 66 ; h , 7 . 12 ; n , 7 . 07 . found : c , 69 . 78 ; h , 7 . 18 ; n , 7 . 00 . a suspension of 24 . 3 g ( 0 . 176 mole ) of potassium carbonate , 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 059 mole ) of 4 - phenyl - 3 , 4 - tetrahydropyridine and 15 g ( 0 . 059 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione and enough n - butanol to form a slurry were refluxed for 72 hr . the reaction mixture was filtered hot and the filtrate cooled to room temperature and refiltered . the last filtrate was concentrated and the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate . the crystals obtained on cooling were recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give 7 g of product ( 31 %), m . p . 153 °- 155 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 h 26 n 2 os : c , 72 . 98 ; h , 6 . 92 ; n , 7 . 40 . found : c , 73 . 36 ; h , 7 . 01 ; n , 7 . 47 . a solution of 9 . 8 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 8 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of absolute ethanol and 10 ml of a 40 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine were mixed and heated in a steel bomb at 100 ° c . for 16 hr . the ethanol was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in chloroform and partitioned with 10 % sodium hydroxide solution . the chloroform layer was evaporated under reduced pressure to give an amorphous solid . the solid was dissolved in 6n hydrochloric acid and the solution washed with ethyl acetate . the aqueous layer was basified with 50 % sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate . the ethyl acetate layer was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a viscous oil comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound which was dissolved in absolute ethanol and reacted with ethereal hydrogen chloride . the hydrochloride salt was recrystallized from ethanol to give 30 g ( 25 %) product , m . p . 196 °- 199 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 20 n 2 cl 2 os : c , 50 . 15 ; h , 6 . 01 ; n , 8 . 35 . found : c , 50 . 15 ; h , 6 . 18 ; n , 8 . 07 . a solution of 10 g ( 0 . 037 mole ) of 8 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of absolute ethanol and 10 ml of 40 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine were mixed and heated in a steel bomb at 100 ° c . for 16 hr . the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in chloroform and partitioned with 15 % sodium hydroxide ( 2 washes ). the chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give an oil , comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound . the oil was dissolved in absolute ethanol and reacted with oxalic acid . the oxalate salt was recrystallized from ethanol in the amount of 4 g ( 38 %), m . p . 198 °- 201 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 n 2 clo 6 : c , 51 . 55 ; h , 5 . 68 ; n , 7 . 51 . found : c , 51 . 07 ; h , 5 . 69 ; n , 7 . 43 . to a solution of 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 2 . 2 ml of a 40 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine . the reaction mixture was heated in a stainless steel bomb at 100 ° c . for 16 hr and concentraed under reduced pressure . the residue was partitioned between chloroform and 15 % sodium hydroxide solution . the chloroform layer was separated and extracted with 3n aqueous hydrochloric acid . the acid layer was basified with 50 % aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 2 . 4 g ( 73 %) viscous brown oil , the free base of the title compound . the oil was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with oxalic acid . the oxalate salt was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol / water to give the title salt , m . p . 192 °- 194 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 o 6 brn 2 : c , 46 . 06 ; h , 5 . 07 ; n , 6 . 71 . found : c , 46 . 00 ; h , 5 . 10 ; n , 6 . 68 . a solution of 8 g ( 0 . 028 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylnaphth [ 2 , 1 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one and 6 . 2 g of 40 % dimethylamine ( 0 . 055 mole ) in 100 ml of ethanol was heated in a steel bomb to 100 ° c . for 18 hr . the resulting solution was partitioned between methylene chloride and diluted sodium hydroxide solution . the methylene chloride layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue comprised substantially of the free base of the title compound was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with 2 . 6 g oxalic acid . the oxalate salt obtained was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol in water , m . p . 206 °- 209 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 20 h 24 n 2 o 6 : c , 61 . 85 ; h , 6 . 23 ; n , 7 . 21 . found : c , 61 . 61 ; h , 6 . 26 ; n , 7 . 13 . when in the procedure of example 10 equal molar amounts of the following are substituted for 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride : to a solution of 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 002 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 4 , 3 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 20 ml of ethyl alcohol was added 2 ml of 40 % aqueous dimethylamine . the mixture was heated in a steel bomb to 100 ° c . for 14 hr . the resulting solution was filtered and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and a few drops of ethereal hydrogen chloride were added . the hydrochloride salt crystals were recrystallized by dissolving in ethyl alcohol and boiling while replacing the ethyl alcohol with isopropyl alcohol . the yield of product was 0 . 3 g ( 47 %), m . p . : decomp . above 200 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 26 h 41 n 6 o 2 s 2 cl 3 : c , 48 . 78 ; h , 6 . 46 ; n , 13 . 13 . found : c , 49 . 34 ; h , 6 . 47 ; n , 13 . 03 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione and diethylamine in ethanol are heated together to obtain the title compound . to a solution of 15 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylnaphth [ 2 , 3 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 10 ml of a 45 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine . the solution was heated in a steel bomb for 16 hr . the ethanol was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between chloroform and 15 % aqueous sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was separated and extracted with 3n aqueous hydrochloric acid . the acid layer was basified with 50 % aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with oxalic acid . the salt was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol and water to give the title compound , m . p . 115 °- 118 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 40 h 50 n 4 o 11 s 2 : c , 58 . 09 ; h , 6 . 09 ; n , 6 . 77 . found : c , 58 . 42 ; h , 5 . 85 ; n , 6 . 70 . utilizing the procedures of example 1 and 2 and substituting 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 7 , 9 - diiodo - 4 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one for 2 -( chloroethyl )- 4 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , the title compound is obtained . to a solution of 9 . 0 g ( 0 . 033 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml absolute ethanol was added 7 g ( 0 . 066 mole ) of a 45 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine . the solution was heated in a stainless steel bomb at 100 ° c . for 14 hr . the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between chloroform and 15 % aqueous sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was separated and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a viscous brown oil . the oil was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and oxalic acid added . recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol / water gave 7 . 0 g ( 57 %) oxalate salt , m . p . 199 °- 200 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 n 2 o 6 cl : c , 51 . 55 ; 5 . 68 ; n , 7 . 51 . found : c , 51 . 52 ; h , 5 . 72 ; n . 7 . 44 . when in the procedure of example 10 , 2 - chloromethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one is substituted for 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , the title compound is prepared and is isolated if desired as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt . 2 -[ 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione fumarate [ 1 : 1 ], ethanol [ 2 : 1 ], 3 . 8 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform extract was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in 15 ml of methyl isobutyl ketone and added to a solution of 1 . 4 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of methyl iodide in 15 ml of isobutyl ketone . recrystallization from 50 % ethanol - 50 % methyl isobutyl ketone gave 2 . 5 g ( 78 %) of the product , m . p . 221 °- 225 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 22 n 3 osi : c , 41 . 28 ; h , 5 . 44 ; n , 10 . 31 . found : c , 41 . 29 ; h , 5 . 51 ; n , 10 . 30 . to a solution of 8 . 0 g ( 0 . 027 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 6 ml ( 0 . 054 mole ) of 40 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine . the solution was heated in a steel bomb at 90 ° c . for 14 hr . the ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between chloroform and aqueous sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was concentrated to give a viscous yellow oil . the oil was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with oxalic acid . the oxalate salt immediately precipitated . the mixture was heated and a small amount of water was added to dissolve the salt . a white crystalline powder was obtained , m . p . 150 °- 151 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 32 h 44 n 4 cl 2 o 11 s 2 : c , 48 . 30 ; h , 5 , 57 ; n , 7 . 04 . found : c , 48 . 74 ; h , 5 . 34 ; n , 6 . 95 . to a solution of 15 . 0 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylnaphth [ 2 , 1 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 10 g of a 40 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine . the resulting solution was heated in a steel bomb at 100 ° c . for 40 hr and concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue was partitioned between 15 % aqueous sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the chloroform layer was evaporated and the residue partitioned between 3n hydrochloric acid and chloroform . the aqueous layer was made alkaline with 50 % sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform extract was concentrated and the residue dissolved in isopropyl alcohol . ethereal hydrogen chloride was added . recrystallization of the precipitate from isopropyl alcohol / water gave 3 . 0 g ( 20 %) of the product , m . p . 238 °- 240 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 23 n 2 clos : c , 61 . 61 ; h , 6 . 61 ; n , 7 . 98 . found : c , 61 . 80 ; h , 6 . 61 ; n , 7 . 91 . when in the procedure of example 11 equal molar amounts of the following are substituted for 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione : to a solution of 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 011 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 7 - methoxy - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 3 . 0 g of a 40 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine . the reaction mixture was heated in a stainless steel bomb at 100 ° c . for 16 hr , cooled and evaporated under reduced pressure . the residue was partitioned between chloroform and 15 % sodium hydroxide solution . the chloroform layer was concentrated and the residue , the free base , was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with oxalic acid . the resulting oxalate salt was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol / h 2 o to give 1 . 9 g ( 45 %) of the title salt , m . p . 176 °- 178 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 34 h 50 n 4 o 14 : c , 54 . 10 ; h , 6 . 67 ; n , 7 . 42 . found : c , 54 . 29 ; h , 6 . 59 ; n , 7 . 53 . to a solution of 13 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 8 ml of a 45 % aqueous solution of dimethylamine . the solution was heated at 100 ° c . in a steel bomb for 16 hr . the ethanol was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and 3n aqueous hydrochloric acid . the aqueous extract was basified with 50 % aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform was concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue , the free base of the title compound , was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with oxalic acid . the oxalate salt was recrystallized from 95 % ethanol to give the title salt , m . p . 155 °- 157 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 32 h 46 n 4 br 2 o 22 s 2 : c , 42 . 58 ; h , 5 . 14 ; n , 6 . 12 . found : c , 42 . 93 ; h , 4 . 79 ; n , 6 . 19 . when in the procedure of example 27 , equal molar amounts of the following are substituted for 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one when in the procedure of example 10 , equal molar amounts of the following are substituted for 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , when in the procedure of example 3 , equal molar amounts of the following are substituted for morpholine : a solution of 1 . 5 g ( 0 . 0058 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- thiazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 20 ml of dimethylamine was stirred at 25 ° c . in a sealed container for 72 hr . the excess dimethylamine was allowed to evaporate and the residue was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was concentrated and the residue , the free base of the title compound , was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and reacted with hydrogen chloride . the resulting hydrochloride salt weighed 1 . 5 g ( 77 %), m . p .& gt ; 250 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 13 h 21 n 3 oscl 2 : c , 46 . 16 ; h , 6 . 27 ; n , 12 . 42 . found : c , 45 . 68 ; h , 6 . 18 ; n , 12 . 35 . a solution of 1 . 5 g ( 0 . 005 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- thiazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 40 ml of dimethylamine was stirred at 25 ° c . in a sealed container for 96 hr . the dimethylamine was allowed to evaporate and the residue was partitioned between methylene chloride and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform layer was concentrated and the residue , the free base of the title compound , was reacted with 0 . 4 g oxalic acid in a solution of 30 ml of 90 - 100 isopropyl alcohol water . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from the same solvent to give 1 g of the product , m . p . 191 °- 193 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 21 n 3 s 2 o 4 : c , 48 . 50 ; h , 5 . 70 ; n , 11 . 33 . found : c , 48 . 49 ; h , 5 . 84 ; n , 10 . 99 . a solution of 5 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 4 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , in 25 ml of dimethylamine was placed in a sealed vessel and stirred for 72 hr . the vessel was opened and the excess dimethylamine allowed to evaporate . the residue was dissolved in chloroform and the solvent was stripped off in vacuo to remove excess dimethylamine . the residue was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate . the ethyl acetate solution was concentrated and the residue was treated with 3 g ( 0 . 033 mole ) of oxalic acid in 50 ml of isopropyl alcohol and enough water to dissolve the salt while boiling . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from the same solvent . yield of product was 5 . 3 g ( 60 %), m . p . 179 °- 181 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 34 h 48 n 6 o 21 : c , 46 . 48 ; h , 5 . 52 ; n , 9 . 58 . found : c , 46 . 58 ; h , 5 . 70 ; n , 9 . 61 . a 4 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) sample of 2 -[ 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 4 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one oxalate ( 1 : 2 ) hemihydrate was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the aqueous layer was extracted three times and the combined chloroform extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in 200 ml of dry toluene and again concentrated in vacuo to effect drying . the residue was dissolved in dry pyridine ( 10 ml ) and treated with 2 . 8 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of phosporus pentasulfide . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 20 hr . the cooled mixture was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the aqueous layer was extracted three times with chloroform . the combined chloroform extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . one gram of the residue was treated with 0 . 6 g of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol / 10 % water . the resulting crystals were collected by filtration . yield of oxalate salt was 0 . 37 g ., m . p . 111 °- 114 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 23 n 3 so 8 : c , 45 . 84 ; h , 5 . 20 ; n , 9 . 43 . found : c , 45 . 46 ; h , 5 . 38 ; n , 9 . 28 . 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 5 ( 4h )- oxopyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 2 - propanenitrile , 5 g ( 0 . 22 mole , in 150 ml of ethanol was treated with about 1 . 5 g of wet raney nickel . the mixture was hydrogenated in a parr apparatus at 60 ° c . and 40 psi . the mixture was cooled and filtered and the filtrate concentrated . the residue was treated with 3 . 9 g of oxalic acid in 130 ml of boiling isopropyl alcohol containing 2 ml of water . the hot solution was filtered and allowed to cool . the resulting solid was recrystallized from ethanol . yield of oxalate hemihydrate was 3 g ( 43 %), m . p . 126 °- 134 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 28 h 40 n 6 o 7 : , 50 . 30 ; h , 6 . 03 ; n , 12 . 57 . found : c , 50 . 46 ; h , 5 . 71 ; n , 12 . 21 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 16 g ( 0 . 58 mole ) was dissolved in morpholine ( 30 ml ) and stirred overnight at room temperature . to the solution was added dilute sodium hydroxide solution ( 50 ml ) and the resulting mixture extracted with chloroform ( 3 × 30 ml ). the chloroform was removed on the rotary evaporator with aspiration . the residual morpholine was removed in vacuo at 50 ° c . ( rotary evaporator ). to the residual free base ( 15 . 5 g , 0 . 053 mole ) was added isopropyl alcohol ( 1 liter ) and maleic acid ( 9 . 24 g g , 0 . 080 mole ). the mixture was heated to boiling and the clear solution cooled at 20 ° c . for several hours . the resulting crystals , 16 g ( 68 . 1 %), were recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 163 °- 165 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 25 n 3 o 7 : c , 56 . 01 ; h , 6 . 18 ; n , 10 . 31 . found : c , 55 . 71 ; h , 6 . 21 ; n , 10 . 18 . a sample of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 16 g ( 0 . 058 mole ), was dissolved in 65 ml of pyrrolidine . the stirred solution was heated to 80 ° c . for 3 hr . the solution was cooled to room temperature and dilute sodium hydroxide solution ( 50 ml ) was added . the resulting solution was extracted with chloroform ( 3 × 30 ml ) and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was taken up in boiling isopropyl alcohol ( 500 ml / and fumaric acid ( 9 . 2 g , 0 . 079 mole ) was added . the solution was filtered hot and the filtrate cooled to 20 ° c . for several hours . the resulting crystals , 14 g ( 47 . 8 %) were collected and recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 147 °- 149 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 o 10 n 3 h 29 : c , 54 . 43 ; h , 5 . 76 ; n , 8 . 28 . found : c , 54 . 38 ; h , 5 . 83 ; n , 8 . 27 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 16 g ( 0 . 058 mole ) was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ) and di - n - butylamine ( 30 ml ). the solution was stirred at 90 ° c . for 3 hr at 100 ° c . for 2 . 5 hr . the solution was cooled and to it was added 50 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution . the resulting mixture was extracted with chloroform ( 3 × 50 ml ). the chloroform was removed on the rotary evaporator with water aspiration at 50 ° c . residual dimethylformamide and di - n - butylamine were removed at low vacuum and 50 ° c . ( rotary evaporator ). to the residual free base , 13 . 8 g ( 0 . 041 mole ) was added isopropyl alcohol ( 900 ml ) and oxalic acid , 5 . 6 g ( 0 . 062 mole ) and the solution heated to boiling . the clear solution was cooled overnight at 20 ° c . and filtered to give 13 . 6 g ( 56 . 5 %) of crystals which were recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 195 °- 196 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 33 n 3 o 6 : c , 59 . 59 ; h , 7 . 85 ; n , 9 . 72 . found : c , 59 . 37 ; h , 7 . 91 ; n , 9 . 86 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 16 g ( 0 . 058 mole ) was suspended in diethylamine ( 30 ml ). the suspension was stirred for 72 hr at room temperature . the mass spectrum indicated that the reaction had progressed 33 % at this point . the mixture was then heated to reflux for 6 hr . diethylamine was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . water aspirator ). the residue was taken up in chloroform ( 100 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 × 30 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was dissolved in boiling isopropyl alcohol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , 18 . 6 g ( 87 . 7 %) of light brown crystals were collected ( m . p . 150 °- 155 ° c .). a sample was recrystallized three more times from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 156 °- 157 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 25 n 3 o 6 : c , 55 . 57 ; h , 6 . 86 ; n , 11 . 43 . found : c , 55 . 28 ; h , 6 . 85 ; n , 11 . 27 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 4 g ( 0 . 015 mole ) was dissolved in piperidine ( 30 ml ) and heated to 80 ° c . with stirring for 20 minutes . the piperidine was removed by rotary evaporation ( 85 ° c ., vacuum pump ) and the residue taken up in chloroform ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 × 20 ml ) and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., water aspirator ). the resulting oil was taken up in hot isopropyl alcohol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , crystals of the oxalate salt were collected and recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , to give 3 . 4 g ( 62 %) of pale brown crystals , m . p . 133 °- 136 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 25 n 3 o 6 : c , 56 . 98 ; h , 6 . 64 ; n , 11 . 07 . found : c , 56 . 95 ; h , 6 . 87 ; n , 10 . 79 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 4 g ( 0 . 015 mole ) was dissolved in methyl benzyl amine ( 30 ml ) and heated to 80 ° c . with stirring . after three hours , the excess amine was removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., vacuum pump ). the residual oil was taken up in chloroform ( 40 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 30 ml ). the chloroform layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residual oil was dissolved in hot isopropyl alcohol and treated with maleic acid . upon cooling , 4 . 23 g ( 66 %) of pale brown crystals were collected , m . p . 167 °- 169 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 h 27 n 3 o 6 : c , 62 . 57 ; h , 6 . 16 ; found : c , 62 . 28 ; h , 6 . 16 ; n , 9 . 24 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 4 . 00 g ( 0 . 015 mole ) was dissolved in n - methylaniline ( 30 ml ) and heated to 95 ° c . with stirring for 2 days . excess n - methylaniline was removed by rotary evaporation ( 95 ° c ., vacuum pump ). the residue was taken up in chloroform ( 80 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 30 ml ) the chloroform layer was decolorized with activated carbon and dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the remaining residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate ( 50 ml ) and purified by high pressure liquid chromatography using a silica gel column and ethyl acetate as the eluent . after purification , crystals formed from ethyl acetate . these crystals were recrystallized from ethyl acetate , giving 1 . 40 g ( 31 %) of pale brown crystals . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 21 n 3 o 2 : c , 69 . 43 ; h , 6 . 79 ; n , 13 . 49 . found : c , 69 . 31 ; h , 6 . 77 ; n , 13 . 54 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 21 mole ), was dissolved in 25 ml of absolute ethanol and 3 g ( 0 . 03 mole ) of 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolidine was added . the solution was heated to 75 ° c . for 48 hrs with stirring . because the reaction was incomplete at this time , an additional amount of 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolidine ( 1 . 00 g , 0 . 01 mole ) was added and the reaction continued . after 5 days , the reaction was still incomplete and more 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolidone ( 1 . 00 g , 0 . 01 mole ) was added . the reaction appeared complete 2 days later . solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., water aspirator ). excess 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrrolidine was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., vacuum pump ). the residue was taken up on chloroform ( 200 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 × 75 ml ). the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the resulting oil was dissolved in hot isopropyl alcohol and treated with fumaric acid . upon cooling , 2 . 38 g ( 27 . 4 %) of pale brown crystals was collected , m . p . 161 °- 162 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 29 n 3 o 6 : c , 60 . 13 ; h , 6 . 96 ; n , 10 . 02 . found : c , 59 . 79 ; h , 6 . 93 ; n , 9 . 76 . to a solution of 3 . 5 g ( 0 . 0145 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one in ethanol ( 15 ml ) was added 2 - methyl pyrrolidine ( 5 . 0 g , 0 . 063 mole ). the solution was heated to reflux for 3 hours with stirring . the ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation ( water aspirator , 80 ° c .). the residual oil was partitioned between dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 50 ml ) and chloroform ( 50 ml ). the organic layer was saved and the aqueous layer extracted with chloroform ( 2 × 30 ml ). all the chloroform layers were combined , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( water aspirator , 70 ° c .). the residual oil was then distilled at 200 ° c . and low vacuum ( vacuum pump ) giving 1 . 5 g ( 35 . 7 %) of a clear oil . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 n 3 o 2 : c , 66 . 41 ; h , 8 . 01 ; n , 14 . 52 . found : c , 65 . 83 ; h , 8 . 06 ; n , 14 . 39 . to a suspension of sodium hydride ( 1 . 2 g active , 0 . 05 mole ) in dimethylformamide ( 15 ml ) was added dropwise a solution of pyrazole ( 3 . 10 g , 0 . 045 mole ) in dimethylformamide ( 15 ml ). the resulting solution was then added to a solution of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one ( 9 . 12 g , 0 . 038 mole ) in 30 ml of dimethylformamide . the flask was sealed and stirred overnight . because the reaction had not yet gone to completion at this point , pyrazole ( 3 . 12 g , 0 . 045 mole ) was added to the reaction solution and stirred overnight . the reaction was still not complete and another suspension of sodium hydride ( 0 . 5 g active , 0 . 021 mole ) and pyrazole ( 1 . 5 g , 0 . 022 mole ) in dimethylformamide ( 10 ml ) was added and the reaction stirred overnight . the reaction appeared to be complete . dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., vacuum pump ), and the residue taken up in chloroform ( 100 ml ) which was washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 1 × 50 ml ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the material was purified by high pressure liquid chromatography , 95 : 5 by volume ethanol : methanol on a silica gel column . the fractions containing the desired product were concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° l c ., water aspirator ). crystallization ensued upon cooling . the crystals were collected and recystallized from ethanol . the yield was 1 . 5 ( 14 . 5 %), m . p . 132 °- 134 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 16 n 4 o 2 : c , 61 , 75 ; h , 5 . 92 ; n , 20 . 58 . found : c , 61 . 35 ; h , 5 . 89 ; n , 20 . 67 . to a solution of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one , 9 . 12 g ( 0 . 038 mole ) in dimethylformamide ( 30 ml ) was added imidazole , 5 . 66 g ( 0 . 083 mole ). the solution was heated to 130 ° c . for 18 hr . dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., vacuum pump ) and the residue taken up in chloroform ( 100 ml ). the chloroform was washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 30 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ) to an oil . crystallization was induced with ethanol . white crystals , 1 . 5 g ( 14 . 5 %) were collected , m . p . 150 °- 152 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 16 n 4 o 2 : c , 61 . 75 ; h , 5 . 92 ; n , 20 . 58 . found : c , 61 . 36 ; h , 5 . 92 ; n , 20 . 60 . to 30 ml of dimethylamine collected at 0 ° c . was added 6 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 4 - ethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydropyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , hydrochloride . the flask was sealed tightly and stirred 70 hr at room temperature . the solution was then cooled to 0 ° c . and the stopper of the flask removed . dimethylamine was allowed to evaporate . the residue was taken up in chloroform ( 1 × 150 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 1 × 50 ml ). the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was dissolved in hot isopropyl alcohol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , 4 . 5 ( 61 . 5 %) was collected , m . p . 208 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 n 3 o 6 : c , 54 . 38 ; h , 6 . 56 ; n , 11 . 89 . found : c , 54 . 26 ; h , 6 . 61 ; n , 11 . 81 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 4 - ethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydropyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride , 3 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) was dissolved in pyrrolidine ( 30 ml ) and heated to 70 ° c . for 30 minutes with stirring . after cooling , the contents of the reaction flask were diluted with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 40 ml ) and extracted with chloroform ( 2 × 30 ml ). the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated to a viscous brown oil by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the oil was taken up in hot isopropyl alcohol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , the resulting solid was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol , giving pale brown crystals , 1 . 80 g ( 45 . 4 %), m . p . 185 °- 188 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 25 n 3 o 6 : c , 56 . 98 ; h , 6 . 64 ; n , 11 . 07 . found : c , 56 . 90 ; h , 6 . 67 ; n , 10 . 90 . 2 -( 2 - chlorethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione , 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 018 mole ) was dissolved in morpholine ( 30 ml ). the solution was heated with stirring to 50 °- 60 ° c . for 6 hr . the morpholine was then removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., vacuum pump ). the residue was taken up in chloroform ( 100 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 × 30 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was recrystallized from ethanol giving 3 . 26 g ( 60 %) of light yellow crystals , m . p . 152 °- 153 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 21 n 3 o 2 s : c , 58 . 61 ; h , 6 . 89 ; n , 13 . 66 . found : c , 58 . 48 ; h , 6 . 92 ; n , 13 . 62 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione , 4 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) was suspended in di - n - butylamine ( 30 ml ). dimethylformamide ( ca . 10 ml ) was added to the stirred mixture until dissolution occurred . the solution was heated to 140 ° c . for 3 . 5 hr with stirring . di - n - butylamine and dimethylformamide were removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c . vacuum pump ). the residue was then diluted with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 50 ml ) and extracted with chloroform ( 3 × 40 ml ). chloroform was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was dissolved in boiling isopropyl alcohol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , the resulting oxalate salt was filtered and recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 3 . 2 g ( 47 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 208 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 33 n 3 o 5 s : c , 57 . 38 ; h , 7 . 57 ; n , 9 . 56 . found : c , 57 . 04 ; h , 7 . 63 ; n , 9 . 31 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione , 4 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) was suspended in diethylamine ( 30 ml ). dimethylformamide was added to the stirred suspension until dissolution occurred ( 10 ml ). the stirred solution was heated to 65 ° c . for 8 hr . diethylamine was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ); the remaining dimethylformamide was removed at low pressure ( vacuum pump ) and 90 ° c . the residue was taken up in chloroform ( 100 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 × 20 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was dissolved in boiling isopropyl alcohol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , the oxalate salt , 1 . 7 g ( 28 . 5 %) was obtained , m . p . 142 °- 144 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 25 n 3 o 5 s : c , 53 . 25 ; h , 6 . 57 ; n , 10 . 95 . found : c , 53 . 14 ; h , 6 . 60 ; n , 10 . 72 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione , 5 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) was dissolved in 30 ml of pyrrolidine . the solution was heated to 60 °- 80 ° c . for 35 minutes with stirring . after cooling to room temperature , the reaction mixture was diluted with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 50 ml ) and extracted with chloroform ( 2 × 50 ml ). the organic layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). residual pyrrolidine was removed at 90 ° c . and vacuum pump . the residue was dissolved in hot ethanol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , the oxalate salt was collected and recrystallized twice from ethanol to give 3 . 35 g , ( 45 %) of product , m . p . 141 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 23 n 2 o 5 s : c , 53 . 53 ; h , 6 . 08 ; n , 11 . 02 . found : c , 53 . 39 ; h , 6 . 11 ; n , 10 . 91 . to a solution of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione , 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 018 mole ) in dimethylformamide ( 35 ml ) was added imidazole ( 2 . 20 g , 0 . 038 mole ). the resulting solution was heated to 130 ° c . for 15 hrs . dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., vacuum pump ), and the residue diluted with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 50 ml ). the aqueous solution was extracted with chloroform ( 1 × 50 ml ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( water aspirator , 70 ° c .). the resulting oil was treated with oxalic acid in ethanol . four grams ( 54 %) of pale yellow crystals were collected and recrystallized again with ethanol , m . p . 163 °- 167 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 19 o 7 n 4 s : c , 48 . 22 ; h , 4 . 52 ; n , 13 . 23 . found : c , 48 . 04 ; h , 4 . 62 ; n , 13 . 18 . 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 4 - ethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydropyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- thione hydrochloride , 5 . 00 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) was added to 20 ml of anhydrous dimethylamine . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and stirred at room temperature for 6 days . the flask was opened after cooling to 0 ° c . and dimethylamine allowed to evaporate at room temperature . the residue was taken up in chloroform ( 100 ml ) and washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 1 × 30 ml ). the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residual oil was dissolved in hot cyclohexane . upon cooling , 1 . 76 g ( 39 . 4 %) of light yellow crystals were collected , m . p . 73 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 21 n 3 os : c , 60 . 18 ; h , 7 . 58 ; n , 15 . 03 . found : c , 60 . 32 ; h , 7 . 70 ; n , 15 . 13 . to a solution of 4 g ( 0 . 0155 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 70 ml of chloroform was added 10 . 0 g ( 0 . 086 mole ) of benzylmethylamine . the solution was stirred at reflux for 24 hr . the reaction solution was washed with water ( 2 × 50 ml ) and concentrated by rotary evaporation (˜ 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was distilled on a molecular still at 165 ° c ./ 0 . 1 mm . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in hot isopropyl alcohol . upon cooling , two crops of crystals were collected . the purity of each crop was checked . the two crops were combined and recrystallized together in hot isopropyl alcohol . upon cooling , 3 . 69 g ( 55 %) of pale yellow crystals , m . p . 163 °- 166 ° c . were collected . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 25 n 3 o 5 s : c , 58 . 45 ; h , 5 . 84 ; n , 9 . 74 . found : c , 58 . 24 ; h , 5 . 92 ; n , 9 . 61 . 2 ( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione , 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) was suspended in a 30 % solution of methylamine in 70 ml of ethanol and allowed to stir for 56 hr at room temperature . because of incomplete reaction , the reaction solution was heated slowly over a 2 hr period to 55 ° c . and stirred at that temperature for 24 hr . methylamine was removed by water aspiration for 1 . 5 hr . the resulting solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residual oil was taken up in chloroform ( 150 ml ) and washed with 2m aqueous potassium hydroxide ( 2 × 50 ml ). the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was dissolved in hot ethanol and treated with oxalic acid . upon cooling , 2 . 0 g ( 37 . 5 %) of yellow crystals were collected , m . p . 137 °- 138 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 20 n 3 o 7 s : c , 46 , 63 ; h , 5 . 22 ; n , 10 . 67 . found : c , 46 . 47 ; h , 5 . 35 ; n , 10 . 85 . 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one ( 2 . 5 g , 0 . 009 mole ) was dissolved in 50 ml pyrrolidine and the solution was heated to 80 ° c . for 1 hr . the pyrrolidine was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., water aspirator ) and the residue dissolved in 100 ml of chloroform . the organic layer was washed with water ( 2 × 50 ml ), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation (˜ 80 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was treated with fumaric acid and allowed to stand overnight . the resulting crystals were collected , 1 . 25 g ( 23 . 2 %), m . p . 164 °- 166 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 25 h 30 n 3 o 12 cl : c , 50 . 05 ; h , 5 . 04 ; n , 7 . 00 . found : c , 50 . 22 ; h , 5 . 14 ; n , 7 . 02 . a 2 . 8 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) sample of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one was added to 25 ml of dimethylamine and stirred for 96 hr in a sealed flask . the excess amine was allowed to evaporate and the residue was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was treated with 0 . 7 g of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from the same solvent . yield was 1 . 5 g of oxalate salt ( 40 %), m . p . 150 °- 156 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 20 n 3 o 6 cl : c , 48 . 20 ; h , 5 . 39 ; n , 11 . 24 . found : c , 48 . 09 ; h , 5 . 47 ; n , 11 . 12 . utilizing the procedure of example 10 , 2 -( chloromethyl )- 4 - cyclohexyl - 2 , 3 - dihydropyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one ( intermediate 35 ) is reacted with 40 % aqueous dimethylamine and reacted with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . a solution containing 94 . 2 g ( 0 . 6 mole ) of 2 chloronicotinic acid and 100 g ( 0 . 54 mole ) of 1 - benzyl - 3 - pyrrolidinol in 800 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran was added at a rapid drop to a stirred suspension of 52 g ( 1 . 3 mole ) of 60 % sodium hydride / mineral oil in 500 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran at reflux temperature ( addition time was about 1 hr ). the mixture was heated to reflux for an additional 1 . 5 hr and then cooled to room temperature . approximately 1 liter of ethyl acetate was aded and filtration attempted unsuccessfully . the mixture was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature and then was concentrated on the rotary evaporator at 100 ° c . and 50 mm pressure . the residue was dissolved in 1 liter of chloroform and the ph of the solution was adjusted to 6 . 15 with hydrogen chloride gas . to the solution was added , with stirring , 383 g ( 1 . 0 mole ) of triphenylphosphine and 383 g ( 2 . 48 mole ) of carbon tetrachloride . the mixture was refluxed for 1 hr and 50 ml of ethanol was added . the solution was cooled to room temperature and extracted three times with 400 ml portions of dilute hydrochloric acid . the chloroform layer was extracted with dilute sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the mass spectra indicated the presence of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 -( phenylmethyl ) pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one ( mass 316 ), triphenylphosphine ( mass 262 ) and triphenylphosphine oxide ( mass 278 ). one - third of the residue was chromatographed on a high pressure liquid chromatopraph in an unsuccessful attempt to purify the compound . the other 2 / 3 of the residue was dissolved inn 30 ml of chloroform and added to a solution of 30 g of dimethyl amine in ethanol . the solution was heated to reflux for 4 hr and concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was partitioned between chloroform and 1n hydrochloric acid . the acid layer was made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform . the chloroform layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue ( 10 g ) was treated with an equivalent amount of oxalic acid in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol - ethanol - isopropyl ether . the resulting crystals in the amount of 9 g ( 5 %) were recrystallized from the same solvent mixture , m . p . 95 °- 98 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 44 h 54 n 6 o 17 : c , 56 . 28 ; h , 5 . 79 ; n , 8 . 95 . found : c , 56 . 61 ; h , 5 . 76 ; n , 8 . 77 . a solution of 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 006 mole ) of 2 -[ 2 -( dimethylamino ethyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - phenylmethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one oxalate [ 1 : 1 . 5 ]- hemihydrate in about 50 ml of water was made basic with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and then extracted with three 50 ml portions of benzene . the combined benzene extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated on the rotary evaporator ( steam bath / 50 mm ). the residue was dried further by azeotroping 2 times with about 50 ml of dry benzene , evaporating to dryness each time . the final residue was dissolved in 40 ml of liquid ammonia and small spheres of sodium were added with stirring to the solution until a blue color persisted for 20 minutes . ( addition time was about 1 hr ). three grams of ammonium chloride was added slowly and the ammonia was allowed to evaporate . the residue was suspended in chloroform and the mixture was filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and the residue chromatographed on preparative high pressure liquid chromatograph using a silica gel column and eluting with 75 % ethyl acetate / 25 % dimethylformamide . the yield of product was 0 . 1 g ( 7 %). the chemical ionization mass spectrophotometer gave a peak at 236 corresponding to a molecular weight of 235 . the 1 h nmr spectrum of the subject compound was obtained in cdcl 3 containing 1 % tetramethylsilane ( tms ) and is consistent with the proposed structure and dimethylformamide ( dmf ) and mineral oil as minor impurities . the chemical shifts , multiplicities , and assignments are given below : ______________________________________ ## str59 ## chemical shifts ( multiplicities ) assignments______________________________________8 . 45 ( multiplet ) h ( 8 ) and h ( 6 ) 8 . 00 ( singlet ) ch ( dmf ) 7 . 85 ( broad singlet ) nh7 . 20 ( double of doublets ) h ( 7 ) 4 . 65 ( pentet ) h ( 2 ) 4 . 05 ( broad singlet ) unknown impurity3 . 50 ( triplet ) h . sub . 2 ( 3 ) 2 . 95 ( singlet ) ch . sub . 3 ( dmf ) 2 . 90 ( singlet ) ch . sub . 3 ( dmf ) 2 . 60 ( triplet ) h . sub . 2α to amino nitrogen2 . 25 ( singlet ) n ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 22 . 05 ( multiplet ) h . sub . 2β to amino nitrogen0 . 7 - 1 . 7 ( multiplet ) mineral oil______________________________________ an 8 g ( 0 . 026 mole ) sample of 2 - chloro - n -[ 4 -( dimethylamino )- 2 - hydroxybutyl ]- 3 - pyridinecarboxamide monohydrochloride was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in 80 ml of dry benzene which was removed on the rotary evaporator ( 100 ° c ./ 30 min ). the residue in 20 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran was added slowly to a stirred suspension of 8 . 3 g ( 0 . 052 mole ) of potassium hydride / mineral oil in 80 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 4 hr , cooled and treated with 10 ml of isopropyl alcohol . the solution was partitioned between isopropyl ether and dilute hydrochloric acid . the acid layer was made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted 4 times with chloroform . the chloroform was concentrated and the residue was chromatographed on hplc ( silica : 90 % ethanol - 10 % triethylamine . the desired fractions were concentrated and the residue ( 1 . 3 g ) treated with 0 . 7 g of fumaric acid in 25 ml of isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals weighed 1 . 2 g ( 13 %) and melted at 160 °- 164 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 n 3 o 6 : c , 54 . 69 ; h , 6 . 02 ; n , 11 . 96 . found : c , 54 . 29 ; h , 6 . 02 ; n , 11 . 54 . to 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 21 mole ) of 2 -( 3 - aminopropyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one was added , while cooling in a water bath , an 88 % aqueous solution of formic acid , 20 g ( 0 . 38 mole ). to the resulting solution was added a solution of 37 % aqueous formaldehyde ( inhibited with 13 % methanol ), 10 . 7 g ( 0 . 13 mole ). the resulting solution was heated on a steam bath for 5 . 5 hr . the mixture was cooled and 100 ml of dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid was added . the solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 50 ml of water . the solution was neutralized with dilute aqueous potassium hydroxide and extracted with four 50 ml portions of chloroform . the combined chloroform extracts was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was reacted with fumaric acid in hot isopropyl alcohol . the collected product , 3 . 0 g ( 31 . 8 %) was recrystallized twice from isopropyl alcohol , m . p . 108 °- 110 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 40 h 56 n 6 o 17 : c , 53 . 81 ; h , 6 . 32 ; n , 9 . 41 . found : c , 53 . 69 ; h , 6 . 33 ; n , 9 . 41 . to a solution of 11 . 0 g ( 0 . 042 mole ) of 2 -[ 3 -( dimethylamino ) propyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 125 ml of pyridine was added 9 . 25 g ( 0 . 042 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide . the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 . 5 hr while stirring . after cooling to room temperature , the reaction solution was added to an equal volume of 2 molar potassium hydroxide . the mixture was extracted with 800 ml of methylene chloride in several portions . the organic phase was washed with three 100 ml portions of dilute potassium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporator ( water - aspirator , 70 ° c .). the residual oil was subjected to reduced pressure of the vacuum pump for 2 hr at 90 ° c . and then cooled and reacted with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . two crops , 4 . 5 and 3 . 1 g were collected , combined and recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 6 . 5 g ( 34 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 136 °- 138 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 25 n 3 o 9 s : c , 47 . 05 ; h , 5 . 42 ; n , 9 . 16 . found : c , 46 . 76 ; h , 5 . 75 ; n , 9 . 04 . to 55 ml of a methanolic solution containing 57 % by volume dimethylamine was added 2 . 50 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyllpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction vessel was sealed and allowed to stand for 16 hr . thin - layer chromatography indicated the reaction was about 60 % complete . the solution was heated gradually to 45 ° c . ( heating time about 5 hr ). methanol and unreached dimethylamine were removed by rotary evaporator ( water aspirator , 60 ° c .). the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform and the solution was washed with two 40 ml portions of water . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporator . the residue was reacted with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals , 1 . 43 g ( 36 . 5 %) were recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol and dried thoroughly in a drying pistol , m . p . 98 °- 104 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 37 h 54 n 6 o 12 cl 2 s 2 : c , 48 . 84 ; h , 5 . 98 ; n , 9 . 23 . found : c , 48 . 82 ; h , 5 . 80 ; n , 9 . 37 . to 90 ml of a solution of 30 % monomethylamine in ethanol was added 11 . 0 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride . the solution was heated gradually over a period of 2 hr to 55 ° c . and held at that temperature overnight . monomethylamine and ethanol were removed by rotary evaporation ( water aspirator , 70 ° c .) and the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform . the organic layer was washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 × 30 ml ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the 9 . 0 g of crude oil was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals weighed 8 . 77 g ( 67 . 8 %), m . p . 148 °- 50 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 19 n 3 o 6 : c , 51 . 69 ; h , 5 . 89 ; n , 12 . 92 . found : c , 51 . 88 ; h , 5 . 97 ; n , 12 . 96 . to a suspension of 17 . 0 g ( 0 . 048 mole ) of 2 , 3 - dihydro - 2 -[ 1 , 3 - dihydro - 1 , 3 - dioxo - 2h - isoindol - 2 - yl ) ethyl ]- 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 100 ml of absolute ethanol was added ; b 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 051 mole ) of 85 % hydrazine hydrate in water and the mixture heated to reflux with stirring . in 15 minutes the reaction mixture became clear . after 40 min a copious precipitate of presumably phthaly hydrazide had formed . another 100 ml of absolute ethanol was added to ensure good mixing . after 2 hr at reflux , the cooled mixture was filtered . the filtrate was concentrated on the rotary evaporator ( water aspirator , 80 ° c .) and the residue taken up in 75 ml of chloroform . the organic layer was washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 2 × 3 ml ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and the filtrate concentrated by rotary evaporation ( water aspirator , 75 ° c .). the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol and yielded 7 . 0 g ( 43 %) of pale white cyrstals , m . p . 196 °- 197 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 19 n 3 o 6 : c , 53 . 41 ; h , 5 . 68 ; n , 12 . 46 . found : c , 53 . 63 ; h , 5 . 78 ; n , 12 . 33 . to a suspension of 12 . 5 ( 0 . 033 mole ) of 2 -[ 2 -( 2 , 3 - dihydro - 5 ( 4h )- thioxopyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 2 - yl ) ethyl ]- 1h - isoindole - 1 , 3 ( 2h ) dione in 150 ml of absolute ethanol was added 2 . 08 g ( 0 . 035 mole ) of an 85 % solution of hydrazine hydrate in water . the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hrs . after cooling , solid phthalylhydrazide was filtered off . ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation ( 85 ° c ., water aspirator ) and the residue partitioned between 180 ml chloroform and 50 ml dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was washed further with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 3 × 30 ml ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( water aspirator , 70 ° c .). the crude oil was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded 6 . 70 g ( 68 . 7 %) of pale yellow crystals , m . p . 208 °- 09 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 13 h 17 n 3 o 3 s : c , 52 . 87 ; h , 5 . 80 ; n , 14 . 23 . found : c , 52 . 72 ; h , 5 . 81 ; n , 14 . 16 . to a solution of 2 . 52 g ( 0 . 011 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - aminoethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml dry methanol was added methanolic hydrogen chloride until ph 6 was reached . to this solution was added 3 . 29 g ( 0 . 057 mole ) of acetone , 1 . 79 g ( 0 . 029 mole ) of sodium cyanoborohydride and 5 g 3 a molecular sieves . the ph was checked and readjusted to ph 7 - 8 with methanolic hydrogen chloride and stirred 24 hr at room temperature . the reaction mixture was filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform , washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( water aspirator , 70 ° c .). the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which gave 1 . 58 g ( 29 %) of white crystals , m . p . 152 °- 153 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 h 29 n 3 o 10 : c , 53 . 33 ; h , 5 . 89 ; n , 8 . 48 . found : c , 53 . 43 ; h , 5 . 94 ; n , 8 . 54 . to a solution of 3 . 16 g ( 0 . 013 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - aminoethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h ) thione in ˜ 25 ml dry methanol was added methanolic hydrogen chloride to ph 5 - 6 , followed by ˜ 2 - 3 g 3 a molecular sieves , 6 . 89 g ( 0 . 065 mole ) benzaldehyde and 2 . 04 g ( 0 . 0325 g ) sodium cyanoborohydride . the ph was again adjusted to ph 7 with methanolic hydrogen chloride . after 6 hr of stirring at room temperature , tlc ( eluting with 6 % triethylamine in methanol ) showed what appeared to be exclusively monoalkylated product with very little starting material . to the reaction mixture was then added 1 . 0 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of benzaldehyde and the mixture stirred overnight at room temperature . the reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform and washed with 2 × 30 ml dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was dissolved in 100 ml dilute hydrochloric acid which was subsequently washed with 2 × 30 ml ethyl acetate , made basic with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , extracted with 4 × 30 ml chloroform . the chloroform was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator . the residue showed both the mono - and di - alkylated product by tlc ( 6 % triethylamine / 94 methanol ) and nmr . to a solution of the 3 . 0 g crude material dissolved in 30 ml dry methanol was added methanolic hydrogen chloride to ph 4 - 5 , 10 . 0 g ( 10 . 094 mole ) of benzaldehyde and 2 . 00 g ( 0 . 0319 mole ) of sodium cyanoborohydride . the ph was neutral . to the reaction mixture was added ˜ 1 g of 3 a molecular sieves . the reaction mixture was stirred for 6 days at room temperature . the methanol was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ) after filtration . the residue was dissolved in ˜ 100 ml chloroform and washed with 2 × 50 ml dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 °, water aspirator ) and the residue dissolved in 100 ml of dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid . the aqueous layer was washed with 2 × 50 ml of ethyl acetate ( the ethyl acetate was extracted with 2 × 30 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and all acid layers combined ; this was done because the product appeared to be somewhat soluble in ethyl acetate ). the hydrochloric acid layer was made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with 2 × 50 ml of chloroform . the chloroform layer was dried over anhydroux sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator . the 3 . 0 g of crude product obtained was dissolved in hot isopropyl alcohol ) and treated with fumaric acid . the resulting crystals , 1 . 40 g ( 20 . 2 %), melted at 123 °- 126 ° c . with slight shrinkage occurring at 118 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 29 h 31 n 3 o 5 s : c , 65 . 27 ; h , 5 . 86 ; n , 7 . 87 . found : c , 65 . 11 ; h , 5 . 87 ; n , 8 . 05 . to a solution of 10 . 45 g ( 0 . 043 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one in 80 ml of absolute ethanol was added 10 . 84 g ( 0 . 1084 mole ) of n - methyl piperazine and the resulting solution heated to reflux for 4 hr . at that time , because ˜ 25 % starting material was present by mass spec , an additional 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of n - methyl piperazine was added and heating to reflux was continued for 2 hr . ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 °, water aspirator ) and the residue diluted with 150 ml of water . the water was extracted with 4 × 50 ml of chloroform and the organic layer was washed with 2 × 50 ml of water , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was concentrated ( vacuum pump / 95 °- 100 ° c .) for 3 . 5 hr . treatment of the residue with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol yielded 8 . 45 g ( 35 . 4 %) of pale white crystals , m . p . 162 °- 167 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 24 h 34 n 4 o 11 : c , 51 . 98 ; h , 6 . 17 ; n , 10 . 10 . found : c , 52 . 03 ; h , 6 . 00 ; n , 10 . 17 . to 8 . 0 g ( 0 . 031 mole of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 -( 4h )- thione in 80 ml of absolute ethanol was added 9 . 30 g ( 0 . 093 mole ) of n - methyl piperazine . the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hr and an additional 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) n - methyl piperazine was added . reflux was continued for an additional 5 hr . ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., water aspirator ). residual n - methyl piperazine was removed at 90 ° c . with vacuum pump for 2 hr . the residue was taken up in 150 ml of chloroform and washed with 2 × 50 ml of water . the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., water aspirator ). the residue was concentrated further with a vacuum pump at 90 ° c . the 10 . 0 g of crude material was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded 10 . 0 g ( 57 . 4 %) of light yellow crystals , m . p . 184 °- 185 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 24 h 33 n 4 o 8 . 5 s : c , 51 . 32 ; h , 5 . 92 ; n , 9 . 98 . found : c , 51 . 56 ; h , 5 . 98 ; n , 9 . 86 . ten grams ( 0 . 036 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 -( 4h )- one hydrochloride were partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the chloroform was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved in 50 ml of ethanol and 10 . 3 g ( 0 . 036 mole ) of 4 -[ bis ( 4 - fluorophenyl )- methyl ] piperidine was added . the solution was heated to reflux for 18 hr and concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform . the chloroform was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed on a waters 500 hplc ( silica / 92 % ethyl acetate - 8 % triethylamine ). after concentration of the desired product , the residue was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and treated with ethereal hydrogen chloride . the resulting crystals weighed 3 g ( 14 %) and melted at 160 °- 180 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 58 h 88 n 8 o 5 cl 4 f 4 : c , 60 . 73 ; h , 5 . 98 ; n , 7 . 33 . found : c , 60 . 60 ; h , 6 . 04 ; n , 7 . 12 . into a cooled ( water bath ) solution of 10 g ( 0 . 043 mole ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetrahydro - 4 - methyl - 5 - oxopyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 2 - propane - nitrile in 50 ml of ethylenediamine was bubbled hydrogen sulfide gas for 10 min . the reaction flask was tightly stoppered and left standing at room temperature for 5 days . the reaction solution ( now partially solidified ) was diluted with 100 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide and extracted with 5 × 30 ml of chloroform . the organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . water aspirator ). the entire residue was dissolved in 50 ml of ethylenediamine and saturated with hydrogen sulfide for 10 minutes while cooling in a water bath . the flask was tightly stoppered and left standing at room temperature for 5 days . the contents of the reaction flask were diluted with 200 ml of 2n aqueous potassium hydroxide and extracted with 3 × 125 ml of chloroform . the organic extracts were washed with 3 × 50 ml 2n aqueous potassium hydroxide and extracted into 3 × 50 ml of dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid . the acid extracts were basified with concentrated sodium hydroxide and extracted into 3 × 40 ml of chlofoform . the organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the syrupy residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 3 . 5 g ( 22 %) of white crystals . one recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol afforded an analytical sample , m . p . 198 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 21 n 4 o 6 : c , 52 . 74 ; h , 5 . 53 ; n , 15 . 38 . found : c , 52 . 76 ; h , 5 . 58 ; n , 15 . 51 . to a suspension of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 100 ml of toluene was added 11 . 49 g ( 0 . 11 mole ) n - methylaniline and the mixture heated to reflux with stirring for 2 days ( after approx . 6 hr , 23 . 0 g ( 0 . 22 mole ) additional n - methylaniline was added ). toluene was removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., water aspirator ). the n - methylaniline was removed also by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c ., vacuum pump ). the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform and washed with 3 × 30 ml dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dired over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., water aspirator ). more n - methylaniline was removed with the vacuum pump at 90 ° c . for several hours . to the residue was added 150 ml of ethyl acetate at which point some product crystallized out . however , since much remained in solution , preparative hplc on a silica gel column eluting with 60 % hexane / 40 % ethyl acetate was effected . after concentrating the flasks containing the product , crystallization was effected induced by seeding . the chromatographed product was recrystallized from ethyl acetate / isopropyl alcohol and amounted to 1 . 1 g m . p . 164 °- 5 ° c . approximately 2 g additional was collected by recrystallization of crude product , m . p . 163 °- 4 ° c . the combined yield was 3 . 1 g ( 26 %). analysis : calculated for c 18 h 21 n 3 os : c , 66 . 03 ; h , 6 . 46 ; n , 12 . 83 . found : c , 65 . 72 ; h , 6 . 51 ; n , 13 . 13 . a sample of 15 . 0 g ( 0 . 064 mole ) of 2 -( 3 - aminopropyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one was dissolved in 50 ml methylene chloride and to it was added 15 . 24 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of di - tertbutyl dicarbonate . the solution was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature . the protected amine was purified by hplc on a silica gel column , eluting with ethyl acetate approximately 15 g ( 0 . 045 mole 70 . 3 %) of the protected amine was collected as an oil . to a solution of 13 . 5 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of this oil in dry toluene was added 8 . 16 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide . the reaction mixture was heated to 80 ° c . for 2 hr . an additional amount ( 2 . 0 g , 0 . 005 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis ( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide was added and heating continued for 1 hr . another 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 2 , 4 - bis -( 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 , 3 - dithia - 2 , 4 - diphosphetane - 2 , 4 - disulfide was added and the heating continued for 5 hr . after cooling , the toluene was decanted off , washed with 5 × 30 ml dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . isopropyl alcohol was added to the residue , resulting in precipitation of an impurity ( possibly spent lawesson &# 39 ; s reagent ). isopropyl alcohol was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue purified by hplc on a silica gel column , eluting with 1 % methanol / 99 % chloroform . approximately 6 g ( 0 . 017 mole , 42 . 6 %) of material was collected and treated with 100 ml of a solution of trifluoro acetic acid / anisole / methylene chloride , 40 / 10 / 50 , v / v / v for 30 minutes . the solvent blend was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., water aspirator ) and the residue taken up in 150 ml of methylene chloride . this layer was washed with 3 × 40 ml dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol , which yielded 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 011 mole , 64 %) of the salt . recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol afforded an analytical sample , m . p . 164 °- 166 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 n 2 o 5 : c , 52 . 30 ; h , 5 . 76 ; n , 11 . 43 . found : c , 52 . 43 ; h , 5 . 83 ; n , 11 . 51 . to 5 g ( 0 . 021 mole of 2 -[ 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydropyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of pyridine was added 5 . 1 g ( 0 . 046 mole ) of phosphorus pentasulfide . an exothermic reaction insued . when the temperature dropped , the mixture was heated to 70 ° c . for 3 . 5 hr and allowed to cool . the mixture was partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide and chloroform while cooling by addition of ice . the aqueous layer was extracted 3 more times with chloroform . the combined chlofoform extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in 40 ml of ethanol and made acidic with ethereal hydrogen chloride . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from 95 % ethanol . yield was 1 . 4 g ( 19 %), m . p . 172 °- 175 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 12 h 21 n 3 so 2 cl 2 : c , 42 . 10 ; h , 6 . 18 ; n , 12 . 28 . found : c , 42 . 66 ; h , 5 . 74 ; n , 12 . 34 . a solution of 4 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione and 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of 4 -[ bis ( 4 - fluorophenyl ) methyl ] piperidine in 100 ml of ethanol was refluxed for 48 hr . one gram of k 2 co 3 was added and this mixture stirred at reflux for 144 hr . the mixture was concentrated and the residue partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed on a waters ® 500 hplc using a silica column and eluting with absolute ethanol . the material with mass 507 was collected and concentrated . the residue ( 6 g ) was reacted with 1 . 2 g of oxalic acid in ethanol . yield was 5 g , m . p . 125 °- 138 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 31 h 35 n 3 o 6 sf 2 : c , 60 . 47 ; h , 5 . 72 ; n , 6 . 82 . found : c , 60 . 62 ; h , 5 . 60 ; n , 6 . 68 . to a suspension of 2 . 16 g ( 0 . 054 mole ) of sodium hydride in 20 ml of dimethylformamide was added dropwise a solution of 2 . 92 g ( 0 . 043 mole ) of pyrazole in 10 ml of dimethylformamide . there was a slight exotherm at this point with some evolution of hydrogen gas . the resulting solution was then added dropwise to a solution of 10 . 0 g ( 0 . 039 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 30 ml of dimethylformamide . the reaction flask wash sealed and stirred overnight at room temperature . the solvent dimethylformamide was removed by rotary evaporation ( 90 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the residue was taken up in 200 ml of chloroform which was subsequently washed with 2 × 50 ml of water followed by 50 ml dil . aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was then dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . ; 30 mm ). isopropyl alcohol was added to the residue and crystallization ensued after cooling . the crude crystals ( 4 . 5 g ) were recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol giving 3 . 45 g ( 31 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 119 °- 121 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 16 n 4 os : c , 58 . 31 ; h , 5 . 59 ; n , 19 . 43 . found : c , 58 . 01 ; h , 5 . 59 ; n , 19 . 37 . to 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 018 mole of 2 -( 2 - chloro - 1 - methylethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one was added 20 ml of methanol and 40 ml of dimethylamine . the reaction flask was tightly sealed and left standing at room temperature for 72 hr . the flask was opened after cooling and the methanol and dimethylamine evaporated . another 15 ml of methanol and 40 ml of dimethylamine were added , the flask sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 7 days . the methanol and dimethylamine were evaporated and the residue taken up in 100 ml of chloroform . the chloroform layer was washed with 2 × 50 ml dil sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude material which was collected was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which afforded 3 . 5 g ( 55 %) white crystals , m . p . 204 °- 05 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 n 3 o 6 : c , 54 . 38 ; h , 6 . 56 ; n , 11 . 89 . found : c , 54 . 32 ; h , 6 . 61 ; n , 11 . 86 . into a suspension of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetrahydro - 4 - methyl - 5 - thioxopyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 2 - propanenitrile in 30 ml of ethylene diamine was bubbled hydrogen sulfide gas for 15 min while cooling in a water bath . the flask was then sealed and stirred at room temperature for 5 days . mass spectra showed much starting material . an additional 15 ml of methylene diamine was added and the mixture saturated again with hydrogen sulfide . the flask was resealed and left standing for 8 days . the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml dil aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted into 3 × 60 ml of chloroform . the chloroform extracts were combined and washed with 50 ml of water . some crystallization occurred in the separatory funnel but complete crystallization could not be effected . the organic layer was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the residue treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . the crude crystals , 7 . 0 g , ( 55 %) were recrystallized from methanol / ethanol yielding an analytical sample , m . p . 198 °- 200 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 21 n 4 o 7 s : c , 47 . 99 ; h , 4 . 97 ; n , 13 . 16 . found : c , 47 . 63 ; h , 5 . 09 ; n , 13 . 04 . to 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 015 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 2 , 4 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride in 15 ml of methanol was added 40 ml of dimethylamine . the flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 8 days . the methanol and dimethylamine were removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the residue was taken up in 150 ml of chloroform , washed with 2 × 50 ml dil aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the syrupy residue was treated with hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol , which afforded 3 . 5 g ( 67 %) of white crystals , m . p . 188 °- 90 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 23 n 3 o 2 cl 2 : c , 50 . 01 ; h , 6 . 89 ; n , 12 . 50 . found : c , 50 . 00 ; h , 6 . 98 ; n , 12 . 49 . to a suspension of 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 2 , 4 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 20 ml of methanol , cooled in an ice bath , was added 40 ml of dimethylamine . the flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 10 days . the dimethylamine and methanol were removed by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the residue was taken up in 150 ml of chloroform , washed with 3 × 50 ml dil sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c . ; 30 mm ). the crude oil was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol and treated with ethereal hydrogen chloride , which yielded 4 . 0 g ( 76 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 255 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 22 n 3 oscl : c , 53 . 23 ; h , 7 . 02 ; n , 13 . 30 . found : c , 53 . 21 ; h , 7 . 15 ; n , 13 . 19 . to a suspension of 19 . 4 g ( 35 % in oil , 0 . 172 mole ) of kh in 150 ml tetrahydrofuran was added at a rapid drop 12 . 4 g ( 0 . 086 mole ) of 1 - dimethylamino - 4 - methylamino - 2 - butanol . after 10 minutes , 20 g ( 0 . 086 mole ) of 3 - carboxyethyl 4 - chloroquinoline was added by a powder dropping funnel over a period of 30 min . the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . approximately 50 ml of water was added to quench the reaction and the mixture partitioned between isopropyl ether and water . the aqueous layer was extracted again with 2 × 70 ml of isopropyl ether . the aqueous layer was then continuously extracted for 15 hr with chloroform . the chloroform layer was collected , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., 30 mm ). the crude material ( 18 g ) was purified by hplc using silica gel as the stationary phase and 3 % triethylamine / ethanol as the eluent . approximately 4 g ( 15 . 6 %) of reasonably pure free base of the title compound was collected . a 1 . 5 g sample of the free base was reacted with 0 . 5 g oxalic acid in 10 ml of ethanol . the resulting cyrstals weighed 2 g and melted at 214 °- 218 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 23 n 3 o 6 : c , 58 . 60 ; h , 5 . 95 ; n , 10 . 79 . found : c , 58 . 46 ; h , 6 . 10 ; n , 10 . 75 . to a suspension of 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 013 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloro - 1 - methylethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione hydrochloride in 20 ml of methanol cooled in an ice bath was added 35 ml of dimethylamine previously collected at 0 ° c . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 10 days . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., water aspirator ) and the residue taken up in 150 ml of chloroform . the organic layer was washed with 2 × 50 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol and left standing overnight at room temperature , yielding 3 . 1 g ( 65 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 211 °- 213 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 o 5 n 3 s : c , 52 . 02 ; h , 6 . 18 ; n , 11 . 37 . found : c , 51 . 79 ; h , 6 . 34 ; n , 11 . 24 . into a stainless steel bomb was placed 1 . 0 g sodium iodide , 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloropropyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one and 40 ml of dimethylamine . the bomb was sealed tightly , placed in the oven at 60 ° c . and rolled continuously for 7 days . the bomb was allowed to stand at room temperature for several days . the residue was combined with that of a previous run of equal size and separated via column chromatography using silica gel and eluting with ethanol and then with 3 % triethylamine / ethanol . the fractions containing the desired product were combined and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residue was taken up in 150 ml of chloroform and washed with 2 × 50 ml diluted sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm ) and the residue treated with ethereal hydrogen chloride and hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol . the white crystals which were collected weighed 3 g ( 28 %), m . p . 173 °- 76 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 23 n 2 o 2 cl 2 : c , 50 . 01 ; h , 6 . 89 ; n , 12 . 50 . found : c , 50 . 40 ; h , 7 . 04 n , 12 . 36 . to a suspension of 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 019 mole ) of 2 -( chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 25 ml of absolute ethanol was added 3 . 5 g ( 0 . 04 mole ) of 2 - methylpyrrolidine . the mixture was heated to reflux for 6 . 5 hr and left standing at room temperature overnight . mass spec and tlc showed presence of starting materials . approximately 5 g of potassium carbonate was added and heating at reflux was continued for 24 hr . ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride and washed with 2 × 50 ml dil . aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residual syrup was dissolved in isopropyl aocohol and treated with fumaric acid affording 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 01 mole , 49 . 2 %) of crude crystals . two recrystallizations from isopropyl afforded 1 . 5 g ( 16 . 4 %) of yellow crystals , m . p ., 92 °- 95 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 h 35 n 3 o 6 s : c , 57 . 36 ; h , 7 . 33 ; n , 8 . 72 . found : c , 57 . 12 ; h , 7 . 30 ; n , 8 . 70 . to 55 ml of dimethylamine collected over an ice / methanol bath was added 2 . 2 g ( 0 . 005 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 9 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - c ] quinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrochloride . the flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 6 days . after cooling to 0 ° c ., the flask was opened and the solvent allowed to evaporate at room temperature overnight . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform , washed with 3 × 30 ml of dil sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residual oil was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol and dried , giving 2 . 2 g ( 81 %) of white crystals , m . p . 204 - 05 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 h 24 n 3 o 6 f 3 : c , 54 . 66 ; h , 5 . 00 ; n , 8 . 69 . found : c , 54 . 74 ; h , 5 . 12 ; n , 8 . 55 . to 40 ml of dimethylamine cooled to ˜ 0 ° c . in an ice water bath was added 3 . 85 g ( 0 . 013 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - b ]- quinoline - 5 ( 4h )- one in 25 ml of methanol . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 5 days . after cooling , the reaction flask was opened and the solvent allowed to evaporate in a stream of air . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform and washed with 2 × 50 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 °, 30 mm ). the residual oil was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which afforded 3 . 7 g ( 67 %) of white crystals , m . p . 125 °- 130 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 26 n 3 o 6 . 5 : c , 59 . 43 ; h , 0 . 17 ; n , 9 . 90 ; found : c , 59 . 59 ; h , 6 . 36 ; n , 9 . 60 . to 45 ml of dimethylamine was added 0 . 95 g ( 0 . 003 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - b ] quinoline - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 6 days . after cooling to 0 ° c ., the flask was opened and the solvent allowed to evaporate at room temperature . the residue was taken up in 50 ml of chloroform and washed with 3 × 30 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation , yielding 0 . 94 g of syrup ( 99 %). this was combined with 1 . 0 g of the same product from a previous run * and treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol affording 1 . 5 g of yellow crystals , m . p . 123 °- 26 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 . 3 h 30 n 3 o 6 s : c , 57 . 43 ; h , 6 . 43 ; n , 8 . 92 . found : c , 57 . 60 ; h , 6 . 21 ; n , 9 . 02 . a mixture of 13 . 4 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 4 - ethyl - 1 - methyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 5h - 1 , 4 - benzodiazepin - 5 - one , 8 . 85 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of 4 - hydroxy - 4 - phenylpiperidine , and 14 g ( 0 . 1 mole ) of potassium carbonate in 100 ml of n - butanol was refluxed for 18 hr and filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and the residue partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed on a 4 . 5 × 45 cm florisil ® column eluting with chloroform - methanol mixture with a gradation from 100 % to 84 % chloroform . the fractions containing the pure product ( as seen on tlc using 95 % chloroform - 5 % methanol on florisil ®) were combined and concentrated . the residue was molecularly distilled at 250 ° c . and 0 . 02 mm hg . the fumarate salt was prepared in isopropyl alcohol and recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol - water . yield 5 . 8 g . ( 20 %) m . p . 128 °- 139 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 32 h 45 n 3 o 7 : c , 65 . 85 ; h , 7 . 77 ; n , 7 . 20 . found : c , 64 . 85 ; h , 7 . 49 ; n , 7 . 06 . a solution of 30 g ( 0 . 112 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 4 - ethyl - 1 - methyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 5h - 1 , 4 - benzodiazepin - 5 - one in 70 ml of morpholine was refluxed for 3 hrs , concentrated on the rotary evaporator and the residue partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated on the rotary evaporator . the residue was crystallized twice from isopropyl ether containing a small amount of ethanol , m . p . 128 °- 148 ° c . recrystallization from toluene gave 19 . 5 g ( 61 %) of product , m . p . 128 °- 148 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 27 n 3 o 2 : c , 68 . 11 ; h , 8 . 57 ; n , 13 . 24 . found : c , 68 . 29 ; h 8 . 57 ; n , 13 . 26 . a mixture of 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) of 2 - chloromethyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 1 - methyl - 4 -( 1 - methylethyl )- 5h - 1 , 4 - benzodiazepin - 5 - one , and 15 . 0 g ( 0 . 45 mole ) of dimethylamine , and 200 ml of methanol were placed in a steel bomb and heated and stirred at 100 ° c . for 15 hr . after concentrating in vacuo , the residue partitioned between dilute sodium hydroxide solution and chloroform . the chloroform layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated in vacuo . the residue crystallized in isopropyl ether and was recrystallized twice from the same . it weighed 29 . 0 g ( 68 %), m . p . 93 °- 95 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 25 n 3 o : c , 69 . 78 ; h , 9 . 15 ; n , 15 . 26 . found : c , 69 . 81 ; h , 9 . 01 ; n , 15 . 33 . a solution of 30 g ( 0 . 112 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 4 - ethyl - 1 - methyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 5h - 1 , 4 - benzodiazepin - 5 - one and 10 g ( 0 . 224 mole ) of dimethylamine in 300 ml of ethanol was heated at 125 ° c . for 8 hrs and concentrated . the residue was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , concentrated and distilled . yield of product was 20 . 5 g ( 66 . 5 %), b . p . 175 °- 178 °/ 0 . 1 mm . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 25 n 3 o : c , 69 . 78 ; h , 9 . 15 ; n , 15 . 25 . found : c , 69 . 60 ; h , 9 . 17 ; n , 15 . 20 . to a suspension of 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 019 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h ) thione in 75 ml of absolute ethanol was added 10 ml of piperidine and the mixture heated to 50 ° c . for 4 days . ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg ). piperidine was removed by rotary evaporation ( 80 ° c ., 5 mm hg ) followed by azeotroping with 2 × 100 ml of toluene . the syrupy residue was taken up in 200 ml of isopropyl alcohol and heated with fumaric acid which afforded 5 . 2 g ( 57 %) yellow crystals , m . p . 133 °- 40 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 . 5 h 32 n 3 o 6 s : c , 56 . 07 ; h , 7 . 00 ; n , 9 . 12 . found : c , 55 . 90 ; h , 6 . 86 ; n , 9 . 17 . to 40 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine at - 10 ° c . was added 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 015 mole ) of 6 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 4 , 3 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 5 days . after cooling to - 10 ° c ., the flask was opened and the dimethylamine allowed to evaporate overnight . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform , washed with 2 × 30 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg ). the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which upon crystallization afforded 3 . 8 g ( 76 . 7 %) of yellow crystals . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 20 n 3 o 4 cl : c , 52 . 70 ; h , 5 . 90 ; n , 12 . 29 . found : c , 52 . 67 ; h , 5 . 96 ; n , 12 . 01 . to 100 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine in a stainless steel bomb was added 4 . 5 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of 6 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 4 , 3 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one . the bomb was sealed tightly and placed in an oven at 100 ° c . for 18 hr . after cooling , the bomb was opened and the dimethylamine allowed to evaporate at room temperature . the residue was taken up in 150 ml of chloroform , washed with 2 × 40 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg ). the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals were collected , dried overnight at room temperature , 0 . 5 mm hg . the white crystals were collected and afforded 4 . 2 g ( 56 . 3 %) of the title compound , m . p . 172 °- 75 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 30 n 4 o 8 : c , 54 . 07 ; h , 6 . 48 ; n , 12 . 01 . found : c , 54 . 01 ; h , 6 . 58 ; n , 12 . 00 . to a solution of 10 . 0 g ( 0 . 041 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of dimethylformamide was added 9 . 0 g ( 0 . 14 mole ) of a mixture of 3 - pyrroline : pyrrolidine *, 3 : 1 , v / v . the solution was heated to 65 ° c . under an n 2 blanket overnight . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg ). the syrupy residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform , washed with 2 × 30 ml of dil . aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 30 mm ). the residue was azetroped with 3 × 100 ml of toluene . the residue was purified by hplc to separate out the pyrrolidine derivative , eluting with 2 % triethylamine in methylene chloride ( v / v ). fractions with similar tlc &# 39 ; s were combined and concentrated by rotary evaporation . to the residue was added ˜ 100 ml of toluene and the mixture heated to 70 ° c . and filtered hot . approximately 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 g of hygroscopic crystals were collected . the toluene was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg ). the residue syrup was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol . two crops of crystals were collected , combined and recrystallized together giving 4 . 6 g ( 22 . 1 %) of white crystals , m . p . 158 °- 159 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 h 27 n 3 o 10 : c , 54 . 65 ; h , 5 . 38 ; n , 8 . 31 . found : c , 54 . 58 ; h , 5 . 49 ; n , 8 . 30 . to a solution of 9 . 0 g ( 0 . 035 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of dry dimethylformamide was added 10 . 0 g ( 0 . 141 mole ) of pyrroline / pyrrolidine *, 3 : 1 , v / v , and the mixture heated to 60 ° c . for 18 hr . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg ) and the syrupy residue purified by hplc separating out the pyrrolidine derivative eluting with 2 % triethylamine in methylene chloride ( v / v ) over silica gel . fractions having similar tlc &# 39 ; s were combined and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the syrupy residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which afforded 4 . 0 g ( 28 . 1 %) of crystals . one recrystallization from isopropyl alcohol afforded an analytical sample , m . p . 143 °- 45 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 23 n 3 o 5 s : c , 56 . 28 ; h , 5 . 72 ; n , 10 . 36 . found : c , 56 . 03 ; h , 5 . 23 ; n , 10 . 22 . to a solution of 4 . 1 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of dimethylformamide under nitrogen was added a solution / suspension of 0 . 7 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 017 mole ) of sodium hydride in 0 . 10 ml of dimethylformamide to which 1 . 0 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of azetidine in 20 ml of dimethylformamide had been added and allowed to stir under nitrogen atmosphere until hydrogen evolution ceased ( 15 min ). the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hr under nitrogen at room temperature . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg ) and the residue taken up in 100 ml of chloroform , washed with 3 × 30 ml dil . aqueous sodium hydroxide , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which afforded 1 . 3 g ( 21 . 2 %) of white crystals , m . p . 172 °- 174 ° c . with slight decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 22 n 3 o 6 . 5 : c , 53 . 33 ; h , 6 . 15 ; n , 11 . 66 . found : c , 53 . 73 ; h , 6 . 11 ; n , 11 . 67 . dimethylamine 22 . 6 g , 40 % solution ( 0 . 2 mole ) was added dropwise to a solution of 16 ml of epichlorohydrin ( 0 . 2 mole ) in 100 ml of methanol at 5 ° c . stirring in an ice bath . after two hours at 5 ° c . a chilled solution of 86 ml methylamine of 40 % solution ( 1 mole ) was poured into the reaction mixture . stirring was continued in ice bath for one hour and then room temperature overnight . the solvents were evaporated and the clear oil was pumped under vacuum at 75 ° c . for 1 . 5 hr to give 28 . 23 g (˜ 84 % yield ) of 1 - dimethylamino - 3 - methylamino - 2 - propanol hydrochloride ( i ) as the main product . compound i , 21 . 4 g ( 0 . 143 mole ) and 22 . 6 g of 2 - chloronicotinic acid ( 0 . 143 mole ) were stirred in 150 ml acetonitrile and 60 ml water as a two - layer system . dicyclohexylcarbodiimide , 33 g ( 0 . 16 mole ) dissolved in 90 ml of acetonitrile was added in four portions . after the addition of the second portion , an ice bath was necessary for controlling the temperature at around 25 ° c . two and a half hours later , 10 g of 2 - chloronicotinic acid was added to the reaction mixture and 15 g of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in 200 ml of acetonitrile was added in another hour . the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight . concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction mixture to ph 2 in order to convert the excess carbodiimide to urea . the white solid was removed by filtration and rinsed with aqueous acetonitrile . the filtrate and washings were evaporated to a paste which was partitioned between methylene chloride and potassium carbonate solution . the aqueous layer was extracted two more times with methylene chloride . the methylene chloride solutions were back washed with sodium chloride solution , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 56 g of oil . this oil was chromatographed on 250 g of silica gel eluting with methanol to give 26 . 97 g of light brown oil containing mainly the 2 - chloronicotinamide of compound i . the 26 . 97 g of compound obtained from chromatography was dissolved in 200 ml of toluene and heated to distill out about 40 ml solvent and then refluxed under a dean - stark trap for one half hour . sodium hydroxide , 15 g ( 50 % suspension in mineral oil , 0 . 3 mole ) was added portionwise to the toluene solution at room temperature . the mixture was then heated to reflux for 20 min . the cooled mixture was treated with isopropanol and celite and then filtered . the filtrate was acidified with hydrogen chloride solution in isopropanol . the white solid thus formed was collected by filtration , rinsed with isopropyl alcohol - isopropyl ether and dried under nitrogen . this material weighed 11 g and absorbed moisture from air readily . some second and third crop materials were obtained from the mother liquor and washings . all three crops were combined and dissolved in water , the solution was made basic with excess amount of potassium carbonate and then extracted three times with methylene chloride ; the methylene chloride solutions were back washed with saturated sodium chloride solution , dried over magnesium sulfate and treated with activated charcoal , filtered and evaporated to give 8 . 8 g of brown oil , the free base of the title compound . a 1 . 9 g sample of the brown oil was dissolved in methanol and kept warm on steam bath . fumaric acid was added and the solution was concentrated to a small volume . excess amount of acetone was added to crystallize out the fumarate salt . the salt was recrystallized once to 1 . 4 g of white solid , m . p 150 °- 151 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 n 3 o 6 : c , 54 . 70 ; h , 6 . 02 ; n , 11 . 96 . found : c , 54 . 69 ; h , 6 . 07 ; n , 11 . 88 . 2 -[( dimethylamino ) methyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one , 4 . 8 g , was dried azotropically in about 50 ml of toluene . to the warm solution was added lawesson reagent ( aldrich # 22 , 743 - 9 , 4 . 9 g ) and the reduction mixture was kept at reflux for two hours . on contact with concentrated potassium carbonate solution , the reaction mixture became a three - layer system ; both the aqueous layer and the toluene layer contained product but not the third gummy layer . the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted three times with methylene chloride which was back washed with saturated sodium chloride solution , combined with the toluene layer , dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to 5 . 25 g oil . this oil was dissolved in methanol and 2 . 45 g fumaric acid was added . with heating and stirring , isopropanol was added to the point of cloudiness and then left stirring overnight . the mixture first deposited out a layer of brown gummy material and then crystallized to a yellow powder . the yellow powder , 2 . 85 g , was collected and recrystallized from methanol , m . p . 178 °- 179 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 19 n 9 o 9 s : c , 54 . 35 ; h , 6 . 19 ; n , 13 . 58 . found : c , 54 . 21 ; h , 6 . 20 ; n , 13 . 53 . to a cold ( ice bath ) solution of 3 . 2 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) of 2 - chloronicotinic acid and 3 g ( 0 . 02 mole ) of 1 - dimethylamino - 4 - methylamino - 2 - butanol in 25 ml of methylene chloride was added 4 . 55 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide . methanesulfonic acid , 1 . 8 ml , was added to bring the ph to 6 . white solid appeared in the reaction mixture . the ice bath was removed after 1 hr and the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature overnight . the white solid was removed by filtration and the filter cake rinsed with methylene chloride . the combined filtrate and wash was extracted twice with 0 . 6n hydrochloric acid ( 15 ml and 10 ml ). to the combined acidic aqueous extracts was added 6 g of potassium bicarbonate and methylene chloride wtih stirring . the layers were separated and the aqueous basic layer was extracted with methylene chloride . the methylene chloride layers were combined , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 4 . 5 g brown oil which was predominantly 2 - chloro - n -[ 4 -( dimethylamino )- 2 - hydroxybutyl ]- n - methyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxamide . the 4 . 26 g ( 0 . 0149 mole ) of the foregoing prepared 3 - pyridinecarboxamide was mixed with 50 ml of toluene and the mixture was heated to distill off about 20 ml of solvent and then kept at reflux using a dean - stark trap to collect moisture . the temperature of the solution was lowered somewhat and 0 . 864 g ( 0 . 018 mole ) of sodium hydride in mineral oil was added to produce gentle reflux . after a total of 45 min , the mixture was cooled and to it was added 0 . 5 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 0 . 5 ml of water . carbon dioxide was bubbled in to convert the sodium hydroxide produced to sodium bicarbonate . the mixture was then azeotroped to dryness using a dean - stark trap . some acetronitrile was added to the hot mixture . after cooling , the mixture was filtered through celite rinsing with acetonitrile . the filtrate waas evaporated to give a mixture of the title product and a trace of mineral oil . the amount of title product obtained was 3 . 45 g ( 93 % yield ). the nmr and mass spec agreed with that of the free base of the compound prepared in example 10 . following the procedure of example 21 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 7 , 6 - f ] isoquinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 31 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 7 , 6 - f ] isoquinoline - 5 ( 4h ) thione is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 21 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - g ] isoquinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 31 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - g ] isoquinoline - 5 ( 4h )- thione is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 21 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 31 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinoline - 5 ( 4h )- thione is reacted with dimethylmine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 21 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 10 - dimethyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 31 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 10 - dimethyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinoline - 5 ( 4h )- thione is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 21 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2 - methyl [ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - f ] quinolin - 1 ( 2h )- one is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 31 , 4 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2 - methyl -[ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - f ] quinoline - 1 ( 2h )- thione is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 21 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinolin - 5 ( 4h )- one is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . following the procedure of example 31 , 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - oxazepino [ 6 , 7 - h ] quinoline - 5 ( 4h - thione is reacted with dimethylamine to give the title compound . to a solution of 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h ) one dissolved in 40 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added 8 . 7 g ( 0 . 063 mole ) of potassium carbonate followed by 1 . 40 g ( 0 . 025 mole ) of azetidine . the mixture was stirred for 4 days at room temperature *. another 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of azetidine was added and stirring continued for 24 hr . another 0 . 7 g ( 0 . 012 mole ) of azetidine was added and the mixture was stirred for 24 hr . the potassium carbonate was filtered off and the dimethyl sulfoxide was removed from the filtrate by rotary evaporation at 90 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride and the solution was washed with two 30 ml portions of water followed by 30 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residual syrup was reacted with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol giving 3 . 3 g ( 44 %) of white crystals , m . p . 170 °- 172 ° c . 1 hnmr analysis was essentially the same as for the same compound obtained in example 106 . to 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 0914 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 5 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione dissolved in 50 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added 8 . 04 g ( 0 . 058 mole ) of potassium carbonate and 1 . 21 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of azetidine . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hr after which was added 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of azetidine and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature . an additional 0 . 3 g ( 0 . 005 mole of azetidine was added and stirring was continued for 24 hr . the mixture was filtered and solvent removed by rotary evaporator at 80 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform and the solution was washed with two 30 ml portions of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporator . the residue was reacted with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 2 . 5 g ( 31 %) of pale yellow crystals , m . p . 122 °- 126 ° c . to 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione dissolved in 50 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was added 7 g of crushed potassium carbonate and 1 . 47 g ( 0 . 025 mole of azetidine . the mixture was stirred for 3 days at room temperature . because of incomplete reaction , 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of azetidine was added and the reaction stirred an additional 24 hrs at room temperature . the potassium carbonate was filtered off and dimethylsulfoxide removed by rotary evaporation at 90 ° c . and 0 . 5 mm hg . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of chloroform and washed with 2 × 30 ml of dil . sodium hydroxide and 2 × 30 ml of water . the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . treatment of the residual syrup in isopropyl alcohol with oxalic acid gave 3 . 3 g ( 47 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 121 °- 126 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 22 n 2 o 5 . 5 scl : c , 49 . 81 ; h , 5 . 41 ; n , 6 . 83 . found : c , 49 , 64 ; h , 5 . 20 ; n , 6 . 72 . procedure : a 10 g ( 0 . 042 mole ) sample of ( s )- 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione was treated with 50 ml of methylamine and sealed in a flask . the resulting solution was stirred at 25 ° c . for 48 hr . the excess amine was allowed to evaporate and the residue was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and treated with ethereal hydrogen chloride . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol - ethyl alcohol . yield of title compound was 5 g ( 36 %), m . p . 170 °- 179 ° c . [ α ] d 25 =+ 20 . 8 ( water ). analysis : calculated for c 13 h 21 n 3 oscl 2 : c , 46 . 16 ; h , 6 . 26 ; n , 12 . 42 . found : c , 46 . 03 ; h , 6 . 35 ; n , 12 . 38 . procedure : a 10 g ( 0 . 042 mole ) sample of ( r )- 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine5 ( 4h )- thione was treated with 50 ml of methylamine and sealed in a flask . the resulting solution was stirred at 25 ° c . for 48 hr . the excess amine was allowed to evaporate and the residue was partitioned between chloroform and dilute sodium hydroxide . the chloroform was dried over sodium sulfate and and concentrated . the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and treated in an acetonitrile solution of hydrogen chloride . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from ethanol . yield of title compound was 7 g ( 50 %); m . p . 170 °- 176 ° c . ; [ α ] d 25 =- 21 . 6 ( water ). analysis : calculated for c 13 h 21 n 3 oscl 2 : c , 46 . 16 ; h , 6 . 26 ; n , 12 . 42 . found : c , 46 . 02 ; h , 6 . 36 ; n , 12 . 36 . to a solution of 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 0195 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 40 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added 8 . 0 g of crushed potassium carbonate followed by 1 . 40 g ( 0 . 023 mole ) of azetidine . the reaction flask was stoppered and stirred at room temperature for 24 hr and 0 . 8 g ( 0 . 014 mole ) of azetidine was added . after 24 hr , another 0 . 4 g ( 0 . 007 mole ) of azetidine was added and stirring at room temperature continued . after 24 hr , the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml of water and extracted with 3 × 100 ml of benzene . the benzene extracts were combined , washed with 3 × 50 ml of water and 50 ml of saturated sodium chloride , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded 4 . 2 g ( 49 . 5 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 106 °- 22 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 23 n 3 o 5 s *: c , 54 . 95 ; h , 5 . 89 ; n , 10 . 68 found : c , 53 . 73 ; h , 6 . 11 ; n , 9 . 75 to a suspension of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 2 . 26 ml ( 0 . 022 mole ) of diethylamine and the mixture heated to reflux . ( complete dissolution occurred ). after 1 hr , another 2 . 26 ml ( 0 . 022 mole ) of diethylamine was added followed by 5 . 0 ml ( 0 . 049 mole ) and heating continued for 2 more hours . tlc ( ethylacetate / methanol / conc . ammonium hydroxide , 7 : 2 : 1 , v / v / v ) still showed presence of starting material ; another 2 . 26 ml ( 0 . 022 mole ) of diethylamine was added and heating continued for 15 hr at reflux . solvent was removed by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 30 mm hg ) and the residue taken up in methylene chloride , washed twice with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide and once with water . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation , and azeotroped once with toluene . the oil was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded 6 . 7 g ( 76 %) of white crystals , m . p . 163 °- 164 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 24 n 3 o 6 cl : c , 50 . 81 ; h , 6 . 02 ; n , 10 . 40 . found : c , 50 . 83 ; h , 6 . 13 ; n , 10 . 50 . to a solution of 6 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one in 40 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was added 8 . 0 g of crushed potassium carbonate and 1 . 5 g ( 0 . 026 mole ) of azetidine . the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 hr . after checking ty tlc [ 7 : 2 : 1 ] by volume ethyl acetate : methanol : conc . ammonium hydroxide , another 0 . 4 g ( 0 . 007 mole ) of azetidine was added . two days later , another 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 0087 mole ) of azetidine was added and the mixture stirred for 24 hr more . the reaction mixture was diluted with 100 ml of water and extracted with 4 × 100 ml of benzene . the organic extracts were combined , washed with 3 × 100 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the syrupy residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . this yielded 4 . 2 g ( 56 . 5 %) of white material , m . p . 169 °- 174 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 20 n 3 o 6 cl : c , 49 . 81 ; h , 5 . 23 ; n , 10 . 89 . found : c , 49 . 70 ; h , 5 . 33 ; n , 10 . 79 . to a solution of 6 . 0 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ] oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 5 . 3 g ( 0 . 044 mole ) of benzylmethylamine and the mixture heated to reflux for three days . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation , and the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride , which was subsequently washed with 2 × 50 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide and 50 ml water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . residual benzylmethylamine was removed at 95 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg . however , the mass spectrum now showed starting material ; therefore , the residue was taken up in 50 ml of absolute ethanol . to the resulting solution was added 2 . 7 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of benzylmethylamine and the mixture heated to reflux for 24 hrs . the reaction mixture was subjected to the same work - up as mentioned before . the syrup was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from ethanol / isopropyl alcohol to give 4 . 7 g ( 47 . 9 %) of white crystals , m . p . 176 °- 179 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 24 n 3 o 6 cl : c , 56 . 07 ; h , 5 . 38 ; n , 9 . 34 . found : c , 56 . 07 ; h , 5 . 46 ; n , 9 . 28 to 6 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- one was added 80 ml of 30 % monomethylamine ( by weight ) in absolute ethanol . the reaction flask was sealed and left standing at room temperature for ˜ 4 days . the solvent was evaporated in a stream of air . the residue was taken up in 200 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml diluted aqueous sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 20 mm hg ). the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded 4 . 5 g ( 67 %) of white cyrstals , m . p . 109 °- 113 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 18 n 3 o 6 cl : c , 46 . 74 ; h , 5 . 04 ; n , 11 . 68 . found : c , 46 . 73 ; h , 5 . 27 ; n , 11 . 31 . to 60 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 6 . 0 g ( 0 . 019 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one . the flask was sealed and left standing at room temperature for three days . the dimethylamine was evaporated in a stream of air . the residue was taken up in 200 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml diluted aqueous sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation at 60 ° c ., 30 mm hg . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which afforded 4 . 6 g ( 59 %) of white crystals , m . p . 165 °- 167 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 h 20 o 6 n 3 br : c , 43 . 08 ; h , 4 . 82 ; n , 10 . 05 . found : c , 43 . 10 ; h , 4 . 87 ; n , 10 . 04 . to 40 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added 6 . 0 g ( 0 . 019 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , 8 . 0 g of crushed potassium carbonate , and 1 . 28 g ( 0 . 023 mole ) of azetidine . the reaction mixture was sealed and stirred at room temperature for two days , after which 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) more azetidine was added . stirring was continued for 24 hr and still another 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of azetidine was added . after 24 hr , the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 30 mm hg .). the residual syrup was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 4 . 9 g ( 61 %) of white crystals , m . p . 163 °- 169 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 20 n 3 o 6 br : c , 44 . 67 ; h , 4 . 69 ; n , 9 . 77 . found : c , 44 . 59 ; h , 4 . 77 ; n , 9 . 70 . to 6 . 0 g ( 0 . 019 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 4 . 54 g ( 0 . 038 mole ) of benzylmethylamine and the solution heated to reflux . after 2 days , another 2 . 75 g ( 0 . 023 mole ) of benzylmethylamine was added and heating continued for 24 hr . solvent was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg , the residual syrup taken up in 200 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 30 mm hg ). most of the remaining benzylmethylamine was removed at 100 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm over 2 . 5 hr periods . the residual syrup was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . recrystallization from ethanol / isopropyl alcohol gave 5 . 3 g ( 57 %) of white crystals , m . p . 180 °- 183 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 2 n 3 o 6 br : c , 51 . 02 ; h , 4 . 89 ; n , 8 . 50 . found : c , 50 . 87 ; h , 5 . 00 ; n , 8 . 49 . to 50 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 5 . 5 g ( 0 . 0164 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for three days . the dimethylamine was evaporated in a stream of air and the residue taken up in 200 ml of methylene chloride which was washed with 2 × 50 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residual syrup was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which gave 5 . 1 g ( 72 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 145 °- 151 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 15 n 20 n 3 o 5 sbr : c , 41 . 48 ; h , 4 . 54 ; n , 9 . 68 . found : c , 41 . 38 ; h , 4 . 66 ; n , 9 . 71 . into 40 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was dissolved 5 . 5 g ( 0 . 0164 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione followed by addition of 8 . 0 g of potassium carbonate and 1 . 4 g ( 0 . 0246 mole ) of azetidine . the mixture was stirred 24 hr and 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 009 mole ) of azetidine was added . after 24 hr , still another 0 . 5 g ( 0 . 009mole ) of azetidine was added . after 24 hr , the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of water and extracted with 3 × 75 ml benzene . the organic extracts were combined and washed with 3 × 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . treatment of the residual syrup with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol afforded 5 . 85 g ( 80 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 161 °- 170 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 20 n 3 o 5 sbr : c , 43 . 06 ; h , 4 . 52 ; n , 7 . 42 . found : c , 43 . 15 ; h , 4 . 62 ; n , 9 . 50 . to a suspension of 4 . 75 g ( 90 . 0164 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in absolute ethanol was added 3 . 4 ml ( 0 . 04 mole ) of pyrrolidine . the suspension was heated to reflux ( complete solution occurred ) for 3hr and another 1 . 7 ml ( 0 . 2 mole ) of pyrrolidine was added . after 5 hr more at reflux , solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and azeotroped twice with toluene . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 60 ° c ., 30 mm hg ) and stripped further at 85 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg for 2 hr . the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from ethanol / isopropyl alcohol to give 5 . 1 g ( 70 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 172 °- 173 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 24 n 3 o 5 scl : c , 51 . 64 ; h , 5 . 47 ; n , 9 . 51 . found : c , 51 . 49 ; h , 5 . 58 ; n , 9 . 53 . to 60 ml of 30 % monomethylamine in ethanol was added 4 . 75 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chlorethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature . after 8 days , the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation . another 40 ml of 30 % monomethylamine in ethanol was added since some starting material remained . after 2 days , the solvent was evaporated in a stream of air and the residue taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride . the organic layer was washed twice with dilute sodium hydroxide and once with water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol / ethanol to give 0 . 85 g ( 13 . 8 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 112 °- 129 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 16 n 3 o 5 scl : c , 44 . 74 ; h , 4 . 83 ; n , 11 . 18 . found : c , 44 . 69 ; h , 5 . 20 ; n , 11 . 01 . to a solution of 4 . 75 g ( 0 . 0164 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 40 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was added 8 . 0 g of crushed potassium carbonate and 1 . 4 g ( 0 . 0246 mole ) of azetidine . the flask was sealed and stirred at room temperature for 24 hr after which an additional 0 . 6 g ( 0 . 011 mole ) of azetidine was added . after 24 hr , another 0 . 5 ( 0 . 009 mole ) of azetidine was added and stirring continued at room temperature . after 48 hr , the entire reaction mixture was diluted with 200 ml of water and extracted with 2 × 100 ml of benzene . the organic extracts were combined , washed with 3 × 100 ml of water and 1 × 100 ml saturated sodium chloride , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 65 ° c ., 30 mm hg ). the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 5 . 4 g ( 82 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 146 °- 150 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 20 n 3 o 5 scl : c , 47 . 82 ; h , 5 . 02 ; n , 10 . 46 . found : c , 47 . 66 ; h , 5 . 12 ; n , 10 . 30 . to a suspension of 5 . 00 g ( 0 . 015 mole ) of 7 - bromo - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 3 . 63 g ( 0 . 030 mole ) of benzylmethylamine . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux . after 3 hr , an additional 1 . 8 g ( 0 . 015 mole ) of benzylmethylamine was added and heating continued for 24 hr . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation at 60 ° c ., 30 mm hg ) followed by 75 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg for 1 hr . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml dilute sodium hydroxide and 50 ml water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation , and subjected 0 . 5 mm hg vac at 75 ° c . for 2 hr . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol / ethanol to give 5 . 9 g ( 77 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 192 °- 203 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 24 n 3 o 5 sbr : c , 49 . 42 ; h , 4 . 74 ; n , 8 . 23 . found : c , 49 . 40 ; h , 4 . 77 ; n , 8 . 22 . to a suspension of 4 . 75 g ( 0 . 0164 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ][ 1 , 4 ]- oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 10 ml of diethylamine and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux . after 3 hr , another 5 ml of diethylamine was added and heating continued for 24 hr . another 2 ml of diethylamine was added and heating was continued for 2 hr . the solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation and the residue azeotroped once with toluene and subjected to 0 . 5 mm hg vacuum at 70 ° c . for 20 min . the syrupy residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue syrup was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol giving 3 . 86 g ( 53 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 141 °- 143 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 19 h 26 n 3 o 5 scl : c , 51 . 40 ; h , 5 . 90 ; n , 9 . 47 . found : c , 51 . 20 ; h , 5 . 96 ; n , 9 . 42 . to a suspension of 4 . 75 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of absolute ethanol was added 4 . 00 g ( 0 . 033 mole ) of benzylmethylamine and the mixture heated to reflux . after 24hr , an additional 2 . 00 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of benzylmethylamine was added and heat continued . still another 2 . 00 ( 0 . 017 mole ) of benzylmethylamine was added and heating continued for 24 hr . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg , and the residue taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation ( 70 ° c ., 30 mm hg ). the syrupy residue was then subjected to 100 ° c ., 0 . 5 mm hg , and subsequently treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol . the resulting crystals were recrystallized from ethanol and isopropyl alcohol to give 4 . 9 g ( 64 %) of yellow crystals . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 24 n 3 o 5 scl : c , 54 . 13 ; h , 5 . 19 ; n , 9 . 02 . found : c , 53 . 99 ; h , 5 . 25 ; n , 8 . 93 . to a solution of 5 . 00 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloro - ethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 10ml of ethylmethylamine . the reaction flask was sealed and stirred at room temperature for 7 days . the reaction mixture was then heated on low heat for 14 hr after which was added 2 . 5 ml of ethylmethylamine and heating continued for 15 hr . the solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation and syrupy residue taken up in methylene chloride which was washed twice with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which afforded 5 . 0 g ( 74 . 5 %) of white crystals , m . p . 133 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 n 3 o 6 : c , 54 . 38 ; h , 6 . 56 ; n , 11 . 89 . found : c , 54 . 19 ; h , 6 . 68 ; n , 11 . 83 . to a suspension of 5 g ( 0 . 019 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 10 ml of methylethylamine and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 14 days . an additional 7 . 5 ml of methylethylamine was added and the reaction mixture heated for 18 hr very gently and stirred at room temperature for 12 days . the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 30 ml 1n sodium hydroxide and 30 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation and azeotroped once with toluene . the residue was reacted with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 2 . 2 g ( 31 . 3 %) of crystals , m . p . 127 °- 131 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 n 3 o 5 s : c , 52 . 0 ; h , 6 . 28 ; n , 11 . 37 . found : c , 51 . 62 ; h , 6 . 27 ; n , 11 . 22 . to 50 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 020 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one hydrate [ 1 : 1 ]. the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 3 days . the dimethylamine was evaporated in a stream of air . the residue was taken up in methylene chloride , washed twice with 1n sodium hydroxide and once with water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the syrupy residue was treated with 2 equivalents of fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which yield 5 . 2 g ( 52 %) of white crystals , m . p . 164 °- 165 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 h 29 n 3 o 10 : c , 53 . 33 ; h , 5 . 90 ; n , 8 . 48 . found : c , 53 . 33 ; h , 5 . 94 ; n , 8 . 44 . to 40 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added a solution of 4 . 9 g ( 0 . 018 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 15 ml of methanol . the flask was sealed and left standing at room temperature for 3 days . the solvent was evaporated in a stream of air and the syrupy residue taken up in methylene chloride which was washed twice with 1n sodium hydroxide and once with water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residual syrup was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 5 . 5 g of yellow crystals , m . p . 216 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 23 n 3 o 5 s : c , 52 . 02 ; h , 56 . 28 ; n , 11 . 37 . found : c , 51 . 96 ; h , 6 . 37 ; n , 11 . 30 . to 60 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 018 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 - nitro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and allowed to stand 72 hr at room temperature the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue taken up in 200 ml of methylene chloride washed with 3 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide and 100 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 6 . 4 g ( 76 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 167 °- 169 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 20 h 25 n 3 o 10 : c , 51 . 39 ; h , 5 . 39 ; n , 8 . 99 . found : c , 51 . 47 ; h , 5 . 43 ; n , 8 . 94 . to 50 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 4 . 25 g ( 0 . 014 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 - nitro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and allowed to stand at room temperature for 6 days . the dimethylamine was evaporated at room temperature . the solid residue was taken up in methylene chloride , washed twice with 1n hydroxide and once with water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . approximately 0 . 8 g of the crude solid residue was triturated with isopropyl / ether to give the crystalline free base , m . p . 104 °- 109 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 19 n 3 o 3 s : c , 54 . 35 ; h , 6 . 19 ; n , 13 . 58 . found : c , 54 . 20 ; h , 6 . 21 ; n , 13 . 54 . a sample of crude solid residue obtained in example 148 was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol to give the title fumarate salt . once recrystallization from methanol gave 2 . 8 g of yellow crystals , m . p . 192 °- 194 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 22 n 3 o 6 s : c , 51 . 50 ; h , 5 . 59 ; n , 10 . 60 . found : c , 51 . 54 ; h , 5 . 59 ; n , 10 . 47 . to a solution of 10 g ( 0 . 039 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 50 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was added 8 g of crushed potassium carbonate and 5 . 56 g ( 0 . 098 mole ) of cyclopropylamine and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 72 hr . another 2 . 6 g ( 0 . 035 mole ) of cyclopropylamine was added and stirring at room temperature continued for 3 hr . the reaction mixture was poured into 200 ml of water and extracted with 2 × 100 ml of benzene . the combined organic extracts were washed with 2 × 100 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in 250 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid and washed with 3 × 100 ml of methylene chloride . the aqueous layer was made just basic with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted with 3 × 100 ml of methylene chloride . the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was further purified by preparative hpls using 1 % triethylamine in methylene chloride . like fractions were combined and concentrated to give ˜ 5 g of oil which was treated with fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 2 . 8 g ( 21 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 152 °- 154 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 n 3 o 3 s : c , 57 . 29 ; h , 6 . 31 ; n , 12 . 53 . found : c , 57 . 27 ; h , 6 . 38 ; n , 12 . 42 . to 60 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 0195 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 7 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and allowed to stand at room temperature for 72 hr . after cooling , the flask was opened and the excess dimethylamine allowed to evaporate at room temperature . the residue was taken up in methylene chloride and washed twice with 1n sodium hydroxide and once with water . the organic layer was dried over sodiumsulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 5 . 35 g ( 77 %) of white crystals , m . p . 201 °- 203 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 21 n 2 o 6 f 1 : c , 53 . 93 ; h , 5 . 94 ; n , 7 . 86 . found : c , 53 . 93 ; h , 5 . 98 ; n , 7 . 89 . to 60 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 018 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 7 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and allowed to stand at room temperature for 72 hr . after cooling , the flask was opened and the excess dimethylamine allowed to evaporate at room temperature . the residue was taken up in methylene chloride , washed twice with 1n sodium hydroxide and once with water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 6 g ( 87 %) of pale yellow crystals , m . p . 180 °- 182 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 22 n 2 o 5 . 5 s 1 f 1 : c , 50 . 38 ; h , 5 . 81 n , 7 . 30 . found : c , 50 . 10 ; h , 5 . 65 ; n , 7 . 28 . into 22 . 7 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 51 mole ) of sodium hydride suspended in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran , under a nitrogen blanket and heated to reflux , was added a solution of 63 g ( 0 . 27 mole ) of 2 - chloro - 5 - phenyl - 3 - pyridinecarboxylic acid and 27 . 2 g ( 0 . 27 mole ) of n - methyl pyrrolidinol in 350 ml of tetrahydrofuran at a drop rate to maintain good reflux ( occasional external heating was required ). the mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hr and 2 . 5 g ( 60 % in oil , 0 . 063 mole ) of sodium hydride was cautiously added to complete the reaction . heating was continued for another 2 hr . after cooling , 3 - 6 ml of water was added and precipitation ensued . the precipitate was collected , washed with tetrahydrofuran and dried to give 97 g of crude sodium salt . the entire portion of the above sodium salt was added to ˜ 400 ml of thionyl chloride slowly ( reaction is slightly exothermic ) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes . the unreacted thionyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ° c . and the residue azeotroped once with toluene . the residue was suspended in 600 ml of methylene chloride and to it was added diisopropylethylamine cautiously until the solution was basic . the reaction solution was washed with 3 × 200 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid and 3 × 200 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation , taken up in toluene , charcoaled twice and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue ( 60 g ) was taken up in ethyl acetate and the solution was passed through a short bed of silica gel using 25 % hexane - 75 % ethyl acetate . similar fractions were combined to give ˜ 25 g of crude ( but 95 % minimum purity ) oil . to 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 016 mole ) of the above rearranged compound was added 50 ml of dimethylamine . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 4 days . the unreacted dimethylamine was evaporated at room temperature and the residue takenup in 100 ml of methylene chloride . the organicsolution was washed with 3 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 4 . 9g ( 71 %) white analytically pure crystals , m . p . 156 °- 63 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 27 n 3 o 7 : c , 58 . 19 ; h , 6 . 28 ; n , 9 . 69 . found : c , 58 . 07 ; h , 5 . 95 ; n , 9 . 32 . to 60 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 5 . 5 g ( 0 . 0165 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 - phenylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 4 days . the dimethylamine was evaporated at room temperature . the oily residue was taken up in 150 ml of methylene chloride and the solution was washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in isopropyl alcohol and treated with oxalic acid . the resulting crude crystals were recrystallized from ethanol / methanol to give 5 g ( 20 %) of yellow analytically pure crystals , m . p . 193 °- 96 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 25 n 3 o 5 s : c , 58 . 45 ; h , 5 . 84 ; n , 9 . 74 . found : c , 58 . 34 ; h , 5 . 77 ; n , 9 . 69 . to 7 . 0 g ( 0 . 023 mole ) of 2 -[ 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 - nitro - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione was added 250 ml of 23 % ammonium sulfide in water . ethyl alcohol was added in amount sufficient to dissolve the starting compound (˜ 50 - 60 ml ). the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hr . after cooling , the reaction mixture was acidified with concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid . the ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ° c . the remaining aqueous solution was washed with 3 × 100 ml of chloroform , filtered , cooled with ice and made slightly basic with sodium hydroxide . the aqueous was then extracted with 3 × 100 ml of chloroform , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 3 . 5 g ( 55 %) of yellow analytically pure crystals . analysis : calculated for c 14 h 21 n 3 os : c , 60 . 18 ; h , 7 . 58 ; n , 15 . 04 . found : c , 60 . 08 ; h , 7 . 68 ; n , 14 . 96 . to 3 . 5 g ( 0 . 0125 mole ) of 7 - amino - 2 -[ 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethyl ]- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione was added 30 ml of acetic anhydride and the mixture swirled until dissolved . the acetic anhydride was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride and the solution was washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n potassium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude residue was treated with oxalic acid in ethanol to give 5 . 0 g of yellow , analytically pure crystals , m . p . 104 °- 110 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 27 n 3 o 7 s : c , 50 . 34 ; h , 6 . 34 ; n , 9 . 78 . found : c , 50 . 33 ; h , 5 . 98 ; n , 9 . 55 . to 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 6 . 6 g of 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 2 -[ 2 -( methylamino ) ethyl ] pyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione and 3 . 35 g ( 0 . 026 mole ) of diisopropylethylamine . while stirring , 4 . 75 g ( 0 . 026 mole ) of p -( t - butyl ) benzyl chloride was added at a rapid drop rate . the reaction solution was heated to reflux for 4 hr . after cooling , ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride and the solution was washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n potassium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , and filtered . the methylene chloride was removed by rotary evaporation and ethylacetate was added to the residue which caused some precipitate to fall out ( probably quaternary ). after filtering off the precipitate , ethyl acetate was removed by rotary evaporation . the oily residue was heated with 2 equivalents of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded 4 . 3 g ( 31 %) of yellow , analytically pure crystals , m . p . 175 °- 78 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 26 h 34 n 3 o 1 s : c , 58 . 63 ; h , 6 . 43 ; n , 7 . 89 . found : c , 58 . 36 ; h , 6 . 44 ; n , 7 . 93 . to 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 0195 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione and 3 . 65 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of 4 - methoxy - n - methylbenzene - ethanamine and 2 . 5 g ( 0 . 0195 mole ) of diisopropylethylamine . after ˜ 6 hr heating at reflux 3 . 15 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of 4 - methoxy - n - methylbenzeneethanamine was added and heating was continued overnight . after removing the solvent by rotary evaporation , the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride and the solution was washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate and filtered . the solution was then treated with 10 ml of acetic anhydride overnight . the methylene chloride was extracted with 3 × 100 ml of hydrochloric acid . the combined aqueous extracts were washed with 2 × 100 ml of chloroform made basic with concentrated sodium hydroxide and extracted into 3 × 100 ml of chloroform . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give 2 . 8 g ( 37 %) of yellow , analytically pure crystals , m . p . 75 °- 78 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 21 h 27 n 3 o 2 s : c , 85 . 43 ; h , 7 . 06 . n , 10 . 90 . found : c , 65 . 14 ; h , 7 . 05 ; n , 10 . 85 . to 40 ml of absolute ethanol was added 5 . 0 ( 0 . 0194 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione , 3 . 53 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of 4 - methoxy - n - methylbenzenemethanamine and 2 . 75 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of diisopropylethylamine and the reaction solution heated to reflux for 18 hr . another 1 . 0 g ( 0 . 006 mole ) of 4 - methoxy - n - methylbenzenemethanamine was added and heating continued for 4 hr . an additional 1 . 0 g ( 0 . 006 mole ) of 4 - methoxy - n - methylbenzenemethanamine was added and heating continued overnight . still an additional 0 . 6 g ( 0 . 0036 mole ) of 4 - methoxy - n - methylbenzeanemethanamine was added and heating continued for 24 hr . the ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride and treated with ˜ 8 ml of acetic anhydride overnight . the methylene chloride was extracted with 3 × 100 ml of 1n hydrochloric acid . the combined aqueous extracts were washed with 2 × 100 ml of chloroform , cooled , basified with concentrated sodium hydroxide , and extracted into 3 × 100 ml of chloroform . the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , concentrated by rotary evaporation , and triturated with isopropyl ether . because the crystals were still impure , they were dissolved in 100 ml of methylene chloride , washed with 2 × 50 ml of 4n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was crystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 4 g ( 56 %) of yellow analytically pure crystals , m . p . 128 °- 30 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 20 h 25 n 3 o 2 s : c , 64 . 66 ; h , 6 . 78 ; n , 11 . 31 . found : c , 64 . 62 ; h , 6 . 81 ; n , 11 . 30 . to 70 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one and 5 ml of methanol . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 2 days . the reaction flask was cooled and opened and the solvent evaporated in a stream of air . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of methylene chloride and the solution was washed with 3 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residual oil was treated with 2 equivalents of fumaric acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded 5 . 3 g ( 59 %) of white analytically pure crystals , m . p . 153 °- 56 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 h 28 n 3 o 10 cl : c , 49 . 86 ; h , 5 . 33 ; n , 7 . 93 . found : c , 49 . 49 ; h , 5 . 28 ; n , 7 . 70 . to 60 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed tightly and left standing at room temperature for 2 days . after cooling , the flask was opened and solvent evaporated in a stream of air . the crude crystalline residue was taken up in ˜ 100 ml of methylene chloride and the solution was washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which yielded ˜ 3 g of yellow analytically pure crystals , m . p . 191 °- 92 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 16 h 22 n 3 o 5 scl : c , 47 . 58 ; h , 5 . 49 ; n , 10 . 40 . found : c , 47 . 55 ; h , 5 . 53 ; n , 10 . 36 . to a solution of 5 . 0 g ( 0 . 017 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazpin - 5 ( 4h )- one in 20 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was added ˜ 7 g of sodium carbonate ( crushed ) and 2 . 46 g ( 0 . 043 mole ) of azetidine . the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 days at room temperature and poured into 200 ml of water . the aqueous mixture was extracted with 3 × 100 ml of benzene . the combined benzene extracts were washed with 2 × 100 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol which gave 5 g ( 73 %) of white analytically pure crystals , m . p . 191 °- 92 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 22 n 3 o 6 cl : c , 51 . 07 ; h , 5 . 55 ; n , 10 . 51 . found : c , 50 . 87 ; h , 5 . 58 ; n , 10 . 47 . to a solution of 3 . 0 g ( 0 . 01 mole ) of 7 - chloro - 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 , 8 - dimethylpyrido [ 3 , 2 - f ]- 1 , 4 - oxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione in 20 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added ˜ 5 g of sodium carbonate and 1 . 40 g ( 0 . 0245 mole ) of azetidine . the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 days at room temperature and 0 . 3 g ( 0 . 005 mole ) of azetidine was added and stirring continued for 3 days . the reaction mixture was poured in 300 ml of wate . the aqueous mixture was extracted with 2 × 100 ml of benzene . the combined benzene extracts were washed with 3 × 75 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation at 50 ° c . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alchol which gave 3 . 5 g ( 82 %) of yellow analytically pure crystals , m . p . 162 °- 66 ° c . with decomposition . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 23 n 3 o 5 . 5 scl : c , 48 . 06 ; h , 5 . 46 ; n , 9 . 89 . found : c , 47 . 82 ; h , 5 . 47 ; n , 9 . 73 . to 50 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 013 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one . the reaction flask was sealed and left standing at room temperature for 72 hours . after cooling , the flask was opened and the excess dimethylamine evaporated at room temperature . the residue was taken up in 100 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 3 . 2 g ( 61 %) of white , analytically pure crystals , m . p . 187 °- 89 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 21 n 2 o 6 f 3 : c , 50 . 25 ; h , 5 . 21 ; n , 6 . 89 . found : c , 50 . 20 ; h , 5 . 24 ; n , 6 . 82 . to 50 ml of freshly collected dimethylamine was added 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 012 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione . the reaction flask was sealed and left standind at room temperature for 5 days . the excess dimethylamine was evaporated at room temperature . the residue was taken up in 150 ml of ethyl acetate , washed with 2 × 50 ml of 1n sodium hydroxide , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 3 . 4 g ( 67 %) of off - white crystals , m . p . 170 °- 71 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 17 h 21 n 2 o 5 s 1 f 3 : c , 48 . 34 ; h , 5 . 01 ; n , 6 . 63 . found : c , 48 . 03 ; h , 4 . 99 ; n , 6 . 53 . to 30 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was added 4 . 0 g ( 0 . 012 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepine - 5 ( 4h )- thione 1 . 4 g ( 0 . 025 mole ) of azetidine and 10 g of potassium carbonate . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days and 1 . 2 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of azetidine was added . after 3 days , the entire reaction mixture was poured into 500 ml of water and extracted with 3 × 100 ml of toluene . the combined organic layers were washed with 2 × 100 ml of water , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the solid residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 2 . 4 g ( 46 %) of yellow crystals , m . p . 96 °- 110 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 21 n 2 o 5 sf 3 : c , 49 . 77 ; h , 4 . 87 ; n , 6 . 45 . found : c , 49 . 42 ; h , 5 . 00 ; n , 6 . 25 . to 30 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was added 3 . 5 g ( 0 . 011 mole ) of 2 -( 2 - chloroethyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydro - 4 - methyl - 7 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1 , 4 - benzoxazepin - 5 ( 4h )- one , 1 . 3 g ( 0 . 022 mole ) of azetidine , and 10 g of potassium carbonate . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hr and 1 . 18 g ( 0 . 021 mole ) of azetidine was added . after 48 hr , the reaction mixture was poured into 500 ml of water and extracted with 3 × 100 ml of toluene . the combined organic extracts were washed with 2 × 150 ml of water , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , filtered , and concentrated by rotary evaporation . the residue was treated with oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol to give 3 . 0 g ( 65 %) of white analytically pure crystals , m . p . 163 °- 166 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 21 n 2 o 6 f 3 : c , 51 . 68 ; h , 5 . 06 ; n , 6 . 70 . found : c , 51 . 51 ; h , 5 . 22 ; n , 6 . 48 . experiments were conducted to determine whether sedation was present as a result of administration of the compounds of the invention as antihistaminics and the results on compounds tested suggests they are non - sedative antihistaminics . the comparative antihistaminic agent used was diphenhydramine which does cause sedation . see douglas , w . c . ( 1980 ), &# 34 ; histamine and 5 - hydroxytryptamine ( serotonin ) and their antagonists &# 34 ; in the pharmacological basis of therapeutics ( ed : a . g . gilman , l . s . goodman , a . gilman , 6th edition , macmillian , new york , pp 609 - 641 . in the present tests , sedation is defined as a change in the electroencephalograms ( eegs ) from the normal pattern of low voltage , fast ( ξ ) cerebral cortical waves ( 12 - 25 hz , & lt ; 50 mv amplitude ) to synchronized high voltage , slow ( α , δ ) cerebral cortical waves ( 1 - 3 , 4 - 7 hz , & gt ; 50 m v amplitude ) with frequent periods of sleep spindles predominating . ten cats of both sexes were anesthetized with halothane and cannulae placed in the trachea , the left cephalic vein , and the right femoral artery for artificial ventilation , drug administration , and blood pressure recording , respectively . the head was fixed in a kopf sterotaxic unit and the calvarium was widely exposed . stainless steel screw electrodes ( 1 / 4 &# 34 ;) were placed through the calvarium so that the tips rested on the dura over the frontal , parietal , and occipital areas , bilaterally . an electrode of the same type was placed in the right frontal sinus and served as the reference electrode for monopolar eeg recordings . after completion of the surgery , the animal was given gallamine triethiodide ( 20 mg , iv ; supplemented as necessary ) and the halothane withdrawn . artificial respiration was instituted ( 10 ml room air / kg / 3 sec ). eegs were made on a grass , model 5 , electroencephalograph along with ( lead ii ) ekg . typically , eegs were recorded for 2 - 3 min every 10 min . arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored on a grass , model 79 , polygraph . in most experiments , histamine ( 0 . 5 μg / kg , iv ) was given to produce a transient (& lt ; 30 sec ) hypotensive effect . it was normally given 10 , 20 and 30 min prior to the first dose of the test drug and then 5 , 10 and 20 min after each dose of the test drug . in this way an indication of the antihistaminic activity of test drug could be quantified . concomitant with the antihistaminic quantification was the effect of test drug on eeg . test drug was usually given in increasing doses of 0 . 1 , 0 . 3 , 0 . 5 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 10 and 20 mg / kg , iv . illustratively of the compounds tested ( examples 12 , 65 and 71 ) the compound of example 12 produced a 50 % reduction of the histamine - induced depressor effect on blood pressure at 0 . 3 mg / kg , iv and a 100 % suppression at 1 - 3 mg / kg , iv . there were no signs of sedation in these animals at any dose up to 20 mg / kg , iv . on the other hand , the comparative drug , diphenhydramine , known to produce sedation ( tested here in 6 cats ) produced a 50 % suppression of the histamine - induced depressor effect on blood pressure at 0 . 5 mg / kg , iv and a 100 % suppression at 3 - 5 mg / kg , iv . signs of sedation with diphenhydramine occurred in the eeg tracings as low as 0 . 5 mg / kg , iv with marked slowing , synchronized waves , and sleep spindles at 1 - 3 mg / kg , iv . in summary , diphenhydramine produced an antihistaminic effect in doses which also produced a sedative effect . this is similar to what is seen in man with diphenhydramine . in contrast to the effects of diphenylhydramine , compounds such as that of example 12 do not produce sedation at any dose up to 20 mg / kg , even though the antihistaminic effects occurred at such lower doses . these data , therefore , suggest the nonsedative nature of compounds of the invention . the invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions for administration to a living animal body comprising , as active ingredients , at least one of the compounds of formula i according to the invention in association with a pharmaceutical carrier or excipient . the compounds are thus presented in a therapeutic composition suitable for oral , rectal , parenteral , subcutaneous , intramuscular , intraperitoneal , intravenous , or intranasal administration . thus , for example , compositions for oral administration can take the form of elixirs , capsules , tablets or coated tablets containing carriers conveniently used in the pharmaceutical art . suitable tableting excipients include lactose , potato and maize starches , talc , gelatin and stearic and silicic acids , magnesium stearate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone . for parenteral administration , the carrier or excipient can be comprised of a sterile parenterally acceptable liquid ; e . g ., water or arachis oil contained in ampoules . in compositions for rectal administration , the carrier can be comprised of a suppository base ; e . g ., cocoa butter or a glyceride . application to the nose , throat or bronchial region can be in the form of gargle or an aerosol spray containing small particles of the agent of formula i in a spray or dry powder form . advantaeously , the compositions are formulated as dosage units , each unit being adapted to supply a fixed dose of active ingredients . tablets , coated tablets , capsules , ampoules and suppositories are examples of preferred dosage forms according to the invention , it is only necessary that the active ingredient constitute an effective amount ; i . e ., such that a suitable effective dosage will be consistent with the dosage form employed . the exact individual dosages , as well as daily dosages , will of course be determined according to standard medical principles under the direction of a physician or veterinarian . generally , the pharmacology tests on guinea pigs in comparison to certain other antihistaminic drugs and limited testing in humans suggests an effective dose for an adult will be in the range of 1 to 50 mg for the more active compounds . based on the animal data and limited human testing , unit dosages containing an amount of compound equivalent to about 0 . 01 to about 1 . 0 mg of active drug per kilogram of body weight are contemplated . daily dosages of about 0 . 04 to 4 . 0 mg / kg body weight are contemplated for humans and obviously several small units dosage forms may be administered at one time . however , the scope of the invention is not to be limited by these contemplations due to uncertainty in transposing from animal data to humans and preliminary human testing . ______________________________________ingredients per capsule______________________________________capsules : 1 . active ingredient 4 mg . 2 . lactose 150 mg . 3 . magnesium stearate 4 mg . tablets : 1 . active ingredient 4 mg . 2 . corn starch 20 mg . 3 . kelacid 20 mg . 4 . keltose 20 mg . 5 . magnesium stearate 1 . 3 mg . ______________________________________ 2 . add sufficient water portionwise to blend to the blend from step 1 with careful stirring after each addition . such addititons of water and stirring continue until the mass is of a constituency to permit its conversion to wet granules . 3 . the wet mass is converted to granules by passing it through the oscillating granulator using 8 mesh screen . 4 . the wet granules are then dried in an oven at 140 ° f . 6 . the lubricated granules are compressed on a suitable tablet press . ______________________________________intramuscular injection per ml . ______________________________________1 . active ingredients 10 . 0 mg . 2 . isotonic buffer solution 4 . 0 q . s to 1 . 0 ml . ______________________________________ ______________________________________suppositories : ingredients per supp . ______________________________________1 . active ingredient 10 . 0 mg . 2 . polyethylene glycol 1000 1350 . 0 mg . 3 . polyethylene glycol 4000 450 . 0 mg . ______________________________________ 2 . dissolve no . 1 in the molten mass from step 1 and stir until uniform . 3 . pour the molten mass from step 2 into suppository molds and chill . therapeutic compositions for combatting histamine in unit dosage form , comprising a pharmaceutical carrier and an effective amount of a compound of formula i or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof are therefore an embodiment of this invention . various modifications and equivalents will be apparent to one skilled in the art and may be made in the compounds , methods , processes and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof , and it is therefore to be understood that the invention is to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims . | 2 |
an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . a liquid ejecting device of the invention is operable to eject any of various kinds of liquids , as described above . in an illustrated embodiment , the liquid ejecting device is typically applied to an ink jet recording device . fig1 is a perspective view showing a peripheral structure of an ink jet recording device according to the present invention . fig2 is a cross sectional view showing a recording head 36 , which is similar to the recording head h already described referring to fig6 . in fig6 , like or equivalent portions are designated by like reference numerals used in fig2 . the ink jet recording device includes a carriage 31 and a capping device 38 . the carriage 31 includes six ink cartridges 37 mounted in an upper part thereof , and a recording head 36 mounted on a lower surface thereof . the capping device 38 is provided for sealing the recording head 36 . in the embodiment , six ink cartridges 37 containing respectively cyan ( c ), light cyan ( lc ), magenta ( m ), light magenta ( lm ), yellow ( y ), and black ( bk ) are mounted on the carriage . the carriage 31 is coupled to a stepping motor 33 by a timing belt 32 , and is reciprocatively moved in a width direction of a recording sheet 35 , while being guided by a guide bar 34 . the recording head 36 is mounted on a surface ( lower surface in this instance ) of the carriage 31 , which faces the recording sheet 35 . inks are fed to the recording head 36 , from the ink cartridges 37 . the recording head ejects ink drops onto the recording sheet 35 , while moving the carriage 31 , to thereby images and characters are printed on the recording sheet 35 by a dot matrix method . the capping device 38 is located in a non - print region within a movement range of the carriage 31 . when the recording head is not used or operated for printing , the capping device seals the nozzle orifices 2 for preventing the drying of the nozzle orifices 2 . the capping device 38 is also used as a receptacle for receiving ink drops that is ejected from the recording head 36 in the flushing operation . further , the capping device 38 is coupled to a suction pump 39 . in the cleaning operation , the capping device applies a negative pressure to the nozzle orifices 2 of the recording head 36 so that the ink is sucked from the nozzle orifices 2 . fig2 is a cross sectional view showing an example of the recording head 36 . the recording head 36 is similar to the recording head h already described referring to fig6 . in fig6 , like or equivalent portions are designated by like reference numerals used in fig2 . in the figure , the capping device 38 and the suction pump 39 are indicated by two - dot chain lines . fig3 is a block diagram showing a system configuration of the ink jet recording device . in the figure , a receiving buffer 45 receives print data from a host computer ( not shown ), a bit map generating unit 46 converts the print data into bit map data , and a print buffer 47 temporarily stores the bit map data . reference numeral 49 designates head drive unit . the head drive unit executes a printing operation in which a drive signal is applied to the pressure generating element 11 so that ink drops are ejected from the recording head 36 in accordance with a print signal from the print buffer 47 . further , at a timing of the flushing operation , the head drive unit executes the flushing operation in which a drive signal is applied to the pressure generating element 11 independently of a print signal so that ink drops are ejected from the nozzle orifices 2 of the recording head 36 . reference numeral 50 designates a pump drive unit . the pump drive unit 50 executes a cleaning operation in which a negative pressure is applied from the suction pump 39 to the recording head 36 when the recording head 36 is sealed with the capping device 38 to forcibly suck the ink from the nozzle orifices 2 . reference numeral 48 designates carriage control unit . at the time of printing , the carriage control unit 48 drives a stepping motor 33 which in turn moves the carriage 31 to scan the recording head 36 . further , in the flushing operation or at the end of printing , the carriage control unit 48 moves the carriage 31 to a position where the capping device 38 is confronted with the recording head 36 . reference numeral 51 designates a cap leaving timer . when it is detected , based on a signal from the carriage control unit 48 or the like , that the recording head 36 is sealed with the capping device 38 , the cap leaving timer 51 is driven to measure a cap leaving time that the recording head 36 is left while being sealed with the capping device 38 . specifically , the cap leaving timer 51 measures an accumulative time ( referred to as a “ leaving time ”) that the nozzle orifices 2 are kept in a sealing state , and is reset at a time point that the cleaning operation is performed . reference numeral 52 is a print timer . when a start of printing operation is detected by use of signals from the head drive unit 49 and the carriage control unit 48 or the like , the print timer 52 is driven to measure a printing time ranging from an instant that the recording head 36 is released from the capping device 38 till the recording head 36 is sealed with the capping device 38 again . specifically , the print timer 52 measures an accumulative time ( referred to as a “ total printing time ”) that the ink drops are ejected , and is reset at a time point that the cleaning operation is executed . reference numeral 53 indicates mode select unit . the mode select unit 53 receives signals representative of a leaving time and a total printing time from the cap leaving timer 51 and the print timer 52 , and selects a flushing mode to perform the flushing operation or a cleaning mode to perform the cleaning operation on the basis of a correlation between the leaving time and the total printing time and various conditions to be described later , and outputs a signal indicating the selected mode . reference numeral 54 is flushing control unit . the flushing control unit 54 receives a signal from the mode select unit 53 , and causes the head drive unit 49 to apply a drive voltage to the pressure generating element 11 . upon receipt of the drive signal , the pressure generating element 11 is repeatedly expanded and contracted to vibrate . and , the flushing control unit 54 controls the flushing operation in which the recording head is caused to eject ink drops from the nozzle orifices 2 under various conditions . reference numeral 55 is cleaning control unit . the cleaning control unit 55 receives a signal from the mode select unit 53 and controls the cleaning operation by the pump drive unit 50 . fig4 is a chart useful in explaining mode select conditions for selecting one of the recovery modes , which are determined by a correlation between the leaving time and the total printing time in the ink jet recording device . the instant chart for determining the mode select conditions is designed to have a flushing region and a cleaning region . a flushing mode is assigned to the flushing region , and a cleaning mode is assigned to the cleaning region . the flushing mode consists of four flushing modes fl 1 to fl 4 , which are respectively defined by recovery levels in this instance , a time scale of the total printing time ( hr ) contains three reference time values , 1 , 2 and 3 hours . a time scale of the leaving time ( hr ) contains six reference values 12 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 60 and 72 hours . an area hatched in fig4 is the cleaning region in which the cleaning mode is selected . an area defined by the time values , which are smaller than those of the cleaning mode , is the flushing region . a mode fl 1 in the flushing region is defined by the total printing time of smaller than 1 hour and the leaving time of smaller than 72 hours . a mode fl 2 is defined by the total printing time from 1 hour to a time value of smaller than 2 hours , and the leaving time of smaller than 48 hours . a mode fl 3 is defined by the total printing time from 2 hours to a time value of smaller than 3 hours , and the leaving time of smaller than 36 hours . a mode fl 4 is defined by the total printing time from 1 hour to a time value of smaller than 2 hours , and the leaving time from 48 hours to a time value of smaller than 72 hours . the modes fl 1 to fl 4 are determined by environmental factors , such as temperature and humidity , at a location where the ink jet recording device is installed , in addition to factors , such as viscosity increasing rates of various kinds of inks and the amount of consumed ink . for example , in a high temperature environment where the water content of the ink is easy to evaporate , the mode fl 4 is formed to be wide so that the flushing operation of the mode fl 4 starts when the leaving time and the total printing time are relatively short . thus , in particular in the mode fl 4 as a highly increased viscosity region , a property change of the ink is remarkable . therefore , it is effective to allow for the environmental factors as mentioned above in forming the flushing mode . not only the mode fl 4 but also the modes fl 1 to fl 3 and the cleaning region may be formed by considering the environmental factors . in the flushing operation of the modes fl 1 to fl 4 , an amount of ejected ink may be defined by using a continuous ink ratio . in the embodiment , however , the ink of the highly increased viscosity is removed by instantaneous ejections of ink of a pulsatory ink ratio . accordingly , the ink ejection amount is expressed in terms of the number of ink ejections , i . e ., the number of shots of ink . the flushing conditions in the modes fl 1 to fl 3 are exemplarily listed below : to determine the number of shots in the mode fl 4 , two modes are used for the mode fl 4 ; a mode ( first mode ) fl 4 used in a print job which is first executed after power on , and a mode ( second / subsequent mode ) fl 4 used in a print job which is second and subsequently executed . the numbers of shots in the first mode and the second / subsequent mode are : the ink ejection amount ( the number of shots ) in the flushing operation of the modes fl 1 to fl 4 may also be determined allowing for the environmental factors , such as temperature and humidity . if the ink ejection amount in the winter season and cold districts is set to be larger than that in the summer season and warm temperature districts , the ink ejection amount in the flushing operation , which is adapted for the environmental conditions , is secured . in a high temperature environment where the water content in the ink is easy to evaporate , the removal of the ink of a highly increased viscosity is more perfect by increasing the ink ejection amount in the flushing operation . in particular , in the mode fl 4 ( first mode ) as the highly increased viscosity region , a level of change of ink property is remarkably high . accordingly , in this mode , it is effective to take the environmental conditions into consideration in determining the ink ejection amount . also in the modes fl 1 to fl 3 and the cleaning region , the environmental conditions may be taken into consideration in determining the ink ejection amount . operations of the ink jet recording device will exemplarily be described referring to a flow chart shown in fig5 . in the figure , a capital letter “ s ” means a procedural step . to start with , the ink jet recording device receives print signals of one job from a host computer . at the start of the print job , the cap leaving timer 51 counts a leaving time , while the print timer 52 counts a total printing time ( s 1 and s 2 ). then , the mode select unit 53 determines whether the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 1 , while referring to a correlation between the leaving time and the total printing time ( see fig4 ) ( s 3 ). when the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 1 , the mode fl 1 is selected ( s 4 ), the flushing operation of the mode fl 1 is performed ( s 5 ), and a printing operation is performed ( s 20 ). when the recovery mode does not set to the mode fl 1 in the step s 3 , the mode select unit determines whether the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 2 ( s 6 ). when the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 2 in the step s 6 , the mode fl 2 is selected ( s 7 ), the flushing operation of the mode fl 2 is performed ( s 8 ), and a printing operation is performed ( s 20 ). when the recovery mode does not set to the mode fl 2 in the step s 6 , determination is made as to whether or not the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 3 ( s 9 ). when the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 3 in the step s 9 , the mode fl 3 is selected ( s 10 ), the flushing operation of the mode fl 3 is performed ( s 11 ), and a printing operation is performed ( s 20 ). when the recovery mode does not set to the mode fl 3 in the step s 9 , determination is made as to whether or not the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 4 ( s 12 ). when the recovery mode is set to the mode fl 4 in the step s 12 , the flushing control unit determines whether or not a current job is a job that is first executed after power on ( s 13 ). when the job is the jot that is first executed , the first mode fl 4 is selected ( s 14 ), a flushing operation of the first mode fl 4 is performed ( s 15 ), and a printing operation is performed ( s 20 ). in the first mode fl 4 , the job to be executed is the job to first be executed after power on . accordingly , it is estimated that a relatively long time has elapsed from a previous use of the ink jet recording device . accordingly , a viscosity of the ink at and near the nozzle orifices 2 has been increased considerably . in the first flushing operation , as already described , inks are ejected by predetermined numbers of shots of ink , that is , the black ink ( bk ) is 5000 shots and color ink ( col ) is 3000 shots . when it is determined that the job to be executed is not the job first executed in the step s 13 , a second / subsequent mode fl 4 is selected ( s 16 ), a flushing operation of the second / subsequent mode is performed ( s 17 ), and then a printing operation is performed ( s 20 ). the second / subsequent mode fl 4 is executed following the previous job , while being in a power - on state . the first mode fl 4 is already executed . the viscosity at and near the nozzle orifices 2 is recovered to some extent since the first flushing operation is already performed . therefore , the inks are ejected by , for example , the following numbers of shots , that is the black ink ( bk ) is 1000 shots and color ink ( col ) is 500 shots . those numbers of shots are considerably smaller than those of 5000 shots of black ink ( bk ) and 3000 shots of color ink col in the first flushing operation . when use of the recording head in a power - on state continues , and so long as the flushing mode executed for each job start is set to the mode fl 4 , the flushing operation is successively performed in the second / subsequent mode fl 4 . when the recovery mode does not set to the mode fl 4 in the step s 12 , the next cleaning mode is selected ( s 18 ) and performed ( s 19 ), and subsequently a printing operation is performed ( s 20 ). by performing the cleaning operation in the step s 19 , the cap leaving timer 51 an the print timer 52 are reset , and the leaving time and the total printing time are returned to their initial time values , and the next recovery mode is the flushing mode of the mode fl 1 . when the power is turned off in a state that the flushing mode is set to the mode fl 4 , the leaving time and the total printing time are kept in an accumulative state , and the flushing operation of the first mode fl 4 is performed before a first job is executed when the power is next turned on . in the above embodiment , the ink of highly increased viscosity is removed by the first flushing operation in which the inks are ejected by predetermined numbers of shots . as a result , the nozzle orifices 2 are prepared for its normal ink ejection . when the second and subsequent flushing operations are performed in the mode fl 4 as a highly increased viscosity region , an amount of ink consumed by that flushing operation is smaller than that by the first flushing operation . therefore , a time taken for the second and subsequent flushing operations is reduced , and hence , an operation time of the recording head 36 of the ink jet recording device is reduced . the second and subsequent flushing operations are controlled in a minimum level , so that an amount of fresh ink consumed by the flushing operation is minimized , and an economical ink jet recording device is provided . the recovering operation is performed before an operation job starts , which the operation job consists of an operation of the recording head 36 ranges from an instant that the recording head 36 receives a one - operation command signal and starts the ink drop ejection till it ends the ink drop ejection . therefore , the recovering operation is performed before a printing operation of , for example , one document to be printed starts . accordingly , when the document is printed , the ink of a highly increased viscosity at and near the nozzle orifices 2 has completely been removed . hence , a normal ink ejection is secured . and , a print of a good print quality is secured . the highly increased viscosity region ( mode fl 4 ) is determined allowing for environmental conditions , such as temperature and humidity , at a location where the recording head 36 is disposed . accordingly , the highly increased viscosity region is set depending on other various conditions and the environmental conditions as well . accordingly , an optimum highly increased viscosity region which is adaptable for every condition around the head is realized . accordingly , a flushing operation which is most suitable for changes of ink properties of the ink whose viscosity is highly increased may be performed . the amount of ink consumed in the flushing operation is changed allowing for environmental conditions , such as temperature and humidity , at a location where the recording head 36 is disposed . for example , in the winter season and cold districts , the ink amount consumed by the flushing operation is changed to be larger than that in the summer season and warm districts . by so doing , the ink amount consumed by the flushing operation which is adaptable for the environmental conditions is secured . accordingly , a good recovering operation is performed at and near the nozzle orifices . the first flushing operation is first performed after the power to the ink jet recording device is turned on . therefore , the first flushing operation is performed after the power - on operation which is always performed before the printing operation . the flushing operation to first be performed is performed without fail . the recovery at and near the nozzle orifices 2 is reliably achieved . the second and subsequent operation jobs , which are executed in a state that the power source of the ink jet recording device is in an on state , are frequently executed after not so long time elapses from the execution of the first operation job . therefore , the function of the nozzle orifices can surely be recovered even if an ink ejection amount smaller than that for the first operation job is used . an ink ejection amount in the first flushing operation in the highly increased viscosity region fl 4 is larger than that in the flushing operations in the regions other than the highly increased viscosity region fl 4 . accordingly , a time taken for the recovering operation performed for each operation job in that region and an amount of waste ink are larger than those in other regions . in this respect , the effect to reduce the ink ejection amounts in the second and subsequent flushing operations is remarkable . a flushing operation is performed by the ink ejection of an ink ejection amount suitable for an viscosity increase degree . in particular , the recovering operation is performed by use of the ejection ink whose amount is increased as the result of removing the ink having the highest viscosity increase degree . a more exact recovering operation is performed at and near the nozzle orifices 2 . when the liquid is an ink for printing and it is used for an ink jet recording device , the flushing operation as mentioned above is applied to a property change of the ink , so that a normal ink ejection is secured and a good print quality is ensured . further , a small space for storing the waste ink is required . this feature is advantageous to the device size reduction . when the printing ink is increased in its viscosity at and near the nozzle orifices and becomes a property changed ink , the ink whose viscosity is increased at and near the nozzle orifices 2 of the recording head 36 of the ink jet recording device is removed by the first flushing operation in the highly increased viscosity region fl 4 which requires the flushing operation , so that the nozzle orifices are prepared for their normal ink ejection . since the ink ejection amount in the second and subsequent flushing operations is smaller than that in the first flushing operation , the flushing operation performed before the printing of a second document , for example , starts is completed for a short time , and the amount of ink ejected is small . this provides an economical feature of the invention . accordingly , a rational recovering operation is secured in the highly increased viscosity region having a high viscosity increase degree , which is determined by a correction between an accumulative time that the nozzle orifices 2 is left in a sealed state and an accumulative time that the ink ejection is performed . in the embodiment mentioned above , the first flushing operation and the second and subsequent flushing operations are performed in only the mode fl 4 . a mode area of the mode fl 3 of the leaving time of 24 hours or longer may be incorporated into the mode in which the first flushing operation and the second and subsequent flushing operations are performed , if required . a time elapsing from the first flushing operation to the second flushing operation is measured . a flushing operation condition of the second flushing operation , for example , the number of shots of ink , may be adjusted depending on the length of the measured elapsing time . a viscosity increase degree of the ink at and near the nozzle orifices 2 varies in proportion to the elapsing time . accordingly , the second flushing operation is performed in conformity with the variation of the viscosity increase degree . further , if required , a time elapsing from the second flushing operation to the third flushing operation is measured , and the flushing operation is controlled in accordance with the measured elapsing time in a similar way . the liquid ejecting head discussed in the embodiment mentioned above is the recording head used for the ink jet recording device . it should be understood that the liquid ejecting head of the invention may also be used for ejecting glue , sample liquid , conductive liquid ( liquid metal ) and others , in addition to the ink for the ink jet recording device . | 1 |
referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiment of the invention only and not for purposes of limiting same , fig5 and 6 show in schematic form a method , system , and article of manufacture for optimizing fast roaming in a wireless network through pre - authentication and early establishment of ptk , a reduction in cryptographic computations at re - association phase , wherein no propagation of mk or pmk is required . as shown best in fig5 , the probe requests 60 during the discovery phase 62 include phkid to allow the ap 12 to pre - fetch the key . although this may add some minor latency in the probe response 64 , the ap must get key before responding . in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention , a new 802 . 11 authentication type , to be described below , is defined to initialize security association and establish pmk during the authentication exchange phase 66 . a 4 - way handshake or any other suitable protocol is used in step 68 to establish a fresh ptk , using random nonces . in accordance with the preferred embodiment , counters are not used but rather strong random values are used to ensure the ptk freshness . thereafter , authentication elements are embedded in the re - association exchange 70 to prove the liveness of the ptk a new element is also introduced to deliver the group key , gtk in a protected field . a new 802 . 11 message to be described below is defined to confirm the group key delivery . it is to be appreciated that the third message is only needed if the group key is delivered in the second message . with continued reference to fig5 and 6 , four ( 4 ) management frames are defined prior to a re - association to allow for the establishment of a link layer session key . the establishment of the link layer session key relies on either a previously established ( cached ) master key established at initial authentication or through proactive key distribution by a roam server or authentication server . the 4 management frames are preferably semantically similar to the management frames of the wi - fi protected access or tgi 4 - way handshake . the 4 management frames are used to prove liveness of the master key as well as exchange nonces to derive a fresh link layer session key . in the management frames , negotiation of the ciphersuite is also achieved . in addition , these management frames convey the required information required to identify the session and ciphersuite these keys will affect . these 4 - management frames may be instantiated as special authentication messages or as other 802 . 11 management frames . these frames are exchanged prior to a client re - association request . this facilitates the establishment of the link layer session keys well before a client re - associates to the ap as best illustrated in fig5 . the ability to pre - generate the link layer session key allows the re - association process to be shortened to the standard 1999 802 . 11 specification process and the additional liveness proof of the link layer session keys , ptk . the liveness proof of these keys can be achieved by defining information elements in the re - association exchange . further , group keys for multicast communication may also be securely distributed in these information elements to further minimize the number of exchanges required to establish a security association . essentially , a means of pre - establishing link layer session keys prior to re - association is provided to minimize the re - association process time and improve handoff latency performance to support voip . one significant advantage of the preferred embodiment illustrated is that the wpa system is permitted to remain functional , while yet facilitating fast roaming . as shown best in fig6 , the handoff procedure is essentially distilled into three exchanges : a re - association request 70 , a re - association response 72 , and a re - associate confirm 74 . the re - associate request is of the form : authenticate ptk ( srandom , ptkid , mic ). the reassociate response is preferably of the form : authenticate ptk ( arandom , srandom , ptkid , gtkid , gtk , mic ), deliver group key . the group key is delivered by inclusion of the key name , gtkid and the encrypted key , gtk . the encryption can be achieved using standard encryption techniques such as with aes to protect the gtk . the ptk is used as the aes encryption key . furthermore , the mic is a one - way hash encryption such as hmac - shai used to protect the entire message by means of a message integrity value ( e . g . mic ). lastly , the reassociate confirm is preferably of the form : group key confirm ( arandom , mic ). thereafter , the client or mobile node 10 and ap 12 can now protect 802 . 1x and 802 . 11 packets 76 . each receiving made must validate the mic before responding . the reassociation fails if the message integrity ( mic ) value is invalid . those skilled in the art will appreciate that compression is achieved by pre - authentication and pre - establishment of the unicast session key , ptk . also , the mobile station &# 39 ; s sta contact with the authentication server ( as ) can be obviated if pmk is previously distributed by the as . further , the sta &# 39 ; s contact with as can be obviated by naming a pmk and allowing probe response / request to indicate pmk request using identifier ( pmkid ). those skilled in the art will further appreciate that the security association is initialized prior to re - association . the initialization may involve full sta authentication with as or a minimized initialization as stated above . further , ptk establishment may be achieved as defined by ieee tgi using the nonce exchange ptk derivation function or may be achieved through other suitable means , but is preferably achieved prior to sta re - associating to a new ap . in addition to the above the security association type is negotiated at authentication , based on the new authentication type described or through equivalents thereof . the preferred new authentication type described includes a capabilities fields whereby cipher suite capabilities are confirmed at key establishment . the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment . obviously , modifications and alterations will occur to others upon a reading and understanding of this specification . it is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof . | 7 |
fig1 shows a dual piston serial - type pump comprising a primary piston pump 100 that is fluidically connected in series with a secondary piston pump 101 . the primary piston pump 100 comprises an inlet 102 with an inlet valve 103 , a piston 104 that reciprocates in the primary piston pump 100 , and an outlet 105 with an outlet valve 106 . the outlet 105 is fluidically connected with an inlet 107 of the secondary piston pump 101 . a piston 108 reciprocates in the secondary piston pump 101 . the secondary piston pump 101 further comprises an outlet 109 for delivering a flow of fluid . in the upper portion of fig2 , the primary piston &# 39 ; s position p 1 is depicted as a function of time , and in the lower portion of fig2 , right below the primary piston &# 39 ; s position p 1 , the secondary piston &# 39 ; s position p 2 is shown as a function of time . during an intake phase 200 of the primary piston pump 100 , the primary piston 104 performs an upward stroke , as indicated by arrow 110 . the inlet valve 103 is opened , and fluid at atmospheric pressure is drawn into the primary piston pump 100 . during an inlet valve settle phase 201 , the inlet valve 103 is closed . then , starting at the point of time 202 , the primary piston 104 performs a compression stroke 203 in the downward direction , as indicated by arrow 112 , and the fluid contained in the primary piston pump 100 is compressed to a system pressure of several hundred or even more than thousand bar . during the compression phase 203 , both the inlet valve 103 and the outlet valve 106 are closed . at a point of time 204 , the fluid contained in the primary piston pump 100 has reached system pressure , and the outlet valve 106 opens . in a subsequent delivery phase 205 of the primary piston pump 100 , the primary piston 104 continues its downward movement , and a flow of fluid is dispensed at the outlet 105 of the primary piston pump 100 . accordingly , during a deliver - and - fill phase 206 indicated in the lower portion of fig2 , the flow of fluid provided by the primary piston pump 100 is supplied to the secondary piston pump 101 and to the fluidic system located downstream of the pump unit , and the secondary piston pump &# 39 ; s pump chamber is filled up . during the deliver - and - fill phase 206 , fluid may e . g . be supplied to the secondary piston pump 101 at a flow rate of about 5 to 20 ml / min . as a consequence of this large resupply rate , the deliver - and - fill phase 206 can be quite short . in the examples shown in fig2 , the deliver - and - fill phase 206 only extends over a small portion of a pump cycle 211 . for example , the deliver - and - fill phase may extend over less than 10 % of the pump cycle . at the point of time 207 , the downward stroke of the primary piston 104 is finished , and during an outlet valve settle phase 208 , the outlet valve 106 is closed . at the end of the primary piston &# 39 ; s downward stroke , a certain dead volume of fluid remains in the pump chamber of the primary piston pump 100 , said dead volume of fluid being at system pressure . to decompress this dead volume of fluid , the primary piston 104 performs a decompression stroke 209 , which is a fast movement in the upward direction . at the point of time 210 , the dead volume of fluid is approximately at atmospheric pressure , and the inlet valve 103 opens . now , the pump cycle 211 is finished , and a new pump cycle 212 starts . during an intake phase 213 of the primary piston pump 100 , the primary piston 104 performs an upward stroke , as indicated by arrow 110 , and fluid at atmospheric pressure is drawn into the primary piston pump 100 . the lower portion of fig2 shows the position p 2 of the secondary piston pump &# 39 ; s piston as a function of time . during a delivery phase 214 of the secondary piston pump 101 , the secondary piston 108 performs a downward movement , as indicated by arrow 111 , and dispenses a continuous flow of fluid at the outlet 109 of the secondary piston pump 101 . then , at the point of time 204 , the outlet valve 106 is opened . during an intake phase 215 of the secondary piston pump 101 , the secondary piston 108 performs an upward stroke , as indicated by arrow 113 , and draws in fluid supplied by the primary piston pump 100 . during the intake phase 215 , the flow of fluid supplied by the primary piston pump 100 is partly used for filling up the fluid chamber of the secondary piston pump 101 and partly used for maintaining a continuous flow of fluid at the outlet 109 . at the point of time 207 , the pump chamber of the secondary piston pump 101 is filled with fluid . then , during a subsequent delivery phase 216 , the secondary piston 108 performs a downward stroke , as indicated by arrow 111 , and a flow of fluid is dispensed at the outlet 109 . the primary piston pump 100 and the secondary piston pump 101 may e . g . perform predefined regular piston movements as shown in fig2 . the pump system may e . g . comprise an actuation mechanism for operating the primary and the secondary piston in accordance with these predefined piston movements . however , especially in the time interval around the deliver - and - fill phase 206 , the flow of fluid dispensed by the pump system may fluctuate , and accordingly , the pressure at the outlet may be subjected to fluctuations as well . to counteract these fluctuations observed at the pump system &# 39 ; s outlet and to stabilize pressure and flow of the dispensed fluid , corrective movements are superimposed onto at least one of the predefined regular piston movements shown in fig2 . according to embodiments of the present invention , a closed loop control is set up for controlling at least one of the piston movements in accordance with a fluid pressure detected at the pump system &# 39 ; s outlet . the pressure at the outlet may e . g . be compared with a predefined setpoint value indicating a target pressure . in case the actual pressure is too small , an additional forward displacement may be imposed onto at least one of the primary and the secondary piston &# 39 ; s movement . in case the pressure detected at the outlet is too large , an additional backward displacement may be imposed onto at least one of the primary and the secondary piston &# 39 ; s movement . by adaptively controlling the piston positions in accordance with a closed loop control , fluid pressure at the outlet of the pump system is stabilized , and fluctuations of fluid pressure are reduced . fig3 shows a pump system according to embodiments of the present invention . the pump system comprises a pump unit 300 and a control unit 301 adapted for performing a closed loop control of the pump unit &# 39 ; s operation . the pump unit 300 comprises a primary piston pump 302 that is fluidically connected in series with a secondary piston pump 303 . the primary piston pump comprises a primary piston 304 , the primary piston 304 being driven by a first actuator mechanism 305 . the primary piston pump 302 further comprises an inlet valve 306 and an outlet valve 307 . the secondary piston pump 303 comprises a secondary piston 308 , the secondary piston 308 being driven by a second actuator mechanism 309 . the pressure of the fluid dispensed by the pump unit 300 is determined by a pressure detection unit 310 located downstream of the pump unit 300 . the actual pressure value 311 determined by the pressure detection unit 310 is forwarded to the control unit 301 . there , the actual pressure value 311 is compared with a setpoint value 312 that indicates a desired target pressure . the setpoint value 312 may for example be obtained by extrapolating a plurality of former pressure values . the control unit 301 may further receive phase information 313 indicating a phase of operation of the first actuator mechanism 305 and / or of the second actuator mechanism 309 . the control unit 301 is configured to determine , based on the variance between the actual pressure value 311 and the setpoint value 312 , at least one position correction signal for imposing a corrective movement onto a regular piston movement of at least one of the pistons 304 and 308 . in the embodiment shown in fig3 , two position correction signals 314 , 315 are generated , the first position correction signal 314 being provided to the first actuator mechanism 305 , and the second position correction signal 315 being provided to the second actuator mechanism 309 . the corrective movements imposed onto the regular piston movements are chosen such that the fluid pressure at the outlet of the pump system is driven towards the target pressure indicated by the setpoint value 312 . thus , the fluid pressure at the outlet of the pump system is stabilized . the closed loop control shown in fig3 does not have to be active during the entire pump cycle . for example , during the intake phases 200 , 213 of the primary piston pump , the secondary piston pump dispenses a steady flow of fluid . during the intake phases 200 , 213 of the primary piston pump , the flow of fluid obtained at the pump system &# 39 ; s outlet is quite stable . therefore , during these intervals of the pump cycle , it is not necessary to perform a closed loop control of output pressure . according to preferred embodiments of the present invention , during a pump cycle , position correction signals are alternatingly applied to the piston movement of the primary piston 304 and to the piston movement of the secondary piston 308 . for example , during the compression phase 203 shown in the upper portion of fig2 , the second position correction signal 315 may be active . hence , during the compression phase 203 , a corrective movement is imposed onto the movement of the secondary piston 308 , whereas the primary piston 304 performs a predefined regular piston movement . at the point of time 204 , the outlet valve 307 of the primary piston pump is opened , the primary piston pump 302 starts dispensing fluid , and the closed loop control is switched from the secondary piston 308 to the primary piston 304 . during the deliver - and - fill phase 206 , corrective piston movements are solely applied to the primary piston 304 , while the secondary piston 308 performs a predefined regular movement . at the point of time 207 , the deliver - and - fill phase 206 is terminated , and the closed loop control is switched back from the primary piston 304 to the secondary piston 308 . during the outlet valve settle phase 208 and the decompression phase 209 , the closed loop control is solely applied to the secondary piston 308 , while the primary piston 304 performs a predefined regular movement . at the point of time 210 , the decompression phase 209 is finished , and the primary piston &# 39 ; s intake phase 213 is started . during the primary piston &# 39 ; s intake phase 213 , a steady flow of fluid is dispensed by the secondary piston pump , and hence , no closed loop control of the piston movement is necessary . therefore , according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention , the closed loop control of the secondary piston &# 39 ; s movement is switched off at the point of time 210 , or right after the point of time 210 . hence , according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention , the closed loop control is switched back and forth between the primary piston pump 302 and the secondary piston pump 303 . according to a further preferred embodiment , the closed loop control is only active during a subinterval of a pump cycle . in fig4 , which is located right below fig2 , it is indicated when the first position correction signal 314 is active , and when the second position correction signal 315 is active . during the compression phase 203 , the second position correction signal 315 is active , which is indicated by a hatched segment 400 . then , at the point of time 204 , the closed loop control is switched from the secondary piston pump 303 to the primary piston pump 302 . during the deliver - and - fill phase 206 , the second position correction signal 315 is inactive , and the first position correction signal 314 is active , which is indicated by the hatched segment 401 . then , at the point of time 207 , the closed loop control is switched back from the primary piston pump 302 to the secondary piston pump 303 . hence , the first position correction signal 314 becomes inactive , whereas the second position correction signal 315 is activated , as indicated by the hatched segment 402 . hence , during the outlet valve settle phase 208 and the decompression phase 209 of the primary piston pump , the closed loop control is applied to the secondary piston pump . then , during the intake phase 213 of the primary piston pump , both the first position correction signal 314 and the second position correction signal 315 are inactive , and no corrective movements are superimposed onto the regular piston movements of the primary piston 304 and the secondary piston 308 . fig5 depicts both the position vs . time curve 500 of the primary piston pump and the position vs . time curve 501 of the secondary piston pump for a subinterval of the pump cycle in which the closed loop control of the pump system is active . during the inlet valve settle phase 502 , the closed loop control is not active yet . at the point of time 503 , the closed loop control of the secondary piston pump is started . during the compression phase 504 , the outlet valve of the primary piston pump is still closed , and the volume of fluid contained in the primary piston pump is compressed to system pressure . during the compression phase 504 , the closed loop control is applied to the secondary piston . then , at the point of time 505 , the outlet valve of the primary piston pump opens , and the closed loop control is switched from the secondary piston pump to the primary piston pump . during the deliver - and - fill phase 506 , the closed loop control is applied to the primary piston pump . during the deliver - and - fill phase 506 , the primary piston pump supplies a flow of fluid to the secondary piston pump and to the fluidic system located downstream of the pump unit , and the volume of fluid is taken in by the secondary piston pump . at the point of time 507 , the deliver - and - fill phase 506 is finished , and the closed loop control is transferred from the primary piston pump back to the secondary piston pump . during the outlet valve settle phase 508 and the decompression phase 509 , the pressure at the outlet of the pump system is stabilized by imposing corrective movements onto the secondary piston &# 39 ; s movement . at the end of the decompression phase 509 , the closed loop control is switched off , and during the primary piston &# 39 ; s intake phase , the closed loop control remains inactive . fig6 shows both the first position correction signal 600 for the primary piston pump and the second position correction signal 601 for the secondary piston pump as a function of time , whereby the pump phases indicated in fig6 correspond exactly to the pump phases shown in fig5 . before the point of time 602 , none of the position correction signals 600 , 601 is active . then , during the compression phase 603 , the second position correction signal 601 is active . at the point of time 604 , the primary piston pump &# 39 ; s outlet valve is opened , the second position correction signal 601 becomes inactive , and the first position correction signal 600 becomes active . then , during the deliver - and - fill phase 605 , the closed loop control of the fluid pressure is solely performed by the first position correction signal 600 . hence , during the deliver - and - fill phase 605 , the closed loop control is solely applied to the primary piston pump . in the example shown in fig6 , the compression stroke performed during the compression phase 603 has been too short . therefore , the fluid pressure determined by the pressure detection unit at the point of time 604 is below the desired target value . to drive the fluid pressure towards the desired target pressure , the first position correction signal 600 imposes an additional downward displacement 606 onto the primary piston &# 39 ; s regular movement . this additional downward displacement 606 may be seen as an extension of the compression stroke performed during the compression phase 603 . both the compression stroke performed during the compression phase 603 and the additional downward displacement 606 cause a temperature increase of the fluid contained in the primary piston pump . hence , after the fluid has been compressed , the fluid &# 39 ; s temperature is increased . now , temperature relaxation processes take place , and the fluid slowly cools down , which leads to a corresponding volumetric contraction of the volume of fluid in the primary piston pump . to compensate for the thermal contraction of the volume of fluid , the first position correction signal 600 shows a slow decline , which is indicated by the dashed line 607 . the slow decline of the first position correction signal 600 superimposes an additional downward movement onto the primary piston &# 39 ; s regular movement . the additional downward movement compensates for the slow thermal contraction of the volume of fluid and stabilizes the fluid pressure at the outlet of the pump system . at the point of time 608 , the deliver - and - fill phase 605 is finished , and the closed loop control is switched from the primary piston pump back to the secondary piston pump . accordingly , at the point of time 608 , the first position correction signal 600 becomes inactive , as indicated by the straight line 609 , and the second position correction signal 601 is activated . during the outlet valve settle phase 610 and the decompression phase 611 , the closed loop control of the fluid pressure at the pump system &# 39 ; s outlet is solely performed by the second position correction signal 601 . for example , corrective movements 612 of the secondary piston may compensate for thermal effects or for errors that occur when closing the outlet valve . after the decompression phase 611 , the second position correction signal 601 becomes inactive . according to a preferred embodiment of the invention , the information contained in the first position correction signal 600 and the second position correction signal 601 may be used for modifying the regular piston movements of the primary and the secondary piston in subsequent pump cycles . the first position correction signal 600 and the second position correction signal 601 contain information about the deviation between the required piston movements and the regular piston movements . from the first position correction signal 600 and the second position correction signal 601 , information about the errors of the regular piston movements may be derived , and said information may be used for modifying the regular piston movements . as a result , in subsequent pump cycles , the extent of required corrections is reduced . for example , in the example shown in fig6 , the compression stroke has been too small , and therefore , it has been necessary to impose an additional downward movement 606 onto the primary piston &# 39 ; s movement . the additional downward movement 606 indicates that the compression stroke defined in the regular piston movement is too small . in fact , the additional downward movement 606 may be seen as an extension of the regular compression stroke performed during the compression phase 603 . therefore , the additional downward movement 606 can be used as an indication showing how to adapt the regular piston movement in a way that during the following pump cycles , the magnitude of the correction signals will be reduced . in particular , during the next pump cycle , the regular compression stroke may be extended , which means that the additional downward movement is added to the regular compression stroke . as a consequence , during the next and all the following pump cycles , the magnitude of the correction signals will be reduced . in addition to the additional downward movement 606 shown in fig6 , also the slow additional downward movement that is employed for counteracting the thermal contraction of the volume of fluid in the primary pump chamber may be used for modifying the regular piston movements . in particular , by including the additional slow downward movement into the regular piston movement of the primary piston , the magnitude of the corrective movements imposed during the next pump cycles can be further reduced . by modifying the regular piston movements of the primary and the secondary piston , the corrections imposed by the position correction signals can be reduced during the next and all the following pump cycles . this is shown in fig7 . fig7 shows both the first position correction signal 700 and the second position correction signal 701 during a subsequent pump cycle , which occurs after the regular piston movements of the primary and the secondary piston pump have been modified . during a compression phase 702 , a compression stroke is performed , with the closed loop control being applied to the secondary piston pump . at the point of time 703 , the compression phase 702 is finished , and the closed loop control is transferred from the secondary piston pump to the primary piston pump . the first position correction signal 700 is activated , whereas the second position correction signal 701 becomes inactive . at the point of time 703 , the pressure measured at the pump system &# 39 ; s outlet is still smaller than system pressure , and therefore , an additional downward movement 704 is imposed onto the primary piston &# 39 ; s movement . however , as shown in fig7 , the additional downward movement 704 is significantly smaller in magnitude than the corresponding additional downward movement 606 shown in fig6 , because in the meantime , the magnitude of the compression stroke of the primary piston pump &# 39 ; s regular piston movement has been modified . in particular , the compression stroke of the primary piston pump &# 39 ; s regular piston movement has been increased , and therefore , the magnitude of the additional downward movement 704 is decreased . furthermore , also the slow decline of the first position correction signal 600 , which is indicated by the dashed line 607 in fig6 , has been used for modifying the primary piston pump &# 39 ; s regular piston movement . as a result , in the first position correction signal 700 shown in fig7 , the slow decline is no longer present . instead , during the deliver - and - fill phase 705 , the first position correction signal 700 is substantially kept constant , as indicated by the dashed line 706 . the reason is that the thermal contraction has already been considered in the primary piston pump &# 39 ; s regular piston movement . at the point of time 707 , the deliver - and - fill phase 705 is finished , and the closed loop control is handed over to the secondary piston pump . during the outlet valve settle phase 708 and the decompression phase 709 , the second position correction signal 701 is activated , and the closed loop control is applied to the secondary piston pump . hence , as a result of transferring corrective movements to the regular piston movements , the extent of the corrections applied according to fig7 is considerably smaller than the extent of the corrections shown in fig6 . | 8 |
while the present invention is susceptible of various modifications and alternative constructions , an embodiment is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail . it should be understood , however , that it is not the intention to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed ; but , on the contrary , the intention is to cover all modifications , equivalents and alternative construcions falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims . referring now to fig1 there is illustrated a handling device 10 illustrated as it might be used to carry or store eight computer tape reels 12 which are illustrated in phantom lines . the handling device is comprised of a main cylindrical body 14 having at its lower end a supporting flange 16 and at its upper end a reciprocal handle 17 . in the fashion illustrated , an operator is able to transport a plurality of computer tape reels in a comfortable and natural manner , or the reels may be easily stored without removing them from the device . a major advantage of the inventive handling device is that it is simply constructed of relatively few parts . also importantly , each of those parts come in identical pairs to minimize manufacture and simplify assembly . for example , referring to fig2 and 3 , the cylindrical body 14 is illustrated in more detail . this part designated 14a is one of two identical ( the other is designated 14b ) sections of the body around which the computer tape reels are supported . the section 14a is semi - cylindrical in shape having two longitudinal edges 20 and 22 . the edge 20 includes a longitudinal groove 24 while the edge 22 includes a longitudinal projection 26 . when each section 14a and 14b is turned toward the other so that when brought together they form a cylindrical body , it becomes apparent that the projection of one section is received by the groove of the other section thereby allowing the two sections to be engaged one with the other in a predetermined alignment . in order to minimize expense and facilitate manufacture , it is contemplated that the various parts will be constructed of a suitable synthetic resin such as polystyrene . at the lower ends of the sections 14a , 14b is the flange 16 . the flange is integrally connected to the sections and forms a surface 30 upon which a computer tape reel may be supported . the upper ends 28 , 29 of the sections are continuous to form an opening 31 , fig1 to allow the retraction of the handle 17 which will be described in more detail below . in order to guide the handle between its extended and retracted positions , a pair of pads 32 , 33 is provided on the interior walls 34 , 35 of the sections . each pad has two openings such as the openings 36 , 37 of the pad 32 to receive two prongs from a tab such as tabs 25 , 27 . projecting inwardly from the interior wall 34 of the section 14a is a stem 38 while a stem 39 projects from the wall 35 . as can be seen from fig3 the stem 38 includes an integral leg 40 . by removing an analogous leg from the stem 39 an opening 42 is formed so that when the sections 14a and 14b are brought together the leg 40 is received by the opening 42 . a tunnel opening 44 in the stem 39 is provided so that access may be had to the foot 45 of the leg 40 from outside the device . once the parts have been brought together a heating element may be inserted through the opening 44 in the stem 39 to soften and flatten the foot 45 of the leg to cause permanent locking engagement of the sections . also exemplifying the advantages of the present invention is the handle . the handle 17 is simply constructed and yet capable of moving between a retracted and extended positions . for example , in fig1 the handle is shown in an extended position . the same is true in fig3 . however , as shown in phantom lines in fig3 the handle may be retracted . referring now to fig3 and 4 , portions of the handle are shown in greater detail . the handle includes two opposing identical arms 50 , 52 , one of which is shown in fig4 and will be described in detail . since the arms are identical they may be formed from the same mold . the arm 50 is an elongated strip of flexible material having a central slot opening 54 bounded by a surface 56 . as can be seen in fig3 the pad 32 is received within the slot 54 creating a cam - cam follower arrangement with the tabs 25 , 27 restraining the arms to sliding movement only . in this manner , the arms may be guided during their transition between the extended and retracted positions as the surface 56 moves relative to the pad 32 . at one end of the arm is a finger 60 having a neck portion 64 and a seat portion 66 which is received within the grip 62 of the handle . as may be appreciated , the entire arm including the finger 60 may be molded in one piece with the thickness of the arm such as to allow flexing movement from the postion shown in solid lines in fig3 to the position shown in phantom lines . the grip 62 is illustrated in fig3 and 5 . as with the earlier described parts , the grip is made in two identical halves or sections of which only section 70 , fig5 is described in detail . since the sections are identical , they may be constructed from the same mold . section 70 is semi - cylindrical in shape having restricted end openings 72 and 74 which trap the neck of the arm such as the neck 64 . at the mid - section of the section 70 is an internal flange 76 which forms with longitudinal edges 78 and 80 , two spring chambers 79 , 81 . the grip sections each include corresponding tips and holes such as the tips 82 , 83 , 84 and the holes 85 , 86 , 87 . it can be readily seen that when the sections are put together , the tips and holes mate . within each of the chambers 79 , 81 is a compression spring 94 , 96 biased between the internal flange 76 and the seat portion such as the seat portion 66 of the arm 50 . as seen in fig3 when the arm is extended the springs bias the arms outwardly . however , it can be appreciated that when the handle is retracted , the interior wall 34 , 35 of the body sections will bias the arms inwardly causing the fingers to compress the springs so that contraction and retraction can occur . what has been described in a simple , yet reliable handling device which can be made inexpensively but yet have enough strength and sturdiness to withstand normal abuse in its use environment . while a major advantage of the present invention is that the handling device may be easily and inexpensively manufactured , it can also be easily assembled . once the parts are collected , the two body sections , the two arms , the two grip halves , the two springs and the two lugs , the unit may be quickly put together . first , the springs and the seat portions of the arms are placed within one of the grip sections . next , the other grip section is engaged so as to form a completed handle . next , the two body sections are brought together and the foot of the leg is heated and deformed . the last step is to place the arms over the pads and press the tabs into position thereby entrapping the arms . the result is a lightweight yet inexpensive computer tape carrying unit . in operation , the handle is in a retracted position to allow the loading from one to a plurality of computer tape reels by slipping the reels over the upper end 28 , 29 of the device , moving the reel downward until limited by the flange 16 . once the desired number of reels have been placed around the device , the handle is extended to allow the device and the reels to be carried about . when it is necessary to remove a tape the handle is again retracted and the reel is merely lifted upwardly . it is to be appreciated that reels may also be stored on the device simply by placing the device with its reels onto a shelf . there is no need to transfer the reels from the carrying device to a rack . thus , all of the computer tape reels of a particular program may be easily kept together and removed as a unit when desired . | 1 |
hereinafter , embodiments ( examples ) according to the present disclosure will be explained based on accompanying drawings . fig1 is a sectional perspective view showing an rf powder - containing base according to an embodiment of the present disclosure . fig1 is an enlarged view showing that three kinds of rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 are contained in a base 10 made of paper as an example . herein , a bill is used as an example of the base 10 . the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 have sensitivity to the electromagnetic waves with different frequencies , respectively . although the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 are shown in fig1 while slightly changing sizes thereof , it is shown to easily understand that the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 have sensitivity to the electromagnetic waves with different frequencies , respectively , and actually , the sizes actually , each of the above - described rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 is collectively treated in a use form of a powdery substance due to a large number of or a large quantity of rf powder particles , and configures the rf powder . although the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 are shown as 13 pieces in total in fig1 , the number of rf powder particles is not limited thereto . if the use form of the rf powder of the powdery substance is taken into consideration , the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 dispersively spread over the base 10 with a sheet - like shape in practice . as described above , the base 10 which contains a large number of rf powders thereinside or a surface thereof will be referred to as “ rf powder - containing base 10 .” additionally , the above - described “ rf powder ” means a powder , in which each of a large quantity of particles composing the powder ( powdery substance ) has an electrical circuit element for transmitting / receiving signals ( information ) with an external reader / writer device via radio waves ( radio - frequency electromagnetic waves ), and a normal use form is a collective form . fig2 is a sectional view showing a single rf powder particle ( 11 ). in fig2 , a thickness of the rf powder particle 11 is exaggeratedly shown . the rf powder particle 11 has a three - dimensional shape , in which with respect to a plurality of rectangular planes in outer front sides thereof , a size of the rectangular plane is not less than 0 . 05 millimeters square and not more than 0 . 30 millimeters square , and more particularly 0 . 15 millimeters square . in the rf powder particle 11 according to the present embodiment , a side l in the front shown in fig2 is 0 . 15 millimeters ( 150 micrometers ). the rf powder particle 11 has an integrated circuit ( ic ) 15 provided with a memory function , such as feram , formed on a substrate 14 , such as silicon or the like , an insulating layer 16 with a thickness of approximately 30 micrometers formed on the integrated circuit 15 , and an antenna element 17 responsive to an electromagnetic wave with a specific frequency ( for example , 2 . 45 ghz ) formed on the insulating layer 16 . as an example of electrical circuit elements , transistors 18 and 19 which configure the integrated circuit 15 , interconnections 20 connected to the transistors 18 and 19 , and interconnections 21 for connecting the antenna element 17 and the integrated circuit 15 are shown in fig2 . the interconnections 21 are embedded in the insulator 16 . fig3 shows one example of a circuit configuration of the integrated circuit 15 provided in the rf powder particle 11 . the integrated circuit 15 is provided with a rectifier circuit 22 , a voltage suppressor 23 , an initialization circuit 24 , a clock circuit 25 , a control register 26 , a decoder 27 , and a memory 28 , for example . these circuit elements have following functions , respectively . the rectifier circuit 22 has a function for rectifying radio - frequency electromagnetic waves incoming from the outside into a dc power supply voltage . for example , the 2 . 45 ghz electromagnetic wave which is introduced via the antenna 17 and an antenna terminal 29 is converted into a voltage for operating internal analog circuits and digital circuits by the rectifier circuit 22 . when the rf powder particles 11 approach a reader / writer 32 ( refer to fig5 ) and the rectifier circuit 22 generates the excessive voltage in response to excessive electromagnetic wave energy from the reader / writer 32 , the voltage suppressor 23 suppresses the voltage and prevents semiconductor devices in the integrated circuit 15 from being damaged . the initialization circuit 24 controls start and end of the circuit operation and the clock circuit 25 demodulates a clock waveform . the memory 28 is , for example , an feram in which identification numbers are stored . contents in the memory 28 are selected by the control register 26 and the decoder 27 to be transmitted to the reader / writer 32 . while the rf powder particles 12 and 13 have substantially the same structures as that of the above - described rf powder particle 11 , resonance circuit systems including the antenna elements 17 respectively owned by the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 are designed to have sensitivities to the electromagnetic waves with different frequencies . for example , the rf powder particle 11 is provided with the resonance circuit system which has sensitivity to the 2 . 45 ghz electromagnetic wave , the rf powder particle 12 is provided with the resonance circuit system which has sensitivity to a 2 . 0 ghz electromagnetic wave , and the rf powder particle 13 is provided with the resonance circuit system which has sensitivity to a 1 . 9 ghz electromagnetic wave . next , with reference to fig4 through 6 , actual usages and actions of the rf powder - containing base ( base 10 ) according to the embodiment of the present disclosure will be explained . as illustrated in fig1 , the sheet - like base 10 such as a bill contains a considerable number of rf powder particles ( 11 , 12 , and 13 ). a thickness of the base 10 is exaggeratedly and enlargedly shown in fig4 . when it is made to be contained in the base 10 , aqueous solutions ( ink , paint , or the like ) filled with an adhesive fixative containing the rf powder is made to soak into the base 10 with a dropper or the like . thus , the rf powder is attached on a surface of the base 10 or is made to soak into the inside of the base 10 . alternatively , the rf powder may be mixed into the base 10 when manufacturing the base 10 . for example , if the base 10 is paper , the rf powder is mixed thereinto when making paper . the base 10 is scanned by the reader / writer 32 connected to a computer 31 . the computer 31 reads information included in each of the plurality of rf powder particles via the reader / writer 32 . the computer 31 is provided with a display 31 a , a main unit 31 b , a keyboard 31 c , or the like . the above - described reader / writer 32 has a read terminal 33 ( refer to fig6 ) and reads information provided from the rf powder particles 11 to 13 using radio - frequency electromagnetic waves ( rf ) in a specific frequency band including 2 . 45 ghz by the read terminal 33 . the frequencies used in each of the plurality of rf powder particles are different from each other , and are , for example , 1 . 9 ghz , 2 . 0 ghz , and 2 . 54 ghz as described above . hence , the reader / writer 32 is configured to read the electromagnetic waves of , for example , 1 . 5 to 3 . 0 ghz frequency band as the above - described specific frequency bands at proper timing . in order to read information from each of the , plurality of rf powder particles 11 to 13 in the base 10 via the read in terminal 33 , the reader / writer 32 performs a scanning operation in a certain direction along the surface of the base 10 , and also changes the frequency used for transmission / reception within the specific frequency band . fig5 schematically shows that a radio - frequency electromagnetic wave e with a specific frequency included in a predetermined frequency band is radiated from the read terminal 33 of the reader / writer 32 . specifically , it shows that when the frequency of the electromagnetic wave e radiated from the read terminal 33 of the reader / writer 32 is set to 2 . 45 ghz , the rf powder particle 11 is being responsive to the electromagnetic wave e . at this time , neither of the other rf powder particles 12 and 13 is responsive to the electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 2 . 45 ghz radiated from the read terminal 33 . here , since the wavelength of 2 . 45 ghz band is approximately 15 centimeters , the rf powder particles 11 to 13 are contained in a single wave , so that an electromagnetic field of the electromagnetic wave is combined with antennas to thereby cause energy transfer . it will be described in such a way that the radiated electromagnetic waves are transmitted and received seen from a distance . fig6 shows a state where signals ( information ) are transmitted and received based on the radio - frequency electromagnetic wave ( frequency of 2 . 45 ghz given from the reader / writer 32 in an existence position of the rf powder particle 11 . assuming that the read terminal 33 provided in the bottom surface of the reader / writer 32 performs a scanning operation by scanning movements of the reader / writer 32 and is located above the rf powder particle 11 . in this case , the read terminal 33 radiates the radio - frequency electromagnetic waves with several different frequencies , and when the electromagnetic wave of 2 . 45 ghz to which the rf powder particle 11 is responsive is radiated ( an arrow 34 shown in fig6 ), the rf powder particle 11 receives the radio - frequency electromagnetic wave , operates the integrated circuit 15 based on energy thereof , and extracts ( or writes ) information from the memory 28 to radiate it as the radio - frequency electromagnetic wave ( an arrow 35 shown in fig6 ). the electromagnetic wave radiated by the rf powder particle 11 is received by the read terminal 33 of the reader / writer 32 . the read terminal 33 of the reader / writer 32 transmits the information received from the rf powder particle 11 to the computer 31 , and the information provided from the rf powder particle 11 is memorized in the memory of the computer 31 in a position where there is the rf powder particle 11 . similarly , in the case where the reader / writer 32 performs scanning movements , and the read terminal 33 thereof is located above the rf powder particle 12 , when the electromagnetic wave radiated by the read terminal 33 reaches the frequency of 2 . 0 ghz to which the rf powder particle 12 is responsive , the rf powder particle 12 receives the radio - frequency electromagnetic wave , the integrated circuit 15 operates , and the information from the memory 28 is read ( or written ). furthermore , similarly , in the case where the reader / writer 32 performs scanning movements , and the read terminal 33 thereof is located above the rf powder particle 13 , when the electromagnetic wave radiated by the read terminal 33 reaches the frequency of 1 . 9 ghz to which the rf powder particle 13 is responsive , the rf powder particle 13 receives the radio - frequency electromagnetic wave , the integrated circuit 15 operates , and the information from the memory 28 is read ( or written ). by the reader / writer 32 scanning over the whole inside and surface of the base 10 shown in fig4 , position information and frequency information of the rf powder particles 11 to 13 which exist throughout a scanning area in the base 10 , and various kinds of information written in each of them are memorized in the memory of the computer 31 . the information memorized in the memory of the computer 31 is displayed on the display 31 a thereof if needed . producing bills by making the above - described rf powder particles 11 to 13 to be contained in the bills using the above - described method , or making the rf powders 11 to 13 to be contained in important documents such as official documents , licenses , insurance cards , the other important cards , or the like makes it possible to utilize the rf powder 11 for forgery discrimination of the bills , authentication of the important documents , or the like . additionally , since the rf powder 11 is used as the powder ( powdery substance ) of collectively utilizing a plurality or a large number of rf powder particles instead of using it as an individual single ic tag chip in this case , the treatment is easy . when the rf powder - containing base 10 is a bill , it is possible to discriminate whether or not the bill 10 is forgery based on the information displayed on the display 31 a . the rf powder - containing base 10 is produced in such a way that a large quantity of the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 separately manufactured in a predetermined rf powder manufacturing process are blended at a proper rate to produce an rf powder and the rf powder is made to be contained in the base 10 . as a manner of making the rf powder particles to be contained in the base 10 , for example , three kinds of adhesive containing aqueous solutions which respectively contain a required number of rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 are written in the bills or the like with the dropper or the like . thus , the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 are attached to and made to soak into a specific point . in addition , the information memorized in the memory 28 of the integrated circuit 15 of the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 may be memorized before writing it in the bills or the like , or the information may be memorized by the reader / writer 32 into the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 contained in the bills after making the rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 to be contained in the bills or the like to then produce the bills as the rf powder - containing base 10 . note that while an example of the bills as the rf powder - containing base has been explained in the present embodiment , plastic cards such as paper for documents , business cards , credit cards may also be used other than that . for example , even for paper in which the rf powders are made to be contained to then be arranged and on which nothing is drawn , it is possible to create images on a display screen of the computer by reading the paper with the reader / writer , based on an arrangement of each rf powder particle , a frequency of the radio - frequency electromagnetic wave to which each rf powder particle is responsible , and information in the memory of each rf powder particle . meanwhile , although an example in which three kinds of rf powder particles 11 , 12 , and 13 , but not limited to , are made to be contained in the base 10 has been explained in the present embodiment , the number of kinds of the rf powder made to be contained in the base may be not more than or not less than three . furthermore , although it has been explained in the present embodiment that a plurality kinds of rf powder particles are made to be intentionally contained in the base , the rf powder particles in which a distribution has occurred on a frequency to which the rf powder is responsible may be made to be incidentally contained in the base . the rc powder containing base according to the present disclosure is utilized as bills , credit cards , documents , or the like whose forgery can be prevented . | 7 |
referring to fig2 and 9 , a bellows 100 ( cross - sectional view in fig2 ) is shown including a plurality of upper diaphragm rings 102 ( hereinafter called “ upper rings ”) edge - welded to a plurality of lower diaphragm rings 104 ( hereinafter called “ lower rings ”, a top ring 106 , a bottom plate 108 , an intermediate plate 110 and an intermediate - plate support ring 112 . the bellows 100 shown in fig9 is manufactured primarily by welded pre - cut and formed parts together in a predetermined order , as described below . according to the method of manufacture of the present invention , each upper and lower ring 102 , 104 , top ring 106 , bottom plate 108 , an intermediate plate 110 and an intermediate - plate support ring 112 is made by cutting a predetermined shape from an appropriate bio - compatible material , such as titanium , stainless steel , an appropriate composite , alloy , or a laminate made up of different metals and / or composites . all the main parts of the bellows 100 , including rings 102 , 104 , bottom plate 108 , top ring 106 , intermediate plate 110 , and intermediate ring 112 are preferably made from titanium . the material thickness of upper and lower rings 102 , 104 , top ring 106 and intermediate - plate support ring 112 is within the range of 0 . 06 mm and 0 . 12 mm depending on the size and design parameters of the pump assembly , with 0 . 8 mm being a preferred thickness of these parts in this exemplary embodiment . the thickness of the intermediate plate 110 will also vary depending on design factors and materials selected . as mentioned above , the thicker the intermediate plate , the more accurately it will “ communicate ” with coil 34 ( shown in fig1 and described above in the background section of this application ), but the heavier the pump will become and also the less volume available within the reservoir for liquid medication . in this exemplary embodiment , intermediate plate 110 is 0 . 5 mm thick , but may vary from 0 . 2 mm and 0 . 7 mm thick . the basic shape of each ring 102 , 104 , 106 , 112 , bottom plate 108 and intermediate plate 110 is formed by cutting prescribed shapes from sheet titanium using any of a variety of known processes including stamping , laser - cutting , or water - jet abrasive cutting , however , a simple stamping process is preferred , owing to the speed and accuracy this well known process typically offers . the stamping machine preferable cuts the ring shape from stock sheet material in one smooth stroke , leaving clean sharp edges . once cut , each ring 102 , 104 , 106 , 112 , bottom plate 108 and intermediate plate 110 are formed to a desired shape using an appropriate forming process and machine , such as using a forming press . a forming press , which is well known , employs two opposing forming dies which , in use are pressed firmly into opposing sides of an interposed metal blank to shape the blank . the dies are forced together using tremendous pressure and at times with applied heat so that the metal blank will be forced to take on the shape of the dies . as is well known , combination machines are available that allow stamping and forming of a ring shape in one stroke . this would be preferred to simplify the manufacturing process . the details of the cutting and forming processes are not shown in the figures of the present application since these processes are well known . the main parts of the bellows of the present invention may be made using any of a variety of processes , the specific details of which are beyond the scope of the immediate invention . when the upper and lower rings 102 , 104 are formed , each will have a distinctive concentric wave pattern of predetermined height , width and pitch formed therein . also , upper ring 102 will have a radial slant wherein an outer edge 103 will reside within a higher plane to that of an inner edge 105 . conversely , lower ring 104 will be formed with an opposite radial slant so that an outer edge 107 will reside in a plane that is lower than that of an inner edge 109 . this detail of rings 102 , 104 is best shown in fig3 . of course , the specific shapes of rings 102 , 104 may vary according to the details of design . the rings may include several “ waves ” and may in some instances be formed symmetric so that an upper ring 102 is merely an inverted lower ring 104 . rings of any shape can be used with the steps of the present method without departing from the invention . as described above , in this exemplary embodiment of the invention , different sets of dies would be required to form upper ring 102 , lower ring 104 , bottom plate 108 , top ring 106 and intermediate - plate support ring 112 . for example , top ring 106 is formed in a similar manner to upper and lower rings 102 , 104 , but is preferably larger in outside diameter and includes particular concentric pattern that allows it to be easily fused to base 14 ( refer to fig1 and the description above ). in this exemplary embodiment , intermediate plate 110 is preferably flat and requires no specific forming , however , as shown in fig2 and 6 , intermediate plate 110 is preferably provided with four large openings 114 , which allow liquid medication to flow freely above and below intermediate plate 110 within fluid reservoir during the operation of the pump . the large openings 114 are preferably formed by a stamping process . also , as shown in fig2 and 6 , intermediate - plate support ring 112 is formed to include a shallow dish and is thereafter stamped using a stamping machine to cut out preferably four large sections 116 , as shown , to define four similarly shaped support arms 118 . each arm 118 is formed extending from the center to the outer ring , like spokes of a bicycle wheel . support arms 118 are used to support intermediate plate 110 , as described below . as shown in fig6 , intermediate plate 110 is secured to support arms 118 of intermediate - plate support ring 112 using any appropriate welding technique , such as spot welding . in this exemplary embodiment , four spot welds 120 are preferably formed , one weld to each arm 118 . spot welding is a well known and commonly used technique to quickly and effectively secure two metal parts to each other using local heat transmission . the details of this process are beyond the scope of this invention and are therefore not described in any great detail . once intermediate plate 110 is welded to intermediate - plate support ring 112 , intermediate plate subassembly 122 is formed . referring now to fig3 , 4 , and 5 , an upper ring 102 and a lower ring 104 are secured to each other along their respective inner edges 105 , 109 . this is done by mounted each ring into an appropriate rotatable holding jig ( not shown ), which is well known in the art . the rotatable holding jig is designed to firmly hold upper ring 102 with respect to lower ring 104 so that the inner edge 105 of upper ring 102 aligns and abuts with inner edge 109 of lower ring 104 . the holding jig is designed to clamp onto both rings 102 , 104 in such a manner that the entire circumference of both inner edges 105 , 109 of both rings are accessible to a welder and so that the inner edges are held together in an intimate contiguous relationship . as these two rings are held by the holding jig , the jig is rotated at a controlled rotation rate and a welder is applied to effectively fuse the adjacent inner edges 105 , 109 of each ring together along the entire inside circumference of the ring pair . the conventional approach to joining such rings has been to use tungsten inert gas ( tig ) to weld both the inside and outside joints . unfortunately , tig welding is relatively slow and may produce inconsistent quality welds . tig welding also introduces a high level of heat energy to the metal structures which must be appropriately absorbed ( using copper “ chill rings ”) and diverted from the rings to prevent warping damage to the ring structures . to this end , a more precise and less heat - invasive laser welding process is preferably used to fuse the upper and lower rings to each other . referring to fig4 , a schematic of a laser - welder is illustrated showing an upper ring 102 secured to a lower ring 104 ( jig not shown , for clarity ). the two rings 102 , 104 are set into a controlled rotation ( represented by arrow 130 ) about a central axis 132 . in a first laser welding arrangement , a first laser diode 134 is positioned above upper ring 102 so that an output beam 136 contacts a portion of upper ring immediately adjacent to inner edge 105 . similarly , a second laser diode 138 is positioned below lower ring 104 so that an output beam 140 contacts a portion of lower ring immediately adjacent to inner edge 109 . both beams 136 and 140 may operate together in a continuous manner or may pulse at controlled intervals and durations , as is well known in the art . the output of each laser 134 , 138 is focused onto a target area preferably located immediately adjacent to the respective inner edges 105 , 109 of each secured ring 102 , 104 . as is well known , the focusing arrangement can be accomplished using computer controlled mirrors and lenses situated as necessary between lasers 134 , 138 and the target area on the rings 102 , 104 being held in the jig . each outputs of laser 134 , 138 is in the form of an energy pulse , which can be digitally shaped using appropriate optics and computer control . the pulse has sufficient energy to weld the two secured rings 102 , 104 together within the target area of focus . of course , although two lasers are shown in this example and in fig4 , a single laser may also be used . in such instance , the energy of the single laser pulse is controlled to be insufficient to penetrate the both rings 102 , 104 , but sufficient to effectively fuse the two rings together . an infrared or other sensor can be coupled to the output optics of the laser to receive a signal indicative of the temperature achieved in the weld puddle at the top ring pair within the focus area to serve as an indicator of the weld function . a suitable feedback can be coupled to the sensor and to the laser source controls for supplying a corrective signal to the laser source . the digital programming of the present invention may control the laser output so that an initial energy burst is followed by a rest phase . during subsequent bursts , more or less energy may be applied following a prescribed program designed for the particulars of the two rings 102 , 104 , until the two rings located at the target area are properly fused to each other . the pulsed bursts will produce a generally circular or elliptical spot weld . the lasers continue to spot weld the edges until the entire inside circumference has been welded . of course , to create an effective and required hermetic seal , each spot weld will have to overlap with adjacent spot welds , as is known in the art . the locations for sequential spot welds are preferably separated sufficiently so that there is very little , if any , residual thermal energy present in the ring at the second location due to prior activity of the laser . in this way , each welded spot can be supplied with about the same amount of energy without any significant risk of delivering too much energy . the sequentially welded areas can be adjacent to each other , however such positioning can , in certain circumstances , tend to induce thermal warps in the delicate thin metal rings 102 , 104 . as the holding jig rotates the ring pair with respect to the beams , 136 , 140 , the energy produced by the beams effectively fuses upper ring 102 to lower ring 104 along the combined respective inner edges 105 , 109 . the welding continues until a continuous and hermetically - tight bond is formed along the entire circumference of both upper and lower rings . alternatively , also shown in fig4 , instead of rotating the holding jig , the laser beam may be optically directed around the inner edge of both rings so that the edges are again effectively fused to each other . one way to do this is to position a laser 150 so that an output beam 152 is directed along central axis 132 , perpendicular to the plane in which both rings 102 , 104 contact each other , as they are both held by holding jig . a mirror 156 is attached to the shaft of a motor 158 at a 45 degree angle and positioned to capture and reflect the output beam 152 to contact the inner edges 105 , 109 of both rings 102 , 104 . as the motor 158 rotates mirror 156 , the output beam 152 of laser 150 will move along the inner edges 105 , 109 and fuse them together , forming a clean weld bead . again , as before , the output of laser 150 may be pulsed to create small spot welds that are produced in an overlapping relationship to create a hermetic seal . to improve the quality of the resulting welds , all of the welding steps disclosed in this application are preferably performed with the working parts located either within an evacuated chamber ( within a vacuum ) or in the presence of an inert gas , as understood by those skilled in the art . u . s . patent application 2003 / 0226247 , filed oct . 28 , 2002 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 040 , 550 both disclose methods of fusing bellow rings to each other . the rings of this present application may be fused using the processes described in these two identified applications . the entirety of both u . s . patent application 2003 / 0226247 and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 040 , 550 are hereby incorporated by reference . regardless how the inner edge 105 of upper ring 102 is hermetically fused to the inner edge 109 of lower ring 104 , forming a “ convolution ” 160 , the process is repeated with different upper and lower rings 102 , 104 , to form a sufficient number of convolutions 160 necessary to assemble the entire bellows 100 . of course the number of convolutions required will vary depending on the design of the particular bellows . a bellows that is used as a fluid reservoir within an implantable infusion pump will typically include between 6 and 12 convolutions . referring to fig2 and using the same process described above and shown in fig4 , an inside edge 111 of top plate 106 is fused to an adjacent inside edge 109 of a lower ring 104 to form a top convolution 162 . according to an important aspect of the present invention , and referring to fig7 , 8 , 9 and 10 , an outer edge 164 of intermediate plate subassembly 122 is fused to two opposing convolutions 160 at an outer edge 103 , 107 of the respective upper and lower ring which make up the convolutions . as above , an appropriate holding jig ( not shown ) is used to hold intermediate plate subassembly 122 between two convolutions 160 so that outer edge 164 of intermediate plate subassembly 122 , outer edge 103 of the lower ring 104 of one convolution 160 and outer edge 107 of upper ring 102 of the other convolution each align and abut with each other . once the three outer edges are properly held and aligned within the holding jig , the output beam 166 of an appropriate laser 168 is directed along the combined edges so that as the holding jig rotates , all three outer edges , 164 , 103 , and 107 are effectively fused to each other forming a hermetic seal therealong , creating assembly 170 , shown in fig7 ( in partial section view ). as described above in connection with lasers 134 , 138 , the laser 168 may include appropriate optics to help guide and focus the output beam as required and may follow the same pulse programming as that described above . referring now to fig8 , an assembly view of bellows 100 is shown to illustrate how the different parts that make up the bellows are put together in final assembly . the final assembly of this exemplary embodiment is performed using the outside - edge laser welding process described above . to being the final assembly , top convolution 162 and a convolution 160 are positioned in an appropriate holding jig , similar to the ones described above so that top ring 106 faces away from convolution 160 . outer edge 107 of lower ring 104 of top convolution 162 is positioned into contact with outer edge 103 of upper ring 102 of convolution 160 . the two outer edges are then laser welded using the outer - edge welding process described above . once welded together , the assembly continues by laser welding subassembly 170 ( which contains intermediate plate 110 and intermediate - plate support ring 112 ), outer - edge to outer - edge . next , another convolution 160 is laser welded outer - edge to outer - edge using the same process . in this exemplary embodiment , four additional convolutions 160 are laser welded , outer - edge to outer - edge . finally , the outer edge of bottom plate 108 is laser welded to the outer edge 107 of lower rig 104 to complete the assembly . the completed bellows 100 is shown in fig9 . referring now to fig1 and 11 , an intermediate plate 200 , a support ring 202 and an exemplary sensor coil 204 are shown according to a second embodiment of the invention . sensor coil 204 is similar to coil 34 of fig1 ( prior art ) and described above in the background of the invention section of this application . coil 204 is made from a coil of wire and is located within the pump assembly ( not shown in fig1 and 11 . coil 204 is electrically connected to a well known sensing circuit ( not shown ). coil 204 ( like coil 34 ) essentially functions as an inductive proximity sensor and uses the inductive influence of intermediate plate 200 to determine the distance between the plate and the coil . as can be seen in the figures , intermediate plate 200 is ring shaped having an outside diameter defining an outer edge 206 and having an inside diameter defining an inner edge 208 . support ring 202 includes a support ledge 210 which is sized and shaped to receive intermediate plate 200 . support ledge 210 defines an inner edge 212 having an inside diameter . inside diameter of inner edge 212 is less than the outside diameter of intermediate plate 200 , but greater than the inside diameter of intermediate plate 200 . this will allow an overlap between support ledge 210 and intermediate plate 200 . this overlap allows intermediate plate 200 to be spot welded to support ledge 210 and also support ring 202 . by being ring shaped , intermediate plate 200 offers a large central opening 214 which allows the liquid medication located within the bellows to move freely around intermediate plate 200 . ring shaped intermediate plate 200 is preferably shaped similarly to ring - shaped sensor coil 204 so that it remains effective at communicating with sensor coil 204 so that the magnitude of collapse of the bellows can be accurately sensed , as described above in the background of the invention section of this application . the ring shape of intermediate plate 200 according to this embodiment also allows the plate to be as light as possible so that its presence does not adversely influence the movement of the bellows . once the intermediate plate 200 is welded to support ring 202 , support ring may be welded to the other rings which make up the bellows as described above in the method of manufacture of the present invention . intermediate plate 200 and support ring 202 may be made using the same steps described above used to manufacture intermediate plate 110 and intermediate support plate 112 and can also be made from one of the same selection of materials , preferably titanium . sensor coil 204 is shown in fig1 and 11 as exemplary to help explain this embodiment of the invention . sensor coil 204 can take on other shapes . the point of this second embodiment is to minimize the size and weight of the intermediate plate 200 without effecting its communication with sensor coil 204 . in operation , a sensing circuit ( not shown ) including a capacitor is electrically connected to coil 204 which is disposed within the base plate of the pump ( not shown ). this sensing circuit is used to form a resonant circuit . when energized , coil 204 generates a primary electromagnetic field , which flows through the intermediate plate 200 and induces eddy currents therein . the strength of these eddy currents increases as the intermediate plate 200 plate moves closer to coil 204 . as is well known , the eddy currents generate a secondary magnetic field , which is coupled back to the primary field . the closer intermediate plate 200 is to coil 204 , the stronger the secondary magnetic field is and its influence on the primary field . this flux coupling brings about change to the inductance of coil 204 and thus brings about a displacement or shift of the resonance frequency of the resonant circuit depending on the distance between the coil and intermediate plate 200 . upon measuring the resonance frequency , which is dependent upon the inductance , well known circuitry can be employed to calculate the distance that the intermediate plate of the bellows mechanism is from the base plate . this distance can then be used to determine the effective volume of the fluid reservoir and also the amount of medicament remaining within the bellow mechanism . an appropriate circuit can use this information to selectively create an alarm signal in response to a predetermined resonant frequency being reached . it will be understood that the foregoing is only illustrative of the principles of the invention , and that various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . for example , the above described steps illustrate the method of manufacturing an exemplary metal bellows 100 , according to the invention , wherein intermediate plate 110 is positioned between the second and third convolution 160 from top ring 106 and further includes five additional convolutions 160 between bottom plate 108 and intermediate plate 110 . other arrangements can similarly be assembled without departing from the invention . | 1 |
at the outset , it should be clearly understood that like reference numerals are intended to identify the same structural elements , portions or surfaces consistently throughout the several drawing figures , as such elements , portions or surfaces may be further described or explained by the entire written specification , of which this detailed description is an integral part . unless otherwise indicated , the drawings are intended to be read ( e . g ., cross - hatching , arrangement of parts , proportion , debris , etc .) together with the specification , and are to be considered a portion of the entire written description of this invention . as used in the following description , the terms “ horizontal ”, “ vertical ”, “ left ”, “ right ”, “ up ” and “ down ”, as well as adjectival and adverbial derivatives thereof , ( e . g ., “ horizontally ”, “ rightwardly ”, “ upwardly ”, etc . ), simply refer to the orientation of the illustrated structure as the particular drawing figure faces the reader . similarly , the terms “ inwardly ” and “ outwardly ” generally refer to the orientation of a surface relative to its axis of elongation , or of rotation , as appropriate . referring now to the drawings , and initially to fig1 thereof , this invention provides an improved actuator system , of which a first embodiment is generally indicated at 100 . reference structure 110 may comprise a rigid material . reference structure 110 has a first portion 110 a and a second portion 110 b , which are rigidly connected to each other through a third portion 110 c . first portion 110 a holds two couplings 112 and 113 , which are connected to shaft 121 and shaft 141 respectively . coupling 112 holds shaft 121 in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 110 about axis 104 . similarly , coupling 113 holds shaft 141 in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 110 about axis 105 . axes 104 and 105 are generally parallel to each other and separated by a fixed distance . first rotary actuator 120 has a first member 123 and a second member 122 which are configured and arranged for relative rotary motion to each other about axis 104 . rotary actuator 120 is an electric motor , however other actuator types such as , but not limited to , hydraulic actuators , pneumatic actuators , or other similar actuators may also be used . first member 123 may be referred to as a stator and second member 122 may be referred to as a rotor , however , it should be noted that neither stator 123 nor rotor 122 are stationary relative to reference structure 110 . rotor 122 is rigidly coupled to shaft 121 . stator 123 is specifically not rigidly mounted to reference structure 110 . more concretely , stator 123 is able to rotate relative to reference structure 110 about axis 104 independent of the rotation of rotor 122 relative to reference structure 110 . stated another way , first rotary actuator 120 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference structure 110 . a first degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 124 of rotor 122 relative to reference structure 110 . a second degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 125 of stator 123 relative to reference structure 110 . second rotary actuator member 140 has first member 143 and second member 142 which are configured and arranged for relative rotary motion to each other about axis 105 . rotary actuator 140 is an electric motor , however other actuator types such as , but not limited to hydraulic actuators , pneumatic actuators , or other similar actuators may also be used . first member 143 may be referred to as a stator and second member 142 may be referred to as a rotor . however , it should be noted that neither stator 143 nor rotor 142 are stationary relative to reference structure 110 . rotor 142 is rigidly coupled to shaft 141 . stator 143 is specifically not rigidly mounted to reference structure 110 . more concretely , stator 143 is able to rotate relative to reference structure 110 about axis 105 independent the rotation of rotor 142 relative to the reference structure 110 . stated another way , second actuator 140 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference structure 110 . a first degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 144 of rotor 142 relative to reference structure 110 . a second degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 145 of stator 123 relative to reference structure 110 . output member 180 is rigidly coupled to rotor 142 . therefore , output member rotates together with rotor 142 relative to reference structure 110 about axis 105 . second portion 110 b of reference structure 110 has couplings 115 and 116 which respectively provide additional support in holding output member 180 and rotor 122 in rotary engagement with reference structure 110 . output member 180 may be coupled to an object to be driven , such as an aircraft control surface . stator 123 and stator 143 are rotationally coupled together through coupling 160 . coupling 160 causes stator 123 to rotate relative to reference structure 110 by an angle opposite to the rotation of stator 143 relative to reference structure 110 . more specifically , coupling 160 causes any change in angle 125 to cause an equal and opposite change in angle 145 . in other words , a degree of freedom between rotary actuator 120 and reference structure 110 is caused to be shared with one degree of freedom between rotary actuator 140 and reference structure 110 by coupling 160 . coupling 160 is a link pivotally connected to stator 123 and pivotally connected to stator 143 . drive arm portion 123 a is disposed on stator 123 , and drive arm portion 143 a is disposed on stator 143 . link 160 a is pivotally connected between drive arm portions 123 a and 143 a . however , coupling 160 my alternatively be a gear coupling , a belt coupling , or other similar coupling . rotor 122 and rotor 142 are also coupled together through coupling 190 . coupling 190 causes rotor 122 to rotate relative to reference structure 110 by an angular direction equal to how rotor 142 rotates relative to reference structure 110 . more specifically , coupling 190 causes any change in angle 124 to equal a change in angle 144 . in other words , a degree of freedom between rotary actuator 120 and reference structure 110 is caused to be shared with one degree of freedom between rotary actuator 140 and reference structure 110 by coupling 190 . as shown in fig1 , coupling 190 is a link 190 a pivotally connected to drive arm portion 122 a of member 122 and pivotally connected to drive arm portion 142 a of member 142 , however , coupling 190 my alternatively be a gear coupling , a belt coupling , or other similar coupling . while coupling 160 causes stator 123 and stator 143 to rotate in opposite directions relative to reference structure 110 , coupling 190 causes rotor 122 and rotor 142 to rotate in equivalent directions relative to reference structure 110 . linkage 170 is a set of rigid links and joints between reference member 110 and output member 180 . more specifically , linkage 170 comprises couplings 160 and 190 , and members 121 , 122 , 123 , 141 , 142 , and 143 . linkage 170 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference 110 . in other words , the state of linkage 170 relative to reference 110 can be described by two independent variables . for example , knowing angle 144 ( which represents the angle of rotor 142 to reference structure 110 ) and angle 124 ( the angle of shaft 121 relative to reference structure 110 ) specifically define the state of linkage 170 since no member ( link ) within linkage 170 can be moved without adjusting angles 144 or 124 . in this view , angle 124 and angle 144 represent two independent degrees of freedom of linkage 170 . alternatively , the two degrees of freedom of linkage 170 can be defined as angle 125 and angle 144 . no linkage 170 member can be moved relative to linkage 110 without changing angle 125 or angle 144 . rotary actuator 100 is generally operated by powering first actuator 120 and second actuator 140 together at the same time to cause output member 180 to move relative to reference structure 110 in a desired manner . for example , if a user desires to cause output member 180 to rotate clockwise relative to reference structure 110 , in other words , if angle 144 is to be decreased , actuator 120 and actuator 140 would be actuated at the same time , actuator 120 providing a torque of equal and opposite magnitude as actuator 140 . more specifically , actuator 120 is actuated so as to apply a torque urging rotor 122 to rotate clockwise relative to stator 123 . at the same time , actuator 140 is actuated so as to apply a torque urging rotor 142 to rotate clockwise relative to stator 143 . under this scenario , counteracting torques from actuator 120 and actuator 140 act against each other through coupling 160 . when actuator 120 applies a torque to rotor 122 in the clockwise direction , an equal and opposite torque is applied to coupling 160 , urging coupling 160 to rotate counterclockwise . the torque applied by actuator 120 onto coupling 160 manifests as a downward rightwards force on coupling 160 . when actuator 140 applies a torque to rotor 142 in the clockwise direction , an equal and opposite torque is applied to coupling 160 . the torque applied by actuator 140 onto coupling 160 manifests as an upwards - leftwards force applied on coupling 160 by actuator 140 . the force applied by actuator 120 onto coupling 160 is generally equal and opposite the force applied by actuator 140 onto coupling 160 . this generally results in stators 123 and 143 remaining stationary while rotors 122 and 142 rotate clockwise . coupling 190 causes the angles of rotation 124 , 144 of rotors 122 and 142 relative to reference structure 110 to remain equivalent . in order to cause output member 180 to rotate counter clockwise relative to reference structure 110 , rotary actuators 120 and 140 are actuated in the reverse direction compared to when causing output member 180 to rotate clockwise . actuator 100 has the advantageous characteristic that if either actuator 120 or actuator 140 lock up ( such as an electromechanical jam , or hydraulic valve lock ), output member 180 will continue to be actuated in the desired direction of rotation by the non - failing actuator . this is because the locked up actuator will still be able to provide a counteracting torque to the other actuator through coupling 160 . for example , consider a user desiring to rotate output member 180 clockwise relative to reference structure 110 ( decreasing angle 144 ) when actuator 120 inadvertently rotationally locks stator 123 relative to rotor 122 . because stator 123 is rotationally locked to rotor 122 , any change in angle 124 between rotor 122 and reference structure 110 will necessary equal any change in angle 125 between stator 123 and reference structure 110 . note that stator 123 and rotor 122 may still rotate together as a unit relative to reference structure 110 . when actuator 140 applies a clockwise torque to rotor 142 , the equal and opposite torque on stator 143 is distributed through coupling 160 as an upwards and leftwards force on coupling 160 . this upwards and leftwards force on coupling 160 results in a clockwise torque applied to stator 123 which is transmitted through the locked up actuator as a clockwise torque onto rotor 122 . coupling 190 causes the rotation of rotors 122 and 142 to be equalized , while output member 180 is rotated clockwise as desired through the jam . in order to operate in a dual tandem mode , each actuator 120 , 140 is provided with a braking mechanism which may be internal or external and a controller . these brakes will allow the actuator system 100 to continue working if one of the actuators fails in an open state ( e . g . an actuator loses power allowing the stator and rotor free rotation relative to each other ). the brake is configured within each actuator to lock rotation between the actuators stator and rotor relative to each other . the brake may be a fail - safe brake which does not need power in order to brake . in this dual tandem configuration , when one of the actuators 120 , 140 fails in an open state , the brake in that failing actuator is engaged . this allows the remaining actuator 120 , 140 to still cause actuation of output member 180 . however , during such a failure the speed that output member 180 rotates relative to the working actuator will be half the speed that the output member 180 rotates at when both actuators are working . turning to fig2 , which shows an alternate embodiment 100 ′, actuator 120 is paired with a holding device 140 ′ which includes , but is not limited to , a brake , a magnetic clutch , a toroid motor , or the like . under normal operation , holding device 140 ′ locks the rotational positon between member 143 ′ and member 142 ′. if the actuator 120 jams then the holding device 140 ′ releases the lock between member 143 ′ and member 142 ′ which effectively releases any effect actuator 120 has on output member 180 . this allows output member 180 to be driven by another actuator ( not shown ). this arrangement is a simplex configuration because it includes one actuator 120 and one holding device 140 ′ and if the actuator 120 fails , the unit drops out of the network as will be described in greater detail below . in yet another alternate simplex configuration , two actuators may be provided without any brakes on either actuator , where one actuator is configured to only hold its rotor and stator position , while the other actuator is used to drive output member 180 through linkage system 170 . in fig3 , a second actuator system is generally indicated at 200 . reference structure 210 comprises a rigid material . reference structure 210 has a first portion 210 a and a second portion 210 b , which are fixed . first portion 210 a holds two couplings 212 and 213 , which are connected to shaft 221 and shaft 241 respectively . coupling 212 holds shaft 221 in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 210 about axis 204 . similarly , coupling 213 holds shaft 241 in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 210 about axis 205 . axes 204 and 205 are generally parallel to each other and separated by a fixed distance . first rotary actuator 220 has a first member 223 and a second member 222 which are configured and arranged for relative rotary motion to each other about axis 204 . rotary actuator 220 is an electric motor , however other actuator types such as , but not limited to , hydraulic actuators , pneumatic actuators , or other similar actuators may also be used . first member 223 may be referred to as a stator and second member 222 may be referred to as a rotor , however , it should be noted that neither stator 223 nor rotor 222 are stationary relative to reference structure 210 . rotor 222 is rigidly coupled to shaft 221 . stator 223 is specifically not rigidly mounted to reference structure 210 . more concretely , stator 223 is able to rotate relative to reference structure 210 about axis 204 independent of the rotation of rotor 222 relative to reference structure 210 . stated another way , first rotary actuator 220 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference structure 210 . a first degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 224 of rotor 122 relative to reference structure 210 . a second degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 225 of stator 223 relative to reference structure 210 . second rotary actuator member 240 has first member 243 and second member 242 which are configured and arranged for relative rotary motion to each other about axis 205 . rotary actuator 240 is an electric motor , however other actuator types such as , but not limited to hydraulic actuators , pneumatic actuators , or other similar actuators may also be used . first member 243 may be referred to as a stator and second member 242 may be referred to as a rotor . however , it should be noted that neither stator 243 nor rotor 242 are stationary relative to reference structure 210 . rotor 242 is rigidly coupled to shaft 241 . stator 243 is specifically not rigidly mounted to reference structure 210 . more concretely , stator 243 is able to rotate relative to reference structure 210 about axis 205 independent the rotation of rotor 242 relative to the reference structure 210 . stated another way , second actuator 240 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference structure 210 . a first degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 244 of rotor 242 relative to reference structure 210 . a second degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 245 of stator 223 relative to reference structure 210 . output member 280 is coupled to rotors 222 , 242 . therefore , output member 280 rotates together with rotors 222 , 242 relative to reference structure 210 . second portion of 210 b reference structure 210 has couplings 215 and 216 which respectively provide additional support in holding rotors 222 , 242 in rotary engagement with reference structure 210 . couplings 214 , 219 hold output member 280 in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 210 . output member 280 may be coupled to an object to be driven , such as an aircraft control surface . stator 223 and stator 243 are rotationally coupled together through coupling 260 . coupling 260 causes stator 223 to rotate relative to reference structure 210 by an angle opposite to the rotation of stator 243 relative to reference structure 210 . more specifically , coupling 260 causes any change in angle 225 to cause an equal and opposite change in angle 245 . in other words , a degree of freedom between rotary actuator 220 and reference structure 210 is caused to be shared with one degree of freedom between rotary actuator 240 and reference structure 210 by coupling 260 . coupling 260 is a link 260 a pivotally connected to drive arm portion 223 a of stator 223 and pivotally connected to drive arm portion 243 a of stator 243 . however , coupling 260 may alternatively be a gear coupling , a belt coupling , or other similar coupling . rotor 222 and rotor 242 are both coupled to output member 280 through coupling 270 . coupling 270 causes the rotation of both rotors 222 and 242 to be transmitted to the output member 280 such that the output member 280 rotates in the same direction as the rotors 222 , 242 relative to the reference structure 210 . more specifically , coupling 270 causes the rotation of the rotors 222 , 242 to be summed together at the output member 280 . coupling 270 comprises a pair of links 270 a and 270 b . link 270 a is pivotally connected between drive arm portion 222 a of member 222 and drive arm portion 280 a of output member 280 . link 270 b is pivotally connected between drive arm portion 242 a of member 242 and drive arm portion 280 b of output member 280 . however , coupling 270 may alternatively be a gear coupling , a belt coupling , or other similar coupling . while coupling 260 causes stator 223 and stator 243 to rotate in opposite directions relative to reference structure 210 , coupling 270 causes rotor 122 and rotor 142 to rotate in equivalent directions relative to reference structure 210 . linkage 290 is a set of rigid links and joints between reference member 210 and output member 280 . more specifically , linkage 290 comprises couplings 260 and 270 , and members 221 , 222 , 223 , 241 , 242 , and 243 . linkage 290 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference 210 . in other words , the state of linkage 290 relative to reference 210 can be described by two independent variables . for example , knowing angle 244 ( which represents the angle of rotor 242 to reference structure 210 ) and angle 224 ( the angle of shaft 221 relative to reference structure 210 ) specifically define the state of linkage 290 since no member ( link ) within linkage 290 can be moved without adjusting angles 244 or 224 . in this view , angle 224 and angle 244 represent two independent degrees of freedom of linkage 290 . alternatively , the two degrees of freedom of linkage 290 can be defined as angle 225 and angle 244 . no linkage 290 member can be moved relative to linkage 210 without changing angle 225 or angle 244 . rotary actuator 200 is generally operated by powering first actuator 220 and second actuator 240 together at the same time to cause output member 280 to move relative to reference structure 210 in a desired manner . for example , if a user desires to cause output member 280 to rotate clockwise relative to reference structure 210 ( as shown in the apparatus orientation in fig2 ), actuator 220 and actuator 240 would be actuated at the same time , actuator 220 providing a torque of equal and opposite magnitude as actuator 240 . more specifically , actuator 220 is actuated so as to apply a torque urging rotor 222 to rotate clockwise relative to stator 223 . at the same time , actuator 240 is actuated so as to apply a torque urging rotor 242 to rotate clockwise relative to stator 243 . under this scenario , counteracting torques from actuator 220 and actuator 240 act against each other through coupling 260 . more specifically , when actuator 220 applies a torque to rotor 222 in the clockwise direction , an equal and opposite torque is applied to coupling 260 , urging coupling 260 to rotate counterclockwise . the torque applied by actuator 220 onto coupling 260 manifests as a downward rightwards force on coupling 260 . when actuator 240 applies a torque to rotor 242 in the clockwise direction , an equal and opposite torque is applied to coupling 260 . the torque applied by actuator 240 onto coupling 260 manifests as an upwards - leftwards force applied on coupling 260 by actuator 240 . the force applied by actuator 220 onto coupling 260 is generally equal and opposite the force applied by actuator 240 onto coupling 260 . this generally results in stators 223 and 243 remaining stationary while rotors 222 and 242 rotate clockwise . coupling 270 causes the angles of rotation 224 , 244 of rotors 222 and 242 relative to reference structure 210 to remain equivalent . in order to cause output member 280 to rotate counter clockwise relative to reference structure 210 , rotary actuators 220 and 240 are actuated in reverse compared to when causing output member 280 to rotate clockwise . in order to operate in a dual tandem mode , each actuator 220 , 240 is provide with a brake that may be internal or external and a controller . if one of the actuators 220 , 240 loses power then the brake in the failing unit will be applied , allowing the remaining actuator 220 , 240 to move the output member at one half normal speed . actuator 200 also has the advantageous characteristic that if either actuator 220 or actuator 240 lock up ( such as an electromechanical jam , or hydraulic valve lock ), output member 280 will continue to be actuated in the desired direction of rotation by the non - failing actuator . this is because the locked up actuator will still be able to provide a counteracting torque to the other actuator through coupling 260 . for example , consider a user desiring to rotate output member 280 clockwise relative to reference structure 210 when actuator 220 inadvertently rotationally locks stator 223 relative to rotor 222 . because stator 223 is rotationally locked to rotor 222 , any change in angle 224 between rotor 222 and reference structure 210 will necessary equal any change in angle 225 between stator 223 and reference structure 210 . note that stator 223 and rotor 222 may still rotate together as a unit relative to reference structure 210 . when actuator 240 applies a clockwise torque to rotor 242 , the equal and opposite torque on stator 243 is distributed through coupling 260 as an upwards and leftwards force on coupling 260 . this upwards and leftwards force on coupling 260 results in a clockwise torque applied to stator 223 which is transmitted through the locked up actuator as a clockwise torque onto rotor 2122 . coupling 270 causes the rotation of rotors 222 and 242 to be equalized , while output member 280 is rotated clockwise as desired through the jam . turning to fig4 , the actuator 220 is paired with holding device 240 ′ which includes , but is not limited to , a brake , a magnetic clutch , a toroid motor or the like . under normal operation , holding device 240 ′ locks member 243 ′ and rotor 242 ′ relative to each other . if the actuator 220 jams or loses power then the holding device 240 ′ releases the rotor 242 ′ and the actuator 220 and hold device 240 ′ go into a bypass mode and rotate freely under the power of another actuator in the network . in yet another simplex configuration , actuators 220 and 240 of fig3 may be provided without any brakes . turning to fig5 , a system with dual tandem actuators 220 and 240 is paired with dual tandem actuators 320 and 340 to form a third actuator system generally indicated at 300 . reference structure 310 comprises a rigid material . reference structure 310 has a first portion 310 a and a second portion 310 b , which are fixed . first portion 310 a holds two couplings 312 and 313 , which are connected to shaft 321 and shaft 341 respectively . coupling 312 holds shaft 321 in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 310 about axis 304 . similarly , coupling 313 holds shaft 341 in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 310 about axis 305 . axes 304 and 305 are generally parallel to each other and separated by a fixed distance . first rotary actuator 320 has a first member 323 and a second member 322 which are configured and arranged for relative rotary motion to each other about axis 304 . rotary actuator 320 is an electric motor , however other actuator types such as , but not limited to , hydraulic actuators , pneumatic actuators , or other similar actuators may also be used . first member 323 may be referred to as a stator and second member 322 may be referred to as a rotor , however , it should be noted that neither stator 323 nor rotor 322 are stationary relative to reference structure 310 . rotor 322 is rigidly coupled to shaft 321 . stator 323 is specifically not rigidly mounted to reference structure 310 . more concretely , stator 323 is able to rotate relative to reference structure 310 about axis 304 independent of the rotation of rotor 322 relative to reference structure 310 . stated another way , first rotary actuator 320 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference structure 310 . a first degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 324 of rotor 322 relative to reference structure 310 . a second degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 325 of stator 323 relative to reference structure 310 . second rotary actuator member 340 has first member 343 and second member 342 which are configured and arranged for relative rotary motion to each other about axis 305 . rotary actuator 340 is an electric motor , however other actuator types such as , but not limited to hydraulic actuators , pneumatic actuators , or other similar actuators may also be used . first member 343 may be referred to as a stator and second member 342 may be referred to as a rotor . however , it should be noted that neither stator 343 nor rotor 342 are stationary relative to reference structure 310 . rotor 342 is rigidly coupled to shaft 341 . stator 343 is specifically not rigidly mounted to reference structure 310 . more concretely , stator 343 is able to rotate relative to reference structure 310 about axis 305 independent the rotation of rotor 342 relative to the reference structure 310 . stated another way , second actuator 340 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference structure 310 . a first degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 344 of rotor 342 relative to reference structure 310 . a second degree of freedom can be defined as angle of rotation 345 of stator 323 relative to reference structure 310 . output member 280 is coupled to rotors 322 , 342 . therefore , output member 280 rotates together with rotors 322 , 342 relative to reference structure 310 . second portion of 310 b reference structure 310 has couplings 315 and 316 which respectively provide additional support in holding rotors 322 , 342 in rotary engagement with reference structure 310 . output member 280 may be coupled to an object to be driven , such as an aircraft control surface . stator 323 and stator 343 are rotationally coupled together through coupling 360 . coupling 360 causes stator 323 to rotate relative to reference structure 310 by an angle opposite to the rotation of stator 343 relative to reference structure 310 . more specifically , coupling 360 causes any change in angle 325 to cause an equal and opposite change in angle 345 . in other words , a degree of freedom between rotary actuator 320 and reference structure 310 is caused to be shared with one degree of freedom between rotary actuator 340 and reference structure 310 by coupling 360 . coupling 360 is a link 360 a pivotally connected to drive arm portion 323 a of stator 323 and pivotally connected to drive arm portion 343 a of stator 343 . however , coupling 360 may alternatively be a gear coupling , a belt coupling , or other similar coupling . rotor 322 and rotor 342 are both coupled to output member 280 through coupling 370 . coupling 370 causes the rotation of both rotors 322 and 342 to be transmitted to the output member 280 such that the output member 280 rotates in the same direction as the rotors 322 , 342 relative to the reference structure 310 . more specifically , coupling 370 causes the rotation of the rotors 322 , 342 to be summed together at the output member 280 . coupling 370 comprises a pair of links 370 a and 370 b . link 370 a is pivotally connected between drive arm portion 322 a of member 322 and drive arm portion 280 a of output member 280 . link 370 b is pivotally connected between drive arm portion 342 a of member 342 and drive arm portion 280 b of output member 280 . however , coupling 370 may alternatively be a gear coupling , a belt coupling , or other similar coupling . while coupling 360 causes stator 323 and stator 343 to rotate in opposite directions relative to reference structure 310 , coupling 370 causes rotor 322 and rotor 342 to rotate in equivalent directions relative to reference structure 310 . linkage 390 is a set of rigid links and joints between reference member 310 and output member 280 . more specifically , linkage 390 comprises couplings 360 and 370 , and members 321 , 322 , 323 , 341 , 342 , and 343 . linkage 390 has two degrees of freedom relative to reference 310 . in other words , the state of linkage 390 relative to reference 310 can be described by two independent variables . for example , knowing angle 344 ( which represents the angle of rotor 342 to reference structure 310 ) and angle 324 ( the angle of shaft 321 relative to reference structure 310 ) specifically define the state of linkage 390 since no member ( link ) within linkage 390 can be moved without adjusting angles 344 or 324 . in this view , angle 324 and angle 344 represent two independent degrees of freedom of linkage 390 . alternatively , the two degrees of freedom of linkage 390 can be defined as angle 325 and angle 344 . no linkage 390 member can be moved relative to linkage 310 without changing angle 325 or angle 344 . rotary actuator 300 is generally operated by powering first actuator 320 and second actuator 340 together at the same time to cause output member 380 to move relative to reference structure 310 in a desired manner . for example , if a user desires to cause output member 280 to rotate clockwise relative to reference structure 310 ( as shown in the apparatus orientation in fig5 ), actuator 320 and actuator 340 would be actuated at the same time , actuator 320 providing a torque of equal and opposite magnitude as actuator 340 . more specifically , actuator 320 is actuated so as to apply a torque urging rotor 322 to rotate clockwise relative to stator 323 . at the same time , actuator 340 is actuated so as to apply a torque urging rotor 342 to rotate clockwise relative to stator 343 . under this scenario , counteracting torques from actuator 320 and actuator 340 act against each other through coupling 360 . more specifically , when actuator 320 applies a torque to rotor 322 in the clockwise direction , an equal and opposite torque is applied to coupling 360 , urging coupling 360 to rotate counterclockwise . the torque applied by actuator 320 onto coupling 360 manifests as a downward rightwards force on coupling 360 . when actuator 340 applies a torque to rotor 342 in the clockwise direction , an equal and opposite torque is applied to coupling 360 . the torque applied by actuator 340 onto coupling 360 manifests as an upwards - leftwards force applied on coupling 360 by actuator 340 . the force applied by actuator 320 onto coupling 360 is generally equal and opposite the force applied by actuator 340 onto coupling 360 . this generally results in stators 323 and 343 remaining stationary while rotors 322 and 342 rotate clockwise . coupling 370 causes the angles of rotation 324 , 344 of rotors 322 and 342 relative to reference structure 310 to remain equivalent . in order to cause output member 280 to rotate counter clockwise relative to reference structure 310 , rotary actuators 320 and 340 are actuated in reverse compared to when causing output member 280 to rotate clockwise . in order to operate in a dual tandem mode , each actuator 220 , 240 , 320 , 340 is provided with a brake that may be internal or external and a controller . if one or more of the actuators 220 , 240 , 320 , 340 lose power then one of the remaining actuators 220 , 240 , 320 , 340 can move the output member 280 . the third actuator system 300 also has the advantageous characteristic that if any of the actuators 220 , 240 , 320 , 340 lock up ( such as an electromechanical jam , or hydraulic valve lock ), output member 280 will continue to be actuated in the desired direction of rotation by at least one of the non - failing actuators . this is because , in the case of failure of actuator 220 or 240 , the locked up actuator will still be able to provide a counteracting torque to the other actuator through coupling 260 . for example , consider a user desiring to rotate output member 280 clockwise relative to reference structure 210 when actuator 220 inadvertently rotationally locks stator 223 relative to rotor 222 . because stator 223 is rotationally locked to rotor 222 , any change in angle 224 between rotor 222 and reference structure 210 will necessary equal any change in angle 225 between stator 223 and reference structure 210 . note that stator 223 and rotor 222 may still rotate together as a unit relative to reference structure 210 . when actuator 240 applies a clockwise torque to rotor 242 , the equal and opposite torque on stator 243 is distributed through coupling 260 as an upwards and leftwards force on coupling 260 . this upwards and leftwards force on coupling 260 results in a clockwise torque applied to stator 223 which is transmitted through the locked up actuator as a clockwise torque onto rotor 2122 . coupling 270 causes the rotation of rotors 222 and 242 to be equalized , while output member 280 is rotated clockwise as desired through the jam . also , rotors 320 , 340 continue to rotate output member 280 in the clockwise direction . turning to fig6 , each of the actuators 220 , 320 is paired with a holding device 240 ′ and 340 ′ for simplex unit operation as described above in connection with fig2 and 4 . in fig7 , coupling 260 ′ includes a link 260 a ′ that pivotally connects between drive arm portion 243 a of stator 243 and drive arm portion 223 a of stator 223 at pivot points 290 , 292 . in contrast to the arrangement of coupling 260 , the link 260 a ′ does not cross a line 261 ′ between the centers of axes 204 and 205 . the coupling 270 ′ includes a link 270 a ′ pivotally connected between drive arm portion 242 a and drive portion 280 a of output member 280 at pivot points 294 , 295 and a link 270 b ′ pivotally connected between drive arm portion 222 a and drive portion 280 b of output member 280 at pivot points 296 , 297 . the link 270 b ′ crosses over to the opposite side of axis 205 . referring generally to fig8 - 11 and initially to fig8 , a fourth actuator system 400 includes six actuators 403 , 406 , 409 , 412 , 415 ( fig9 ), and 418 ( fig9 ). the actuators are arranged with moment cancellation and are all mechanically coupled to a common output member 421 ( fig1 ) as described in detail below . the actuators may be arranged in pairs that may be dual tandem or simplex pairs . in the case of simplex pair units , one of the actuators in each pair is substituted with a holding device as described above . in the case of loss of power or a jam for an actuator paired with a holding device , the unit drops out of the network and freely rotates . in the case of a dual tandem unit , each actuator is provided with a brake that may be internal or external and a controller such that loss of power for one actuator of the pair results in the other actuator of the pair moving the tandem unit together . output member 421 is configured to engage with a shaft 424 . as shown , the shaft 424 is a spline shaft , however , it will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art based on this disclosure that other mechanical means for transmitting rotation from the output member 421 may also be used . reference structure 427 and reference structure 430 are rigid members . a link 433 is fixedly attached to the reference structures 427 , 430 . reference structure 430 includes bearing 431 . starting at the bottom fig8 , and working counterclockwise , a moment canceling arm 478 is connected to stator 439 of first actuator 403 . the moment canceling arm 478 rotates with the stator 439 about axis 481 . a link 484 is pivotally attached to arm 478 at one end and is pivotally attached to a moment canceling arm 487 connected to the stator 442 of actuator 406 which forms a pair with actuator 403 . continuing counterclockwise , moment canceling arm 493 is connected to the stator 445 of actuator 409 . the link that connects arm 493 to its neighboring arm 496 has been removed for clarity . moment canceling arm 496 is connected to stator 448 of actuator 412 . moment canceling arm 499 is connected to stator 451 of actuator 415 . a link 502 is pivotally attached to arm 499 at one end and is pivotally attached to arm 505 at the opposite end . arm 505 is connected to stator 454 of actuator 418 . the rotors 457 , 460 , 463 etc . are disposed between reference structures 427 and 430 and rotate relative to their respective stators . the rotors are coupled to the output member 421 as described in detail below . reference structure 427 includes bearings 436 ( best shown in fig1 ) for holding stators 439 , 442 , 445 , 448 , 451 , and 454 ( fig1 ) in rotary engagement for rotation relative to reference structure 427 . turning to fig1 rotors 457 , 460 , 463 , 466 , 469 , 472 are configured and arranged for rotary motion relative to their respective stators . the rotors 457 , 460 , 463 , 466 , 469 , 472 are mechanically coupled to the output member 421 . starting at the bottom right hand side of fig1 and moving counterclockwise , drive arm portion 511 of rotor 457 rotates with the rotor 457 about axis 514 normal to the page . a link 517 is pivotally connected to drive arm portion 511 at one end and is pivotally connected to a crank 520 at the opposite end . the crank 520 is fixedly attached to the output member 421 . drive arm portion 523 of rotor 460 rotates with rotor 460 about axis 526 normal to the page . a link 529 is pivotally connected to drive arm portion 523 at a first end and is pivotally connected to a crank 532 at a second end . the crank 532 is fixedly attached to the output member 421 and is positioned below crank 520 with respect to the orientation of fig1 . drive arm portion 535 of rotor 463 rotates with rotor 463 about axis 538 normal to the page . a link 541 is pivotally connected to drive arm portion 535 at a first end and is pivotally connected to crank 520 at the opposite end . drive arm portion 544 of rotor 466 rotates with rotor 466 about axis 547 normal to the page . a link 550 is pivotally connected to drive arm portion 544 at a first end and is pivotally connected to crank 532 at the opposite end . drive arm portion 553 of rotor 469 rotates with rotor 469 about axis 556 normal to the page . a link 557 is pivotally connected to drive arm 553 at a first end and is pivotally connected to crank 520 at the opposite end . drive arm 559 of rotor 472 rotates with rotor 472 about axis 562 normal to the page . a link 565 is pivotally connected to the drive arm 559 at a first end and is pivotally connected to crank 532 at the opposite end . turning to fig1 and 15 , exploded perspective views show an actuator 415 . the actuator 415 includes a stator 451 which includes a torque tube 452 connected to the moment canceling arm 499 . all of the parts of the stator 451 are arranged for rotary motion relative to the reference structures 427 , 430 and are configured for relative rotation with its rotor 469 . rotor 469 has a drive arm portion 553 that is connected to the output member 421 as described above in connection with fig1 . moment canceling arm 499 of stator 451 is connected to the moment canceling arm 505 of an adjacent actuator 418 by means of link 502 . arms 499 and 505 are coupled together such that their moment is canceled . the remaining pairs of moment canceling arms 478 and 487 and 493 and 496 are configured the same way to form a network of three actuator units with each unit comprising two actuators connected in the same manner . in fig1 , the fourth actuator system 400 is shown with reference structure 430 removed for clarity . at the left side of the figure , the connection of the moment canceling drive arms 499 and 505 by means of link 502 is shown . the link 502 is pivotally attached at a first end to drive arm 499 at pivot point 506 and is pivotally attached to drive arm 505 at the opposite end at pivot point 507 . the output member 421 has a splined bore 422 for receiving a splined shaft 424 ( fig8 ). the output member 421 may be provided with cranks 520 and 532 ( fig1 ) that are coupled to the output member 421 such that forces on the cranks 520 and 532 cause the output member 421 to rotate . rotor 463 is connected to the crank 520 via a connecting rod or link 541 that is pivotally attached to the drive arm portion 535 of rotor 463 at a first end at pivot point 536 and is pivotally attached to the crank 520 at the opposite end at pivot point 537 . the crank 532 is below or to the right in the axial direction with respect to the axis 550 of rotation of the output member 421 . the crank 520 may be provided with a generally triangular shape for connection to three of the rotors and crank 532 may also be provided with a generally triangular shape for connection to the three other rotors . several modifications can be made to the disclosed embodiments . for example , position sensors , resolvers , and / or encoders may be added to actuators and / or any other linkage joint in order to provide useful feedback to a controller . additionally , torque sensors , and / or tachometers may additionally be added to each actuator output and / or any other link joint in the linkage system to provide further feedback . in dual tandem configurations , one motor in a pair may be of a different type than its corresponding motor . for example , one motor may be a high torque , high velocity motor , whereas the other motor may be a low velocity , high efficiency , high torque motor . additionally in configurations in which multiple dual tandem pairs are used , brakes may be safely removed since open actuator failures are not a major concern when a second pair of actuators is available to control the output member in the event of an open failure . the disclosed embodiments resulted in several significant advantages . the multiply redundant nature of the disclosed configurations provide high fail - safe statistical levels , especially in triplex configurations . because there is an additional degree of freedom in each actuator pair , a self test may be safely conducted during use in which one actuator moves relative to another actuator without changing the position of the output member . the hexagonal arrangement of the fourth system provides a highly space efficient configuration which allows for arrangement in tightly constrained vehicle frames such as in aircraft airframes . several actuator systems have been shown and described , and several modifications and alternatives have been discussed . therefore , persons skilled in this art will readily appreciate that various additional changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention , as defined and differentiated by the following claims . | 8 |
waxes are water - insoluble substances which are solid at ambient temperatures with a relatively low melting point and which are capable of softening when heated and hardening when cooled . petroleum waxes ( essentially saturated hydrocarbon mixtures obtained by the refining of petroleum ) are preferred for use in the present invention , with paraffinic and microcrystalline waxes being especially preferred . such materials are well - known in the art ( see , for example , the chapter entitled “ waxes ” in vol . 17 of the encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering , second edition ) and are readily available from a number of commercial sources . for example , the akrowax petroleum waxes sold by akrochem corporation of akron , ohio may be utilized in the present invention ( including akrowax 5030 , akrowax 5031 and akrowax 5032 ). mixtures and blends of different waxes may be employed . an amount of wax is incorporated into the thermosettable composition , which is effective to improve the corrosion and moisture resistance of a composite comprised of a metal substrate and a thermoset derived by curing the thermosettable composition . such amounts may vary depending upon the particular thermosettable composition , metal substrate , and wax selected , but typically will be at least about 0 . 05 % by weight , more preferably at least about 0 . 1 % by weight , of the thermosettable composition . at the same time , however , the wax concentration should not be so great that the properties of the composite , such as the adhesion of the thermoset to the surface of the metal substrate , are significantly compromised . generally speaking , no more than about 2 % by weight , more preferably no more than about 1 % by weight , of wax is present in the thermosettable composition . the optimum amount of wax for a particular end - use application may be readily determined by standard experimental techniques . while in principle any of the thermosettable resins known in the art may be employed , including , for example , vinyl esters , thermoset polyesters , urethanes , phenolic resins , and the like , the present invention is especially well - suited for use with epoxy resin - based systems . any of the thermosettable resins having an average of more than one ( preferably about two or more ) epoxy groups per molecule known or referred to in the art may be utilized as the epoxy resin component of the present invention . epoxy resins are described , for example , in the chapter entitled “ epoxy resins ” in the second edition of the encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering , volume 6 , pp . 322 - 382 ( 1986 ). exemplary epoxy resins include polyglycidyl ethers obtained by reacting polyhydric phenols such as bisphenol a , bisphenol f , bisphenol ad , catechol , resorcinol , or polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin and polyethylene glycol with haloepoxides such as epichlorohydrin ; glycidylether esters obtained by reacting hydroxycarboxylic acids such as p - hydroxybenzoic acid or beta - hydroxy naphthoic acid with epichlorohydrin or the like ; polyglycidyl esters obtained by reacting polycarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid , tetrahydrophthalic acid or terephthalic acid with epichlorohydrin or the like ; epoxidated phenolic - novolac resins ( sometimes also referred to as polyglycidyl ethers of phenolic novolac compounds ); epoxidated polyolefins ; glycidylated aminoalcohol compounds and aminophenol compounds , hydantoin diepoxides and urethane - modified epoxy resins . mixtures of epoxy resins may be used if so desired ; for example , mixtures of liquid ( at room temperature ), semi - solid , and / or solid epoxy resins can be employed . any of the epoxy resins available from commercial sources are suitable for use in the present invention . preferably , the epoxy resin has an epoxide equivalent molecular weight of from about 150 to 1000 . the use of epoxy resins based on glycidyl ethers of bisphenol a is especially advantageous . the epoxy resin preferably contains an average of about 2 epoxy groups per molecule and should be selected so as to provide the desired combination of properties in both the thermosettable composition and the final cured thermoset and composite prepared therefrom . the hardening of the thermosettable resins utilized in the present invention may be accomplished by the addition of any of the chemical materials known in the art for curing such resins . such materials are referred to herein as “ curatives ”, but also include the substances known to workers in the field as curing agents , hardeners , activators , catalysts or accelerators . while certain curatives promote curing by catalytic action , others participate directly in the reaction of the resin and are incorporated into the thermoset polymeric network formed by condensation , chain - extension and / or crosslinking of the resin . where the thermosettable resin is an epoxy resin , it is particularly desirable to employ at least one curative , which is a nitrogen - containing compound . such curatives ( along with other curatives useful for hardening epoxy resins ) are described in the chapter in the encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering referenced hereinabove . latent curatives ( i . e ., curatives that activate only upon heating to an elevated temperature ) are preferred for use where the thermosettable composition is to be stored for an extended period of time at room temperature prior to use . suitable nitrogen - containing compounds useful as curatives include amino compounds , amine salts , and quaternary ammonium compounds . particularly preferred types of nitrogen - containing compounds include amine - epoxy adducts , borontrihalide amine adducts , imidazoles , ureas , and guanidines ( e . g ., dicyandiamide ). in one desirable embodiment of the invention , two or more different types of these nitrogen - containing compounds are used in combination . amine - epoxy adducts are well - known in the art and are described , for example , in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 756 , 984 ; 4 , 066 , 625 ; 4 , 268 , 656 ; 4 , 360 , 649 ; 4 , 542 , 202 ; 4 , 546 , 155 ; 5 , 134 , 239 ; 5 , 407 , 978 ; 5 , 543 , 486 ; 5 , 548 , 058 ; 5 , 430 , 112 ; 5 , 464 , 910 ; 5 , 439 , 977 ; 5 , 717 , 011 ; 5 , 733 , 954 ; 5 , 789 , 498 ; 5 , 798 , 399 and 5 , 801 , 218 , each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . such amine - epoxy adducts are the products of the reaction between one or more amine compounds and one or more epoxy compounds . carboxylic acid anhydrides , carboxylic acids , phenolic novolac resins , water , metal salts and the like may also be utilized as additional reactants in the preparation of the amine - epoxy adduct or to further modify the adduct once the amine and epoxy have been reacted . preferably , the adduct is a solid which is insoluble in the epoxy resin component of the present invention at room temperature , but which becomes soluble and functions as an accelerator to increase the cure rate upon heating . while any type of amine could be used ( with heterocyclic amines and / or amines containing at least one secondary nitrogen atom being preferred ), imidazole compounds are particularly preferred . illustrative imidazoles include 2 - methyl imidazole , 2 , 4 - dimethyl imidazole , 2 - ethyl - 4 - methyl imidazole , 2 - phenyl imidazole and the like . other suitable amines include , but are not limited to , piperazines , piperidines , pyrazoles , purines , and triazoles . any kind of epoxy compound can be employed as the other starting material for the adduct , including monofunctional , bifunctional , and polyfunctional epoxy compounds such as those described previously with regard to the epoxy resin component . suitable amine - epoxy adducts are available from commercial sources such as ajinomoto , inc ., shell , pacific anchor chemical company , and the asahi chemical industry company limited . the products sold by ajinomoto under the trademarks ajicure pn40 and ajicure pn - 23 are especially preferred for use in the present invention . dicyandiamide ( sold commercially by air products under the trademark dicy ) is also a particularly preferred curative , although other guanidine compounds may also be utilized . the curative system may also comprise one or more ureas , either alone or in combination with other types of curatives ( especially guanidines such as dicyandiamide ). suitable ureas include alkyl and aryl substituted ureas . many such ureas are available commercially , for example , n , n ′- dimethyl urea , which is sold under the trademark amicure ur by air products . suitable boron trihalide adducts include boron trichloride adducts of amines such as monoethanolamine , diethylamine , dioctylmethylamine , triethylamine , pyridine , benzylamine , benzyldimethyl amine , and the like . boron trichloride amine adduct curatives are available commercially from companies such as ciba specialty chemicals and cvc specialty chemicals , inc . the curative system ( i . e ., the specific curatives and the amounts of such curatives ) should , in one desirable embodiment , be selected such that it does not catalyze curing of the thermosettable composition to any significant extent under typical storage conditions over an extended period of time . preferably , the components of the curative system are adjusted such that the thermosettable composition retains a workable consistency ( in one embodiment of the invention , a consistency resembling that of a pliable dough or putty ) for more than two weeks at 130 ° f . and does not expand in volume or decrease in specific gravity under such conditions to an unacceptable extent , yet foams and cures within 10 minutes upon being heated at 150 ° c . or higher with no appreciable deterioration in performance during storage . in one embodiment of the invention , the components of the thermosettable composition and relative proportions of said components are selected such that the thermosettable composition is pumpable . that is , such thermosettable composition is capable of being pumped into a hollow space or cavity where reinforcement is desired ( such , as for example , a hydroformed part of a vehicle which is otherwise not readily accessible ). the thermosettable composition which has been introduced in such manner is thereafter heated ( by , for example , placing the vehicle in a paint oven ) to a temperature effective to cure ( and expand , where the composition is expandable ) the thermosettable composition . pumping of the thermosettable composition will generally be carried out at a temperature higher than room temperature , but lower than the temperature needed to initiate curing and foaming . the thermosettable compositions of the invention may be formulated to include one or more additional components , including , for example , blowing agents ( to render the composition expandable / foamable ), fillers , colorants , thixotropic agents ( rheological control agents ), toughening or flexibilizing agents , stabilizers , and the like . in one embodiment of the invention , the thermosettable composition is formulated to have the consistency of a pliable dough at room temperature which can be readily formed into a desired shape by extrusion , molding or the like and yet retains that shape once the forming operation is completed . if the thermosettable composition viscosity is too low due to , for example , the presence of liquid components such as low molecular weight epoxy resins or reactive diluents , thixotropic agents such as fumed silica ( especially hydrophobic fumed silica ), coated calcium carbonate , clays , bentonites , and the like can be added . selection of the blowing agent or blowing agents to be used in the present invention is not believed to be particularly critical , although chemical blowing agents rather than physical blowing agents are preferred if a storage - stable , ready - to - use one - part composition is desired . any of the chemical blowing agents known in the art may be employed , with azodicarbonamide ( also sometimes referred to as 1 , 1 ′- azobisformamide , azdc or adc ) and sulfonyl hydrazides providing particularly good performance . in one embodiment of the invention , azodicarbonamide is utilized as the predominate or , more preferably , sole blowing agent ; mixtures with sulfonylhydrazides may be desirable for certain purposes , however . azodicarbonamide is available from a number of commercial sources ; for example , it is sold under the trademark unicell by dong jin chemical of south korea and under the calogen trademark by uniroyal chemical . “ activated ” or “ modified ” forms of azodicarbonamide may be used to advantage . suitable sulfonylhydrazide blowing agents include , but are not limited to , p , p ′- oxybis ( benzenesulfonylhydrazide ) ( sold by uniroyal chemical under the trademark celogen ot ), p - toluenenesulfonylhydrazide ( sold by uniroyal chemical under the trademark celogen tsh ) and the like . the particle size of the blowing agent may be adjusted so as to provide the desired foaming characteristics in the cured foam . smaller particle sizes , for example , tend to provide foams having more uniform cell structure . expandable thermoplastic resin microspheres ( which can comprise , for example , volatile physical blowing agents such as hydrocarbons or halocarbons encapsulated in thermoplastic shells ) may also be employed to render the thermosettable composition foamable . particularly preferred expandable microspheres are available from casco nobel ab under the trademark expancel . in some formulations , it may be desirable to also use a blowing agent activator or accelerator so as to lower the temperature at which release of gas from the blowing agent takes place . suitable blowing agent activators include , but are not limited to , ureas ( such as the surface - coated , oil - treated urea sold by uniroyal chemicals under the trademark bikot ), polyols , organic acids , amines , and lead , zinc , tin , calcium and cadmium oxides and salts ( including carboxylic acid salts ). typically , from about 0 . 1 % to about 2 % blowing agent activator based on the weight of the thermosettable composition is employed , although the optimum amount will of course vary depending upon the activator / accelerator selected , the amount of blowing agent , cure temperature and other variables . excess activator should not be used since the storage stability may thereby be adversely affected . it will be especially desirable to include one or more glass fillers in the thermosettable composition , as such fillers impart useful characteristics to the resulting thermoset . for example , hollow glass microspheres may be added to reduce the density of the thermoset while maintaining good strength and stiffness . commercially available hollow glass microspheres ( sometimes also referred to as glass microballoons or microbubbles ) include the materials sold by minnesota mining & amp ; manufacturing under the trademark scotchlite , with suitable grades including those available under the designations b38 , c15 , k20 and vs 5500 . the glass microspheres preferably have diameters in the range of from about 5 to 200 micrometers ( preferably , no greater than 70 micrometers ). the crush strength of the hollow glass microspheres may be selected in accordance with the desired characteristics of the cured thermoset or composite containing such thermoset . glass fiber is another preferred type of glass filler , since it helps increase the strength and stiffness of the thermoset . the glass fiber may be chopped , milled or in other suitable physical form . other types of fillers may also optionally be present in the thermosettable composition . any of the conventional organic or inorganic fillers known in the thermosettable resin art may be used including , for example , silica ( including fumed or pyrogenic silica , which may also function as a thixotropic or rheological control agent ), calcium carbonate ( including coated and / or precipitated calcium carbonate , which may also act as a thixotropic or rheological control agent , especially when it is in the form of fine particles ), fibers other than glass fibers ( e . g ., wollastonite fibers , carbon fibers , ceramic fibers , aramid fibers ), calcium oxide , wollastonite , alumina , clays , sand , metals ( e . g ., aluminum powder ), microspheres other than glass microspheres such as ceramic microspheres , thermoplastic resin microspheres , thermoset resin microspheres , and carbon microspheres ( all of which may be solid or hollow , expanded or expandable ) and the like . other optional components include diluents ( reactive or non - reactive ) such as glycidyl ethers , glycidyl esters , acrylics , solvents and plasticizers , toughening or flexibilizing agents ( e . g ., aliphatic diepoxides , polyaminoamides , liquid polysulfide polymers ), wetting agents / adhesion promoters , colorants ( e . g ., dyes and pigments such as carbon black ), stabilizers ( e . g ., antioxidants , uv stabilizers ) and the like . it is particularly advantageous to include or more rubbers in the thermosettable composition , as such additives will toughen the thermoset and reduce the tendency of the thermoset to crack under stress . as used herein , the term “ rubbers ” includes both rubbers and elastomers . suitable rubbers include thermoplastic as well as thermosettable ( reactive ) rubbers . illustrative types of rubber include styrene - butadiene rubbers ( sbr ), nitrile - butadiene rubbers , butyl rubbers , polyisoprene , natural rubber , polybutadiene , chlorobutyl rubbers ( neoprene ), isobutylene polymers , alpha - olefin elastomers , ethylene - propylene elastomers , chlorosulfonated polyethylenes , ethylene - propylene - diene ( epdm ) rubbers , ethylene - vinyl acetate rubbers , halogenated rubbers , hydrogenated natural rubbers , and the like . thermoplastic block copolymers are one particularly preferred class of rubbers for use in the present invention . such materials contain one or more base segments (“ a ”) covalently bonded to one or more soft or elastomeric segments (“ b ”). the a segments may be polystyrene , poly ( alpha - methylstyrene ), polyethylene , polyurethane , polysulfone , polyester , polycarbonate or the like . the b segments may be polybutadiene , polyisoprene , poly ( ethylene - co butylene ), polydimethylsiloxane , polyether , or the like . the block copolymers may have a linear , branched , radial or star structure and may , for example , correspond to the general structure a - b - a , ( a - b ) n , and so forth . sis , sebs and sbs block copolymers are examples of specific types of such materials . liquid rubbers such as butadiene - acrylonitrile copolymers , which may be functionalized with carboxy groups , amine groups , or other groups capable of reacting with other components of the thermosettable composition , may also be employed . the thermosettable compositions of the present invention may be utilized in any end - use application where an adhesive , sealant or coating is required . however , the thermosettable compositions ( particularly when formulated to include blowing agents ) are especially useful in the production of automobiles and other vehicles to maintain or increase the strength of metallic structural members such as rockers , pillars , radiator support beams , doors , reinforcing beams and the like . the use of structural reinforcement foams in such applications is described , for example , in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 901 , 500 ; 4 , 908 , 930 ; 4 , 751 , 249 ; 4 , 978 , 562 ; 4 , 995 , 545 ; 5 , 124 , 186 ; 5 , 575 , 526 ; 5 , 755 , 486 ; 4 , 923 , 902 ; 4 , 922 , 596 ; 4 , 861 , 097 ; 4 , 732 , 806 ; 4 , 695 , 343 ; 4 , 610 , 836 ; 6 , 068 , 424 ; 6 , 058 , 673 ; 6 , 003 , 274 ; 5 , 992 , 923 ; 5 , 888 , 600 ; 6 , 092 , 864 ; 6 , 079 , 180 and 5 , 884 , 960 ( each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety ). suitable metal substrates include steel , galvanized steel , and other metals containing iron which ordinarily are susceptible to corrosion . to further improve the corrosion resistance of the composite , the thermosettable composition may additionally include one or more coupling agents and / or metal - modified inorganic oxides . suitable coupling agents include silanes and organometallates such as organic titanates and zirconates . organic titanates and zirconates are well known in the art and are described , for example , in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 103 , 784 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . suitable metal - modified inorganic oxides include alkaline earth metal - modified silicates , for example , calcium ion exchanged amorphous silica gels such as the shieldex products available from the grace davison division of w . r . grace . the relative amounts of the above - described components may , in particular embodiments of the invention , correspond to the following ranges : the thermosettable compositions of the present invention can be readily prepared by simply mixing the individual components in desired proportions using planetary mixers , kneaders , rollers , or the like . if coupling agents and glass fillers ( e . g ., glass microspheres or glass fibers ) are to be useed , it is preferred to combine the coupling agent with the epoxy resin before adding the glass filler . the wax is added following the addition of the glass filler . wax - modified thermosettable compositions in accordance with the invention were prepared using the components listed in tables i - a through v - a . the properties of the uncured and cured compositions were measured as follows : adhesion — samples of the thermosettable compositions ( 1 mm thick by 2 ″ by 7 ″) were applied to the surface of cold rolled steel ( crs ) panels and baked 30 minutes at either 350 ° f . ( ex . 1 - 4 and 15 - 24 ) or 295 ° f . ( ex . 5 - 14 and 25 - 43 ). clean as well as oiled panels were tested , the oiled panels being coated with either 61k2m or feercote oil . compressive strength — samples ( 75 g each ) were placed in 36 mm diameter cardboard tubes and baked either 45 minutes at 295 ° f . ( ex . 1 - 14 and 30 - 43 ), 30 minutes at 295 ° f . ( ex . 25 - 29 ), or 45 minutes at 350 ° f . ( ex . 15 - 24 ). the cured samples were cut to 72 mm in length and crushed at 0 . 5 inches per minute . values shown are an average of 3 samples . lap shear strength — composites were prepared using 0 . 060 inch thick clean cold rolled steel coupons with 1 inch overlap and 4 mm spacers . composites were baked 30 minutes at 275 ° f . ( except for examples 15 - 24 , which were baked 30 minutes at 350 degrees f .) and then pulled apart at 2 inches per minute . values shown are an average of 5 samples . these examples ( tables i - a & amp ; b ) illustrate embodiments of the invention wherein initiation of foaming and curing can be accomplished at a relatively low temperature ( e . g ., 250 ° f . to 275 ° f .) while maintaining good storage stability at ambient temperatures . varying amounts of a titanate coupling agent were used to study the effect of such coupling agent on adhesion of the cured composition to oily metal surfaces . in example 3 , the glass fiber reinforcing filler present in the other formulations was omitted . these examples ( tables ii - a & amp ; b ) demonstrate the effect of incorporating a higher molecular weight epoxy resin ( epon 1001 epoxy resin , a product of shell chemical ) to stiffen the thermosettable composition and reduce tack . small amounts of polyaramid fiber were used in examples 13 and 14 as a full or partial replacement for the glass fiber used in other examples . adjustments in the combination of coupling agents employed were also made to improve adhesion to metal surfaces and to compensate for the slight losses in compressive strength and modulus observed upon partial substitution of the epon 1001 epoxy resin for the pep 6134 epoxy resin . these examples ( tables iii - a & amp ; b ) illustrate thermosettable compositions in accordance with the present invention which are pumpable at 120 ° f . but which have the consistency of a sticky dough at room temperature . the relative amounts of different fiber fillers were varied to determine the feasibility of substituting polyaramid fibers for glass fibers , which tend to be somewhat abrasive in pumping systems , and for fumed silica , which is a thixotropic agent which adds to the cost of the formulation . a flexibilizing epoxy resin was used in combination with conventional bisphenol a diglycidyl ether epoxy resin in this series of examples . 3 omicure bc 120 boron trichloride amine adduct , a product of cvc specialty chemicals , inc . 4 amicure cg - 1400 dicyandiamide , a product of air products . 5 scotchlite vs5500 microspheres , a product of minnesota mining & amp ; manufacturing 6 expancel o51 du expandable microspheres , a product of casco nobel ab 8 shieldex calcium ion exchanged amorphous silica gel , a product of the grace davison division of w . r . grace . 9 chartwell b515 . 4hr titanate , a product of chartwell international , inc . 4 omicure bc 120 boron trichloride amine adduct , a product of cvc specialty chemicals , inc . 6 scotchlite vs5500 microspheres , a product of minnesota mining and manufacturing 7 expancel 051 du expandable microspheres , a product of casco nobel ab 10 shieldex calcium ion exchanged amorphous silica gel , a product of the grace davison division of w . r . grace . 14 chartwell b 515 . 4 hr titanate , a product of chartwell international , inc . 2 light cohesive failure ( surface of panel appears clean , but a very light coating of the thermoset remains ) 2 der 732 flexibilizing epoxy resin ( diglycidyl ether of polypropylene glycol ), a product of dow chemical . 6 scotchlite vs 5500 microspheres , a product of minnesota mining & amp ; manufacturing . 11 expancel 051 du expandable microspheres , a product of casco nobel ab 15 chartwell b51 5 . 4h titanate , a product of chartwell international , inc . these examples demonstrate the effect of adding various amounts of wax to an expandable thermosettable composition . example 25 is a control example containing no wax . the formulation was applied to metal panels comprised of cold rolled steel , expanded and cured by heating 30 minutes at 275 ° f . the resulting composites were subjected to 15 scab cycles ( gm test cycle 1505 ). the metal surface under the thermoset layer was as corroded as the metal surface not covered by the thermoset layer , with 100 % loss of adhesion observed . example 26 , which contained 0 . 48 wt % wax , provided a composite on cold rolled steel panels which exhibited about 75 % cohesive failure . around the perimeter of the area initially covered by the thermoset layer , the remaining portion of the panel surface was severely corroded . however , the small isolated areas of the panel where the thermosettable composition had bubbled up away from the panel remained clean ( uncorroded ). this was quite unexpected , as ordinarily ( i . e ., in the absence of wax ) such is sites exhibit extensive corrosion due to the opportunity for water trapped within such bubbles to contact the metal surface of the panel . a composite prepared using example 28 , which contained 2 wt % wax , exhibited complete loss of adhesion and severe corrosion of the crs panel in the area initially covered by the thermosettable composition . it is believed that the loss of adhesion was due to the relatively high amount of wax present . 1 pep 61 34 epoxy resin , a product of peninsula polymers 3 omicure bc 120 boron trichloride amine adduct , a product of cvc speciaity chemicals , inc . 5 scotchlite vs - 5500 microspheres , a product of minnesota mining & amp ; manufacturing 6 expancel 051 du expandable microspheres , a product of casco nobel ab 11 shieldex calcium ion exchanged amorphous silica gel , a product of the grace davison division of w . r . grace 3 omicure bc 120 boron trichloride amine adduct , a product of cvc specialty chemicals , inc . 8 akrowax pe - lm low molecular weight polyethylene wax , a product of akrochem corporation 9 scotchlite vs - 5500 microspheres , a product of minnesota mining & amp ; manufacturing 10 expancel 051 du expandable microspheres , a product of casco nobel ab 12 shieldex calcium ion exchanged amorphous silica , a product of the grace davison division of w . r . grace | 2 |
there is shown in fig3 and 4 a typical inflation port arrangement ( 1 ) used in a known balloon inflation device suitable for treating a bleeding body cavity . the device ( 1 ) consists of a luer slip valve ( 2 ), a pilot balloon ( 3 ) or safety cuff ( 3 ) connectable to an inflation tube ( 4 ). as shown in fig1 and 2 the luer slip valve ( 2 ) includes a port ( 5 ) that opens upon insertion of a tip of a syringe and automatically closes when the syringe is removed . such an arrangement allows a balloon ( not shown ) to be inflated with an inflation medium and to remain inflated upon removal of the syringe . it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that a bladder type hand pump fitted with a luer type inflation nozzle or a connector which is fitted to a syringe may be used instead of a syringe . there is shown in fig5 a haemostatic nasal packing device comprising a typical inflation port arrangement ( 1 ) in combination with two inflatable elastomeric balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) each of which are in fluid communication with the pilot balloon ( 3 ) via separate inflation lines ( 4 , 4 ′). typically , the inflation lines are about 40 - 50 mm long . each of the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) include a haemostatic fabric shroud ( 7 , 7 ′) secured to the distal tip of the respective balloon ( 6 , 6 ′) by a fabric ring clamp ( 8 , 8 ′). each balloon is releasably mounted to a delivery catheter ( 9 , 9 ′). for packing the nasal cavities following a surgical procedure on the nose , the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) and haemostatic fabric shroud ( 7 , 7 ′) are inserted into the left and right chambers of the nose respectively . a syringe containing air is inserted into the inflation port ( 5 ) of the luer slip valve ( 2 ) and air introduced into the apparatus . both balloons are inflated to identical pressures i . e . between 4 to 25 kpa . this enables haemostasis to be achieved and ensures that exactly the same pressure is applied to each side of the septum therefore mitigating any possible deformity to the nose . after the septum has healed the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) are deflated by inserting a syringe into the inflation port ( 5 ) of the luer slip valve ( 2 ) and withdrawing the barrel of the syringe . the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) are then removed from the nose . there is shown in fig6 and 7 a nasal packing device comprising a typical inflation port arrangement ( 1 ) in combination with two inflatable elastomeric balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) each of which are in fluid communication with the pilot balloon ( 3 ) via a single common inflation line ( 4 ). typically , the inflation line is about 40 - 50 mm long . the two separate balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) are mounted on a common delivery catheter ( 9 ) and as illustrated in fig7 the two balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) include a haemostatic fabric shroud ( 7 ) secured to the distal tip of the distal balloon ( 6 ) by a fabric ring clamp ( 8 ). following a surgical procedure on the nose , the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) are inserted into a single nasal cavity . the balloons of a complimentary device may also be inserted in the other nasal cavity . inflation and deflation of the balloons may be achieved by following the procedure described hereinbefore ( see section 2 above ). the nasal packing device not only ensures that both balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) are inflated to identical pressures but allows the user to pack both the anterior and posterior nasal chambers of a single nostril simultaneously . a typical pressure relief valve ( 10 ) is shown in fig8 . the pressure relief valve comprises a spring ( 25 ) which biases a sealing gasket ( 11 ) in towards a closed position against the pressure generated by the inflation medium in the main chamber ( 13 ). when the pressure in the main chamber ( 13 ) exerts a force on the sealing gasket ( 11 ) which exceeds the force exerted by the spring ( 25 ) biasing the sealing gasket ( 11 ) towards lo the closed position , the sealing gasket moves to an open position which allows the inflation medium to vent through the release vent ( 15 ). when the pressure of the inflation medium in the chamber ( 13 ) equals the force of the spring ( 25 ) exerted on the sealing gasket ( 11 ), the sealing gasket ( 11 ) will move from the open to the closed position . thus the pressure relief valve allows a maximum predetermined pressure to be maintained in the chamber ( 13 ). the maximum predetermined pressure may be varied by changing the force exerted by the spring ( 25 ) on the sealing gasket ( 11 ) and / or by increasing / decreasing the cross - sectional area of the vent / sealing gasket ( 11 ). preferably , the release vent ( 15 ) is in the form of a female luer fitting so that the exit ( 17 ) make be sealed with a male luer plug ( 19 ). there is shown in fig9 a preferred embodiment of an inflation port arrangement ( 21 ) for use with the apparatus of the present invention comprising a luer slip valve ( 2 ), a pressure relief valve ( 10 ), a pilot - balloon ( 3 ), an inflation line ( s ) ( 4 ) and a restriction ( 23 ) distal of the pressure relief valve ( 10 ). it will be appreciated that all parts of the inflation port arrangement ( 21 ) are in fluid communication with each other and the distal end of the inflation , line ( s ) ( 4 ) is connectable to the non - elastomeric inflatable balloons . the luer slip valve ( 2 ) allows air or another inflation medium to be introduced into the inflation tube ( 4 ) via a syringe , thereby inflating the non - elastomeric balloons . the pressure relief valve ( 10 ) will allow the inflation medium to vent from the system at a predetermined pressure as described hereinbefore . hence , this inflation port arrangement ( 21 ) allows a user to inflate the balloons to a maximum pre - set pressure and to maintain the inflated balloon at that pressure ( i . e . up to 25 kpa ). the restriction ( 23 ) ensures that the pressure of the inflation medium ie air in the inflation tube ( s ) ( 4 ) does not rise above the predetermined maximum value as it prevents the inflation medium from being forced into the inflation tube ( 4 ) faster than the rate at which the vent ( 15 ) can vent excess pressure in the chamber ( 13 ). there is shown in fig1 an alternative preferred embodiment of an inflation port arrangement ( 27 ) for use with the apparatus of the present invention comprising two pressure relief valves ( 10 ′, 10 ″), a luer slip valve ( 2 ), a pilot balloon ( 3 ), an inflation line ( s ) ( 4 ) and a restriction ( 23 ) distal of the pressure relief valves ( 10 ′, 10 ″). in fig1 and fig1 , the parts described herein before are indicated by the same reference numerals . the two pressure relief valves ( 10 ′, 10 ″) comprise a pressure relief valve ( 10 ′) which is adapted to vent at a lower predetermined pressure than the other pressure relief valve ( 10 ″). as mentioned above , this may be achieved by using springs ( 25 ′, 25 ″) having different tensions and sealing gaskets ( 11 ′, 11 ″) having different cross - sectional areas . this arrangement allows the inflatable balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) to be inflated to two different predetermined pressures . fig1 illustrates the inflation port arrangement ( 27 ) in combination with two inflatable non - elastomeric balloons ( 6 ′, 6 ″) mounted on separate delivery catheters ( 9 , 9 ′) which are in fluid communication with the inflation lines ( 4 , 4 ′). as described hereinbefore , the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) include a haemostatic fabric shroud ( 7 , 7 ′) secured to the distal tip of the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) by a fabric ring clamp ( 8 , 8 ′). following a surgical procedure , the balloons are inserted into the respective left and right chambers of the nose . the vent ( 15 ′) of the low pressure relief valve ( 10 ′) is initially capped with a male luer cap ( 19 ) to prevent the inflation medium ie air from venting through this valve ( 10 ′). the second higher pressure relief valve ( 10 ″) initially has its vent ( 15 ″) open . a syringe containing air is inserted into the inflation port ( 5 ) of the luer slip valve ( 2 ) and air introduced into the apparatus . the balloons ( 6 , 6 ′) inflate to the higher preset pressure limit , ie between 12 to 25 kpa , as determined by the higher pressure relief valve ( 10 ″) and remain inflated at this pressure . this high pressure relief valve ( 10 ″) may be configured so that the pressure in the balloons is slightly higher than normal blood pressure . this enables rapid haemostasis to be attained . after an initial haemostasis has been achieved the balloon may be deflated to the lower preset pressure , ie between 4 to 12 kpa , by removing the male luer cap ( 19 ) from the vent ( 15 ′) of the low pressure relief valve ( 10 ′). this allows the healing nasal cavity to stabilise , it is more comfortable for the patient , and it is less likely to cause medical complications ie deformation of the nasal cavity . it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that although the illustrations in this description have referred to standard luer fittings any suitable seals , fasteners , vents , vent caps and connectors may be used . furthermore , any number of pressure relief valves could be used to allow the balloons to be inflated to a number of different pre - set pressure values . each preset pressure value could be chosen by selectively closing the vents of the pressure relief valves by luer lock caps or some other form of sealing connector . alternatively , a valve having a vent sealed with a plug but without a spring loaded seal may be included in the apparatus of the present invention . removal of the plug from this type of valve will prevent the balloons from being inflated , and if the balloons are already inflated , will cause them to deflate . this type of valve will allow the balloons to be deflated in an emergency situation even if a syringe is not readily to hand . it is important to match the pressure controlled inflation system with a non - elastomeric , fixed volume balloons . provided the volume of the balloons are bigger than the nasal chambers which are being treated then the pressure in the system is the same as the pressure applied to the nasal chambers . this is in contrast to using a balloon made from an elastomeric material where some of the pressure in the balloon is utilised in overcoming the forces within the balloon material itself . consequently , with an elastomeric balloon there is no direct control of the actual force applied to the bleeding cavity . the devices incorporated in this invention are typically low pressure devices and will work at pressures up to approximately 25 kpa ( kilo pascals ). a typical dual pressure device may have the high pressure set between 12 and 25 kpa and the low pressure set between 4 and 12 kpa . however , the principles of the invention should not be restricted to such low pressure devices . | 0 |
in preferential implementation conditions for this above - described method , the substrate is a polymer , preferably chosen from amongst : i — thermoplastics , advantageously from amongst the following thermoplastics : polyolefins : polystyrene , copolymers of styrene such as poly ( styrene - butadiene - styrene ) or sbs , polypropylene , polyethylene ; polyamides ; copolymers of acrylonitrile : and of methyl acrylate ; and of methyl methacrylate ; of vinyl chloride and of styrene ( san ); of butadiene and of styrene ( abs ), e . g . same marketed by bayer ® under the brand name novodur ®; of butadiene , of styrene ( abs ) and of polycarbonate pc ; or the combined uv / corona treatment is chosen from amongst the following treatments : an alternation of a uv treatment and a corona treatment , simultaneous uv and corona treatments , a treatment comprising one or more alternation sequences and one or more sequences of simultaneous uv and corona treatments and combinations thereof . in the present invention , the combined uv / corona treatment comprises at least one alternation of a uv treatment and a corona treatment . when the implemented substrate is made of tabs , of pabs - pc or of polypropylene , the alternation is preferably a series of uv followed by corona . according to a notable feature of this invention , the combined uv / corona treatment comprises 1 to 120 times the alternation of a 0 . 01 second to 30 ( thirty ) minute uv treatment and a 0 . 01 second to 30 ( thirty ) minute corona treatment . preferably , the alternation of a combined uv / corona treatment comprises 3 to 16 alternations , namely 5 to 15 alternations and even more preferably 4 to 14 alternations ; e . g . 6 or 12 alternations . the duration of the corona treatment during the combined corona / uv treatment in alternation lasts preferably 0 . 1 seconds to 5 ( five ) minutes , namely 0 . 5 seconds to 2 ( two ) minutes and even more preferentially 1 ( one ) second to 1 ( one ) minute . the duration of the uv treatment in the uv / corona alternation lasts preferably 30 ( thirty ) seconds to 15 ( fifteen ) minutes , namely 1 ( one ) to 5 ( five ) minutes , and even more preferentially from 1 ( one to 2 ( two ) minutes . in the sense of the present invention , the duration of the corona treatment is e . g . the duration during which a unit of area of the surface to be treated is exposed or undergoes a corona discharge using a corona device of which the probe ( or discharge head ) has a given area , e . g . of 10 cm 2 , which corresponds to the unit area to be treated . the duration of the corona treatment can last e . g . 15 seconds for a unit area of 10 cm 2 of a 100 cm 2 flat surface to be treated . this is equivalent to a 15 ( fifteen ) second total corona treatment of the surface , and to a 75 ( seventy five ) second combined uv / corona treatment , corresponding to 60 ( sixty ) seconds of uv treatment and 15 seconds of corona treatment . according to the method in the invention , the alternation can start and end indifferently , either by the corona treatment or the uv treatment during the combined corona / uv treatment in alternation . preferably , it is started with the uv treatment . the object of the present invention is also a surface treatment method where the combined uv / corona treatment as defined above is followed by a non - electrolytic metallization of the substrate treated as described . in a first embodiment of the metallization method as described above , the non - electrolytic metallization is a non - electrolytic metallization by the spraying of one or more redox ( oxidation - reduction ) solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ). metallization by spraying of one or more redox solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ) means that the non - electrolytic metallization step comprises at least the following steps : spraying of one or more redox solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ), rinsing . in the sense of the invention , “ one or more redox solutions means e . g . : either a single solution containing at the same time a plurality of oxidizers and one or more reducers or two solutions : the first solution containing one or more oxidizers and the second one or more reducers , or a plurality of solutions , each containing either one or more oxidizers or one or more reducers , with the condition that there is at least one oxidizing solution and one reducing solution . according to a first possibility , non - electrolytic metallization by spraying of one or more redox solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ) comprises , in this order , the following steps : wetting the surface , spraying of one or more redox solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ), rinsing . according to a second possibility , non - electrolytic metallization by spraying of one or more redox solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ) comprises , in this order , the following steps : sensitizing the surface , preferably with a sncl 2 solution , rinsing , spraying of one or more redox solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ), rinsing . the redox solution used during non - electrolytic metallization are sprayed in the form of aerosol ( s ) over the substrate and are preferably obtained from solutions , advantageously aqueous , of one or more oxidizing metallic cations and one or more reducing compounds . these redox solutions are preferably obtained by dilution of concentrated stock solutions . the diluent is preferably water . it follows that according to a preferred arrangement of the invention , the spraying aerosol ( s ) is / are produced by the nebulizing and / or atomizing of solution ( s ) and / or dispersion ( s ) to obtain a fog of droplets smaller than 100 micrometers , preferably 60 micrometers and even more preferably 0 . 1 to 50 micrometers . in the method according to the invention , the spraying of metallic solutions preferably takes place continuously and the substrate is driven into movement and undergoes spraying . e . g ., when the metallic deposit is made from silver , the spraying is continuous . for a metallic deposit made e . g . from nickel , the spraying is carried out in alternation with relaxation times . in the method of the invention , the sprayings lasts e . g . 0 . 5 to 1000 seconds , preferably from 1 ( one ) to 800 seconds and even more preferably 2 ( two ) to 600 seconds for a 1 dm 2 area to be metalized . the substrate can be driven into at least partial rotation during the spraying of the metallization . according to a first method of spraying , one or more metallic cationic solutions and one or more reducing solutions are continuously and simultaneously sprayed , in one or more aerosols , over the surface to be treated . in this case , the mixture between the oxidizing solution and the reducing solution can be made just prior to the formation of the aerosol to be sprayed or by fusion between an aerosol produced from the oxidizing solution and an aerosol produced from the reducing solution , preferably prior to entering into contact with the surface of the substrate to be metalized . according to a second spraying method , one or more metallic cationic solutions , then one or more reducing solutions are successively sprayed , by intermediary of one or more aerosols . in other terms , the spraying of the redox solution is carried out by the separate spraying of one or more solutions of one or more metallic oxidizers and one or more solutions of one or more reducers . this second possibility corresponds to an alternate spraying of the reducing solution or solutions and of the metallic salt or salts . in the frame of the second spraying method , the association of a plurality of oxidizing metallic cations to form a multilayer of different metals or alloys is such that the different salts are , preferably , naturally sprayed separately from the reducer , but also separately one from the others , and successively . it is obvious that , in addition to the different nature of the metallic cations , using different counter - anions can be considered . according to a variant of the spraying step , a metastable mixture of the oxidizer ( s ) and the reducer ( s ) is produced , and after having sprayed the mixture , the latter is activated , so that the transformation into metal is initiated , preferably by bringing into contact with an initiator , advantageously brought by intermediary of one or more aerosols , prior to , during or following the spraying of the reaction mixture . this variant enables the oxidizer and the reducer to pre - mix while delaying the reaction thereof until same carpet the substrate after spraying . the initiation or activation of the reaction is then obtained by any physical ( temperature , uv , etc .) or chemical means . beyond the methodological considerations presented above and illustrated hereafter by examples , it is appropriate to give some precise information about the products implemented in the method according to the invention . water appears to be the most suitable solvent , without however , excluding the possibility of using organic solvents , to produce solutions from which the sprayed aerosols are going to be produced . the redox solutions sprayed during the metallization step of the substrate are one or more solutions of a metallic oxidizer and one or more solutions of a reducer . the concentrations of metallic salts in the oxidizing solution to be sprayed are of 0 . 1 g / l to 100 g / l and preferably from 1 ( one ) to 60 g / l , and the concentrations of metallic salts of the stock solutions are from 0 . 5 g / l to 10 3 g / l , or the dilution factor of the stock solutions is from 5 to 500 . advantageously , the metallic salts are chosen from amongst the following compounds : silver nitrate , nickel sulfate , copper sulfate , tin chloride , and mixtures thereof . the selection of reducers is preferably made from amongst the following compounds : borohydride , di - methyl - amino - borane , hydrazine , sodium hypophosphite , formaldehyde , lithium aluminum hydride , reducing sugars such as glucose and sodium erythorbate , and mixtures thereof . the selection of the reducer imposes taking into account the ph and the targeted properties of xc the metallization film . these routine adjustments can be done by a person skilled in the art . the concentrations of reducer in the reducing solution to be sprayed are from 0 . 1 g / l to 100 g / l and preferably from 1 ( one ) to 60 g / l , and the concentrations of reducer in the stock solutions are from 0 . 5 g / l to 10 3 g / l , or the dilution factor of the stock solution is from 5 to 100 . according to a special arrangement of the invention , particles are incorporated into at least one of the redox solutions , to be sprayed at the time of metallization . the particles are thus trapped in the metallic deposit . these hard particles are e . g . diamond , ceramics , carbon nanotubes , metallic particles , rare earths oxides , polytetratluoroethylene ( ptfe ), graphite , metallic oxides and mixtures thereof . the incorporation of these particles into the metallic film yields special mechanical and esthetical properties to the metallic substrate . advantageously , the rinsing step , i . e . bringing into contact the entire surface or part of the surface with one or more sources of rinsing liquid , is carried out by spraying a rinsing liquid aerosol , preferably water . the wetting prior step mentioned above consists of covering the surface of the substrate with a liquid film . the choice of the wetting liquid is made from within the following group : deionized water or non - deionized water , with the possible addition of one or more anionic , cationic or neutral surfactants , an alcoholic solution comprising one or more alcohols ( e . g . isopropyl alcohol , ethanol ) and mixtures thereof . in particular , deionized water with an addition of an anionic surfactant and ethanol is chosen as the wetting liquid . in a wetting variant according to which the wetting liquid is transformed into vapor which is sprayed over the substrate on which same condenses , it is preferable that the liquid is essentially aqueous for obvious reasons of industrial convenience . the duration of the wetting depends upon the area of the considered substrate and of the flow rate of the spraying of the wetting aerosol . according to a special embodiment of the invention , the sensitization step for the surface of the substrate can be implemented by means of a sensitization solution , particularly stannous chloride , e . g . according to the implementation mode described in fr - a - 2 763 962 . in this case , a rinsing step using a rinsing liquid such as described above , is carried out immediately following the sensitization step , without an intermediate step . according to this first embodiment , the metalized substrate can undergo a thermal treatment just following the rinsing step which follows the spraying step , to reinforce adherence . the thermal treatment preferably takes place in an infrared oven or tunnel at a temperature from 50 ° c . to 150 ° c ., more preferably from 60 ° c . to 120 ° c . and even more preferably of about 100 ° c ., for a duration of 5 minutes to 3 hours , preferably between 15 minutes and 90 minutes , and more preferably of about 60 minutes . the thermal treatment can also be a drying step which consists of draining the rinsing water . it can be advantageously carried out at a temperature between 20 ° c . and 40 ° c . using e . g . a system of pulsed compressed air at 5 bar / pulse at a temperature of 20 ° c . to 40 ° c . all the embodiments of the non - electrolytic metallization step by spraying one or more redox solutions in the form of aerosol ( s ) in the sense of the invention , are more precisely described in fr - a - 2 763 962 and the application for a french patent filed under the number 06 10287 . according to a second embodiment of the metallization method as described above , the non - electrolytic metallization is a non - electrolytic metallization by immersion in one or more baths containing one or more redox solutions . this method is called “ chemical metallization ” by a person skilled in the art . non - electrolytic metallization by immersion in one or more baths containing one or more redox solutions means that the non - electrolytic metallization comprises , in this order , at least the following steps : sensitization of the surface , preferably using a sncl 2 solution , activation of the surface , preferably using a pdcl 2 solution , rinsing with hydrochloric acid or caustic soda , immersion of the substrate in one or more baths of redox solutions , rinsing . preferably , the parts to be treated are immersed in a bath mainly containing three agents : a metallic salt , a reducer and a complexing agent which prevents the spontaneous reduction and the precipitation of the bath . all the embodiments of the non - electrolytic metallization step by immersion in one or more baths containing one or more redox solutions in the sense of the invention are more specifically described in fr 2 719 839 . according to a preferred embodiment of the method , the metallic deposit produced is a chemical nickel deposit . e . g ., atotech ® chemical and redox solutions can be used for such a deposit : for the activation , futuron ® solutions can be used , noviganth ak ® solutions can be used for chemical nickel metallization . according to a special embodiment of the invention , the method comprises , in addition to and following the non - electrolytic metallization step , a step for producing a finishing layer . the step of producing a finishing layer is preferably the production of an electrolytic thickening of the metalized surface . the electrolytic thickening is preferably achieved by immersing the substrate , which is at least partially metalized , in a solution bath containing electrolytes and , by passing a sufficiently high electric current between the existing electrode in the electrolytic bath and the substrate which is at least partially metalized . in the framework of the invention , the electrolytes are metallic ions suitable for being deposited onto the metalized surface of the substrate , e . g . chosen amongst the ions of the following metals : chrome , nickel , silver or copper , such as cr 6 + , ni 2 + , ag + and cu 2 + . a stacking of a plurality of metallic layers produced by successive steps can occur , such as a thickening of copper followed by a layer of nickel and a final layer of chromium . the technique of electrolytic thickening is well known to a person skilled in the art . e . g , the quantity of current required to produce a 1 micrometer copper layer on a substrate having a metalized area of 1 dm 2 is 0 . 5 to 20 a from a solution of cu 2 + ions at 250 g / l . generally , the thickness of the finishing layer produced by electrolytic thickening is from 2 to 40 micrometers . when the finishing layer is produced by electrolytic thickening , the substrate is preferably partially metalized . partial metallization is possible namely by masking part of the surface of the substrate prior to metallization . in the metallization method according to the invention , and preferably in the first embodiment of the metallization , the effluents coming from the different steps of the method are advantageously retreated and recycled to be used in the method , and to limit the ecological impact . in the metallization method as described above and according to the first embodiment , the retreatment and the recycling of the effluents comprise , in this order , the following steps / recuperation of the effluents , particularly from dirty water , in a container , possible addition of a flocculent , possible decantation , possible separation of the filtrate and sludge , namely by filtration , possible neutralization of the filtrate , in particular the removal of ammonia , by addition of acid while controlling the ph , distillation of the filtrate , preferably in an evaporator , possible passage over a system of activated carbon , reuse of the distillate , e . g . in a metallization method as rinsing water or as diluent of the redox stock solutions or disposal into the sewer . the flocculent added to the effluents is preferably a charged organic polymer , such as same marketed by snf floerger ®. the separation of the supernatant and the sludge is advantageously achieved by filtration on sintered filters or by overflowing . the sludge can then be disposed of and directed towards a specialized centre for retreating or reusing waste . the obtained filtrate can be neutralized , in particular by adding an acid solution with a normality of 0 . 1 to 10 n until the filtrate reaches a ph of 5 to 6 . the acids used for neutralizing in particular the ammonia existing in the filtrate are chosen amongst hydrochloric acid , sulfuric acid , nitric acid and mixtures thereof . the distillation of the filtrate is preferably achieved using an evaporator , and the filtrate is heated at a temperature of 90 to 120 ° c . the residue which remains at the bottom of the boiler at the end of the distillation is disposed of and sent to a specialized center for retreating or reusing waste . the distilled water can be reused in the metallization method , and in particular for the dilution of stock solutions and for the rinsing and wetting steps . the advantages of the method according to the invention are numerous . the surface treatment makes possible the control of the metallization reaction and improvement of the adherence of the metallic film to the surface . no chemical product is used for the combined uv / corona treatment . moreover , the effluents of the metallization , discharged by the process and which are , on an industrial scale , more than one ton per day , are retreated and reused by the process . the distilled water which comes out of the retreatment module is pure and can be used as such for the dilution of the oxidizer and reducer stock solutions , and for rinsing and wetting . this advantage is non - negligible from an economical point of view because water consumption is considerably reduced , and from an ecological point of view because the quantity of waste to be disposed of is considerably reduced . it is important to note that industrial water cannot be used by the method , and that a purification step would be required if the method would not have a module for retreating effluents and purifying dirty water . in addition , the method uses concentrated stock solutions which are diluted on - site prior to metallization . the volume of stock solutions is therefore smaller than if the solutions would be already diluted , which reduces costs , in particular for transportation . in addition , the quantities of reducer which are used are lower than the authorized standard ( iso 14001 ), this compound being toxic for the environment , so reducing the quantities used is an important ecological advantage . in addition , the electrolytic thickening which can be produced has the advantage of being selective : same only takes places on the metalized surface of the substrate , which enables embossed patterns to be created , such as conductive paths . the object of the present application is also a method for treating surfaces including a combined uv / corona treatment and a metallization of substrates , as defined in the above description , where a plurality of substrates are treated in line without breaking the chain . in particular , the method does not require any handling performed by man , with the exception of the steps of loading the substrate to be metalized and unloading the metalized substrate . the method described above is advantageously implemented using a industrial metallization device which comprises the following elements : at least one module for combined uv / corona surface treatment , at least one module for non - electrolytic metallization . according to a preferred embodiment of the invention , the industrial device for the implementation of the method described above comprises , in addition , the following elements : at least one module for producing a finishing layer , at least one module for retreating and recycling effluents . the module for combined uv / corona surface treatment comprises one or more corona discharge heads and one or more uv lamps . it can be , e . g . a corona discharge tunnel marketed by the dmg ® company under the name c22 ® and a reference uv lamp hk125 ® from the brand philips ®. the non electrolytic metallization module comprises means of non - electrolytic metallization which are the current means of spraying solutions , in particular same described as in fr - a - 2 763 962 , or means of immersion such as electroplating lines via baths . the means of spraying comprise , e . g . a set of hvlp ( high volume low pressure ) spray guns , said guns being each linked to one or more pumps supplied with a solution . a first pump / gun system is provided for the wetting step . a second pump / gun system is provided for the sensitization step and a third for the rinsing . the spraying of metallic oxidizer and reducer solutions is carried out using at least two pump / gun systems : a system for the oxidizer solution , and a system for the reducer solution . for spraying the oxidizing solution , the number of guns is between 1 and 30 , linked to at least one pump . the same applies to the spraying of the reducer solution which counts 1 to 30 guns . a final pump / gun system is provided for rinsing following the spraying of metallization solutions . the means of immersion are , e . g . containers ( tanks or vats ) in which liquid solutions are put . the lines which are used are e . g . of the type marketed by the corelec ® company . the non - electrolytic metallization module can also include means of thermal treatment for the metallic film , e . g . using an ir oven or tunnel , or a system of pulsed compressed air at 5 bar / air pulsed at a temperature comprised between 20 and 40 ° c . the module for producing a finishing layer comprises means of producing an electrolytic thickening of the metalized surface , particularly an electrolytic bath filled with solution containing electrolytes , at least one electrode and a device for the circulation of an electric current . when the device according to the invention uses means of non - electrolytic metallization which are current means of spraying solutions , then the device can be , in addition , equipped with a module for retreating and recycling effluents . this module for retreating and recycling effluents comprises means of recuperating effluents , which are , e . g . recuperation channels , such as chicane screens which direct the effluents towards a recuperation container , and which are intended to protect the mechanism of the conveyer on which are arranged the substrates to be metalized . means of decantation and separation of the filtrate and the sludge , e . g . a decanter or a overflow device , means of distillation , e . g . using an installation comprising one or more boilers and one or more refrigerated columns . when the effluents are retreated , the purified water is directed , via means of conveying liquids , e . g . pipes and pumps , towards the different modules of the method , to be reused . according to a preferred embodiment of the device of the invention , the substrates to be metalized are placed on a means of moving the substrates from one module to another . it can be , e . g . a conveyer , particularly a belt and pin conveyer , when a metallization module is used , which comprises means of spraying . it can be , e . g . a swing tray whenever the metallization module consists of means of immersion . preferably , the means of moving the substrates is equipped with means of driving into rotation the substrates about the axes thereof . the present invention also relates to a metalized substrate obtained using the method as described above , the substrate being in particular an automobile part or a part used in aeronautics . the present invention also has as object , a metalized substrate obtained using the method as previously described , the substrate being in particular a part used in electronics such as a conductive path or a radio frequency identification ( rfid ) antenna . the invention will be better understood when reading the following description of examples of implementation of the method and embodiments of the device , in reference to the appended drawings where : fig1 shows a global diagram of the embodiment of the metallization method according to the invention , fig2 shows a diagram of a device according to the invention , fig3 shows a transverse cross - section of a substrate metalized using the method according to the invention . fig4 shows a transverse cross - section of a substrate metalized using the method according to the invention . in fig1 a summary diagram of the essential and optional steps of the embodiment of the metallization method according to the invention , is shown . fig2 is a schematic representation of a device for embodying a method according to the invention . a combined uv / corona treatment module 3 , a non - electrolytic metallization module 6 , an optional module for producing a finishing layer 16 . the combined uv / corona treatment module 3 comprises a uv treatment cabin 4 and a corona treatment cabin 5 . the non - electrolytic metallization module 6 comprises a spraying zone 7 equipped with guns 8 linked to pumps 9 , each pump being linked to its own solution vat . pump 10 is reserved for wetting the surface . pump 11 is provided for the step of sensitizing the surface of the substrate and pump 12 for rinsing . pumps 13 and 14 are pumps linked to redox solutions . pump 15 is a rinsing pump . the optional module for producing a finishing layer 16 is a cabin for electrolytic thickening consisting of a container containing an electrolytic solution 17 and electrodes 18 and 19 in between which circulates a sufficiently high current for producing electrolytic thickening . electrode 18 plunges into the electrolytic solution bath and electrode 19 is linked to the metalized substrate . during a process using this device , the substrate to metalize 1 is placed on a swing tray 2 which conveys same towards the combined uv / corona treatment module 3 where same undergoes a combined uv / corona treatment via the uv treatment cabin 4 and corona treatment cabin 5 . at this stage , the swing tray 2 makes round trips between the treatment cabins uv ′ and corona 5 , in alternation . the substrate which is treated is then conveyed towards the non - electrolytic metallization module 6 installed after the combined uv / corona treatment module 3 . in the spraying zone 7 , pump 10 wets the surface , e . g . with water . then pump 11 sprays a solution of stannous chloride . this sensitization is followed by a rinsing step , e . g . with water , using pump 12 . pumps 13 and 14 then spray the redox solutions required for the production of the metallic film . pump 13 is e . g . linked to the solution of metallic ions and pump 14 is linked to the reducer solution . the actuation of these pumps can be simultaneous or consecutive . following the metallization , a rinsing step is provided using pump 15 linked to a solution of rinsing liquid , e . g . water . the substrate thus metalized is finally conveyed towards the optional module for producing a finishing layer 16 where the substrate undergoes electrolytic thickening . the substrate is plunged into the electrolytic solution bath , electrode 18 is plunged into the electrolytic solution bath , electrode 19 is attached to the substrate to be metalized and a current is circulated between the two electrodes . the substrate 20 which has been metalized using the method according to the invention can then be unloaded after the production of the finishing layer . fig3 and 4 each show a schematic transverse cross - section of a substrate metalized by an embodiment of the method of the invention . in fig3 , the metalized substrate consists of three layers a , b and c . layer a stands for the substrate , e . g . a substrate made of abs , layer b is the metallic film , e . g . a chromium film , and layer c is the result of electrolytic thickening in a bath containing nickel sulfate . in fig4 , the metalized substrate also consists of three layers called a ′, b ′ and c ′. a ′ is a substrate , e . g . an abs - pc . layer b ′ is a metallic layer , e . g . made of nickel , obtained via metallization with masking part of the surface . layer c ′ is a copper layer , which is the result of electrolytic thickening in a bath containing copper sulfate . the deposition of this layer c ′ is selective and only takes place on the surface of the layer b ′. a shaped part made of abs novodur ® from bayer ®, on the order of 10 cm in length , 10 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness , is driven into rotation on a rotating plate at 0 . 5 rpm . the rotating part is then treated using an alternating uv / corona treatment according to the following conditions : 1 minute under a uv hk125 ® ( 125 mw ) lamp from philips ® having an emission spectrum with a wavelength of 200 - 600 nm ( peak at 365 nm ), 1 minute corona discharge at 32 kw with a c22 ® apparatus from dmg ® distributed over the whole surface . the probe of the apparatus is equipped with two electrodes and a surface area of 10 cm 2 . so every 10 cm 2 of the part undergoes a corona discharge for 1 . 6 seconds . the probe is placed at 10 mm from the surface and the scan of the whole surface in 1 ( one ) minute , this alternation is repeated 6 times . the part which has been treated is placed inside a module for non - electrolytic metallization using spraying , where same successively undergoes : wetting by water spraying for 5 seconds , spraying of an aqueous solution of nickel salt ( mso4 ) with a concentration of 7 g / l simultaneously with spraying of an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride at 10 g / l for 600 seconds in alternation with relaxation times , water rinsing for 10 seconds . an abs part is thus obtained , with a metallic primary layer made of electrically conductive nickel on which a finishing range is produced using electrolytic thickening according to a protocol and using a material and products known per se . this thickening consists of the following successive layers : copper ( 20 microns )+ nickel ( 5 microns )+ chromium ( 0 . 5 microns ). the abs part with a ni metallic primary is therefore successively immersed : in an electrolytic solution bath of copper ions , marketed as cupracide ultra ® from the atotech ® company ( current 2 a , 700 s ), in an electrolytic solution bath of nickel ions , marketed as nimac ® by the company macdermid ® ( current 2 a , 150 s ), then in an electrolytic solution bath of chromium ions marketed as the macro me 8210 - chrome ® range by the company macdermid ®, with a current intensity sufficiently high and a duration long enough to obtain a layer of 0 . 5 micrometers . an abs - pc part from bayer ®, 10 cm long by 10 cm wide and 1 cm thick , and on which part of the surface is masked in order to produce a printed circuit pattern , is driven into rotation on a rotating plate at 5 rpm . the rotating part is then treated using an alternating uv / corona treatment according to the following conditions : 2 minutes under a uv hk125 ® ( 125 mw ) lamp from philips ® having an emission spectrum with a wavelength of 200 - 600 nm ( peak at 365 nm ) 1 minute corona discharge at 32 volts with a c22 ® apparatus from dmg ® over the whole surface . the probe of the apparatus is equipped with two electrodes . the probe is placed at 10 mm from the surface . this alternation is repeated 12 times . the part which has been treated is placed inside a module for non - electrolytic metallization where same successively undergoes : a sensitization of the surface by spraying a stannous chloride for 5 seconds , rinsing the sensitization solution by water spraying for 10 seconds , spraying an aqueous solution of ammonium silver nitrate of a concentration of 3 g / l simultaneously with spraying an aqueous solution of glucose at 10 g / l for 30 seconds , water rinsing for 25 seconds . the part is thus partially metalized and immersed in an electrolytic solution bath of copper ions , marketed as cupracide ultra ® by the company atotech ®. an electrode is placed in the bath and a 2 a current is applied between the electrode and the substrate . the duration of the electrolysis is 700 seconds and thickening is of 20 microns . a standardized peel test astm b533 is run on this part . a mean value of 0 . 7 n / mm is obtained . a part of abs of the novodur ® range from bayer ®, 10 cm long by 10 cm wide and 1 cm thick , and of which part of the surface is masked in order to produce a printed circuit pattern , is driven into rotation on a rotating plate at 5 rpm . the rotating part is then treated using an alternating uv / corona treatment according to the following conditions : 2 . 5 minutes under a uv hk125 ® ( 125 mw ) lamp from philips ® having an emission spectrum with a wavelength of 200 - 600 nm ( peak at 365 nm ) 2 minute corona discharge at 32 volts with a c22 ® apparatus from dmg ® over the whole surface . the probe of the apparatus is equipped with two electrodes . the probe is placed at 10 mm from the surface . this alternation is repeated 12 times . the part which has been treated is placed inside a module for non - electrolytic metallization where same successively undergoes : activation using colloidal palladium of the futuron ® range from atotech ® for 7 minutes , water rinsing for 25 seconds , metallization by chemical bath of nickel of the novoganth ak ® range from atotech ® for 15 minutes , rinsing in a water bath for 30 seconds . the part which has been metalized ( under a nickel layer ) is immersed in an electrolytic solution bath of copper ions at 250 g / l . an electrode is placed inside the bath and a 2 a current is applied between the electrode and the substrate . the duration of the electrolysis is of 700 seconds and thickening is of 20 microns . the range is completed by an electrolytic deposit of nickel of 5 microns and a chromium layer of 0 . 5 microns . this copper / nickel thickening is carried out in the same way as in example 1 . a chromium - metalized abs part is thus obtained for applications in the automobile field , in particular . a standardized peel test astm b533 is run on the part which was obtained . a mean value of 0 . 75 n / mm is obtained . | 1 |
a sputtering chamber 10 , schematically illustrated in the cross - sectional view of fig1 , includes a vacuum chamber 12 , a target 14 sealed to but isolated from the electrically grounded chamber 12 , and a pedestal 16 supporting a panel 18 to be sputter coated . the target 14 includes a surface layer of the material to be sputtered onto the panel 18 . an argon working gas is admitted into the chamber with a pressure in the millitorr range . a power supply 20 electrically biases the target 14 to a negative voltage of a few hundred volts , causing the argon gas to discharge into a plasma . the positive argon ions are attracted to the negatively biased target 14 and sputter target atoms from it . a magnetron 22 is scanned along the back of the target 14 to intensify the plasma and increase the sputtering rate . some of the target atoms strike the panel 18 and form a thin film of the target atoms on its surface . the target 14 is often somewhat larger than the panel 18 being sputter coated . sputtering has been applied to a large number of target materials including aluminum , copper , titanium , tantalum , chromium , and indium tin oxide ( ito ) as well as other materials . one problem arising from the increased panel sizes and hence increased target sizes is the difficulty of obtaining target material of proper quality in the larger sizes . refractory materials such as chromium are particularly difficult materials . the size problem has been addressed by forming the target sputtering layer from multiple target tiles . as schematically illustrated in the plan view of fig2 , multiple target tiles 22 are set on a backing plate 24 with a predetermined gap 26 of size δl 1 between them . a continuous adhesive layer 28 bonds the tiles 22 to the backing plate 24 . the large peripheral area of the backing plate 24 outside the tiles 22 is used to support the target 14 on the vacuum chamber 12 and to provide plumbing ports for the water cooling channels formed in the backing plate 24 . the arrangement of two tiles illustrated in fig2 represents the simplest tile arrangement , two tiles in a linear array with a single gap between them . demaray in the aforecited patent discloses a larger number n & gt ; 2 of tiles in a linear array with ( n − 1 ) gaps between them . tepman in u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 888 , 383 , filed jul . 9 , 2004 discloses a two - dimensional array of tiles with vertical and horizontally extending gaps intersecting each other . the array may be a rectangular array , a staggered array as in simple brick wall , or more complicated two - dimensional arrays including herringbone patterns . although rectangular tiles present the simplest geometry , other tile shapes are possible , such as triangular and hexagonal tile shapes with correspondingly more complex gap arrangements . the gap 26 between tiles must be carefully designed and maintained . typically , the gap is not filled with other material and the adhesive 28 or material other than the target material is exposed at the bottom of the gap 26 . however , if the gap ( or at least part of it ) is maintained at about 0 . 3 mm , then the sputtering plasma cannot propagate into the gap because the gap is less than the plasma dark space . with no plasma propagating to the bottom of the gap , the backing plate or adhesive exposed at the bottom of the gap is not sputtered . however , after burn in of the target at high power and high temperature , the tiles are likely to deform and develop a crown - like shape illustrated in fig3 and the gap is reduced to δl 2 , which is less than δl 1 and may be zero . uncontrolled gap size may cause arcing during deposition , which is likely to produce large particles creating defects in the display . the crown shape means that the distance between the target tiles and the panel being coated is not uniform , thus introducing non - uniformities in deposition . it is believed that the crown shape represents partial delamination of the target tile from the backing plate results in lack of direct thermal contact between the central portions of the target tiles from the backing plate being used to cool the tiles , further increasing the average temperature and temperature differentials . the crown shape of the target tiles is believed to arise from the thermal expansion mismatch between the target material , for example , molybdenum , the adhesive , particularly a polymeric adhesive , and the backing plate , for example , titanium . the thermal mismatch produces stress in the adhesive , which is a function of the bonded area and the thickness of the adhesive . according to the well known theory of static deformation , stress s in the adhesive layer is related to the strain ε through the modulus of elasticity g by the relation the strain ε is related to the dimensional change δl over a length l and to the differential coefficient of thermal expansion δα and temperature change δt according to ɛ = δ l l = δ t · δα . it is believed that the greatest stress arises between the adhesive and the target tile . the invention allows the reduction of stress for number of reasons . the width of the adhesive layer may be reduced . the thickness t of the adhesive layer may be increased while the width of the bonded area is reduced since the stress also varies with the thickness of the layer over which the strain must be accommodated according to so that increasing the thickness decreases the stress . however , increased thickness t in a planar adhesive layer is not desired because of the increased thermal impedance . the direction of stress may also be controlled . in one embodiment of the invention illustrated in the cross - sectional view of fig4 , one or more grooves 30 are formed in the backing plate 24 in areas underlying the respective tiles 28 . the grooves 30 are filled with adhesive , for example , a conductive polymeric adhesive and the target tiles 28 are bonded to the backing plate 24 through the adhesive in a bonding technique including pressure and typically an elevated temperature . non - bonded areas may contact the backing plate 24 for effective thermal coupling . the uncertain electrical contact across the two non - bonded members 24 , 28 is guaranteed by the conduction paths through the conductive polymeric adhesive . although there is great freedom is the parameters of the grooves 30 of this embodiment and others , it has been found advantageous to form the grooves with depth of between 0 . 1 to 0 . 5 mm and the total area of the grooves is between about 30 and 45 % of the total area of the respective tile they is bonding to the backing plate 24 . the grooves may be arranged in a number of different ways . in a first embodiment illustrated in the plan view of fig5 , a peripheral groove 40 is associated with each tile , represented by dotted lines 42 . the groove 40 is formed in the backing plate 24 as a closed rectangular band generally at the periphery or inside the periphery of the tile 42 . the grooves 40 are filled with adhesive and the tiles 42 are placed over the backing plate 24 in the indicated positions and bonded to the backing plate 24 with predetermined gaps 44 between them . it is possible to vary the width and depth of each of the grooves , for example , between perpendicular sides of a non - square target tile , to control the stress in the tile . the large area of the backing plate 24 outside the outline of the tiles 42 forms part of the vacuum - sealed chamber wall , and the backing plate 24 includes one or more extensions outside the outline of the chamber wall to accommodate an electrical connection and plumbing ports for the cooling water circulating in the backing plate 24 to cool it and the tiles 42 during sputtering . note that the number of tiles 42 is not limited to the illustrated 2 × 2 array . the tiles 22 can form a simple linear array or can be arranged in a larger two - dimensional array . the individual tiles can have a more even aspect ratio , that is , more square , or a larger aspect ratio . the invention can be applied to less regularly shaped and arranged tiles with gaps between them . indeed , some aspects of the invention are applicable to a single tile more common with smaller sized targets . in another embodiment illustrated in the plan view of fig6 , a central groove 50 is formed inside the peripheral groove 40 parallel to one of the linear portions of the peripheral groove 40 . generally , the central groove 50 may be connected or not connected to the peripheral groove 40 . the widths and depths of the grooves 40 , 50 may be the same or may be different , thereby allowing further control of the stress within the tile 44 . this embodiment can be extended to multiple parallel central grooves 52 , illustrated in the plan view of fig7 . the multiple parallel grooves 52 , are separated from each other and from the peripheral groove 40 . they may have the same or different widths and depths compared to the peripheral groove , and they may have the same or different widths , depths , and lengths among themselves . three central grooves 52 are illustrated in fig7 , but the number is not so limited . in yet a further embodiment illustrated in the bottom plan view of fig8 , the peripheral groove 40 surrounds an internal cross - shaped groove 54 with linear portions extending in cartesian coordinates parallel to the edges of the tile 42 and preferably crossing at the center of the tile 42 . the cross - shaped groove 54 may have the same depth and width as the peripheral groove 40 or the depths and widths may be different . the perpendicular arms of the cross - shaped groove 54 may have the same or different depths , widths , and lengths between them . in a variant illustrated in the bottom plan view of fig9 , an x - shaped groove 58 has arms extending generally along diagonals of the tile 42 and crossing at the center of the tile 42 . more complex combinations are possible . for example , as illustrated in the bottom plan view of fig1 , the peripheral groove 40 surrounds a closed internal groove 56 of similar but smaller rectangularlized annular shape . the depths of the two concentric grooves 40 , 56 may differ in order to control the stress over the distance from the centers of the tiles 42 . in yet another embodiment illustrated in the plan view of fig7 , a second central groove 48 is added which is perpendicular to the first central groove 46 and crosses it preferably at the center of the tile 42 . the adhesive or bonding method is not limited to a polymeric or organic adhesive . other adhesives such as indium may be used . although the embodiments described above have been applied to multi - tile targets , recesses in the backing plate filled with adhesive may be used with single - tile rectangular targets and with circular targets whether composed of one or more tiles . although the above embodiments includes a closed peripheral recess , the invention is not limited to such . for example , the target of fig7 may include the multiple parallel recesses 52 for each tile 42 but no peripheral recess 40 . the invention thus provides a simple method of controlling and reducing stress in the bonding of one or more sputtering target tiles to a backing plate and thus enhancing sputtering performance . | 8 |
simply put , faucets take a lot of physical stress . they are scoured , soaked , and subjected to water of all temperatures . they are knocked about and generally mishandled during their service life and during installation , servicing , and adjustment can be damaged . thus , a faucet needs to be stable , firmly anchored , durable , and simple . the instant invention provides those qualities and more . as may be seen by reference to fig1 the faucet is elegant and simple in design . a single assembly 10 protrudes from the sink deck 12 , leaving little to be manhandled or damaged . the external surface of the faucet is shroud 14 , which may be a separate piece from the internal water conduit through the shroud , or integrally molded to the water conduit . water emerges from the spout at optional aerator assembly 16 . the faucet 10 is affixed to the sink deck 12 by means of a nut 44 rotatably affixed to the threaded outer surface the water supply nipple 18 . the sink deck 12 is formed with a corresponding nipple access hole 20 . water is supplied to the faucet from a water source ( not shown ) which may be cold , hot , or premixed to a set temperature by the temperature control valve 100 . water flow through faucet 10 is controlled by solenoid valve 120 . initiation of water flow is enabled by membrane switch 22 which is a single touch - sensitive switch which acts to either close or open a circuit to solenoid 120 . this causes the water to flow up the conduit and out through the spout and aerator 16 . the flow may be regulated by a timing device to allow flow for a set amount of time , a flow meter to allow a specified amount of fluid to be dispensed , or the flow may be entirely unmetered , allowing water to flow until the switch is pressed again to close the valve . optional indicator light 24 may indicate circuit operation , battery level , flow state , or any number of conditions by appropriate arrangement . the power supply to drive the switch and valve assembly may be derived from battery sources , in which case indicator light 24 would serve to indicate a low voltage / battery level . or , the power supply could be derived from the household current through a transformer , if necessary . fig2 illustrates a front view of the faucet of this invention . in this view , the shroud is clearly seen as two pieces , joined by screws 26a and 26b . control wire 28 leads from the membrane switch 22 which is set into a raised portion 30 of the shroud 14 . in another embodiment of the faucet assembly this wire 28 would lead from a sensor arranged under the spout to sense the user &# 39 ; s body as discussed above . the faucet is securely mounted to the sink deck 12 by means of upper sealing gasket 34 and lower sealing gasket 36 . lower sealing gasket 36 is formed with recess or cutout 38 which forms a protective passage for control wire 28 through the nipple access hole 20 . washer 42 engages lower sealing gasket 36 when nut 44 is tightened . nut 44 is in threaded engagement with water supply nipple 18 . this method of anchoring the faucet provides exceptional stability and strength while providing protection for passage of electrical wire 28 through the deck 12 , as illustrated in fig3 - 6 . fig3 illustrates an enlarged partial view of these faucet anchoring gaskets and their interaction . nut 44 provides engaging force directed upwards against washer 42 . washer 42 provides lateral and torsional stability to lower sealing gasket 36 . lower sealing gasket 36 provides an exceptional grip to the lower surface 54 of sink deck 12 by virtue of concentric grooves 58 and concentric ridges 60 formed in the top surface of lower sealing gasket 36 . these grooves 58 are more clearly seen in fig4 . fig4 also illustrates the recess 38 formed in the lower sealing gasket 36 , through which control wire 28 passes . returning to fig3 briefly , it may be seen that the recess 38 is just deep enough to provide gap 64 between supply nipple 18 and deck access hole wall 66 , but not deep enough to adversely affect the secure mounting of the faucet . this arrangement provides a secure smooth area through which control wire 28 can pass without fraying due to contact with surrounding structure , including the supply nipple 18 . the grooves 60 in the upper surface of lower gasket 36 act to secure the bond between the gasket 36 and deck 12 . fig5 and 6 illustrate the upper sealing gasket 34 . it is formed so as to be shaped the same as the bottom of the faucet shroud at the point where it meets the deck and may be of any shape . the upper sealing gasket 34 may be formed with lip 70 which runs around the perimeter of the gasket . this lip fits in snugly underneath the shroud edge 72 , which is visible in fig2 . this snug fit provides further stability and seals against water intrusion . ridges 74 on the bottom of gasket 34 provide a positive mechanical joint with the sink deck 12 , and inhibit slippage . nipple access hole 76 allows nipple 18 to pass through the upper sealing gasket 34 . control wire access hole 80 allows the control wire 28 to pass through the upper sealing gasket 34 . fig6 illustrates the height of the lip 70 and ridges 74 on the lower side of the upper sealing gasket 34 . on the top side of the upper sealing gasket are supports 84 . the supports are aligned underneath the structural elements of the faucet and provide additional support underneath the shroud edge for previously unattainable stability . applicant &# 39 ; s upper and lower gaskets differ from typical gasketing used in similar faucets in that it ensures secure attachment of the faucet 10 to the sink deck 12 while providing protection for associated control lines 28 passing out of the faucet . other faucet gaskets disclosed in the art are typically flat ( see reference numeral 35 in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 804 , 010 ) or use elaborate o - ring type gasketing between parts ( see reference numeral 16 in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 513 , 769 ). the overall operation of the faucet assembly is illustrated in fig7 - 9 and operates as described above . more particularly , the faucet assembly of this invention includes a temperature control valve 100 with hot and cold water inlets 104 , 106 and outlets 108 and 110 . this valve 100 controls the temperature of water exiting the faucet 10 by mixing hot and cold water from inlets 104 and 106 . the tempered water normally exits mixing valve 100 via outlet 108 and is conveyed by pipe or tubing 112 to an electronically operated solenoid valve 120 which controls flow of the tempered water to and through faucet 10 via tubing 122 in response to signals from push buttons or sensors associated therewith . bypass valve 90 provides and alternate flow path via faucet outlets 108 or 110 and tubing 113 , 118 for tempered water exiting mixing valve 100 as previously described . as previously mentioned , water flow through faucet 10 may be initiated by a push - button illustrated in fig1 - 2 and 7 or by a sensor as illustrated in fig8 and 9 . one or more control lines 28 emanating from the faucet 10 convey the push - button or sensor signal to low voltage powered operating module 130 which operated the solenoid valve 120 . the operating module 130 receives the push button or sensor signal from faucet 10 and processes that signal in accordance with a known techniques to operate solenoid valve 120 . the module 130 typically has a battery power source connected thereto , preferably a 6 volt lithium battery , to provide the power needed to operate the solenoid valve 120 . alternatively a transformer 131 may be used to supply low voltage operating power . one of the control lines 28 between the faucet 10 and module 130 can be used to light the battery status light 24 on the underside of the faucet 10 when the battery starts to run down . the control module 130 can be programmed in a conventional manner , for example , via an application specific integrated circuit ( asic ) to operate solenoid valve 120 in response to signals from faucet 10 . accordingly , the asic can be programmed to open solenoid valve 120 and corresponding flow through faucet 10 in response to a user &# 39 ; s initial application of pressure to the push button 22 on valve 10 . the asic can be programmed to keep the solenoid open for a given period of time ( 10 - 20 seconds ) before shutting off or to allow flow until the push button 22 is pushed again . operational sequences can similarly be programmed for sensor operation , for example , initiating and continuing flow through the faucet so long as the sensor 23 senses the presence of a faucet user . as previously noted , the solenoid valve 120 preferably utilizes a diaphragmatic valve whose on - off operation is controlled by solenoid actuation of a bleed line across the diaphragm . this type of valve minimizes power drain on the battery . such valves are disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 611 , 356 , 4 , 886 , 207 , 4 , 953 , 236 and 4 , 948 , 090 , whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference . in the preferred embodiment of this invention the water flowing through the faucet is tempered by mixing water from hot 104 and cold 106 water supplies in a temperature control valve 100 . preferably this valve is mounted so that operation thereof can be accomplished by the user of the faucet , for example , as illustrated in fig7 - 9 . as shown in these figures the desired temperature of water is selected by the user with a simple rotation of the valve handle 102 . alternatively , where vandalism is prevalent or where varying water temperature selection is not needed the temperature control valve can be mounted below the sink deck 12 out of view or access to users . in this alternative embodiment the temperature control valve 100 is set and left untouched except by maintenance personnel . details of the temperature control valve 100 are illustrated in fig1 - 13 . as illustrated this valve utilizes arcuate slots 114a and 114b in a movable ceramic disc element 115 passing over mating ceramic discs 116a and b in inlets 104 and 106 . the use of a similar ceramic disc elements to control temperature of water in more fully described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 921 , 659 assigned to speakman company of wilmington , del ., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein . as more fully described in that patent , rotation of the temperature control handle 102 rotates valve stem 117 which is keyed to ceramic disc 115 . the varying width of the arcuate slots 114a and 114b in ceramic disc 115 sliding over inlet ceramic discs 116a and 116b throttle or increase the flow from the inlet ports to regulate water temperature as taught in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 921 , 659 . the flow path through inlets 104 and 106 , the ceramic valve elements 115 , 116 and existing through outlet 108 is illustrated in fig1 . alternative hot and cold inlets 105 and 107 , respectively , are illustrated in fig1 - 13 . as illustrated , these inlets are capped , but available if the particular application makes it easier to pipe water to the temperature control valve 100 through these alternative inlets . alternative outlet port 110 is provided as an outlet to bypass valve 90 as previously explained . check valves 140 in inlet ports 104 and 106 are needed to prevent cross bleed between hot and cold water . as previously mentioned , use of check valves creates a problem with operation of the solenoid valve 120 that applicant has solved . more particularly , a check valve 140 in the inlets 104 and 106 is designed to prevent back flow into inlet lines under normal circumstances . in doing so , however , the check valve 140 and the associated o - ring 141 would prevent release of pressure buildup on the upstream side 142 of check valve 140 caused by water hammer or other high pressure conditions in the inlet , were it not for applicant &# 39 ; s invention . applicant discovered that this pressure buildup above the check valve was the cause of random failure of solenoid valve operation . applicant deduced that the failed operation of the solenoid valve was caused by the high pressure acting on one side of the solenoid valve diaphragm . a means to relieve this pressure buildup without altering the function of the check valve , i . e ., prevent cross bleed , therefore had to be developed . that means is a small v - shaped groove 145 in the inside of one of the inlets 104 or 106 , preferable the cold water inlet 106 , as illustrated in fig1 . this groove 145 in cold water inlet 106 provides a means for bleeding off excess pressure in the area 142 above the check valve 140 while minimizing the chance of cross bleed of hot water around the check valve 140 into the cold water supply line . typical dimensions of this v - shaped groove in a 3 / 8 &# 34 ; diameter inlet are approximately 0 . 010 to 0 . 015 inch wide and 0 . 015 deep at the bottom of the v . the angle of the groove is preferably 30 °- 45 °. the groove extends lengthwise along the internal diameter of the inlet from a point above the o - ring 141 to at least a point at the bottom of check valve 140 where cutouts 146 in the bottom edge of the check valve 140 relieve the pressure transmitted through the groove 145 into the inlet piping 147 ( see fig1 and 15 ). as previously mentioned , bypass valve 90 can be optionally provided as a safeguard against solenoid failure . a ceramic valve suitable for use as bypass valve 90 is disclosed and described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 651 , 770 assigned to speakman company , wilmington , del . | 4 |
the electrical direct linear drive device represented in fig1 has an oblong stator 10 , along which a carriage 11 is movably guided . two guide rails 12 , 13 , which have been arranged on adjoining , differently oriented sides of the stator , have been attached to the stator 10 for guiding the carriage 11 , namely one of the guide rails , 12 , on the top 14 of the stator 10 and the other guide rail 13 on one of the adjoining narrow sides , namely on the narrow side 15 . in this case the guide rail 12 is attached to the edge area of the top 14 which is distant from the narrow side 15 , so that the two guide rails 12 , 13 are positioned as far apart from each other as possible . since the top 14 essentially assumes an angle of 90 ° in regard to the narrow side 15 , the guide rails 12 , 13 are correspondingly offset by an angle of 90 ° in respect to each other . accordingly , the carriage 11 has an l - shaped cross section , wherein the larger , plate - like leg constitutes a first carriage area 16 and extends over the top 14 , while the smaller , plate - like leg constitutes a second carriage area 17 and extends over the narrow side 15 . the two carriage areas 16 , 17 are rigidly connected with each other , for example as one piece , and the carriage areas 16 , 17 are arranged at right angles in relation to each other . the carriage 11 is conducted on the guide rails 12 , 13 by means of guide elements , not visible in fig1 , which are arranged on the insides of the carriage 11 and which will be described in greater detail in connection with the further drawing figures . in a manner known per se , for one a permanent magnet arrangement 18 consisting of a plurality of permanent magnets lined up with each other and extending over the entire length of the stator 10 is employed for the electrical drive of the carriage 11 , and on the other hand a drive coil arrangement 19 which works together with the former and is arranged on the inside of the first carriage area , but cannot be seen in fig1 because of the perspective exterior view . it will be shown in connection with the subsequent drawing figures . such a drive arrangement is for example known from the prior art recited at the outset . for the excitation of the drive coil arrangement 19 , the carriage 11 has an electrical connection arrangement 20 in the second carriage area 17 , which is connected via supply lines 21 with an electrical control device , not represented . since during its operation the carriage 11 is moving , the supply lines 21 must be appropriately carried along , for example by means of a drag chain . alternatively to this , the connection arrangement 20 can also be provided at a different location , for example in the first carriage area 16 . a reversed arrangement is also possible in principle , i . e . the elongated drive coil arrangement is located on the stator 10 , while the carriage 11 supports the permanent magnet arrangement . on its two remote ends , the stator 10 is provided with cover plates 22 , 23 , which support end stop members 24 for the carriage 11 . these end stop members 24 can also be designed as end stop dampers . the flat outsides of the carriage areas 16 , 17 visible in fig1 are used as mounting faces for loads , or respectively installations , to be moved by means of the carriage 11 , while other ancillary equipment , such as cooling bodies , electrical connection arrangements 20 , drag chains , and the like , can be attached . furthermore , these carriage areas 16 , 17 , the first carriage area 16 in particular , can be used for mounting the carriage 11 at a fastening point , in which case the stator 10 is moved relative to the carriage 11 and has , for example , a load , or respectively an object to be moved , at one or both ends . the stator 10 is represented in cross section in fig2 , it is embodied as an oblong profiled body , for example as a profiled extruded or cast part , and consists for example of aluminum or an aluminum alloy . for fixing the two guide rails 12 , 13 in place , the stator 10 has respective longitudinal grooves 25 , 26 on the top 14 and the narrow side 15 wherein , in accordance with the detailed representation in fig6 , the guide rails 12 , 13 are fixed in place by means of holding screws 27 , which are screwed together with sliding blocks 28 inserted into the longitudinal grooves 25 , 26 . depending on the length of the guide rails 12 , 13 , a more or less large number of holding screws 27 and sliding blocks 28 is employed for this . the sliding blocks 28 have a narrower profile in relation to the longitudinal grooves 25 , 26 , so that a certain adjustment of the guide rails 12 , 13 for compensating manufacturing tolerances and other tolerances is made possible by means of the play between the sliding blocks 28 and the longitudinal grooves 25 , 26 . this is of particular importance in case of a rigid carriage 11 as represented in fig1 . because of the possibility of adjustment , re - milling of the support faces for the guide rails 12 , 13 is not required . with articulated carriages , such as represented in fig2 to 4 , an alignment and adjustment of the guide rails 12 , 13 is not absolutely , or not at all , required . it is therefore also possible , for example , to employ guide rails fixedly connected with the stator , for example rolled on , welded on , soldered on , pressed on or glued on guide rails . the carriage 30 represented in fig2 has two carriage areas 32 , 33 , which are connected with each other via a hinge 31 . in turn , these carriage areas 32 , 33 are connected via hinges 34 , 35 with guide elements 36 which , in the exemplary embodiment , are embodied as revolving ball guide elements , such as are known from de 35 37 728 a1 , for example . these guide elements 36 have a substantially u - shaped profile and extend with their legs around the guide rails 12 , 13 . in the center area , the guide rails 12 , 13 have groove - like depressions 37 in their two oppositely located exteriors , which are engaged by the free end areas of the legs of the guide elements 36 , so that they extend in a certain manner behind the guide rails 12 , 13 . this results in the guide elements 36 being able to move only in the longitudinal direction of the guide rails 12 , 13 , while all other movements in other directions are guided in a positive manner . such an embodiment of the guide elements need not absolutely mean a design in the form of revolving ball guide elements , other types of guidance , such as a sliding guidance , are also possible instead . the carriage areas 32 , 33 are dimensioned in such a way that together they essentially again form an l - profile . the angle can slightly change as a result of heat expansion of the carriage 11 , which during operation becomes heated to approximately 100 ° c . or more . to keep heat expansion as low as possible , a material with a low coefficient of heat expansion is selected as the material for the carriage 30 , and particularly for the carriage 11 , for example steel , or a steel alloy , or a plastic material , such as carbon - reinforced fiber , or a compound material . in the case of the carriage 30 , one of the carriage areas 32 , 33 can also consist of steel or a steel alloy , and the other carriage area of carbon - reinforced fiber . the top 14 of the stator 10 has a flat depression for receiving the permanent magnet arrangement 18 . the latter has a pre - fabricated strip - shaped form and , for fixation in place on the stator 10 , one of its longitudinal sides is pushed behind a strip - shaped holding protrusion 38 and , on the oppositely located longitudinal edge area , is screwed together with sliding blocks , not represented in detail , which can be inserted in an appropriately arranged longitudinal groove 39 . the drive coil arrangement 19 is mounted and maintained on the underside of the first carriage area 32 , or respectively in accordance with fig1 , of the first carriage area 16 . it is located at a small distance directly opposite the permanent magnet arrangement 18 . a circular - cylindrical connecting conduit 40 extends in the longitudinal direction through the profile of the stator 10 . it is used for receiving a piston , not represented , for example a piston without a piston rod , and serves as a fluidic supplemental drive for the carriage 30 , or respectively the carriage 11 . such a fluidic supplemental drive for an electrical linear drive device is known , for example , from ep 1404011 a1 . in the present case , the piston is magnetically or mechanically coupled with the carriage 30 , or respectively 11 . for the mechanical coupling , the connecting conduit 40 has a slit 41 , open toward the top , through which a mechanical connecting member , not represented , for the carriage extends through the carriage , while otherwise the carriage is sealed by means of a sealing strip , such as is represented and described in the cited prior art . the slit 41 is omitted in the case of a magnetic coupling . a piston in the connecting conduit 40 can also be used for gravitation compensation . in this case the connecting conduit 40 is connected via one of the cover plates 22 , 23 with a fluid volume 42 , which also extends in the shape of linear channels within the profile of the stator 10 . the volume in the connecting channel 40 is changed by the movement of the piston , while as a result of the connected fluid volume 42 only a small pressure difference respectively occurs . a pneumatic spring is constituted by this arrangement as a whole . a fluidic supplemental drive or the fluidic return flow device are optional devices and are not absolutely required for the arrangement in accordance with the invention . the carriage 30 is represented perspectively and in greater detail in fig3 . on its two corner areas remote from the second carriage area 33 , the first carriage area 32 has holding plates 43 , 44 for the hinged attachment of two guide elements 30 , which are arranged , pivotable by means of the hinge 34 , in appropriate cutouts . the second carriage area 33 , connected via the hinge 31 with the first carriage area 32 , is made in two parts , wherein each partial area 33 a and 33 b has pivotable holding plates 45 , 46 on its free end for the attachment of guide elements 36 . the holding plates 45 , 46 are here pivotably connected with the partial areas 33 a and 33 b via the hinge 35 , designed to have two parts . a rigid mounting plate 47 , connected at right angles with the first carriage area 32 , is arranged between the partial areas 33 a and 33 b . the former can also be connected in one piece with the first carriage area 32 . in accordance with fig3 , four guide elements 36 can be attached to the carriage 30 at the four holding plates 43 to 46 . in principle these could also only be three guide elements 36 . in this case either a centered holding plate takes the place on the first carriage area 32 instead of the two holding plates 43 , 44 , or , in place of the holding plates 45 , 46 one holding plate , centered on the second carriage area 33 embodied in one piece , which either extends over the entire width , or which is framed by two rigid mounting plates in the same plane . a further embodiment of a carriage 50 is represented in fig4 . here again , a first carriage area 51 , which supports the drive coil arrangement 19 , is connected via a hinge 52 with a second carriage area 53 . again in accordance with fig2 , the end areas , remote from the hinge 52 , of these carriage areas 51 , 53 are pivotably connected via hinges 54 , 55 with guide elements 36 . the hinged connections can be embodied in accordance with fig3 , for example . in contrast to fig2 , the first carriage area 51 is slightly overextended , while a mounting plate 56 is fixed in place at right angles and rigidly on the free end of the overextending area . thus , this extends over the second carriage area 53 and the guide elements 36 attached thereto . in this embodiment the first carriage area 51 , together with the mounting plate 56 , forms two mounting faces arranged at right angles in respect to each other , wherein this angle is always maintained independently of heat expansion . in the direction of movement , the mounting plate 56 always has the same extension as the first carriage area 51 , and thus as the carriage 50 itself . in accordance with fig2 , the second carriage area 53 can be designed in two parts , or also as a single part wherein , with a single - part embodiment , the second carriage area 53 can have a length in the direction of movement which corresponds to that of the first carriage area 51 , and can have one or two pivotable holding plates , or this second carriage area 53 is merely embodied in the form of a narrow plate or strip and arranged centered . in principle , in accordance with fig3 the two partial areas 33 a , 33 b can also be embodied in the form of narrow strips or rods . the rigid carriage 11 in accordance with fig1 is represented in greater detail in fig5 . four curved compensation recesses 57 to 60 for receiving guide elements in accordance with fig7 are arranged on the insides of the two carriage areas 16 , 17 facing the stator 10 . on their sides facing the carriage , these guide elements 36 have correspondingly curved angle compensation elements 61 , with which they are mounted in the compensation recesses 57 to 60 , for example screwed or glued in . by means of this it is possible to compensate angular errors of the guide rails 12 , 13 , or respectively of the stator 10 , as an additional compensation of the sliding blocks 28 , which are arranged with play . the compensation recesses 57 , 58 are arranged on the first carriage area 16 in the corner areas remote from the second carriage area 17 , while the compensation recesses 59 , 60 on the second carriage area 17 are also arranged in opposite edge areas , but substantially centered there . basically , an opposite arrangement is also possible , i . e . the guide elements 36 are provided with compensation recesses , while correspondingly curved angle compensation elements are attached to the carriage areas 16 , 17 . a holding receptacle 62 for receiving a position measuring device is arranged between the compensation recesses 57 , 58 in the first carriage area 16 . for example , this can be embodied in a known manner as a device sensitive to magnetism , for example as a hall sensor arrangement , which works together with a tape or lath arrangement on the stator 10 which is magnetized in the form of strips . optical markings , which are appropriately optically scanned , can also take the place of magnetic markings . in order to avoid experiencing problems of control technology in regard to position measuring because of a construction affected with play , the first carriage area 16 , or respectively its holding receptacle 62 , is rigidly connected with the measuring system and the drive coil arrangement 19 via the position measuring device . because of this , possible axial play of the hinges does not present a problem . | 5 |
as shown in the figure , a semiconductor led 10 has one of its terminals connected to a voltage source v gg and another of its terminals connected to a ballast resistor r . only for the sake of definiteness , the circuit parameters will be described in terms of p - mos technology . typically , the source v gg is approximately - 12 volts , and the resistor r is approximately a thousand ohms . the led is characterized by an operating &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; current of about 10 milliamperes with an operating voltage drop of about 2 to 3 volts . the led and the resistor r are connected in series with the high currrent path of an igfet driver q 1 to another voltage source v ss of about + 5 volt . in its &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; state , the driver q 1 has a resistance advantageously equal to about r / 2 or less . as further shown in the figure , the igfets q 3 , q 4 , q 5 and q 6 are in a comparator feedback network arrangement for stabilizing the voltage at node 11 located between r and q 1 . for this purpose , the node 11 is connected to a low current ( gate ) terminal of q 6 whose high current path connects v gg to a node 13 . the node 13 is connected to v ss through the high current path of q 3 whose gate terminal is grounded ( v = 0 ). the gate terminal of the driver q 1 is connected to a node 12 which is connected through q 5 to v gg and through q 4 to the node 13 . the igfet q 5 is in a diode configuration ; that is , the drain and gate terminals of q 5 are shorted together , so that q 5 behaves as a diode which tends to conduct current only in the direction toward the source v gg . on the other hand , the gate terminal of q 4 is connected to ground serving as a reference potential . the node 12 is further connected to v ss through the high current path of q 2 . the gate of q 2 is connected to an input signal source 20 which provides signals for turning q 2 &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; off &# 34 ;. as more fully explained below , when q 2 is &# 34 ; on &# 34 ;, then q 1 is &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; and hence the led 10 is also &# 34 ; off &# 34 ;; and when q 2 is &# 34 ; off &# 34 ;, the q 1 is &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; and hence the led 10 is also &# 34 ; on &# 34 ;. thus , the feedback arrangement acts as a signal inverter as well as a current stabilizer . to ensure proper operation , it is important that the transconductance ratios b 2 , b 3 , b 4 , b 5 , and b 6 of the igfets q 2 , q 3 , q 4 , q 5 , and q 6 , respectively , should satisfy the following : b 5 should be much less than b 3 ; b 3 should be much less than either of b 4 and b 6 ; and both b 4 and b 6 should be much less than b 2 . by &# 34 ; much less than &# 34 ; is meant less than by preferably at least an order of magnitude , but in any event at least by a factor of 2 or 5 . for example , by way of an illustrative example only , suitable approximate values for the b &# 39 ; s are : b 5 = 2 × 10 - 6 mho / v ; b 3 = 15 × 10 - 6 mho / v ; b 4 = b 6 = 100 × 10 - 6 mho / v ; and b 2 = 250 × 10 - 6 mho / v . moreover , the transistor q 1 is advantageously characterized by moderately high b 1 ; for a 10 milliamp led current , a suitable approximate value is b 1 = 250 × 10 - 6 mho / volt . in the absence of the comparator feedback circuit , the required transconductance of the igfet driver would be about 1 , 200 × 10 - 6 mho / volt . operation of the circuit shown in the figure can be understood from the following considerations . starting from a condition in which the led and the driver q 1 are both &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; in the presence of a signal from the source 20 sufficient to maintain q 2 in its &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; state , it will first be shown that this condition is stable ; and it will then be shown that a signal applied thereafter that is sufficient to switch and maintain q 2 in its &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; state will then switch and maintain both the driver q 1 and the led &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; in a stabilized current condition . in order to explain this operation , it is to be noted that when at first the input signal maintains q 2 in its &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; state , then the driver q 1 will thus be in its &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; state and hence the led will also be in its &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; state . under these conditions , the node 12 tends to remain at essentially the potential v ss both by virtue of the connection of this node to the source v ss through the relatively high b igfet q 2 directly to the source voltage v ss , and this connection is thus through the transistor of the highest b as compared with those of all others ( q 3 , q 5 , and q 6 in particular ). thus , the node 12 remains in a stable condition at essentially v ss ( the substrate of all transistors being connected to v ss as ordinarily in p - mos integrated circuits ). accordingly , the voltage on the node 12 maintains the igfet q 1 in its &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; state , thereby maintaining the led 10 in its &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; state also . meanwhile , since the node 11 is essentially at potential at v gg due to the path through r and the led to the source v gg , the transistor q 6 is in its &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; state ; so that the node 13 is essentially at potential v gg ( except for a threshold of q 6 which , with the backgate bias effect , is about - 5 or - 6 volts ) even though q 3 is also &# 34 ; on &# 34 ;, because of the high b 6 of q 6 as compared with the low b 3 of q 3 . on the other hand , since this node 13 is at essentially v gg while the node 12 is at v ss , q 4 is &# 34 ; on &# 34 ;; but this &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; condition of q 4 combined with the &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; conditions of q 5 and q 6 is not sufficient to pull the node 12 away from v ss , since q 2 has the highest transconductance b of all . thus , the node 12 remains stably at v ss , thereby keeping q 1 in its &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; state and hence the led stably remains in its &# 34 ; off &# 34 ; state also . when the input signal applied by the source 20 to the gate of q 2 is then switched to a value sufficient to turn q 2 &# 34 ; off &# 34 ;, the potential of the node 12 tends toward v gg but without reaching it because the driver q 1 turns &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; before this node 12 reaches ground . as soon as the driver q 1 turns &# 34 ; on &# 34 ;, however , the led turns &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; also and the node 11 , between q 1 and r , goes from the potential v gg toward the potential v ss , since the on resistance of the driver is advantageously made sufficiently small compared with r , typically about r / 2 . as the node 11 goes toward v ss , the transistor q 6 allows the node 13 to go toward v ss by virtue of the &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; state of q 3 . but when this node 13 reaches ground plus the threshold of q 4 , then q 4 itself turns &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; with node 13 acting as its source and node 12 as its drain , thereby preventing the node 12 from going any further toward v gg . in this way , the node 12 is kept at a potential suitable for maintaining the driver q 1 and the led in their &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; states . in effect , the transistor arrangement of q 3 , q 4 , q 5 , and q 6 acts as a feedback comparator for stabilizing , against fluctuations of either polarity , the voltage at node 11 essentially at the voltage applied to the gate of q 4 , whenever the signal input turns q 2 &# 34 ; off &# 34 ;. thus , the led remains &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; until the input signal is thereafter switched to a value sufficient to turn the transistor q 2 back to its &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; state . although the invention has been described in detail in terms of a specific embodiment , various modifications can be made without departing from the scope thereof . for example , n - mos technology can be used instead of p - mos , that is , all the transistors q 1 - q 6 can be integrated in a p - type semiconductor chip with n + type source and drain regions , with suitable modifications in v ss and v gg . moreover , other types of transistors than igfets can be used , such as j - fets or bipolar transistors . also , a unidirectional current inhibiting diode element of conductance b 5 in the forward direction can be used instead of the transistor q 5 . moreover , the voltages applied to gate electrode of q 4 and of q 3 can both be other than ground , in order to stabilize the voltage at node 11 during operation at a corresponding voltage other than essentially ground potential . in any event , however , it is important that the voltage difference ( v ss - v gg ) be at least three or more times the voltage drop across the led in its &# 34 ; on &# 34 ; state , and that the voltage at node 11 be stabilized to a value that is sufficiently different from v ss to enable the use of a relatively small sized driver q 1 of relatively high resistance , thereby to conserve semiconductor chip area . | 6 |
in the accompanying drawings , there is schematically depicted a packaging machine 10 that receives batches of product through a former 11 . the former 11 also receives a strip of bag material 12 and forms the bag material 12 into a tubular configuration that is to pass through the machine 10 . the machine 10 has a rotary jaw assembly 13 that transversely seals and transversely cuts the tubular bag material to form discreet bags 14 . the bags 14 fall from the jaw assembly 13 to a chute 15 . the tubular bag material is pulled past the former 11 and from the rolls 16 by driven belts 17 . for example , the machine 13 could be the packaging machine described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 663 , 917 . the chute 15 is part of a conveyor assembly 18 . the assembly 18 has a longitudinally extending frame 19 . associated with the frame 19 is a first conveyor 24 that includes a driven sprocket 25 driving an endless conveyor member or belt 26 . the lower end of the belt 26 passes a guide member 27 . the first conveyor 24 provides a first conveyor length 28 . associated with and above the first conveyor 24 is a second conveyor 29 . the second conveyor 29 includes a driven sprocket 20 and an endless conveyor member or belt 23 . the belt 23 passes a second sprocket 21 and a vertically extending guide surface 31 within the chute 15 . the belt 23 provides a second conveyor length 32 that is substantially parallel and coextensive with respect to the first conveyor length 28 . each belt 23 and 26 is formed from a plurality of links 33 that are preferably molded from plastics material . the links 33 include a plurality of first projections 34 each provided with an aperture 35 . each link 33 further has a second series of projections 35 , with the projections 35 each having an aperture 37 . a series of links 33 are arranged as shown in fig1 , with the projections 34 located between the projections 36 of the next adjacent link 33 . a pin 38 passes through the aligned apertures 35 and 37 so that adjacent links 33 are pivotably attached for relative movement about a longitudinal axis of the respective pin 38 . a short segment of each of the belts 23 and 26 is illustrated in fig1 and 13 . particularly with respect to the belt 23 , the link construction ensures that the belt 23 is only flexible about the longitudinal axis of the pin 38 , that is , an axis transverse of the belt 23 . the construction inhibits defamation of the belt 23 apart from pivoting movement between the links 33 about the pins 38 , that is , an axis transverse of the belt 26 . the chute 15 in cooperation with the belt 23 captures each bag 14 as it is delivered from the machine 13 so as to preserve the initial orientation of the bag 14 . that is , the bag 14 is retained with the lower bag seal 39 leading and being trailed by the upper bag seal 40 . more particularly , the belt 23 by moving in the direction of the arrow 41 , converges with respect to the chute 15 so as to securely engage each bag 14 and move the bags 14 in the direction of the arrow 41 . each of the bags 14 moves along the chute 15 until it reaches the belt 26 . the belt 26 is also moving in the direction of the arrow 41 and at the same speed as a belt 23 . as the first length 28 is generally coextensive with the second length 32 , and moving in unison therewith , again the orientation of the bags 14 is retained . when the bags 14 becomes “ sandwiched ” between the belts 23 and 26 , the belt 23 deforms so as to pass over the bags 14 while the belt 26 remains substantially flat due to the supporting surface provided by the longitudinally extending plate 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , there is provided a retaining assembly 57 including , adjacent each longitudinal side of the first conveyor length 28 , a retaining belt 43 . the retaining assembly 57 engages the length 28 so that the lengths 28 and 29 provide compartments 58 relatively fixed in configuration . the retaining belts 43 have their transverse width extending generally upwardly and pass between pairs of rollers 44 , of which at least one is driven . more particularly , the belts 43 engage the belt 26 so as to maintain the configuration of the belt 26 over the first length 28 once the belt 23 has been deformed to accommodate a bag 14 . accordingly , the bags 14 are each confined in a generally rigid compartment 58 . each compartment is defined between opposing conveyor surfaces 59 and 60 . in the embodiment of fig1 to 7 , the plate 42 and belt 26 are longitudinally divided so that the belt 26 has two coextensive endless belt members 46 ( providing the first bell length 28 ), with the belt members 46 spaced by a gap 47 . the plate 42 has a longitudinal slot 58 adjacent the gap 47 . in this embodiment , there is provided in combination with the conveyor assembly 18 a detection device 44 to detect bags that leak . the device 44 includes a detector 45 as seen in fig6 . the detector 45 includes an arm 48 that projects through the gap 47 and slot 58 to engage the bag 14 . the detector 45 generates a signal indicative of the volume of the bag 14 . more particularly , the arm 48 is attached to a signal generator 49 that generates the above - mentioned signal . the arm 48 is urged into contact with the bags 14 by the arm 57 being weighted . located at spaced positions along the length of the first conveyor 24 are pressure assemblies 50 . each of the assemblies 50 includes an arm 51 that is urged by means of a spring 52 into contact with the bags 14 to apply pressure thereto . this pressure will cause at least partial deflation of any bag that leaks . each of the arms 51 is pivotably mounted by means of a pivot assembly 53 so that the arms 51 can pivot about generally horizontal transverse axes to permit the bags 14 to pass thereby . located adjacent the upper end of the conveyor 24 is a further detector 45 comprising an upstream detector that again would generate a signal indicative of the volume of each of the bags 14 passing thereby . this is compared to the signal generated by the lower ( downstream ) detector 45 with respect to the particular bag 14 , thereby enabling the detection of bags 14 that leak . the defective bags 14 can be removed and , if required , the machine 13 stopped and serviced should that be required . the upstream and downstream detectors 45 provide a detector device that provides two signals for each bag . in the above preferred embodiment with respect to detecting bags that leak , the bags 14 are engaged by each detector 45 . that is , each bag 14 is engaged by a single arm 48 so that there is a relatively small contact area with the bags 14 . this enhances detection , as any volume reduction will result in a substantial angular deflection of the arm 48 of the upstream detector 45 relative to the arm 48 of the downstream detector 45 . in an alternative embodiment ( as shown in fig8 ), detectors 54 are employed . each detector 54 includes a pivoted arm 55 terminating with rollers 56 . the rollers 56 are urged into contact with the conveyor 23 to thereby apply pressure to the bags 14 . a bag 14 that leaks will therefore reduce in volume as the conveyor 23 deforms under the rollers 56 . the detectors 54 include electronic apparatus to produce a signal indicative of the angular displacement of the arms 55 . should the arms 55 have a significant different angular displacement for a specific bag 14 , the bag 14 would be considered defective , that is , a bag that leaks . again the bag would be removed , and the machine 13 serviced if required . | 6 |
in a web - based or other online search session in which a transactional query is placed through a search engine , the user will often fill - out or otherwise interact with one or more forms that are made available on the pages of the search results . for example , a user may click on a link in one of the pages of the search results to access a form and then type information into one or more text boxes to fill out the form . likewise , the user may select items from a dropdown list or click on a button to execute actions associated with the form . interactions of these types are common when users perform an online transaction for a wide variety of purposes , e . g ., booking a hotel or flight , buying movie tickets , or finding used car dealers . fig1 shows an example of a form that a user has found after placing a transactional search query . in this example the search query is “ cheap airfare from san juan to flint one way .” by examining user clicks available from toolbar click logs , it is possible to associate search queries with webpage forms . if a query is frequently associated with many forms from different web sites ( i . e ., corresponding with many form clicks ), it is very likely that the query can be classified as a transactional query . this assumption is reasonable since online forms are a common and straightforward way for users to interact with the search results that are obtained when they are placing a transactional query . as detailed below , an automatic technique for classifying a search query as a transactional query is based on an analysis of the relationship between search queries and the online forms that are available from the pages listed in the search results for those queries . the technique contains two distinct phases . the first phase is a training phase in which previously executed search queries are analyzed using data available from users &# 39 ; toolbar logs . the search queries are extracted from the logs , along with a set of urls associated with each query . the urls represent those pages or documents that are available in the search results for each query . the pages corresponding to these urls are then crawled on the web to extract any forms from them . the pages clicked on or otherwise accessed by the users may each contain zero forms , one form , or multiple forms . since users &# 39 ; clicks on forms will be used to identify transactional queries , only those queries in the toolbar log that are associated with at least one online form will be analyzed . after the forms are extracted , those forms which users have clicked on or otherwise accessed will be identified and associated with the query . from this information a query - form graph can be prepared . based on the query - form graph , the likelihood that a particular query is a transactional query can be determined . in the second phase , the query - form graph for the queries is examined to identify any patterns they may contain . the patterns are identified by a process that begins with the use of a clustering component , which is used to group forms that appear to be similar in nature and to group user input fields in those forms which appear to be similar . a user input field may be any field in which the user provides data . for instance , examples of user input fields include text , select , radio , checkbox and button fields . the text field refers to a text input box , the select field refers to a dropdown menu , the radio field refers to a one or more radio buttons , the checkbox field refers to a group of check boxes and the button field refers to a button that is typically used to submit the form . each user input field has a label associated with it . for example , in fig1 , two of user input fields have the labels “ from ” and “ to ”, respectively . user input fields will be grouped together if they have the same functionality , even if their labels differ . similarly , forms will be grouped together if they are used to complete the same transaction , even if they differ in details . the results of the clustering process are used to identify patterns in the queries that are classified as transactional queries in the first phase . when a new query is to be classified , its characteristics can be compared to the set of patterns that has been developed in the second phase . if there is a sufficient match between the query and one of the pre - identified patterns , the new query will be classified as a transactional query . toolbar data can be collected directly and / or collected and logged from users who , for example , select to participate in data sharing schemes such as opting into a customer experience improvement program . a wide range of data can be gathered from a search toolbar . for example , the data can include , but is not limited to , urls visited by the user , urls added to favorites , page print events , and / or the time taken to return to a search results list after visiting a link . the data can be logged locally and / or centrally and can be made available in substantially real time to a search engine operational environment and the like . instances of the systems and methods herein can utilize , for example , urls visited by the user to discover resources such as , for example , forms and related information . fig2 shows one example of the operating environment in which the methods , techniques and systems described herein may be employed . one example of the systems and methods herein , for example , can be implemented utilizing a toolbar logging server 510 , toolbar data store 512 , web crawler 514 , form analyzer 506 and query classifier 516 . toolbar data concerning online pages clicked on , visited or otherwise accessed by users are logged , for example , by users &# 39 ; search toolbars on computing devices 508 and communicated to a toolbar logging server 510 . in turn , the toolbar logging server 510 provides selected data to a toolbar data store 512 which can include a server farm that stores and manages toolbar data for reporting purposes . a toolbar monitor 502 inspects the toolbar data store 512 , identifying , for example , urls . the identified urls are then passed to a web crawler 514 which examines the sites or pages at those urls in order to extract forms associated with those sites . the web crawler 514 may maintain a store of previously visited urls — if a url has not been previously visited or requires revisiting , the web crawler 514 retrieves the online resource , which in this case are the forms associated with the pages that have been visited by the users . the form analyzer 504 inspects the retrieved forms and matches them to the queries available from the toolbar log provided by the toolbar data store 512 to thereby form the query - form graph . the form analyzer 504 may also generate the patterns which will be used to determine if unclassified queries should be classified as transactional queries . alternatively , the patterns may be generated by a separate pattern generator ( not shown ). finally , a query classifier 516 examines unclassified queries and compares them to the pre - identified patterns available from the form analyzer 504 and determines if there is a sufficient match to one of the patterns to classify the query as a transactional query . the various phases of the process summarized above will now be discussed in more detail . the first phase of the process begins with form extraction . this can be accomplished by parsing the html codes of the pages extracted by the web crawler 514 . a form can be identified by any suitable pair of html tags . for instance , most straightforwardly , all the content between the html tags “& lt ; form & gt ;” and “& lt ;/ form & gt ;” may be treated as forms . of course , other tags may be used to identify forms as well . a form may be treated as a container for user input fields . each field allows users to interact with the form by , e . g . filling in some values or selecting a value from a pre - set list . a user input field has three properties : a label , a type and a list of values . the label is a descriptor for field . as previously mentioned , user input fields may come in a variety of different types , including , for instance , text , select , radio , checkbox and button field types . finally , each user input field typically accommodates some pre - defined values that are entered or selected by the user , such as a date , name , number etc . a form has four properties : a label to describe the form , a collection of user input fields contained in the form , a “ from - url ,” which is the url of the page or site containing the form , and a “ to - url ,” which is the url to which users are directed after the form is submitted . a query - form graph is constructed by mining the toolbar log data from multiple users . after a user submits a query to a search engine a record is created in the toolbar log . the record for each of the users generally includes the following elements : & lt ; user id , query , query submission timestamp , clicked result page ( url ), click timestamp , arrive clicked page timestamp , further clicked page ( url ), arrive further clicked page timestamp & gt ; the further clicked page ( url ) may be a form or it may be a subsequent page that is accessed through the clicked result page , in which case the form may be available from the subsequent web page or even from another web page linked to the subsequent web page . assuming that the form corresponds to the further clicked page ( url ), the relationship between a query and an online form can be identified . a bipartite graph of the query and form can be constructed by connecting the query node and the form node with an edge when there is a click between them . the frequency of clicks is used as the weight of the edge . based on the query - form graph that is produced from the toolbar log of a series of users , a variety of different score functions may be used to measure the likelihood that a particular query is a transactional query . by way of example , two score functions are presented herein to illustrate the process . these score functions are the click entropy and the click ratio . the click entropy score function may be based on the click entropy at the level of the clicked pages or websites included in the search results as well as at the level of the forms that are clicked on within those pages or websites . the click entropy score function may be defined as follows : clickentropy ( q ) = ( 1 + e ( p site ) ) ∑ s i ∈ site ( q ) click ( q , s i ) click ( q ) 1 2 e ( p s i ) where p site is the click distribution at the page or website level and p s i is the click distribution at the level of the forms inside the website s i . site ( q ) denotes the set of websites on which q has user form clicks . click ( q , s i ) refers to the click frequency on forms in website s i . click ( q ) is the total frequency of user form clicks . e ( p ) is the entropy computed on distribution p . the larger the clickentropy ( q ), the more likely it is that query q is transactional . as an illustration , assume there are three queries q 1 , q 2 and q 3 . for query q 1 , users generally go to one specific website and interact with a single form on that website . this query is very likely a transactional query . for query q 2 , users generally go to a common website but interact with many forms on that website . such a query may be a navigational query , even though it is associated with many forms . the query “ american airlines ” is an example of such a navigational query . query q 3 is associated with many forms that are obtained from different websites . most likely such a query is a transactional query . an example of query q 3 is “ cheap flight to seattle ”. if the score function clickentropy ( q ) is applied to these three queries it will rank them as follows : clickentropy ( q 3 )& gt ; clickentropy ( q 1 )& gt ; clickentropy ( q 2 ), where a higher score indicates that a query is more likely a transactional query . that is , in this example the query q 3 has the highest probability of being a transactional query and query q 2 the lowest probability . clickratio ( q ) = log 2 ( click ( q ) impression ( q ) + 1 ) where click ( q ) is the frequency of query q associated with form clicks , while impression ( q ) is the impression number of q in the log data . the click ratio score function can be used to distinguish between informational queries and transactional queries . the two score functions defined above then may be used to estimate how likely it is that a query is transactional . in reality , the query - form click graph is noisy , e . g ., false clicks made by users can also be recorded in the toolbar log . furthermore , not all forms extracted from websites can be considered as the starting point of a transaction . for instance , a form containing a search box and a click button does not indicate the query is a transaction query . to address this problem an iterative algorithm may be used to rank the queries and forms according to how likely they are to be transactional in nature . the algorithm is based on the mutual reinforcement principle : a transactional query is usually associated with transactional forms . a transactional form is usually associated with transactional queries . based on the query - form relations encoded by the bipartite graph , the transactional scores for the query , score ( q ), and the form , score ( f ), are updated iteratively , in accordance with the following formula : score k + 1 ( q i ) = clickentropy ( q i ) × clickratio ( q i ) × ln ( ∑ f j ∈ f ( q i ) click ( q i , f j ) score k ( f j ) + 1 ) score k + 1 ( f j ) = ln ( ∑ q i ∈ f ( f j ) click ( q i , f j ) score k ( q i ) + 1 ) where f ( q j ) is the set of forms associated with q j . q ( f j ) is the set of queries associated with f j . click ( q i , f j ) is the frequency of q i clicking on f j . the algorithm terminates when the scores for queries and forms converge . queries with a score above a threshold value will be treated as transactional queries . fig3 summarizes the first phase of the process discussed above . as shown , forms 204 are extracted from online pages or documents ( e . g ., webpages 202 ). the forms 204 are compared with the log data obtained from the toolbar log 206 to create a query - form graph 208 . the query - form graph 208 is analyzed by any of a variety of techniques to assign a score to each query which reflects the likelihood that it is transactional in nature . queries with a score above a threshold value are treated as transactional queries 210 . the second phase of the process analyzes the queries that have been identified as transactional queries in the first phase of the process are examined to find any patterns in them that may be representative of a transactional query . in this way patterns in an unclassified query can be compared to the pre - identified patterns and if the patterns are sufficiently similar , the unclassified query can be treated as a transactional query . the analysis includes two steps : form clustering and pattern generalization . in the form clustering step , user input fields in different forms that have the same functionality are grouped together . likewise , different forms that are used to complete similar transactions are grouped together . clustering algorithms that perform such tasks are well known and do not need to be discussed in detail . in the pattern generalization step , the query string is compared to the values that been inserted into the user input fields of the forms . for example , in the form shown in fig1 , the query string is “ cheap airfare from san juan to flint one way .” in this example the query sub - strings “ san juan ” and “ flint ” can be found in the “ from ” and “ to ” user input fields , respectively . if a query &# 39 ; s sub - string can be matched with the value of a user input field , as in fig1 , the sub - string will be replaced by the corresponding slot name and then we can have a candidate pattern . this is shown in fig1 where the query sub - string “ san juan ” is replaced with “ from ” and the query sub - string “ flint ” is replaced with “ to .” as a result a candidate pattern is identified . in order to get more candidate patterns , the user input field clustering results and the form clustering results may be used . when the user input field clustering results are used , an expanded list of values for each user input field is available . when the form clustering results are used , not only will fields in the clicked form be used to generate patterns , but all the fields in any form within the same cluster or group will be used to generate patterns . finally one set of candidate patterns have been identified , all identical patterns are merged and a confidence score is calculated for each pattern as follows : scorepattern ( p ) = field ( p ) ∑ q i ∈ q ( p ) score ( q i ) where p is a pattern , q ( p ) is the set of transactional queries which can be generalized to p , and score ( q i ) is the transaction score of query q i , which was computed in phase 1 . | field ( p )| is number of user interface fields in pattern p . intuitively , the score will indicate that a pattern is better in quality if the queries from which they are generalized are better in quality . moreover , a pattern will more likely be representative of a transactional pattern if more of users &# 39 ; informational requirements can be included in the pattern , which is indicated by the use of more fields in the pattern . at this point a set of predetermined query - form patterns has been generated . this set can be used to predict whether or not an unclassified query is a transactional query . the quality of the predetermined query - from patterns as well as the quality of the fit between the unclassified query and one of the patterns will be taken into account when making the prediction . after a list of transactional query patterns are collected , the predetermined query - form pattern than best matches the unclassified query q can be found using : where p i is a predetermined query - form pattern representative of a transactional query and p is the set of all predetermined patterns . the fit ( p i , q ) indicates how well the query q fits the pattern p i . the following formula may then be used to calculate a transactional score for q : score q ( q )= fit ( p fit , q ) scorepattern ( p fit ) the larger the scoreq ( q ), the more likely the query q is transactional in nature . in practical applications , a score above some threshold value can be used to classify query q as transactional or not - transactional . in order to determine the fitness of an unclassified query to a given pattern , the values of the user interface fields associated with the pattern can be matched to sub - strings in the query . if the match is successful , the substring will be removed from the query . finally , the textual similarity between the pattern and remaining sub - strings in of the query will be determined . the fitness measurement between the query and one of the predetermined patterns will take into account both the number of successful matches and the textual similarity , as shown in the following formula : fit ( p , q ) = fieldmatch ( p , q ) field ( p ) cosine ( p ′ , q ′ ) where fieldmatch ( p , q ) is the number of user input fields matches that have been found between the pattern p and the query q . | field ( p )| is the number of fields in pattern p . p ′ and q ′ refer to the remaining text after the matched fields are removed . the cosine similarity is computed using their bags - of - words representations . fig4 summarizes the second phase of the process discussed above . as shown , form clusters 212 are created from the forms 204 based on the similarity of the forms and the user input fields included in those forms . the criteria for similarity may vary , and examples of such criteria have been presented above . next , the pre - identified transactional queries 210 found in phase 1 are compared to the values in the user input fields of the form clusters 212 in order identify predetermined query - form patterns which are indicative of a transactional query . finally , unclassified queries are examined . by comparing the unclassified queries 216 to the predetermined query - form patterns , the likelihood that an unclassified query 216 is a transactional query can be predicted . as used in this application , the terms “ component ,” “ module ,” “ engine ,” “ system ,” “ apparatus ,” “ interface ,” or the like are generally intended to refer to a computer - related entity , either hardware , a combination of hardware and software , software , or software in execution . for example , a component may be , but is not limited to being , a process running on a processor , a processor , an object , an executable , a thread of execution , a program , and / or a computer . by way of illustration , both an application running on a controller and the controller can be a component . one or more components may reside within a process and / or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and / or distributed between two or more computers . furthermore , the claimed subject matter may be implemented as a method , apparatus , or article of manufacture using standard programming and / or engineering techniques to produce software , firmware , hardware , or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter . the term “ article of manufacture ” as used herein is intended to encompass a machine - readable computer program accessible from any computer - readable storage device , carrier , or media . for example , computer readable media can include but are not limited to magnetic storage devices ( e . g ., hard disk , floppy disk , magnetic strips . . . ), optical disks ( e . g ., compact disk ( cd ), digital versatile disk ( dvd ) . . . ), smart cards , and flash memory devices ( e . g ., card , stick , key drive . . . ). of course , those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the claimed subject matter . although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts , it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above . rather , the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims . | 6 |
to have an ideal oxidative steam reforming of methanol , the following four attributes are necessary : 1 . the conversion of methanol ( c meoh ) should be high : a high conversion rate saves the methanol feed . 2 . low reaction temperature ( t r ): a low t r (≦ 200 ° c .) is preferred to couple with the operation temperature of hydrogen fuel cells . a moderate reaction temperature permits a short start - up time for the reaction , a simple control system and a friendly working condition . 3 . high yield ratio of hydrogen ( r h2 , number of h 2 molecules produced from each converted methanol ): the maximum r h2 in osrm is 3 . 0 . a high r h2 is pursued for osrm . 4 . low selectivity of co ( s co ): hrg is contaminated by co as a side product due to incomplete oxidation of methanol to co 2 . the co contamination in hrg has to be stepwise reduced before fed into fuel cells . the co reduction apparatus needs a large space and is costly . consequently , a low s co in osrm is greatly needed for osrm . the present invention utilizes an active gold catalyst for catalyzing oxidative steam reforming of methanol to obtain hrg . at a low reaction temperature of t r = 150 ° c ., the present invention still maintains a high conversion of methanol ( c meoh ), a high yield ratio of hydrogen ( r h2 ), and a low selectivity of co ( s co ). evenly dispersed tiny gold particles on suitable supporters exhibit great catalytic performance . conversion of methanol c meoh is [ n ( meoh ) in − n ( meoh ) out ]/ n ( meoh ) in , selectivity of co ( s co )= n ( co ) out / [ n ( co ) out + n ( co2 ) out ], yield ratio of hydrogen ( r h2 )= n ( h2 ) out /[ n ( meoh ) in − n ( meoh ) out ], ( in mole ). generally speaking , the supported catalyst of the present invention was prepared by deposition precipitation . active catalyst support was made by depositing 1 m zinc nitrate solution with 1 m sodium hydroxide solution for deposition of zinc hydroxide . obtained zinc hydroxide was then calcined at ambient air pressure and a temperature of about 300 ° c . au / zno catalyst was prepared from a solution suspended with active zinc oxide powder by the deposition precipitation method . after haucl 4 ( aq ) was introduced in drops into the zinc oxide suspended solution powders , 1 m sodium hydroxide solution is added to neutralize the suspension to ph = 7 . under this circumstance , gold hydroxide is gradually deposited on the surface of the zno support . after stirring for 2 h , the suspension was filtered , washed , and dried at 100 ° c . to obtain a precursor of gold catalyst . a fresh gold catalyst is prepared by passing hydrogen gas through the precursor at 300 ° c . to reduce the precursor to gold particles . the gold content of the catalyst prepared by the above - mentioned deposition precipitation is , for example , in the range of 0 . 5 to 6 . 0 %, and preferably in the range of 1 . 0 to 5 . 0 %. the particle size of gold ( d au ≦ 5 . 0 nm ) in gold catalysts , when examined with a transmission electron microscope ( jeol , jem - 2010 ), is fine and evenly dispersed on the surface of the support . reaction system of oxidative steam reforming of methanol and method for testing catalitic reaction gold catalyst samples of 100 mg were tested with a fixed methanol flow rate of 1 . 2 ml / h in a fixed bed reactor . the molar ratio of the water to methanol ( w ) in reactant feeds was controlled by the composition of liquid feed in reservoir . the molar ratio of oxygen to methanol ( x ) in the feed was controlled by the flow rate of oxygen gas . the total flow rate of the feed was f = 100 ml / min controlled by ar as a carrier gas . the contact time of reaction was thus kept at around w cat / f = 1 × 10 − 3 min · g / ml . fig1 schematically describes the fixed bed reactor used for osrm tests in this invention . the reaction system includes reactants 100 , catalyst 200 , and products 300 . reactants 100 are methanol , water and oxygen gas . in a typical test , catalyst 200 , gold particles supported on zinc oxide , is stuffed in reactor 201 . products 300 are mainly hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide . in the test , reactants 100 pass through inlet 202 and preheater 204 , and then enter the reactor 210 to contact the catalyst 200 after being preheated to 120 ° c . products 300 are collected at outlet 203 . catalyst 200 has been activated at 200 ° c . in hydrogen for 1 hr prior to use . the results with different conditions are listed below . exp . 1 in table 2 demonstrates that a methanol reforming reaction is performed in anhydrous conditions with 4 wt % au / zno . according the previous mechanism , not only pom but also srm is involved in exp . 1 . although methanol can be significantly oxidized to hrg with negligible co contamination ( s co & lt ; 1 %) at a temperature of 150 ° c ., the yield of hydrogen is undesirably low ( r h2 = 1 . 4 ). exp . 2 indicates that methanol can be converted at a high temperature of 400 ° c . by srm over the catalyst of 4 wt % au / zno in the absence of oxygen . unfortunately , a high s co ( 20 %) was obtained . exps . 3 and 4 reveal the influences of different ratios of x to c meoh , r h2 , and s co over a catalyst of 4 wt % au / zno at a low t r = 150 ° c . and w = 1 . 0 . both c meoh , r h2 rise with the increase of x , which probably means a proper x ratio may optimize the c meoh and r h2 . in addition , s co is not greatly influenced by x and remains below 1 %. exps . 10 to 12 indicate influences of support of gold catalyst on the osrm . it is observed that au catalysts supported on zro 2 or namor are also active in catalyzing osrm . a comparison of exps . 4 and 5 indicates that c meoh slightly rises with the increase of temperature from 150 ° c . to 200 ° c . s co also keeps itself below 1 % under this temperature change . r h2 decreases slightly but remains over 2 . 0 . comparison between exps . 4 and 7 reveals that c meoh rises with the increase of x when x is greater than 0 . 25 , and r h2 and s co decrease with r h2 staying above 2 . 0 . presumably , a high extent of pom takes place on the rise of x . examination of the exps . 5 - 7 indicates that the activity of the gold catalyst is not greatly influenced by the change of x and w . r h2 may slightly decrease but remains above 2 . 0 . methanol conversion may exceed c meoh = 98 % and s co keeps itself as low as possible (& lt ; 1 %). as far as the table 2 is concerned , active gold catalyst is the key to the invention for producing hydrogen gas from the oxidative steam reforming of methanol . even at a temperature as low as 150 ° c ., the au / zno catalyst of the present invention is still effective in catalyzing the oxidative steam reforming of methanol and generating hydrogen gas with low co contamination and high yield . given the above , the application of the present invention may be very influential in the petroleum industry , fuel cell technology , and hydrogen economics . although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof , other embodiments are possible . therefore , their spirit and scope of the appended claims should no be limited to the description of the preferred embodiments contained herein . | 2 |
the present invention relates to cementing operations , and , in certain embodiments , to cement compositions that comprise stevia retarders and associated methods . while the compositions and methods of the present invention are useful in a variety of applications , they may be particularly useful for subterranean well completion and remedial operations , such as primary cementing of casings and liners in well bores , including those in production wells , which include multi - lateral subterranean wells . they also may be useful for surface cementing operations , including construction cementing operations . embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention generally comprise a cement , water , and an additive that comprises a stevia retarder . in certain embodiments the additive may comprise inulin in addition to , or in the place of , the stevia retarder . among other things , the presence of a stevia retarder in embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention may retard the setting time of the cement compositions of the present invention , without delaying compressive strength development . in some embodiments , the stevia retarder , inter alia , may retard the setting time of the cement compositions while accelerating early compressive strength development . in certain embodiments , the cement compositions of the present invention comprising a stevia retarder ultimately may develop compressive strength that exceeds the compressive strength that the cement compositions of the present invention ultimately would develop without the presence of the stevia retarder . certain embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention may further enhance gas migration control properties in oil and gas wells . in some embodiments , the presence of the stevia retarder in the cement composition may contribute to a viscosity appropriate for discouraging any flow of gas into the annulus . those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the cement compositions generally should have a density suitable for a particular application . by way of example , the cement composition may have a density in the range of from about 4 pounds per gallon (“ lb / gal ”) to about 25 lb / gal . in certain embodiments , the cement compositions may have a density in the range of from about 8 lb / gal to about 17 lb / gal . embodiments of the cement compositions may be foamed or unfoamed or may comprise other means to reduce their densities , such as hollow microspheres , low - density elastic beads , or other density - reducing additives known in the art . those of ordinary skill in the art , with the benefit of this disclosure , will recognize the appropriate density for a particular application . cements suitable for use in subterranean applications are suitable for use in embodiments the present invention . furthermore , cements suitable for use in surface applications ( e . g ., construction cements ) also may be suitable for use in embodiments of the present invention . in certain embodiments , the cement compositions of the present invention comprise a hydraulic cement . a variety of hydraulic cements may be suitable for use , such as those comprising one or more of calcium , aluminum , silicon , oxygen , and sulfur , which set and harden by reaction with water . such hydraulic cements include , but are not limited to , portland cements , pozzolanic cements , gypsum cements , high alumina content cements , silica cements , high alkalinity cements , slag cements , shale cements , cement kiln dust , particles of various rubbers , elastomers and plastics , and mixtures thereof . in certain embodiments , the hydraulic cement may comprise an api cement , such as api classes a , b , c , g , h , or j portland cements , or equivalents thereof . the above - mentioned api cements are defined and described in api specification for materials and testing for well cements , api specification 10a , twenty - third edition , april , 2002 . the water utilized in embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention may be fresh water , saltwater ( e . g ., water containing one or more salts dissolved therein ), brine ( e . g ., saturated saltwater ), or seawater . generally , the water may be from any source , provided that it does not contain an excess of compounds that undesirably affect the cement compositions . the water may be present in an amount sufficient to form a pumpable slurry . generally , the water may be present in embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 15 % to about 200 % by weight of cement (“ bwoc ”) therein . in certain embodiments , the water may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 25 % to about 60 % bwoc therein . the cement compositions of the present invention also may comprise an additive that comprises a stevia retarder . as set forth above , the term “ stevia retarder ” refers to any composition formed from the plant species stevia rebaudiana . the stevia retarder may comprise the actual stevia rebaudiana plant , leaves of the stevia rebaudian plant , extracts from the stevia rebaudiana plant , products from the stevia rebaudiana plant , and by - products from the stevia rebaudiana plant . in some embodiments , the stevia retarder may comprise stevia by - products such as steviol , stevioside , and rebaudioside a , in both purified and unpurified forms . in some embodiments , the stevia retarder may comprise synthetic compounds of steviol , steviosdie , and rebaudioside a . in some embodiments , the stevia retarder may comprise a filler . suitable tillers may comprise gypsum , sand , and any nonreactive low cost material with a density similar to sand . the stevia retarder may be granulated , powdered , or in liquid form . additionally , when the stevia retarder comprises the actual stevia rebaudiana plant or leaves of the stevia rebaudiana plant , the stevia retarder may comprise ground pulp . a suitable source of stevia retarder is commercially available from steviva brands , inc ., portland , oreg ., under the trade name “ steviva ™” stevioside . generally , the additive that comprises a stevia retarder may be present in embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount sufficient to retard the setting of the cement compositions of the present invention for a desired time . the amount of stevia retarder that may be included may depend on a number of factors , including , but not limited to , the bottom hole circulating temperature of the well into which the cement composition is to be placed , density of the cement composition , the particular formulation of the chosen stevia retarder , and the like . in some embodiments , the quantity of the stevia retarder to be included in the cement composition may be determined prior to preparation of the cement composition . for example , the quantity of the stevia retarder to be included in the cement composition may be determined by performing thickening time tests of the type described in api specification 10a , twenty - third edition , april , 2002 . more particularly , in certain embodiments , the stevia retarder may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 01 % to about 5 % bwoc . in some embodiments , the stevia retarder may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 1 % to about 2 % bwoc . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive included in embodiments of the present invention may comprise about 100 % stevia retarder . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the stevia retarder may be combined with an organic acid to form another additive of the present invention . examples of organic acids that may be suitable include , but are not limited to , citric acid , gluconic acid , tartaric acid , and salts thereof . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the stevia retarder may be present in the additive of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 1 % to about 99 . 9 % by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , one or more organic acids may be present in the additive of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 1 % to about 99 . 9 % by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and an organic acid may comprise about 60 % to about 90 % stevia retarder by weight , and about 10 % to about 40 % organic acid by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and an organic acid may comprise about 70 % to about 80 % stevia retarder by weight , and about 20 % to about 30 % organic acid by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and an organic acid may comprise about 40 % to about 60 % stevia retarder by weight , and about 40 % to about 60 % organic acid by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and an organic acid may comprise tartaric acid in an amount in the range of from about 10 % to about 70 % by weight of the stevia retarder . in certain embodiments of the present invention the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and an organic acid may comprise organic acid in an amount in the range of from about 25 % to about 45 % by weight of the stevia retarder . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive comprising a stevia retarder may comprise , inter alia , borate compounds , including acids comprising borate compounds , and salts of such acids . examples of suitable borate compounds include , for example , boric acid , potassium pentaborate , and the like . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive comprising a stevia retarder may comprise , inter alia , phosphorus compounds , including acids comprising phosphorus compounds , and salts of such acids . examples of suitable phosphorus compounds include , for example , phosphates , phosphonates , and the like . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive comprising a stevia retarder may comprise , inter alia , a wide variety of lignins and tannins . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive comprising a stevia retarder may comprise , inter alia , hydrolyzed copolymers of acrylamide (“ aa ”) and 2 - acrylamido , 2 - methyl propane sulfonic acid (“ amps ”). in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive comprising a stevia retarder may comprise , inter alia , sugar compounds , including , for example , dextrose , sucrose , fructose , and the like . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive may comprise a polysaccharide such as inulin . the inulin , for example , may be included in addition to , or in place of , the stevia retarder . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the stevia retarder may be present in the additive of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 % to about 100 % by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , inulin may be present in the additive of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 % to about 100 % by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and inulin may comprise about 60 % to about 90 % stevia retarder by weight , and about 10 % to about 40 % inulin by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and inulin may comprise about 70 % to about 80 % stevia retarder by weight , and about 20 % to about 30 % inulin by weight . in certain embodiments of the present invention , the additive of the present invention that comprise the stevia retarder and inulin may comprise about 60 % to about 40 % stevia retarder by weight , and about 40 % to about 60 % inulin by weight . the additive of the present invention comprising a stevia retarder may retard the setting of the cement compositions of the present invention at a variety of temperatures , including temperatures of up to about 200 ° f . in certain embodiments , temperatures of up to about 250 ° f . in certain embodiments , temperatures of up to about 300 ° f . in certain embodiments , temperatures of up to about 350 ° f . in certain embodiments , and temperatures greater than about 350 ° f . in certain embodiments . the cement compositions of the present invention comprising an additive that comprises a stevia retarder may be suitable for use at a variety of temperatures . certain embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention are suitable for use at temperatures of up to about 200 ° f . certain embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention are suitable for use at temperatures of up to about 250 ° f . certain embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention are suitable for use at temperatures of up to about 300 ° f . certain embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention are suitable for use at temperatures of up to about 350 ° f . certain embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention may be suitable for use at temperatures greater than about 350 ° f . in some embodiments , additives may be included in the cement compositions of the present invention to facilitate use at elevated temperatures . optionally , embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention may comprise a dispersant . when present , the dispersant , among other things , may control the rheology of the cement composition and stabilize the cement composition over a broad density range . a variety of dispersants known to those skilled in the art may be used in accordance with the present invention . an example of a suitable dispersant comprises a water - soluble polymer prepared by the caustic - catalyzed condensation of formaldehyde with acetone wherein the polymer contains sodium sulfate groups , which dispersant is commercially available under the trade designation “ cfr - 3 ™” dispersant from halliburton energy services , inc ., duncan , okla . another suitable dispersant is commercially available under the trade designation “ cfr - 2 ™” dispersant , also from halliburton energy services , inc . where used , the dispersant may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 1 % to about 2 . 0 % bwoc . in some embodiments , the dispersant may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 1 % to about 1 . 0 % bwoc . optionally , embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention may comprise a hydratable polymer . when present in the cement compositions of the present invention , the hydratable polymer may increase the viscosity of the cement compositions of the present invention , among other things . various hydratable polymers can be utilized in the cement compositions of the present invention including , but not limited to , carboxymethylcellulose , hydroxyethylcellulose , carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose , vinyl sulfonated polymers , and hydratable graft polymers . an example of a suitable hydratable polymer is a cellulose derivative commercially available from dow chemical co ., under the trade name “ carbotron 20 .” where used , the hydratable polymer may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount sufficient to contribute a desired degree of viscosity to the cement composition slurries of the present invention . in some embodiments , the hydratable polymer may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 01 % to about 5 % bwoc . in some embodiments , the hydratable polymer may be present in the cement compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about 0 . 1 % to about 2 % bwoc . as will be recognized by those skilled in the art , the cement compositions of this invention also may include additional suitable additives , including , among other things , accelerants , latex stabilizers , defoamers , silica , microspheres , viscosifiers , fibers , weighting materials , salts , vitrified shale , calcium hydroxide , fly ash , fluid loss control additives , set retarders and the like . other additional additives may include , but are not limited to , weight reducing additives , heavyweight additives , lost circulation materials , filtration control additives , dispersants , suspending agents , and combinations thereof . suitable examples of these additives include crystalline silica compounds , amorphous silica , salts , fibers , hydratable clays , microspheres , pozzolan additives , latex cement , thixotropic additives , combinations thereof and the like . any suitable additive may be incorporated within the cement compositions of the present invention . an example of a suitable defoamer is commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc ., of duncan , okla ., under the trade name “ d - air 3000l ™” antifoaming agent . an example of a suitable silica is a fine silica flour that is commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc ., of duncan , okla ., under the trade name “ ssa - 1 ™” line silica flour . an example of a suitable high - temperature viscosifier is commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc ., of duncan , okla ., under the trade name “ suspend ht ” anti - settling additive . an example of a suitable free - water and solids suspending agent is commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc ., of duncan , okla ., under the trade name “ sa - 541 ™” suspending aid . examples of suitable fluid loss control additives are commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc ., at various locations , under the trade names “ fwca ” additive , latex 2000 ™, “ halad ® 9 ,” “ halad ® 344 ,” “ halad ® 400 ,” and “ halad ® 413 .” examples of suitable set retarders include various organic acids including , but not limited to , tartaric acid , citric acid , gluconic acid , oleic acid , phosphoric acid , and uric acid . an example of a suitable tartaric acid is commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc ., of duncan , okla ., under the trade name “ hr ®- 25 ” retarder . an example of a suitable latex stabilizer is commercially available from halliburton energy services , inc ., under the trade name “ stabilizer 434d .” another example of a compound that may be suitable for inclusion in the cement compositions of the present invention is an additive comprising octoborate , such as disodium octoborate that is commercially available from spectracide chemicals . one of ordinary skill in the art , with the benefit of this disclosure , will be able to recognize where a particular additive is suitable for a particular application . to facilitate a better understanding of the present invention , the following examples of certain aspects of some embodiments are given . in no way should the following examples be read to limit , or define , the entire scope of the invention . sample cement compositions were prepared as follows . a cementitious material ( texas lehigh class h cement ), water , and a liquid stevia retarder ( 1 . 15 sg ) or a dry stevia retarder were sheared in a blender at about 13 , 000 rpm for 35 seconds to form a cement slurry weighing 16 . 4 lb / gal . tests were run to determine the pump time of the sample composition at high temperature and high pressure according to api rp 10b - 2 , “ recommended practices for testing oil - well cements and cement additives ,” dated 2005 . sample composition nos . 6 and 9 were tested using an ultrasonic cement analyzer to determine the strength of each sample composition at a desired temperature and pressure . sample composition no . 1 ( comparative ) comprised texas lehigh class h cement and 39 % water bwoc , with no stevia retarder . sample composition no . 2 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 1 gal / sk ( 1 . 02 % bwoc ) of a liquid stevia retarder , and 38 . 3 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 3 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 2 gal / sk ( 2 . 04 % bwoc ) of a liquid stevia retarder , and 37 . 52 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 4 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 5 gal / sk ( 5 . 1 % bwoc ) of a liquid stevia retarder , and 35 . 28 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 5 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 2 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , and 39 . 4 % water bwoc . sample composition nos . 6 - 8 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 3 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . sample composition nos . 9 and 10 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 11 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 . 5 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 12 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 1 % tartaric acid bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the results of the testing are set forth in table 1 below . as can be seen by table 1 , embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention comprising stevia retarders may provide pump times suitable for use in certain applications . sample cement compositions were prepared as follows . a cementitious material ( texas lehigh class h cement ), water , and leaves from the stevia rebaudiana plant were sheared in a blender at about 13 , 000 rpm for 35 seconds to form a cement slurry weighing 16 . 4 pounds per gallon . tests were run to determine the pump time of the sample composition at high temperature and high pressure according to api rp 10b - 2 , “ recommended practices for testing oil - well cements and cement additives ,” dated 2005 . sample composition no . 13 ( comparative ) comprised texas lehigh class h cement and 39 % water bwoc , with no stevia retarder . sample composition no . 14 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 2 % stevia rebaudiana leaves bwoc , and 39 . 4 % water bwoc . in this sample , the leaves were hand ground with a mortar and pedestal prior to combination with the cement and water . the samples became very thick , but did not set into hard cement . sample composition no . 15 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 5 % stevia rebaudiana leaves bwoc , and 39 . 4 % water bwoc . in this sample , the leaves were hand ground with a mortar and pedestal prior to combination with the cement and water . the samples became very thick , but did not set into hard cement . sample composition nos . 16 and 17 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 2 % stevia rebaudiana leaves bwoc , 39 . 4 % water bwoc , and 0 . 3 % dispersant bwoc . in this sample , the leaves were ground with a udy mill prior to combination with the cement and water . sample composition no . 18 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 4 % stevia rebaudiana leaves bwoc , 39 . 4 % water bwoc , and 0 . 3 % dispersant bwoc . in this sample , the leaves were hand ground with a mortar and pedestal prior to combination with the cement and water . sample composition no . 19 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 9 % stevia rebaudiana leaves bwoc , 35 % silica powder bwoc , 48 . 55 % water bwoc , and 0 . 3 % dispersant bwoc . in this sample , the leaves were hand ground with a mortar and pedestal prior to combination with the cement and water . sample composition no . 20 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 . 2 % stevia rebaudiana leaves bwoc , 35 % silica powder bwoc , 48 . 55 % water bwoc , and 0 . 3 % dispersant bwoc . in this sample , the leaves were ground with a udy mill prior to combination with the cement and water . the results of the testing are set forth in table 2 below . as can be seen by table 2 , embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention comprising stevia leaves may provide pump times suitable for certain applications . sample cement compositions were prepared as follows . a cementitious material ( texas lehigh class h cement ), water , and a stevia retarder comprising 95 % stevioside ( with 60 % of the stevioside comprising rebaudioside a ) were sheared in a blender at about 13 , 000 rpm for 35 seconds to form a cement slurry weighing 16 . 4 lb / gal . tests were run to determine the pump time of the sample composition at high temperature and high pressure according to api rp 10b - 2 , “ recommended practices for testing oil - well cements and cement additives ,” dated 2005 . sample composition no . 21 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 5 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 22 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 2 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 5 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the results of the testing are set forth in table 3 below . as can be seen by table 3 , embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention comprising a stevia retarder comprising 95 % stevioside ( with 60 % of the stevioside comprising rebaudioside a ) may provide pump times suitable for use in certain applications . sample cement compositions were prepared as follows . a cementitious material ( texas lehigh class h cement ), water , inulin powder , and optionally a stevia retarder comprising 100 % stevia were sheared in a blender at about 13 , 000 rpm for 35 seconds to form a cement slurry weighing 16 . 4 lb / gal . tests were run to determine the pump time of the sample composition at high temperature and high pressure according to api rp 10b - 2 , “ recommended practices for testing oil - well cements and cement additives ,” dated 2005 . sample composition no . 23 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 5 % powdered inulin bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 24 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered inulin bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 25 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the samples became very thick , but did not set into hard cement . sample composition no . 25 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 5 % powdered inulin bwoc , 0 . 5 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 25 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the samples became very thick , but did not set into hard cement . sample composition no . 26 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 0 . 95 % powdered inulin bwoc , 0 . 05 % powdered stevia retarder bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 25 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 27 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered inulin bwoc , 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 5 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the results of the testing are set forth in table 4 below . as can be seen by table 4 , embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention further comprising an inulin powder may provide pump times suitable for use in certain applications . sample cement compositions were prepared as follows . a cementitious material ( texas lehigh class h cement ), water , and different types of inulin powder obtained from cargill were sheared in a blender at about 13 , 000 rpm for 35 seconds to form a cement slurry weighing 16 . 4 pounds per gallon . tests were run to determine the pump time of the sample composition at high temperature and high pressure according to api rp 10b - 2 , “ recommended practices for testing oil - well cements and cement additives ,” dated 2005 . sample composition no . 28 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered inulin bwoc ( type f97 supplied by cargill , 15407 mcginty road west , wayzata , minn . 55391 ), 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 25 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the samples became very thick , but did not set into hard cement . sample composition no . 29 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered inulin bwoc ( instant medium type supplied by cargill ), 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 25 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . sample composition no . 30 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered inulin bwoc ( desurgared medium type supplied by cargill ), 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 25 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the samples became very thick , but did not set into hard cement . sample composition no . 31 comprised texas lehigh class h cement , 1 % powdered inulin bwoc ( instant medium type supplied by cargill ), 35 % silica flour bwoc , 0 . 25 % dispersant bwoc , and 48 . 55 % water bwoc . the results of the testing are set forth in table 5 below . as can be seen by table 5 , embodiments of the cement compositions of the present invention further comprising an inulin powder may provide pump times suitable for use in certain applications . therefore , the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein . the particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only , as the present invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein . furthermore , no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown , other than as described in the claims below . it is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention . all numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount . whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed , any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed . in particular , every range of values ( of the form , “ from about a to about b ,” or , equivalently , “ from approximately a to b ,” or , equivalently , “ from approximately a - b ”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values . moreover , the indefinite articles “ a ” or “ an ”, as used in the claims , are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces . also , the terms in the claims have their plain , ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee . | 2 |
an implement frame indicated generally at 10 is shown only schematically in the present drawings , because it can be any desired type of frame such as those discussed in connection with the prior art identified above , or tool bar frames used for field cultivators and chisel plows and air seeders made by wil - rich , inc ., of wahpeton , n . dak ., the assignee of the present application . the frame 10 includes fore and aft extending frame members 12 , 12 which are spaced transversely apart and fixed in place with transverse frame members 13 . suitable cross braces 14 can be used on the frame 10 , if desired . cross members 15 are used adjacent the wheel mounting regions for additional strength . the lateral or transverse frame members 13 are used for mounting suitable earth working tools or other devices ( not shown ) such as field cultivator shank assemblies or chisel plow shank assemblies . the height of the frame 10 relative to the ground level is controllable with the device of the present invention by controlling the relative positions of a plurality of walking beam assemblies 20 , one of which is shown in the drawings . the walking beam assembly 20 carries spindles 22 , 22 on which the wheels 21 , 21 are mounted . the walking beam assembly 20 in turn is pivotally mounted on a support shaft 23 that is mounted at the end of an axle leg 24 . the upper end of the axle leg 24 is welded to an axle tube 25 . the axle tube 25 in turn is rotatably mounted in a pair of bearing supports 26 , 26 which in turn are supported on axle tube supports 27 , 27 . each of the axle tubes supports 27 is supported from a separate one of the force and aft frame members 12 , and the axle tube 25 is prevented from sliding axially relative to the bearing supports 26 by suitable stop members 28 which are welded to the tube but yet will permit the tube to rotate during adjustment of the axle leg . the vertical position of the wheels 21 , 21 relative to the frame is adjusted by controlling the pivoting of the axle tube . in many previous devices , the adjustment of height of the frame relative to the wheels has been accomplished by having the axle tube 25 act as a torsion shaft which is operated by a cylinder that is offset from the center line of the axle leg 24 . in previous lift arrangements substantial torsion loads were introduced into the axle tube , requiring heavier tubes with greater wall thicknesses and larger diameters than needed with the present lift . the device of the present invention eliminates torsion loads in the axle tube by providing a three bar linkage illustrated generally at 30 to support the loads on the axle leg from the wheels 21 and react the loads back to the frame . the three bar linkage includes a mast assembly 31 that comprises a pair of spaced members 32 which are rotatably mounted on the axle tube 25 through the use of a pair of mast bearing caps 33 , one of which is suitably attached to each of the members 32 . mast assembly 31 further includes a cylinder support ear 34 that is mounted between the members 32 , 32 at the upper ends thereof . ear 34 is provided with an aperture that receives a mounting pin 35 for pivotally mounting the base end of a double acting hydraulic cylinder assembly 37 to support ear 34 . the cylinder assembly 37 is operated through a suitable valve 38 to extend and retract a cylinder rod 41 . rod 41 has a clevis or rod end 42 pivotally mounted by a pin 43 to an ear 44 that is fixed to the axle leg 24 . an adjustable mechanical stop member 45 is mounted on the cylinder rod 41 so that the retracted position of the rod can be mechanically determined . the stop 45 will engage the end of the cylinder to provide a precise mechanical location for the lowest position of the frame . the stop 45 is adjustable to permit a fixed position to be achieved when retracting the cylinder assembly 37 . the force or load from the weight supported by wheels 21 that is reacted by the lift cylinder assembly 37 to the mast assembly is transmitted back to the frame 10 through a force link 50 . the mast , as previously explained , is free to rotate on the tube 25 . the force link 50 comprises a tube that is pivotally mounted at one end as at 51 between the mast members 32 , 32 of the mast assembly . a threaded adjustment rod 52 is threaded through a nut 53 which is welded to the end of the tube . the rod 52 can be threaded to change the length of the force link as desired . the lower end of the force link , comprising the threaded rod 52 , is mounted through an anchor assembly indicated generally at 55 that includes a cross member 56 that has an opening through which the threaded rod 52 is passed . lock nuts 57 are used for clamping the lower end of the rod 52 and thus the lower end of the force link securely to the anchor assembly . in addition to the cross member 56 , the anchor assembly has fore and aft extending members 58 that are attached to lateral frame members 13 and 15 with u bolts , as shown in fig1 so that the force link is securely anchored back to the implement frame . as mentioned , the force exerted on the axle leg 24 by the lift cylinder 37 is carried back to the mast assembly 31 which is free to rotate on the axle tube 25 , and the load is reacted through the force link 50 back to the frame . this puts the cylinder assembly 37 in compression and the force link 50 in compression while the mast assembly carries some tension . the axle tube 25 is not subjected to torsion loads during the raising and lowering operations . additionally , the length of force link 50 can be adjusted to compensate for wear and the stop 45 can be utilized for letting the lift cylinder return to a set position when it is retracted to lower the frame relative to the ground . thus , a simple framework is utilized by having a mast that pivots relative to the movable or pivoting axle support , which is directly centered on the axle leg . the linkage mechanism carrying the implement load forces are subjected to tension and compression load rather than torsion loads . | 0 |
reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention ( s ), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below . while the invention ( s ) will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments , it will be understood that present description is not intended to limit the invention ( s ) to those exemplary embodiments . on the contrary , the invention ( s ) is / are intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments , but also various alternatives , modifications , equivalents and other embodiments , which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . referring to fig1 to 4 , an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes : an electric unit that generates rotational force ; a decelerating unit that reduces the rotational force of the electric unit ; a straight - converting unit that converts the rotational force reduced by the decelerating unit into a straight motion force ; a push rod 1 that is moved straight by the straight - converting unit and makes an operational stroke to engage a clutch ; a supplement force supplying unit that increases straight movement force or removes the increased straight movement force of push rod 1 when push rod 1 engages and disengages a clutch ; and a rod locating unit that is provided to change relative position of push rod 1 to the straight - converting unit . in this embodiment , the electric unit , deceleration unit , straight - converting unit , and supplement force supplying unit are disposed in a single body housing 3 and push rod 1 is disposed with a portion protruding outside through housing 3 . housing 3 is mounted to a double clutch transmission to be able to move straight an apply bearing that engages / disengages the clutch by the straight motion of push rod 1 protruding as described above . in this embodiment , the electric unit is implemented by an electric motor 5 and the decelerating unit includes a worm 7 connected to the rotary shaft of electric motor 5 and a worm wheel 9 engaged with worm 7 . that is , worm 7 is directly connected to the rotary shaft of electric motor 5 and rotated by electric motor 5 and worm wheel 9 engaged with worm 7 is decelerated by worm 7 , thereby increasing torque from electric motor 5 . the straight - converting unit includes a driving pinion 11 integrally formed with worm wheel 9 and a reciprocating member 13 having a rack engaged with driving pinion 11 . driving pinion 11 is formed integrally and coaxially with worm wheel 9 to rotate with worm wheel 9 and reciprocating member 13 is moved straight by rotation of driving pinion 11 because the rack is engaged with driving pinion 11 , and idle rollers 15 are disposed in contact with reciprocating member 13 in housing 3 to guide the straight motion of reciprocating member 13 . electric motor 5 is connected to and controlled by a controller 17 that receives output shaft velocity information of the double clutch transmission . the rod locating unit includes : a rod block 19 that is fixed to reciprocating member 13 while guiding push rod 1 to slide straight ; a one - way clutch 23 that has a compensating pinion 21 engaged with the rack of push rod 1 and is mounted to rod block 19 to rotate only in one direction ; and a clutch rotating unit that rotates compensating pinion 21 of one - way clutch 23 by a predetermined angle in accordance with straight motion of rod block 19 . rod block 19 is fixed to reciprocating member 13 to move straight together with reciprocating member 13 and supports push rod 1 such that push rod 1 can move straight relative to reciprocating member 13 and also rotatably supports compensating pinion 21 , in which the straight movement direction of rod block 19 and reciprocating member 13 and the straight motion of push rod 1 relative to reciprocating member 13 are parallel with each other . an idle roller 16 may be disposed in contact with the rod block 19 in housing 3 to guide the straight motion of the rod block 19 . the clutch rotating unit includes : a movable dog 25 that is coaxially connected with compensating pinion 21 and has a plurality of locking steps formed at an angle in a predetermined direction at a predetermined distance along the outer circumference and performs a rotational function of one - way clutch 23 ; a locking lever 27 that is fixed to housing 3 to be locked to the locking steps such that movable dog 25 rotates at a predetermined angle when rod block 19 moves in a predetermined compensating section in the clutch - disengaged direction ; and controller 17 that controls electric motor 5 such that rod block 19 moves straight in the compensating section . a bias elastic member 29 is disposed between locking lever 27 and housing 3 to elastically support locking lever 27 against movable dog 25 . a fixed dog 31 having a plurality of wedged teeth , which is engaged with each other on the surface facing movable dog 25 to allow for rotation of movable dog 25 in only one direction while making a pair with movable dog 25 , is fixed to rod block 19 . that is , one - way clutch 23 includes movable dog 25 and fixed dog 31 , in which a plurality of arc - shaped protrusions are formed around the outer surface of fixed dog 31 to prevent rotation when it is inserted in rod bock 19 , such that movable dog 25 can rotate in only one direction with respect to rod block 19 without rotating in the other direction . alternatively , a spline , not the arc - shaped protrusions , may be formed on the outer surface of fixed dog 31 to be engaged with rod block 19 . fixed dog 31 is fixed to and axially movable with respect to rod block 19 and a return spring 43 pushing fixed dog 31 against movable dog 25 is provided , such that when movable dog 25 rotates in the rotatable direction , fixed dog 31 axially moves while pressing return spring 43 to allow movable dog 25 to rotate , and in the other conditions , fixed dog 31 is pressed against movable dog 25 by force of return spring 43 to prevent movable dog 25 from rotating . in this configuration , movable dog 25 is coaxially connected with compensating pinion 21 , through fixed dog 31 , and compensating pinion 21 engaged with push rod 1 and movable dog 25 locked to locking lever 27 are disposed in symmetric balance at both sides of movable dog 31 to achieve a more stable and durable configuration . the supplement force supplying unit includes : a pressing slope 35 that protrudes from a straight plane of reciprocating member 13 , which is parallel with the straight movement direction of reciprocating member 13 , at an angle with respect to the straight movement direction ; a pressing roller 37 that continuously contacts with straight plane 33 and pressing slope 35 while reciprocating member 13 moves straight ; and a pressing elastic member 39 that applies elastic force , which is perpendicular to straight plane 33 of reciprocating member 13 , to pressing roller 37 . that is , when reciprocating member 13 moves straight and pressing roller 37 moves from straight plane 33 of reciprocating member 13 and contacts with pressing slope 35 , a component force acting in the straight movement direction of reciprocating member 13 is generated from the force , which is applied to reciprocating member 13 by pressing roller 37 , by pressing slope 35 and added to the straight movement force supplied by electric motor 5 , such that the straight movement force of push rod 1 is increased . on the contrary , when reciprocating member 13 returns and pressing roller 37 contacts with straight plane 33 of reciprocating member 13 , the increased straight movement force that has been applied to push rod 1 is completely removed . the operation of increasing the straight movement force of push rod 1 when pressing roller 37 contacts with pressing slope 35 makes it possible to minimally use the electromotive force for electric motor and maintain stable stop position of push rod 1 while the clutch maintains the engagement , such that stable engagement of the clutch can be ensured . meanwhile , the sum of the straight movement force of push rod 1 supplied from electric motor 5 and the straight movement force of the supplement force supplying unit maintains the stable engagement of the clutch ; however , when the force supplied from electric motor 5 is stopped by an error of the power device of a vehicle and only the force of the supplement force supplying unit is provided , the clutch is disengaged and the power transmission is stopped in the vehicle , thereby ensuring stability of the vehicle . the operation of an exemplary embodiment having the above configuration according to the present invention is described hereafter . in order to engage the clutch , controller 17 supplies power to electric motor 5 to rotate worm 7 , worm wheel 9 and driving pinion 11 correspondingly rotate . as driving pinion 11 rotates , reciprocating member 13 moves to the right in fig1 and rod block 19 fixed to reciprocating member 13 and push rod 1 correspondingly move straight , such that push rod 1 moves straight the apply bearing and the clutch is engaged . in this operation , as the movement distance of reciprocating member 13 increases , pressing roller 37 contacts with pressing slope 35 and provides the elastic force of pressing elastic member 39 in the straight movement direction of reciprocating member 13 . when the clutch is engaged , the engagement of the clutch is stably maintained by the force provided by pressing elastic member 39 while the electromotive force provided for electric motor 5 is minimally maintained . in this condition , when the electricity provided for electric motor 5 is stopped , the force applied to push rod 1 is reduced and the clutch is correspondingly disengaged and power is cut , such that it is possible to ensure safety of the vehicle even if the power device of the vehicle is suddenly broken . in order to disengage the clutch , as controller 17 reverses electric motor 5 , reciprocating member 13 returns to the left and pressing roller 37 is lifted along pressing slope 35 and contacts with straight plane 33 of reciprocating member 13 . accordingly , push rod 1 returns and the apply bearing correspondingly returns , such that the clutch is disengaged . while the clutch is repeatedly engaged and disengaged as described above , the clutch is worn and the frictional wear should be appropriately compensated . accordingly , controller 17 receives output shaft velocity information of the double clutch transmission from a velocity sensor 41 and compensates the frictional wear of the clutch using the rod locating unit . that is , controller 17 drives electric motor 5 to engage the clutch and then monitors the timing of change in the output shaft velocity of the double clutch transmission , in which when an expected change in the output shaft velocity is delayed over a predetermined level , controller 17 determines that the delay is due to frictional wear of the clutch , such that it operates the rod locating unit . assuming that straight movement section that is defined when rod block 19 further returns in the return direction from the return point after moving to engage the clutch is a compensation section , when controller 17 controls electric motor 5 such that rod block 19 moves straight along the compensation section , the locking step of movable dog 25 is locked to locking lever 27 by the movement of rod block 19 and movable dog 25 rotates . accordingly , compensating pinion 21 further protrudes push rod 1 from rod block 19 while being rotated by the rotation of movable dog 25 , such that the frictional wear of the clutch is compensated . once movable dog 25 rotates as described above , it is fixed not to rotate reversely with respect to fixed dog 31 , such that protruding push rod 1 can be stably maintained . further , when rod block 19 returns to the initial position after moving along the compensation section , locking lever 27 is elastically supported to movable dog 25 such that it can be locked to the next locking step of movable dog 25 by bias elastic member 29 . the foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description . they are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed , and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings . the exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and their practical application , to thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize various exemplary embodiments of the present invention , as well as various alternatives and modifications thereof . it is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents . | 5 |
while the present invention is described with reference to embodiments described herein , it should be clear that the present invention is not limited to such embodiments . therefore , the description of the embodiments herein is merely illustrative of the present invention and will not limit the scope of the invention as claimed . as shown in fig1 , an implant insertion device 10 ( hereinafter referred to as the “ device 10 ”) is provided comprising a body 15 defining a cavity 20 therein that is accessible via an aperture 25 . an implant 30 is positionable in the cavity 20 and the aperture 25 is substantially coaxially alignable with an incision 35 in the tissue 37 of a human or animal ( hereinafter referred to as the “ patient ”) for insertion of the implant 30 therein . the device 10 may be used for the insertion of a breast implant into a surgical pocket formed in the patient . the breast implant may be any type , including , but not limited to , saline and silicone breast implants . in a non - limiting example , saline breast implants are generally inserted through the incision 35 ranging from about two centimeters to about three centimeters . for silicone breast implants , the incision 35 ranges from about five centimeters and above . it is to be understood , however , that the device 10 may be used with incisions 35 having larger and smaller sizes . in addition , although the implant 30 is described herein as a breast implant , it is to be understood that the device 10 is not limited to breast implants , and may be used to insert any type of implant 30 in the patient . the body 15 may be provided in a variety of shapes and materials . in the non - limiting examples as shown in fig2 a - d , the body 15 may be substantially cylindrical , spherical , funnel shaped , or bag - like . the body 15 may be comprised of metal , polymers or plastics , composites , and combinations thereof , and may be covered with a friction reducing coating to minimize trauma to the implant 30 and the tissue 37 . the body 15 may be coated with a lubricant including , but not limited to , silicone . in a non - limiting example , the body 15 may be of metal , plastic , polymer , fabrics , composites , and combinations thereof . in a non - limiting example , the body 15 may include , but is not limited to , mylar ®, plastics made from tygon ® brands of plastics , vinyls , polyvinyl chloride , ethylene and alpha - olefin copolymers , silicone , and the like . it is to be understood that the body 15 may be impregnated with an antimicrobial . the cavity 20 may extend a portion of or the entire length of the body 15 . in an embodiment , at least a portion of the body 15 is flexible and capable of allowing a user 200 , such as a physician , to manipulate or otherwise apply pressure to the implant 30 via the body 15 when positioned in the cavity 20 by hand or with an instrument to transfer the implant 30 from the cavity 20 and into the patient via the incision 35 . accordingly , the implant 30 may be inserted in the patient without exposing the implant 30 or the patient and the surgical pocket to contamination from a variety of sources , including but not limited to , the physician &# 39 ; s gloves , hands , retractors , and the patient &# 39 ; s skin , thereby reducing the chance of infection and bacterial seeding of the implant 30 . it is to be understood that the implant 30 is insertable in the cavity 20 via the aperture 25 . the aperture 25 may be smaller ( or have a smaller diameter ) than the implant 30 , substantially same as the implant 30 , or larger than the implant 30 . in a non - limiting example as best shown in fig1 a and fig1 b , the aperture 25 may be smaller than the implant 30 and the body 15 may be resistant to stretching , thereby causing the implant 30 to extrude through the aperture 25 . in a non - limiting example as best shown in fig1 a and fig1 b , a portion of the body 15 adjacent to or surrounding the aperture 25 may be stretchable or expandable to increase the size or diameter of the aperture 25 for insertion or removal of the implant 30 therethrough without substantially compressing or extruding the implant 30 , thereby reducing trauma to the implant 30 . as best shown in fig3 a , the device 10 may be provided with an implant 30 positioned in the cavity 20 . a cover 45 may be provided for the aperture 25 , for example , to maintain the sterility of at least a portion of the body 15 , the cavity 20 , the implant 30 , and combinations thereof . as shown in fig3 b , the cover 45 may be removed before inserting the implant 30 through the incision 35 . as shown in fig4 , a fluid 47 may be provided in the cavity 20 , for example , to sterilize the implant 30 . the fluid 47 may include , but is not limited to , lubricant , disinfectant , sterilizer , antibiotic , antimicrobial , and combinations thereof . the disinfectant 47 may be provided in contact with the implant 30 as shown in fig4 , or in a compartment 50 capable of being opened to place the compartment 50 in fluid communication with the cavity 20 as shown in fig5 . the compartment 50 may be opened prior to insertion of the implant 30 through the incision 35 to release the fluid 47 into the cavity 20 . in a non - limiting example , the compartment 50 may be opened by applying pressure to the body 15 , for example , by pinching between the user &# 39 ; s 200 fingers . a switch 55 may be provided outside of the cavity 20 as shown in fig5 that may be activated to open the compartment 50 . in a non - limiting example , the switch 55 may be a string that can be pulled to open the compartment 50 . it is to be understood , however , that a variety of configurations may be used to open the compartment 50 . as shown in fig6 , the body 15 may be provided with a second aperture 60 capable of receiving the implant 30 for placement in the cavity 20 . in a non - limiting example as best shown in fig7 a and fig7 b , the second aperture 60 may be provided with a closure 65 that may be selectively opened ( fig7 a ) and closed ( fig7 b ) for access to the cavity 20 . the closure 65 may include , but is not limited to , a zip - loc closure , a suture , zipper , button , adhesive , strings for tying for tying the second aperture 60 closed , and combinations thereof . the second aperture 60 may have a diameter less than , substantially equal to , or greater than the diameter of the implant 30 . in an embodiment as shown in fig8 , the device 10 may be provided with a neck 70 extending from the body 15 and capable of engaging the incision 35 to facilitate insertion of the implant 30 through the incision 35 . as shown in fig9 a , fig9 b , and fig9 c the neck 70 may comprise two or more legs 75 that are positionable in a first non - engagement position for insertion in the incision 35 and a second engagement position to maintain the incision 35 in an open position ( having a size or diameter d 1 ). as shown in fig9 b and fig9 c , the neck 70 may stretch or expand the size or diameter d 1 of the incision 35 while in the engagement position to a larger diameter d 2 . as shown in fig9 a , the legs 75 ( or neck 70 ) may be inserted in or through the incision 35 without contacting an external surface 90 of the skin ( or substantially ) any portion of the incision 35 walls ), thereby minimizing the introduction of bacteria or other foreign matter to the implant 30 or in the patient &# 39 ; s body ( including the surgical pocket ). although shown as being substantially rod shaped , it is to be understood that the legs 75 ( or the neck 70 ) may be any shape capable of insertion in or through the incision 35 . although shown as extending substantially perpendicularly outward from the body 15 , the legs 75 ( or neck 70 ) may extend outward from the body 15 at any angle . although shown as extending outward from the body 15 substantially parallel to each other , the legs 75 may extend outward from the body 15 at any angle with respect to each other . the legs 75 ( or neck 70 ) may be biased such that the legs 75 may be compressed to the first non - engagement position for insertion in the incision 35 . when released , the legs 75 extend outward from each other to engage the tissue 37 surrounding the incision 35 to maintain the incision 35 in an open position or increase the size of the incision 35 . in a non - limiting example , the legs 75 may comprise a shape memory material to provide the biasing force to the legs 75 . in a non - limiting example as shown in fig1 , a biasing member 105 may be provided to provide the biasing force to the legs 75 . in a non - limiting example , the biasing member 105 may be a spring . although the biasing member 105 is shown as being positioned between the legs 75 , it is to be understood that the biasing member 105 may be positioned anywhere on the device 10 to provide the biasing force . in addition , it is to be understood that a variety of materials and configurations may be used to provide the biasing force to the legs 75 . a locking mechanism ( not shown ) may be provided to lock the legs 75 in the first non - engagement position , the second engagement position , or any position therebetween . in a non - limiting example , the locking mechanism may be used to prevent the legs 75 from being compressed inwardly from the second engagement position to prevent accidental withdrawal from the incision 35 . as shown in fig1 a , fig1 b , and fig1 c , the neck 70 may be provided with one or more engagement members 80 ( hereinafter referred to as “ the first member 80 ”). the first member 80 is capable of engaging the patient to prevent removal of the device 10 from the patient during insertion of the implant 30 , to maintain alignment of the aperture 25 with the incision 35 , to prevent over insertion of the device 10 in the patient , and combinations thereof . the first member 80 may extend outward from the body 15 or the neck 70 to engage an internal part of the patient &# 39 ; s body . in a non - limiting example , the first member 80 may engage an internal surface 85 opposite the external surface 90 or a portion of a surgical pocket ( not shown ) in the patient formed for the placement of the implant 30 therein . as shown in fig1 a , fig1 b and fig1 c , the first member 80 may extend substantially perpendicularly outward from the legs 75 ( or neck 70 ). it is to be understood , however , that the first member 80 may extend at any angle outward from the legs 75 ( or neck 70 ) and may be curved or otherwise shaped to conform to the shape of the tissue to which it will engage . as shown in fig1 a and fig1 b , the first member 80 may be selectively moveable between a non - engagement position ( fig1 a ) and an engagement position ( fig1 b ). the first member 80 may be moved by using one or more actuators 95 , such as a button , tab , or the like . the first member 80 may be positioned in the non - engagement position ( fig1 a ) for insertion through the incision 35 and extended to the engagement position ( fig1 b ) to engage the internal surface 85 for insertion of the implant 30 through the incision 35 . in a non - limiting example , the first member 80 may be secured to the body 15 . the first member 80 may be comprised of metal , polymer , plastic , fabrics , composites , and combinations thereof . it is to be understood that the first member 80 may be rigid , compressible , foldable , expandable , or stretchable . as shown in fig1 , the first member 80 may be substantially ring shaped and may extend outward from a flexible , bag - like body 15 . in a non - limiting example , the first member 80 may be comprised of a flexible material , including but not limited to a polymer , capable of being compressed or folded for insertion through the incision 35 . as best shown in fig1 a , one or more arms 100 may be provided extending from the first member 80 . as best shown in fig1 b , the arms 100 may be manipulated , for example by squeezing together , to compress or fold the first member 80 , the neck 70 , the portion of the body 15 surrounding the aperture 25 , or any combination thereof , to the non - engagement position for insertion through the incision 35 . as shown in fig1 c and fig1 d , the first member 80 , the neck 70 , the portion the body 15 surrounding the aperture 25 , or any combination thereof , may be folded to the non - engagement position for insertion through the incision 35 . although not shown in fig1 c and fig1 d , it is to be understood that one or more arms 100 may be provided . accordingly , the first member 80 , the neck 70 , the portion the body 15 surrounding the aperture 25 , or any combination thereof may be inserted in or through the incision 35 to reduce exposure of the patient and the implant 30 to contamination from the physician &# 39 ; s gloves , hands , retractors and the like , thereby reducing the risk of infection or bacteria seeding . the arms 100 ( if provided ), the neck 70 , the first member 80 , the body 15 , or any combination thereof , may be released to allow the first member 80 , the neck 70 , the portion of the body 15 surrounding the aperture 25 , or any combination thereof , to return to the engagement position as shown in fig1 a . in an embodiment , an engagement member 120 ( hereinafter referred to as “ the second member 120 ”) may be provided for engaging the external surface 90 of the patient &# 39 ; s skin . as shown in fig1 a and fig1 b , the first member 120 may be secured to the body 15 or the neck 70 . as shown in fig1 a and fig1 b , the second member 120 may engage the external surface 90 to secure the device 10 to the patient , to maintain alignment of the aperture 25 with the incision 35 , to prevent over insertion of the any portion of the device 10 in the incision 35 ( for example , during insertion of the implant 30 ), and combinations thereof . over insertion of the device 10 in the patient may introduce bacteria or foreign matter in the patient , or cause trauma to the patient . in a non - limiting example , the second member 120 may be capable of providing a vacuum when engaged with the external surface 90 to secure the device 10 thereto . it is to be understood , however , that other configurations of the second member 120 may be used to secure the device 10 to the external surface 90 , including , but not limited to clamps , ribbons , and the like . although shown as substantially ring shaped , the second member 120 may be any shape capable of engaging the external surface 90 . the second member 120 may be comprised of metal , polymer , plastic , fabrics , composites , and combinations thereof . it is to be understood that the second member 120 may be rigid , compressible , expandable or stretchable . it is to be understood that the second member 120 may be integral with the body 15 or the neck 70 and may be removeably secured to the body 15 or the neck 70 . as best shown in fig1 a and fig1 b , the second member 120 may be provided in combination with the first member 80 . as shown in fig2 a and fig2 b , the second member 120 may engage the external surface 90 and the first member 80 may engage the internal surface 85 . in a non - limiting example , the second member 120 and the first member 80 may be selectively positionable or biased toward each other to sandwich or compress the tissue 37 therebetween . the second member 120 , the first member 80 , or both the second member 120 and the first member 80 may be selectively positionable along the neck 70 or body 15 . in a non - limiting example as shown in fig2 a , fig2 b , and fig2 c , the neck 70 may be provided with a series of apertures 130 . the second member 120 , the first member 80 , or both the second member 120 and the first member 80 may be provided with an actuator 140 , such as a pin , to selectively engage the apertures 130 to lock the second member 120 or the first member 80 at a desired position on the neck 70 . in another illustrative example , as shown in fig2 a and fig2 b , either or both of the members 120 and 80 may be rotated to wrap the body 15 ( and / or neck 70 ) thereabout to decrease the distance d m1 and d m2 therebetween ( where d m1 & gt ; d m2 ). as shown in figs . fig2 a and fig2 b , the second member 120 may be rotated after insertion of the first member 80 through the incision 35 to selectively engage the tissue 37 therebetween . it is to be understood , however , that the foregoing illustrative examples are not limiting and that a variety of configurations may be provided for selectively positioning the members 120 and 80 along the body 15 or neck 70 . as shown in fig2 a and fig2 b , the first member 80 may be inserted through the incision 35 to engage the internal surface 85 . as shown in fig2 b , the second member 120 may be selectively positioned to engage the external surface 90 to sandwich or compress the tissue 37 therebetween to , for example , secure the device 10 to the tissue 37 , to maintain alignment of the aperture 25 with the incision 35 , prevent over insertion of the device 10 through the incision 35 , and combinations thereof . as shown in fig2 , the body 15 may be capable of being inverted to allow the user 200 to insert their hand 205 ( or a portion thereof ) through the incision 35 to manipulate or otherwise position the implant 30 in the surgical pocket without directly contacting the skin , the implant 30 , or the surgical pocket . accordingly , the user 200 may minimize the risk of introducing foreign matter ( including but not exclusive to lint from surgical towels or powder from surgical gloves ) or bacteria on the implant 30 and in the patient and the surgical pocket . in an embodiment as shown in fig2 , a port 150 is provided for insertion of a hand or tool in the cavity 20 . as best shown in fig2 , the port 150 may be shaped like a glove to facilitate insertion of the user &# 39 ; s hand 205 therein . the port 150 provides access to the cavity 20 to allow the user 200 to manipulate the implant 30 therein , and allows the user 200 to transfer the implant 30 through the aperture 25 and the incision 35 . as best shown in fig2 , the port 150 may allow the user 200 to insert at least a portion of their hand 205 through the incision 35 , for example , to manipulate the implant 30 in the surgical pocket to facilitate proper positioning . it is to be understood that the port 150 may be comprised of the same material as the body 15 . in a non - limiting example , the body 15 , the neck 70 , and combinations thereof may be comprised of a rigid material and the port 150 may be comprised of a flexible material . turning to the device 10 , an illustrative example of how to use the device 10 as illustrated in fig1 - fig2 d is set forth below . as best shown in fig8 a , fig9 a , fig1 a , fig1 b , fig1 c , and fig1 d the neck 70 ( or a portion of the body 15 ) may be provided in a non - engagement position for insertion in the incision 35 without contacting ( or substantially contacting ) the external surface 90 to , for example , minimize the introduction of foreign material in the patient and the surgical pocket . as best shown in fig8 b , fig8 c , fig9 b , fig9 c , fig1 b , and fig1 c , the neck 70 ( or a portion of the body 15 ) may be moveable from the non - engagement position to the engagement position to selectively engage the incision 35 walls to maintain the incision 35 in an open position with the aperture 25 substantially coaxially aligned with the incision 35 . as shown in fig2 a , the first member 80 may be provided to engage the internal surface 85 to , for example , prevent withdrawal of the device 10 from the incision 35 during insertion of the implant . the second member 120 may be provided to engage the external surface 90 to , for example , secure the device 10 to the external surface 90 to maintain alignment of the aperture 25 with the incision 35 , to prevent over insertion of the device 10 in the patient , and combinations thereof . as shown in fig2 a and fig2 b , the second member 120 may be selectively positionable from a first non - engagement position ( fig2 a ) to a second engagement position ( fig2 b ). as best shown in fig2 a and fig2 b , the implant 30 may be aligned with the incision 35 for insertion therethrough . it is to be understood that the body 15 ( or a portion thereof ) may be flexible and allow the user 200 to manipulate or transfer the implant 30 through the incision 35 , as shown in fig2 c , fig2 d , and fig2 e , without directly contacting the implant 30 , to minimize the introduction of foreign matter and bacteria to the implant 30 and in the patient and the surgical pocket . as best shown in fig2 b , fig2 c , fig2 d , and fig2 e , the aperture 25 may be larger than the implant 30 and the body 15 may be flexible and shaped so as not to constrict or otherwise compress the implant 30 during insertion through the incision 35 . accordingly , the device 10 may limit compression or trauma exerted on the implant 30 to that imposed thereon by the tissue 37 surrounding the incision 35 , the fingers , or tools of the user 200 used to transfer the implant 30 therethrough . the invention has been described above and , obviously , modifications and alternations will occur to others upon a reading and understanding of this specification . it is to be understood that all features in the various embodiments can be combined with other embodiments . the claims as follows are intended to include all modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the claims or the equivalent thereof . | 0 |
fig1 exposes a preferential display of counter - rotative propellers 10 and 11 , both mounted windward and in front of tubular mast 9 . the present invention involves setting the drive device and the generator inside nacelle 8 . a first embodiment of the drive device is indicated in fig2 . the first set of blades 10 and its hub 26 are supported by shaft 12 , itself piloted by bearings 22 and 23 located inside hollow shaft 13 . the second set of blades 11 is supported by hollow shaft 13 , itself piloted by bearings 14 and 16 . these two bearings 14 and 16 , as well as portion 21 a of the main armature of nacelle 8 , are interdependent . shafts 12 and 13 are coupled with an epicycloidal multiplier , wherein shaft 12 is coupled with train of planetary wheels 17 , which in turn is linked to the epicycloidal multiplier ; hollow shaft 13 is coupled with crown wheel 18 of the epicycloidal multiplier . the solar wheel activated by the epicycloidal multiplier is coupled with shaft 19 , which in turn drives generator 20 through coupling 24 . since propellers 10 and 11 are counter - rotative , crown wheel 18 and train of planetary wheels 17 turn counter - rotatively as well . power is therefore transmitted from shafts 12 and 13 to the generator shaft 19 through planetary gearings 27 ; these gearings are linked to train of planetary wheels 17 incorporated in the epicycloidal multiplier . fig3 provides a second embodiment of the drive device proposed by the invention . in this case , the epicycloidal multiplier is directly implanted in the hub of one of the propellers . propeller 10 is piloted by bearings 22 and 23 and is linked to shaft 12 through train of planetary wheels 17 , while the train of wheels itself is implanted between the two bearings . propeller 11 is directly mounted onto crown wheel 18 , which in turn is connected to shaft 13 operated by bearings 14 and 16 . shaft 19 is linked on one side to the solar wheel , and on the other , to generator 20 through coupling 24 . the speed at which shaft 19 operates generator 20 , as well as its drive couple are proportional to respectively the rotation speed and the couple yielded by propellers 10 and 11 , respectively mounted on shafts 12 and 13 . propeller 10 and shaft 19 rotate in the same direction . it will therefore be preferable that both propellers turn at the same speed . appropriate aerodynamic profiles cause the sets of blades to spin counter - rotatively . as far as the specific regulation of revolutions generated by the propellers is concerned , it may be achieved through already familiar solutions . since both sets of blades stand in the same air flow , measures may be taken to have them rotate at the same speed . fig4 and 5 indicate various solutions in the propellers &# 39 ; disposition and shape : these various aerodynamic adjustments will affect the speed and the couple yielded by each set of blades . a first solution consists in using two identical propellers 10 and 11 , given that both have the same exterior diameter and number of blades ; likewise , their rotation planes should be parallel , as indicated in fig2 and 3 . fig4 provides a second alternative , in which the rotation planes are not parallel . in this example , the first propeller 100 rotates on a conical surface , the point of which is directed towards nacelle 8 . in another case , the point might aim in the opposite direction of the nacelle . angle α , enclosed between the rotation surface and the plane perpendicular to the propeller &# 39 ; s rotation plane , is generally below 10 °. preferably , angle α should be below 5 °, indeed better still below 30 . in a third instance , either propeller 11 alone rotates on a conical surface , or both propellers rotate on two conical surfaces . in the latter case , it is not absolutely necessary that both angles α be identical ; one could conceive having two conical surfaces with points directed towards one another , or turned away from each other . fig4 exemplifies yet another alternative : the exterior diameter of the first propeller — represented here by its lower blade — may be different from that of the second propeller , preferably smaller . such a difference in diameter may be applied to a pair of propellers rotating on two parallel planes , as well as to a pair of propellers of which one at least turns on a conical surface . fig5 provides various blade shapes : propeller 10 , 11 or 100 may bear blades 101 , 102 and 103 . blade 101 is absolutely conventional : its axis is rectilinear and perpendicular to the rotation axis . blade 102 has a curved axis . likewise , blade 103 has a curved axis , but it is smaller in length to the blades on the second propeller . these blade shapes may be built on a propeller rotating either on a plane perpendicular to its rotation axis , or on a conical surface . all blades of any given propeller will obviously have the same shape and dimensions ; however , blade shapes and dimensions may vary between two propellers of a same windmill . alternative shapes and configurations can be envisaged to harmonize the speed and couple between both propellers . therefore , the choice of blade shapes and dimensions will depend on the wind regime the wind turbine undergoes ; the ultimate goal will be to harmonize the couple and rotation speed between the two propellers . generally , windmills include an inbuilt braking device for their propellers . a windmill assembled with one of the drive devices described above may incorporate an ordinary braking mechanism . however , the following example is especially appropriate for the windmill model demonstrated above : fig2 and 3 outline such a braking system , represented in 15 and developed in more detail in fig6 . following the first embodiment of drive device indicated in fig2 , braking mechanism 15 is designed to act simultaneously on coaxial shafts 12 and 13 , each bearing a propeller . the braking mechanism comprises two half - drums 31 a and 31 b built around hollow shaft 13 and acting on a plurality of tappets 30 located in the radial openings 130 arranged around shaft 13 . as implied in the plan , tappets 30 rotate as the wind turbine operates , driven by shaft 13 . though the plan does not indicate them here , configurations permitting a loose working between tappets 30 and shaft 12 , as well as between tappets 30 and half - drums 31 a and 31 b , do exist : unnecessary heating and friction loss are therefore avoided . activation devices such as hydraulic , pneumatic or electro - mechanical jacks ( 32 a ), or mechanical devices such as cam systems ( 32 b ), can be operated to draw half - drums 31 a and 31 b closer to each other : consequently , these will press against shaft 13 to slow it down , as well as press against tappets 30 that will , in turn , slow down shaft 12 . locking systems outlined in 34 a and 34 b prevent half - drums 31 and 31 b from rotating at locations 33 a , 33 b , 35 a and 35 b of the frame . in this case , reaction due to the braking pressure applied by tappets 30 on shaft 12 is used by spacings 130 incorporated in shaft 13 . the final reaction on frames 35 a and 35 b of the nacelle will correspond to the difference between these two couples . this reaction will therefore be weaker than that of a single propeller braking device . the amount of tappets 30 depends on technical parameters ; preferably however , the tappets must be of pair number . instead of two half - drums 31 a and 31 b , an alternative pressure device on the tappets of shaft 13 consists in elaborating a ribbon braking system . following the second embodiment of drive device , indicated in fig3 , the braking system will be designed to act on shafts 13 and 19 simultaneously , as described above . the above description mentions that the wind turbine produces energy for a generator ; it is quite obvious that the drive device put forward by the present invention is applicable to all windmills producing energy through torque for any type of industry fit to receive it . a first advantage of the present invention is to propose a device that substantially enhances the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine . this is exemplified by the possibility of extracting more energy out of a land or sea surface allocated to an wind farm . another advantage of the proposed invention is to work out a solution whereby power increase depends on higher relative rotation speed , and not on higher torque of the cinematic chain . therefore , the dimensions of both the drive device and its generator remain similar to those of a single propeller drive device . moreover , the multiplying coefficient of the speed multiplier can be divided by two ( i . e . the previous multiplication , 20 - 30 , now ranges between 10 and 15 ). this may be achieved by a simple planetary , one - level multiplier . a further advantage consists in keeping the mechanical reaction of the drive device on the mast ( tower ) at an acceptable level , despite the power increase . indeed , while the windward reaction increases , the reaction due to the torque of one of the propellers is absorbed by the other propeller ; thus the system achieves almost total balance within the perpendicular plane facing the air flow . another propeller can therefore simply be added to the wind turbine , originally built with a single propeller and a mast designed to support only one set of blades . yet another advantage is the braking system provided for the two propellers : it is indeed designed in such a way that the braking torque engendered by one propeller is compensated by the braking torque of the other . thus the strain on the nacelle &# 39 ; s mast is lighter than in the case of a single propeller wind turbine . still a further advantage consists in having the multiplier rotate around its own central axis , thereby enhancing the thermal exchange with the surrounding air . as a result , the cooling system may either be considerably reduced , or completely removed . | 5 |
section 1 — overview : this paper is organized as follows . in section 2 , we review the related work on both k nn and time - dependent shortest path studies . in section 3 , we formally define the td - k nn query in spatial networks . in section 4 , we establish the theoretical foundation of our algorithms and explain our query processing technique . in section 5 , we present experimental results on variety of networks with actual time - dependent travel - times generated from real - world traffic data ( collected for past 1 . 5 years ). in section 6 , we conclude and discuss our future work . section 2 — related work : in this section we review previous studies on k nn query processing in road networks as well as time - dependent shortest path computation . section 2 . 1 — k nn queries in spatial networks : in query processing in spatial networks ( proceedings of vldb , pages 802 - 813 , berlin , germany , 2003 ), papadias et al . introduced incremental network expansion ( ine ) and incremental euclidean restriction ( ier ) methods to support k nn queries in spatial networks . while ine is an adaption of the dijkstra algorithm , ier exploits the euclidean restriction principle in which the results are first computed in euclidean space and then refined by using the network distance . in voronoi - based k nn search in spatial networks ( proceedings of vldb , pages 840 - 851 , toronto , canada , 2004 ), kolandouzan and shahabi proposed first degree network voronoi diagrams to partition the spatial network to network voronoi polygons ( nvp ), one for each data object . they indexed the nvps with a spatial access method to reduce the problem to a point location problem in euclidean space . cho et al ., in an efficient and scalable approach to cnn queries in a road network ( proceedings of vldb , pages 865 - 876 , trondheim , norway , 2005 ), presented a system unicons where the main idea is to integrate the precomputed k nns into the dijkstra algorithm . hu et al ., in fast nearest neighbor search on road networks ( proceedings of edbt , pages 33 - 40 , toronto , canada , 2006 ), proposed a distance signature approach that precomputes the network distance between each data object and network vertex . the distance signatures are used to find a set of candidate results and dijkstra is employed to compute their exact network distance . huang et al . addressed the k nn problem using island approach in the island approach to nearest neighbor querying in spatial networks ( proceedings of sstd , pages 33 - 40 , toronto , canada , 2005 ) where each vertex is associated to all the data points that are in radius r ( so called islands ) covering the vertex . with their approach , they utilized a restricted network expansion from the query point while using the precomputed islands . in scalable network distance browsing in spatial databases ( proceedings of sigmod , pages 33 - 40 , toronto , canada , 2008 ), samet et al . proposed a method where they associate a label to each edge that represents all nodes to which a shortest path starts with this particular edge . the labels are used to traverse shortest path quadtrees that enables geometric pruning to find the network distance . with all these studies , the edge weight functions are assumed to be constant and hence the shortest path computations and precomputations are no longer valid with time - varying edge weights . unlike the previous approaches , we make a fundamentally different assumption that the weight of the network edges are time - dependent rather than fixed . section 2 . 2 — time - dependent shortest path studies : cooke and halsey introduced , in the shortest route through a network with timedependent internodal transit times ( journal of mathematical analysis and applications , nj , usa , 1966 ), the first time - dependent shortest path ( tdsp ) solution where dynamic programming is used over a discretized network . in the discrete - time dynamic shortest path problem : complexity , algorithms , and implementations ( journal of transportation research record , 1645 , nj , usa , 1999 ), chabini proposed a discrete time tdsp algorithm that allows waiting at network nodes . in spatia - temporal network databases and routing algorithms : a summary of results ( proceedings of sstd , 2007 ), george and shekhar proposed a time - aggregated graph where they aggregate the travel - times of each edge over the time instants into a time series . all these studies assume the edge weight functions are defined over a finite discrete sequence of time steps t ∈ t 0 , t 1 , . . . , t n . however , discrete - time algorithms can have numerous shortcomings . first , since the entire network is replicated for every specified time step , the discrete - time methods typically require an extensive amount of storage space for real - world scenarios where the spatial network is large . second , these approaches can only provide approximate results since the computations are done on discrete - times rather than in continuous time . in an appraisal of some shortest path algorithms ( journal of operation research 17 , ny , usa , 1969 ), dreyfus proposed a generalization of dijkstra algorithm , but his algorithm is showed ( by halpren in shortest route with time dependent length of edges and limited delay possibilities in nodes ; journal of mathematical methods of operations research , 21 , 1969 ) to be true only in fifo networks . if the fifo property does not hold in a time - dependent network , then the problem is np - hard as shown in shortest - path and minimum - delay algorithms in networks with time - dependent edge - length ( journal of the acm , 37 , 1990 ), where orda and rom proposed a bellman - ford based solution where edge weights are piece - wise linear functions . in finding time - dependent shortest paths over graphs ( proceedings of edbt , new york , n . y ., usa , 2008 ), ding et al . used a variation of label - setting algorithm which decouples the path - selection and time - refinement by scanning a sequence of time steps of which the size depends on the values of the arrival time functions . in finding fastest paths on a road network with speed patterns ( proceedings of icde , washington , usa , 2006 ), kanoulas et al . introduced a time - interval all fastest path ( allfp ) algorithm in which they , instead of sorting the priority queue by scalar values , maintain a priority queue of all the paths to be expanded . therefore , they enumerate all the paths from a source to a destination which yields exponential run - time in the worst case . section 3 — problem definition : in this section , we formally define the problem of time - dependent k nn search in spatial networks . we assume a road network containing a set of data objects ( i . e ., points of interest such as restaurants , hospitals , etc .) as well as query objects searching for their k nn . we model the road network as a time - dependent weighted graph where the non - negative weights are time - dependent travel - times ( i . e ., positive piece - wise linear functions of time ) between the nodes . we assume both data and query objects lie on the network edges and all relevant information about the objects is maintained by a central server . definition 1 : a time - dependent graph ( g t ) is defined as g t ( v , e ) where v and e represent set of nodes and edges , respectively . for every edge e ( v i , v j ), there is a cost function c ( v i , v j ) ( t ) which specifies the cost of traveling from v i to v j at time t . in fig3 a , a road network is modeled as a time - dependent graph g t ( v , e ). while fig3 a shows the graph structure , fig3 b , 3 c , 3 d , 3 e , and 3 f illustrate the time - dependent edge costs , c 1 , 2 ( t ), c 2 , 3 ( t ), c 2 , 4 ( t ), c 4 , 5 ( t ), and c 3 , 5 ( t ), respectively , as piece - wise linear functions for the corresponding edges . for each edge , we define upper - bound ( max ( c v i , v j )) and lower - bound ( min ( c v i , v j )) time - independent costs . for example , in fig3 b , min ( c v 1 , v 2 ) and max ( c v 1 , v 2 ) of edge e ( v 1 , v 2 ) are 10 and 20 , respectively . definition 2 : let { s = v 1 , v 2 , . . . , v k = d } represent a path which contains a sequence of nodes where e ( v i , v i − 1 )∈ e and i = 1 , . . . , k − 1 . given a g t , a path ( s d ) from source s to destination d , and a departure - time at the source t s , the time - dependent travel time tt ( s d , t s ) is the time it takes to travel along the path . since the travel - time of an edge varies depending on the arrival - time to that edge ( i . e ., arrival dependency ), the travel time is computed as follows : tt ( s d , t s )= σ i = 1 k − 1 c ( v i , v i + 1 ) ( t i ) where t 1 = t s , t i + 1 = t i + c ( v i , v i + 1 )( t i ), i = 1 , . . . , k ( 1 ) the upper - bound travel - time itt ( s d ) and the lower - bound travel time ltt ( s d ) are defined as the maximum and minimum possible times to travel along the path , respectively . the upper and lower bound travel time are computed as follows , utt ( s d )= σ i = 1 k − 1 max ( c v i , v i + 1 ), ltt ( s d )= σ i = 1 k − 1 min ( c v i , v i + 1 ), i = 1 , . . . , k . ( 2 ) to illustrate the above definitions in fig3 a , consider t s = 5 and path ( v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 5 ) where tt ( v 1 v 5 , 5 )= 45 , utt ( v 1 v 5 )= 65 , and ltt ( v 1 v 5 )= 35 . note that we do not need to consider arrival - dependency when computing utt and ltt hence ; t is not included in their definitions . given the definitions of tt , utt and ltt , the following property holds for any path in g t : ltt ( s d )≦ tt ( s d , t s )≦ utt ( s d ). this property is used in subsequent sections to establish some properties of the algorithm . definition 3 : given a g t , s , d , and t s , the time - dependent shortest path tdsp ( s , d , t s ) is a path with the minimum travel - time among all paths from s to d . since the travel - time between nodes can be considered the distance measure , we refer to tdsp ( s , d , t s ) as time - dependent fastest path , tdfp ( s , d , t s ), and use them interchangeably in the rest of the paper . in a g t , the fastest path from s to d is based on the departure - time from s . for instance , in fig3 a , suppose a query is looking for the fastest path from v 1 to v 5 at t s = 5 . then , tdfp ( v 1 , v 5 , 5 )={ v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 5 }. however , the same query at t s = 10 returns tdfp ( v 1 , v 5 , 10 )={ v 1 , v 2 , v 4 , v 5 }. as is apparent , with constant edge weights ( i . e ., time - independent ), the query would always return the same path as a result . definition 4 : a time - dependent k nearest neighbor query ( td - knn ) is defined as a query that finds the k nearest neighbors of a query object which is moving on a time - dependent network g t . considering a set of n data objects p ={ p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n }, the td - k nn query with respect to a query point q finds a subset p ′ ⊂ p of k objects with minimum time - dependent travel - time to q , i . e ., for any object p ′∈ p ′ and p ∈ p − p ′, tdfp ( q , p ′, t )≦ tdfp ( q , p , t ). note that it can be assumed that g t satisfies the first - in - first - out ( fifo ) property . this property suggests that moving objects exit from an edge in the same order they entered the edge . in practice , many networks , particularly transportation networks , exhibit fifo property . moreover , it can also be assumed that objects do not wait at a node , because , in most real - world applications , waiting at a node is not realistic as it requires the moving object to exit from the route and find a place to park and wait . section 4 — td - knn : in this section , we explain an example of a td - k nn algorithm according to the present invention . td - k nn involves two phases : an off - line spatial network indexing phase and an on - line query processing phase . during the off - line phase , the spatial network is partitioned into tight cells ( tc ) and loose cells ( lc ) for each data object p and two complementary indexing schemes tight network index ( tni ) and loose network index ( lni ) are constructed . the main idea behind partitioning the network to tcs and lcs is to localize the k nn search and minimize the costly time - dependent shortest path computation . these index structures enable efficient finding of the data object ( i . e ., generator of a tight or loose cell ) that is in shortest time - dependent distance to the query object , q . during the on - line phase , td - k nn finds the first nearest neighbor of q by utilizing the tni and lni constructed in the off - line phase . once the first nearest neighbor is found , td - k nn expands the search area by including the neighbors of the nearest neighbor to find the remaining k − 1 data objects . in the following sections , we first introduce some proposed index structures and then describe online query processing algorithm that utilizes these index structures . section 4 . 1 — indexing time - dependent network ( off - line ): in this section , we explain the main idea behind tight and loose cells as well as the construction of tight and loose network index structures . tight network index ( tni : the tight cell tc ( p i ) is a sub - network around p i in which any query object is guaranteed to have p i as its nearest neighbor in a time - dependent network . we compute tight cell of a data object by using parallel dijkstra algorithm that grows shortest path trees from each data object . specifically , we expand from p i ( i . e ., the generator of the tight cell ) assuming maximum travel - time between the nodes of the network ( i . e ., utt ), while in parallel we expand from each and every other data object assuming minimum travel - time between the nodes ( i . e ., ltt ). we stop the expansions when the shortest path trees meet . the main rationale is that if the upper bound travel - time between a query object q and a particular data object p i is less than the lower bound travel - times from q to any other data object , then p i is the nearest neighbor of q in a time - dependent network . we repeat the same process for each data object to compute its tight cell . fig4 depicts the network expansion from the data objects during the tight cell construction for p i . for the sake of clarity , we represent the tight cell of each data object with a polygon as shown in fig5 . we generate the edges of the polygons by connecting the adjacent border nodes ( i . e ., nodes where the shortest path trees meet ) of a generator to each other . lemma 1 proves the property of tc : lemma 1 : let p be a set of data objects p ={ p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n } in g t and tc ( p i ) be the tight cell of a data object p i . for any query point q ∈ tc ( p i ), the nearest neighbor of q is p i , i . e ., {∀ p i ∈ p , p j ≠ p i , tdfp ( q , p i , t )& lt ; tdfp ( q , p j , t )}. proof . we prove the lemma by contradiction . assume that p i is not the nearest neighbor of the query object q . then there exists a data object p j ( p i ≠ p j ) which is closer to q ; i . e ., tdfp ( q , p j , t )& lt ; tdfp ( q , p i , t ). let us now consider a point b ( where the shortest path trees of p i and p j meet ) on the boundary of the tight cell tc ( p i ). we denote shortest upper - bound path from p i to b ( i . e ., the shortest path among all utt ( p i b ) paths ) as d utt ( p i , b ), and similarly , we denote shortest lower - bound path from p j to b ( i . e ., the shortest path among all ltt ( p j b ) paths ) as d ltt ( p j , b ). then , we have tdfp ( q , p i , t )& lt ; d utt ( p i , b )= d ltt ( p j , b )& lt ; tdfp ( q , p j , t ). this is a contradiction ; hence , tdfp ( q , p i , t )& lt ; tdfp ( q , p j , t ). as described in section 4 . 2 , if a query point , q , is inside a specific tc , one can immediately identify the generator of that tc as the nearest neighbor for q . this stage can be expedited by using a spatial index structure generated on the tcs . although tcs are constructed based on the network distance metric , each tc is actually a polygon in euclidean space . therefore , tcs can be indexed using spatial index structures ( e . g ., r - tree as in antonin guttman ; r - trees : a dynamic index structure for spatial searching ; proceedings of sigmod , pages 47 - 57 , boston , mass ., 1984 ). this way a function ( i . e ., contain ( q )) invoked on the spatial index structure would efficiently return the tc whose generator has the minimum time - dependent network distance to q . we formally define tight network index as follows . definition 5 : let p be the set of data objects p ={ p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n }, the tight network index is a spatial index structure generated on { tc ( p 1 ), tc ( p 2 ), . . . , tc ( p n )}. as illustrated in fig5 , the set of tight cells often does not cover the entire network . for the cases where q is located in an area which is not covered by any tight cell , we utilize the loose network index ( lni ) to identify the candidate nearest data objects . next , we describe lni . loose network index ( lni ): the loose cell lc ( p i ) is a sub - network around p i outside which any point is guaranteed not to have p i as its nearest neighbor . in other words , data object p i is guaranteed not to be the nearest neighbor of q if q is outside of the loose cell of p i . similar to the construction process for tc ( p i ), we use the parallel shortest path tree expansion to construct lc ( p i ). however , this time , we use minimum travel - time between the nodes of the network ( i . e ., ltt ) to expand from p i ( i . e ., the generator of the loose cell ) and maximum travel - time ( i . e ., utt ) to expand from every other data object . lemma 2 proves the property of lc : lemma 2 : let p be a set of data objects p ={ p 1 p 2 , . . . , p n } in g t and lc ( p i ) be the loose cell of a data object p i . if q is outside of lc ( p i ), p i is guaranteed not to be the nearest neighbor of q , i . e ., {∀ q ∉ lc ( p i ,∃ p j ∈ p , p j ≠ p i , tdfp ( q , p i , t )& gt ; tdfp ( q , p j , t )}. proof . we prove by contradiction . assume that p i is the nearest neighbor of a q , even though the q is outside of lc ( p i ); i . e ., tdfp ( q , p i , t )& lt ; tdfp ( q , p j , t ). suppose there exists a data object p j whose loose cell lc ( p j ) covers q ( such a data object must exist , because as we will next prove by lemma 3 , the set of loose cells cover the entire network ). let b be a point on the boundary of lc ( p i ). then , we have , tdfp ( q , p j , t )& lt ; d utt ( p j , b )= d ltt ( p i , b )& lt ; tdfp ( q , p i , t ). this is a contradiction ; hence , p i cannot be the nearest neighbor of q . as illustrated in fig6 , loose cells , unlike tcs , collectively cover the entire network and have some overlapping regions among each other . lemma 3 : loose cells may overlap , and they collectively cover the network . proof . as we mentioned , during loose cell construction , ltt is used for expansion from the generator of the loose cell . since the parallel dijkstra algorithm traverses every node until the priority queue is empty as described in the graph voronoi diagram with applications ( journal of networks , 36 , 2000 ), every node in the network is visited ; hence , the network is covered . since the process of expansion with ltt is repeated for each data object , in the overall process some nodes are visited more than once ; hence , the overlapping areas . therefore , loose cells cover the entire network and may have overlapping areas . note that if the edge weights are constant , the lcs would not overlap , and tcs cells and lcs would be the same . based on the properties of tight and loose cells , we know that loose cells and tight cells have common edges ( i . e ., all the tight cell edges are also the edges of loose cells ). we refer to data objects that share common edges as direct neighbors and remark that loose cells of the direct neighbors always overlap . for example , consider fig6 where the direct neighbors of p 2 are p 1 , p 3 , and p 6 . this property is especially useful for processing k − 1 neighbors ( see section 4 . 2 ) after finding the first nearest neighbor . we determine the direct neighbors during the generation of the loose cells and store the neighborhood information in a data component . therefore , finding the neighboring cells does not require any complex operation . similar to tni , we can use spatial index structures to access loose cells efficiently . we formally define the loose network index ( lni ) as follows . definition 6 : let p be the set of data objects p ={ p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n }, the loose network index is a spatial index structure generated on { lc ( p 1 ), lc ( p 2 ), . . . , lc ( p n )}. note that lni and tni are complementary index structures . specifically , if a q cannot be located with tni ( i . e ., q falls outside of any tc ), then we use lni to identify the lcs that contain q ; based on lemma 2 , the generators of such lcs are the only nn candidates for q . various data structures and update techniques can be employed . in some implementations , an r - tree like data structure can be used to implement tni and lni , termed tn r - tree and ln r - tree , respectively . fig7 depicts ln r - tree ( tn r - tree is a similar data structure without extra pointers at the leaf nodes , hence not discussed in detail ). as shown , ln r - tree has the basic structure of an r - tree generated on minimum bounding rectangles of loose cells . the difference is that we modify r - tree by linking its leaf nodes to the the pointers of additional components that facilitate td - knn query processing . these components are the direct neighbors ( n ( p i )) of p i and the list of nodes ( vl p i ) that are inside lc ( p i ). while n ( p i ) is used to filter the set of candidate nearest neighbors where k & gt ; 1 , we use vl p i to prune the search space during tdsp computation ( see section 4 . 2 ). these proposed index structures will need to be updated when the set of data objects and / or the travel - time profiles change . fortunately , due to local precomputation nature of td - knn , the affect of the updates with both cases are local , hence requiring minimal change in tight and loose cell index structures . below , we explain each update type . data object updates : we consider two types of object update ; insertion and deletion ( object relocation is performed by a deletion following by insertion at the new location ). with a location update of a data object p i , only the tight and loose cells of p i &# 39 ; s neighbors are updated locally . in particular , when a new p i is inserted , first we find the loose cell ( s ) lc ( p j ) containing p i . clearly , we need to shrink lc ( p j ) and since the loose cells and tight cells share common edges , the region that contains lc ( p j ) and lc ( p j )&# 39 ; s direct neighbors needs to be adjusted . towards that end , we find the neighbors of lc ( p j ); the tight and loose cells of these direct neighbors are the only ones affected by the insertion . finally , we compute the new tcs and lcs for p i , p j and p j &# 39 ; s direct neighbors by updating our index structures . deletion of a p i is similar and hence not discussed . edge travel - time updates : with travel - time updates , we do not need to update our index structures . this is because the tight and loose cells are generated based on the minimum ( ltt ) and maximum ( utt ) travel - times of the edges in the network that are time - independent . the only case we need to update our index structures is when minimum and / or maximum travel - time of an edge changes , which is not that frequent . moreover , similar to the data object updates , the affect of the travel - time profile update is local . when the maximum and / or minimum travel - time of an edge e i changes in the network , we first find the loose cell ( s ) lc ( p j ) that overlaps with e i and thereafter recompute the tight and loose cells of lc ( p j ) and its direct neighbors . section 4 . 2 — td - k nn query processing ( online ): the properties of tni and lni are defined above . the description below provides details regarding how these index structures can be used to process k nn queries in g t . below , we first describe an algorithm to find the nearest neighbor ( i . e ., k = 1 ), and then we extend it to address the k nn case ( i . e ., k ≧ 1 ). nearest neighbor query : use tni and lni to identify the nearest neighbor of a query object q . given the location of q , carry out a depth - first search from the tni root to the node that contains q ( line 5 of algorithm 1 , shown in fig8 a ). if a tight cell that contains q is located , return the generator of that tight cell as the first nn . experiments show that , in most cases ( 7 out of 10 ), q can be found with the tni search ( see section 5 . 2 ). if q cannot be located in tni ( i . e ., when q falls outside all tight cells ), proceed to search lni ( line 7 ). at this step , one or more loose cells that contain q are found . based on lemma 2 , the generators of these loose cells are the only possible candidates to be the nn for q . therefore , compute tdfp to find the distance between q and each candidate in order to determine the first nn ( line 8 - 12 ). the candidates can be stored in a minimum heap based on their travel - time to q ( line 10 ), and the nearest neighbor cab be retrieved from the heap ( line 12 ). k nn query — the following algorithm for finding the remaining k − 1 nns is based on the direct neighbor property discussed in section 4 . 1 . the second nn must be among the direct neighbors of the first nn . thus , once the second nn is identifeid , we continue by including the neighbors of the second nn to find the third nn and so on . this search algorithm is based on the following lemma which is derived from the properties of tni and lni . lemma 4 : the i - th nearest neighbor of q is always among the neighbors of the i − 1 nearest neighbors of q . proof . we prove this lemma by induction . we prove the base case ( i . e ., the second nn is a direct neighbor of the first nn of q ) by contradiction . consider fig9 where p 2 is the first nn of q . assume that p 5 ( which is not a direct neighbor of p 2 ) is the second nn of q . since p 2 and p 5 are not direct neighbors , a point w on the time - dependent shortest path between q and p 5 can be found that is outside both lc ( p 2 ) and lc ( p 5 ), however , p 5 cannot be a candidate nn for w , because w is not in lc ( p 5 ). thus , there exists another object such as p 1 which is closer to w as compared to p 5 . therefore , tdfp ( w , p 5 , t )& gt ; tdfp ( w , p 1 , t ). however , as shown in fig9 , we have tdfp ( q , p 5 , t )= tdfp ( q , w , t )+ tdfp ( w , p 5 , t )& gt ; tdfp ( q , w , t )+ tdfp ( w , p 1 , t )= tdfp ( q , p 1 , t ). thus , p 5 is farther from q than both p 2 and p 1 , which contradicts the assumption that p 5 is the second nn of q . the proof of inductive step is straight forward and similar to the above proof by contradiction ; thus , the details are inherent in the disclosure already provided , and further details are not explicity presented here . the complete td - k nn query answering process is given in algorithm 2 ( shown in fig8 b ). algorithm 2 calls algorithm 1 to find the first nn and add it to n , which maintains the current set of nearest neighbors ( lines 4 - 5 ). to find the remaining k − 1 nns , expand the search area by including the neighboring loose cells of the first nn . compute the tdsp for each candidate and add each candidate to a minimum heap ( lines 9 ) based on its time - dependent travel - time to q . thereafter , select the one with minimum distance as the second nn ( line 11 ). once the second nn is identified , continue by investigating the neighbor loose cells of the second nn to find the third nn and so on . experiments show that the average number of neighbors for a data object is a relatively small number less than 9 ( see section 5 . 2 ). time - dependent fastest path computation : as explained , once the nearest neighbor of q is found and the candidate set is determined , the time - dependent fastest path from q to all candidates is computed in order to find the next nn . before further details of an example of the tdfp computation are provided , a very useful property of loose cells should be noted . that is , given p i is the nearest neighbor of q , the time - dependent shortest path from q to p i is guaranteed to be in lc ( p i ) ( see lemma 5 ). this property indicates that one only need consider the edges contained in the loose cell of p i when computing tdfp from q to p i . this property allows one to localize the time - dependent shortest path search by extensively pruning the search space . since the localized area of a loose cell is substantially smaller as compared to the complete graph , the computation cost of tdfp is significantly reduced . note that the subnetwork bounded by a loose cell is on average 1 / n of the original network where n is the total number of sites . lemma 5 : if p i is the nearest neighbor of q , then the time - dependent shortest path from q to p i is guaranteed to be inside the loose cell of p i proof . we prove by contradiction . assume that p i is the nn of q but a portion of tdfp from q to p i passes outside of lc ( p i ). suppose a point l on that outside portion of the path . since l is outside lc ( p i ), then ∃ p j ∈ p , p j ≠ p i that satisfies d ltt ( p i , l )& gt ; d utt ( p j , l ) and hence tdfp ( p i , l , t )& gt ; tdfp ( p j , l , t ). then , tdfp ( p i , q , t )= tdfp ( p i , l , t )+ tdfp ( l , q , t )& gt ; tdfp ( p j , l , t )+ tdfp ( l , q , t )= tdfp ( p j , q , t ), which contradicts the fact that p i is the nn of q . we note that for td - knn with k & gt ; 1 , the tdfp from q to the kth nearest neighbor will lie in the combined area of neighboring cells . fig1 shows an example of a query with k & gt ; 1 , where p 2 is assumed to be the nearest neighbor ( and the candidate neighbors of p 2 are , p 1 , p 6 and p 3 ). to compute the tdfp from q to data object p 1 , one need only consider the edges contained in lc ( p 1 )∪ lc ( p 2 ). below , the details of how to compute the tdfp from q to each candidate , according to some implementations , are provided . as initially showed by dreyfus in an appraisal of some shortest path algorithms ( journal of operation research 17 , ny , usa , 1969 ), the tdfp problem ( in fifo networks ) can be solved by modifying any label - setting or label - correcting static shortest path algorithm . the asymptotic running times of these modified algorithms are same as those of their static counterparts . with our approach , we implement a time - dependent a * search ( a label - setting algorithm ) to compute tdfp between q and the candidate set . the main idea with a * algorithm is to employ a heuristic function h ( v ) ( i . e ., lower - bound estimator between the intermediate node v i and the target t ) that directs the search towards the target and significantly reduces the number of nodes that have to be traversed . with static road networks where the length of an edge is considered as the cost , the euclidean distance between v i and t is the lower - bound estimator . however , with time - dependent road networks , we propose an estimator that never overestimates the travel - time between v i and t for all possible departure - times ( from v i ). one simple lower - bound is d euc ( v i , t )/ max ( speed ), i . e ., the euclidean distance between v i and t divided by the maximum speed among the edges in the entire network . although this estimator is guaranteed to be a lower - bound between v i and t , it is a very loose bound , hence yields insignificant pruning . fortunately , our approach can use lemma 5 to obtain a much tighter lower - bound . since the shortest path from q to p i is guaranteed to be inside lc ( p i ), we can use the maximum speed in lc ( p i ) to compute the lower - bound . we outline our time - dependent a * algorithm in algorithm 3 ( shown in fig1 ) where essential modifications ( as compared to dreyfus , p . ; an appraisal of some shortest path algorithms ; journal of operation research 17 , ny , usa , 1969 ) are in lines 3 , 10 and 14 . as mentioned , to compute tdfp from q to candidate p i , one need only consider the nodes in the loose cell that contains q and lc ( p i ) ( line 3 ). to compute the labels for each node , arrival time and the estimator are used ( i . e ., cos t ( v i )+ h lc ( v i ) where h lc ( v i ) is the lower - bound estimator calculated based on the maximum speed in the loose cell ) to each node that form the basis of the greedy algorithm ( line 10 ). in lines 10 and 14 , tt ( v i , v j , t v i ) finds the time - dependent travel - time from v i to v j ( see section 3 ). section 5 — experimental evaluation ; section 5 . 1 — experimental setup : we conducted several experiments with different spatial networks and various parameters ( see fig1 ) to evaluate the performance of td - k nn . we ran our experiments on a workstation with 2 . 7 ghz pentium duo processor and 12 gb ram memory . we continuously monitored each query for 100 timestamps . for each set of experiments , we only varied one parameter and fixed the remaining to the default values in fig1 . with our experiments , we measured the tight cell hit ratio and the impact of k , data and query object cardinality as well as the distribution . as our dataset , we used los angeles ( la ) and san joaquin ( sj ) road networks with 304 , 162 and 24 , 123 segments , respectively . we evaluated our techniques using a database of actual time - dependent travel - times gathered from real - world traffic sensor data . we have collected and archived speed , occupancy , and volume sensor data from a collection of approximately 7000 sensors located on the road network of la . the sampling rate of the data is 1 reading / sensor / min . at one time , our database consisted of about 900 million sensor readings representing traffic patterns on the road network segments of la . in order to create the time - dependent edge weights of sj , we developed a system ( see ugur demiryurek and bei pan and farnoush banaei kashani and cyrus shahabi ; towards modeling the traffic data on road networks ; proceedings of sigspatial - iwcts , 2009 ; which is hereby incorporated by reference ) that synthetically generates time - dependent edge weights for sj . section 5 . 2 — results : impact of tight cell hit ratio and direct neighbors : as explained , if a q is located in a certain tight cell tc ( p i ), the algorithm immediately reports p i as the first nn . therefore , it is essential to asses the coverage area of the tight cells over the entire network . fig1 a illustrates the coverage ratio of the tight cells with varying data object cardinality ( ranging from 1k to 20k ) on two data sets . as shown , the average tight cell coverage is about 68 % of the entire network for both la and sj . this implies that the first nn of a query can be answered immediately with a ratio of 7 / 10 with no further computation . another important parameter affecting the td - k nn algorithm is the average number of direct neighbors for each data object . fig1 a depicts a coverage ratio , and fig1 b depicts the average number of neighbor cells with varying data object cardinality . as shown , the average number of neighbors is less than 9 for both la and sj . as mentioned , we developed an incremental network expansion algorithm ( based on dreyfus , p . ; an appraisal of some shortest path algorithms ; journal of operation research 17 , ny , usa , 1969 ) to evaluate k nn queries in time - dependent networks . below we compare our results with this naive approach . for the rest of the experiments , since the experimental results with both la and sj networks differ insignificantly , we only present the results from la dataset . impact of k : in this experiment , we compared the performance of both algorithms by varying the value of k . fig1 a plots the average response time versus k ranging from 1 to 50 while using default settings in fig1 for other parameters . the results show that td - k nn outperforms naive approach for all values of k and scales better with the large values of k . as illustrated , when k = 1 , td - k nn generates the result set almost instantly . this is because a simple contain ( ) function is enough to find the first nn . as the value of k increases , the response time of td - k nn increases at linear rate . because , td - k nn , rather than expanding the search blindly , benefits from localized computation . in addition , we compared the average number of network node access with both algorithms . as shown in fig1 b , the number of nodes accessed by td - k nn is less than the naive approach for all values of k impact of object and query cardinality : next , we compared the algorithms with respect to cardinality of the data objects ( p ). fig1 a shows the impact of p on response time . the response time linearly increases with the number of data objects in both methods , but td - k nn outperforms the naive approach for all cases . from p = 1k to 5k , the performance gap is more significant . this is because , for lower densities where data objects are possibly distributed sparsely , the naive approach requires larger portion of the network to be retrieved . fig1 b shows the impact of the query cardinality ( q ) ranging from 1k to 5k on response time . as shown , td - k nn scales better with larger q and the performance gap between the approaches increases as q grows . impact of object / query distribution : finally , we studied the impact of object , query distribution . fig1 c shows the response time of both algorithms where the objects and queries follow either uniform or gaussian distributions . td - k nn outperforms the naive approach significantly in all cases . td - k nn yields better performance for queries with gaussian distribution . this is because as queries with gaussian distribution are clustered in the network , their nearest neighbors would overlap hence allowing td - k nn to reuse the path computations . section 6 — conclusion and future work : in this paper , we proposed a time - dependent k nearest neighbor search algorithm ( td - k nn ) for spatial networks . with td - k nn , unlike the existing studies , we make edge weights of the network time varying rather than fixed . in the real - world , time - varying edge utilization is inherit in almost all networks ( e . g ., transportation , internet , social networks ). hence , we believe that our approach yields a much more realistic scenario and is applicable to k nn applications in other domains . thus , the systems and techniques described in this paper can be expanded to include new data models for effective representation of time - dependent spatial networks . this can assist in supporting development of efficient and accurate time - dependent algorithms , while minimizing the storage and cost of the computation . in addition , a variety of other spatial queries ( including continuous knn , range and skyline queries ) can be explored in time - dependent networks . the processes described above , and all of the functional operations described in this specification , can be implemented in electronic circuitry , or in computer hardware , firmware , software , or in combinations of them , such as the structural means disclosed in this specification and structural equivalents thereof , including potentially a program ( stored in a machine - readable medium ) operable to cause one or more programmable machines including processor ( s ) ( e .. g ., a computer ) to perform the operations described . it will be appreciated that the order of operations presented is shown only for the purpose of clarity in this description . no particular order may be required for these operations to achieve desirable results , and various operations can occur simultaneously or at least concurrently . in certain implementations , multitasking and parallel processing may be preferable . the various implementations described above have been presented by way of example only , and not limitation . thus , the principles , elements and features described may be employed in varied and numerous implementations , and various modifications may be made to the described embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , other embodiments may be within the scope of the following claims . | 6 |
referring to fig1 - 5 , an exemplary embodiment having a parallel conductor member 10 is shown . as shown in fig1 , the parallel conductor member 10 is formed as an additional section of a flat blank conductor 11 when stamped or manufactured . in this embodiment , by bending the main conductor member 5 along bend lines 6 , the parallel conductor member is bent into place to become located substantially parallel to the main conductor member 5 . cable 20 is connected to main conductor member 5 and the current flow is as shown . thereafter , a bimetallic switch 12 is wedged into a frictional mounting between the two members as shown in fig1 and 3 . the bimetallic switch is actuated from heat generated by electrical current traveling through the conductors . however , in the present embodiment , the parallel conductor member 10 creates a parallel electrical path to the existing current carrying conductor , i . e ., main conducting member 5 , within the machine or apparatus . an advantage of this structure is that the parallel conductor member 10 heats up more rapidly and cools down in a more suitable time span than is achievable with any pre - existing surface or electrical conductor found within the existing machine or apparatus . the embodiment shown in fig1 - 5 , for example , may be used as a device to protect an electrical machine or apparatus such as an automotive starting motor from thermal overstress . it may also be used for many other electrical applications . for example , a bimetallic switch 12 may be thermally coupled to a selected electrical conductor that is related or correlated to the region of the electrical machine or apparatus of thermal overstress concern . for example , this embodiment may be used as a protection for starter motors against overcranking and hence , thermal overstress . in fact , the present embodiment may replace many existing overcrank protection ( ocp ) devices . however , the invention has the potential for widespread use in many devices such as with consumer appliances including units which may use a bimetallic strip for electrical thermal overstress protection , i . e ., a refrigerator . an advantageous feature of this embodiment is that it ‘ artificially ’ creates a “ hot spot ” 13 on the parallel conductor member 10 within the machine or apparatus that heats up more quickly and cools down more controllably when compared to existing standard shaped conductor surfaces . as shown in fig1 and 5 , for example the hot spot 13 may be located at the tip of an arc section formed in the parallel conductor member 10 . in contrast , in fig7 , prior art conductor 70 is of standard rectangular shape with no structural hot spot of greater resistance , and is wedged between wire 71 and bimetallic strip 72 . thus , the present embodiment with its hot spot 13 as shown in fig1 - 5 , provides a greater degree of safety from thermal overshoots and / or failure to engage / disengage at the appropriate temperature conditions than the standard device shown in fig7 . also , by accomplishing this in a parallel electrical circuit , the existing machine or apparatus performance is not degraded by reducing the conductor cross section to create a hot spot 13 . the parallel conductor 10 can be configured in many ways , some examples of which are as described below . one configuration would be to provide an electrically conductive leg parallel to an existing conductor as shown in fig1 - 5 . the size and shape of this parallel leg ( parallel conductor member 10 ) would be such that it would heat up more quickly than the main conductor member 5 or existing electrical conductor . this is accomplished by having a variable cross sectional area to form the hot spot 13 of the parallel conductor member 10 in the direction of the current flow . by necking down the middle area , i . e ., forming the cut - out arced region of hot spot 13 , between the two ends 14 , the overall resistance is lower than if the entire area was necked down or reduced . for a given applied voltage , this causes a higher current to flow through the parallel conductor . at the necked down region of the hot spot 13 the resistance will be significantly higher than art the ends 14 . this will cause a localized rapid heating effect . many different shapes may be used for the hot spot so long as the result of creating a “ hot spot ” is achieved . a bimetallic switch 12 would be held in contact to this artificial hot spot . for example , in fig5 the stamping is made with a bow or bend that bias or clamps the bimetallic switch 12 to the hot spot 13 . by design , the parallel conductor member 14 , in conjunction with the bimetallic switch 12 itself , is also designed to cool down at the proper rate such that the switch does not re - engage until the electric machine or apparatus is sufficiently cooled . another configuration of the concept , as shown in fig6 , would be to wrap the bimetallic switch with an electrical wire 60 to create a thermal blanket 61 around the switch . in such a configuration the bimetallic switch 12 could be located remotely from the starter motor or electrical apparatus . the only requirement would be that the current that flowed through the wire that surrounds the bi - metallic switch be correlated to the usage of the actual starter motor or apparatus itself . this configuration allows great freedom of design since the switch could be located at a position where more room may exist for the switch itself . it also allows the switch to be independent of the actual starter motor or apparatus design and thereby one switch may be used for multiple applications . this embodiment of a shaped and tailored conductor surface would also enable greater performance than the prior art shown in fig7 . it also possible to vary the width , length , and structure of the wire to increase or decrease resistance or to use multiple wires . while the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention . in addition , many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof . therefore , it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention , but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims . | 7 |
the preferred embodiment of the present invention and its advantages are best understood by referring to fig1 - 3 of the drawings , like numerals being used for like and corresponding parts of the various drawings . fig1 a - c illustrate top , front and back plan views of the exterior of the electronic telephone book 10 , respectively . the display 12 is partitioned by the software to provide a viewing area 12 a and a control area 12 b . the size of the areas may be modified during the operation of the telephone book as needed . viewing area 12 a outputs text and graphics to the user while control area 12 b outputs visual “ software buttons ” 14 which the user may use to interact with the electronic telephone book 10 . typically , the display 12 is an lcd ( liquid crystal display ), but could also be an led or a thin - film active cell display , among other technologies . to receive inputs from the user , ir ( infrared ) or other light detection sensors , acoustical wave glass or a contact membrane may be provided . hence , physical contact with the display 12 may be detected and the location of the contact will indicate the desired action . in fig1 a , several software buttons 14 are shown : escape , clear , page up , page down , autodial , next , menu , select , and cursor control keys . the actual keys displayed during operation of the system will depend upon the application being performed . while a standard keyboard could alternatively be coupled to the electronic telephone book , the software button provide superior flexibility and control , as will be shown in greater detail hereinbelow . shown in fig1 b , the electronic telephone book 10 further comprises a floppy disk drive 16 and a cd rom drive 18 . a brightness adjust 20 allows the user to adjust the brightness of the display . in fig1 c , the bottom of the electronic telephone book 10 provides an on / off switch 22 , a phone jack 24 and an ac plug 26 . in operation , the electronic dialer 10 is coupled in parallel with a standard telephone to the household or business lines . alternatively , the phone and the electronic telephone book may be an integral unit . the user operates the electronic telephone book 10 via the software buttons 14 to look up and to dial phone numbers . the drives 16 and 18 may be used to provide programming code for the electronic telephone book 10 or to store information locally within the electronic telephone book 10 . for example , floppy drive 16 may contain data regarding the user &# 39 ; s most frequently dialed numbers , along with address and personal information . cd rom drive 18 may contain mass data , such as important phone numbers throughout the united states . drives 16 and 18 , however , are optional to the electronic telephone book 10 . importantly , the electronic telephone book 10 may communicate with a central office of the telephone company to retrieve information for the user . thus , the electronic telephone book 10 may retrieve information from the central office , such as phone numbers and advertisements , and may update information stored in the local drives 16 and 18 . fig2 illustrates a block diagram of the electronic telephone book 10 . a cpu 28 is coupled to rom 30 , ram 32 , modem 34 , display controller 36 and drive interface 38 . modem 34 is connected to a / d converter 40 which is connected to the phone jack 24 and phone 42 . both the a / d converter 40 and phone 42 are coupled to the phone lines 44 . the display controller 36 is coupled to display 12 . drive interface 38 is coupled to drives 16 and 18 . an expansion ram 48 is coupled to the ram 32 . a voice chip 49 a is optionally coupled to cpu 28 and to speaker 49 b . in operation , the cpu 28 operates a program stored in rom 30 . additional program code may be stored in ram 32 , expansion ram 48 and drives 16 and 18 . the cpu 28 outputs data to the display 12 and receives input commands from the display 12 through display controller 36 . communications with the telephone lines is performed through modem 34 and a / d converter 40 . fig3 a - f illustrate screens which could be used in operation of the electronic phone book . in fig3 a , the main menu is shown . it should be noted that this menu is for exemplary purposes only , and different menus may be provided for different applications . for example , the menu for a implementation of the electronic telephone book 10 used primarily in a business situation would be different than the menu for an electronic telephone book used primarily for home use . in the embodiment illustrated in fig3 a , the main menu provides four selections : “ friends ”, “ business ”, “ yellow pages ” and “ utilities ”. instructions are provided at the bottom of viewing area 12 a to aid the user . in this case , three software buttons 14 are provided : up and down cursor keys 54 and 56 , respectively , and a select button 58 . the user may choose one of the categories by using the cursor keys 54 and 56 ; the chosen category is highlighted . once the proper category is chosen , the select button 58 is pressed . fig3 b illustrates an exemplary display after choosing the “ friends ” category . after choosing the “ friends ” category , a list of names is provided . the software buttons 14 include alphabetical look - up keys 60 which allow the user to move the display to start at a certain letter , an autodial key 62 , page up and page down keys 64 and 66 , home and end keys 68 and 70 , cursor control keys 72 , menu key 74 and select key 76 . the page up and down 64 and 66 change the display to read the previous or next page of output . the home key 68 brings the display to the first entry in the list and the end key 70 brings the display to the last entry in the list . cursor control keys 72 allow the user to highlight a desired name on the page . the menu key 74 returns control back to the previous menu ( i . e ., to the main menu ) and the select key 76 enters the highlighted name as the desired selection . in this embodiment , pressing the select key may provide additional information about the highlighted person , such as address and other information . the “& lt ; look - up new number & gt ;” selection allows the user to look up a number not in the displayed list . fig3 c illustrates a screen generated in connection with selecting the & lt ; look - up new number & gt ; selection . in this instance , the control area 12 b provides a keyboard in which data can be entered for retrieving a phone number . as can be seen in fig3 c , the user need not supply all the data . in fig3 d , a list of the names meeting the criteria is provided to the user . in order to generate the list , the electronic telephone book 10 sends the information entered by the user to the telephone company &# 39 ; s central office which maintains the database of telephone listings . the database is searched for matching entries and equivalents . thus , in fig3 d , both dallas and garland ( a dallas suburb ) are searched as well as the names “ timothy ”, “ tim ” and “ t . e .”. the user may choose from these names using the cursor keys 82 and 84 and the page up and page down keys 86 and 88 . when the select button 90 is pressed , the highlighted name will be entered into the user &# 39 ; s local database of telephone numbers ( in this case , the “ friends ” database ). fig3 e illustrates a yellow pages directory listing . this listing would be generated through the yellow pages selection on the main menu , in a similar manner to the procedure shown in fig3 c . the user would be able to search the phone listings at the telephone company &# 39 ; s central office , by name , or by keyword , as shown in fig3 e . in the example of fig3 e , the keyword “ locksmith ” was used which generated a listing of vendors in the user &# 39 ; s area . the database search could include much greater detail between vendor and their respective products and services than allowed by the yellow pages . for example , using “ toaster ” as a keyword would generate a list which would include hardware stores , appliance stores and department stores . some listings are designated by an asterisk (*) which informs the user that an advertisement is associated with the listing . the advertisement may be viewed by pressing the “ adv ” button 92 after highlighting the listing . alternatively , a desired listing may be automatically dialed by pressing the “ autodial ” button 94 . fig3 f illustrates an exemplary utilities menu . the “ update listings ” selection searches the listings in the user &# 39 ; s local memory to determine whether the phone numbers are current . in the preferred embodiment , a global search for all listings , a search for selected listings , and a search for a single listing are supported . the “ tone / pulse ” selection allows the autodialing to be performed in either dtmf tones or pulses . other utilities may also be provided . in fig2 an optional voice chip and speaker 49 a - b are illustrated . the voice chip would allow the visually impaired to find a desired listing . additionally , the flexibility of the electronic telephone book 10 enables it to provide additional services with the evolution of telecommunication technology . for example , with an isdn network , the display 12 could generate video as well as graphics taking advantage of the broad - band digital capacity of isdn . such a feature would allow , for example , a video advertisement to be output to the user . the present invention provides significant advantages over the prior art . first , the need for telephone books is eliminated , since the most current listings may always be provided through the telephone company &# 39 ; s central office . second , the invention provides local databases which store the most frequently called numbers and allow autodialing for ease of use . third , the electronic telephone book is customizable to a variety of applications . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . | 7 |
please refer to fig3 . fig3 is a three - dimensional diagram of a cassette according to the present invention . the cassette 300 comprises a plane upper frame 302 , a plane lower frame 304 , four vertical pillars 306 , a plurality of rib fixed racks 308 , a plurality of ribs 310 , a plurality of triangular rib racks 314 , and a plurality of triangular pillar racks 316 . furthermore , the upper frame 302 and lower frame 304 are identical rectangular frames , the upper frame 302 disposed on top of the cassette 300 , the lower frame 304 is disposed on bottom . four square metal pillars are pillars 306 of a cube , and all of them combine to form the cube frame sapce . the upper frame 302 , the lower frame 304 and each pillar 306 are combined with the triangular pillar rack 316 . the triangular pillar rack 316 helps each pillar 306 to be assembled or disassembled with the upper frame 302 and the lower frame 304 . in the other embodiment of the present invention , the pillar rack 316 is not necessary . the upper frame 302 , the lower frame 304 , and each pillar 306 are able to combine together , without the pillar rack 316 . moreover , the left and opposite right lateral sides of the upper frame 302 and the lower frame 304 further combine with rib fixed racks 308 . the rib fixed rack 308 is assembled or disassembled with the triangular rib rack 314 using a screw or a tenon . the triangular rack 314 is also assembled with the upper frame 302 or the lower frame 304 using a screw or a tenon . in addition , the rib fixed rack 308 is assembled with the stainless steel rib 310 using a screw or a tenon . the ribs 310 are each the same height , create a panel , and form slots 312 between each panel and the panel above it . the slot 312 can contain a glass substrate 318 . each glass substrate 318 can be supported by eight ribs 310 of left and opposite right lateral sides . the cassette 300 can carry the glass substrate . as fig3 shows , in the embodiment of the present invention , the size of the upper frame 302 and lower frame 304 of the cassette 300 can be rectangular in shape , and have a width of 1633 millimeters and a depth of 1960 millimeters . the pillar 306 has a height of 2124 millimeters . the distance between adjacent rib racks is 500 millimeters . so , one lateral side of the upper frame 302 can have four rib fixed racks 308 , and the opposite lateral side can have the other four rib fixed racks 308 . the height of the rib fixed rack 308 is 237 millimeters , and the rib fixed rack 308 is assembled with the rib 310 with a screw or a tenon . the distance between adjacent ribs is 68 millimeters , and one rib fixed rack 308 can be used to assemble three ribs 310 . the slot 312 can contain the glass substrate 318 . the lower frame 304 has the same rib fixed rack 308 and the rib 310 in positions corresponding to those of the upper frame 3025 . the construction of the cube frame can contain the glass substrate 318 safely , and the glass substrate 318 can be transported easily . please refer to fig4 . fig4 is a schematic diagram of the triangular rib rack combined with the lower frame 304 according to the present invention . the rib fixed rack 308 is assembled with the triangular rib rack 314 with a screw or a tenon , and the triangular rib rack 314 and the rib fixed rack 308 are assembled with the lower frame 304 with a screw or a tenon to fix the triangular rib rack 314 on the lower frame 304 . as fig4 shows , the rib 310 is embedded into the rib fixed rack 308 , and a screw ( not shown ) is inserted into a screw aperture 402 to fix the rib 310 on the fixed rib rack 308 . of course , that is able to use the tenon ( not shown ) to achieve the same goal . this kind of combination allows the present invention to be assembled and disassembled easily and quickly . please refer to fig5 . fig5 is a three dimensional schematic diagram of the skid - proof cover 502 and the orientation cover 506 fixed on the rib 310 . as fig5 shows , each rib 310 has an orientation cover fillister 508 and two skid - proof cover fillisters 504 . the orientation cover 506 is embedded into the orientation cover fillister 508 , and the skid - proof cover is embedded into the skid - proof cover fillister 504 . the skid - proof cover 502 is made out of pvc or rubber . this material can increase the friction between the glass substrate ( not shown ) and the rib 310 , and prevent the glass substrate ( not shown ) from being scraped . otherwise , the orientation cover 506 can also be made from plastic or rubber . the orientation cover 506 further comprises a vertical block 510 , which is perpendicular to the rib 310 . when the glass substrate ( not shown ) is placed on the rib 310 , the vertical block 510 can prevent the glass substrate ( not shown ) from falling . in this embodiment , the rib 310 is assembled with the pillar 306 , a screw is inserted into a screw aperture 402 to fix the rib 310 , and the pillar 306 is assembled with the lower frame 304 by the triangular rib rack 314 . the weight of the cassette according to the present invention is only a little more than 30 kilograms . comparing with the 247 kilograms of the 6th generation cassette according to the prior art , the present invention cassette is lighter . the present invention cassette can be assembled or be disassembled quickly and easily , so the mobility increases . when the machines vehicle is broken , the present invention can be moved by people or can be disassembled . so , the present invention can achieve the prior art effect , but has lighter weight , higher mobility , easier enlargement , easier disassembly , and easier combination . those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention . accordingly , the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims . | 7 |
hereinafter , a method and a system for adjusting the video structure of a video conference system according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . referring to fig1 , the video conference system is structured so that a plurality of clients is connected to a single server via a wired / wireless communication network . the server is configured to collect video signals from the plurality of clients , output them to a monitor , and transmit all videos collected from respective clients . the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n are supposed to be constructed by clients who want a video conference . the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n can include personal computers equipped with imaging devices , such as webcams or camcorders , mobile communication terminals , and the like . furthermore , the client systems are preferably provided with software necessary for video conferencing . referring to fig2 , the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n include video acquisition units 11 configured to convert videos acquired through imaging into video signals . the video acquisition units 11 are configured to take images of imaging targets , i . e . those who want to participate in a video conference , convert them into video signals , and output them . resizing units 12 are configured to convert video signals , which have been converted by the video acquisition units 11 , to a preset video size . that is , the resizing units 12 reconvert video signals to a predetermined video size . when the size of videos converted by the video acquisition units 11 is 1280 * 720 , for example , the resizing units 12 reduce it to 1 / n , n being the total number of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n connected to the server system 20 . specifically , when the number of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n is forty , a video size of 1280 * 720 is reduced to 256 * 180 . encoding units 13 are configured to encode the converted video signals . transmission / reception units 14 are configured to output the video signals , which have been encoded by the encoding units 13 , to the server system 20 or receive control signals or compressed video signals from the server system 20 . decoding units 16 are configured to decode the encoded video signals , which are received from the server system 20 via the transmission / reception units 14 , and rendering units 17 are configured to create videos , which are to be displayed on monitors 18 , from the decoded video signals . the monitors 18 are configured to visually display videos based on video signals output from the rendering units 17 and are integrated with the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n or provided separately . the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n also include control units 15 configured to change the size of output videos using the resizing units 12 , initialize the encoding units 13 , or control input / output data of the transmission / reception units 14 . the server system 20 is provided with one or a plurality of client signal processing units 21 ˜ 21 - n . the client signal processing units 21 ˜ 21 - n are configured to output video signals , which are input from the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n , to a video conference monitor 27 or transmit the same videos to respective client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n as output to the video conference monitor 27 . therefore , a plurality of client signal processing units 21 ˜ 21 - n can be provided so as to correspond to the plurality of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n , or a single client signal processing unit 21 ˜ 21 - n can be used to input / output or process video signal data of the plurality of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n . the client signal processing units 21 ˜ 21 - n include transmission / reception modules 22 configured to output encoded and compressed video signals to the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n or receive video signals from the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n . decoding modules 23 are configured to decode video signals received from the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n , and rendering modules 24 are configured to create videos , which are to be displayed on the video conference monitor 27 , from the decoded video signals . the client signal processing units 21 ˜ 21 - n also include encoding modules 26 configured to encode videos created by the rendering modules 24 . the server system 20 has a mcu 25 configured to output control signals to the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to change the size of output videos , compress / process videos output from the rendering modules 24 , initialize the decoding modules 23 , control the structure of videos output from the rendering modules 24 to the video conference monitor 27 , or control input / output data of the transmission / reception modules 22 . the mcu 25 can be a microcomputer , a microprocessor , or the like . a method for adjusting the video structure by a video conference system according to the present invention , which is configured as described above , will now be described with reference to the flowchart of fig3 . firstly , when the video mode of the video conference monitor 27 is changed by the server system 20 or when a new client system is connected to the server system and starts transmission of a video , the mcu 25 transmits a control signal regarding a change of the video structure , i . e . video size and coordinate , to each client system . at this time , the encoding units and decoding units of the client systems , as well as the encoding modules and decoding modules of the server system , are initialized , respectively . the control unit 15 of a client system 10 ˜ 10 - n , which is connected to the server system 20 , requests the mcu 25 of the server system 20 to change the video structure , i . e . video size and coordinate ( s 1 ). the mcu 25 changes the video structure so as to conform to the request of the control unit 15 of the client system 10 ˜ 10 - n , which has requested a change of the structure of videos currently output to the video conference monitor 27 , and transmits it to the control unit 15 of each client system 10 ˜ 10 - n ( s 2 ). the video size corresponds to a video signal , the size of which has been adjusted in advance , and which is to be transmitted from the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to the server system 20 , and the coordinate is used to determine the position of a plurality of videos of the corresponding client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n , which are to be displayed on the video conference monitor 27 . based on the control signal regarding the video structure transmitted from the mcu 25 , the control unit 15 causes the resizing unit 12 to change the video size of video signals input from the video acquisition unit 11 ( s 3 ), and initializes the encoding unit 13 ( s 4 ). the change of video size corresponds to reduction of the size of video signals , which have been input from the video acquisition unit 11 at a predetermined size , in advance so that the size of video signal data is reduced . for example , when the video acquisition unit 11 acquires a video of the imaging target at a resolution of 1280 * 720 , the resizing unit 12 reduces the video size to a resolution of 256 * 180 . the control unit 15 of the client system 10 ˜ 10 - n causes the video signal , the video size of which has been changed by the resizing unit 12 , to be encoded by the encoding unit 13 and transmitted to the server system 20 via the transmission / reception unit 14 ( s 5 ). when the server system 20 receives the video signal from the client system 10 ˜ 10 - n , the mcu 25 of the server system 20 initializes the decoding module 23 and causes it to decode the received video signal ( s 6 ). the mcu 25 then causes videos to be output to the video conference monitor 27 via the rendering module 24 based on the changed video structure ( s 7 ). at this time , the mcu 25 assigns each video of the corresponding client system 10 ˜ 10 - n to the video conference monitor 27 according to the preset size and coordinate so as to be displayed at the corresponding location . as such , the mcu 25 controls in such a manner that , according to connection of a plurality of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n and a request for change of the video structure , the video size changed by the resizing unit 12 of a client system 10 ˜ 10 - n is used to output changed videos to the video conference monitor 27 of the server system 20 and the monitors 18 of the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n . transmission of videos from the server system 20 to the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n is as follows : videos output through the video conference monitor 27 is compressed by the mcu 25 ( s 8 ), and videos encoded by the encoding modules 26 are transmitted to the plurality of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n ( s 9 ). respective client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n decode and render the video signals received from the server system 20 ( s 10 ), and cause the videos to be output to the monitors 18 ( s 11 ). when a new client system 10 ˜ 10 - n is connected , the mcu 25 of the server system 20 may not transmit a video size and a coordinate , which are related to the video structure , to the new client system , but make a change to a video structure set by the mcu 25 . in other words , in the case of connection of a predetermined number of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n , the mcu 25 of the server system 20 does not transmit separate control signals for changing the video structure , but make a change to the preset video structure . therefore , when the server system 20 and a plurality of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n start a connection for video conferencing , the mcu 25 outputs control signals regarding a change of the video structure to the control units 15 ; however , in the case of a client system 10 ˜ 10 - n newly connected during the video conference , the mcu 25 can change the video structure based on standards set by the mcu 25 . referring to fig4 , the mcu 25 can automatically change the structure of videos displayed on the video conference monitor 27 according to the number of connected client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n . this is for the purpose of maximizing utilization of the video conference monitor 27 . in other words , when a small number of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n are connected to the server system 20 , the size of videos displayed on the video conference monitor 27 is adjusted according to the number of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n so that conference participants are provided with videos of more reasonable sizes . fig4 a illustrates a connection of a server system 20 and four client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n ; fig4 b illustrates a connection of nine client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to a single server system 20 ; fig4 c illustrates a connection of sixteen client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to a single server system 20 ; and fig4 d illustrates a connection of forty client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to a single server system 20 . however , more than forty client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n can also be connected to a single server system 20 . furthermore , fig4 e illustrates a connection of three client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to a single server system 20 , wherein the video of a specific client system 10 ˜ 10 - n is displayed on the main screen , the others on the auxiliary screen . fig4 f illustrates a connection of five client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to a single server system 20 , wherein videos of the two client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n are displayed on the main screen , the others on the auxiliary screen . fig4 g illustrates a connection of four client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to a single server system 20 , wherein the video of a specific client system 10 ˜ 10 - n is displayed on the main screen , the others on the auxiliary screen . it is also possible to vary the arrangement , size , and the like of the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n according to the video quality , size , and the like of the video conference monitor 27 . meanwhile , the mcu 25 consists of hardware and is supposed to conduct a large amount of operations . the mcu 25 according to the present invention is basically configured to decode and resize videos of the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n and mix and encode videos of respective client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n . the mcu 25 conducts fast operations but , as more client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n transmit videos to the server system 20 , it fails to exhibit operation capacity sufficient to provide a video conference of high video quality , i . e . of high resolution . therefore , in order to reduce the operation loads on the mcu 25 of the server system 20 , the size of videos finally mixed by the mcu 25 and displayed does not change even if more than a predetermined number of client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n are connected . inversely , as more client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n transmit videos , decoding time and resizing time increase exponentially , causing relatively smaller videos assigned to respective client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n . therefore , in order to solve problems occurring when videos of initially set sizes are transmitted continuously as in the prior art , the present invention proposes that the server system 20 transmits control signals regarding the video structure to the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n in advance so that the video size is changed in real time , thereby minimizing excessive loads on the server system 20 . the video conference system according to the present invention can be variously used for video conferencing of high video quality for general companies , educational and medical purposes , and the like , at a low cost , by applying software for control regarding video structure change to a relatively - inexpensive hardware configuration , which can conduct the same function . an example of application of the present invention is as follows : assuming that forty client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n are connected to a single server system 20 , when the size of videos output by the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n is 1280 * 720 , the output bandwidth of the server is 2 mbps . if the size of videos output by the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n is reduced by a factor of 1 / 40 to 256 * 180 , videos of the same quality can be realized even when the output bandwidth of the client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n is below 200 kbps . according to the prior art , the server system 20 has a reception bandwidth of 2 mbps and requires a bandwidth of 80 mbps in the case of forty client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n ; however , the present invention can reduce the bandwidth to 200 kbps * 40 = 8 mbps . furthermore , the prior art requires that the decoding resource of the server system 20 decode forty videos of 1280 * 720 , but the present invention decodes forty videos of 256 * 180 ; the prior art requires that the server resize resource change forty from 1280 * 720 to 256 * 180 , but the present invention needs not perform any resize resource . therefore , according to the number of connected client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n , the mcu 25 can reduce and change the video structure displayed on the video conference monitor 27 to 1 / n , n being the number of client systems connected to the server system . as such , the present invention is advantageous in that transmission of videos , which have been resized and trimmed by client systems 10 ˜ 10 - n to a size most suited to the video mode of video conference monitor , saves costs of the server network , minimizes operations for decoding or resizing by the server , and thus further improves efficiency . it is obvious to those skilled in the art that , although the present invention has been illustrated and described above with reference to specific embodiments , various modifications and changes can be made without escaping from the idea and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims . the method and system for adjusting the video structure of a video conference system according to the present invention is industrially applicable in that costs for a network between the client systems and the server system are saved ; efficiency is improved by reducing operations for decoding and resizing by the server system ; and video conferencing of higher video quality is made possible by optimized videos , thereby improving reliability of the video conference system . | 7 |
the following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the described embodiments or the application and uses of the described embodiments . as used herein , the word “ exemplary ” or “ illustrative ” means “ serving as an example , instance , or illustration .” any implementation described herein as “ exemplary ” or “ illustrative ” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations . all of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure , which is defined by the claims . for purposes of description herein , the terms “ upper ”, “ lower ”, “ left ”, “ rear ”, “ right ”, “ front ”, “ vertical ”, “ horizontal ”, and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as oriented in fig1 . furthermore , there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field , background , brief summary or the following detailed description . it is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings , and described in the following specification , are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims . hence , specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting , unless the claims expressly state otherwise . with respect to fig1 an isometric view of an exemplary strengthening device or sleeve 100 for an instrument shaft is illustrated . the strengthening device 100 generally includes an attachment mechanism 105 used to attach the device to a medical instrument or device ( not shown ). as will be described in greater detail hereinafter , the strengthening device 100 includes an upper tube 110 and a lower tube 115 which may enclose one or two elongated spring 130 , depending on the desired usage . in the embodiment illustrated in fig1 , only the lower tube 115 is illustrated as containing an elongated spring 130 . the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 are collapsible tubes or conduits which permit their shortening in total length when compressed . in an embodiment , the tubes 110 , 115 are telescoping in nature . they may also be composed of more than two tubes , permitting considerable shortening in length . as further illustrated in fig1 , the device 100 also includes a locking assembly 120 that connects the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 to one another , and which permits adjusting of the length of elongated spring ( s ) within the tubes , respectively . a swivel ball joint assembly 145 located at the distal end of the lower tube 115 permits pivoting and provides a flexible means of obtaining a desirable entry angle to the surgeon . attached to the swivel ball joint assembly 145 is a foot 135 which , during use , is placed on the patient near the percutaneous area to restrain the device 100 from sliding inside the patient , as discussed in detail hereinafter . as will be readily appreciated , therefore , the ball joint 145 permits pivoting movement of the foot 135 relative to the lower tube 115 so that device 100 may be stabilized in any orientation . adjacent to the periphery of the foot 135 are generally equally spaced suture holes 140 are that may be used to physically attach the foot 135 to the patient . in an embodiment , the foot 135 may also , or alternatively , be provided with an adhesive material on its bottom side , allowing the foot 135 to be adhered to a patient &# 39 ; s skin . turning now to fig2 - 5 , the strengthening device 100 is shown fully attached to a medical instrument ( e . g ., a laparoscopic tool ) having a handle assembly 220 attached to an elongate shaft 205 . in particular , as shown therein , attachment mechanism 105 of the device 100 is used to attach the instrument handle assembly 220 to the strengthening device 100 . pivot point 210 of the handle assembly is used to move a proximal end of the instrument shaft 205 . two instrument handle finger inserts 216 are used to manually control the movement of handle assembly 220 . an instrument shaft locking knob 215 permits the instrument shaft 205 to be securely held . the upper tube 110 and lower tube are attached and held in place by the locking assembly 120 . by adjusting the locking knob 215 compression on the tube assembly is adjusted . as shown therein , when attached the strengthening device 100 , the instrument shaft 205 extends through the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 of the device 100 . a distal end 225 of the shaft 205 protrudes from the lower tube 115 and terminates in an instrument tip 230 . the instrument tip is used to perforate the skin and provide a means for the distal end 225 of the shaft 205 to enter the abdomen of the patient . turning now to fig6 and 7 , operation of the strengthening device is illustrated , with fig5 depicting the strengthening device 100 in its uncompressed position . as shown therein , once the medical device ( e . g ., a laparoscopic tool ) is attached to the device 100 , the instrument tip 230 on the distal end 225 of instrument shaft 205 is utilized to perforate the skin 505 of a patient . typically the device 100 is initially held with two hands as it is positioned on the patient . the instrument tip 230 is percutaneously passed through a patient &# 39 ; s abdomen and stops when the foot 135 presses against the skin or trocar . as discussed above , foot 135 prevents the device 100 from entering the percutaneous area 505 . the foot 135 may be secured to the patient to prevent movement of the device 100 utilizing an adhesive pad or through the use of sutures provided through apertures 140 . in particular , at his point the surgeon has the option of attaching sutures to the foot 135 through openings 140 to secure the device to the patient , or can expose an adhesive surface on the underside of the foot 135 . the foot 135 also pushes back on the lower tube 115 , thus providing a compression force to the elongated spring housed within the lower tube 115 . the exposed distal shaft 605 is in its normal position in fig6 . the extent to which the tip 230 of the shaft 205 initially protrudes into the body of the patient ( in the uncompressed position ) may be adjusted by moving the locking assembly 120 upward or downward ( e . g ., by rotating ). in connection with this , the locking assembly 120 permits the upper tube assembly 110 and lower tube assembly 115 to be held in place at desired lengths through a tightening means . in an embodiment , the tightening means may consist of rotating fixed attachment that can be adjusted by the operator . with reference to fig7 , when it is desired to insert the instrument tip 230 further into the patient , pressure is applied at the instrument handle assembly 220 . in particular , when further reach is required by the surgeon , pressure is applied to the handle assembly 220 and distal portion 225 of the shaft 205 is extended further out . the compression of the elongated spring 130 inside the tube 115 can provide extra support to the shaft , further increasing its strength and rigidity . indeed , the pressure applied is transferred to both the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 . since the elongated spring is housed within the lower tube 115 , the lower elongated spring 130 compresses , permitting the distal end 225 of the shaft 205 to extend outwards and into the patient . as the lower tube 115 compresses in size , the exposed distal shaft 605 expands directly proportional to the distance moved by the compression of the lower tube 115 . importantly , the large diameter sleeve ( i . e ., tubes 110 , 115 and elongated spring 130 ) surrounds the small diameter instrument shaft 205 , thereby increasing its strength , rigidity and load carrying capacity by adding support and reducing the instrument &# 39 ; s ability to bend . referring now to fig8 , a strengthening device 400 having an elongated spring within the upper tube 110 is illustrated in use . the instrument tip 230 may be inserted into a patient and the device 400 secured to the body of a patient in the manner described above . when it is desired to insert the instrument tip 230 further into the patient , pressure is applied at the instrument handle assembly 220 , thus compressing the elongated spring and collapsing the upper tube 110 . as the upper tube 110 compresses in size , the exposed distal shaft 605 expands directly proportional to the distance moved . as indicated , the tubes 110 , 115 and elongated spring within the upper tube 110 ) surrounds the small diameter instrument shaft 205 , thereby increasing its strength , rigidity and load carrying capacity by adding support and reducing the instrument &# 39 ; s ability to bend . with respect to fig9 an isometric view of a strengthening device 300 for an instrument shaft according to another embodiment of the invention is illustrated . strengthening device 300 is substantially similar to strengthening device 100 , where like reference numerals designate like parts . as shown therein , both the upper tube 110 and lower tube 115 house elongated springs 305 , 310 , respectively , therein . the use of two elongated springs 305 , 310 in the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 provide a greater degree of rigidity and strength to the medical device and , more particularly , to the shaft 205 of the medical device , as discussed in detail below . as illustrated in fig6 , the elongated springs 305 , 310 are preferably fully contained within the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 . the tubes 110 , 115 are collapsible and / or compressible to conform to the elongated springs 305 , 310 . the telescoping tubes are also collapsible . typically the upper spring 305 slides into the upper tube 110 and is retrained between the locking assembly 120 and the attachment mechanism 105 . lower spring 310 slides into the lower tube 115 and is retained between the locking assembly 120 and the swivel ball joint assembly 145 . in particular , the elongated springs 305 , 310 are held in place by the force they apply at their respective ends . referring now to fig1 , in operation , as both collapsible tubes 110 , 115 are compressed by the force exerted on them by the instrument handle assembly 220 , they begin to compress to a smaller length . in particular , as the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 compresses in size , their combined compression distance ( i . e ., shortening ) corresponds with the extra distance the exposed distal shaft 605 travels into the patient . importantly , during this compression , the tubes 110 , 115 and elongated springs 305 , 310 surround the small diameter instrument shaft 205 , thereby increasing its strength , rigidity and load carrying capacity by adding support and reducing the instrument &# 39 ; s ability to bend . with respect to fig1 an isometric view of a strengthening device 500 for an instrument shaft according to yet another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated . the strengthening device 500 is generally similar to the device 100 described above , where like reference numerals designate like parts . however , as shown therein , the device 500 includes a single collapsible tube 150 that extends from the foot 135 to the attachment mechanism 105 ( rather than upper and lower tubes ). in this embodiment , a single elongated spring 405 is housed within the tube 150 . as illustrated in fig1 , in use , after the percutaneous skin is penetrated by the instrument tip 230 , the foot 135 protects the strengthening device 500 from sliding into the patient and also provides a resistance pressure that is used to help compress the elongated spring 405 and collapsible tube 150 . as discussed above , this allows the exposed distal shaft 605 to penetrate further into the patient , while providing support to the portion of the shaft 205 outside of the patient &# 39 ; s body . the foot 135 pushes back minimally against the surface of the patient &# 39 ; s skin , thereby not interfering with the normal inward and outward motion of the instrument during the procedure . this force can be adjusted to balance the device against the forces or friction and gravity , or can be reduced or increased to provide a counter force that helps control the instrument &# 39 ; s position . the foot 135 may be fabricated of but not limited to plastics , or metal alloys . it may be secured through suture holes 140 located along the circumference . the foot 135 may be held against the skin with a force from the sleeve , or may be physically attached to the patient via sutures or adhesive materials . in the case that trocars are being used with the instrument , the foot 135 would be pressed against the trocar rather than the skin , but would be held there by the same forces and mechanisms . notably , the device 500 of fig1 and 12 provides a great amount of collapsibility and strengthening to an instrument used therewith . as pressure is exerted downwards on the tube 150 and spring 405 , the spring 405 compresses and becomes more rigid , thereby transferring that rigidity to the shaft or medical device . in an embodiment , the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 of the devices according to the various embodiments described above are made out of plastics , aluminum or metal alloys , although other materials may also be utilized without departing from the broader aspects of the present invention . the upper and lower tubes 110 , 115 are collapsible , thus decreasing in length as greater pressure is applied permitting the elongated springs therewithin to compress and provide rigidity to the shaft or medical instrument . in an embodiment , the tubes 110 , 115 may have crimped or ridged edges along their circumference that permit their lengths to collapse and conform to shorter spring length during use , as discussed above . it should be noted that the strengthening devices disclosed herein are not limited to providing rigidity and strength to just a laparoscopic instrument shaft but also other elongated instruments or devices that would benefit from increased load carrying capacity or increased rigidity . in any of the various embodiments described above , the compression of the elongated spring provides rigidity and strength to the instrument shaft received therethrough . this is accomplished by the compression action of the spring ( s ), forming a wall , further limiting the movement of the shaft that is outside the patient but inside the sleeve / spring . importantly , the strengthening device is adapted to strengthen the shaft of an instrument extending sleeve by applying a biasing force to the shaft of the instrument . the device may be directly coupled to a proximal part of the instrument , to a port , or may be coupled directly to a patient , and may be permanently coupled to the instrument or manually coupled to the instrument as needed . the strengthening device also includes a mechanism which applies an equalizing force to the tubular member and is adjustable . as the surgical instrument is extended through the opening the medical instrument is further stabilized by the axial force applied by a ballast spring or other feature . moreover , as discussed hereinbefore , the swivel ball joint assembly 145 allows movement of the strengthening device 100 and shafts supported by the device 100 to pivot at different angles , permitting the distal end of the strengthening device 100 ( attached to an instrument head , not shown ) to reach areas inside the patient that wouldn &# 39 ; t normally not be accessible while being supported by the foot 135 . although this invention has been shown and described with respect to the detailed embodiments thereof , it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention . in addition , modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof . therefore , it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the above detailed description , but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of this disclosure . | 0 |
having reference to the drawings , wherein like reference numerals indicate corresponding elements , there is shown in fig1 an illustration of a septic tank 20 having end walls 22 , sidewalls 24 ( only one shown ), and a bottom wall 26 . liquid wastewater , generally denoted by reference numeral 28 , is contained within the tank 20 ; the wastewater 28 generally comprises three zones or layers , namely the lowermost or sludge layer 30 , the relatively clear effluent or middle layer 32 , and an uppermost or scum layer 34 . an inlet line 36 extends through an opening 38 in the right sidewall 22 ( see fig1 ). a sanitary tee 40 is affixed to inlet line 36 at its innermost end within the tank 30 , and carries a downwardly - extending inlet pipe extension 42 . similarly , an outlet line 44 , which communicates with the drain or so - called leech field ( not shown ), extends into the interior of the tank 20 through an opening 46 in left end wall 22 . the outlet line 44 also carries a sanitary tee 48 , which includes a downwardly - extending outlet pipe extension 50 . as best seen in fig1 - 3 , the pipe extension 50 carries a gas baffle device , generally denoted by reference numeral 52 . in the preferred embodiment , the gas baffle device 52 generally comprises two portions , namely a mounting strap portion 54 and an integral combination of a baffle plate 56 and a support post 58 . as shown in fig2 4 , and 7 , the mounting strap 54 has a connection box or bracket 60 formed at the rear center thereof . the connector bracket 60 comprises sidewalls 62 , rear wall 64 which has an opening 66 , and an upper , rearwardly - extending stop wall 68 . the two ends of strap 54 are respectively formed with gusseted screw receiver ends , generally denoted by reference numerals 70 , 72 . each of the screw receiver ends 70 , 72 has a facing wall 74 . as seen in fig7 when the strap 54 is in its mounted position , the facing walls 74 are somewhat angled one to the other ( by a minor angle of β taken off the radial center line x in fig7 which angle β in the preferred embodiment is approximately 30 °); the advantage of this angled mating alignment is described more fully later herein . each of the gusseted ends 70 , 72 have gusset walls 76 for strengthening the facing wall 74 relative to the strap 54 . preferably , the entire strap 54 , including the gusseted ends 70 , 72 and the connector bracket 60 , is formed as one integrally cast plastic piece , such as injection - molded out of polypropelene , for example . a fastener 78 , preferably made of nylon or other suitably strong plastic material , has a threaded portion 80 and an enlarged head portion 82 terminating in a turning flange 84 . in use , the threaded end 80 is placed through a pilot hole 86 formed in facing wall 74 of gusseted end 70 , and then placed through an undersize hole 88 formed on facing wall 74 of gusseted end 72 ( see fig4 and 7 ). the second major component of the gas baffle device 52 , in its preferred form , besides the above - described strap portion 54 , is the combination of the baffle plate 56 and support post 58 , as best seen in fig2 , 4 and 8 . the baffle plate 56 and support post 58 are preferably formed as one integral unit , such as of injection - molded polypropelene , for example . the baffle plate 56 is formed at an angle α relative to the horizontal , i . e ., to the top of wastewater 28 ( see fig2 ). in the preferred embodiment the angle α is approximately 30 ° . the support post 58 is generally u - channeled in shape , and has formed within it at the upper end thereof an inwardly - slanted cross support member 90 . the rear surface 92 of support post 58 is formed with an outwardly - extending , ball - shaped detent dimple 94 . as described more fully below , the dimple 94 is used for engaging the detent opening 66 in rear wall 64 of connector bracket 60 . the underside 112 of baffle plate 56 is formed , at its peripheral edge , with a downwardly - extending collector rim 96 . this rim is interrupted by an opening 98 at the uppermost portion of the undersurface 112 of plate 56 adjacent the rear surface 92 of support post 58 . i now turn to the installation and operation of the improved gas baffle device 52 of the present invention . the mounting strap 54 ( which normally in the preferred embodiment will lie relatively flat prior to installation ) is flexibly bent into a generally cylindrical shape so as to surround the outlet pipe extension 50 ( see fig2 - 4 and 7 ). the fastener 78 is inserted into the pilot hole 86 of gusseted end 70 and then inserted through the undersized hole 88 of gusseted end 72 . fastener 78 is drawn tight by twisting the head 84 . preferably , a thickened section or boss 100 is formed on the rear surface of facing wall 74 of gusseted end 72 ; this is to provide more material for , i . e ., provide greater holding power to , the threaded end 80 of fastener 78 . because the strap 54 is fastened directly onto the outlet pipe extension 50 through fastener 78 and gusseted ends 70 , 72 , it is seen that the gas baffle device 52 can be adjustably raised or lowered relative to the vertical length of pipe extension 42 . additionally , by selecting an appropriate length for strap 54 , it can be tightened about extension pipe 42 without the respective facing walls 74 of gusseted ends 70 , 72 72 touching when strap 54 is completely tightened . the fact that the mating walls 74 are preferably angled towards one another yet never touch helps assure that the strap 54 , when fastener 78 is properly tightened , will clamp tightly about pipe 50 . also , because of the screw adjustment feature for tightening strap 54 to pipe 42 , the present invention can be used with any of the various sizes of so - called 3 &# 34 ; or 4 &# 34 ; polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ) or other plastic plumbing pipe . for example , the baffle device 52 can be readily securely fastened onto the relatively large outer diameter 4 &# 34 ; 0 pipe known as schedule 40 , or instead to the relatively small outer diameter 4 &# 34 ; pipe known as sdr 35 . in the preferred embodiment , the length of the strap 54 ( from point &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; to point &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; in fig7 so as to effectively surround and tightly fasten to the circumference of any known 4 &# 34 ; extension pipe 50 ) is 13 . 1 &# 34 ;, while the length of strap 54 ( so as to accommodate the circumference of any known 3 &# 34 ; pipe ) is 10 . 5 &# 34 ;. preferably , before strap 54 has been adjustably mounted to and secured about pipe extension 50 , the other component , i . e ., the combination of baffle plate 56 and support post 58 , should be connected to strap 54 . this is done by slidably inserting the free end 102 of the support post 58 upwardly into the lowermost end 104 of the connector bracket 60 . in this manner , the outermost surfaces of the u - shaped support post 58 are snuggly engaged within sidewalls 62 and rear wall 64 , and detent dimple 94 on post 58 is engaged and entrapped within the mating detent opening 66 on rear wall 64 . the rearwardly extending stopwall 68 on strap 54 acts to prevent any unwanted and excessive vertical movement of post 58 relative to connector bracket 60 and strap 54 . preferably , the relative dimensions of the mating surfaces of the support post 58 and connector bracket 60 are such as to have a close , i . e ., snug sliding fit with one another . that is , this fit must be such so as not to have so &# 34 ; sloppy &# 34 ; a fit as to permit the support post 58 to be able to be unduly angularly skewed relative to the connector box walls 62 and 64 . thus , due to the generally vertical alignment of support post 58 by connector bracket 60 , the baffle plate 56 is maintained in a fixed angled position relative to opening 106 of outlet pipe extension 50 . stated another way , the fixed interconnection between connector bracket 60 and support post 58 maintains the baffle plate 56 in a centrally aligned position ( from left to right -- see fig3 and from front to back -- see fig2 ) relative to the opening 106 of extension pipe 50 ; this interconnection also acts to maintain the plate 56 at the desired angle α ( see fig2 ) relative to outlet line opening 106 . as seen in fig2 and 3 , the plate 56 is purposely formed somewhat larger in cross - sectional size than the opening 106 , so as to effectively cover the same from rising gas bubbles 110 . in the preferred embodiment the baffle plate 56 and support post 58 are an integral unit preferably injection molded or otherwise cast out of plastic ; thus , the plate 56 is able to be flexibly moved in a vertical place perpendicular to rear wall 64 of connector box 60 ; see the extended , flexibly - bent position of plate 56 shown in phantom in fig1 and 2 . if the head of a septic tank cleaning unit ( not shown ) is forced through the sanitary tee 48 , outlet pipe extension 50 , and out opening 106 , so as to be in a position to engage plate 56 , then the plate 56 will be temporarily bent down out of the way ( to the phantom position of fig2 ). in this manner , neither baffle plate 56 nor support post 68 are damaged during tank cleaning . plate 56 then will readily realign itself to its normal operating position of fig2 and 3 when the tank cleaning head ( not shown ) is removed . in the preferred embodiment , gusset wings 108 are used to strengthen the juncture of integrally - molded support post 58 and baffle plate 56 . in operation , the baffle plate 56 and downwardly - extending collector rim 96 cooperate to trap any upwardly - rising gas bubbles , which often carry solid particulate , that may try to enter the opening 106 of outlet extension pipe 50 . as best seen in fig2 , and 8 , the upwardly - rising gas bubbles 110 will contact the underneath surface 112 of baffle plate 56 and generally move therealong to the plate &# 39 ; s peripheral edge until contacting rim 96 . at that point , they are guided by rim 96 until reaching the opening 98 , whereupon they are allowed to freely escape outside of pipe 50 , generally going vertically up the rear surface 92 of support post 58 . in this manner , the gas bubbles 110 and any associated particulate ( not shown ) are prevented from entering opening 106 of outlet line 44 . the present gas baffle device 52 can be readily installed in a new septic tank ( preferably one having a sanitary tee 48 and outlet pipe extension 50 ), or alternatively , can be used in retrofit situations where a septic tank that is being repaired or cleaned can have its outlet line 44 similarly fitted with a sanitary tee 48 and pipe 50 . advantageously , with the present device , support post 58 can be adjusted relative to connector bracket 60 . thus , the relative height of gas baffle plate 56 can be adjusted relative to the opening 106 of outlet pipe extension 50 . in one device made in accordance with the present invention , that height adjustment amounted to approximately 11 / 2 . importantly , the present invention &# 39 ; s gas baffle device need not be formed or installed at the location of the septic tank manufacturer . instead , it can be field - installed at the septic tank installation site . further , the installer need not use any tools , but can simply hand - tighten the fastener 78 of strap 54 to mount the gas baffle device 52 to the septic tank &# 39 ; s extended outlet line 50 . since in the preferred embodiment the present baffle device is made from injection - molded plastic materials , it is relatively inexpensive . also , only one of the present baffle devices need be installed on that outlet opening of the septic tank which has the actual outlet line , rather than a device used with every potential outlet opening , as is required by many prior gas baffle devices . advantageously , none of the tank 20 or its piping components , such as outlet line 44 , sanitary tee 48 , or extension pipe 50 , need be modified for use with the present gas baffle device . if desired , the present baffle can even be made as one overall unit , i . e ., with strap 54 , post 58 , and plate 56 all formed as one , preferably as an injection - molded plastic piece . alternatively the combination baffle plate 56 and support post 58 can be made as separate pieces and then suitably joined during installation so as to be operable as described above . from the foregoing , it is believed that those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the unique features and advantages of the present invention over previous types of gas baffle devices for on - site waste disposal systems . further , it is to be understood that while the present invention has been described in relation to a particular preferred embodiment as set forth in the accompanying drawings and as above described , the same nevertheless is susceptible to change , variation and substitution of equivalents without departure from the spirit and scope of this invention . it is therefore intended that the present invention be unrestricted by the foregoing description and drawings , except as may appear in the following appended claims . | 2 |
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