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“ enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission ,” as used herein , refers to increasing or improving the neuronal process whereby serotonin is released by a pre - synaptic cell upon excitation and crosses the synapse to stimulate or inhibit the post - synaptic cell . “ chemical dependency ,” as used herein , means an abnormal craving or desire for , or an addiction to a drug . such drugs are generally administered to the affected individual by any of a variety of means of administration , including oral , parenteral , nasal or by inhalation . examples of chemical dependencies treatable by the methods of the present invention are dependencies on alcohol , nicotine , cocaine , amphetamine and other psychostimulants , morphine , heroin and other opioid agonists , phenobarbital and other barbiturates , and benzodiazepines such as diazepam and others . “ treating a chemical dependency ,” as used herein , means reducing or alleviating such dependency . a “ unit dosage form ” as used herein is any form that contains a unit dose of the dopamine agonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , of the compound of formula i or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , or of the dopamine agonist or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the compound of formula i or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . a unit dosage form may be , for example , a tablet or a capsule . a unit dose may be an amount which may be predetermined , for example , by a physician . a “ monoamine reuptake inhibitor ” as used herein is a reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine serotonin , norepinephrine , dopamine or a combination thereof . examples of the disorders or conditions which may be treated by the methods , compositions and kits of this invention are as follows : depression , including depression in cancer patients , depression in parkinson &# 39 ; s patients , postmyocardial infarction depression , subsyndromal symptomatic depression , depression in infertile women , pediatric depression , major depression , single episode depression , recurrent depression , child abuse induced depression , and post partum depression , dsm - iv major depression , treatment - refractory major depression , bipolar depression bp i , bipolar depression bp ii ; phobias , including agoraphobia , social phobia and simple phobias ; sexual dysfunction , including premature ejaculation ; eating disorders , including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa ; chemical dependencies , including addictions to alcohol , cocaine , heroin , phenolbarbitol , nicotine and benzodiazepines ; memory disorders , including dementia , amnestic disorders , and age - related cognitive decline ( arcd ); parkinson &# 39 ; s diseases , including dementia in parkinson &# 39 ; s disease , neuroleptic - induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesias ; endocrine disorders , including hyperprolactinaemia ; vasospasm , including a vasospasm in the cerebral vasculature ; gastrointestinal tract disorders , including gastrointestinal tract disorders involving changes in motility and secretion ; cancer , including small cell lung carcinoma ; headache , including headache associated with vascular disorders . as used herein , “ mammal ” means any member of the class mammalia . as an example , the mammal in need of the treatment may be a human . as another example , the mammal in need of the treatment may be a mammal other than a human . dopamine agonists which may be used in the present invention may include selective d2 / d3 agonists and nonselective dopamine agonists , which may include dopamine / β - adrenergic receptor agonists ; dopamine / opiate receptor agonists ; and dopamine agonists / α 2 - adrenergic antagonists . exemplary dopamine agonists which may be used in accordance with this invention include those having structure ii shown below . or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof with an inorganic or organic acid , wherein r 14 represents a hydrogen atom , an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms , an alkenyl or alkynyl group each having 3 to 6 carbon atoms , an alkanoyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms , a phenyl alkyl or phenyl alkanoyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl part , wherein each phenyl may be substituted by 1 or 2 halogen atoms , r 15 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms , r 16 represents a hydrogen atom , an alkyl group with 1 to 7 carbon atoms , a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms , an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms , an alkanoyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms , a phenyl alkyl or phenyl alkanoyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl part , wherein each phenyl may be substituted by fluorine , chlorine or bromine atoms , r 17 represents a hydrogen atom , an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms , an alkenyl or alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms , or r 16 and r 17 together with the nitrogen atom between them represent a pyrrolidino , piperidino , hexamethyleneimino or morpholino group . compounds of structure ii may be prepared , for example , as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 886 , 812 . an exemplary compound of structure ii is pramipexole . exemplary dopamine agonists which may be used in accordance with this invention also include those having structure iii shown below . wherein r 18 , r 19 , and r 20 are each independently hydrogen , c 1 - 6 alkyl , c 2 - 6 alkenyl , or c 2 - 6 alkynyl , c 3 - 10 cycloalkyl , or r 18 and r 1 g are joined to form together with the nitrogen of nr 18 r 19 a c 3 - 7 cyclic amine which can contain in addition to said nitrogen one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of n , s and o ; x 1 is hydrogen , c 1 - 6 alkyl , halogen , hydroxy , c 1 - 6 alkoxy , cyano , carboxamide , carboxyl , or c 1 - c 6 alkoxycarbonyl ; a 1 is so 2 , n , ch , ch 2 , chch 3 , c ═ o , c ═ s , chsch 3 , c ═ nh , cnh 2 , cnhch 3 , cnhcooch 3 , or cnhcn ; b 1 is ch 2 , ch , c ═ o , n , nh or n — ch 3 ; n is 0 or 1 ; and d is ch , ch 2 , c ═ o , o , n , nh or n — ch 3 ; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof . compounds of structure iii may be prepared , for example , as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 273 , 975 incorporated by reference herein . an exemplary compound of structure iii is sumanirole . examples of dopamine agonists which may be used in the present invention also include bromocriptine , lysuride , pergolide , aripiprazole and cabergoline . the following are more specific embodiments of groups g 1 and g 2 of the compound of formula i the compounds of formula i include all stereoisomers , such as cis and trans isomers , and all optical isomers of compounds of the formula i , such as r and s enantiomers , as well as racemic , diastereomeric and other mixtures of such isomers . the compounds of formula i may contain c ═ c double bonds . when such bonds are present , the compounds of formula i exist as cis and trans configurations and as mixtures thereof . unless otherwise indicated , the alkyl and alkenyl groups referred to herein , as well as the alkyl moieties of other groups referred to herein , such as alkoxy , may be linear or branched , and they may also be cyclic , such as cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , or cyclohexyl or be linear or branched and contain cyclic moieties . unless otherwise indicated , halogen includes fluorine , chlorine , bromine , and iodine . preferred compounds of the formula i include those wherein r 1 is preferred compounds of the formula i also include those wherein y , together with the atoms to which it is attached , forms an optionally substituted five to seven membered heterocycle selected from the group consisting of 1 , 3 thiazolidin - 2 , 4 - dion - 5 - yl , 1 , 3 imidazolidin - 2 , 4 - dion - 5 - yl , thiomorpholin - 3 - on - 2 - yl or morpholin - 3 - on - 2 - yl . preferred compounds of the formula i also include those wherein r 3 is optionally substituted phenyl or —( ch 2 )- optionally substituted phenyl . 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- imidazolidine - 2 , 4 - dione ; 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- imidazolidine - 2 , 4 - dione ; 3 -( 4 - chlorobenzyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiazolidine - 2 , 4 - dione ; 4 - benzyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiazolidine - 2 , 4 - dione ; 3 -( 4 - trifluoromethyphenyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiazol id ine - 2 , 4 - dione ; 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 6 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- morpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 - methyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; and 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -( 2 - piperazin - 1 - ylbenzylidene )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 - benzyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 1 , 1 - dioxothiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 3 - fluoro - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 5 - fluoro - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- 5 - trifluoromethyl - benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -{ 2 -[ 4 -( 2 - methoxyethyl ) piperazin - 1 - yl ]- benzyl idene } thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - isopropylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - ethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 - chloro - 6 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- 4 - trifluoromethyl - benzyl idene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 1 - oxo - thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -( 5 - fluoro - 2 - piperazin - 1 - yl - benzylidene )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 3 , 6 - difluoro - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 - phenyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 4 , 5 - trimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 5 - fluoro - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 - phenyl - thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl - 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyldene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - tert - butylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiazolidin - 4 - one ; 3 -[ 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 3 - oxo - thiomorpholin - 2 - ylidenemethyl ]- 6 - dimethylamino - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzonitrile ; 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 2 - phenylthiazolidin - 4 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 4 , 5 - trimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 5 - methyl - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 4 - chloro - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 2 , 4 - difluorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 4 - bromo - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 1 - methylpyrrolidin - 2 - ylmethoxy )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 5 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 4 , 5 - trimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( octahydropyrido [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyrazin - 2 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one , 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - cyclopropylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 - pyridin - 3 - yl - thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - cyclopropylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - cyclopropylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 3 , 5 - dichlorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 5 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 - methylaminopyrrolidin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - difluorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 2 , 4 , 5 - trimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - cyclopropylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one : 4 - benzo [ 1 , 3 ] dioxol - 5 - yl - 2 -[ 2 -( 2 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 - dimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 - phenylthiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 - dimethylaminopyrrolidin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 - dimethylaminopyrrolidin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methyl -[ 1 , 4 ] diazepan - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 2 , 4 , 6 - trimethylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; and 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - cyclopropylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiazolidine - 2 , 4 - dione ; 2 -[ 2 , 4 - dibromo - 6 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 3 , 4dichlorophenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]-[ 1 , 4 ] oxazepan - 3 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]-[ 1 , 4 , 5 ] oxadiazepan - 3 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]-[ 1 , 4 ] thiazepan - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -{ 2 -[( 2 - dimethylaminoethyl )- methyl - amino ]- benzylidene }- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 1 - methylpiperidin - 4 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 1 , 4 - dimethylpiperidin - 4 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholine - 3 , 5 - dione ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 2 - dimethylaminoethoxy )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - isopropylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 1 - methylpyrrolidin - 3 - ylmethyl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -{ 2 -[ methyl -( 1 - methylpyrrolidin - 2 - ylmethyl )- amino ]- benzylidene }- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 1 - methylpyrrolidin - 2 - ylmethoxy )- benzyl idene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 -{ 2 -[ 2 -( 1 - methylpyrrolidin - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- benzylidene }- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 1 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- piperazin - 2 - one ; 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 1 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- piperazin - 2 - one ; 1 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- piperazin - 2 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- morpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 4 - fluoro - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 5 - fluoro - 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -{ 1 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- phenyl ]- ethylidene }- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 6 - methyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one ; 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 , 2 - dimethyl - 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiazolidin - 4 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]-[ 1 , 4 ] oxazepan - 3 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4h - 1 , 4 ] thiazin - 3 - one ; 1 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 4 , 6 , 6 - trimethyl - 3 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- piperazin - 2 - one ; 1 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 4 - methyl - 3 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- piperazin - 2 - one ; 4 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- morpholin - 3 - one ; 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- oxazolidin - 4 - one ; 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 , 2 - dimethyl - 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- imidazolidin - 4 - one ; and 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 5 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- imidazolidin - 4 - one . the compounds of the formula i which are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of different salts with various inorganic and organic acids . although such salts must be pharmaceutically acceptable for administration to animals , it is often desirable in practice to initially isolate a compound of the formula i from a reaction mixture as described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 380 , 186 as a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt and then simply convert the latter back to the free base compound by treatment with an alkaline reagent , and subsequently convert the free base to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt . the acid addition salts of the base compounds of formula i are readily prepared , for example , by treating the base compound with a substantially equivalent amount of the chosen mineral or organic acid in an aqueous solvent medium or in a suitable organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol . upon careful evaporation of the solvent , the desired solid salt is obtained . the acids which are used to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the basic compounds of formula i and of the dopamine agonists are those which form non - toxic acid addition salts , i . e ., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions , such as the hydrochloride , hydrobromide , hydroiodide , nitrate , sulfate , bisulfate , phosphate , acid phosphate , acetate , lactate , citrate , acid citrate , tartrate , bitartrate , succinate , maleate , fumarate , gluconate , saccharate , benzoate , methanesulfonate , ethanesulfonate , benzenesulfonate , p - toluenesulfonate and pamoate [ 1 , 1 ′- methylene - bis -( 2 - hydroxy - 3 - naphthoate )] salts , as described , for example , in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 380 , 186 . those compounds of the formula i which are also acidic in nature , for example , where r 3 includes a cooh or tetrazole moiety , are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations . examples of such salts include the alkali metal or alkaline - earth metal salts and particularly , the sodium and potassium salts . these salts are all prepared by conventional techniques . the chemical bases which are used as reagents to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of formula i are those which form non - toxic base salts with the herein described acidic compounds of formula i . these non - toxic base salts include those derived from such pharmacologically acceptable cations as sodium , potassium , calcium and magnesium , etc . these salts can easily be prepared by treating the corresponding acidic compounds with an aqueous solution containing the desired pharmacologically acceptable cations , and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness , preferably under reduced pressure . alternatively , they may also be prepared by mixing lower alkanolic solutions of the acidic compounds and the desired alkali metal alkoxide together , and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness in the same manner as before . in either case , stoichiometric quantities of reagents are preferably employed in order to ensure completeness of reaction and maximum product yields . the chemical bases that may be used as reagents to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of those compounds of formula i that are acidic in nature are those that form non - toxic base salts with such compounds . such non - toxic base salts include , but are not limited to those derived from such pharmacologically acceptable cations such as alkali metal cations such as potassium and sodium and alkaline earth metal cations such as calcium and magnesium , ammonium or water - soluble amine addition salts such as n - methylglucamine ( meglumine ), and the lower alkanolammonium and other base salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines , as described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 380 , 186 . compounds of the formula i and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful psychotherapeutics and are preferably potent agonists and / or antagonists of the serotonin 1a ( 5 - ht 1a ) and / or serotonin 1b ( 5 - ht 1b ) receptors . the compounds of the formula i are useful in the treatment of hypertension , depression , generalized anxiety disorder , phobias such as agoraphobia , social phobia and simple phobias , posttraumatic stress syndrome , avoidant personality disorder , sexual dysfunction such as premature ejaculation , eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa , obesity , chemical dependencies such as addictions to alcohol , cocaine , heroin , phenolbarbitol , nicotine and benzodiazepines , cluster headache , migraine , pain , alzheimer &# 39 ; s disease , obsessive - compulsive disorder , panic disorder , memory disorders such as dementia , amnestic disorders , and age - related cognitive decline ( arcd ), parkinson &# 39 ; s diseases such as dementia in parkinson &# 39 ; s disease , neuroleptic - induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesias , endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinaemia , vasospasm , particularly in the cerebral vasculature , cerebellar ataxia , gastrointestinal tract disorders , such as involving changes in motility and secretion , negative symptoms of schizophrenia , premenstrual syndrome , fibromyalgia syndrome , stress incontinence , tourette syndrome , trichotillomania , kleptomania , male impotence , cancer such as small cell lung carcinoma , chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and headache , such as headache associated with vascular disorders . the compounds of formula i and the dopamine agonist of the composition of the invention may be further combined with one or more other therapeutic agents , for instance , different antidepressant agents such as tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline , dothiepin , doxepin , trimipramine , butripyline , clomipramine , desipramine , imipramine , iprindole , lofepramine , nortriptyline or protriptyline , monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid , phenelzine or tranylcyclopramine or monoamine reuptake inhibitors such as fluvoxamine , sertraline , fluoxetine or paroxetine , and / or with antiparkinsonian agents such as dopaminergic antiparkinsonian agents such as levodopa , preferably in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor such as benserazide or carbidopa , and / or therapeutic agents which do not appreciably block monoamine uptake or affect monoamine oxidase such as mirtazapine , mianserin , bupropion , lithium salts , antiepileptic drugs such as caramazepine , valproate , lamotrigine , topiramate , gabapentin , pregabalin . it will be understood that the present invention covers the combination of a compound of general formula ( i ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with a dopamine agonist and with one or more such therapeutic agents , such as , for example , monoamine reuptake inhibitors , which include serotonin ( 5 - ht ) reuptake inhibitors . the monoamine reuptake inhibitor may have additional pharmacological properties , for example , antagonism of 5 - ht 1a or 5 - ht 2a / c receptors . monoamine reuptake inhibition is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays such as those disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 536 , 518 . sertraline , ( 1s - cis )- 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - n - methyl - 1 - naphthalen - amine , which has the chemical formula c 17 h 17 cl 2 , is an exemplary monoamine reuptake inhibitor . its synthesis is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 536 , 518 assigned to pfizer inc . the combination of the compounds of the formula i or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and a dopamine agonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is also referred herein to as “ the active combination .” the composition of the present invention may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers . thus , the active combinations of the invention may be formulated for oral , buccal , intranasal , parenteral ( e . g ., intravenous , intramuscular or subcutaneous ) or rectal administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation . for oral administration , the pharmaceutical composition may take the form of , for example , tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents such as pregelatinized maize starch , polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ; fillers such as lactose , microcrystalline cellulose or calcium phosphate ; lubricants such as magnesium stearate , talc or silica ; disintegrants such as potato starch or sodium starch glycolate ; or wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate . the tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art . liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of , for example , solutions , syrups or suspensions , or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use . such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents such as sorbitol syrup , methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats ; emulsifying agents such as lecithin or acacia , non - aqueous vehicles such as almond oil , oily esters or ethyl alcohol ; and preservatives such as methyl or propyl p - hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid . for buccal administration , the composition may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner . the composition of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection , including using conventional catheterization techniques or infusion . formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form , for example , in ampoules or in multi - dose containers , with an added preservative . the compositions of the present invention may take such forms as suspensions , solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles , and may contain formulating agents such as suspending , stabilizing and / or dispersing agents . alternatively , the active ingredient may be in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle , for example , sterile pyrogen - free water , before use . the composition of the present invention may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas , for example , containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides . for intranasal administration or administration by inhalation , the compositions of the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of a solution or suspension from a pump spray container that is squeezed or pumped by the patient or as an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized container or a nebulizer , with the use of a suitable propellant , for example , dichlorodifluoromethane , trichlorofluoromethane , dichlorotetrafluoroethane , carbon dioxide or other suitable gas . in the case of a pressurized aerosol , the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount . the pressurized container or nebulizer may contain a solution or suspension of the compositions of the present invention . capsules and cartridges , made , for example , from gelatin , for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of an active compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch . an exemplary dose of the composition of the present invention for oral , parenteral or buccal administration to the average adult human for the treatment of the conditions referred to above , such as depression , is about 0 . 1 to about 200 mg of the active compound of formula i and of about 0 . 1 to about 300 mg of the dopamine agonist per unit dose which could be administered , for example , 1 to 4 times per day . the composition of this invention may contain , for example , cabergoline , sumanirole or pramipexole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as the dopamine agonist and 4 - benzyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one , 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one , or 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i . an exemplary daily dose of the dopamine agonist in a pharmaceutical composition of this invention for oral , parenteral , rectal or buccal administration to the average adult human for the treatment of the conditions referred to above is from about 0 . 1 to about 300 mg of dopamine agonist per unit dose administered 1 to 3 times per day , such as about 0 . 1 mg to about 2 mg of pramipexole , preferably from about 0 . 25 mg to about 1 . 5 mg of pramipexole per unit dose which could be administered , for example 1 to 3 times per day . another exemplary daily dose of the dopamine agonist is from about 1 mg to about 50 mg of sumanirole per unit dose which could be administered , for example 1 to 3 times per day . another exemplary daily dose of the dopamine agonist is from about 1 mg to about 10 mg of cabergoline per unit dose which could be administered , for example 1 to 3 times per day . exemplary and preferred doses for other dopamine agonists are determined on a compound by compound basis . 4 - benzyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one , 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one , or 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethyl - phenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one may each be present in an amount between about 0 . 1 to about 200 mg , preferably about 0 . 5 to about 10 mg . in an exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 0 . 5 mg of 4 - benzyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzyl idene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 0 . 5 mg of pramipexole as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 0 . 5 mg of 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 1 . 0 mg of pramipexole as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 0 . 5 mg of 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 0 . 25 mg of pramipexole as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 0 . 5 mg of 4 - benzyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 10 mg of sumanirole as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 0 . 5 mg of 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 20 mg of sumanirole as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 5 mg of 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 0 . 5 mg of sumanirole as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 0 . 5 mg of 4 - benzyl - 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 5 mg of cabergoline as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 0 . 5 mg of 4 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 10 mg of cabergoline as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . in another exemplary embodiment , the composition of this invention contains about 5 mg of 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - methylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- benzylidene ]- 4 -( 4 - trifluoromethylphenyl )- thiomorpholin - 3 - one as the compound of formula i and about 2 . 5 mg of cabergoline as the dopamine agonist and the composition is administered three times per day . the dopamine agonist and the compound of formula i may be administered either alone or together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers by either of the routes previously indicated , and such administration can be carried out in both single and multiple dosages . more particularly , the active combination can be administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms , i . e ., they may be combined with various pharmaceutically - acceptable inert carriers in the form of tablets , capsules , lozenges , troches , hard candies , powders , sprays , aqueous suspension , injectable solutions , elixirs , syrups , and the like . such carriers include solid diluents or fillers , sterile aqueous media and various non - toxic organic solvents , etc . moreover , such oral pharmaceutical formulations can be suitably sweetened and / or flavored by means of various agents of the type commonly employed for such purposes . in general , the compounds of formula i are present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from about 0 . 5 % to about 90 % by weight of the total composition , i . e ., in amounts which are sufficient to provide the desired unit dosage , and a dopamine agonist is present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from about 0 . 5 % to about 90 % by weight of the total composition , i . e ., in amounts which are sufficient to provide the desired unit dosage . the dopamine agonists and the compounds of formula i are preferably administered together . the dopamine agonists and the compounds of formula i may also be administered separately in either order , provided that after administration of the first of the two active ingredients , the second active ingredient is administered within 12 hours or less . when administered separately , the dopamine agonists and the compounds of formula i may be separately formulated and separately delivered in the same ways as described herein for the formulation of the compositions of the invention . a preferred dose ratio of a dopamine agonist to an active compound of formula i in the composition of the present invention formulated for oral , parenteral or buccal administration to the average adult human for the treatment of the conditions referred to above is from about 0 . 001 to about 1000 , preferably from about 0 . 001 to about 100 . aerosol formulations for treatment of the conditions referred to above , for example , migraine , in the average adult human are preferably arranged so that each metered dose or “ puff ” of aerosol contains about 20 μg to about 1000 μg of the compound of formula i . the overall daily dose with an aerosol will be within the range about 100 μg to about 10 mg . administration may be several times daily , for example 2 , 3 , 4 or 8 times , giving for example , 1 , 2 or 3 doses each time . aerosol formulations containing a compound of formula i and a dopamine agonist for treatment of the conditions referred to above in the average adult human are preferably arranged so that each metered dose or “ puff ” of aerosol contains about 100 μg to about 10 , 000 μg of the compound of formula i and about 100 μg to about 30 , 000 μg of the dopamine agonist . the overall daily dose with an aerosol will be within the range about 100 μg to about 20 , 000 mg of the compound of formula i and about 100 μg to about 60 , 000 mg of the dopamine agonist . administration may be several times daily , for example 1 , 3 , 4 or 8 times , giving for example , 1 , 2 or 3 doses each time . the affinities of the compounds of the formula i for the various serotonin - 1 receptors can be determined using standard radioligand binding assays as described in the literature . the 5 - ht 1a affinity can be measured using the procedure of hoyer et al . ( brain res ., 376 , 85 ( 1986 )). the 5 - ht 1b affinity can be measured using the procedure of heuring and peroutka ( j . neurosci ., 7 , 894 ( 1987 )). the activity of the compounds of the formula i at the 5 - ht 1b binding site , the activity for 5 - ht 1a binding ability , and the agonist and antagonist activities of the compounds of the formula i at 5 - ht 1a and 5 - ht 1b receptors may be determined as described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 380 , 186 . all compounds of the formula i that were tested exhibited ic 50 &# 39 ; s less than 0 . 60 μm for 5 - ht 1b affinity and ic 50 &# 39 ; s less than 1 . 0 μm for 5 - ht 1a affinity . similarly , the activity at the 5 - ht 1b binding site , the activity for 5 - ht 1a binding ability , and the agonist and antagonist activities of the compositions of the present invention may be determined using the procedures described for the compounds in formula i in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 380 , 186 . the compositions of the invention can be evaluated as anti - migraine agents by testing the extent to which they mimic sumatriptan in contracting the dog isolated saphenous vein strip as described in p . p . a . humphrey et al ., br . j . pharmacol ., 94 , 1128 ( 1988 ). this effect can be blocked by methiothepin , a known serotonin antagonist . sumatriptan is known to be useful in the treatment of migraine and produces a selective increase in carotid vascular resistance in the anesthetized dog . the pharmacological basis of sumatriptan efficacy has been discussed in w . fenwick et al ., br . j . pharmacol ., 96 , 83 ( 1989 ). activity of the active combinations as antidepressants and related pharmacological properties can be determined by methods ( 1 )-( 3 ) below , which are described in koe , b . et al . journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics , 226 ( 3 ), 686 - 700 ( 1983 ). specifically , activity can be determined by studying ( 1 ) their ability to affect the efforts of mice to escape from a swim - tank ( porsolt mouse “ behavior despair ” test ), ( 2 ) their ability to potentiate 5 - hydroxytryptophan - induced behavioral symptoms in mice in vivo , and ( 3 ) their ability to block the uptake of serotonin , norepinephrine and / or dopamine by synaptosomal rat brain cells in vitro . the ability of the active combinations to counteract reserpine hypothermia in mice in vivo can be determined according to the methods described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 029 , 731 . the activity of the active combinations as antidepressants and related pharmacological properties also can be determined by methods ( 4 )-( 8 )) below . specifically , activity can be determined by studying ( 4 ) their ability to reverse the stress - induced decrease in sucrose intake in rodents described in papp , m . et al ., european journal of pharmacology , 261 , 141 - 147 ( 1994 ), ( 5 ) learned helplessness paradigm described in martin p et al ., life sciences , 48 , 2505 - 2511 ( 1991 ), ( 6 ) reversing the behavioral deficits of olfactory bulbectomized rats described in broekkamp c l et al ., pharmacology , biochemistry and behavior , 13 , 643 - 646 ( 1980 ), ( 7 ) increasing down - regulation or desensitization of beta - adrenergic receptors described in mishra r . et al ., neuropharmacology , 19 , 983 - 987 ( 1980 ), and ( 8 ) increasing extracellular levels of serotonin , norepinephrine , and / or dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of freely - moving rodents by in vivo dialysis described in millan m j et al ., european journal of neuroscience , 12 , 1079 - 1095 ( 2000 ). it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein . numerous modifications can be made by one skilled in the art having the benefits of the teachings given here . such modifications should be taken as being encompassed within the scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims . | 0 |
fig1 shows the invention used with the radio receiver portions of a digital tv receiver with an auxiliary analog tv receiver , which combined tv receiver is of a first plural - conversion type . species of this first plural - conversion type of receiver are described in detail by the inventor in u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 825 , 711 filed 19 mar ., 1977 and entitled &# 34 ; radio receiver detecting digital and analog television radio - frequency signals with single first detector &# 34 ;. over - the - air type television broadcasting signals as received by an antenna 1 are amplified by an adjustably tuned radio - frequency amplifier 2 and supplied to a first detector 3 . the rf amplifier 2 and the first detector 3 have adjustable tuning and together function as a tuner for selecting said digital television signal from one of channels at different locations in a frequency band . the first detector 3 includes a first local oscillator supplying first local oscillations tunable over a frequency range above the uhf tv broadcast band and a first mixer for mixing the first local oscillations with a tv signal selected by the adjustably tuned rf amplifier 2 for upconverting the selected tv signal to generate a uhf intermediate - frequency signal in a 6 - mhz - wide uhf intermediate - frequency band located at frequencies above the assigned channels in the uhf tv broadcast band . the first detector 3 supplies the high - if - band signal to a uhf - band intermediate - frequency amplifier 4 for atsc dtv signals , to a uhf - band intermediate - frequency amplifier 5 for ntsc video signals , and to a uhf - band intermediate - frequency amplifier 6 for ntsc audio signals . the responses of the uhf - band if amplifiers 4 , 5 and 6 are supplied to respective second detectors 7 , 8 and 9 to be downconverted to respective vhf - band intermediate - frequency signals in a vhf band below the very high frequencies assigned as tv broadcast channels . the second detectors 7 , 8 and 9 share a common second local oscillator for generating second local oscillations and have respective second mixers for mixing those second local oscillations with the responses of the uhf - band if amplifiers 4 , 5 and 6 , respectively . the vhf - band if signals from the second detector detectors 7 , 8 and 9 are respectively supplied to a vhf - band intermediate - frequency amplifier 10 for atsc dtv signals , to a vhf - band intermediate frequency amplifier 11 for ntsc video signals , and to a vhf - band intermediate frequency amplifier 12 for ntsc audio signals . the uhf - band if amplifiers 4 , 5 and 6 include surface - acoustic - wave ( saw ) filters for uhf - if - band atsc dtv signal , for uhf - if - band ntsc video signal and for uhf - if - band ntsc audio signal , respectively . saw filters with steep rejection skirts , but with pass bands having linear group delay and flat amplitude response , are more easily implemented at uhf than at vhf . this is the reason for preferring to determine overall if response for atsc dtv signal , for ntsc video signal and for ntsc audio signal in the uhf if band rather than in the vhf if band . the saw filter determining overall if response for atsc dtv signal is preferably one that rejects ntsc audio signal but otherwise has substantially flat amplitude response over the remainder of the 6 - mhz - wide tv broadcast channel as translated to the uhf if band , and this saw filter has substantially linear phase response throughout its passband . the saw filter determining overall if response for ntsc video signal rejects ntsc audio signal and is preferably one that exhibits a roll - off for the lower frequencies of the 6 - mhz - wide tv broadcast channel as translated to the uhf if band ; this saw filter preferably has substantially linear phase response throughout its passband . the uhf - band if amplifiers 4 , 5 and 6 can include wideband constant - gain amplifiers for driving their component saw filters from source impedances that minimize multiple reflections and for overcoming the insertion losses of their component saw filters . the vhf - band if amplifiers 10 , 11 and 12 include respective controlled - gain amplifiers that provide up to 60 db or more amplification . the vhf - band if amplifier 10 is provided with reverse automatic gain control derived in response to its output signal level , reverse agc being preferred for the linearity of gain it affords . the vhf - band if amplifiers 11 and 12 each include stages with forward automatic gain control derived in response to the output signal level of the if amplifier 11 , forward agc being preferred for the better noise figure it affords . the rf amplifier 2 is provided with delayed reverse automatic gain control in response to the output signal level of the if amplifier 10 when a dtv signal is indicated as being received and in response to the output signal level of the if amplifier 11 when a dtv signal is not indicated as being received output signal from the vhf - band if amplifier 10 for atsc dtv signals is applied to an atsc symbol code detector 13 , which detects baseband symbol codes therefrom . the symbol code detector 13 is one which uses an in - phase synchronous detector for detecting the vestigial - sideband amplitude - modulation of the data carrier and uses a quadrature - phase synchronous detector for developing automatic frequency and phase control ( afpc ) signal for a controlled oscillator supplying synchrodyning signals to the synchronous detectors . the in - phase synchronous detector operates in the analog regime and its output signal is digitized with 10 - bit or so resolution by an analog - to - digital converter 14 . alternatively , the symbol code detector 13 and succeeding adc 14 can be replaced by a third detector for converting the vhf - band response of the if amplifier 10 to a final intermediate - frequency band just above baseband , an analog - to - digital converter for digitizing the third detector response , and digital synchrodyning circuitry for synchrodyning the digitized third detector response to baseband . such alternative circuitry is described by c . b . patel et alii in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 479 , 449 , issued 26 dec ., 1995 and entitled &# 34 ; digital vsb detector with bandpass phase tracker , as for inclusion in an hdtv receiver &# 34 ;, and in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 548 , 617 , issued 20 aug ., 1995 and entitled &# 34 ; digital vsb detector with bandpass phase tracker using rader filters , as for use in an hdtv receiver &# 34 ;, by way of examples . when a dtv signal is being received , a direct signal resulting from the synchronous detection of the pilot signal accompanies the symbol codes as reproduced at baseband and is detected by a pilot carrier detector 15 to generate a dtv enable signal . the pilot carrier detector 15 can , as shown in fig1 be of a type to respond to digital input signal or alternatively can be of a type to respond to analog input signal as supplied directly from the symbol code detector 13 . the dtv enable signal conditions the display portions of the dtv receiver to display dtv images with 16 : 9 aspect ratio and conditions the rf amplifier 2 to receive delayed agc signal developed in response to the level of the output signal from the vhf - band if amplifier 10 . by way of example , reverse agc signal for the vhf - band if amplifier 10 and delayed reverse agc signal for the rf amplifier 2 can be provided by an agc detector ( not shown in fig1 ) which agc detector is responsive to the direct signal resulting from the synchronous detection of the pilot signal . this is more particularly described by c . b . patel et alii in u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 573 , 454 filed 15 dec ., 1995 issued 3 jun ., 1997 as u . s . pat . no . 5 , 636 , 252 and entitled &# 34 ; automatic gain control of radio receiver for receiving digital high - definition television signals &# 34 ;. fig1 shows the digitized baseband symbol codes being supplied from the adc 14 to a symbol decoder 20 of the type more particularly described in the above - referred - to u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 746 , 520 . the symbol decoder 20 comprises a data slicer 21 for data - slicing the symbol decoder 20 input signal to produce a first symbol decoder response , an ntsc - artifact - rejection comb filter 22 supplying a response to the symbol decoder 20 input signal which response suppresses any ntsc co - channel interfering signal , a data slicer 23 for data - slicing the comb filter 22 response for generating an erroneous symbol decoder response , a matching comb filter 24 for correcting that erroneous symbol decoder response to produce a second symbol decoder response , and a multiplexer 25 for selecting one of the first and second symbol decoder responses as the ultimate symbol decoder response supplied by the symbol decoder 20 to a trellis decoder 16 typical to a dtv receiver . in the absence of an indication of substantial ntsc co - channel interfering signal being received , the multiplexer 25 selects the first symbol decoder response from the data slicer 21 to provide the symbol decoder 20 output signal to the trellis decoder 16 . in the presence of the indication of substantial ntsc co - channel interfering signal being received , except during symbol decoder initialization intervals , the multiplexer 25 selects the second symbol decoder response from the matching comb filter 24 to provide the symbol decoder 20 output signal to the trellis decoder 16 . the indication of substantial ntsc co - channel interfering signal being received is developed by the auxiliary receiver for analog tv signals and , more particularly , from the baseband composite video response of an ntsc video detector 17 to output signal from the vhf - band if amplifier 11 for ntsc video signal . fig1 shows the baseband composite video response from the video detector 17 being supplied to the remaining portions of the analog tv receiver part of the dtv receiver . in regard to baseband composite video signal , these remaining portions typically include sync separation circuitry , color signal reproduction circuitry , and circuitry for adapting the 4 : 3 aspect ratio ntsc image for presentation on a 16 : 9 viewscreen used for displaying dtv images . furthermore , fig1 shows , in the lower left thereof , the baseband composite video response from the video detector 17 being supplied to a dtv artifacts suppression filter 18 operative in the analog regime , the response of which filter is digitized by an analog - to - digital converter 19 . the digital response of the adc 19 is shown being supplied to a dtv artifacts suppression filter 30 operative in the digital regime . the digital baseband composite video signal with dtv artifacts suppressed therefrom is supplied to a digital squarer 31 , which could be constructed from a digital multiplier receiving that signal both as multiplier and as multiplicand , but which is more practical to realize in read - only memory . the squarer 31 output signal is an indication of the energy of ntsc co - channel interfering signal during dtv reception . a digital threshold detector 32 determines when this indication is strong enough to exceed a threshold value below which ntsc co - channel interfering signal is considered not to be substantial enough to be likely to introduce uncorrectable error into the operation of the data slicer 21 . the threshold detector 32 response is supplied to multiplexer control circuitry 33 . the multiplexer control circuitry 33 controls the selection by the multiplexer 25 between first and second symbol decoder responses that determines the ultimate symbol decoder response supplied as the symbol decoder 20 output signal . the multiplexer control circuitry 33 conditions the multiplexer 25 to select the first symbol decoder response as the symbol decoder 20 output signal during symbol decoder initialization intervals . at other times the multiplexer control circuitry 33 conditions the multiplexer 25 to select the first symbol decoder response as the symbol decoder 20 output signal as long as the threshold detector 32 response indicates that ntsc co - channel interfering signal is considered not to be substantial enough to be likely to introduce uncorrectable error into the operation of the data slicer 21 , otherwise conditioning the multiplexer 25 to select the second symbol decoder response as the symbol decoder 20 output signal . output signal from the vhf - band if amplifier 12 for ntsc audio signals is applied to an intercarrier sound detector 34 , which supplies 4 . 5 mhz intercarrier sound intermediate - frequency signals to an intercarrier sound intermediate - frequency amplifier 35 which amplifies and in most designs symmetrically limits the amplified response for application to an fm detector 36 . the fm detector 36 reproduces baseband composite audio signal supplied to the remaining portions of the analog tv receiver part of the dtv receiver . in regard to baseband composite audio signal , these remaining portions typically include stereophonic decoder circuitry . if the ntsc audio signals are selected with narrowband filtering in the if amplifiers 6 and 12 that pass only the fm audio carrier as translated to intermediate frequencies , the intercarrier sound detector 34 can be provided by a multiplier that multiplies the if amplifier 12 response by video carrier selected to the multiplier by a narrowband filter responsive to the response of the if amplifier 10 or 11 . if the ntsc audio signals are selected with filtering in the if amplifiers 6 and 12 that passes both the ntsc video and audio carriers as translated to intermediate frequencies , for implementing &# 34 ; quasi - parallel &# 34 ; sound , the intercarrier sound detector 34 can be a simple rectifier or can be a square - law device . fig2 shows the invention used with the radio receiver portions of a digital tv receiver with an auxiliary analog tv receiver , which combined tv receiver is of a second plural - conversion type . species of this second plural - conversion type of dtv receiver are described in detail by the inventor in u . s . patent application ser . no . 08 / 820 , 193 filed 19 mar ., 1997 and entitled &# 34 ; digital - and - analog - tv - signal receivers , each with single first detector and shared high - band i - f amplification &# 34 ;. the separate uhf if amplifiers 4 and 5 for atsc dtv signal and for ntsc video signal are dispensed with in favor of a shared uhf if amplifier 37 , and the separate second detectors 7 and 8 for atsc dtv signal and for ntsc video signal are dispensed with in favor of a shared second detector 38 . a saw filter in the shared uhf if amplifier 37 , which determines overall if response for atsc dtv signal and for ntsc video signal , is one that rejects ntsc audio signal but otherwise has substantially flat amplitude response over the remainder of the 6 - mhz - wide tv broadcast channel as translated to the uhf if band ; and this saw filter has substantially linear phase response throughout its passband . the roll - off of lower video carrier sideband for ntsc video signal as translated to intermediate frequencies can no longer be introduced in the uhf intermediate frequencies . the vhf if amplifier 11 for ntsc video signal is replaced by a vhf if amplifier 39 that introduces the roll - off of lower video carrier sideband as translated to intermediate frequencies . fig3 shows the invention used with the radio receiver portions of a digital tv receiver with an auxiliary analog tv receiver , which combined tv receiver is similar to that of fig2 but does not replace the vhf if amplifier 11 by a vhf if amplifier 39 that introduces the roll - off of lower video carrier sideband as translated to intermediate frequencies . instead , a match filter 40 for ntsc composite video signal as synchrodyned to baseband is introduced after the video detector 17 , and the response of the match filter 40 is supplied to the rest of the analog tv receiver circuitry . the match filter 40 may be an analog filter receiving the composite video signal directly from the video detector 17 , as shown in fig1 . alternatively , the composite video signal from the video detector 17 may be digitized for application to a digital match filter for ntsc video signal . fig4 shows the invention used with the radio receiver portions of a digital tv receiver with an auxiliary analog tv receiver , which combined tv receiver is of a third plural - conversion type . this third plural - conversion type of combined tv receiver modifies the fig3 combined tv receiver by replacing the separate vhf - band if amplifiers 10 and 11 for atsc dtv signal and for ntsc video signal with a common vhf - band if amplifier 41 supplying its response to the symbol code detector 10 and to the video detector 17 as their respective input signals . fig5 shows in more detail the multiplexer control circuitry 33 and the symbol decoder 20 as it appears in certain embodiments of the invention . in those certain embodiments the ntsc - artifact - rejection comb filter 22 comprises a clocked delay circuit 221 for differentially delaying the input signal supplied to the symbol decoder 20 by twelve symbol epochs and a digital subtractor 222 for differentially combining the input signal and the input signal delayed by twelve symbol epochs . the comb filter comprising elements 221 and 222 suppresses ntsc artifacts near ntsc video carrier frequency offset from dtv carrier , near ntsc chroma subcarrier frequency offset from dtv carrier , and near ntsc audio carrier frequency offset from dtv carrier . the matching comb filter 24 for the ntsc - artifact - rejection comb filter 22 comprises a clocked delay circuit 241 for differentially delaying the data - slicer 23 response by twelve symbol epochs and a digital adder 242 for additively combining the data - slicer 23 response and the data - slicer 23 response delayed by twelve symbol epochs . the multiplexer control circuitry 33 shown in fig5 operates to condition the multiplexer 25 to select the first symbol decoder response as the symbol decoder 20 output signal during symbol decoder initialization intervals that occur the first symbol periods following the data segment sync intervals . a data segment sync detector 43 response changes from logic zero to logic one responsive to the occurrence of data segment sync codes in the digitized baseband symbol codes supplied to the detector 43 from the adc 14 . the data segment sync detector 43 is designed so its output signal goes to its logic one condition only during the first symbol period following each data segment sync code group . a pulse stretcher 331 responds to each logic one output from the data segment sync detector 43 with an output signal that is logic one during the twelve symbol periods immediately following each data segment sync code group and that is otherwise logic zero . a first input connection of an or gate 332 is connected to receive the output signal of the pulse stretcher 331 . the or gate 332 responds to the pulse stretcher 331 logic one condition with an output one that conditions the multiplexer 25 to select the first symbol decoder response from the data - slicer 21 as the symbol decoder 20 output signal during the twelve symbol periods immediately following each data segment sync code group . the multiplexer control circuitry 33 shown in fig5 includes a ten - stage binary counter 333 capable of counting up to 1024 and reset to zero count responsive to the data segment sync detector 43 going to its logic one condition at the beginning of each data segment . the counter 333 is used for counting the number of symbol periods during the current data segment that the threshold detector 32 indicates the data - slicer 21 is apt to err in symbol decoding , owing to accompanying ntsc co - channel interference being substantial . the response of the threshold detector 32 and a clock signal supplied at symbol rate are applied to a two - input and gate 334 to generate count input signal for the counter 333 . the count output of the counter 333 is supplied to a digital threshold detector 335 . the threshold detector 335 generates a logic one when and only when the number of symbol periods during the current data segment that the threshold detector 32 indicates the data - slicer 21 is apt to err in symbol decoding reaches a number indicative that the error correcting capabilities of the trellis decoder 16 and a subsequent reed - solomon decoder are likely to be exceeded . the threshold detector 335 otherwise generates a logic zero . a logic inverter 336 one &# 39 ; s complements the threshold detector 335 output signal , and the logic inverter 336 output signal is supplied to a bit latch 337 as conditional input signal . the multiplexer control circuitry 33 shown in fig5 decides at the beginning of each data segment , before the first symbol period finishes , as to whether or not symbols in the remaining symbol periods of that data segment require comb filtering to suppress objectionably high levels of ntsc co - channel interfering signal . the bit latch 337 stores the results of that decision throughout the remaining symbol periods of that data segment , a logic zero being stored if the decision is that the level ntsc co - channel interfering signal is substantial enough to require the comb filtering , and a logic one being stored if the decision is that the level ntsc co - channel interfering signal is not so substantial . the decision is stored in the bit latch 337 in response to the data segment sync detector 43 response being logic one during the first symbol period . a second input connection of the or gate 332 is connected to receive the decision stored in the bit latch 337 . if the decision is that the level ntsc co - channel interfering signal is not substantial enough to require the comb filtering , the logic one output signal from the bit latch 337 is repeated in its output signal to condition the multiplexer 25 to select the first symbol decoder response from the data - slicer 21 as the symbol decoder 20 output signal during the remaining symbol periods of the current data segment . if the decision is that the level ntsc co - channel interfering signal is substantial enough to require the comb filtering , the logic zero output signal from the bit latch 337 is repeated in its output signal to condition the multiplexer 25 to select the matching comb filter 24 response as the symbol decoder 20 output signal during the remaining symbol periods of the current data segment . considerable attention must be given to arranging delays in the circuitry for generating control signal for the multiplexer 25 . the resetting of the counter should be delayed sufficiently that the bit latch 337 is able to update correctly . symbol code data supplied to the symbol decoder 20 has to lag sufficiently that the decision as to whether or not the current data segment requires comb filtering to suppress artifacts of co - channel interfering ntsc is stored in the bit latch 337 before the current data segment passes through the symbol decoder 20 . the requisite lag can be achieved by following the adc 14 with a clocked delay register ( not explicitly shown in the drawing figures ), but such delay register has to store 10 - parallel - bit words . alternatively , the decision as to whether or not the current data segment requires comb filtering to suppress artifacts of co - channel interfering ntsc can be based , not on the statistics of the current data segment , but rather on the statistics of the preceding data segment . delay adjustments can then be made on the logic inverter 336 output signal using , an intermediate clocked bit latch ( not explicitly shown in the drawing figures ). another approach to reducing the delay a clocked delay register has to provide following the adc 14 is to shorten the interval for deciding on whether comb filtering is needed to suppress artifacts of co - channel interfering ntsc and to clock the bit latch 337 at the close of each shortened interval . the interval for decision can be shortened to one half or one quarter of a data segment period , by way of example . further , the statistics for the trellis codes in a current data segment can be separately evaluated and used to control the multiplexer 25 independently for each of the trellis codes . fig6 shows in more detail the multiplexer control circuitry 33 and the symbol decoder 20 as it appears in certain other embodiments of the invention . in those certain other embodiments the ntsc - artifact - rejection comb filter 22 comprises a clocked delay circuit 223 for differentially delaying the input signal supplied to the symbol decoder 20 by six symbol epochs and a digital adder 224 for additively combining the input signal and the input signal delayed by six symbol epochs . the comb filter comprising the elements 223 and 224 suppresses ntsc artifacts near ntsc video carrier frequency offset from dtv carrier and near ntsc chroma subcarrier frequency offset from dtv carrier , but does not suppress ntsc artifacts near ntsc audio carrier frequency offset from dtv carrier . the matching comb filter 24 for the ntsc - artifact - rejection comb filter 22 comprises a clocked delay circuit 243 for differentially delaying the data - slicer 23 response by six symbol epochs and a digital subtractor 244 for differentially combining the data - slicer 23 response and the data - slicer 23 response delayed by six symbol epochs . the multiplexer control circuitry 33 is similar to that shown in fig5 . fig7 shows a form that the dtv artifacts suppression filter 18 operative in the analog regime can take which comprises a cascade connection of a filter 181 providing a rejection notch at 4 . 44 mhz , a filter 182 providing a rejection notch at 1 . 75 mhz , a filter 183 providing a rejection notch at 940 khz , a filter 184 providing a rejection notch at 772 khz , and a filter 185 providing a rejection notch at 603 khz . that is , rejection notches are provided at those frequencies at which dtv artifacts are likely to have the most energy . the filter 183 providing a rejection notch at 940 khz rejects the artifact generated by the dtv pilot carrier , and the other filters reject frequencies likely to occur because of data being randomized to avoid components close to data carrier . fig8 shows another form that the dtv artifacts suppression filter 18 operative in the analog regime can take , a lowpass filter 186 with a cut - off frequency of about 0 . 5 mhz . fig9 shows one form the dtv artifacts suppression filter 30 operative in the digital regime can take . the fig9 dtv artifacts suppression filter cascades two comb filter sections . the first comb filter section in the fig9 filter uses a digital adder 301 for additively combining the adc 19 response with that response as delayed six symbol epochs by a clocked delay circuit 302 . the second comb filter section in the fig9 filter uses a digital adder 303 for additively combining the adder 301 sum response with that sum response as delayed four symbol epochs by a clocked delay circuit 304 . the adder 303 sum response is applied to the squarer 31 as its input signal . fig1 shows another form the dtv artifacts suppression filter 30 operative in the digital regime can take . the fig1 dtv artifacts suppression filter cascades three comb filter sections . the first comb filter section in the fig1 filter uses a digital adder 301 for additively combining the adc 19 response with that response as delayed six symbol epochs by a clocked delay circuit 302 . the second comb filter section in the fig1 filter uses a digital adder 303 for additively combining the adder 301 sum response with that sum response as delayed four symbol epochs by a clocked delay circuit 304 . the third comb filter section in the fig1 filter uses a digital adder 305 for additively combining the adder 303 sum response with that sum response as delayed two symbol epochs by a clocked delay circuit 306 . the adder 305 sum response is applied to the squarer 31 as its input signal . fig1 shows a variant of the fig . i radio receiver portions of a dtv receiver which embodies the invention in somewhat different form . rather than suppressing the dtv artifacts in the composite video signal supplied from the video detector 17 per fig1 by filtering the video detector 17 response after it is generated , the dtv artifacts are removed by filtering if signal . this is better done in the uhf if band . fig1 shows the uhf if amplifier 5 of fig1 being replaced by a uhf if amplifier 44 driving a surface acoustic wave filter 45 , the response characteristic of which is notched by traps for the dtv artifacts at uhf intermediate frequencies . the saw filter 45 also includes an in - channel sound trap and can provide the roll - off required for matched filtering of ntsc video signal . if the saw filter 45 does not provide this roll - off , it can be introduced by modifying the vhf if amplifier 11 , or it can be introduced at baseband by suitable frequency - selective filtering of the video detector 17 response . fig1 shows a variant of the fig4 radio receiver portions of a dtv receiver which embodies the invention in somewhat different form . both an in - phase synchronous detector and a quadrature - phase synchronous detector are used in the circuitry 46 for synchrodyning ntsc video carrier modulation to baseband ; synchrodyning is presumed to be carried out in the digital regime after converting to a final intermediate - frequency band just above baseband , so the final intermediate - frequency can be digitized . alternatively , synchrodyning ntsc video carrier modulation to baseband can be done in the analog regime , and the responses of an in - phase synchronous detector and a quadrature - phase synchronous detector used for this purpose can be digitized using respective analog - to - digital converters . the response of the quadrature - phase synchronous detector is the hilbert transform of the artifacts of the dtv signal as they appear in the response of the in - phase synchronous detector . this hilbert transform phase shifted by 90 ° at all frequencies ( except possibly the lowest at which there should be little response ) by inverse hilbert transform circuitry 47 . addition and subtraction are considered as being alternative forms of linearly combining . the inverse hilbert transform response of the circuitry 47 is linearly combined with the response of the in - phase synchronous detector in a linear combiner 48 of suitable type to generate a composite video signal with high frequencies boosted to correct levels for application to the rest of the analog tv receiver circuitry . the inverse hilbert transform response of the circuitry 47 is linearly combined with the response of the in - phase synchronous detector in a linear combiner 49 of suitable type to generate a luminance signal cutting off somewhat above 750 khz , which luminance signal is free of dtv artifacts . this luminance signal can , if desired , be further filtered using a lowpass filter 50 with a cut - off frequency of 1 mhz or so , as shown in fig1 . the luminance signal is then squared by the squaring circuitry 31 for generating an indication of the energy of ntsc co - channel interfering signal during dtv reception . one skilled in the art will by acquaintance with the foregoing disclosure be enabled to design further embodiments of the invention , and this should be borne in mind when interpreting the scope of the claims which follow . in the claims which follow , the word &# 34 ; said &# 34 ; is used whenever reference is made to an antecedent , and the word &# 34 ; the &# 34 ; is used for grammatical purposes other than to refer back to an antecedent . | 7 |
referring first to fig1 there is a shown a partially sectioned , side elevation view of the insertion guide sheath used with the flexible endoscope in accordance with the present invention . the insertion guide sheath is indicated generally by numeral 10 and comprises an elongated , single - lumen tube 12 which is preferably formed from stainless steel or a suitable medical grade plastic such as a polycarbonate or a polyester and the plastic may be reinforced with a suitable fiber material if necessary to provide strength while the lumen 14 may be of uniform size throughout the length of the tube 12 , the outer dimension thereof may be stepped or tapered such that the distal portion 16 is of a lesser outside diameter than the more proximal segment or portion 18 . while the outside diameters of the portion 16 and 18 as well as the internal diameter of the lumen 14 may vary depending upon the end use of the instrument , the wall thickness of the segment 18 may be in the range of from 0 . 050 inch down to 0 . 030 inch , while the wall thickness in the segment 16 may vary between 0 . 019inch and 0 . 005 inch . in terms of overall length , the segment 18 may be about 9 . 5 inches and that of segment 16 , approximately 3 . 0 inches where the instrument is to be used in urology . affixed to the proximal end of the tubular member 12 is a molded plastic hub indicated generally by numeral 20 . extending the full length of the hub 20 is a longitudinal bore 22 through which a flexible endoscope may be introduced , all as described in considerably greater detail hereinbelow . the bore 22 is in general alignment with the lumen 14 of the rigid tubular member 12 . extending at a predetermined angle to the length dimension of the hub 20 and integrally formed with the hub is a tubular stem 24 . the lumen of the stem 24 intersects with the longitudinal bore 22 and allows a flushing liquid to be injected into that bore and down the lumen 14 of the tubular segment 12 . a triangular gusset 26 is integrally molded between the stem 24 and the remainder of the hub 20 to provide mechanical support and rigidity to the stem 24 . surrounding the distal portion 28 of the stem 20 is a rotatable swivel 30 . when the swivel 30 is gripped between the surgeon &# 39 ; s thumb and forefinger , the hub member 20 can be rotated which , as will be more fully explained , allows limited steering of the flexible endoscope when it is passed through the introducer of fig1 with a distal end portion thereof extending beyond the digital end of the introducer 10 . also rotatably affixed to the proximal end of the molded plastic hub 20 is a tuohy - borst type clamp 32 which , when released , allows longitudinal translation of an endoscope or other instrument relative to the introducer sheath 10 . however , when the tuohy - borst type clamp 32 is engaged , it firmly clamps the endoscope or other instrument inserted through the hub 20 and down the rigid tubular member 12 . referring next to fig2 there is illustrated a side elevation view of the flexible endoscopy catheter constructed in accordance with the present invention for use with the rigid tubular introducer of fig1 . the flexible endoscopy catheter is indicated generally by numeral 34 and comprises an elongated flexible multi - lumen tube 36 having a proximal end 38 and a distal end 40 . the tube is preferably an extruded thermoplastic , such as polyurethane or polyvinylchloride . as shown in fig3 a , the tubular member 36 includes a working channel or lumen 42 , an illumination channel or lumen 44 and an image channel or lumen 46 . the working channel 42 is shown as being generally semicircular in shape and is opened from its proximal end to its distal end for accommodating the passage of working tools ( not shown ) therethrough . the illumination channel 44 includes an optical fiber or bundle of such fibers for transmitting light from the proximal end 38 of the tube to and beyond the distal end 40 . the image channel 46 also includes a fiber - optic medium having a lens on its distal end which is used to transmit an image illuminated by the light emanating from the bundle 44 back through the tubular member 36 to the proximal end thereof . fig3 b illustrates that the tube 36 may be a bilumen configuration with the light fiber and image fiber occupying the same lumen 47 . those skilled in the art will appreciate that the tube 36 may have a single lumen containing the optical fibers for both the illumination and the image and an additional coaxially disposed tube as the working channel or as an irrigation / aspiration vehicle . the outside diameter of the flexible endoscope tube 36 may range in size from 0 . 118 inch ( 9 fr .) to a diameter of 0 . 039 inch ( 3 fr .). the working lumens may then be approximately 0 . 086 inch ( 6 . 6 fr .) to 0 . 020 inch ( 11 / 2 fr . ), respectively . the tubular member 36 may typically be in the range of from 20 inches 35 inches long . affixed to the proximal end 38 of the tubular member 36 is a molded plastic hub 48 having two optical ports 50 and 52 , a fluid port 54 and an instrument port 56 . a short length of optical fiber contained within an opaque sheath 58 allows the hub 48 to be joined to a light source via a coupler 60 . within the hub 48 , the optical fiber 58 optically joins with the optical fiber or bundle within the lumen 44 of the flexible tube 36 . in a similar fashion , the image optical fiber or bundle in the lumen 46 of the tube 36 is optically coupled to a similar fiber - optic light conductor 62 terminating in a connector 64 for facilitating the coupling of the endoscope to a lens system or other form of optical display whereby the image viewed by the distal end 40 of the endoscope can be observed . a plastic tube 66 having a luer fitting 68 attached to the free end thereof couples to the fluid port 54 on the hub 48 . this tube is in fluid communication with the working lumen 42 of the flexible endoscope tube 36 allowing a syringe filled with saline to be used to force the saline through the working channel of the endoscope to flush the site being observed . the luer fitting 68 may also be coupled to a suction source whereby body fluids and any flush liquid can be aspirated from the site in the body being observed . extending longitudinally through the hub 48 is a bore 70 which is generally aligned with the working channel 42 in the flexible tubular endoscope 36 . as such , working instruments , such as a laser fiber , an electrosurgical instrument , or other surgical device may be passed through a tuohy - borst type clamp 72 and through the bore 70 and the working lumen 42 . by rotating the clamp member 72 , the instrument employed can be locked in place against longitudinal displacement . with reference to fig4 in carrying out a surgical procedure such as removal of kidney stones , the flexible endoscope device of fig2 is inserted through the bore 22 in the molded plastic hub 20 to the point where the distal end 40 of the endoscope tube 36 is generally flush with the distal end of the rigid tubular sheath 12 . when so inserted , the tuohy - borst clamp 32 is tightened down relative to the exterior of the flexible endoscope 36 preventing inadvertent displacement thereof within the introducer sheath . the rigid tubular sheath 12 containing the flexible endoscope tube 36 may then be passed through the urethra and across the bladder with the distal end of the segment 16 being steered so as to enter the ostia of the ureter leading to the kidney where the stone is to be removed . in locating the ostia , the physician may observe the image of the bladder wall which is illuminated by light from the source ( not shown ) leading to the connector 60 . once the small diameter segment 16 of the rigid tubular introducer 10 is inserted through the ostia and partially into the ureter but short of the pubic arch , the tuohy - borst clamp 32 can be released and the endoscope 34 can be advanced in the distal direction such that the flexible tubular body 36 may readily navigate the arch in the ureter to enter the kidney . all the while the endoscope is being positioned , the surgeon is able to view the image picked up by the fiber - optic media in the lumen 46 , either through an eye piece or by way of a video camera and display terminal which is joined to the connector 64 . when the distal end 40 of the endoscope is positioned adjacent the stone to be removed , the surgeon may now insert a laser fiber through the tuohy - borst clamp 72 on the hub 48 and it will be passed through the working channel 42 ( fig3 ) and appropriately positioned such that when the laser energy is applied , the stone can be fragmented to a size permitting the pieces to be drawn back through the working lumen 42 of the endoscope with the aid of a suction source connected to the luer fitting 68 or by removing the laser fiber from the working channel of the endoscope and replacing it with a suitable instrument for grasping a stone fragment and then retracting that instrument back through the working channel and out the end of the hub 48 . while the use of the rigid introducer and the flexible endoscope has been described in connection with the performance of a urinary procedure , those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may find wider application where a rigid introducer allows better control over the positioning of the distal end of an endoscope . for example , the present invention may also be readily used in performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures . the entire assembly shown in fig4 of the drawings can be fabricated at sufficiently low cost so that it can be treated as a disposable , i . e ., a single - use instrument . because the light source joined to the coupler 60 and the viewing device coupled to the connector 64 for displaying the image can readily be uncoupled from the instrument , the higher cost instrumentation can be reused with a new assembly such as is shown in fig4 . this , of course , obviates the need for any resterilization following its use . referring to fig5 an arrangement is illustrated which allows a flexible endoscope to be more readily routed to a desired surgical site . for example , when performing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy , an incision must be made in the cystic duct . the common bile duct and the cystic duct must both be inspected for stones prior to completion of the procedure . by utilizing a curved sheath or introducer and a trocar , it becomes possible to pass the curved tip of the introducer and seat it into the cystic duct through the incision . once the curved introducing sheath is seated in the cystic duct , a flexible endoscope , such as that shown in fig2 may be passed through the curved sheath and advanced into the cystic duct and up to the common bile duct . then , any stones that may be found may be disintegrated by passing a laser fiber through the working channel of the endoscope and energizing the laser to deliver sufficient energy to the stone to cause it to break up . the stone may also be removed using other techniques or devices passed through the endoscope of the present invention . referring to fig5 there is shown an assembly including a generally rigid trocar 74 having a sharpened distal end 76 to facilitate its penetrating the abdominal wall of a patient . the trocar 74 has an internal lumen extending the length thereof and affixed to its proximal end 78 is a molded plastic hub member 80 which may be generally identical to the hub member used with the rigid introducer sheath 10 of fig1 . as such , it includes a swivel 82 , a luer fitting 84 which is connected to a stem 86 containing a hollow bore which is in fluid communication with the lumen of the trocar 74 . affixed to the proximal end of the hub 80 is a tuohy - borst type clamp 88 . extending through the hollow bore of the hub 80 and through the lumen of the trocar 74 is a generally rigid introducer sheath 90 similar to what is shown in the embodiment of fig1 but which includes a pre - formed arcuate distal tip portion 92 integrally formed with a straight tubular segment 94 . the tubular sheath introducer 90 is preferably formed from a suitable metal , such as stainless steel , and is of sufficient flexibility proximate its distal end portion 92 to be able to pass through the trocar 74 , but because of its memory property , when unconfined by the trocar 74 , it assumes the deflected arcuate shape illustrated . affixed to the proximal end of the tube 94 is a molded plastic hub 96 having an internal longitudinal bore aligned with the lumen of the tube 94 and a tuohy - borst clamping member 98 surrounding that opening . a flush port 100 has a segment of tubing 102 connected thereto , the tube 102 leading to a luer connector 104 through which a flushing liquid can be introduced or aspiration accomplished when a suction source is coupled to it . the lumen of the tubular segment 94 and the integrally formed arcuate portion 92 is dimensioned to accommodate the passage of the flexible endoscope tube 36 therethrough . because of the ability of the distal end portion 92 of the introducer sheath 90 to deflect when extended beyond the distal end 76 of the trocar 74 , the curved end portion 92 of the sheath can more easily be made to seat into the cystic duct through an incision made therein . once the deflecting sheath is so seated , the flexible endoscope tube 36 may be passed through the deflecting sheath with its bent distal tip portion , through the cystic duct , to the common bile duct and down to the sphincter . any stones that may be located using the endoscope may be broken up by passing a lasing fiber ( not shown ) through the working channel of the endoscope , all as previously described . those skilled in the art can appreciate that the sheath 90 with its deflecting end portion and the endoscope may be assembled outside the body as a set . the distal tip of the endoscope would be placed flush with the distal tip of the curved sheath . the procedure then would continue with advancing this assembly , as a set , through the trocar 74 to the cystic duct incision . this allows viewing in the abdomen while trying to find the incision made in the cystic duct so that the sheath may be seated therein . this invention has been described herein in considerable detail in order to comply with the patent statutes and to provide those skilled in the art with the information needed to apply the novel principles and to construct and use such specialized components as are required . however , it is to be understood that the invention can be carried out by specifically different equipment and devices , and that various modifications , both as to the equipment details and operating procedures , can be accomplished without departing from the scope of the invention itself . | 0 |
reference will now be made to the drawings in which the various elements of the present invention will be given numerical designations and in which the invention will be discussed so as to enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention . it is to be understood that the following description is only exemplary of the principles of the present invention , and should not be viewed as narrowing the claims which follow . before describing the embodiments of the present invention , it is important to understand that the touchpad hardware of the present invention scans all of the touchpad electrodes . the cirque ® touchpad has always had the ability to collect the same raw data as shown in fig2 of the prior art . the manner in which the electrodes of the touchpad are scanned is an essential element of this patent . the cirque ® corporation touchpad used in the present invention appears to be unique in that electrodes are scanned sequentially in groups and not simultaneously . nevertheless , what is relevant to the invention is how the data is gathered from the electrodes of the touchpad . the importance of the new data collection algorithm will become apparent through the disclosure below . fig3 is provided as a top elevational view of a touchpad 10 that is made in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the touchpad 10 is capable of detecting and tracking multiple objects simultaneously . consider a thumb 36 and forefinger 38 which are pressed together and placed at any location on the touchpad 10 . it is likely that the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 combination will be seen as a single object by the touchpad 10 . this is likely to occur because the tissue of the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 will likely be pressed hard enough to deform and essentially leave no gap between them when pressed against the touchpad 10 . the normal detection algorithms will operate in the manner that they presently operate when a single object is detected . that is to say that a center point or centroid is determined for the object detected . this centroid is considered to be the position on the touchpad 10 of the object detected . fig4 is a top elevational view of what the touchpad 10 might detect at the location of the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 on the touchpad 10 . for example , the touchpad 10 might detect an irregular but roughly circular outline 40 , with the location of a center point 42 indicated by the crosshairs . the object 40 is an approximation only , and should not be considered as a precise representation of what is detected by the touchpad 10 . what is important to understand is that generally , only a single object will be detected . as the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 are moved apart in the reverse pinching motion , the touchpad 10 could detect two separate objects . while touchpads have been capable of detecting multiple objects since their initial development , the detection and tracking of more than one object on a touchpad surface has always been assumed to be undesirable , and so algorithms were implemented so that one of the detected objects would be ignored while the location of the desired object would continue to be tracked . the decision as to which object to track could obviously be modified . however , it has been customary in the prior art to track the largest object while ignoring the smaller object . nevertheless , this is an arbitrary decision , and some other means of selecting which object to track can be used , such as only tracking the first object to be detected . the present invention is a new method of how to handle the detection and tracking of multiple objects . there are essentially two different scenarios . the first scenario occurs when only two objects are detected . the second scenario occurs when more than two objects are detected . an illustration of an example of the first scenario is shown in fig5 . fig5 is an illustration of what a touchpad 10 might detect when the thumb 36 and the forefinger 38 are laying sideways against the touchpad 10 when the thumb and forefinger are separated . fig5 indicates that two objects 36 , 38 are detected , each having its own centroid 46 , 48 respectively and shown as crosshairs . dotted line 44 is provided to illustrate how the method of the present invention uses the data from the two objects 36 , 38 . the dotted line 44 is used to indicate that the method of the present invention will treat the two objects 36 , 38 as a single large object . this single object is elongated and thus appears to have two endpoints 46 , 48 . if the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 are moved apart as shown in fig5 , then the method of the present invention treats the object as being a larger single object on the touchpad 10 . similarly , moving the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 closer together will result in the method seeing a smaller object on the touchpad 10 , regardless of whether the thumb and forefinger are touching or not . it is emphasized that the algorithms that are needed to track a single object , be it large or small , are simpler than if the method has to track only a single object while intentionally ignoring a second object . to state the first embodiment in a succinct manner , while the present invention recognizes that two objects are physically present on the touchpad 10 , the data collection algorithms of the first embodiment will treat the two objects as if they are a single object . it should be recognized that this scenario of detecting a single large object also occurs when the palm of a hand is placed on the touchpad 10 . in fact , algorithms are typically developed to handle the situation when a large single object is detected . one typical scenario is to ignore the large object , assuming that a user has unintentionally rested the palm of a hand on the touchpad , and that no contact was intended . consider the heel of the palm of a hand being placed on the touchpad 10 . the heel is relatively small and is a single object . now if the palm is rocked forward so that more of the palm makes contact with the touchpad 10 , the larger palm is still a single object , and it is seen by the touchpad 10 as a single object . thus , the new data collection algorithm of the present invention functions the same when a single large object is detected and when two objects are detected . the first embodiment is programmed to look at the points of contact and to treat them as the outer edges of a single large object , whether they are formed from a single object such as the palm of a hand or formed by two or more objects such as the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 . it should be apparent that the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 can be any two digits of a user &# 39 ; s hand or even fingers from two different hands . the first embodiment of the present invention operates essentially in the same manner when there are more than two objects detected on the touchpad 10 . instead of seeing endpoints , the present invention will see objects that indicate the perimeter or boundary of a single large object . thus , the centroid of the single large object can be the “ center ” of the perimeter as determined by the algorithm . in fig6 , the scenario is now illustrated where more than two objects are making contact with the touchpad 10 . in a second embodiment , the touchpad 10 is programmed to use the centroids of the multiple points of contact . the centroids are the outer edges of a single large object , whether they are formed from a single object such as the palm of a hand or formed from multiple objects such as the thumb 36 , the forefinger 38 and at least one other finger . it should be apparent that the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 can also be replaced by any other digits of a user &# 39 ; s hand or even digits of different hands . thus in fig6 three objects 36 , 38 and 50 are now detected . dotted line 46 is used to show that the size of the object is determined by using the detected objects as the perimeter of the single object . having determined that the touchpad 10 can now treat multiple objects as a single object , this information can now be used by the present invention to perform the operation described previously for zooming in and out of data on a page that is being shown on a display screen . in the scenario when two objects are detected , the single object is determined to be growing larger if the thumb 36 and forefinger 38 are performing the reverse pinching action . if the object is determined to be growing larger , then the image on the display screen is magnified when the zooming in function is being performed . similarly , the single object is determined to be shrinking in size when the thumb 36 and the forefinger 38 are performing the pinching action . in response to the object shrinking in size , the image on the display screen is reduced in magnification , and thus the user is zooming out of the page . the invention operates the same when two or more objects are detected on the touchpad 10 . if the object is determined to be growing in size , then magnification is increased and the display screen zooms in on the data being displayed . if the object is determined to be shrinking in size , then magnification is decreased and the display screen zooms out to show more of the data . other examples will follow that illustrate the uses of the new data collection algorithm . another aspect of the present invention is the ability to detect the rotation of a large object on the touchpad 10 . consider fig7 wherein multiple objects are in contact with the touchpad 10 . in this example , five objects are touching the touchpad . these five objects could be , for example , the tip of four fingers 60 and a thumb 62 . more or less objects could also be used . what is important is that the five objects are now rotated . this roughly circular motion can be interpreted to be some type of command . for example , rotation in a clockwise direction 64 could be interpreted as scrolling down in a list , and rotation in a counter - clockwise direction 66 could be interpreted as scrolling up in a list . the actual function being performed is not important . what is important is that the embodiments of the present invention enable determination of the direction of rotation so that a function can be performed . in all of the embodiments of the present invention described , it has been stated that a new data collection algorithm is used to find the edges of a boundary as defined by the multiple objects on a touchpad 10 . thus , when a first object is detected on the touchpad 10 , the existing detection and tracking method operates as usual . but when an object appears to change in size or shape , or a second or more objects are detected , a new data collection algorithm is implemented . in fig8 , two objects are placed on the touchpad 10 . these two objects are a thumb 36 and a forefinger 38 of a user &# 39 ; s right hand . touchdown of the objects 36 , 38 on the touchpad 10 may not be simultaneous , and so a single - object detection and tracking algorithm was most likely performed or was starting to be performed by the touchpad . in the single - object detection algorithm , wide and narrow scanning algorithms are used to identify a quadrant and a location within the quadrant where the object is located . once the quadrant is identified , a narrow scanning algorithm is executed , but only within the quadrant that the object was detected . however , when the second object is detected , then the single - object algorithm is made secondary in favor of the new analysis algorithm of the present invention . in the new data collection algorithm of the present invention , analysis is performed on a touchpad 10 that is assumed to have four sides that form a rectangle . it should be apparent that the present invention is not limited to this configuration and the invention should not be considered to be limited as such . what is important is that the data collection algorithm begins at the outer edges , regardless of the number , and proceeds across the touchpad . for illustration purposes only , it is assumed that the touchpad 10 has four sides . the data generated will be a scan of the x electrode array and the y electrode array in a typical rectangular touchpad 10 . the analysis can begin on data from either electrode array and from any edge or boundary of the electrode array . for a four sided touchpad 10 , the analysis is therefore performed a total of four times in order to analyze each electrode array from both of its outer edges and proceeding across the touchpad toward an opposite edge until an object is detected . in fig9 a , we consider a data set taken from x and y electrode arrays . the analysis from data collected from a first edge 70 ( arbitrarily selected ) of the x electrode array proceeds inwards or across the array as indicated by arrow 72 until an object 36 is detected at dotted line 80 . the portion of the object detected will typically only be an edge of the object . then the analysis is repeated on the data collected for the x electrode array but from the edge opposite the first edge , which is edge 74 . moving in the direction of arrow 76 the analysis stops as soon as the edge of an object 38 is detected at dotted line 82 . the object detected could be the same object if the two objects 36 , 38 are in a vertical line , but in this example there is a second object 38 . collection of data from the x electrode array is complete . analysis then begins on a data set taken from the y electrode array . like the x electrode array , the analysis is performed from two outer edges 90 , 92 moving in the direction of arrows 94 and 96 respectively until the edge of an object is detected . thus , one complete analysis of the scanning data requires four separate scanning operations . this analysis is performed repeatedly as long as more than one object is detected by the touchpad 10 . most touchpads are configured as either a quadrilateral or a circle . when configured as a quadrilateral , the new data collection algorithm evaluates scanning data from all four edges and proceeding inwards across the touchpad . the touchpad hardware of the present invention is only capable of performing the new data collection algorithm from only one edge at a time . however , the present invention also includes the concept of performing the new data collection algorithm from the four outer edges simultaneously . if the touchpad is configured as a circle or some other ellipsoid , then the new data collection algorithm can only be used if the touchpad is created using a quadrilateral xy electrode grid that has been cut in the shape of a circle , or has a circular overlay superimposed upon it , even though the physical xy electrode grid is a quadrilateral . what should be understood is that the new data collection algorithm can be adapted to the shape of any touchpad . in alternative embodiments , the new data collection algorithm can be utilized with more advanced shapes , such as true circles , rings , etc . the analysis should always be performed from an outer edge towards an opposite or inner area of the touchpad . fig9 a illustrates the results of the new data collection algorithm of the present invention by examining a top view of the touchpad 10 . a circle is used to indicate the location on the touchpad 10 where the thumb 36 is making contact . a circle hereinafter is equivalent to the location of a pointing object making contact with the touchpad 10 . similarly , a different circle is used to indicate the location on the touchpad 10 where the finger 38 is making contact . the touchpad groups electrodes together to perform the new data collection algorithm . gathering data from the left edge 70 of the touchpad 10 , collecting stops when circle 36 is reached , as indicated by dotted line 80 . collecting data from the right edge 74 of the touchpad 10 , the step of collecting data stops when circle 38 is reached , as indicated by dotted line 82 . similarly , collecting data from the top edge 90 of the touchpad 10 , collecting data stops when circle 38 is reached , as indicated by dotted line 84 . finally , collecting data from the bottom edge 92 of the touchpad 10 , data collection stops when circle 36 is reached , as indicated by dotted line 86 . the data collection sequence above is for illustration purposes only and should not be considered as limiting . thus , data can be collected beginning from any edge . the other important aspect of the invention is that data collection stops as soon as the edge of any object is detected . stopping data collection can result in a significant increase in speed of the data collection algorithms because only outer boundaries are determined . if one or both of the objects are near the outer edges of the touchpad 10 , then the data collection will occur relatively rapidly as data collection stops at the edge of each object . fig9 b is a graph of the raw scanning data that is collected by the touchpad 10 of the present invention that is comparable to the graph of fig2 of the prior art . from the outer edges of a touchpad 10 , the touchpad collects data until detecting an object . notice that no data is obtained for any object that is between the outer edges 66 , 68 of the detected objects 36 , 38 . to the new data collection algorithm , the detected objects appear as one large object because no information is obtained once an outer edge of the objects 36 , 38 are detected . the algorithm might choose to simply fill in the data in the gap between the outer edges 66 and 68 , but it is not necessary . fig1 is a top view of the touchpad 10 . a box 100 indicates the shape of the object that has been detected using the new data collection algorithm of the present invention . in this embodiment , the resulting shape generated by the new data collection algorithm will appear as a quadrilateral whose opposing sides are parallel . thus , the shape will always be rectangular , with the only difference being the dimensions of the sides . in an alternative embodiment shown in fig1 , consider the three objects 102 , 104 and 106 shown on touchpad 10 . the collection algorithm of the present invention creates the boundary as shown by the outline 108 . the outline 108 was created by three objects 102 , 104 and 106 , and the same shape box was created using only two objects 36 and 38 in fig9 a . there are some observations about the new data collection algorithm of the present invention that are not immediately apparent , but are important . fig1 is a top view of the touchpad 10 that shows a quadrilateral 110 . there are four circles in the corners of the quadrilateral . the circles represent two different pairs of objects that can both create the quadrilateral 110 . thus , circles 112 represent one pair of objects , and circles 114 represent a second pair of objects . the present invention does not generate data which would let a user of the touchpad know which pair of objects is present on the touchpad 10 . the touchpad processor that performs the analysis for the touchpad cannot determine which objects are present using the new data collection algorithm of the present invention . in an alternative embodiment , the present invention performs an analysis that can detect in which corners of the quadrilateral the objects are actually disposed . advantageously , it is not necessary to know which pair of objects is present in order to use this information in a useful manner . for example , if the overall size of the quadrilateral 110 is shrinking , then one or both of the pointing objects on the touchpad 10 are moving towards each other . for example , both pointing objects can move in a pinching action , or one pointing object can remain stationary while the other pointing object moves towards it . another observation of the present invention is that more than two objects may or may not be visible using the detection and tracking algorithm of the present invention . for example , fig1 is a top view of a touchpad 10 with circles 120 , 122 and 124 . the middle pointing object 122 is not visible to the new data collection algorithm because analysis to detect pointing objects stops when the pointing objects indicated by circles 120 and 124 are reached . thus , circle 122 is entirely within the borders of the quadrilateral 126 , and is never seen by the data collection algorithm . in contrast , fig1 shows different placements of three pointing objects 102 , 104 and 106 . arranged in this manner , all three circles are visible to the new data collection algorithm . quadrilateral 108 shows that the data collection algorithm will reach each of the three circles 102 , 104 and 106 . therefore , the new data collection algorithm of the present invention can detect all three circles as long as each of the circles is closer to at least one edge of the touchpad 10 than any of the other circles . fig1 is provided as an alternative embodiment of the present invention . a special case of the present invention can be applied to a touchpad that operates in a single dimension . such a touchpad is sometimes referred to as a touchstrip . a touchstrip operates in a single axis which is typically but not necessarily the longest axis of the touchstrip . fig1 shows a touchstrip 130 which detects touchdown and movement along a lengthwise axis 132 . the new analysis algorithm of the present invention operates in a manner that is similar to the manner in which it operates on a general purpose touchpad described previously . however , instead of performing the new analysis algorithm from four outer edges , the touchstrip 70 only performs a scanning procedure from the outer edges 134 , 136 that are the endpoints of the axis of operation 132 . the touchstrip 130 can still perform detection and tracking of a single pointing object . when the touchstrip detects multiple objects , the new analysis algorithm begins to scan from each of the outer edges 134 , 136 . scanning stops when a first pointing object 140 is detected when scanning from the outer edge 134 and when a second pointing object 142 is detected when scanning from the outer edge 136 . the new analysis algorithm will not detect touchdown of any additional pointing objects between the first and second pointing objects 140 , 142 because there is no tracking in a second dimension , and data collection always stops when the first pointing object is detected when moving in from either outer edge . the touchstrip 130 is often used in applications that only require tracking of movement in a single dimension . for example , the touchstrip 130 can be used for scrolling , increasing the value of a variable , decreasing the value of a variable , etc . another observation is that the prior art touchpads that can detect multiple pointing objects on a touchpad always see each pointing object on the touchpad , regardless of its position with respect to other objects on the touchpad . for example , all three circles 120 , 122 and 124 shown in fig1 are detectable in the prior art , but not in the present invention . another observation is that there are some unique gestures that can be performed on the touchpad 10 using the new data collection algorithm . the gestures are unique in that they do not require the tracking of multiple individual pointing objects on the touchpad in order to recognize the gesture . in one set of gestures , consider a first pointing object making touchdown and not moving . a second pointing object makes touchdown and then performs actions that are observable by the new data collection algorithm and which result in certain actions being performed . for example , the first pointing object makes touchdown in a first zone . the first zone is defined as a specific region on the touchpad that indicates that a second pointing object will indicate the function to be performed . the second pointing object can tap the touchpad , tap in a specific location , double tap , double tap in a specific location , flick towards a particular direction , make touchdown and then drag , make touchdown and then drag towards or make contact with a specific edge of the touchpad , make touchdown without any movement , or make touchdown without any movement but in a specific location . this list should not be considered as limited to the specific examples above . another gesture that can be performed is referred to as a stake and action gesture . thus , instead of using a specific zone , the first pointing object makes touchdown anywhere that is convenient on the touchpad , and then the second pointing object performs an action that defines what function is to be performed . the actions of the second pointing object include all the actions described above that can be combined with the first zone . fig1 is provided to illustrate another alternative embodiment of the present invention . in the previous embodiments , the outline around the perimeter of the objects has always been in the shape of a quadrilateral . in this embodiment , the outline is made to conform to each of the objects detected . thus in this example , fig1 shows that there are three objects 120 , 122 and 14 which form a triangular object as shown by outline 128 . this embodiment may require a modification of the data collection algorithm . one aspect of the invention is related to determining the size of the quadrilateral that is formed by the detected objects . more specifically , it relates to whether or not the size is increasing or decreasing . the operation of functions can be made a function of the size of the quadrilateral . for example , if the quadrilateral is shrinking , then the user might be doing a pinching action with a thumb and forefinger . in contrast , if the quadrilateral is growing , then the user might be doing a reverse pinching action . the increasing or decreasing size of the quadrilateral can be tied to a function . thus , the pinching action might control zooming in , and the reverse pinching action might control zooming out . magnification or zooming is only one of many functions that can be tied to the changing size of the quadrilateral , and should not be considered limiting . a final aspect of the present invention is the ability to select a region on a touchpad that is dedicated to the new data collection algorithm of the present invention . thus , the new data collection algorithm does not have to use the entire active sensing area of a touchpad or touchstrip . a smaller portion or region can be devoted to the new data collection algorithm . the present invention has taught a new data collection algorithm which begins at an outside edge and moves inwards or across a touchpad . alternatively , the data collection algorithm could begin at a center and move outwards towards the outer edges of the touchpad . the present invention has also focused on the detection and tracking of objects on a rectangular touchpad . in a circular touchpad , the circular detection area could just be an overlay over a rectangular grid . however , a circular electrode grid might also be used . in a first circular embodiment , the data collection algorithm stops when it reaches a first object as the algorithm moves from the single outer edge towards the center of the touchpad , or from the center outward in all directions toward the outer edge . however , in a second circular embodiment , the circular electrode grid might be segmented into quadrants like pieces of a pie . thus , the data collection algorithm would detect one object in each of the separate quadrants . it is to be understood that the above - described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention . numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements . | 6 |
[ 0026 ] fig1 is a block diagram of an audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus 100 according to one example of the present invention . the audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus 100 includes an input switching device 101 , a recording device 102 , a reproduction device 103 , a system control device 104 , and line input terminals 105 , 106 , and 107 . the recording device 102 includes a recording circuit 108 , an audio and video file production circuit 109 , and a file management information production circuit 110 . the reproduction device 103 includes a reproduction circuit 113 , an audio and video file reading circuit 111 , and a file management information reading circuit 112 . for simplicity , an analog - to - digital converting circuit included in the audio and video file production circuit 109 and an digital - to - analog converting circuit included in the audio and video file reading circuit 111 are omitted in fig1 . the audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus 100 operates as follows . a tuner 151 receives a multiplexed information signal over a radio wave or a wired transmission path . the tuner 151 selects a station from a plurality of stations based on a station selection command received from the system control device 104 . the input switching device 101 selects either an audio and video signal from the station selected by the tuner 151 or audio and video signals which are input from the line input terminals 105 , 106 , and 107 based on an input switching command received from the system control device 104 , and outputs the selected audio and video signal to the audio and video file production circuit 109 . the audio and video file production circuit 109 performs analog - to - digital conversion of the audio and video signal selected by the input switching device 101 to output a digital audio and video signal . the file management information production circuit 110 produces file management information for managing the digital audio and video signal as a file . the recording circuit 108 records the digital audio and video signal and the file management information produced by the file management production circuit 110 on an information recording medium 152 . the reproduction circuit 113 reads the audio and video signal and the file management information recorded on the information recording medium 152 . the audio and video file reading circuit 111 performs digital - to - analog conversion of the audio and video signal read by the reproduction circuit 113 to output an analog audio - digital signal . the file management information reading circuit 112 controls the operation of the audio and video file reading circuit 111 based on the file management information read by the reproduction circuit 113 . [ 0031 ] fig2 is a timing diagram illustrating an operation of the audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus 100 ( fig1 ). in this operation , the input switching device 101 switches the input between the line input terminals 105 , 106 , and 107 , and the line inputs before and after the switching ( i . e ., the pause period ) are recorded on the information recording medium 152 as one recording unit . at time t 0 , the input switching device 101 selects the line input terminal 105 . the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 105 on the information recording medium 152 as a recording unit referred to as program 1 . at time t 1 , the recording device 102 pauses the recording . then , the input switching device 101 selects the line input terminal 106 . at time t 2 , the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 106 on the information recording medium 152 also as a recording unit referred to as program 1 . at time t 3 , the recording device 102 pauses the recording . then , the input switching device 101 selects the line input terminal 107 . at time t 4 , the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 107 on the information recording medium 152 also as a recording unit referred to as program 1 . at time t 5 , the recording device 102 pauses the recording . then , the input switching device 101 selects the line input terminal 105 . at time t 6 , the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 105 on the information recording medium 152 also as a recording unit referred to as program 1 . at time t 7 , the recording device 102 stops the recording . the audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 105 , the audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 106 , and the audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 107 are recorded as the same recording unit . thus , recording counter values are added from the start of the recording ( time t 0 ) to the stop of the recording ( time t 7 ) except for the pausing periods ( from time t 1 to time t 2 , from time t 3 to time t 4 , and from time t 5 to time t 6 ). [ 0037 ] fig3 is a diagram illustrating a logical arrangement of the data recorded on the information recording medium 152 by the audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus 100 . as described with reference to fig2 the audio and video signals before and after the switching are recorded on the information recording medium 152 as one recording unit . the recorded data includes file management information 301 and audio and video information 306 . the file management information 301 includes address information 302 and size information 303 . the address information 302 includes start address information 304 and end address information 305 . as described with reference to fig2 the audio and video signals before and after the switching are recorded on the information recording medium 152 as one recording unit when the input switching device 101 switches the input between the line input terminals 105 , 106 , and 107 . thus , the file management information 301 has a single unit of file management data 307 . also , the audio and video information 306 has a single unit of audio and video data 308 . the audio and video data 308 includes an audio and video signal 309 which is input from the line input terminal 105 and recorded from time t 0 to time t 1 , an audio and video signal 310 which is input from the line input terminal 106 and recorded from time t 2 to time t 3 , an audio and video signal 311 which is input from the line input terminal 107 and recorded from time t 4 to time t 5 , and an audio and video signal 312 which is input from the line input terminal 105 and recorded from time t 6 to time t 7 . when the input switching device 101 switches the input from one of the line input terminals 105 to 107 to another one of the line terminals 105 to 107 , the recording device 102 records the audio and video signals before and after the switching on the information recording medium 152 as one recording unit . [ 0041 ] fig4 is a timing diagram illustrating another operation of the audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus 100 . in this operation , the input switching device 101 switches the input between channels selected by the tuner 151 , and between one of the line input terminals 105 to 107 and the channel selected by the tuner 151 , and the line inputs before and after the switching ( i . e ., the pause period ) are recorded on the information recording medium 152 as different recording units . at time t 8 , the input switching device 101 selects channel a selected by the tuner 151 . the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal corresponding to channel a on the information recording medium 152 as one recording unit referred to as program 1 . at time t 9 , the recording device 102 pauses the recording . then , the input switching device 101 selects channel b selected by the tuner 151 . at time t 10 , the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal corresponding to channel b on the information recording medium 152 as a recording unit referred to as program 2 , which is different from program 1 . at time t 11 , the recording device 102 pauses the recording . then , the input switching device 101 selects the line input terminal 106 . at time t 12 , the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal which is input from the line input terminal 106 on the information recording medium 152 as a recording unit referred to as program 3 , which is different from programs 1 and 2 . at time t 13 , the recording device 102 pauses the recording . then , the input switching device 101 selects channel c selected by the tuner 151 . at time t 14 , the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal corresponding to channel c on the information recording medium 152 as a recording unit referred to as program 4 , which is different from programs 1 to 3 . at time t 15 , the recording device 102 pauses the recording . at time t 16 , the recording device 102 records an audio and video signal corresponding to channel c on the information recording medium 152 also as the recording unit referred to as program 4 . the audio and video signals are recorded as the same recording unit at time t 14 and time t 15 because the input switching device 101 does not switch the input between time t 14 and time t 15 . at time t 10 , time t 12 , and time t 14 , the recording counter value is reset because the recording of the audio and video signal as a different recording unit is started . [ 0046 ] fig5 is a diagram illustrating another logical arrangement of the data recorded on the information recording medium 152 by the audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus 100 . as described with reference to fig4 the audio and video signals before and after the switching are recorded on the information recording medium 152 as different recording units . the recorded data includes file management information 501 and audio and video information 506 . the file management information 501 includes address information 502 and size information 503 . the address information 502 includes start address information 504 and end address information 505 . as described with reference to fig4 the audio and video signals before and after the switching are recorded on the information recording medium 152 as different recording units . thus , the file management information 501 includes a plurality of units of file management data 507 , 508 , . . . . the audio and video information 506 includes a plurality of units of audio and video data 509 , 510 , respectively corresponding to the file management data 507 , 508 , . . . . when the input switching device 101 switches the input between the channels selected by tuner 151 , and between one of the line input terminals 105 to 107 and the channel selected by the tuner 151 , the recording device 102 records the audio and video signals before and after the switching as different recording units . as described above , according to the present invention , a program can be recorded as follows . when a channel is switched to another channel during a pause of recording , the programs before and after the switching are recorded as different recording units . when a line input is switched to another line input during a pause of recording , the audio and video recording and reproduction apparatus is determined to be in an editing mode , and the signals before and after the switching are recorded as the same unit . therefore , satisfactory program management information can be produced automatically . various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention . accordingly , it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the description as set forth herein , but rather that the claims be broadly construed . | 7 |
various illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below . in the interest of clarity , not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification . it will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment , numerous implementation - specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers &# 39 ; specific goals , such as compliance with system - related and business - related constraints , which will vary from one implementation to another . moreover , it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time - consuming , but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure . the present subject matter will now be described with reference to the attached figures . various structures , systems and devices are schematically depicted in the drawings for purposes of explanation only and so as to not obscure the present disclosure with details that are well known to those skilled in the art . nevertheless , the attached drawings are included to describe and explain illustrative examples of the present disclosure . the words and phrases used herein should be understood and interpreted to have a meaning consistent with the understanding of those words and phrases by those skilled in the relevant art . no special definition of a term or phrase , i . e ., a definition that is different from the ordinary and customary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art , is intended to be implied by consistent usage of the term or phrase herein . to the extent that a term or phrase is intended to have a special meaning , i . e ., a meaning other than that understood by skilled artisans , such a special definition will be expressly set forth in the specification in a definitional manner that directly and unequivocally provides the special definition for the term or phrase . the present disclosure is directed to a serial capacitor device with a middle electrode contact and methods of making such a capacitor device . as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a complete reading of the present application , the present method is applicable to a variety of technologies , e . g ., nmos , pmos , cmos , etc ., and is readily applicable to a variety of devices , including , but not limited to , logic devices , memory devices , etc . with reference to fig1 a - 1p , various illustrative embodiments of the certain methods and certain devices disclosed herein will now be described in more detail . fig1 a is a simplified view of a portion of an illustrative semiconductor device or product 100 at an early stage of manufacturing . the device 100 was formed above a semiconducting substrate ( not shown ). at the point of fabrication depicted in fig1 a , the device 100 includes an illustrative first insulating layer 10 , a non - conductive diffusion barrier layer 12 second insulating layer 14 , a hard mask layer 16 , a patterned mask layer 22 , a conductive structure 18 , e . g ., a conductive line , and a bottom electrode 20 of what will become a serial capacitor . the conductive structures 18 , 20 are physically spaced apart in the first insulating layer 10 . the layers 10 , 12 and the conductive structures 18 , 20 are part of a first metallization layer 21 , while the other materials shown in fig1 a will become part of a second metallization layer 23 . the layer 12 is the uppermost barrier layer of the first metallization layer 21 . the metallization layers 21 , 23 are intended to be representative in nature as they may be at any level of the device 100 . for example , the metallization layer 21 may be the so - called “ contact ” or “ ca ” layer or it may be the so - called “ metal - 1 ” or “ m1 ” that constitutes the first level of the general wiring circuits for the device 100 . as a specific example , the metallization layer 21 may be the ca layer , while the metallization layer 23 may be the m1 layer . as another example , the metallization layer 21 may be the third general metallization layer of the device 100 , while the metallization layer 23 may be the fourth general metallization layer of the device 100 . of course , the device may have any desired number of metallization layers . thus , when reference is made herein to any metallization layer , it should be understood that such layer may be at any level in an integrated circuit product , and that the novel devices disclosed herein may be formed at any level of an integrated circuit product . the various layers depicted in fig1 a may be formed from a variety of different materials , and they may be formed by performing a variety of techniques , such as a chemical vapor deposition ( cvd ), atomic layer deposition ( ald ), physical vapor deposition ( pvd ) or plasma enhanced versions of such processes . the thickness of such layers may also vary depending upon the particular application . for example , in one illustrative embodiment , the first insulating layer 10 may be comprised of a material such as silicon dioxide , silicon oxynitride , low - k silicon dioxide , a low - k material ( k value less than 2 . 7 ), etc . in one specific example , the first insulating layer 10 may be a layer of silicon dioxide having a thickness of about 400 - 600 nm that is initially formed by performing a cvd process . as another example , in one illustrative embodiment , the non - conductive diffusion barrier layer 12 may be comprised of a material , such as silicon nitride , nblok ™, silicon carbon nitride , a nitrogen - doped silicon carbide , etc ., that will help prevent or at least reduce any undesirable migration of the conductive materials in the conductive structure 18 and / or the bottom electrode 20 . in one specific example , the non - conductive diffusion barrier layer 12 may be a layer of nblok ™ having a thickness of about 20 - 40 nm that is initially formed by performing a cvd process . continuing with the discussion of fig1 a , in one illustrative embodiment , the second insulating layer 14 may be comprised of a material such as a so - called low - k insulating material ( k value less than 2 . 7 ), an ultra - low - k insulating material ( k value of less than 2 . 3 ), silicon dioxide , omcts ( octamethyleyelotetrasiloxane ) oxide film , etc . in one specific example , the second insulating layer 14 may be a layer of a low - k insulating material having a thickness of about 700 - 1000 nm that is initially formed by performing a cvd process . in one illustrative embodiment , the hard mask layer 16 may be comprised of a variety of materials such as , for example , a teos - based silicon dioxide , silicon nitride , etc . in one specific example , the hard mask layer 16 may be a layer of teos - based silicon dioxide having a thickness of about 30 - 40 nm that is initially formed by performing a cvd process . among other things , the hard mask layer 16 acts to protect the underlying second layer of insulating material 14 . the patterned mask layer 22 may be comprised of a variety of materials ( e . g ., a photoresist material , an organic patterning layer , an anti - reflective coating ( arc ) layer , or a combination thereof ) and it may be formed using known photolithography techniques . still referring to fig1 a , the schematically depicted conductive structure 18 may be comprised of a variety of conductive materials , such as copper , copper manganese , silver , etc ., and it may be formed using a variety of known techniques . in one specific example , the conductive structure 18 is a copper line that is formed using known damascene techniques . the conductive structure 18 may be part of the overall metallization system for the device 100 . of course , the size , shape and configuration of the conductive structure 18 may vary depending upon the particular application . in one specific example , the conductive structure 18 may have a thickness that ranges from about 40 - 60 nm . so as not to obscure the present inventions , various details and layers associated with the formation of the conductive structure 18 are not depicted in the drawings . for example , one or more barrier layers ( not shown ) are typically formed in the trench 19 prior to depositing the conductive material , e . g ., copper in the trench 19 . similarly , the bottom electrode 20 may be comprised of a variety of conductive materials , such as copper , copper manganese , silver , etc ., and it may be formed using a variety of techniques . the thickness of the bottom electrode 20 may also vary depending upon the particular application . in one illustrative embodiment , the bottom electrode 20 may be comprised of copper , it may be formed using known damascene techniques , and it may have a thickness of about 40 - 60 nm . the lateral width of the bottom electrode 20 may also vary depending upon the particular application . any barrier layers that may be formed as part of the process of forming the bottom electrode 20 are not depicted in fig1 a so as not to obscure the present subject matter . fig1 b illustrates the product 100 after one or more etching processes were performed through the patterned mask layer 22 to define a recess 24 . either dry or wet etching processes may be employed in forming the recess 24 . in one illustrative embodiment , the recess 24 was formed by performing dry anisotropic etching processes to define the recess 24 , with appropriate changes in the etch chemistry of such etching processes as may be required to etch through the hard mask layer 16 , the second layer of insulating material 14 , and , optionally , the barrier layer 12 . in some embodiments , the barrier layer 12 may not be removed from the bottom portion of the recess 24 . the size and configuration of the recess 24 may vary depending upon the particular application . fig1 c illustrates the product 100 after one or more deposition processes were performed to form a second hard mask layer 26 and a conductive middle electrode layer 28 . in one illustrative embodiment , the second hard mask layer 26 may be comprised of a variety of materials such as , for example , a teos - based silicon dioxide , silicon nitride , etc . in one specific example , the second hard mask layer 26 may be a layer of teos - based silicon dioxide having a thickness of about 30 - 40 nm that is initially formed by performing a cvd process . in one illustrative embodiment , the conductive middle electrode layer 28 may be comprises of a conductive material such as tin , ti , tan , ta , a combination thereof , or the like . in general , the material of the middle electrode layer 28 is selected to provide etch selectivity for etching the hard mask layers 16 , 26 , and the insulating material 14 . fig1 d illustrates the product 100 after a patterned mask layer 30 was formed above the middle electrode layer 28 . fig1 e illustrates the product after one or more etch processes were performed through the patterned mask layer 30 to etch the middle electrode layer 28 to define a middle electrode 32 and a mask portion 34 and to remove the patterned mask layer 30 . fig1 f illustrates the product 100 after a plurality of processes was performed . a first deposition process was performed to form a dielectric layer 36 above the middle electrode layer 28 and the mask portion 34 . a second deposition was performed to form a third insulating layer 38 . a planarization process was performed to remove portions of the third insulating layer 38 extending beyond the recess 24 . the dielectric layer 36 may be comprised of a variety of materials such as , for example , a teos - based silicon dioxide , silicon nitride , etc . in one specific example , the dielectric layer 36 may be a layer of teos - based silicon dioxide having a thickness of about 30 - 40 nm that is initially formed by performing a cvd process . the third insulating layer 38 may be comprised of a material such as a so - called low - k insulating material ( k value less than 2 . 7 ), an ultra - low - k insulating material ( k value of less than 2 . 3 ), silicon dioxide , omcts ( octamethyleyelotetrasiloxane ) oxide film , etc . in some embodiments , an optional etch process may be performed to recess the third insulating layer 38 to remove the portion disposed above the dielectric layer 36 in the logic region . fig1 g illustrates the product 100 after a patterned mask layer 40 was formed above the third insulating layer 38 . the patterned mask layer 40 defines a hole opening 42 ( i . e ., having a generally circular cross section ) and a bar opening 44 ( i . e ., extending into the page and having a rectangular cross section ). in some embodiments , different combinations of hole openings and bar openings may be employed . fig1 h illustrates the product 100 after an anisotropic etch was performed through the patterned mask layer 40 to define via openings 46 , 48 . a timed etch process may be employed and terminated at a point corresponding to about 90 % of the thickness of the third insulating layer 38 . fig1 i illustrates the product 100 after an etch process was performed to remove the patterned mask layer 40 and a plurality of processes was performed to form a patterned mask layer 50 ( e . g ., photoresist ) above an edge portion of the middle electrode 32 . fig1 j illustrates the product 100 an etch process was performed to define a trench opening 52 in the second insulating layer 14 and a trench opening 54 in the third insulating layer 38 . in some embodiments the etch process may include a timed etch to remove most of the material of the third insulating layer 38 followed by a selective wet etch to clear the remaining portions in the trench 54 . the selective wet etch may result in some undercutting of the patterned mask layer 50 . a portion of the patterned mask layer 50 may be consumed during the etch process . the trench etch is self - aligned in the logic region due to the presence of the middle electrode 32 and the mask portion 34 . fig1 k illustrates the product after a strip process was performed to remove the patterned mask layer 50 and an etch process was performed to etch the barrier layer 12 to expose the conductive structure 18 and the bottom electrode 20 . fig1 l illustrates the product 100 after one or more deposition process were performed to fill the via openings 46 , 48 and the trench openings 52 , 54 with a conductive material 56 . the conductive material 56 may include a plurality of layers ( not separately shown ), such as a barrier layer ( e . g ., ta , tan , ti , tin ), a seed layer ( e . g ., copper ), and a conductive fill layer ( e . g ., copper ). fig1 m illustrates the device after a planarization process was performed to remove portions of the layers extending above a surface of the second insulating layer 14 to define a logic interconnect 58 including a via 58 v connecting to the conductive structure 18 in the logic region and a mim series capacitor 60 in the capacitor region . the mim series capacitor 60 is defined by the bottom electrode 20 , the middle electrode 32 , and a top electrode 62 . a via 62 v couples the top electrode 62 to the bottom electrode 20 . the vias 58 v , 62 v may be hole type vias or bar type vias . the remaining portions of the second hard mask layer 26 ( and portions of the barrier layer 12 if not removed in fig1 b ) define the bottom dielectric between the bottom electrode 20 and the middle electrode 32 . the remaining portions of the dielectric layer 36 define the top dielectric between the middle electrode 32 and the top electrode 62 . since the middle electrode 32 was formed on a sidewall of the recess 24 defined in the second insulating layer 14 ( see fig1 c ) an extension portion 64 of the middle electrode 32 is coplanar with the top electrode 62 . an isolation region 65 is formed by the third insulating layer 38 and is defined by the distance 51 between the extension portion 64 and the top electrode 62 is controlled by the width of the patterned mask layer 50 ( see fig1 i ). fig1 n illustrates the product 100 after a plurality of processes was performed to define a metallization layer 66 ( e . g ., m2 ) above the mim series capacitor 60 and the logic interconnect 58 . the metallization layer 66 includes a barrier layer 68 , a fourth insulating layer 70 , a middle node interconnect 72 contacting the extension portion 64 of the middle electrode 32 , and a top / bottom node interconnect 74 contacting the top electrode 62 . in one illustrative embodiment , the barrier layer 68 may comprise a material similar to that of the barrier layer 12 , the fourth insulating layer 70 may comprise a material similar to that of the second insulating layer 14 , and the middle node interconnect 72 and the top / bottom node interconnect 74 may comprise a material similar to that of the top electrode 62 . fig1 o is a plan view of the mim series capacitor 60 wherein cross - hatching has been maintained in an effort to facilitate a better understanding of the structure . various layers have been omitted so that the overlay relationship between the electrodes 20 , 32 , 62 may be visualized . the isolation region 65 separates the extension portion 64 of the middle electrode 32 from the top electrode 62 . a via portion 72 v of a middle node interconnect 72 contacts the extension portion 64 , and a via portion 74 v of a top / bottom node interconnect 74 contacts the top electrode 62 and the bottom electrode 20 through the via 62 v ( see fig1 n ). the via portion 72 v is illustrated as a plurality of individual or discreet hole contacts ( depicted in dashed lines ), while the via portion 74 v is illustrated as being a bar - type via . of course , if desired , any of the vias 58 v , 62 v , 72 v , 74 v depicted herein may be discreet hole - type features , bar - type features , or some combination thereof . fig1 p illustrates a schematic diagram of the mim series capacitor 60 defined by the bottom electrode 20 , the middle electrode 32 , and the top electrode 62 . the via 62 v couples the top electrode 62 to the bottom electrode 20 . the remaining portions of the second hard mask layer 26 ( and portions of the barrier layer 12 if not removed in fig1 b ) define the bottom dielectric between the bottom electrode 20 and the middle electrode 32 . the remaining portions of the dielectric layer 36 define the top dielectric between the middle electrode 32 and the top electrode 62 . the particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only , as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein . for example , the process steps set forth above may be performed in a different order . furthermore , no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown , other than as described in the claims below . it is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below . | 7 |
referring first to fig1 the apparatus comprises a supply container 8 of paint or the like and a feed pump 9 . in practice , the supply container 8 and feed pump 9 are in a separate room , often called the paint mixing room . a recirculating line , all of which is denoted with the numeral 10 , runs from the supply container 8 and the pump 9 and back again to the supply container 8 . the recirculating line 10 includes a supply line 10a and a return line 10b , the supply line 10a terminating in a pressure reducer 11 from which the return line 10b runs back to the supply container 8 . preferably , the supply line 10a and return line 10b of recirculating line 10 have the same cross - section and are assembled from modules . between supply line 10a and return line 10b are switched spraying stations a , b , c and d , each of which comprises a tap valve 12 , a metering pump 13 , a sprayer 14 , and a pressure reducer 15 ( which follows the sprayer ). in the drawing , these identical components of the four stations a through d are numbered 13a , 13b , etc . in addition , sensors 16 are included in the line system , in this case for the purpose of clarity , only the sensors are at comparable points in the area of spraying stations b , c , and d as well . the sensors 16 pick up the measurement values , to be explained hereinafter , of the paint flowing in the lines and send these values to a computer 17 . also for reasons of clarity , only the connecting line of one sensor 16 to the input of the computer 17 is shown in the drawing . the output of a typical input device 18 , for example a keyboard , is connected to the input of the computer 17 . the output of the computer 17 leads via a control line to the feed pump 9 . in addition to what is shown , other components of the system or even all of the components can be controlled by the computer 17 , the computer then controlling the program fed in and / or the input device 18 based on the measurement values of sensor 16 . to operate the apparatus , the known values of the paint being used , for example its viscosity at a specific temperature , its shearing loadability and the like , are fed into the computer 17 by means of the input device 18 . as a function of the signals fed from the sensors 16 to the computer and which represent the pressure , the speed , the volume flow and / or the mass flow of the paint flowing at that respective point in the apparatus , the computer 17 then controls the feed pump 9 such that the variables , i . e ., the pressure , speed , volume flow and / or mass flow , are at an optimal value , independent of whether the spraying stations are switched off or whether all or a portion of the spraying stations are switched on or are in operation . to determine optimal values , generally the higher the variables are , the higher the loads to which the paint flowing in the recirculating line 10 is subjected and which results in a reduction in quality . this applies in particular if the duration of these loads is long , a state that is especially the case when the spraying stations are in the idle phases . when viewed over days or weeks , the idle phases are , of course , significantly lower than the operating phases ( spray phases ). in this case , the negative impact on the paint depends on the type and properties of the respective paint , and also on its respective viscosity , the viscosity changing with the temperature and , especially with many paints , even changing non - linearly ( a rheological paint structure ). on the other hand , however , it is apparent that the variables cannot be reduced to any arbitrary value during the spraying process , the specific pressures , speeds and / or quantities of paint are required and when the spraying stations are in an idle phase , it must be assured that at the start of the spraying operation ( opening of the tap valve and / or at the start of the spraying process ), that there is no sudden rush - in in the line system and that the mandatory spray pressure and the mandatory spray quantity are there immediately . in addition , if the flow speeds are too low , there is the risk of deposits forming on the inner walls of the pipe , in particular in the case of those paints containing solid particles in suspension , for example , metallic paints . with the subject invention , the feed pump 9 is controlled by means of the computer 17 such that the paint is treated conservatively in all operational conditions , to the extent that this is possible based on the special properties and the requirements imposed on the apparatus to function faultlessly . fig2 shows a typical measurement protocol for the apparatus of fig1 where the numerical values given serve as an example only for a better appreciation and understanding of the invention . in this measurement protocol , spraying stations a and b of fig1 are not in operation , i . e ., the tap valves 12a and 12b are closed . on the other hand , the tap valves 12c and 12d at spraying stations c and d are open so that paint flows through , yet the sprayers 14c and 14d are not in operation . the individual numerical values at various points in the system are in themselves comprehensible and self - explanatory and therefore need no special explanation . however , it should be noted that the pressure downstream from the exit of pressure reducers 15c and 15d corresponds substantially to the pressure downstream from the exit of the pressure reducer 11 ,. this means that the pressure of the paint return of the spraying stations c and d is set in such a manner so as to ensure that the inflow into the return line 10b will be as calm as possible . for the sake of simplicity and clarity , the embodiment of the invention explained with reference to the drawings shows only one recirculating line 10 . in practice , however , there are generally at least several parallel recirculating lines , for example , five recirculating lines for paint of different colors and one recirculating line for flushing liquid . the tap valves at the individual spraying stations are then integrated into a so - called color changing unit , which can be controlled in such a manner that the paint of the desired color or the flushing liquid is fed into the common metering pump 13 and thus the sprayer 14 . the pressure reducers 15 at the exit of the sprayers 14 are controlled analogously to the color changing units so that the discharging paint returns into the &# 34 ; correct &# 34 ; return line 10b . of course , the various recirculating lines must be monitored and matched separately , because , as stated , the physical properties of the paints are different , even if the paints are the same basic type . the dimensioning of the apparatus thus depends on the respective percularities of the liquid , yet it should be observed that the recirculating lines , and in particular both the supply and the return lines , should run as close to the spraying station as possible in order to keep the distance between the tapping supply line and the flow into the return line to a minimum . the embodiment illustrated in fig1 can have numerous variations without departing from the scope and domain of the present invention , especially as to the components included in the apparatus . thus , for example , if the accuracy of the spray pressure is not particularly important , the metering units 13 can be omitted . it is also possible to provide only tie lines to the sprayer 14 from the supply of the recirculating line . thus , the sprayers are not connected to the return of the recirculating line , particularly if the paints being used do not have a tendency to settle . fig3 shows such a apparatus in which the same components have the same reference numerals as the components of fig1 . thus , in the system of fig3 only tie lines lead from the recirculating line 10 to the sprayers 14 , wherein even the subdivision of the recirculating line 10 by means of a pressure reducer 11 ( fig1 ) into the supply line and the return line can be omitted . furthermore , the computer 17 can be attached to a superordinate data processing system , resulting in a further automation of the aforementioned switching and matching processes of the subject apparatus . while there has been shown and described what is considered to be preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains that various changes and modifications may be made therein departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims . | 1 |
as mentioned above , described herein are mixtures of compounds of formula i . such mixtures exist as a combination of 1 , 3 - and 1 , 4 - isomers and further exist in both the cis and / or trans configurations . an advantage of such mixtures is that they do not require a separate purification step in order to be a liquid at room temperature . but if desired the mixtures described herein may be purified using methods known in the art , such as distillation or column chromatography . the compounds of formula ib are more preferred than the compounds of formula ia . in one embodiment , in compounds of formulas ia and ib , at least one of r 1 and r 2 is methyl . in another embodiment , both r 1 and r 2 are methyl . in still another embodiment , r 1 and r 2 are h . in another aspect , disclosed herein are methods of preparing the compounds of formula ( i ): i ) an ester of formula ( v ), optionally in the presence of an acid or base catalyst ; when the diol of formula ii is reacted with the acylating reagent of formula x , it is preferred that r 5 is cl or and the acylation reaction is performed in the presence of a base . suitable bases are known in the art and include amine containing bases , naoh , koh , and lioh , with the amine containing bases being preferred . examples of amine containing bases include triethylamine , diisopropylethylamine , pyridine , lutidine , dimethylaminopyridine , 2 , 6 - di - tertiary butyl pyridine , 1 , 8 - bis ( dimethylamino ) naphthalene , and / or combinations thereof . preferred amines include triethylamine , diisopropylethylamine , pyridine , lutidine , dimethylaminopyridine , or combinations thereof . most preferred bases include triethylamine , diisopropylethylamine and combinations thereof . when an acylating agent of formula x is used , the acylation reaction is commonly performed in a solvent . suitable solvents are those that do not react with the acylating agent or otherwise impede the acylation reaction . examples of suitable solvents include toluene , xylene , benzene , tetrahydrofuran , dibutyl ether , diethyl ether , methylene chloride , chloroform , dichloroethane , or combinations thereof . preferred solvents include toluene , tetrahydrofuran , dibutyl ether , diethyl ether , methylene chloride , or combinations thereof . typically , the acylation reactions performed using acylation reagent of formula x are run at a temperature of − 20 to 35 ° c . more preferably , they are run at a temperature of − 10 ° c . to 30 ° c . still more preferably , they are run at a temperature of − 10 ° c . to 15 ° c . even more preferably , they are run at a temperature of − 5 ° c . to 5 ° c . in one preferred embodiment , in the acylating agent of formula x , r 5 is cl . in another preferred embodiment , in the acylating agent of formula x , r 5 is in such an embodiment , which is directed towards the use of the anhydride , it is further preferred that all occurrences of r 1 carry the same definition and that all occurrences of r 2 carry the same definition . but the definitions of r 1 and r 2 may be different . in further embodiments , i ) both r 1 and r 2 are h or ii ) only one of r 1 and r 2 is h . in a preferred embodiment , both r 1 and r 2 are h . in still another embodiment , at least one of r 1 and r 2 is methyl . in another embodiment , both r 1 and r 2 are methyl . in yet another embodiment , one of r 1 and r 2 is methyl , while the other is h . alternatively , r 5 may be oh . in such cases , an acid catalyst is used to accelerate the rate of the esterification reaction . typically , the water that is formed during the esterification reaction is removed using a dean - stark apparatus or at least one dehydrating agent . as a general rule , solvents are not used in this reaction . the stoichiometric ratio of the reagents may be ascertained by one of skill in the art . preferred catalysts for this reaction are acid catalysts , which include mineral acids and organic acids . examples of acceptable acids include hcl , h 2 so4 , h 3 po 4 , p - toluene sulfonic acid , triflic acid , and methane sulfonic acid . typically , the reaction is run at temperatures from 20 ° c . up to and including the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture . in alternate embodiments , the acylation reaction is a transesterification reaction performed using the ester of formula ( v ), optionally in the presence of an acid or base catalyst . any acid or bases catalyst known in the art to catalyze the transesterification reaction may be used . examples of acid catalysts include hcl , h 2 so 4 , h 3 po 4 , p - toluene sulfonic acid , triflic acid , and methane sulfonic acid . examples of bases catalysts include lioh , naoh , koh , and ca ( oh ) 2 . in such reactions , the ester of formula ( v ) is used as the solvent . the most appropriate reaction temperature for the transesterification may be readily ascertained by one of skill in the art . typical temperatures include 0 to 30 ° c . more typically , the reaction is run at temperatures of 15 - 25 ° c . in one embodiment , i ) both r 1 and r 2 are h or ii ) only one of r 1 and r 2 is h . in a preferred embodiment , both r 1 and r 2 are h . in an alternate embodiment at least one of r 1 and r 2 is methyl . in another embodiment , both r 1 and r 2 are methyl . in yet another embodiment , one of r 1 and r 2 is methyl , while the other is h . preferably , in the ester of formula ( v ), r 3 is ch 3 . in one embodiment , the compounds of formula ( i ) are prepared by reacting dialdehydes of formula ( iv ) with ethylene glycol and hydrogen , in the presence of a catalyst . a preferred catalyst is pd / c . the preferred compounds of formula i made using the above methods are : with hydrogen and at least 7 and up to and including 100 equivalents of ethylene glycol , in the presence of a pd / c catalyst to form compounds of formula ( ii ) acylating compounds of formula iii with an acylating agent , in the presence of a base and a solvent , wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of triethylamine , di ( isopropyl ) ethylamine and combinations thereof , and the solvent is selected from the group consisting of toluene , tetrahydrofuran , dibutyl ether , diethyl ether , methylene chloride , and combinations thereof , wherein the acylating agent has the formula : either both r 1 and r 2 are h or only one of r 1 and r 2 is h ; and wherein the acylation reaction is run at a temperature of − 10 ° c . to 20 ° c . in a further preferred embodiment , the reaction between dialdehydes of formula ( iv ) and the ethylene glycol occurs at a temperature greater than or equal to 100 ° c . and up to and including 250 ° c . and at a pressure of at least 50 pounds per square inch up to and including 1200 pounds per square inch . the following schemes illustrate one possible method of making the claimed compounds . in the first step , the dialdehyde , which comprises the 1 , 3 - and 1 , 4 - isomers and also both the cist and trans isomers , is reductively etherified using an excess of diol ( with ethylene glycol being preferred , although other diols may be used ) in the presence of hydrogen gas , and a catalyst , at a pressure higher than ambient pressure and a temperature above room temperature . see u . s . publication no . 2010 / 0048940 for more information on the reductive etherification reaction . one preferred method of conducting the reductive etherification reaction is to use at least 7 equivalents of diol , h 2 gas at a pressure of 1000 psi , 5 % pd / c , at a temperature of 200 ° c . and a reaction time of four hours . the resulting product then comprises the bis - etherified product ( major product , approximately 95 %), and a mono - etherified product ( minor product , approximately 5 %), which is formed when one of the aldehydes undergoes reductive etherification , while the other aldehyde group is reduced to the alcohol under the reductive etherification conditions . this mixture of mono - and bis - etherified products may be separated using methods known in the art , such as distillation and / or column chromatography . more specific examples of purification methods that may be used include vacuum distillation at 144 - 149 ° c . at 0 . 25 mm hg or silica gel column chromatography with 5 : 1 hexanes : ethyl acetate . the second step involves the acylation of the alcohol groups , using an acylating agent / protocol as described herein . in both of the above acylation reactions , the acylating reagent is acryloyl chloride . as mentioned above , other acylating agents or acylating protocols may be used to make the bis - acylated materials . likewise , as described above , the base may be any of a variety of bases that are known in the art to be useful in the preparation of acrylated products . or ( as described above ), the acylating reaction may instead be a transesterification reaction . if desired , the bis - acylated , mono - etherified product may be selectively made using a mono - protected aldehyde as a starting material , mono - etherifying the unprotected aldehyde , deprotecting the protected aldehyde group , reducing the aldehyde to an alcohol , and then acylating the two alcohol groups . acceptable protecting agents and reaction conditions are known in the art and / or may be determined by the disclosure contained herein . the monomers and prepolymers of the instant invention can be blended with a filler , preferably inorganic nanoparticles such as colloidal silica to prepare colloidal silica preparations ( such as a colloidal silica acrylate system ). colloidal silica acrylates provide , for example and without limitation , enhanced scratch resistance to acrylate coatings . colloidal silica acrylates are disclosed in , for example and without limitation , u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 177 , 315 and 4 , 348 , 462 . the monomers and prepolymers described herein are typically polymerized by free radical polymerization techniques such as by the use of a peroxide polymerization catalyst . however , such monomers and prepolymers of the instant intention are most preferably polymerized by free radical photopolymerization techniques using a photoinitiator activated by uv light . for applications in which the formulation is ; cured by electron beam ( eb ) radiation , a photoinitiator is not required to initiate polymerization . a mixture of 1 , 3 - and 1 , 4 - bis ( 4 - hydroxy - 2 - oxabutyl ) cyclohexane ( scheme 2 ) was prepared earlier according to the teachings of us 20100048940 . 1 , 3 -/ 1 , 4 - bis ( 4 - hydroxy - 2 - oxabutyl ) cyclohexane ( 11 . 6 g ; 50 mmol , mw = 232 . 3 ) is mixed with toluene ( 40 ml ) and di ( isopropyl ) ethylamine ( 18 . 1 g ; 140 mmol ) and cooled to 0 ° c . using an ice bath . acryloyl chloride ( 11 . 25 g ; 125 mmol ) in toluene ( 20 ml ) is slowly added over ˜ 30 min with stirring . after the addition is done , the mixture is stirred for one more hour and then warmed to room temperature . the mixture is filtered , and the solid residue is washed with toluene ( 20 ml ). the combined filtrate is washed with water saturated with nacl ( 2 × 20 ml ) and then dried over mgso 4 . toluene is removed using a rotovap , and the residue is additionally dried in high vacuum for about 2 hours . the resulting crude product is chromatographed on silica gel using hexane - ethyl acetate ( from 40 : 1 to 10 : 1 ). the fractions containing 95 % material or more are combined , polymerization inhibitor mehq ( hydroquinone monomethyl ether ) ( 100 ppm ) in hexanes is added , the solvent is evaporated , and the residue is additionally dried in high vacuum to a constant weight . the pure material (˜ 95 % purity ) is characterized by 1 h and 13 c nmr . 1 h nmr spectrum ( cdcl 3 , 6 , ppm ): 1 . 1 - 1 . 8 m ( 10h , cyclohexyl ); 3 . 14 d ( 4h ), 3 . 51 m ( 4h ), 4 . 15 m ( 4h ) ch 2 o — groups ; 5 . 68 m ( 2h ), 6 . 00 m ( 2h ), 6 . 25 m ( 2h ) acrylate , abx - pattern . 13 c nmr spectrum ( cdcl 3 , 6 , ppm ): 25 . 21 ; 25 . 62 ; 28 . 54 ; 29 . 26 ; 29 . 85 ; 32 . 70 ; 33 . 23 ; 35 . 28 ; 37 . 53 ; 38 . 05 ; 63 . 55 ; 68 . 62 ; 76 . 57 ; 76 . 97 ; 128 . 15 ; 130 . 55 ; 165 . 766 . see fig1 and 2 for the corresponding nmr spectra . physical state of example 1 at both room temperature and at + 5 ° c . the liquid sample prepared in example 1 was kept at room temperature for one week . the material remained a liquid and did not show any sign of solidifying . the sample was also placed in the refrigerator at + 5 ° c . for one week . the material did not solidify . | 2 |
referring firstly to fig1 of the drawings , there is shown a tube coupling sleeve indicated generally at 10 for coupling a tube 11 to a body 12 having a throughway 13 to communicate with the tube . the tube coupling sleeve is a one piece plastics moulding comprising a main outer sleeve 14 having a bore 15 corresponding in diameter to the outer diameter of the tube 11 . the bore 15 is open at one end 16 of the sleeve and the part of the bore 15 adjacent end 16 of the sleeve has a counter bore 17 to guide an end of a tube 11 into the bore . at the opposite end 18 of the sleeve , the bore 15 closed by an annular end wall 19 encircling the bore and having an inner sleeve 20 projecting from the inner periphery of the annular end wall concentrically through the bore 15 and out of said one end of the outer sleeve 14 to terminate in an end 20 spaced from the end 16 of the outer sleeve . the outer diameter of the inner sleeve 20 is of a comparable diameter to the inner diameter of the tube 11 so that the tube is a close fit between the inner wall of the outer sleeve 14 and the outer wall of the inner sleeve 20 . the annular end wall 19 forms an end for limiting insertion of the tube 11 into the coupling sleeve . the inner sleeve 20 is formed with a series of ridges 22 around the outer surface of the sleeve at spaced locations along the sleeve to form a gripping engagement with the inner surface of the tube 11 to assist in retaining the end part of the tube 11 in the coupling sleeve . the body 12 to which the coupling sleeve is to be connected has , as indicated above , a throughway 13 for communication with the tube 11 and the throughway has an enlarged parallel sided counter bore 23 . the mouth of the counter - bore is itself formed with a shallow divergent counter bore 24 . the outer coupling sleeve 14 is formed with an enlarged head 25 adjacent the end 18 of the sleeve which has a cylindrical outer surface 26 which is a close or interference fit in the counter bore 23 . an annular stainless steel star washer 27 is moulded into the sleeve 14 and head 25 and is formed with a plurality of resilient fingers 28 which are angled away from the end 18 of the sleeve . the fingers 28 have outer corners 29 which project beyond the periphery 26 of the head to be compressed inwardly by engagement of the head in the counter bore to provide a positive gripping action with the counter bore and thereby to prevent extraction of the coupling sleeve from the counter bore . the arrangement thus provides a simple and convenient arrangement in which a tube coupling sleeve can be engaged over an end part of a tube 11 and the coupling sleeve readily located in the counter bore 23 in the body 12 . fig2 of the drawings shows a similar arrangement to that of fig1 except the outer diameter 26 of the head 25 is formed to provide a slight clearance with the counter bore 23 and the head is formed with an integral annular pip 30 spaced between the star washer 27 and end 18 of the head to seal with the surface of the counter bore 23 . fig3 shows an alternative sealing arrangement to that of fig2 in which the outer surface 26 of the head 25 is an inter - clearance fit in the counter bore 23 and a channel 31 is formed around the outer surface of the head in which an o - ring seal 32 is engaged to seal with the counter bore 23 . fig4 shows yet a further arrangement which is similar to that of fig1 except that sleeve 14 has an encircling flange 33 formed adjacent the end 16 of the sleeve and the encircling flange 33 which is spaced along the sleeve from the star washer 27 . the flange 33 has an outer cylindrical surface 34 which is dimensioned to be closely spaced from the counter bore 23 and has an encircling integral annular pip 35 to seal with the counter bore . fig5 of the drawing shows a modification of the arrangement in fig4 in which the outer cylindrical surface 34 of the additional head 33 is dimensioned to be a close or interference fit in the counter bore 26 and an annular channel 36 is formed around the outer surface of the head 33 in which an o - ring seal 37 is mounted to seal with the counter bore 26 . referring now to fig6 of the drawings , there is shown a rather different form of tube coupling sleeve embodying the invention . in this case the bore 15 to receive the tube 11 terminates adjacent the end 18 of the sleeve in an annular shoulder 40 to limit insertion of the tube 11 through the sleeve . instead of holding the tube 11 in the sleeve by means of an inner sleeve 20 as in the fig1 arrangement , the tube is held in the sleeve by means of a collet arrangement of the construction described and illustrated in our u . k . pat . no . 1 , 520 , 742 disposed in the open and 16 of the sleeve . more particularly , the open end 16 of the sleeve has a moulded plastics insert 41 mounted therein formed with a tapering internal cam surface 42 which reduces towards the open end of the insert . a collet 43 having resilient fingers 44 is located in the insert with the fingers projecting through the insert and terminating in enlarged heads 45 which have ridges or barbs 46 on their inner sides to engage the tube 11 . the outer sides of the heads 45 are engageable with the tapered cam surface 42 by drawing the collet in the direction out of the insert and thereby to be forced into gripping engagement with the tube 11 to lock the tube in the sleeve 14 . between the insert 41 and the reduced diameter bore 15 of the sleeve 14 , there is a counter bore 47 in which a o - ring 48 is mounted to seal with the outer surface of the tube 11 . the sleeve 14 has a head 25 at the end 18 as in the fig1 arrangement and a star washer 27 is moulded between the sleeve and head to grip the counter bore 23 in the body 12 as before . however , in this case , the counter bore 23 has a further counter bore 23a towards the open end of the throughway and the outer surface of the sleeve 14 has an enlarged end portion 49 in which the insert 41 is mounted and which provides an annular shoulder 50 encircling the sleeve and facing into the counter bore in the body towards the end 18 of the sleeve . a o - ring seal 51 is engaged between the sleeve 14 and further counter bore 49 being held therein by the shoulder 50 . the outer surface of the enlarged end portion 49 of the sleeve has an encircling annular pip 52 formed integrally therewith to seal with the further counter bore 23a to provide a secondary seal to the o - ring seal 51 . fig7 of the drawings shows a further modified arrangement in which like parts have been allotted the same reference numerals and in which the tube 11 is held in the sleeve 14 by means of an annular grab ring 60 trapped in a counter bore 61 in the open end 16 of the sleeve by a collar 62 locked in the sleeve . the inner periphery of the grab ring is formed with angled resilient teeth to grip the outer surface of the tube 11 to lock the tube in the sleeve . a release sleeve 63 is slidably mounted in the collar 62 and having an inner end 64 for engaging the resilient fingers of the grab ring to deflect the fingers out of engagement with the tube when the release sleeve is depressed into the collar . the end of the release sleeve projecting from the collar 62 formed with an enlarged head 65 to faciliate depression of the sleeve . fig8 shows a further arrangement in which the tube 11 is locked in the sleeve 14 by means of an &# 34 ; olive &# 34 ; or compression ring 66 trapped between an inclined face 67 encircling the wall 15 in the sleeve and a similar inclined face 68 formed on a collar 69 screwed into a counter bore 70 in the open end of the sleeve . tightening the collar into the sleeve compresses the compression ring 66 against the tube 11 thereby locking the tube in the sleeve . fig9 of the drawing shows an arrangement generally similar to that of fig6 except that twin o - ring seals 48 are mounted side by side in the counter bore 47 in the sleeve 14 and a further counter bore 70 is formed next to the counter bore 47 in which a release ring 71 for the collet arms is mounted . the release ring has an annular ramp 72 projecting towards the heads of the collet and depressing the collet into the insert causes the heads to engage the ramp 72 and lift away from the tube engaged by the heads to allow the tube to be extracted from the sleeve . | 5 |
fig1 is a perspective view of the support pillow in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . as shown , the support pillow 10 includes a pillow body or shell 100 with a first portion 110 , a second or medial portion 120 , and a third portion 130 . the first portion 110 terminates in a first end 140 , while the third portion 130 terminates in a second end 150 . the medial portion 120 is interposed between the first portion 110 and the second portion 130 . the support pillow body 100 further includes a top surface 160 and a bottom surface 170 . in the illustrated embodiment , the support pillow 10 possesses a generally curved , c - shaped or crescent - shaped configuration , wherein the curve of the support pillow forms a well 180 is capable of contouring around a body part of a user . for example , the well 180 may receive a user such that the support pillow 10 contours around the user &# 39 ; s waist or torso . preferably , the support pillow 10 is configured to wrap partially around a user ( e . g ., conforming to only the front half or the rear half of the user &# 39 ; s waist ). it is important to note , however , the support pillow body 100 may possess any dimensions and possess any shape suitable for its described purpose . fig2 a and 2b are top views of the pillow of fig1 , with the top surface 160 of the pillow removed to reveal the internal pillow structure . as illustrated , the pillow body 100 is a shell ( e . g ., a fabric cover ) with an internal cavity filled with a predetermined amount of fill material . the shell may define a single cavity ; alternatively , the cavity may be segmented into sections . in the embodiment illustrated in fig2 a and 2b , the cavity is divided into a first section 210 , a second section 220 , and a third section 230 . the first section 210 is separated from the second section 220 by a first wall 240 . similarly , a second wall separates the second section 220 from the third section 230 by a second wall 250 . the first cavity section 210 may correspond to the first body portion 110 , the second cavity section 220 may correspond to the second body portion 120 , and the third cavity section 230 may correspond to the third body portion 130 . the walls made be formed from the same material as the shell ( e . g ., soft fabric ), or may be formed from different material . each section 210 , 220 , 230 , moreover , may be divided into subsections or cells . as shown in fig2 a , the cavity may include a third wall 260 beginning in the first section 210 , extending through the second section 220 , and terminating in the third section 230 . with this configuration , a plurality of subsections or cells 210 a , 210 b , 220 a , 220 b , 230 a , 230 b a formed . as best seen in fig2 b , each cell 210 a , 210 b , 220 a , 220 b , 230 a , 230 b may be selectively filled with a predetermined amount of fill material 275 , enabling complete control of the level of support ( fill density ) throughout the pillow 10 . for example , each cell 210 a , 210 b , 220 a , 220 b , 230 a , 230 b may have the same level of fill density or may have varying levels of fill density . fill materials 275 may include , but are not limited to , resilient , hypoallergenic material such as polyester fibers . in addition , the pillow 10 may include at least one internal compartment operable to store objects such as blankets , toys , etc . as seen in fig2 b , cell 220 a may not contain fill material 275 ( or it may contain a reduced amount of fill material 275 — just enough to maintain its shape ). the first wall 240 , the second wall 250 , and third wall 260 define a pocket accessible to a user . fig3 is a front perspective view of the pillow 10 of fig1 . as shown , the pocket is created within the medial portion 120 of the pillow body 100 . access to the pocket may be provided via an opening 300 disposed proximate the center of medial portion ( e . g ., the opening may be generally coplanar with the horizontal midplane ( see 440 ) of the pillow body 100 ). the pocket may be sealed to secure objects therein . by way of example , the opening 300 may be formed from an upper flap 310 and lower flap 320 releasably connected using a hook and loop fastener ( seen inf fig3 ). alternatively , other connection members ( buttons ( seen in fig1 ), hooks , snaps , ties , zipper etc .) may be used . with this configuration , an internal compartment is formed ( 220 a ), permitting a user to safely secure items ( e . g ., a blanket b ) within the compartment , out of reach from an infant . the pocket of cell 220 a , furthermore , may include an internal fastener permanently or releasably connected to the item stored therein . for example , the blanket b may be tethered to the pocket , securing the blanket b to the pillow 10 . a plurality of seams may be formed in the pillow body 100 at predetermined locations to provide the pillow 10 with a desired degree of flexibility and / or support . fig4 is a top view of the pillow 10 , showing a seam configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the invention . as shown , the pillow body 100 includes a first generally vertical seam 410 and a second generally vertical seam 420 ( from the perspective of fig4 ). the first vertical seam 410 may correspond to the position first cavity wall 240 ; similarly , the second vertical seam 420 may correspond to the position of second cavity wall 250 . similar seams may be formed on the bottom surface 170 of the pillow body 100 . as such , the first 410 and second 420 generally vertical seams may collectively define the medial portion 120 of the pillow body 100 . the pillow body 100 may further include one or more horizontal seams . in the embodiment illustrated in fig4 , the pillow may include a generally horizontal seam 430 extending along the top surface 160 of the pillow body 100 , intersecting both of the generally vertical seams 410 , 420 . similarly , the bottom surface 170 of the pillow body may include generally horizontal seam 430 extending along its surface ( not illustrated ). the generally horizontal seams 430 may correspond to the position of the third cavity wall 260 , described above . the pillow 10 may further include a peripheral seam 440 operable to secure the top surface 160 to the bottom surface 170 of the pillow body . the peripheral seam 440 may extend about the periphery of the pillow body , being generally coplanar with the horizontal midplane of the pillow body 100 . the peripheral seam 440 may be formed around the entire periphery of the pillow body 100 ; alternatively , the peripheral seam may extend along only a portion of the pillow body 100 . for example , as illustrated in fig4 , the peripheral seam 440 begins proximate the first vertical seam 410 , travels away from the well portion 180 of medial section 120 , around the first end 140 and the second end 150 , and terminates proximate the second vertical seam 420 . in other words , the medial portion 120 may lack a peripheral seam on along the front and rear of the medial portion 120 . the pillow may further include connection members 500 operable to secure the first end 140 of the pillow body 100 to the second end 150 of the pillow body 100 , creating a fuller support surface on which in infant may be supported . fig5 illustrates a rear perspective view of the pillow , showing the operation of the connection members 500 . in illustrated embodiment , the connection members 500 are straps tethered to each end 140 , 150 . the straps are tied together to draw the arms of the pillow inward , cinching the pillow ends 140 , 150 together . with this configuration , the pillow 10 may be reconfigured from an open well configuration ( fig1 ) to a closed well configuration ( fig5 ). the closed well configuration creates a more compact , higher support surface onto which an infant may be placed ( or onto which a user may rest her head ). while straps are illustrated , other connection members 500 operable to secure to each other and secure the first end 140 of the pillow body to the second end 150 of the pillow body 100 ( thus substantially closing the well 180 ) may be used , such as buttons , snaps , flaps , hook - and - loop fasteners , tie strings , belts etc . in addition to securing the ends 140 , 150 of the same pillow together , the connection members 500 may be used to connect a plurality of pillows together , as well as be used to secure objects to the pillow such as infant toys , etc . the dimensions of the pillow 10 may be defined to provide proper contour and support of a user . fig6 is a top view of the pillow 10 , showing specific examples of the various pillow dimensions that may be utilized . starting with the rear side of the pillow ( the side including the well 180 ), d , corresponding to the depth of the well 180 , may be less than about 9 inches ( 22 . 86 cm ). by way of example , d may possess a value of about 8 inches ( 20 . 32 cm ). w 1 , corresponding to the width of the well 180 measured from first end 140 to second end 150 , may be less than about 14 inches ( 35 . 56 cm ) without stretching the arms apart . by way of example , w 1 may possess a value of about 9 - 12 inches ( 22 . 86 cm - 30 . 48 cm ) without stretching the arms apart . w 2 , corresponding to the width of the well 180 measured proximate its midpoint , may be less than about 9 inches ( 22 . 86 cm ). d 1 , corresponding to the distance from the second end 150 to the second generally vertical seam 420 ( as measured along the peripheral seam 440 ), may be about 6 . 5 to about 10 . 5 inches ( 16 . 51 cm - 26 . 67 cm ). by way of example , d 1 may possess a value of about 8 . 5 inches ( 21 . 59 cm ). d 2 , corresponding to the distance from the second generally vertical seam 420 to the first generally vertical seam 410 ( as measured along the peripheral seam 440 ) may be about 2 - 7 inches ( 5 . 08 cm - 17 . 78 cm ). by way of example , d 2 may possess of value of about 5 inches ( 12 . 7 cm ). d 3 , corresponding to the distance from the first generally vertical seam 410 to the first end 140 ( as measured along the peripheral seam 440 ) may be about 6 . 5 to about 10 . 5 inches ( 16 . 51 cm - 26 . 67 cm ). by way of example , d 3 may possess a value of about 8 . 5 inches ( 21 . 59 cm ). thus , the overall distance from the first end 140 to the second end 150 along the inner well may be about 15 - 28 inches ( 38 . 10 cm - 71 . 12 cm ). by way of example overall distance may be about 22 inches ( 55 . 88 cm ). turning to the outer ( front side ) dimensions of the pillow 10 , d 4 , corresponding to the distance from the first end 140 to the first generally vertical seam 410 ( as measured along peripheral seam 440 ), may be about 26 - 30 inches ( 66 . 04 cm - 76 . 20 cm ). by way of example , d 4 may possess a value of about 28 inches ( 71 . 12 cm ). d 5 , corresponding to the distance from the first generally vertical seam 410 to the second generally vertical seam 420 ( as measured along the peripheral seam 440 ) may be about 7 - 11 inches ( 17 . 78 cm - 27 . 94 cm ). by way of example , d 5 may possess a value of about 9 inches ( 22 . 86 cm ). d 6 , corresponding to the measurement from the second generally vertical seam 420 to the second end 150 ( as measured along the peripheral seam 440 ), may possess a measurement similar to d 4 , thus may be about 26 - 30 inches ( 66 . 04 cm - 76 . 20 cm ). by way of example , d 6 may possess a value of about 28 inches ( 71 . 12 cm ). thus , the overall outer dimensions of the pillow body 100 may be about 59 - 67 inches ( 149 . 86 cm - 170 . 18 ). by way of example , the overall outer dimensions may be about 63 inches ( 160 . 02 cm ). d 7 , corresponding to the distance the generally horizontal seam 430 extends along the first portion 110 of the pillow 10 , may be about 13 - 17 inches ( 33 . 02 cm - 43 . 18 cm ). by way of example , d 7 may possess a value of about 15 inches ( 38 . 10 cm ). d 8 , corresponding to the distance the generally horizontal seam 430 extends from the first generally vertical seam 410 to the second generally vertical seam 420 , may be about 5 . 5 - 9 . 5 inches ( 13 . 97 cm - 24 . 13 cm ). by way of example , d 8 may possess a value of about 7 . 5 inches ( 19 . 05 cm ). d 9 , corresponding to the distance the generally horizontal seam 430 extends along the third portion 130 of the pillow 10 , may be about 13 - 17 inches ( 33 . 02 cm - 43 . 18 cm ). by way of example , d 9 may possess a value of about 15 inches ( 38 . 10 cm ). finally , d 10 , corresponding to the distance from the rear of the pillow 10 to the front of the pillow , as measured along the first or second generally vertical seam 410 , 420 , may be about 13 - 17 inches ( 33 . 02 cm - 43 . 18 cm ). by way of example , d 10 may possess a value of about 15 inches ( 38 . 10 cm ). the height of the pillow 10 may taper from front of the pillow ( the side including the pocket opening 300 ) towards the rear of the pillow . for example , the height of the pillow at the medial portion 120 may be about 5 - 11 inches ( 12 . 7 cm - 27 . 94 cm ) ( e . g ., about 7 . 5 inches ( 7 . 50 cm )), while the height measured at each end 140 , 150 , may be about 2 - 6 inches ( 5 . 08 cm - 15 . 24 cm ) ( e . g ., about 4 inches ) ( 10 . 16 cm ). fig7 illustrates one exemplary use of the pillow 10 ( where the user / parent is not shown for ease of illustration only — the infant should never be left unattended ). as shown , in the first mode , an infant may be supported by the pillow 10 . fig8 illustrates the operation of the pillow of fig1 in a second mode . in this second mode , the pillow 100 is partially wrapped around the waist of a user , with the medial portion 120 positioned over the user &# 39 ; s lap . an infant may be positioned on the pillow for feeding , nursing , sleeping , etc . the pillow 10 may be formed using processes such a blow filling . specifically , the perimeter of the pillow 10 may be nearly entirely sealed , leaving a small opening through which batting material may be inserted . the batting material ( e . g ., polyester fiber ) is blown into the cavity of the pillow until the pillow is filled to the desirable size and firmness . in operation , the individual cells may each be filled separately ( and with differing amounts and densities of filling ), after which the perimeter of the pillow body 100 is sealed ( e . g ., via stitching ). while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof , it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof . for example , the pillow 10 can be of any size and shape , and may be formed from any suitable materials . the height of the pillow may taper downward from the medial portion toward the ends 140 , 150 ; alternately , the height may remain constant , or may taper upward from the medial portion toward the ends 140 , 150 . any number of seams may be used ; moreover , the seams may be placed at any desired location . it is important to note , however , that the seams , 410 , 420 , 430 may be formed so they do not correspond with the walls of the cavity 205 . in addition , fewer or greater amounts of seams may be provided . the pocket ( i . e ., a pocket opening 300 ) may be created within any portion 110 , 120 , and 130 of the body . in addition , multiple pockets may be formed within the body 100 . finally , the pillow 10 can include various external , removable , pillowcases , including pillowcases that incorporate a fashion design . the pillowcases may be machine washable and / or hypoallergenic . thus , it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention that come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents . it is to be understood that terms such as “ left ”, “ right ” “ top ”, “ bottom ”, “ front ”, “ rear ”, “ side ”, “ height ”, “ length ”, “ width ”, “ upper ”, “ lower ”, “ interior ”, “ exterior ”, “ inner ”, “ outer ” and the like as may be used herein , merely describe points of reference and do not limit the present invention to any particular orientation or configuration . | 0 |
fig1 - 1b illustrate one embodiment of a portable coordinate measuring machine ( pcmm ) 1 in accordance with the present invention . in the illustrated embodiment , the pcmm 1 comprises a base 10 , a plurality of rigid transfer members 20 , a coordinate acquisition member 50 and a plurality of articulation members 30 - 36 connecting the rigid transfer members 20 to one another . each articulation member 30 - 36 is configured to impart one or more rotational and / or angular degrees of freedom . through the various articulation members 30 - 36 , the pcmm 1 can be aligned in various spatial orientations thereby allowing fine positioning and orientating of the coordinate acquisition member 50 in three dimensional space . the position of the rigid transfer members 20 and the coordinate acquisition member 50 may be adjusted using manual , robotic , semi - robotic and / or any other adjustment method . in one embodiment , the pcmm 1 , through the various articulation members 30 , is provided with seven rotary axes of movement . it will be appreciated , however , that there is no strict limitation to the number of axes of movement that may be used , and fewer or additional axes of movement may be incorporated into the pcmm design . in the embodiment pcmm 1 illustrated in fig1 , the articulation members 30 - 36 can be divided into two functional groupings based on their operation , namely : 1 ) those articulation members 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 which allow the swiveling motion associated with a specific transfer member ( hereinafter , “ swiveling joints ”), and 2 ) those articulation members 31 , 33 , 35 which allow a change in the relative angle formed between two adjacent members or between the coordinate acquisition member 30 and its adjacent member ( hereinafter , “ hinge joints ”). while the illustrated embodiment includes four swiveling joints and three hinge joints positioned as to create seven axes of movement , it is contemplated that in other embodiments , the number of and location of hinge joints and swiveling joints can be varied to achieve different movement characteristics in a pcmm . for example , a substantially similar device with six axes of movement could simply lack the swivel joint 30 between the coordinate acquisition member 50 and the adjacent articulation member 20 . in still other embodiments , the swiveling joints and hinge joints can be combined and / or used in different combinations . in various embodiments , the coordinate acquisition member 50 comprises a contact sensitive member 55 ( depicted as a hard probe ) configured to engage the surfaces of a selected object and generate coordinate data on the basis of probe contact , as depicted in fig2 - 3 . in the illustrated embodiment , the coordinate acquisition member 50 also comprises a non - contact scanning and detection component that does not necessarily require direct contact with the selected object to acquire geometry data . as depicted , the non - contact scanning device comprises a non - contact coordinate detection device 60 ( shown as a laser coordinate detection device / laser scanner ) that may be used to obtain geometry data without direct object contact . it will be appreciated that various coordinate acquisition member configurations including : a contact - sensitive probe , a non - contact scanning device , a laser - scanning device , a probe that uses a strain gauge for contact detection , a probe that uses a pressure sensor for contact detection , a device that uses an infrared beam for positioning , and a probe configured to be electrostatically - responsive may be used for the purposes of coordinate acquisition . further , in some embodiments , a coordinate acquisition member 50 can include one , two , three , or more than three coordinate acquisition mechanisms . with particular reference to fig3 , in various embodiments of the pcmm 1 , the various devices which may be used for coordinate acquisition , such as the laser coordinate detection device 60 , may be configured to be manually disconnected and reconnected from the pcmm 1 such that an operator can change coordinate acquisition devices without specialized tools . thus , an operator can quickly and easily remove one coordinate acquisition device and replace it with another coordinate acquisition device . such a connection may comprise any quick disconnect or manual disconnect device . this rapid connection capability of a coordinate acquisition device can be particularly advantageous in a pcmm 1 that can be used for a wide variety of measuring techniques ( e . g . measurements requiring physical contact of the coordinate acquisition member with a surface followed by measurements requiring only optical contact of the coordinate acquisition member ) in a relatively short period of time . although , as depicted , only the laser coordinate detection device 60 is removed , in some embodiments the contact sensitive member 55 can also be removed and replaced in a similar manner . in the embodiment of fig2 , the coordinate acquisition member 30 also comprises buttons 41 , which are configured to be accessible by an operator . by pressing one or more of the buttons 41 singly , multiply , or in a preset sequence , the operator can input various commands to the pcmm 1 . in some embodiments the buttons 41 can be used to indicate that a coordinate reading is ready to be recorded . in other embodiments the buttons 41 can be used to indicate that the location being measured is a home position and that other positions should be measured relative to the home position . in other embodiments the buttons 41 may be used to record points using the contact sensitive member 55 , record points using the non - contact coordinate detection device 60 , or to switch between the two devices . in other embodiments , the buttons 41 can be programmable to meet an operator &# 39 ; s specific needs . the location of the buttons 41 on the coordinate acquisition member 50 can be advantageous in that an operator need not access the base 10 or a computer in order to activate various functions of the pcmm 1 while using the coordinate acquisition member 50 . this positioning may be particularly advantageous in embodiments of pcmm having transfer members 20 that are particularly long , thus placing the base 10 out of reach for an operator of the coordinate acquisition member 50 in most positions . in some embodiments of the pcmm 1 , any number of operator input buttons ( e . g ., more or fewer than the two illustrated ), can be provided . advantageously , as depicted the buttons 61 are placed on the handle 40 in a trigger position , but in other embodiments it may be desirable to place buttons in other positions on the coordinate acquisition member 50 or anywhere on the pcmm 1 . other embodiments of pcmm can include other operator input devices positioned on the pcmm or the coordinate acquisition member 50 , such as switches , rotary dials , or touch pads in place of , or in addition to operator input buttons . with particular reference to fig1 , in some embodiments , the base 10 can be coupled to a work surface through a magnetic mount , a vacuum mount , bolts or other coupling devices . additionally , in some embodiments , the base 10 can comprise various electrical interfaces such as plugs , sockets , or attachment ports . in some embodiments , attachment ports can comprise connectability between the pcmm 1 and a usb interface for connection to a processor such as a general purpose computer , an ac power interface for connection with a power supply , or a video interface for connection to a monitor . in some embodiments , the pcmm 1 can be configured to have a wireless connection with an external processor or general purpose computer such as by a wifi connection , bluetooth connection , rf connection , infrared connection , or other wireless communications protocol . in some embodiments , the various electrical interfaces or attachment ports can be specifically configured to meet the requirements of a specific pcmm 1 . with continued reference to fig1 , the transfer members 20 are preferably constructed of hollow generally cylindrical tubular members so as to provide substantial rigidity to the members 20 . the transfer members 20 can be made of any suitable material which will provide a substantially rigid extension for the pcmm 1 . the transfer members 20 preferably define a double tube assembly so as to provide additional rigidity to the transfer members 20 . furthermore , it is contemplated that the transfer 20 in various other embodiments can be made of alternate shapes such as those comprising a triangular or octagonal cross - section . in some embodiments , it can be desirable to use a composite material , such as a carbon fiber material , to construct at least a portion of the transfer members 20 . in some embodiments , other components of the pcmm 1 can also comprise composite materials such as carbon fiber materials . constructing the transfer members 20 of composites such as carbon fiber can be particularly advantageous in that the carbon fiber can react less to thermal influences as compared to metallic materials such as steel or aluminum . thus , coordinate measuring can be accurately and consistently performed at various temperatures . in other embodiments , the transfer members 20 can comprise metallic materials , or can comprise combinations of materials such as metallic materials , ceramics , thermoplastics , or composite materials . also , as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art , many of the other components of the pcmm 1 can also be made of composites such as carbon fiber . presently , as the manufacturing capabilities for composites are generally not as precise when compared to manufacturing capabilities for metals , generally the components of the pcmm 1 that require a greater degree of dimensional precision are generally made of a metals such as aluminum . it is foreseeable that as the manufacturing capabilities of composites improved that a greater number of components of the pcmm 1 can be also made of composites . with continued reference to fig1 , some embodiments of the pcmm 1 may also comprise a counterbalance system 110 that can assist an operator by mitigating the effects of the weight of the transfer members 20 and the articulating members 30 - 36 . in some orientations , when the transfer members 20 are extended away from the base 10 , the weight of the transfer members 20 can create difficulties for an operator . thus , a counterbalance system 110 can be particularly advantageous to reduce the amount of effort that an operator needs to position the pcmm 1 for convenient measuring . in some embodiments , the counterbalance system 110 can comprise resistance units ( not shown ) which are configured to ease the motion of the transfer members 20 without the need for heavy weights to cantilever the transfer members 20 . it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that in other embodiments simple cantilevered counterweights can be used in place or in combination with resistance units . further , although as depicted there is only one counterbalance system 110 unit , in other embodiments there can be more . in some embodiments , the resistance units can comprise hydraulic resistance units which use fluid resistance to provide assistance for motion of the transfer members 20 . in other embodiments the resistance units may comprise other resistance devices such as pneumatic resistance devices , or linear or rotary spring systems . as is known in the art , the position of the contact sensitive member 55 in space at a given instant can be calculated by knowing the length of each rigid transfer member 20 and the specific position of each of the articulation members 30 - 36 . each of the articulation members 30 - 36 can be broken down into a singular rotational degree of motion , each of which is measured using a dedicated rotational transducer . each transducer outputs a signal ( e . g ., an electrical signal ), which varies according to the movement of the articulation member in its degree of motion . the signal can be carried through wires or otherwise transmitted to the base 10 . from there , the signal can be processed and / or transferred to a computer for determining the position of the coordinate acquisition member 50 and its various parts in space . in one embodiment , the transducer can comprise an optical encoder . in general , each encoder measures the rotational position of its axle by coupling is movement to a pair of internal wheels having successive transparent and opaque bands . in such embodiments , light can be shined through the wheels onto optical sensors which feed a pair of electrical outputs . as the axle sweeps through an arc , the output of the analog encoder can be substantially two sinusoidal signals which are 90 degrees out of phase . coarse positioning can occur through monitoring the change in polarity of the two signals . fine positioning can be determined by measuring the actual value of the two signals at the instant in question . in certain embodiments , maximum accuracy can be obtained by measuring the output precisely before it is corrupted by electronic noise . additional details and embodiments of the illustrated embodiment of the pcmm 1 can be found in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 829 , 148 , the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein . with reference to fig1 , 1 a , and 1 b , in some embodiments , the pcmm 1 can comprise one or more rotatable grip assemblies 122 , 124 . in the illustrated embodiment , the pcmm 1 can comprise a lower rotatable grip assembly 122 and an upper rotatable grip assembly 124 . advantageously , having a lower rotatable grip assembly 122 and an upper rotatable grip assembly 124 disposed on a last transfer member 21 , allows the operator to easily use both hands in positioning the pcmm 1 . in other embodiments , the pcmm 1 can comprise one , or more than two rotatable grips . additional details of the grip assemblies can be found in applicant &# 39 ; s co - pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 12 / 057 , 966 , filed mar . 28 , 2008 , the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein while several embodiments and related features of a pcmm 1 have been generally discussed herein , additional details and embodiments of pcmm 1 can be found in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 829 , 148 and 7 , 174 , 651 , the entirety of these patents being incorporated by reference herein . while certain features below are discussed with reference to the embodiments of a pcmm 1 described above , it is contemplated that they can be applied in other embodiments of a pcmm such as those described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 829 , 148 or 7 , 174 , 651 , u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 963 , 531 , filed dec . 21 , 2007 , entitled “ improved joint axis for coordinate measurement machine ”, u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 943 , 463 , filed nov . 20 , 2007 , entitled “ coordinate measurement device with improved joint ” and u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 775 , 081 , filed jul . 9 , 2007 , entitled “ joint for coordinate measurement device ”, the entire contents of these patents and patent applications being incorporated herein by reference . as depicted in fig1 , the pcmm can include a coordinate acquisition member 50 at an end of its arm . fig2 - 3 depict the coordinate acquisition member 50 in more detail . as shown , the coordinate acquisition member 50 can include a contact sensitive member 55 and a laser coordinate detection device 60 facing a front end 54 . the coordinate acquisition member 50 can further attach to a handle 40 at a lower end 51 and the pcmm 1 at a rear end 52 . the coordinate acquisition member 50 can further include a top end 53 . at the rear end 52 , the coordinate acquisition member 50 can further include a data connection ( not shown ) with the hinge 31 , such as a slip ring connection , a direct wire , or some other connection . this can allow data transfer between the coordinate acquisition member 50 and the pcmm 1 . the pcmm 1 can include similar data transfer elements along its arm , allowing data transmission between the coordinate acquisition member 50 and the base 10 , or any peripheral computing medium external to the pcmm arm . the laser coordinate detection device 60 can include a light source 65 ( depicted as a laser ) and an optical sensor 70 ( depicted as a camera ), and can acquire positional data by a method of triangulation . the laser or light source 65 can create an illuminated laser plane including a laser line l 4 . the camera 70 can be displaced from the laser plane and further be non - parallel to the laser plane . accordingly , the camera 70 will view points as higher or lower , depending on their position further or closer to the laser 65 . similarly , the camera 70 will view points illuminated by the laser as being either further to the left or the right , according to their actual position relative to the laser 65 . comparing the geometric relationship between the position and orientation of the laser 65 and the camera 70 will allow one of skill in the art to appropriately translate the position of the image of the laser - illuminated point in the image captured by the camera 70 to an actual position in space in conjunction with the position of the coordinate acquisition member 50 itself . in fig1 , a plurality of the axes of movement are marked according to their proximity to the coordinate acquisition member 50 . as depicted , the coordinate acquisition member 50 can pivot about a last axis of rotation l 1 on a swivel 30 . the last axis of rotation l 1 and the swivel 30 are more clearly depicted in fig2 c . as shown , the laser coordinate detection device 60 mounts bearings 150 , 151 at an end of the pcmm arm 1 . the orientation and position of the bearings 150 , 151 can substantially define the last axis l 1 . thus , the laser coordinate detection device 60 can rotate about the last axis l 1 , independent of the contact sensitive member ( depicted as a probe ) 55 . in some embodiments , the contact sensitive member 55 is not rotatable , reducing potential error from any eccentricity between the contact sensitive member 55 and the last axis l 1 . the swivel 30 can rotate about a second to last axis of rotation l 2 at the end of the last rigid transfer member 21 on a hinge joint 31 . like the bearings 150 , 151 and the last axis l 1 , the second to last axis l 2 can be substantially defined by a hinge shaft 140 . as depicted , the last axis l 1 can also be considered a roll axis , and the second to last axis can also be considered a pitch axis . similarly , rotation about a third to last axis l 3 can be considered a yaw axis . the handle 40 can also generally comprise a pistol - grip style , which can further include ergonomic grooves corresponding to human fingers ( not shown ). the handle can also have a generally central axis l 5 . optionally , within the handle 40 , a battery 42 can be held . in some embodiments the handle 40 can include a sealed battery , as described in u . s . publication no . 2007 / 0256311a1 , published nov . 8 , 2007 , which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . further , the battery 42 can insert through the bottom of the handle 40 . in other embodiments , the battery 42 can insert through the top of the handle 40 , and the handle 40 can release from the coordinate acquisition member 50 to expose an opening for battery insertion and removal . the battery can be provided to power the laser scanner , rotational motors about one of the articulation members 30 - 36 , and / or other types of probes or devices . this can reduce current draw through the arm , decrease overall power requirements , and / or reduce heat generated in various parts of the arm . in one embodiment , data can be transmitted wirelessly to and from either the coordinate acquisition member 50 or the non - contact coordinate detection device 60 and the base of the pcmm 1 or to an external device such as a computer . this can reduce the number of internal wires through the pcmm 1 . it can also reduce the number of wires between the pcmm 1 and the computer . above the handle 40 , the coordinate acquisition member 50 can include a main body 90 , best depicted in fig3 . the main body 90 can connect directly to the hinge 31 at the rear end 52 of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . the main body 90 can further hold the contact sensitive member 55 . in preferred embodiments , the main body 90 can even further hold the contact sensitive member 55 in near alignment with the swivel 30 , such that an axis of the contact sensitive member 55 extends near the last axis l 1 of the swivel 30 . in some embodiments , the axis of the contact sensitive member 55 can pass through the last axis l 1 of the swivel 30 . in other embodiments the axis of the contact sensitive member 55 can pass within 10 mm of the last axis l 1 , this distance corresponding to d 3 ( depicted in fig2 d ). as best depicted in fig3 b , the main body 90 can further include a mounting portion 91 , a recess 92 , and a data port 93 , configured to interact with a laser coordinate detection device ( depicted as a laser scanner ) 60 . the laser scanner 60 , as best depicted in fig3 a , can include an upper housing 80 , a laser 65 , and a data port 101 . as shown in fig3 , the laser scanner 60 can be configured to mount on the main body 90 as an auxiliary body ( which can include different devices in other embodiments ). the upper housing 80 can be shaped to match the mounting portion 91 , and can accordingly be received by that portion . the recess 92 can be shaped to receive the laser 65 when the mounting portion 91 receives the upper housing 80 . upon these interactions , the data ports 93 , 101 can interact to pass information between the main body 90 and the laser scanner 60 ( and accordingly further along the pcmm arm 1 as described above ). the laser coordinate detection device 60 can further include a base - plate 75 . the base - plate 75 can include a port 85 configured to receive the contact sensitive member 55 when the laser scanner 60 mounts to the main body 90 . additionally , the base - plate 75 can include assembly holes 104 that can interact with assembly holes 94 on the main body 90 , along with fasteners ( not shown ), to secure the main body 90 and laser scanner 60 together . it will be clear that a variety of screws and other fasteners can be used to attach the main body 90 and the laser scanner 60 . for example , in some embodiments they can be attached by a snap - lock mechanism , allowing easy attachment and removal . further , in some embodiments a repeatable kinematic mount can be used , where the laser scanner 60 can be removed and remounted to the main body 90 without tools . it can be remounted with a high level of repeatability through the use of a 3 - point kinematic seat as is known in the industry . when the pcmm 1 is intended to provide accurate position data , the pcmm can be designed to minimize the errors at both the contact sensitive member 55 and at the non - contact coordinate detection device 60 . the error of the coordinate acquisition member 50 can be reduced by minimizing the effect of the errors of the last three axes on both the contact sensitive member 55 and the non - contact coordinate detection device 60 . the maximum error of the contact sensitive member 55 can be represented in the following equations as ep , which is primarily a function of the errors of each of the last three axes ( l 1 - l 3 ) and the distances from the probe center to the axes . likewise , the error of the non - contact coordinate detection device 60 can be represented as es and is primarily a function of the errors of each of the last three axes ( l 1 - l 3 ) and the distances from the optical center point p 1 to the axes . where e 1 , e 2 , and e 3 represent the absolute value of the angular error at each of the three last axes of rotation at the articulation members 30 , 31 , and 32 respectively ; and d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , d 1 ′, d 2 ′, and d 3 ′ represent the distance from the respective axes to either the probe center or the optical center point ( or laser focus ) p 1 . as will be explained in further detail to follow , the pcmm 1 can enhance the accuracy of the coordinate acquisition member 50 by supplying a superior geometry to reduce both errors ep and es while at the same time balancing the center of gravity ( cg ) of the coordinate acquisition member 50 over the handle 40 and reducing the overall height of the coordinate acquisition member 50 ( d 4 ) as shown in fig2 d . when the laser scanner 60 mounts the main body 90 , a variety of geometric properties can arise between coordinate acquisition elements . for example , as depicted the camera 70 , the contact sensitive member 55 , and the laser 65 can be directly integrated with the last axis l 1 . for example , as depicted the camera 70 , contact sensitive member 55 , and laser 65 can be generally collinear when viewing from the front ( e . g . along axis l 1 ), with the contact sensitive member 55 in the middle and aligned with the last axis l 1 ( i . e . d 1 = 0 ). further , as depicted the upper housing 80 , contact sensitive member 55 , and the laser 65 can be arranged generally parallel to the last axis l 1 . however , the camera 70 can be oriented at an angle relative to the last axis l 1 so as to view the laser plane . such arrangements can be advantageous in a number of ways . for example , in this arrangement the angular position of the elements about l 1 can be approximately equal ( with the exception of a 180 degree offset when on different sides of the last axis l 1 ), simplifying data processing requirements . as another example , providing these elements aligned with the last axis l 1 can facilitate counterbalancing the weight of these elements about the last axis , reducing error from possible deflection and easing movement about the axis . as depicted in fig2 d , the center of gravity ( cg ) of the coordinate acquisition member 50 can lie along l 1 . even further , the error associated with the angle of rotation about the last axis l 1 is amplified by the perpendicular distance from the axis to the center of the laser plane emitted by the laser 65 ( depicted as d 1 in fig2 d ). in this orientation , the perpendicular distance is minimized . in some embodiments , the perpendicular distance from the center of the laser plane to the last axis can be no greater than 35 mm . notably , in other embodiments it may be desirable to move the laser 65 even closer to the last axis l 1 , such as by aligning directly therewith . however , the accuracy of the contact sensitive member 55 is also partially dependent on its proximity to the last axis l 1 ; and , as described below , some other advantages can arise from separating the laser 65 from the camera 70 . as further depicted , when the laser scanner 60 mounts the main body 90 , the contact sensitive member 55 and the laser coordinate detection device 60 can form a compact design . for example , the laser 65 and / or the camera 70 can extend past the one or both of the bearings 150 , 151 . as depicted , the laser 65 extends , at least partially , beyond the bearings 151 but not the bearings 150 ; and the camera 70 extends beyond both bearings . in other embodiments , these elements can extend to the bearings , and not pass them . generally , causing these elements to overlap reduces the necessary length of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . in some embodiments such compact designs can allow the coordinate acquisition elements to be closer to the second to last axis l 2 , as well as the last axis l 1 . accordingly , the distance between the second to last axis l 2 and the points of measurement ( e . g . at the tip of the contact sensitive member 55 and / or at the focus p 1 of the camera 70 ) can be reduced . as the error in the angular position of the coordinate acquisition member 50 along the second to last axis l 2 is amplified by these distances , this also reduces the error of the pcmm 1 in other ways . for example , the compact design can also reduce error related to the distance from the focus p 1 to the third to last axis l 3 , represented as d 3 ′. additionally , providing the elements of the coordinate acquisition member 50 closer to the second and third to last axes l 2 , l 3 can reduce deflection , reducing error even further . in some embodiments the contact sensitive member 55 can be within 185 mm of the second and / or third to last axis l 2 , l 3 , and the focus p 1 of the camera 70 can be within 285 mm of the third to last axis . as best depicted in fig2 d , the compact design can further bring a center of gravity ( cg ) of the coordinate acquisition member 50 closer to a central axis l 5 of the handle 40 . in some embodiments , the distance between the center of gravity and the central axis of the handle 40 can be no greater than 20 mm . as yet another advantage to the compact design , the vertical height d 4 of the coordinate acquisition member 50 can be reduced , allowing measurement in tighter spots . in some embodiments the height can be no greater than 260 mm . notably , as the coordinate acquisition member 50 in the depicted embodiment rotates about the last axis l 1 , the height d 4 can also represent a maximum length of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . in some embodiments , the laser scanner 60 can include additional advantages . for example , the laser scanner 60 can isolate the laser 65 from heat generated by the other parts of the pcmm arm 1 . for example , as depicted in fig3 , a base plate 75 holds the laser 65 at one end and the camera 70 at the other , separated by the contact sensitive member 55 . in some embodiments the base plate 75 can include a material with a low coefficient of thermal expansion such as invar , ceramic , or carbon fiber . reducing thermal expansion can reduce changes in the position and orientation of the laser 65 and / or the camera 70 , which could create problems such as introducing additional error into the measurements . similarly , the base plate 75 can also include a material with a low thermal conductivity , hindering transmission of heat , for example , from the camera 70 to the laser 65 or pcmm 1 . as depicted , the camera 70 can be held in an upper housing 80 of the laser scanner 60 , and in some embodiments the upper housing can include multiple cameras . the upper housing 80 can include materials such as aluminum or plastic . additionally , the upper housing 80 can protect the camera 70 from atmospheric contaminants such as dust , liquids , ambient light , etc . similarly , the laser 65 can be protected by the recess 92 of the main body 90 . in some embodiments , the recess 92 can include a thermal isolation disc or plate with a low coefficient of thermal expansion and / or conductivity , protecting the laser from external heat and substantially preserving its alignment . in many embodiments , the electronics 160 associated with the laser coordinate detection device 60 can create a substantial amount of heat . as discussed above , various components can be protected from this heat with materials having low coefficients of thermal expansion and conductivity for example . as depicted , the electronics 160 can be positioned in the upper housing 80 of the laser scanner 60 . however , in other embodiments the electronics 160 can be positioned further from the sensors 55 , 60 , such as in a completely separate housing . for example , in some embodiments the electronics 160 can be held by the laser scanner 60 in a separate housing , also attached to the base plate 75 . in other embodiments , the electronics 160 can be located further down the pcmm 1 , such as in a rigid transfer member 20 or in the base 10 . moving the electronics 160 further down the pcmm 1 can reduce weight at the end of the arm , minimizing deflection of the arm . similarly , in some embodiments the electronics 160 can be completely outside the pcmm 1 , such as in a separate computer . data from the sensors 55 , 70 can be transmitted through the pcmm 1 on an internal cable in the arm , wirelessly , or by other data transmission methods . in some embodiments , data ports 93 , 101 can include spring loaded pins such that no cables are externally exposed . as another advantage of the depicted embodiment , the depicted layout of the system can use a smaller volume . the laser coordinate detection device 60 can sometimes operate on a theory of triangulation . accordingly , it may be desirable to leave some distance between the laser 65 and the camera 70 . the depicted embodiment advantageously places the contact sensitive member 55 within this space , reducing the volume of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . additionally , the last axis l 1 also passes through this space , balancing the system and reducing the coordinate acquisition member &# 39 ; s 50 rotational volume . in this configuration , the combination of axis and laser scanner can further be uniquely optimized to reduce weight , as the more compact design reduces deflection , and accordingly reduces the need for heavy - load bearing materials . to further illustrate the advantages of the above - described embodiments , fig4 - 7 depict modified configurations in which the laser scanner and or image sensor is positioned in different locations . in fig4 a , 4 b , the scanner is centered on the last axis , displacing the contact sensitive member , and is further forward . accordingly , d 1 ′ has been reduced to zero , but d 1 has increased , essentially transferring error from the non - contact measuring device to the contact measuring device . additionally , in this embodiment , both the measuring devices 55 , 60 are further from the second and third to last axes l 2 , l 3 , increasing d 2 , d 2 ′, d 3 , and d 3 ′. even further , as the center of gravity cg is displaced forward , away from the handle &# 39 ; s axis l 5 , the coordinate acquisition member can be more difficult to maneuver as d 5 is larger , and can further suffer greater deflection . in fig5 a , 5 b , the scanner is above the last axis . accordingly , there is a large distance between the last axis and the laser area ( d 1 ′) as well as a larger maximum length d 4 of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . further , displacing the center of gravity cg from the last axis l 1 can hinder the maneuverability of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . additionally , the scanner is slightly more forward , increasing the distance from the focus p 1 to the second and third to last axes ( d 3 ′). in fig6 a , 6 b , the scanner is further forward and below the last axis . accordingly , there is a large distance between the last axis and the laser area ( d 1 ′) and a similarly large distance between the second and third to last axes and the scanner &# 39 ; s focus p 1 ( d 3 ′). further , the center of gravity cg is displaced from the last axis l 1 and the handle ( d 5 ), hindering the maneuverability of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . in fig7 a , 7 b , 7 c , with the scanner off to the side of the last axis , there is a large distance between the last axis and the laser area ( d 1 ′), and a large distance between the second and third to last axes and the scanner &# 39 ; s focus p 1 ( d 3 ′). further , displacing the center of gravity cg from the last axis l 1 and the handle &# 39 ; s axis l 5 can hinder the maneuverability of the coordinate acquisition member 50 . the various devices , methods , procedures , and techniques described above provide a number of ways to carry out the invention . of course , it is to be understood that not necessarily all objectives or advantages described may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment described herein . also , although the invention has been disclosed in the context of certain embodiments and examples , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and / or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof . accordingly , the invention is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments herein . | 8 |
typically , aclidinium is administered in the form of a salt with an anion x − , wherein x − is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion of a mono or polyvalent acid . more typically , x − is an anion derived from an inorganic acid , such as hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic acid , sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid , or an organic acid such as methanesulphonic acid , acetic acid , fumaric acid , succinic acid , lactic acid , citric acid or maleic acid . most preferably aclidinium is in the form of aclidinium bromide . aclidinium bromide is a white powder with a molecular formula of c 26 h 30 no 4 s 2 br and a molecular mass of 564 . 56 . it is very slightly soluble in water and ethanol and sparingly soluble in methanol . the compound of the invention may exist in both unsolvated and solvated forms . the term solvate is used herein to describe a molecular complex comprising a compound of the invention and an amount of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules . the term hydrate is employed when said solvent is water . examples of solvate forms include , but are not limited to , compounds of the invention in association with water , acetone , dichloromethane , 2 - propanol , ethanol , methanol , dimethylsulfoxide ( dmso ), ethyl acetate , acetic acid , ethanolamine , or mixtures thereof . it is specifically contemplated that in the present invention one solvent molecule can be associated with one molecule of the compounds of the present invention , such as a hydrate . the words “ treatment ” and “ treating ” are to be understood as embracing amelioration of symptoms of a disease or condition and / or elimination or reduction of the cause of the disease or condition and / or prevention of the appearance of the disease or its symptoms . the term “ therapeutically effective amount ” refers to an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a patient in need of treatment . aclidinium can also be used in combination with other drugs known to be effective in the treatment of the diseases or the disorders indicated above . for example aclidinium can be combined with corticosteroids or glucocorticoids , beta - adrenergic agonists , pde4 inhibitors , antihistamines , anti - ige antibodies , leukotriene d4 antagonists , inhibitors of egfr kinase , p38 kinase inhibitors and / or nk - 1 receptor agonists . corticosteroids that can be combined with aclidinium in the present invention particularly include those suitable for administration by inhalation in the treatment of respiratory diseases or conditions , e . g ., prednisolone , methylprednisolone , dexamethasone , naflocort , deflazacort , halopredone acetate , budesonide , beclomethasone dipropionate , hydrocortisone , triamcinolone acetonide , fluocinolone acetonide , fluocinonide , clocortolone pivalate , methylprednisolone aceponate , dexamethasone palmitoate , tipredane , hydrocortisone aceponate , prednicarbate , alclometasone dipropionate , halometasone , methylprednisolone suleptanate , mometasone furoate , rimexolone , prednisolone farnesylate , ciclesonide , deprodone propionate , fluticasone propionate , fluticasone furoate , halobetasol propionate , loteprednol etabonate , betamethasone butyrate propionate , flunisolide , prednisone , dexamethasone sodium phosphate , triamcinolone , betamethasone 17 - valerate , betamethasone , betamethasone dipropionate , hydrocortisone acetate , hydrocortisone sodium succinate , prednisolone sodium phosphate and hydrocortisone probutate . budesonide , fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate are especially preferred . beta - adrenergic agonists that can be combined with aclidinium in the present invention particularly include β2 adrenergic agonists useful for treatment of respiratory diseases or conditions , for example , selected from the group consisting of arformoterol , bambuterol , bitolterol , broxaterol , carbuterol , clenbuterol , dopexamine , fenoterol , formoterol , hexoprenaline , ibuterol , isoprenaline , mabuterol , meluadrine , nolomirole , orciprenaline , pirbuterol , procaterol , reproterol , ritodrine , rimoterol , salbutamol , salmeterol , sibenadet , sulfonterol , terbutaline , tulobuterol , vilanterol , olodaterol , kul - 1248 , abediterol , carmoterol and indacaterol , in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form . preferably , the β2 adrenergic agonist is a long - acting β2 adrenergic agonist , e . g ., selected from the group consisting of formoterol , salmeterol , carmoterol , vilanterol , olodaterol , abediterol and indacaterol in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form . pde4 inhibitors that can be combined with aclidinium in the present invention include denbufylline , rolipram , cipamfylline , arofylline , filaminast , piclamilast , mesopram , drotaverine hydrochloride , lirimilast , roflumilast , cilomilast , 6 -[ 2 -( 3 , 4 - diethoxyphenyl ) thiazol - 4 - yl ] pyridine - 2 - carboxylic acid , ( r )-(+)- 4 -[ 2 -( 3 - cyclopentyloxy - 4 - methoxyphenyl )- 2 - phenylethyl ] pyridine , n -( 3 , 5 - dichloro - 4 - pyridinyl )- 2 -[ 1 -( 4 - fluorobenzyl )- 5 - hydroxy - 1h - indol - 3 - yl ]- 2 - oxoacetamide , 9 -( 2 - fluorobenzyl )- n6 - methyl - 2 -( trifluoromethyl ) adenine , n -( 3 , 5 - dichloro - 4 - pyridinyl )- 8 - methoxyquinoline - 5 - carboxamide , n -[ 9 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 - phenyl - 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 - tetrahydropyrrolo [ 3 , 2 , 1 - jk ][ 1 , 4 ] benzodiazepin - 3 ( r )- yl ] pyridine - 4 - carboxamide , 3 -[ 3 -( cyclopentyloxy )- 4 - methoxybenzyl ]- 6 -( ethylamino )- 8 - isopropyl - 3h - purine hydrochloride , 4 -[ 6 , 7 - diethoxy - 2 , 3 - bis ( hydroxymethyl ) naphthalen - 1 - yl ]- 1 -( 2 - methoxyethyl ) pyridin - 2 ( 1h )- one , 2 - carbomethoxy - 4 - cyano - 4 -( 3 - cyclopropylmethoxy - 4 - difluroromethoxyphenyl ) cyclohexan1 - one , cis [ 4 - cyano - 4 -( 3 - cyclopropylmethoxy - 4 - difluoromethoxyphenyl ) cyclohexan - 1 - ol , ono - 6126 ( eur respir j 2003 , 22 ( suppl . 45 ): abst 2557 ) and the compounds claimed in the pct patent application numbers wo 03 / 097613 , wo 2004 / 058729 , wo 2005 / 049581 , wo 2005 / 123692 , wo 2005 / 123693 and wo 2010 / 069504 . aclidinium for use in the present invention may be administered by any suitable route to provide local antimuscarinic action . it is preferably administered by inhalation , e . g ., as a powder , spray , or aerosol , preferably as a dry powder . pharmaceutical compositions comprising aclidinium may be prepared using conventional diluents or excipients and techniques known in the galenic art . medicaments for administration in a dry powder for inhalation desirably have a controlled particle size . the optimum particle size for inhalation into the bronchial system is usually 1 - 10 μm , preferably 2 - 5 μm . particles having a size above 20 μm are generally too large when inhaled to reach the small airways . to achieve these particle sizes the particles of the active ingredient as produced may be size reduced by conventional means , e . g . by micronisation or supercritical fluid techniques . the desired fraction may be separated out by air classification or sieving . preferably , the particles will be crystalline . achieving high dose reproducibility with micronised powders is difficult because of their poor flowability and extreme agglomeration tendency . to improve the efficiency of dry powder compositions , the particles should be large while in the inhaler , but small when discharged into the respiratory tract . thus , an excipient , for example a mono -, di - or polysaccharide or sugar alcohol , such as lactose , mannitol or glucose is generally employed . the particle size of the excipient will usually be much greater than the inhaled medicament within the present invention . when the excipient is lactose it will typically be present as lactose particles , preferably crystalline alpha lactose monohydrate , e . g ., having an average particle size range of 20 - 1000 μm , preferably in the range of 90 - 150 μm . in one embodiment , the lactose particles for use in formulations of the invention have a d10 in the range of 90 - 160 μm , a d50 in the range of 170 - 270 μm , and d90 in the range of 290 - 400 μm . suitable lactose materials for use in the present invention are commercially available , e . g ., from dmw internacional ( respitose gr - 001 , respitose sv - 001 , respitose sv - 003 ); meggle ( capsulac 60 , inhalac 70 , capsulac 60 inh ); and borculo domo ( lactohale 100 - 200 , lactohale 200 - 300 , and lactohale 100 - 300 ). the ratio between the lactose particles and aclidinium by weight will depend on the inhaler device used , but is typically , e . g ., 5 : 1 to 200 : 1 , preferably 25 : 1 to 150 : 1 , more preferably 30 : 1 to 70 : 1 . in a preferred embodiment , the aclidinium is administered in the form of a dry powder formulation of aclidinium bromide in admixture with lactose , in a ratio by weight of aclidinium to lactose of 1 : 50 to 1 : 150 , suitable for administration via a dry powder inhaler , wherein the aclidinium particles have an average particle size of from 2 to 5 μm in diameter , e . g ., less than 3 μm in diameter , and the lactose particles have have a d10 of 90 - 160 μm , a d50 of 170 - 270 μm , and d90 of 290 - 400 μm . dry powder compositions for topical delivery to the lung by inhalation may , for example , be presented in capsules and cartridges of for example gelatine or blisters of for example laminated aluminium foil , for use in an inhaler or insufflator . each capsule or cartridge may generally contain between 0 . 001 - 200 mg , more preferably 0 . 01 - 100 mg of active ingredient or the equivalent amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . alternatively , the active ingredient ( s ) may be presented without excipients . packaging of the formulation may be suitable for unit dose or multi - dose delivery . in the case of multi - dose delivery , the formulation can be pre - metered or metered in use . dry powder inhalers are thus classified into three groups : ( a ) single dose , ( b ) multiple unit dose and ( c ) multi dose devices . aclidinium is preferably administered with a multi - dose inhaler , more preferably with the genuair ® device ( formerly known as novolizer sd2fl ), which is described the pct patent application numbers wo 97 / 000703 , wo 03 / 000325 and wo 2006 / 008027 and in chrystyn h et al , int j clin pract , march 2012 , 66 , 3 , 309 - 317 ( first published online on 16 feb . 2012 ). in a phase iii randomized , double - blind , placebo controlled , 2 period crossover trial , patients with moderate to severe copd received a dose of aclidinium equivalent to a metered nominal dose of 400 micrograms of aclidinium bromide per inhalation twice - daily ( in the morning , 9 am , and in the evening , 9 pm ) and placebo for two periods of 3 weeks , with a washout period of 2 weeks between treatment periods . patients were randomised to receive either a dose of aclidinium equivalent to a metered nominal dose of 400 micrograms of aclidinium bromide per inhalation twice - daily in the first period followed by placebo in the second period , or to receive placebo in the first period followed by aclidinium bromide 400 micrograms twice - daily in the second period . both aclidinium bromide and placebo were administered with a genuair ® multidose dry powder inhaler . physical activity ( as minutes of at least moderate activity per day and as average active energy expenditure expressed in kcal ) was measured in the last week of the treatment with aclidinium and placebo using a multisensor armband ( sensewear ™ pro armband ; bodymedia , pittsburg , pa ., usa ), was worn on the upper right over the triceps muscle , according to the method described in watz b et al , eur respir j , 2009 ; 33 : 262 - 272 . the multisensory armband incorporates a biaxial accelerometer that records steps per day and physiological sensors of energy expenditure . a valid period of measurement was defined as 5 days of measurement with the patients wearing the accelerometer at least 22 hours per day . as it can be observed in table 1 , after 3 weeks of treatment , 400 micrograms of aclidinium bromide per inhalation twice - daily showed statistically significant increases in the adjusted mean change from baseline compared to placebo in the duration of at least moderate activity ( 10 minutes ; p & lt ; 0 . 05 versus placebo ). moderate activity defined as any physical activity & gt ; 3 metabolic equivalents . aclidinium bromide also showed statistically significant increases in the adjusted mean change from baseline compared to placebo in daily active energy expenditure activity ( 55 kcal ; p & lt ; 0 . 05 versus placebo ) these phase iii results demonstrate a remarkable improvement in physical activity produced by aclidinium , which was not observed with tiotropium , the reference standard in copd treatment , in previous trials ( sciurba f c et al , am j respir crit care med 183 , 2011 , a1589 ). | 0 |
embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail in accordance with the accompanying drawings . an imaging system in which an edge enhancement circuit is employed will now be described . fig4 is a schematic block diagram of an imaging system having an edge enhancement circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . in fig4 , a lens 401 and an optical filter 402 form an object image on an imaging device 403 . the optical filter 402 includes an optical low - pass filter and an infrared cut filter . the imaging device 403 includes a ccd ( charge coupled device ) sensor or a cmos ( complementary metal oxide semiconductor ) sensor . in this case , the imaging device 403 has rgb ( red , green , and blue ) color filters . an analog - to - digital ( a / d ) converter 404 converts the analog signal output from the imaging device 403 into a digital signal ( image data ). the image data is subjected to dark noise correction by an optical black circuit ( ob ) 405 after which a white balance circuit ( wb ) 406 performs white balance processing on the image data generated from the optical black circuit 405 . a color interpolation circuit 407 performs interpolation calculation for each color pixel of the image data output from the white balance circuit 406 . a color conversion matrix ( mxt ) circuit ( colormtx ) 408 converts the image data ( r , g , and b signals ), subjected to interpolation calculation and generated from the color interpolation circuit 407 , into yuv data . the yuv data consists of a y signal representing the luminance signal , a u signal , which is the difference between the luminance signal and the r component , and a v signal , which represents the difference between the luminance signal and the b component . a chroma suppress circuit ( csup ) 409 processes the yuv data to suppress the colors of chroma components within a saturation region . a uv gain circuit ( uvgain ) 410 applies arbitrary gains to the u and v signals included in the yuv data generated from the chroma suppress circuit 409 , respectively . in addition , the image data generated from the white balance circuit 406 is also supplied to a luminance - signal ( y - signal ) generation circuit ( makey ) 412 . the y - signal generation circuit 412 performs interpolation calculation on the image data to produce a luminance signal . an edge enhancement circuit ( enhance ) 413 uses the produced luminance signal to perform edge enhancement processing ( e . g ., edge emphasis ). a luminance - signal generation circuit ( mainy ) 101 , shown in fig1 , generates a main luminance signal based on a luminance signal generated from the y - signal generation circuit 412 in fig4 . a horizontal bandpass filter ( h - bpf ) 102 detects a horizontal edge component of the main luminance signal generated from the luminance - signal generation circuit 101 to generate a horizontal edge signal . a vertical bandpass filter ( v - bpf ) 103 detects a vertical edge component of the main luminance signal of the luminance - signal generation circuit 101 to generate a vertical edge signal . a diagonal bandpass filter ( d - bpf ) 104 detects a diagonal edge component of the main luminance signal of the luminance - signal generation circuit 101 to generate a diagonal edge signal . a gain circuit 105 applies an arbitrary gain to the horizontal edge signal generated from the horizontal bandpass filter 102 to control the amplitude of the signal and then generates an amplitude - controlled horizontal edge signal yh . similarly , a gain circuit 106 applies an arbitrary gain to the vertical edge signal generated from the vertical bandpass filter 103 to control the amplitude of the signal and generates an amplitude - controlled vertical edge signal yv . a gain circuit 107 applies an arbitrary gain to the diagonal edge signal generated from the vertical bandpass filter 104 to control the amplitude of the signal and generates an amplitude - controlled diagonal edge signal yd . an rgb conversion circuit ( convrgb ) 411 converts the u and v signals generated from the uv gain circuit 410 and the luminance signal generated from the edge enhancement circuit 413 into rgb data . a gamma correction circuit ( gammargb ) 414 performs gamma correction on the rgb data generated from the rgb conversion circuit 411 . a jpg conversion circuit ( jpg ) 415 converts the rgb data generated from the gamma correction circuit 414 into jpeg ( joint photographic experts group ) image data . the jpeg image data is then recorded onto a recording medium ( not shown ) that is detachable from the imaging system . first , the schematic structure of an edge enhancement system included in an imaging system ( for example , like a digital camera ) according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig1 shows an edge enhancement circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention . this edge enhancement circuit 413 in fig1 is employed in the imaging system of fig4 . a luminance - signal generation circuit ( mainy ) 101 generates a main luminance signal based on a luminance signal generated from the y - signal generation circuit 412 in fig4 . a horizontal bandpass filter ( h - bpf ) 102 detects a horizontal edge component of the main luminance signal generated from the luminance - signal generation circuit 101 to generate a horizontal edge signal . a vertical bandpass filter ( v - bpf ) 103 detects a vertical edge component of the main luminance signal of the luminance - signal generation circuit 101 to generate a vertical edge signal . a diagonal bandpass filter ( d - bpf ) 104 detects a diagonal edge component of the main luminance signal of the luminance - signal generation circuit 101 to generate a diagonal edge signal . a gain circuit 105 applies an arbitrary gain to the horizontal edge signal generated from the horizontal bandpass filter 102 to control the amplitude of the signal and generates an amplitude - controlled horizontal edge signal yh . similarly , a gain circuit 106 applies an arbitrary gain to the vertical edge signal generated from the vertical bandpass filter 103 to control the amplitude of the signal and generates an amplitude - controlled vertical edge signal yv . a gain circuit 106 applies an arbitrary gain to the diagonal edge signal generated from the vertical bandpass filter 104 to control the amplitude of the signal and generates an amplitude - controlled diagonal edge signal yd . an adder 108 adds the horizontal edge signal yh to the vertical edge signal yv . an adder 109 adds the output of the adder 108 to the diagonal edge signal yd to generate a resultant edge signal ymix . in other words , the adders 108 and 109 add the horizontal edge signal yh , the vertical edge signal yv , and the diagonal edge signal yd shown in the following expression 1 to produce the resultant edge signal ymix . for every pixel , a maximum value detection circuit 110 detects the maximum value from values of the horizontal edge signal yh , the vertical edge signal yv , and the diagonal edge signal yd to generate a maximum signal ymax . a minimum value detection circuit 111 detects the minimum value from values of the horizontal edge signal yh , the vertical edge signal yv , and the diagonal edge signal yd every pixel to generate a minimum signal ymin . a gain circuit 112 controls the amplitude of the maximum signal ymax . a gain circuit 113 controls the amplitude of the minimum signal ymin . when the edge signal ymix is positive , a selection circuit 114 selects the amplitude - controlled maximum signal ymax generated from the gain circuit 112 and outputs the selected signal as a selection signal ysel . when the edge signal ymix is negative , the selection circuit 114 selects the amplitude - controlled minimum signal ymin generated from the gain circuit 113 and outputs the selected signal as the selection signal ysel . a subtractor 115 subtracts the selection signal ysel from the edge signal ymix to produce a difference signal ydiff . according to the present embodiment , the difference signal ydiff indicates the absolute value of the difference between the edge signal ymix and the selection signal ysel . a weighted average circuit 116 applies weighting and averaging to the edge signal ymix and the selection signal ysel on the basis of the difference signal ydiff to produce an enhancement signal yenhance . specifically , to calculate a weighted addition coefficient α ( 0 ≦ α ≦ 1 ) on the basis of the difference signal ydiff , the weighted average circuit 1116 includes a weighted additional coefficient calculation circuit ( not shown ) having the input - output characteristic shown in fig3 . the weighted additional coefficient calculation circuit calculates the weighted additional coefficient α to determine the ratio of the edge signal ymix to the selection signal ysel to be added on the basis of the difference signal ydiff . as shown in fig3 , as the difference signal ydiff becomes larger , the weighted additional coefficient calculation circuit obtains the weighted additional coefficient α so that the coefficient α approaches 0 . as the difference signal ydiff becomes smaller , the weighted additional coefficient calculation circuit calculates the weighted additional coefficient α so that the coefficient α approaches 1 . the weighted average circuit 116 calculates the following expression 2 using the edge signal ymix , the selection signal ysel , and the weighted additional coefficient α which is obtained based on the difference signal ydiff , thus producing the enhancement signal yenhance . in other words , when the difference signal ydiff is large , the weighted average circuit 116 determines that the edge signal ymix has an abnormally large amplitude in a region of the spatial frequency domain where the outputs of the bandpass filters overlap each other as shown by the arrow a of fig6 and uses expression 2 and the weighted additional coefficient α = 1 . 0 to obtain the enhancement signal yenhance . since the addition ratio of the selection signal ysel is large and the addition ratio of the edge signal ymix is small , the enhancement signal yenhance can be produced without being influenced by the edge signal ymix having the abnormally large amplitude . when the difference signal ydiff is small , the weighted average circuit 116 determines that the amplitude of the edge signal ymix is small in the region of the spatial frequency domain where the outputs of the bandpass filters do not overlap each other or even where the outputs of the bandpass filters overlap each other , and calculates expression 2 using the weighted additional coefficient α = 0 . 0 to obtain the enhancement signal yenhance . in this case , the addition ratio of the selection signal ysel is small and the addition ratio of the edge signal ymix is large in the enhancement signal yenhance , resulting in effective edge enhancement using the value of the edge signal ymix . the input - output characteristic of the weighted additional coefficient calculation circuit is not limited to that shown in fig3 . the following input - output characteristic may be used : as the difference signal ydiff becomes larger , the weighted additional coefficient α approaches 1 . as the difference signal ydiff is smaller , the weighted additional coefficient α approaches 0 . the operation of the edge enhancement circuit 413 in fig1 will now be described with reference to fig2 a and 2b . fig2 a and 2b show examples of output signal waveforms of the edge enhancement circuit 413 in fig1 . the output signal waveforms are generated when a luminance signal in , for example , the frequency region shown by the arrow a of fig6 is processed by the edge enhancement circuit 413 . note that the luminance signal is obtained by capturing a vertically striped object , and the output yv of the vertical bandpass filter 103 indicates zero . in fig2 a and 2b , the luminance signal and various signals obtained by processing the luminance signal are digital . each digital signal consists of discrete values sampled every pixel . in fig2 a , the horizontal edge signal yh has a signal waveform 201 . the horizontal edge signal yh is generated from the gain circuit 105 , which controls the amplitude of the output signal of the horizontal bandpass filter 102 . the diagonal edge signal yd has a signal waveform 202 . the diagonal edge signal yd is generated from the gain circuit 107 that controls the amplitude of the output signal of the diagonal bandpass filter 104 . referring to fig2 b , the resultant edge signal , ymix is a combination of yh , yv and yd and also has a signal waveform 203 . specifically , the edge signal ymix is generated by adding the horizontal edge signal yh ( signal waveform 201 ) and the diagonal edge signal yd ( signal waveform 202 ) by using the adders 108 and 109 . referring to fig2 a , the maximum signal ymax has a signal waveform 204 . the maximum signal ymax is output by the maximum value detection circuit 110 based on inputs from yh and yd ( signal waveforms 201 and 202 , respectively ). the minimum signal ymin has a signal waveform 205 . the minimum signal ymin is output by the minimum value detection circuit 111 based on inputs from yh and yd ( 201 and 202 ). the maximum signal ymax , subjected to amplitude control through the gain circuit 112 , has a signal waveform 206 . the minimum signal ymin , subjected to amplitude control through the gain circuit 113 , has a signal waveform 207 . when the edge signal ymix is positive , the selection circuit 114 selects the signal waveform 206 . on the other hand , when the edge signal ymix is negative , the selection circuit 114 selects the signal waveform 207 . in fig2 b , the selection signal ysel has a signal waveform 208 . the selection signal ysel is obtained by combining the maximum and minimum values of the signals generated from the respective bandpass filters . the subtractor 115 generates the difference signal ydiff indicating the absolute value of the difference between the signal waveform 203 of the edge signal ymix and the signal waveform 208 of the selection signal ysel . subsequently , the weighted average circuit 116 performs weighting and averaging on the edge signal ymix and the selection signal ysel on the basis of the difference signal ydiff to produce the enhancement signal yenhance having a signal waveform 209 shown in fig2 b . when the edge signal ymix with the signal waveform 203 has an abnormally large amplitude , the enhancement signal yenhance can be equal to or approximate to the value of the selection signal ysel with the signal waveform 208 , which has a normal amplitude . the imaging system is not limited to that shown in fig4 . so long as edge enhancement can be performed on an image signal such as a luminance signal and on rgb signals , any imaging system within the spirit and scope of the present invention may be used . an object to be subjected to edge enhancement is not limited to a luminance signal . rgb signals and a complementary color signal can be subjected to edge enhancement . although shown with three filters , the edge enhancement circuit 413 of fig1 can employ two or more filters . the gain circuits are arranged in various locations in the edge enhancement circuit 413 in fig1 . if amplitude control is not needed , any gain circuit can be omitted . furthermore , after the program read from the storage medium is written to a function expansion board inserted into the computer or to a memory provided in a function expansion unit connected to the computer , a cpu or the like mounted on the function expansion board or function expansion unit performs all or a part of the actual processing so that the functions of the foregoing embodiments can be implemented by this processing . as many apparently widely different embodiments of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims . | 7 |
the monoisoolefin - para - alkylstyrene copolymers that are suitable for the metalation - functionalization process of the method of this invention are those as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 162 , 445 , the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth and described herein . those copolymers of particular interest and hence the preferred copolymers are those of isobutylene ( ib ) and para - alkylstyrene ( pas ) and particularly those of isobutylene and para - methylstyrene ( pms ), which may hereafter be referred to as an ib - pms copolymer . of these ib - pms copolymers , the most preferred are the ib - pms copolymers that exhibit elastomeric properties , these generally having a weight percent content of ib monomeric units of from about 99 . 5 to about 50 and a pms monomeric content of from about 0 . 5 to about 50 weight percent . generally , the elastomeric ib - pms copolymers have a number average molecular weight ( m n ) of 500 or greater , preferably of 25 , 000 or greater , ranging up to about 2 , 000 , 000 and their molecular weight distribution is less than 6 . 0 , preferably less than 4 . 0 , and most preferably less than 2 . 5 . the ib - pms elastomeric copolymers , when functionalized in accordance with this invention , are especially useful and desired as compounded rubber compositions and as blending components for the formulation of blend compositions with other thermoplastic and / or elastomeric polymers used in the production of carcass , side wall , tread and other components of pneumatic tires having superior performance properties . that reagent used to treat the ib - pms copolymer to form its metallated counterpart is the product obtained by reaction of an alkyl lithium compound ( akli ) and a heavier alkali metal alkoxide ( akom ) while both are in a neutral , non - polar solvent such as a hydrocarbon solvent . one criterion for the selection of the alkyl lithium compound used to form the superbase is to select one wherein the alkane analogue of the alkyl lithium compound would have a pk value that is greater than the pk value of the h - bond of a benzylic carbon atom . the heavier alkali metal alkoxide reagent may be prepared by reacting sodium ( na ), potassium ( k ), rubidium ( rb ) or cesium ( cs ) metal with an alkanol in a nonpolar solvent . the alkoxy structure ( ako ) of the alkali metal alkoxide reagent then corresponds to the alkanol ( akoh ) from which it was prepared . among the alkali metal alkoxide reagents that are suitable for practice of this invention are those resulting from the reaction of an alkali metal with isopropanol , sec - butanol , tert - butanol , 2 - pentanol , 3 - pentanol , tertpentenol , 3 - methyl 3 - pentanol , 2 - hexanol , 3 - hexanol , 2 - methyl 2 - hexanol , 2 - heptanol , 3 - heptanol , 4 - 1 (-) menthol heptanol , 3 - methyl 3 - hexanol , 2 - ethyl 2 - hexanol , 3 - ethyl 3 - hexanol , 2 - propyl 2 - pentanol , 2 - isopropyl 2 - pentanol , 3 - propyl 3 - pentanol , 3 - isopropyl 3 - pentanol , methanol , and the like . generally , for purposes of convenience of workup and recovery of the by - products of the functionalization reaction , it is preferred to use an alkali metal alkoxide reagent the alkynol precursor of which has a boiling point of 200 ° c . or less at 1 atmosphere . the alkali metal alkoxide reagents most preferred are the alkali metal reaction products of 2 - ethyl 2 - hexanol ( 2ethexoh ), menthol ( menoh ), tertiary pentanol ( t - peoh ). solvents which may be employed for the formation of the alkyl lithium , alkali metal alkoxide , and / or the super base which results from the interaction therebetween are neutral non - polar liquids , such as , and preferably , hydrocarbon solvents that have boiling points from about 0 ° c . to about 200 ° c . when appropriate , higher or lower temperatures can be employed . the hydrocarbon solvent may be an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and preferably is a hydrocarbon in which the ib - pms copolymer is soluble to at least the extent of about 2 wt . %. among the suitable solvents , preferred solvents include pentane , n - hexane , heptane , octane , decane , cyclohexane , methylcyclohexane , and the like . the superbase reagent may be formed separate from the polymer solution to which it is later added or it may be formed in situ in the polymer solution by adding the alkyl lithium and alkali metal alkoxide compounds to the polymer solution . when formed in situ in the polymer solution it is preferred to first add the alkali metal alkoxide and thereafter to add the alkyl lithium compound . the molar amount of the superbase will be equal to the molar amount of alkyl lithium employed in its preparation . with respect to the extent that the alkyl benzylic carbon atom as compared to the aromatic ring carbon atoms of the styrenic unit of the ib - pas copolymer are metallated , the following reaction parameters have been observed to exert a significant influence on the course and nature of the reaction : ( 1 ) the mole ratio of the superbase compound to the styrenic comonomer content of the copolymer ; ( 2 ) the mole ratio of the alkyl lithium compound to the alkali metal alkoxide compound used to prepare the superbase ; ( 3 ) the nature of the alkali metal atom ( m ) used for the superbase ; ( 4 ) the temperature of the polymer solution during the metalation reaction ; ( 5 ) the nature of the alkyl moiety of the alkyl lithium compound selected for preparation of the superbase ; and ( 6 ) the mixing conditions under which the metalation reaction is carried out . with proper choice of conditions the metalation reaction may proceed to the extent of essentially total metalation of the styrenic content of the copolymer . reaction of the tertiary benzylic carbon atom -- i . e ., the benzylic atom in the polymer backbone chain -- either does not occur or occurs to such a small extent as to not be detectable by standard nmr analysis methods . the mole ratio of superbase to para - alkylstyrene copolymer can range from about 1 to about 2 , with 2 . 0 being preferred . amounts of alkyl lithium in a mole ratio to the styrenic comonomer content of greater than 2 . 0 may be employed . generally , amounts of the superbase that exceed the 2 : 1 ratio may not be desirable since such amounts would increase the amount of nucleophilic reagent needed to treat the in situ metallated copolymer to convert it to a functionalized product . the amount of alkali metal alkoxide used in preparing the superbase reagent may range as a mole ratio to the amount of alkyl lithium used from about 1 to about 5 , preferably from about 1 . 1 to about 3 . 0 , and more preferably at or about 3 . 0 . generally , it is preferred to employ an excess of alkali metal alkoxide relative to the alkyl lithium , with a mole ratio of alkali metal alkoxide to alkyl lithium of about 3 : 1 being preferred for the preparation of the superbase . within these ranges the greater degree of metalation with the greatest degree of specificity for metallating the benzylic carbon of the para - alkyl group of the styrenic comonomer in comparison to aromatic carbon sites occurs wherein the mole ratios of akli / akom / styrenic comonomer content is on the order of 2 / 6 / 1 . further , when the alkyl lithium and alkali metal alkoxide compounds are employed in the amounts as preferred the greatest degree of metalation of the benzylic carbon site of the para - alkyl group of the styrenic comonomer with the greatest degree of specificity compared to aromatic carbon sites occurs when the alkali metal of the alkali metal alkoxide reagent is cesium ( cs ), next to which is potassium ( k ), and least preferred is sodium ( na ). further , within the context of the preferred cs and k alkoxides , the greatest degree of specific metalation of the benzylic carbon site of the para - alkyl group of the styrenic comonomer unit is realized when the alkyl lithium reagent is one wherein the li atom is associated to a secondary carbon atom of the alkyl moiety rather than a tertiary carbon atom . preferred superbase systems for metalation of an isobutylene - para - alkylstyrene copolymer are those of s - butyl lithium and either t - peok or menocs . the most preferred is menocs . within this metalation system the metalation reaction proceeds over a broad temperature range which extends from just above the freezing point of the solvent utilized to just below the boiling point of the solvent . the extent and specificity to which the metalation reaction proceeds does not appear to be dramatically affected by the temperature at which it is conducted . the metalation reaction is preferably conducted at a temperature between 15 ° and 85 ° c ., desirably 20 °- 70 °, more preferably at about ambient temperature -- i . e ., about 20 °- 25 ° c . the metalation reaction proceeds relatively quickly , with times typically ranging on the order of minutes , as like from about 2 to 30 minutes , and preferably about 15 minutes , being the time within which the reaction proceeds to the optimum extent . reaction times longer than 60 minutes are not required and may in some instances degrade the quality of the resulting product from the optimum that is otherwise achieved by a shorter reaction time . an electrophilic reagent , neat or in solution , may be added to the solution containing the metallated isobutylene - para - alkyllstyrene copolymer to convert it to a derivative product . an electrophilic reagent with ( qmo ) is a molecule that contains an electron deficient atom or group ( q ) which will react with the electron rich atom of nucleophile . the moiety of the electrophilic reagent may comprise any molecular arrangement ( mo ) including any number of functional groups ( q ). the electron deficient atom of the electrophilic reagent reacts with the metallated carbon atoms of the metallated copolymer , these being essentially the metallated benzylic carbon atom of the para - alkyl group of the styrenic comonomer , which are electron rich and capable of donating a pair of electrons . the reaction , wherein p represents the polymer chain , may thus be represented as : ## str3 ## the electrophilic reagent adds to the benzylic carbon atoms of the para - alkyl group to itself form the functional group of the product composition -- as in the case of carbon dioxide to form a carboxylic acid functional group or dimethylcarbonate to form a methyl carboxylate functional group -- or carry a preexisting functional group into the product composition -- as in the case of 3 - bromo - 1 - propene to form a 4 - butylene pendant group . the electrophilic reagents that are suitable include organic or inorganic compounds . illustrative of the organic classes of lewis acids that are suitable as electrophilic reagents are compounds bearing a carboryl carbon atom such as aldehydes , ketones , esters ; compound containing a halogen atom such as the organic halides , acyl chloride ( acrylyl chloride , methacrylyl chloride ), trialkylsilyl halides ( bromides and chlorides ), trimethylsilyl chloride , sulfonyl chloride , benzyl halides , aliphatic , or silylic halides ; enones , fluoroaromatic compounds substituted with electron withdrawing groups such as para - fluoro - nitrobenzyne and para - fluoro - benzophenone ; compounds containing epoxide functionality such as ethylene oxide ; and co 2 . the composition resulting from reaction of a metallated copolymer of a monoisoolefin and a para - alkylstyrene is in effect a new copolymer or terpolymer , depending upon the extent that the copolymer of monoisoolefin and para - alkylstyrene was metallated prior to its reaction with the electrophilic reagent . wherein the copolymer was metallated to less than the full extent of its para - alkylstyrene comonomer content , then the product resulting from its reaction with an electrophilic reagent is a terpolymer of monoisoolefin - para - alkylstyrene - para - functionalized alkylstyrene , wherein the term &# 34 ; para - functionalized alkyl styrene &# 34 ; is intended to mean the comonomer composition which results from the reaction of a metallated para - alkylstyrene comonomer with an electrophilic reagent . although we have described the invention with regard to the alkylstyrene being p - alkyl , the m - alkyl , the o - alkyl can also be employed . these polymers are used in tires , production of polymer blend , in production of engineering plastic blends , in the formation of air barriers and in the production of adhesive and sealant materials , coatings , and mechanically molded goods . purified and dried isobutylene - para - methylstyrene copolymer is dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent , preferably cyclohexane ( c - hexane ) or hexane ( n - hexane ), and the homogeneous solution is stirred . the concentration of polymer in this solution is 5 % ( w / v ). before addition of an alkali metal alkoxide ( an approximately 1 molar solution of alkali metal alkoxide in hexane or cyclohexane ) the solution is cooled down or heated up to a temperature as indicated in tables 1 and 2 . after addition of the alkali metal alkoxide , the alkyl lithium component , which unless otherwise indicated is an approximately 1 . 3 molar solution of s - buli in hexane , is added also . the color of the solution changes almost instantaneously from colorless to yellow , orange , red or deep dark red depending on the choice of alkoxide and the molar quantities of reagents ( alkali metal alkoxide and alkyl lithium ) used . the formation of superbase ( sb ) is allowed to proceed for usually 15 minutes . addition of an excess of a suitably chosen electrophile ( neat or in solution ), like trimethylsilylchloride ( tmscl ), leads to a clear and almost colorless solution . stirring continues for at least an hour before work - up . the organic phase , containing the metal functionalied polymer is extracted with 10 % aqueous hcl ( twice ), 1n aqueous naoh ( twice ), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution ( twice ), and finally with water . the organic layer is separated from the aqueous one . precipitation into acetone , isopropanol or methanol ( depending on the solubility characteristics of the functionalized polymer ) affords the desired polymer product . the organic liquid is decanted and the remaining polymer is washed several times using methanol . finally the polymer is dried at room temperature or a somewhat elevated temperature ( 60 ° c .) under vacuum . purified and dried isobutylene - para - methylsytrene is dissolved , preferably in a hydrocarbon solvent such as hexane or cyclohexane . addition of a metal alkoxide follows under continued stirring . afterwards the solution is cooled down or warmed up as indicated in tables 1 and 2 . an alkyl lithium compound is added quickly , leading , almost instantaneously , to a dark red colored solution . at given time intervals aliquots of the metalated polymer solution are drawn and added swiftly to a 4 - 8 fold excess of tmscl , stirred at room temperature . after 1 hour the reaction mixture is precipitated into 5 to 10 times its volume of acetone . the supernatant liquid is decanted and the remaining polymer is washed several times using methanol , before it is dried at 60 ° c . under vacuum for at least 24 hours . the molar quantities given for the isobutylene - para - methylstyrene copolymer refers to the number of p - methylstyrene units present in the polymer . reactions were carried out as described under general procedure a . the time between addition of an alkyl lithium compound and tmscl is 15 minutes if not stated otherwise . work - up is described under general procedure b , without extraction of the organic phase . the polymer products were dried at 60 ° c . under vacuum for at least 24 hours . reactions carried out at times indicated as other than 15 minutes were carried out as described in general procedure c . tables 1 and 2 below give a summary of the superbase reagents and reaction conditions of metalation as indicated by the silylation derivative . in the tables &# 34 ; eq &# 34 ; = molar equivalents used with regard to the number of p - methylstyrene units present in the copolymer isobutylene - para - methylstyrene ; &# 34 ; benzylic / ring &# 34 ;= degree of silylation at the benzylic and ring position within the p - methyl styrene unit of copolymer ; &# 34 ; rt &# 34 ;= room temperature . the degree of silylation at the benzylic / ring positions was determined by 1 h - nmr and is the mole percentage of silylation at these sites based upon the mole content of the p - methyl styrene comonomer of the copolymer . table 1______________________________________ solvent silylation (%) alkyl lithium alkoxide ( eq )* t (° c . )/ t ( min ) benzylic / ring______________________________________s - buli ( 1 ) t - peok ( 1 ) c - hexanert / 15 44 / 9s - buli ( 1 ) t - peok ( 3 ) c - hexane rt / 15 59 / 5s - buli ( i ) t - peok ( 10 ) c - hexane rt / 15 75 / 20s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) n - hexane - 78 / 120 70 / 22s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) n - hexane -- 48 / 15 76 / 10s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) n - hexane -- 48 / 263 77 / 12s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) c - hexane rt / 15 84 / 7s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) c - hexane rt / 860 70 / 1s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) c - hexane 65 / 15 79 / 3s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) c - hexane 65 / 43 87 / 3s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) c - hexane 70 / 10 52 / 12s - buli ( 1 . 1 ) 1 - menona c - hexane rt / 15 5 / 0 ( 1 . 25 ) s - buli ( 1 . 1 ) 1 - menok ( 1 . 25 ) c - hexane rti15 36 / 4s - buli ( 1 . 1 ) 1 - menok ( 1 . 25 ) c - hexane 35 / 3 rt / 1543s - buli ( 1 . 1 ) 1 - menocs c - hexane rt / 15 71 / 1 ( 1 . 25 ) s - buli ( 1 . 1 ) 1 - menocs c - hexane rt / 1534 50 / 3 ( 1 . 25 ) s - buli ( 2 ) 1 - menocs ( 2 ) c - hexane rt / 15 94 / 5s - buli ( 2 ) 1 - menocs ( 4 ) c - hexane rt / 15 88 / 3s - buli ( 2 ) i - menocs ( 6 ) c - hexane rt / 15 99 / 2______________________________________ * eq means molar equivalents emplyed with regards to the total number of pmethyl styrene units in the copolymer solutions . runs reported in table 2 were carried out in accordance with general procedures a and b except , as indicated , in some runs the superbase was supplemented with tmeda or a proton sponge additive 1 , 8 - bis ( dimethylamino ) naphthalene ( proton - sponge ) which , in the quantities indicated , was added to the polymer solution at the time of alkali metal alkoxide addition . table 2______________________________________alkyllithium alkoxide solvent silylation (%)( eq ) ( eq ) additive ( eq ) t (° c . )/ t ( min ) benzyl / ic ring______________________________________s - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) tmeda ( 8 ) c - hexane 79 / 27 rt / 15t - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) c - hexane 68 / 10 rt / 15t - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) tmeda ( 8 ) c - hexane 70 / 8 rt / 15t - buli ( 2 ) t - peok ( 6 ) proton c - hexane 64 / 9 sponge rt / 15______________________________________ an isobutylene - para - methylstyrene ( 0 . 32 g ; 0 . 139 mmol para - methylstyrene / gram polymer ) is dissolved in cyclohexane ( 3 . 5 ml ). 8 . 3 ml ( 0 . 833 mmol ) of freshly prepared , cesium 1 -(-) menthoxide or potassium 1 -(-) menthoxide ( 0 . 10 molar solution in cyclohexane ) is added followed by 0 . 214 ml ( 0 . 278 mmol ) of s - buli ( 1 . 30 molar solution in hexane ). the deep dark red solution is stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature and then quenched with a 4 - fold excess of tmscl . the quenched reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour and then precipitated into 10 times its volume of isopropanol . the solvent is decanted , the remaining polymer is washed several times with methanol and finally dried at 60 ° c . under vacuum for at least 24 hours . the degree of silylation as determined by 1 h - nmr is greater than 99 % for the benzylic position and about 2 % of silylation occurs on the aromatic ring of the p - methyl styrene group . functionalization reactions using electrophiles other than tmscl are carried out as described under general procedure a , replacing tmscl as indicated with a reactive electrophile . with regard to the number of p - methyl styrene units , 2 equivalents of a s - buli and 6 equivalents of t - peok are used as the metallating reagent . the metalation reaction is quenched after 15 minutes by using an excess of the indicated electrophile . in the case of electrophiles prone to side reactions ( such as crosslinking ) inverse addition of the metallated polymer solution into a solution of hydrocarbon and electrophile was preferred . work up is described under general procedure b . deviations from this general procedure are stated individually in the preparation procedure it concerns . pyrolysis of dried para - formaldehyde was carried out at about 130 ° c . in an inert atmosphere . the resulting gas was introduced to the solution of metallated polymer . once the dark red color of the reaction mixture had faded to a yellow , the reaction was worked up as described . yield : 70 %. this reaction was also carried out at elevated temperatures ( 40 °- 50 ° c .). reduction of the amount of sb used ( s - buli ( 1 . 1 eq )/ t - peok ( 1 . 5 eq ) is possible with little affect on the yield . yield : 60 %. para - formaldehyde was dried over p 2 o 5 under reduced pressure . it was added to the solution of metallated polymer at room temperature upon which the dark red solution slowly turned yellow . after 1 hour the reaction mixture was worked up . yield : 40 %. dried metalformaldehyde was added to a solution of metallated polymer . the dark red color turned to yellow within 10 minutes and the reaction was worked up after 1 hour . yield : 57 %. ethylene oxide was introduced as a gas to the solution of metallated polymer . the reaction took place immediately , changing the color of the dark red solution to yellow . although an excess of ethylene oxide was used , chain propagation was not observed . yield : 50 - 70 %. with replacement of the potassium pentoxide with cesium 1 -( 1 )- menthoxide , chain propagation was observed . the yield , however , was not improved . freshly distilled crotonaldehyde was added dropwise to a solution of metallated polymer . after 1 hour the reaction mixture was worked up as described . yield : 45 %. freshly distilled citral was added dropwise to a solution of metallated polymer . after 1 hour the reaction mixture was worked up as described . yield : 40 %. freshly distilled t - butyl aldehyde was added dropwise to a solution of metallated polymer . after 1 hour the reaction mixture was worked up as described . potassium pentoxide was replaced by cesium 1 -(-)- menthoxide in this reaction to study the effect of a chiral alkoxide on the reaction mechanism . measurement of the optical rotation of the product showed a small but significant positive value . the optical rotation of the alkoxide solution is negative however . hence chiral induction was observed . yield : 70 % a 12 - fold excess of terephthaldicarboxy aldehyde was dissolved in a mixture of cyclohexane and thf ( 2 : 1 v / v ). the metalated polymer solution was added dropwise at room temperature . the dark red color was quenched instantaneously . at the end of the addition the solution had acquired a reddish color . thf was added to form a clear solution before the reaction mixture was stirred overnight after adding aqueous hcl ( 10 %). the rest of the work up is described in the general procedure b . yield : 15 %. the treatment with acid lead to the elimination of water . therefore the final product contained carboxyl substituted stilbene units . to neat , dried and distilled dimethyl carbonate was added dropwise and under vigorous stirring a solution of metalated polymer . the dark red color was quenched immediately , leading to a clear and yellow solution . after stirring continued at room temperature overnight , the reaction mixture was worked up as described under general procedure b . in this particular case extractions with base were avoided . yield : 23 % a solution of metalated polymer was transferred onto a large excess of solid carbon dioxide . the polymer solidified . additional carbon dioxide was layered on top of the polymer before an equal volume of thf was added . upon warming the dark red color of the polymer disappeared at the same rate as the polymer went into solution . the quenched reaction mixture was left stirring at room temperature overnight after aqueous hcl ( 10 %) was used to obtain the carboxylic groups in their protonated state . the product was pure enough so that the functionalized polymer could be dried without prior precipitation ( yield = 74 %). a metalation was carried out with higher excess of superbase ( pms / s - buli / t - peok = 1 / 4 / 7 . 3 ). the metalation was essentially completed with 2 minutes . the yield was high ( 94 %) by reacting with carbon dioxide and no detectable ring carboxylation in the product . freshly distilled allyl bromide was added dropwise to a solution of metalated polymer . upon addition the dark red colored solution turned to yellow . stirring was continued for 1 hour . work up included precipitation , washing and drying ( see general procedure b ). yield : 40 % freshly distilled 2 - chloroethyl vinyl ether was added dropwise to a solution of metalated polymer . upon addition the dark red solution turned yellow . stirring was continued for 1 hour . work up included precipitation , washing and drying ( see general procedure b . yield : 50 % the silane protected amine was distilled prior to use . it was dissolved in cyclohexane ( about 0 . 60 molar ) and added at room temperature to a solution of metalated polymer . the dark red color of the polymer solution was quenched instantaneously upon addition . after the addition the light yellow solution was stirred for 1 hour . one fifth of the solution volume was added as acetic acid ( 50 % v / v ) and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 1 hour . the milky solution was cooled to room temperature before it was extracted with isopropanol / aqueous koh ( about 1h ; isopropano / h 2 o 1 : 10 v : v ). it was extracted further 6 times with isopropanol / h 2 o ( 1 : 1 v : v ). the organic layer was concentrated and finally the polymer solution was precipitated into 5 times its volume of isopropanol . the polymer was washed with isopropanol several times . the primary amine functionalized polymer was dried under vacuum at 65 ° c . for at least 1 day . yield : 70 % freshly distilled ethylene sulfide was added dropwise to a solution of metalated polymer . the reaction took place immediately , indicated by a color change from dark red to a clear solution with a yellow touch . the reaction was quenched by using a 10 - fold excess of methyl iodide after 1 hour . stirring continues , first at room temperature , then followed by heating the solution to reflux for 3 hours . the reaction mixture was worked up as described under general procedure b , except during the drying step at room temperature under vacuum the polymer crosslinked . to a stirred emulsion of freshly distilled dmf in n - hexane at - 78 ° c . a solution of metalated polymer (- 78 ° c .) was added in a slow stream . the dark red color , characteristic of the metalated polymer , disappeared instantaneously upon addition . vigorous stirring continued for 30 minutes before aqueous hcl ( 10 %), about half the volume of the organic phase , was added . the stirred suspension was slowly warmed to room temperature . the aqueous phase was separated from the organic phase after 3 hours and a concentrated solution of the polymer in n - hexane was precipitated into acetone . the supernatant liquid was decanted afterwards and the methanol was used to wash the remaining polymer several times . the sample was dried at room temperature under vacuum for at least 24 hours . the dried polymer could not be redissolved into hydrocarbon solvents or thf . metalation of isobutylene - para - methylstyrene differed in this procedure compared to the one summarized under &# 34 ; general preparation ,&# 34 ; in that only 1 . 25 eq of s - buli and 1 . 50 eq of t - peok were used . reaction conditions and observations are identical to the ones described for when dme is used as electrophile . a slight excess of d 2 o was added to the metalated polymer solution ( pms / s - buli / t - peok = 1 / 1 . 5 / 3 ). the color of the solution changed from dark red to colorless . the deuterated copolymers was recovered with 70 % yield . | 2 |
fig1 is a sectional view of a tubular camshaft 1 that has an integrated oil separator in the form of a helical body 2 . the helical body 2 shown in a perspective in fig2 has several helices and in the illustrated embodiment forming , by way of example , three helical passages 3 a , 3 b , and 3 c . the helical passages 3 a , 3 b , 3 c of the helical body 2 , which is permanently inserted in camshaft 1 , are provided with the function of separating oil from the blowby gas such that the flow velocity inside the helical passages 3 a , 3 b , 3 c increases starting from an inlet end 4 toward an outlet end 5 due to a decreasing width and thus decreasing pitch of the helical passages 3 a , 3 b , 3 c , with the result that the oil contained in the blowby gas is thrown outward by the generated centrifugal forces and separated along the inside wall of the tubular camshaft 1 . a certain flow velocity must be present here so as to ensure that the oil is separated efficiently . the flow velocity is essentially determined here by a pressure differential δp between a second pressure p 2 at the inlet end 4 of the helical body 2 and a first pressure p 1 at the outlet end 5 of the helical body 2 . in order to prevent the pressure differential δp and thus the flow velocity from being too low for low volumetric flows of blowby gas , the invention teaches that the flow cross - section provided for oil separation is modified as a function of pressure . in the variant shown in fig1 , a flow - blocking element 6 is provided for this purpose in the form of an internal pin that is in an inner chamber 7 of the helical body 2 that is open toward the inlet end 4 of the helical body 2 . the inlet end 4 is here formed by an outer region of camshaft 1 and the interior of the tubular camshaft 1 that directly connects to the outer region through intake ports 8 . at the outlet end 5 , the blowby gas from which oil has at least mostly been removed is passed through a clean - gas conduit 9 into an intake of an internal - combustion engine such that the separated oil is returned through a corresponding connector 10 to an oil circuit . in order to enable the blowby gas leaving the helical body 2 to undergo a supplemental cleaning , an arrangement of perforated plates is provided according to the invention as an additional oil separator 11 . the functional principle of the first variant can be seen by comparing fig1 , 3 a , and 3 b that show the flow - blocking element 6 in different functional positions where the pressure differential δp increases moving from fig1 through fig3 a up through fig3 b . in fig1 and 2 , the three helical passages 3 a , 3 b , 3 c are connected through respective ports 12 a , 12 b , 12 c to the inner chamber 7 . the flow - blocking element 6 is forced by a spring 13 toward a first end position such that the second pressure p 2 acting on the inlet end 4 as well as the first pressure p 1 at the outlet end 5 act through a central passage 14 of the helical body 2 on opposite end faces of the flow - blocking element 6 . due to low volumetric flow of blowby gas , the pressure differential δp in fig1 is so low that the force exerted by the spring 13 is sufficient to hold the flow - blocking element 6 in the first end position . while the port 12 a leading to the first helical passage 3 a is always open , the ports 12 b and 12 c leading to the second and third helical passages 3 a , 3 b are closed by the flow - blocking element 6 in the first end position of the flow - blocking element 6 . as the volumetric flow of blowby gas increases , the second pressure p 2 at the inlet end 4 and thus the pressure differential δp also increase , with the result that the flow - blocking element 6 is pushed against the force of the spring 13 toward the outlet end 5 . as the pressure differential δp increases , in sequential fashion the first port 12 b leading to the second helical passage 3 b is opened , then subsequently the port 12 c leading to the third helical passage 3 c is opened . the flow cross - section available for oil separation is increased correspondingly , with the result that an excessive increase in the pressure differential can be avoided and the helical body 2 is operated within a range that is optimal for the separation of oil . fig1 , 3 a , and 3 b show three functional positions , by way of example , in which the port 12 a , the two ports 12 a , 12 b , or all three of the ports 12 a , 12 b , 12 c are opened completely . in the intermediate positions not shown , the port 12 b leading to the second helical passage 3 b , or the port 12 c leading to the third helical passage 3 c , are partially open , with the result that the cross - section effectively available for oil separation changes uniformly and continuously along the entire path of the flow - blocking element 6 . a blowby valve , not shown in the figures , can be easily integrated into the flow - blocking element 6 , the valve leading from the inlet end 4 into the passage 14 , so as to relieve any overpressure due to peak loads or fault operation . fig4 through 6 , and fig7 a through 7c relate to an alternative embodiment of the camshaft 1 according to the invention in which a sliding sleeve is provided as a flow - blocking element 6 ′. whereas in the previously described embodiment an internal pin is inserted into the helical body 2 as the flow - blocking element 6 , in the alternative embodiment a sliding sleeve is provided as the flow - blocking element 6 ′, which sleeve is mounted with a sleeve section between the inner wall of the tubular the camshaft 1 and the individual helical passages 3 a , 3 b , 3 c of the helical body 2 . the camshaft 1 has radial ports 15 a , 15 b , 15 c that are respectively offset by 120 °, each of the ports being associated with one of the helical passages 3 a , 3 b , 3 c of the helical body 2 . based on the embodiment described in fig1 , 2 , 3 a and 3 b , radial ports 15 b , 15 c leading into the second and third helical passages 3 b and 3 c are opened and closed as a function of the effective pressure differential δp , while the radial port 15 a leading into the first helical passage 3 a is always open or at least not completely closed . the flow - blocking element 6 ′ of fig4 that is a sliding sleeve has differently shaped openings 16 a , 16 b , 16 c so as to be able to differentially open or close the radial ports 15 a , 15 b , 15 c that are spaced uniformly along a circumferential line , or to keep these open in each functional position . the opening 16 a associated with the first helical passage 3 a and with the corresponding radial port 15 a is a slot such that the connection of the first helical passage 3 a is always open to the surrounding region of the camshaft 1 and thus to the inlet end 4 . the opening 16 b associated with the second helical passage 3 b and corresponding radial port 15 b is a shorter slot , with the result that starting with a low pressure differential δp the second helical passage 3 b is initially closed . finally , the opening 16 c associated with the helical passage 3 c and corresponding radial port 15 c is of circular shape , with the result that the third helical passage 3 c is completely opened only in the second end position of the flow - blocking element 6 ′. the described functional positions are shown in fig6 , 7 a , 7 b , and 7 c . the openings 16 a , 16 c that are associated with the first helical passage 3 a and the third helical passage 3 c are shown in the section of fig6 . fig7 a shows radial ports 15 b , 15 c that are rotated about the longitudinal axis by 120 °, which ports lead into the second and third helical passages 3 b , 3 c . only access to the first helical passage 3 a is opened in the first end position shown . as in the embodiment shown in fig1 , fig2 , fig3 a and fig3 b , the flow - blocking element 6 ′ is initially held in this position by the spring 13 , the central passage 14 within the helical body 2 transmitting the first pressure p 1 present at the outlet end 5 to one side of the flow - blocking element 6 , and the second pressure p 2 at the inlet end 4 acts through the intake ports 8 ′ in the camshaft 1 on the other side of the flow - blocking element 6 ′. correspondingly , the flow - blocking element 6 ′ is pushed against the returning force of the spring 13 as the pressure differential δp increases , with the result that initially the connection between the second helical passage 3 b and associated radial port 15 b is opened through the corresponding opening 16 b of the flow - blocking element 6 ′ ( fig7 b ). as the pressure differential δp increases further , the flow - blocking element 6 ′ finally moves into a second end position in which all of the helical passages 3 a , 3 b , 3 c are opened ( fig7 c ). the flow - blocking element 6 ′ can include longitudinal cutouts 17 between the openings 16 a , 16 b , 16 c so as to keep the flow - blocking element 6 ′, in the form of a sliding sleeve , longitudinally movable yet pressure - tight on the helical body 2 , the cutouts interacting with corresponding projections 18 of the helical body 2 . | 5 |
the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . throughout the drawings , like reference numerals and letters are used to designate like or equivalent elements for the sake of simplicity of explanation . fig1 is a block diagram of basic configuration of a display apparatus to which a method of information conversion according to the present invention is applied . the display apparatus comprises light source 1 which may have a xenon arc lamp , photo - modulation device 3 , polygon mirror 5 , projection lens 8 and screen 9 . the light source 1 emits a plane beam 2 which is then incident to the photo - modulation device 3 . a &# 34 ; plane beam &# 34 ; means a beam in a sheet form which has a linear cross section cut by a plane perpendicular to the propagating direction of the beam . the device 3 modulates the plane beam 2 to a plane beam 4 whose optical intensity varies pixel by pixel in the direction of a straight line . the plane beam 4 is then emitted by the photo - modulation device 3 and is incident to the polygon mirror 5 . the mirror 5 is mounted on a rotary shaft 7 of a motor 6 and is rotated at a specific rotating speed by the motor 6 . the plane beam 4 thus incident to the polygon mirror 5 is deflected in a horizontal direction at a specific cycle . deflected plane beams are incident to the projection lens 8 which projects the deflected plane beams onto a screen 9 to obtain a two - dimensional image thereon . next , a detailed configuration of the photo - modulation device 3 will be described with reference to fig2 and 5 . first , in fig2 the photo - modulation device 3 comprises a pair of substrates 10 and 16 , and an electrode 11 , a photoconductive layer ( abbreviated as pcl hereinafter ) member 12 , a dielectric mirror 13 , a photo - modulation layer ( abbreviated as pml hereinafter ) member 14 and an electrode 15 laminated in order therebetween . the substrates 10 and 16 may be composed of a transparent substrate such as a glass plate and a synthetic resin plate . the electrodes 11 and 15 are composed of a thin film of transparent conductive a substance . the pcl member 12 is composed of substance which exhibits photoconductivity in the range of optical wavelength to be used . the dielectric mirror 13 may be a conventional one composed of a multi - layer film which reflects a beam of a specific wavelength . furthermore , the pml member 14 may be composed of a photo - modulation member , such as nematic liquid crystal , lithium niobate , bismuth silicon oxide , lead lanthanum zirconate titanate and a film of polymer - dispersed liquid crystal , which changes the optical state of a beam ( the optical state of the angle of polarization plane , rotary polarization or scattering ) in response to a field intensity applied thereto . a power supply 17 applies a specific a . c . voltage across the electrodes 11 and 15 . here , the power supply 17 is an a . c . power supply but it may be a d . c . power supply depending on the component substance of the pml member 14 . a beam of light 18 for information - writing ( abbreviated as writing light 18 hereinafter ) whose intensity is modulated with an information signal to be displayed is incident to the pcl member 12 . as shown in fig3 a beam of light is emitted by a laser light source a ( or a light emitting diode array ) 30 which is intensity - modulated by a serial signal source 31 . the beam is deflected by a deflector 32 such as a polygon mirror rotated by a motor ( not shown ). the deflected beam is passed through a lens 33 to become the writing light 18 which scans in a direction depicted by an arrow 19 . again in fig2 the writing light 18 deflected in the direction of the arrow 19 scans the pcl member 12 straight in that direction . accordingly , when the writing light 18 is incident to the pcl member 12 , the electrical resistance of the portion thereof where the writing light 18 is converged varies in response to a quantity of the light . a charge image in the form of a straight line corresponding to the quantity of the light is therefore formed on the border between the pcl member 12 and dielectric mirror 13 . the charge image is formed such that electric charges respectively corresponding to sequential pixel signals in a serial signal are arranged in a longitudinal direction of the charge image . an electric field is thus induced by the charge image and is applied to the pml member 14 . when a plane beam of light 2 for information - reading ( abbreviated as in a reading light 2 ) is incident to the substrate 16 under the state described above , the reading light 2 reaches the dielectric mirror 13 via the electrode 15 and pml member 14 and is reflected at the mirror 13 and is then emitted from the substrate 16 as a plane beam 4 via the pml member 14 and electrode 15 . the angle of polarization along the plane beam varies in a longitudinal direction along a length 41 in response to sequential pixel signals in the serial signal . the optical intensity of the plane beam 4 varies in the direction of the length 41 in response to the sequential pixel signals if the component material of the pml member 14 has the characteristic that it changes the scattering state of light passing therethrough in response to a field intensity applied thereto . on the other hand , the angle of polarization plane or rotary polarization of the plane beam 4 varies in response to the sequential pixel signals if the component material of the pml member 14 has the characteristic that it changes the angle of polarization plane or rotary polarization of a light passing therethrough in response to a field intensity applied thereto . in the case where the angle of polarization plane or rotary polarization of the plane beam 4 varies , the plane beam 4 is passed through an analyzer so that its optical intensity varies in the direction of the length 41 in response to the sequential pixel signals . next , in fig . 4 , a photo - modulation device 3a is constructed such that a reflecting electrode 20 ( an electrode for reflecting light ), pml member 14 , and an electrode array 23 composed of divided electrodes 23 - 1 , 23 - 2 , 23 - 3 , . . . and 23 - n are laminated in order between substrates 10 and 16 . connected to the photo - modulation device 3a are a serial to parallel signal converter 21 such as a shift register and power supply 22 . when the power supply 22 feeds a video signal composed of a serial signal to be displayed to the converter 21 , pixel signals arranged on the time base of the video signal are simultaneously applied to the divided electrodes 23 - 1 , 23 - 2 , 23 - 3 , . . . and 23 - n via lines 28 - 1 , 28 - 2 , 28 - 3 , . . . and 28 - n respectively . a charge image pattern corresponding to each of the pixel signals is therefore formed on the divided electrodes 23 - 1 , 23 - 2 , 23 - 3 &# 39 ; . . . and 23 - n so that an electric field corresponding to the charge image pattern is applied to the pml member 14 . when the plane reading light 2 is incident to the substrate 16 , the reading beam 2 reaches the reflecting electrode 20 via the substrate 16 , electrode 23 and pml member 14 and is reflected at the reflecting electrode 20 and further is emitted from the substrate 16 as the plane beam 4 via the pml member 14 and electrode 23 . the optical intensity of the plane beam 4 varies in the direction of the length 41 in response to sequential pixel signals in the serial signal for the same reason as explained with reference to fig2 . whether the optical intensity or angle of polarization or rotary polarization of the plane beam 4 varies in the direction of the length 41 in response to the sequential pixel signals depends on the same facts as explained with reference to fig2 . when the plane beam 4 is incident to an analyzer ( not shown ), the optical intensity of the plane beam 4 varies in the direction of the length 41 corresponding to the sequential pixel signals . the photo - modulation device 3 shown in fig5 is constructed in the same manner as that of fig2 . a recording medium 25 is prerecorded with a two - dimensional image 29 and is transferred in the direction of an arrow 26 behind a slit board 27 . a light source 24 emits the writing light 18 to the recording medium 25 via a converging lens ( not shown ) which includes a cylindrical lens to allow a light radiated only into a slit s of the slit board 27 . the writing light 18 whose intensity is modulated in response to a straight line portion cut from a two - dimensional image to be displayed is formed into a plane beam . the plane beam passes through the slit s and is converged onto the pcl member 12 via the substrate 10 and electrode 11 . the electric resistance of the portion of the pcl member 12 where the writing light 18 is converged varies in response to the quantity of the writing light 18 . a charge image is thus formed in a straight line in the vicinity of the border of the pcl member 12 and dielectric mirror 13 . this results in electric charges of the charge image corresponding to sequential images being arranged in a longitudinal direction of the charge image . an electric field is therefore applied to the pml member 14 due to the charge image . when the plane reading light 2 is incident to the substrate 16 , the reading light 2 reaches the dielectric mirror 13 via the electrode 15 and pml member 14 and is reflected at the dielectric mirror 13 and further is emitted from the substrate 16 as the plane beam 4 via the pml member 14 and electrode 15 . the optical intensity of the plane beam 4 varies in response to sequential images arranged in the direction of the length 41 of the reading light 2 . whether the optical intensity or angle of polarization or rotary polarization of the plane beam 4 varies in the direction of the length 41 in response to the sequential pixel signals on the serial signals depends on the same facts as explained with reference to fig2 . furthermore , when the plane beam 4 is incident to an analyzer ( not shown ), the optical intensity of the plane beam 4 varies in the direction of the length 41 in response to the sequential pixel signals also as explained with reference to fig2 . the pml member 14 may be composed of electrochromic material whose transmission density varies in response to an electric field applied thereto . if the pml member 14 composed of the material which changes angle of polarization or rotary polarization is used , an analyzer for demodulating the optical intensity of the light emitted from the photo - modulation device 3 in response to the image and a wave - plate for applying an optical bias across the analyzer and pml member 14 ( both not shown ) may be provided . next , fig6 to 8 respectively show the configuration of a display apparatus in which the photo - modulation device 3 produces a beam of light whose intensity is modulated in response to pixels arranged in the direction of a straight line of a plane beam and the beam is incident to the polygon mirror 5 in which the beam is deflected and is projected onto the screen 9 via the projection lens 8 . firstly , fig6 is an example in which the laser light source 30 ( or a light - emitting diode ) applies a laser beam , whose intensity is modulated with a signal to be displayed , to the same photo - modulation device 3 as shown in fig2 to form a charge image in a straight line corresponding to sequential pixels and then the charge image read out therefrom by the reading light 2 is delfected by the polygon mirror 5 . next , fig7 is an example of an arrangement of the same photo - modulation device 3a as shown in fig4 in a display apparatus . fig8 is further an example of an arrangement in a display apparatus in which a photo - modulation device 30a identical to the device 3a shown in fig4 except that the device 30a is of a light - transmission type using a transparent electrode 20a instead of the reflecting electrodes 20 . as for the means for deflecting the beam emitted from the photo - modulation device 3 , not only a polygon mirror , but also a galvano mirror or any other deflection means may be used . above embodiments are the examples in which the present invention is applied to a display apparatus for a monochrome image . however , the present invention may be applied to a display apparatus for a color image . fig9 is such an example . in fig9 the display apparatus for a colour image comprises a photo - modulation device 3r used for red , a photo - modulation device 3g for green and a photo - modulation device 3b for blue . the devices 3r , 3g and 3b have the same configuration as shown in fig4 . also provided are a signal source 35 for a blue signal , a signal source 36 for a green signal and a signal source 37 for a red signal . serial to parallel signal converters provided for the devices 3r , 3g and 3b simultaneously feed pixel signals , in color image signals applied from the signal sources 35 , 36 and 37 , to divided electrodes in the devices 3r , 3g and 3b to form charge images thereon corresponding to the arrangement of the pixel signals . the distribution of an electric field induced by the charge images is therefore applied to photo - modulation members of the photo - modulation device 3r , 3g and 3b , respectively . a plane red beam r is incident to the device 3r , a plane green beam g is incident to the device 3g and a plane blue beam b is incident to the device 3b . the plane color beams to intensity of each of which is modulated according to pixel arrangement on a straight line , are emitted from the devices 3r , 3g and 3b and are incident to the polygon mirror 5 . the polygon mirror 5 deflects the plane color beams which are then applied to the projection lens 8 . the plane color beams are therefore projected on the screen 9 via the projection lens 8 to display a color two - dimensional image on the screen 9 . the plane beams r , g and b are produced by means such as shown in fig1 to 13 . fig1 shows an apparatus composed of a dichroic prism 38 and optical - path members 39 and 40 for producing primary color beams r , g and b . fig1 shows an apparatus for producing primary color beams r , g and b by separating a beam of with a grating 41 . fig1 shows apparatus for producing primary color beams r , g , and b by separating a beam of light with a prism 42 . furthermore , fig1 shows an apparatus for producing primary color beams r , g and b by separating beams of light with a transparent filter fr for red , transparent filter fg for green and transparent filter fb for blue . the preferred embodiments according to the present invention disclosed above are for display apparatus . the information obtained by way of the method according to the present invention may be applied as a writing information and to a recording / reproduction apparatus , a printer and an optical computer . | 7 |
fig1 illustrates an apparatus suitable for performing cmp according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention . reference numeral 11 denotes a platen which may illustratively , be covered with a pad , typically made from polyurethane , although other suitable materials will suffice . platen 11 is driven via shaft 13 by motor 15 . reference numeral 17 denotes a carrier which holds wafer 19 . wafer 19 has partially - fabricated integrated circuits formed upon surface 21 . details of the partially fabricated integrated circuits will be discussed below in connection with fig2 - 10 . carrier 17 is driven via shaft 23 by motor 25 . platen 11 is generally enclosed within tub 27 . a slurry , typically consisting of silicon particles in deionized water is dripped from reservoir 29 via tube 31 onto upper surface 33 of platen 11 . when surface 21 of wafer 19 is brought into contact with upper surface 33 of platen 11 , surface 21 of wafer 19 is polished or planarized . fig2 is an illustrative cross section of a portion of wafer 19 . shown in fig2 are well known components of a typical mosfet . however , it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the invention is applicable to bipolar , bicmos , and other integrated circuit technologies including laser / flat panel displays or micromachining . included in fig2 are : substrate 51 ; gate 55 ; source / drain 57 ; field oxide 53 ; runners 63 and 64 ; and metallic conductors 67 , 71 , and 73 . dielectric 61 , typically formed from the decomposition of a precursor gas , covers gate 55 and runners 63 and 64 . dielectric 61 may be illustratively a form of silicon dioxide formed from a chemical precursor such as teos . in some applications , dielectric 61 may be a bi - layer dielectric . the lower portion of the bi - layer 61 may be an undoped form of silicon dioxide , while the upper portion of the bi - layer 61 may be doped with phosphorus and / or boron . illustratively , the thickness of dielectric 61 may be : 1 to 1 . 5 μm . dielectric 61 is illustrated as comparatively planar , although it need not be so . metallization 67 , 73 , and 71 may illustratively include multiple layers of conductive material , perhaps a sandwich of titanium , titanium nitride , and aluminum , possibly doped with silicon or copper or possibly copper alone . windows 67 and 66 have been created in dielectric to expose source / drain 57 and runner 63 respectively . dielectric 75 is formed over dielectric 61 . dielectric 75 covers the upper portion of conductor 67 , 73 , and 71 . the upper surface 76 of dielectric 75 exhibits an irregular or bumpy topography . dielectric 75 may illustratively be an oxide of silicon , perhaps formed by decomposition of teos . illustratively , dielectric 75 is undoped . dielectric 77 is formed on top and contacting dielectric 75 . dielectric 77 must in general , be chemically , physically or otherwise distinguishable from dielectric 75 . illustratively , dielectric 77 may be an oxide of silicon , perhaps formed from teos , and doped with boron , illustratively 2 - 3 % by weight . other dopants such as phosphorus may be used . such dopants or other materials may be termed &# 34 ; markers &# 34 ;. ( alternatively dielectric 77 may contain a detectable organic or fluorescent dye ). upper surface 78 of dielectric 77 is not smooth , i . e . it has a bumpy topography . the total thickness of dielectric layers 75 & amp ; 77 is illustratively 1 . 6 μm ; approximately 0 . 80 - 0 . 85 μm is found suitable for dielectric 75 . during cmp , the upper surface 78 of dielectric 77 contacts the upper surface 33 of platen 11 depicted in fig1 . during polishing , the waste slurry is monitored with a high sensitivity chemical sensor . the chemical sensor is designed to detect the appearance of whatever dopant or dye has been incorporated into layer 77 . illustratively , the waste slurry may be collected from tube 83 in the bottom basket 27 . if , for example , layer 77 is doped with boron , the waste slurry may be analyzed by a detector 85 , illustratively an inductively coupled plasma ( icp ) mass spectrometer . modern icp mass spectrometers are well equipped to detect parts per trillion of dopants such as boron in solution . alternatively , waste slurry may be collected or sucked up by tube 81 which is positioned near the interface between upper surface 21 of wafer 19 and upper surface 33 of platen 11 and then analyzed by an icp mass spectrometer . fig3 is a diagram which corresponds to fig2 with corresponding elements having corresponding reference numerals . reference lines a , b , c , and d indicate levels to which dielectric 77 may be polished . the graph of fig4 illustrates signal strengths observed at detector 85 as a function of time . the signal strength is proportional to , illustratively , the boron or other dopant concentration ( or dye concentration ) present in the waste slurry . if other markers are used , radiation , electrical properties , light emission or fluorescence may be measured . thus , for example , when the upper surface 78 of dielectric 77 is polished to the level indicated by reference line a , the signal , illustrated in fig4 observed at detector 85 , is denoted by reference letter a along the rising portion of the curve . it will be seen from an examination of fig3 that polishing of dielectric 77 to the level of reference line a removes the upper - most portion of dielectric 77 but does not provide complete planarization because , for example , valleys such as that denoted reference numeral 79 still remain . one may , however , terminate polishing at this point if complete planarization is not desired . as dielectric 77 is polished further to a level denoted by reference line b , a maximum signal strength denoted by letter b in fig4 is obtained . in certain embodiments , it may be desirable to terminate polishing at this point ( and continue with subsequent deposition and lithographic processing ). when reference level b is reached , all of the valleys 79 have been polished away and no portion of dielectric 75 has been exposed . further polishing may , if desired , be performed until reference line c is reached . it will be noted that when reference line c is obtained , that portions of undoped dielectric 75 is exposed . therefore , the signal strength ( which is illustratively proportional to the amount of dopant in the slurry ) begins to diminish as denoted by letter c in the graph of fig4 . one might choose to polish to level c , i . e . to beyond the maximum signal strength of fig4 if detection of the maximum is difficult or inaccurate . further polishing may be performed , illustratively , until line d is reached . at line d , almost all traces of doped dielectric 77 have been removed , and , as shown in fig4 the corresponding signal strength has diminished to essentially noise levels . thus , by comparing fig3 and 4 one may obtain a dielectric with an upper polished flat surface by observing or measuring all or a portion of the curve of fig4 ( or derivatives of the curve of fig4 ) produced by detector 85 . should one wish a partially planarized surface , level a may be selected . should one wish a planarized surface with a doped overlayer , level b may be selected . should it be desired to expose the upper portions of dielectric 75 , level c may be selected . alternatively , should one wish to remove doped overlayer 77 , level d may be selected . fig5 and 7 , taken together , illustrate another embodiment of the present invention . the cross sectional view of fig5 may be compared with the cross sectional view of fig2 ; like reference numerals refer to like components throughout . reference numeral 75 denotes a dielectric formed above conductor 67 , 73 , and 71 . dielectric 75 may illustratively be an undoped oxide of silicon , possibly formed by high density plasma processes . reference numeral 101 denotes a doped or dyed dielectric layer formed above and in contact with dielectric layer 75 . undoped , undyed dielectric layer 103 is formed above and in contact with dielectric 101 . dielectric 101 which contains doping or dye which makes it distinguishable from dielectrics 103 and 105 may be termed a &# 34 ; marker layer &# 34 ;. upper surface 105 of dielectric 103 is initially subjected to the polishing operation performable by the apparatus depicted in fig1 . as in the previous embodiment , marker layer 101 contains dopants which may be detected by mass spectrometer 85 . alternatively , the marker layer may contain dyes which may be detected by other apparatus . comparing the diagram of fig6 with graph of fig7 it will be noticed that if upper surface 105 of dielectric 103 is polished to the level denoted by letter e , then a corresponding signal observed , for example , at mass spectrometer 85 denoted by reference letter e in fig7 is observed . the signal is very low , typically noise . as further polishing continues , level f in fig6 is reached . an initial portion of marker layer 101 is removed and its dopant or dye detected , producing the signal denoted by letter f in fig7 . as further polishing continues , a mixture of doped and undoped dielectric will be removed . theoretically , at least one minimum , denoted by z in fig7 may be reached depending upon the irregularity of the topography of layer 101 . if detector 85 does not have sufficient resolution , a curve without a minimum such as the dashed line denoted by reference numeral 200 in fig7 may instead be obtained . as further polishing continues , another theoretical maximum denoted by letter g , and corresponding to line level g in fig6 is obtained . level g is approximately midway through the lowest points of layer 101 . if further polishing is continued , virtually all of dielectric 101 is removed , as shown by the line denoted by letter h in fig6 . in fig7 the signal strength denoted by letter h shows that the signal has deteriorated to virtually noise levels . as mentioned before , the theoretical signal curve in fig7 having the letters e , f , g , h and z will be obtained with one or more minima , z , if detector 85 has sufficient resolution . otherwise , a curve similar to curve 200 having a relatively low , broad , flat peak may be obtained . fig8 and 10 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention . in fig8 field oxide 53 overlies substrate 51 . also depicted are : source drain region 57 and runners 63 and 64 . the first undoped ( or undyed ) layer 303 covers runners 63 , 64 and gate 401 . dielectric 301 which covers and contacts dielectrics 303 may be illustratively doped with phosphorus . dielectric 305 which covers and contacts dielectric 301 may illustratively be doped with boron . thus , dielectrics 305 and 301 contain different dopants ( or dyes ). they may be considered sublayers of a single layer , if desired . it will be noted , comparing fig9 and 10 , that initial polishing removes portions 307 of the upper surface of boron doped layer 305 . ( it is assumed that one or more detectors 85 is capable of detecting phosphorus and boron .) such as curves 501 and 502 in fig1 indicating boron and phosphorus signal strength is a function of time are produced by detector 85 . it will be noted with reference to fig9 that if outer surface 307 of boron doped layer 305 is removed , to a level indicated by reference line j , that a signal denoted by point j on curves 501 and 502 may be obtained by detector ( s ) 85 . point j on curve 501 indicates a rising signal associated with boron presence . point j on curve 502 indicates virtually no phosphorus presence . if polishing is continued until reference line k is reached , it will be noted from fig1 that point k on curve 501 represents a peak in the boron signal . point k on curve 502 indicates initially detectable levels of phosphorus due to the polishing of upper surface 309 of layer 301 . if polishing is continued until reference level l is obtained , it will be noted from fig1 that point l on curve 501 indicates the substantial decrease in the boron - associated signal , point l on curve 502 indicates a peaking of the phosphorus - associated signal . if polishing is continued until reference level m is reached , the corresponding signals denoted by point m on curves 501 and 502 representing approximately steady state values of phosphorus and boron will be obtained . ( the boron - associated signal is virtually noise .) thus , there has been disclosed , a method of cmp in which one or more layers having a detectable doped or dye ( which might generally be termed a marker ) is present . the presence of minute amounts of marker material is detected by a detector , which may , for example , be a mass spectrometer . if the presence of marker material is noted as a function of polishing time , one may terminate the polishing process when the desired amount of marker layer has been polished away . observation of curves such as those depicted in fig4 , or 10 permit one to controllably and reliably observe the removal and rate of removal of marker material and consistently terminate the polishing operation . | 7 |
for the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention , reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same . it will nevertheless be understood that no limitations of the inventive scope is thereby intended , as the scope of this invention should be evaluated with reference to the claims appended hereto . alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices , and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates . to demonstrate the present invention , a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of the present invention to use proton ( 1h ) magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to distinguish between pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis . in these experiments , three groups of sprague - dawley rats ( n = 5 ) were instilled intratracheally with bleomycin ( 2 . 5 u / kg or 3 . 5 u / kg ) in saline or with saline only . rats were imaged at 2 . 0 t using a multi - slice carr - purcell - meilboom - gill ( cpmg ) sequence with 6 ms echo spacing . signal intensity ( s0 ) and t2 were calculated on a pixel - by - pixel basis using images collected before dosing and 1 , 2 , 4 , and 7 weeks after . at each time point , data from dosed animals were compared to controls , and bivariate statistical analysis was employed to classify image pixels containing abnormal tissue . at week 7 , pulmonary function tests were performed , then all rats were sacrificed , left lungs were formalin fixed and tri - chrome stained for histological analysis of collagen content , and right lungs were used to measure water and hydroxyproline ( collagen ) content . the product s0 × t2 significantly correlated with water and collagen content in the high - dose group ( p = 0 . 004 and p = 0 . 03 , respectively ). these experiments thus demonstrated that the present invention can utilize mri to confidently localize pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis . while the purpose of this particular study was to examine the potential utility of using altered s0 and t2 relaxation to distinguish pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis , those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the techniques described herein will have general applicability to any interrogation using mri , and particular advantages when performing in vivo interrogation . since the instillation of bleomycin in the lungs of live rats is a well - characterized and accepted model for human disease , it was used in this study . the study measured both t2 and s0 , then determined the location of abnormal tissue using a bivariate normal confidence interval with the hypothesis that multivariate analysis would improve specificity . animal handling and treatment procedures followed a protocol approved by the institutional animal care and use committee . a total of 18 male sprague - dawley rats weighing 196 ± 8 g were used . they were divided into three groups of n = 6 : control , low - dose ( ld ), and high - dose ( hd ). a single animal per dose group died immediately after dosing . therefore , each group was left with n = 5 . no additional unanticipated mortality occurred for the duration of the experiment . rats were imaged at 5 time points : pre - dose , then 1 , 2 , 4 , and 7 weeks post - dose . animals were prepared for imaging as described in jacob r e , minard k r , laicher g , timchalk c . 3d 3he diffusion mri as a local in vivo morphometric tool to evaluate emphysematous rat lungs . j appl physiol 2008 ; 105 ( 4 ): 1291 - 1300 . in brief , rats were first weighed then injected subcutaneously with 0 . 02 ml / kg body weight ( bw ) glycopyrrolate to inhibit oral secretions and facilitate insertion of an endotracheal tube . after 10 - 15 minutes , animals were anesthetized with 3 - 4 % isoflurane in oxygen - enriched air ( 30 % o2 , 70 % n2 ). hd rats were found to struggle with breathing under anesthesia and were therefore ventilated with pure o2 at weeks 1 , 2 , and 4 ; o2 content is not expected to significantly affect t2 measurements , particularly when measured with a carr - purcell - meilboom - gill ( cpmg ) sequence . rats were intubated with a 14 - gauge catheter tube and connected to an mr - compatible mechanical ventilator that continued to deliver isoflurane . the breathing rate was set to 54 . 5 breaths per minute ( 1 . 1 seconds per breath ). a maximum inflation pressure of 12 ± 2 cmh2o was reached in 220 ms , followed by a passive exhalation period of 320 ms . a breath hold was then maintained for 550 ms during which mri data accumulation took place . the ventilator provided a gating signal 88 ms after the start of each breath hold . pulse rate and body temperature were monitored ( sa instruments , stony brook , n . y ., model 1025 ). warm air ( 40 - 50 ° c .) was circulated within the magnet bore to maintain body temperature at 36 ± 2 ° c . imaging was performed using a 2 . 0 t horizontal - bore magnet ( oxford , uk ) equipped with 150 mt / m gradients ( resonance research , billerica , mass .) and a varian unityplus console ( palo alto , calif .). the bore diameter with gradients in place was 12 cm . a home - built , 8 - leg birdcage coil 15 cm long and 7 cm inner diameter was tuned to the 1h frequency ( 84 . 9 mhz ). a small tube of water doped with a gd - based contrast agent was placed next to the animal to act as a signal calibration phantom . eight t2 - weighted images were acquired with an eight - echo , slice selective cpmg imaging sequence with a 6 ms echo spacing as described in bernstein m a , king k f , zhou x j . handbook of mri pulse sequences . san diego , calif . : elsevier academic press ; 2004 . pulse sequence details are shown in fig3 . the mri scanner was triggered by the ventilator on every breath , therefore the repetition time tr = 1 . 1 s . five coronal slices , 2 . 5 mm thick and separated by 0 . 5 mm , were acquired covering most of the lung , particularly regions dorsal to the heart . therefore , a total of 40 images were obtained for each animal at each time point . the acquisition bandwidth was 96 khz , and the field of view was 9 . 6 cm × 12 . 8 cm . with a total of 128 × 128 points , images had a planar resolution of 0 . 75 mm ( lateral axis )× 1 . 0 mm ( anteroposterior axis ). four signal averages were used to minimize effects of cardiac motion . total imaging time was 9 . 4 min , plus 10 - 15 min of set - up time for coil tuning , animal positioning , and slice selection . one control rat was not imaged at week 2 due to technical problems . after the initial mr imaging session , rats were maintained supine on the ventilator and were slowly revived from anesthesia until breathing on their own but still unconscious . animals were disconnected from the ventilator , and a mixture of 0 . 2 ml saline ( 0 . 9 % sodium chloride ) and either 2 . 5 u / kg bw ( ld ) or 3 . 5 u / kg bw ( hd ) of bleomycin sulfate ( calbiochem , la jolla , calif .) was instilled through the trachea tube ; control animals received saline only . with this model , it is widely reported that acute lung inflammation peaks about 1 week following intratracheal bleomycin administration , then chronic fibrosis begins to appear within 2 - 4 weeks . after dosing , animals were temporarily reattached to the ventilator to assist in breathing , if necessary . the ld group showed a very mild response after the first two weeks of the study . the reason why is not clear , although the bleomycin activity can range from 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 u / mg , according to the vendor ( calbiochem ). therefore , new bleomycin and additional age - matched animals were ordered ; this second group received 3 . 5 u / kg bw and became the hd cohort . mri analysis . images were reconstructed using a standard 2d fourier transform , then they were read into mathematica 6 . 0 ( wolfgram research , champaign , ill .) for further analysis . images of each rat at each time point were sorted into 5 data stacks — one stack for each slice — each composed of the 8 t2 - weighted images . the mean background noise was measured from the first image of each stack . image stacks were then thresholded to eliminate pixels whose signal intensity was & lt ; 10 × the noise level ( typical signal - to - noise ratio of healthy lung was ≈ 20 ). using the nonlinearregress function of mathematica , remaining pixels were fit to : where s is the signal intensity of each image , s0 is the initial signal intensity , t is the echo time , and t2 is the spin - spin relaxation time . the background noise was taken into consideration in the fit using the standard root - sum - squares method . the parameters s0 and t2 were extracted from the fit , and pixels whose standard error ( fit uncertainty ) exceeded 50 % were discarded . s0 and t2 maps were then generated for each image slice . multi - exponential behavior of water t2 relaxation in lungs and in collagen has been well documented , with t2 values of order 10 ms , 50 ms , and 300 ms representing different fractions of the total mr signal . in this work , t2 was measured out to 48 ms in 6 ms intervals ; over this time scale no multi - exponential behavior was observed . the first slice of each stack had ˜ 30 % higher s0 than the following slices due to rf bleed - through from an imperfect slice profile . thus , the first slice , which generally contained more heart than lung , was discarded from analysis . as observed in previous experiments , the breath hold pressure varied from animal to animal . this is because each rat was allowed the same fixed exhale duration , and compliance variations due do to differences in animal size and depth of anesthesia likely resulted in different rates of exhalation . s0 correlated strongly with the breath hold pressure for untreated and control rats ( r = 0 . 94 , p & lt ; 0 . 0001 ), therefore a linear correction was applied to normalize the s0 data of all animals to facilitate direct comparisons between animals . t2 did not correlate with breath hold . to exclude non - lung tissue from further analyses , imagej ( rasband w s . imagej : u . s . national institutes of health , bethesda , md ., usa , http :// rsb . info . nih . gov / ij /; 1997 - 2009 ) was used to manually segment the lungs in the s0 and t2 maps . it was inevitable for some surrounding tissue and vasculature to be included in the segmentation , as it was difficult to clearly discern the lung boundary in some cases , particularly in dosed animals . following segmentation , data for each rat at each time point were written to a columnar data file that contained s0 , t2 , slice number , and the corresponding pixel coordinates . for each time point , data from control rats were combined into a single data set . a scatter plot of t2 ( y - axis ) vs . s0 ( x - axis ) was then generated to show the clustering of the data and the relationship between the measured parameters ( for example , see fig2 a ). using a mathematica script and bivariate statistical analysis , an ellipsoid was calculated that encircled ˜ 95 % of the data points that were heretofore defined as “ normal ” lung with 95 % confidence . each dosed animal was compared to the control group at the same time point , and data points within the ellipsoid were deleted as shown in fig4 b . the percentage of total pixels that were “ abnormal ” was calculated for each animal at each time point . for control rats , this percentage was 5 % by definition . each “ abnormal ” data point retained its original image coordinates , which facilitated the creation of a “ disease map ”, or a map showing pixels that had a high probability (≧ 95 %) of not representing normal lung tissue . these maps were then superposed on the original mr images to show disease location . fig5 shows an example of this for an hd rat at all time points . pulmonary function tests : several hours after the final imaging session ( at week 7 ), animals were subjected to pulmonary function tests using a buxco forced maneuvers system ( buxco research systems , wilmington , n . c .). animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 87 % ketamine / 13 % xylazine at a dose of 2 ml / kg bw . a trachea tube was then surgically inserted , and the animals were placed supine into the plethysmograph . static lung volumes , fast flow volumes , and quasistatic chord compliance ( qcc ) were measured ( 25 ); however an error that occurred during data collection resulted in only the qcc measurements being recorded . a pressure - volume ( pv ) curve was recorded during a controlled exhale from 30 cmh2o to − 20 cmh2o ; qcc results reported herein were taken from the pressure range of 2 - 8 cmh2o , within the linear region of the pv curves . post - mortem chemical and histological analysis : immediately following the pulmonary function tests , rats were sacrificed by co2 asphyxiation , the lungs were harvested , and right and left lungs were separated . to gravimetrically determine water content , the right lungs were weighed , inflated with air and dried overnight , then weighed again . after being dried and weighed , the right lungs were used to measure collagen content by analysis of hydroxyproline ( hyp ), closely following the method published by reddy et al . ( reddy g k , enwemeka c s . a simplified method for the analysis of hydroxyproline in biological tissues . clin biochem 1996 ; 29 ( 3 ): 225 - 229 ). the tracheas were removed from the dried right lungs , then the lungs were homogenized . hyp concentrations were measured in three ˜ 25 mg samples of each lung . the amount of collagen in the lungs ( in mg per gram of dry lung ) was calculated by multiplying the hyp concentrations by 7 . 7 , then the percentage of dry lung that was collagen by weight was calculated . immediately after harvest , the left lungs were inflated with formalin ( 10 % formaldehyde ) to a pressure of ≈ 25 cmh2o , then were tied off and placed in a formalin bath for & gt ; 48 hours . they were then sectioned , embedded with paraffin , and stained with a trichrome stain to label the collagen blue . several ( 5 or 6 per lung ) roughly coronal 5 μm thick slices were prepared for microscopic visualization . color digital photographs were taken of all slices at 20 × magnification . next , a mathematica script was used to determine the percentage of tissue that was collagen based on empirically determined rgb color filters . the same filter settings were used for all images . fig6 shows an example of the histological analysis performed on a tissue section of a hd rat . fig6 a shows the original microscope images formed into a mosaic , fig6 b shows the results of the tissue filter ( i . e . with background eliminated ), and fig6 c shows the results of the blue filter . coronal histological slices were taken to facilitate potential comparison of disease location in histological samples with the coronal mr image slices . however , this was confounded by changes to the lung shape due to removal from the chest cavity and the sectioning process ; therefore comparisons were not possible . statistics : bivariate normal confidence interval formulas were used to create the 95 % confidence ellipsoids from control data , as shown in fig4 a . in order to better assume a normal distribution of the data , a log transformation was first performed . next , the 2 × 2 variance - covariance matrix was calculated using the equation a . 1 : where the bar indicates the mean value , var [ z ] is the variance , and m is the total number of data points . a log transformation was used to generate a normal distribution , as indicated in eq . a . 1 . next , an ellipsoid “ radius ” r was calculated assuming an f - distribution f n , m ( x ) is equation a . 2 : where i ( x ; a , b ) is the regularized beta function , n is the numerator degrees of freedom ( number of independent variables ), and m is the denominator degrees of freedom ( number of data points minus 1 ). the built - in mathematica 6 . 0 function that calculates the f - distribution with a given confidence level c ( where 0 ≦ c ≦ 1 ) is : quantile [ fratiodistribution [ n , m ], c ]. for the 95 % confidence interval calculated herein , c = 0 . 95 . following this , the cholesky decomposition was calculated as a 2 × 2 matrix as shown in equation a . 3 . finally , x and y coordinates defining the perimeter of the ellipsoid were calculated . x = exp [ ln ( s 0 ) + r ×( cos θ × cd 11 + sin θ × cd 21 )] y = exp [ ln ( t 2 ) + r ×( cos θ × cd 12 + sin θ × cd 22 )] ( a . 4 ) a discrete number of angles q can be chosen to describe the ellipsoid ; in this work , 50 evenly spaced angles spanning 2p radians were used . by encompassing 95 % of the pixels from the control rats , this ellipsoid thus defines the boundaries of a region of s0 and t2 values that represent “ normal ” lung tissue with ≧ 95 % confidence . to eliminate data points from dosed animals that were within the ellipsoid ( i . e . “ normal ” pixels ), the ellipsoid was first mapped to a unit circle centered at the origin by use of the transformation shown as equation a . 5 : eq . a . 5 has been simplified to reflect the fact that cd21 = 0 . data points from dosed animals were also mapped using eq . a . 5 , and any data points that met the condition : fell within the unit circle and were therefore defined as “ normal ” and deleted . rat physiological data were analyzed using two - sample t - tests . the control data were compared to both the low dose and the high dose data using a confidence level α = 0 . 05 ; p - values below 0 . 05 were considered significant . correlation coefficients and probabilities were calculated using a paired t - test . results : table 1 shows the mean and median values of s0 and t2 from the segmented lung images of the control group . over the 7 weeks of the experiment , the average values ( and standard deviations ) of both s0 and t2 for the control animals generally decreased ; thus , the s0 - t2 ellipsoids tended to shift slightly down and to the left while shrinking in size . therefore , dosed animals were compared only to age - matched controls at each time point , and not to themselves at the pre - dose time point ( i . e . animals did not act as their own controls in spite of the pre - dose data that were collected ). the fraction of “ abnormal ” pixels was calculated from the segmented lung images for each rat at each time point ; results are shown in fig7 . several ld rats had a strong initial response , but the percentage of “ abnormal ” pixels declined rapidly to the 5 % level ( as shown in the dashed line in fig7 ), which is defined herein as “ normal ”. by week 4 the ld rats were essentially indistinguishable from the control rats . by comparison , the hd rats generally showed a stronger response ( i . e . greater fraction of “ abnormal ” pixels ) throughout the duration of the experiment , with the percentage of “ abnormal ” pixels declining much less rapidly . fig8 shows the mean s0 and t2 values for the “ abnormal ” pixels of all the dose rats at each time point , along with the mean values for the controls ( not differentiated temporally ). there is a strong correlation between t2 and s0 ( r = 0 . 93 , p & lt ; 0 . 001 ). weeks 4 and 7 results from the ld group had a very small percentage of “ abnormal ” pixels ( as shown in fig7 ) and were therefore virtually indistinguishable from controls using mri when all pixels were considered . physiological measurements : fig9 shows the mean body weights of the animals , measured immediately prior to each imaging session . both dose groups lost a significant amount of weight the first week , but by the end of the experiments all groups were essentially the same . other than the initial weight loss , no other outward signs of distress were observed . fig1 shows mean week 7 results of : right lung water content measured gravimetrically , in grams ( a ); right lung collagen content from hydroxyproline measurement , in percentage of dry lung weight ( b ); left lung collagen content , in percentage of blue - stained pixels in the histology images ( c ); percentage of the whole lung found to be “ abnormal ” by in vivo mri ( d ); and in vivo qcc ( e ). correlation of mri with post - mortem results : in table 2 , mean t2 and s0 values for normal lungs and “ abnormal ” pixels in both dose groups are compared to determine how well these mri parameters correlate with disease - induced changes in collagen content ( as measured by hydroxyproline ). this assumes that the bulk of the collagen resided in “ abnormal ” regions , which may only be true for the hd rats . the mean t2 and s0 values of all pixels were correlated with water content ( measured gravimetrically ), since water signal is contributed from the entire lung . of the correlation tests , the only significant correlations were found for the hd rats between s0 × t2 and collagen ( r = 0 . 98 , p = 0 . 004 ), and between s0 × t2 and water ( r = 0 . 91 , p = 0 . 03 ). no significant correlations were found for s0 or t2 alone . there were no significant correlations with collagen when considering all pixels from the dose groups ( data not shown ), as opposed to only the “ abnormal ” pixels . as demonstrated by these experiments , proton mri approaches for lung visualization may have several applications . in a clinical setting , they may be useful for long - term patient monitoring to evaluate changes in disease or treatment efficacy . pre - clinical uses may include : animal screening to prevent blind sacrifice , pharmaceutical testing , facilitating targeted tissue harvesting , and monitoring of disease progression and resolution . indeed , an example of the pre - clinical utility was realized during this study . when the ld group was seen to have a weaker than expected response , the hd group was added mid - study at minimal cost and inconvenience . in conclusion , these experiments have shown that bivariate statistical analysis of s0 and t2 acquired using mri is sensitive to inflammation and fibrotic changes in the lung . they have also shown that the mri results are able to distinguish diseased lungs as effectively as post - mortem measurements while providing locally sensitive information and allowing for time - course measurements . while the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description , the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character . only certain embodiments have been shown and described , and all changes , equivalents , and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention described herein are desired to be protected . any experiments , experimental examples , or experimental results provided herein are intended to be illustrative of the present invention and should not be considered limiting or restrictive with regard to the invention scope . further , any theory , mechanism of operation , proof , or finding stated herein is meant to further enhance understanding of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way to such theory , mechanism of operation , proof , or finding . thus , the specifics of this description and the attached drawings should not be interpreted to limit the scope of this invention to the specifics thereof . rather , the scope of this invention should be evaluated with reference to the claims appended hereto . in reading the claims it is intended that when words such as “ a ”, “ an ”, “ at least one ”, and “ at least a portion ” are used there is no intention to limit the claims to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary in the claims . further , when the language “ at least a portion ” and / or “ a portion ” is used , the claims may include a portion and / or the entire items unless specifically stated to the contrary . likewise , where the term “ input ” or “ output ” is used in connection with an electric device or fluid processing unit , it should be understood to comprehend singular or plural and one or more signal channels or fluid lines as appropriate in the context . finally , all publications , patents , and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure as if each were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and set forth in its entirety herein . | 6 |
fig1 shows diagrammatically an x - ray examination apparatus that includes a filter in accordance with the invention . the x - ray source 1 emits an x - ray beam 2 that irradiates an object 3 , for example a patient , to be examined . as a result of local differences in the absorption of x - rays in the object 3 an x - ray image is formed on the x - ray detector 4 , in this case being an image intensifier pick - up chain . the x - ray image is formed on the entrance screen 5 of the x - ray image intensifier 6 and is converted into a light image on the exit window 7 , which light image is imaged on a video camera 9 by means of a lens system 8 . the video camera 9 forms an electronic image signal from the light image . the electronic image signal is applied , for example for further processing , to an image processing unit 10 or to a monitor 11 on which the image information in the x - ray image is displayed . between the x - ray source 1 and the object 3 there is arranged a filter 12 for local attenuation of the x - ray beam 2 . the filter 12 includes several tubular filter elements 13 whose x - ray absorptivity can be adjusted by application of electric voltages to the wall of the filter elements by means of an adjusting circuit 14 . the electric voltages are adjusted , for example , on the basis of the setting of the x - ray source 1 by means of the power supply 15 of the x - ray source and / or on the basis of , for example , brightness values of the x - ray image that can be derived from the signal on the output terminal 16 of the video camera 9 . the general construction of a filter 12 of this kind and the composition of the liquid filling are described in greater detail in united states patent u . s . pat . no . 5 , 625 , 665 ( phn 15 . 044 ). fig2 a is a diagrammatic sectional view of a tubular filter element 13 of a filter as shown in fig1 . the filter element 13 is filled , via the supply duct 20 , with the liquid filling 22 which is electrically conductive and x - ray absorbing . for each filter element there is defined the longitudinal direction z as well as the internal volume 21 that is bounded by the walls 28 of the filter element . each filter element includes a first electrode 23 in the form of an electrically conductive layer which is electrically isolated from the liquid filling 22 present in the internal volume 21 , said isolation being realized by way of an isolator layer 34 and an inert cover layer 24 that is provided on an inner side of the walls 28 , and also includes a second electrode 29 for applying an electric potential to the liquid filling . the first electrode 23 of the filter element 13 is coupled to a switching element which forms part of the first means for applying an electric voltage to an individual filter element . in the present example the switching element consists of a drain contact 30 of a field effect transistor 25 whose source contact 31 is coupled to a voltage line 26 that forms part of an electrical control device ( not shown ). the field effect transistor 25 is turned on , that is , the switching element is closed , by means of a control voltage that is applied to a gate contact 32 of the field effect transistor 25 via the control line 27 . the electric voltage on the voltage line 26 is applied to the first electrode 23 by closing the switching element . when the voltage line is set to the value of the “ filling ” voltage , the contact angle o enclosed by the liquid filling 22 relative to the inert cover layer 24 decreases and the relevant filter element is filled with the liquid filling . fig2 b is a diagrammatic sectional view of the tubular filter element 113 of a filter as shown in fig1 when the filter element is filled with the liquid filling that consists of an electrically conductive liquid component 122 and an x - ray absorbing liquid component 124 . in this case the liquid components are not miscible . the liquid components are applied via respective supply ducts 120 and 121 . the other functional parts of the filter element 113 are substantially the same as those of the filter element 13 , so that the electric control circuits for the electrically conductive liquid component can be constructed in a similar manner . the control circuits determine the level of the electrically conductive liquid component 122 in the internal volume 21 of the filter element 113 which in its turn determines the level of the x - ray absorbing liquid component 124 in the filter element 113 , because the respective components constitute one common liquid column with an interface 130 . the degree of x - ray absorption is in this case determined by the degree of filling of the filter element 113 with the x - ray absorbing component 124 . fig3 is a diagrammatic representation of a filter 12 in accordance with the invention in which the liquid filling comprises two liquid components 222 , 224 that are not miscible , each liquid component being applied to the filter 22 from a respective liquid reservoir 126 , 128 . the filter 12 is provided with a hydrostatic pressure control system in the form of two liquid reservoirs . the positions of the liquid reservoirs 126 , 128 relative to one another and to the filter 12 can be varied . the resultant hydrostatic pressure in the filter is thus determined . each liquid component 222 , 224 is applied to the matrix of filter elements via a flexible duct 127 , 129 and a corresponding common supply duct 220 , 221 . in the present example the liquid reservoirs are shown as reservoirs that are isolated from one another ( path 126 , 13 , 128 ). it is also possible to interconnect the liquid reservoirs 126 , 128 by way of a tube 125 that is denoted by a dashed line . the function of the tube 125 is to create a system that is completely closed relative to the environment , so as to counteract evaporation of liquid . the assembly can be mounted in the head of an x - ray apparatus which is not shown in fig3 . a hydrostatic pressure in the system of filter elements is determined by the densities of the liquid components 222 , 224 and by the heights of the liquid reservoirs 126 , 128 relative to one another . for a given ratio of the densities of the liquid components a change in the hydrostatic pressure can be compensated by changing the heights of the liquid reservoirs . the filter is provided with measuring means in the form of a hydrostatic pressure meter 131 in order to measure the effect of the orientation of the filter 12 as a whole on the hydrostatic pressure in the filter elements 13 that is due to a rotation of the gantry of the x - ray apparatus . in the present example the hydrostatic pressure meter is arranged in the liquid supply duct 220 , but it may also be arranged in a different location . it is also possible to provide two hydrostatic pressure meters , that is , one in the liquid supply duct 220 and the other in the liquid supply duct 221 . the change of the hydrostatic pressure is thus measured across a meniscus that separates the liquid components 222 and 224 from one another . the filter 12 is calibrated for optimum operation in a reference position ; a reference hydrostatic pressure corresponds thereto . as soon as the hydrostatic pressure meter 131 detects a deviation in the hydrostatic pressure , the height of a liquid reservoir is changed . in the present example this procedure involves the control of further control means ( not shown ) in the form of drive motors for the liquid reservoirs , the relative height of the liquid reservoirs thus being changed . in order to realize the desired rise of the liquid filling in a filter element , a given electric voltage is applied to the first electrode via an electrode 140 . the degree of x - ray absorption is determined by the degree of filling of the filter element 13 with an x - ray absorbing liquid component . fig4 a is a diagrammatic sectional view of the filter 12 in accordance with the invention in which the liquid reservoir 150 , 150 ′ includes filter elements 13 ′, 13 ″. in this case the filter elements 13 ′, 13 ″, belonging to the reservoir volume , are situated in the periphery of the overall construction . in addition to a compact construction , there is the advantage that the use of integrated liquid reservoirs 150 , 150 ′ offers a reduction of the number of technological steps required for the manufacture of a filter of this type . in the case of an integrated liquid reservoir the filter is provided with the hydrostatic pressure control system in the form of an active pump 160 which keeps the hydrostatic pressure , measured by a hydrostatic pressure meter 131 at a given level as shown in fig4 b . fig4 b illustrates the case where the orientation of the filter as a whole ( h ) is moved through an angle ( β ) relative to the vertical direction ( g ). the associated changes in the hydrostatic pressure are measured by the measuring means 131 and are compensated by the hydrostatic pressure control system in the form of the active pump 160 . a desired height of the column of the liquid filling is in this case also determined by an electric voltage applied to the first electrode of a filter element 13 ′, 13 ″ and by the hydrostatic pressure . it is known that the absolute value of the filling voltage , or the voltage corresponding to the maximum height of the liquid column in a filter element , is dependent on a hydrostatic pressure in the system of filter elements 13 . fig5 shows diagrammatically a variation of the curve of the height of the liquid column as a function of the electric voltage applied to the first electrode , which curve is referred to hereinafter as the h / v curve . a further embodiment of the filter in accordance with the invention utilizes measuring means in the form of a calibrated reference filter element which is arranged , for example , in one of the liquid reservoirs 126 , 128 . the reference filter element is calibrated in respect of the reference hydrostatic pressure in the filter . the calibration curve 300 represents the variation of the height of the column of the liquid filling in the internal volume of the filter element as a function of the applied electric voltage . it follows from fig5 that in the reference condition the height of the column of the liquid filling increases when the value of the electric voltage becomes higher than the drain voltage v leeg , the maximum height of the column of the liquid filling being reached at the value of the electric filling voltage v vul . in a condition of the filter that deviates from the reference condition , the hydrostatic pressure assumes a value that deviates from the reference value . fig5 shows a deviating variation of the h / v curve 301 . the change in the variation of the h / v curve in the reference filter element , for example as represented by the curve 301 , is decisive in respect of the change of the hydrostatic pressure . this change can again be compensated by means of a hydrostatic pressure control system in the form of , for example , the active pump 160 ( fig4 b ). as will be evident to those skilled in the relevant art , in the case of a large matrix of filter elements a local variation will occur in the hydrostatic pressure for a rotated position of the filter . this variation can influence the reproducibility of the height of the column of the liquid filling . in order to limit such a variation , fig6 illustrates diagrammatically a further embodiment of the filter in accordance with the invention in which the matrix of filter elements is subdivided into a number of hydrostatically isolated sub - filters 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 . each sub - filter is connected to a corresponding liquid sub - reservoir 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , said liquid sub - reservoirs being integrated with the system of sub - reservoirs in the present example . when the filter 12 is thus subdivided into sub - filters , a distance between two filter elements 13 that are situated furthest apart in the matrix is reduced and hence the local variation of the hydrostatic pressure is also reduced . in this case each sub - filter is provided with its own pump and its own hydrostatic pressure meter in conformity with the principle shown in fig4 . | 6 |
in one embodiment , fes 2 is sputtered at room temperature from a single target in a partial pressure ( 1 × 10 − 5 t ) of sulfur onto a glass substrate . the film was ˜ 200 nm thick and polycrystalline . it exhibited the expected cubic pyrite crystal structure as indicated by x - ray diffractometry . the sample was transferred to an evaporation chamber without removal to atmosphere , and a 40 nm thick layer of zns was deposited by thermal evaporation . a sketch of this sample is shown in fig1 . transferring the sample between deposition chambers under vacuum avoids oxidation and contamination . alternatively , high substrate temperature deposition of fes 2 may be carried out by sputtering from a multi - component target to a high temperature substrate ( t s = 400 ° c . ), and sulfurdizing under flowing h 2 s at 500 ° c ., for 5 hours . all vacuum - deposited fabrication results in high quality films . initial x - ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( xps ) results for this sample were obtained and compared to results for bare fes 2 and films with zns , zno and sio 2 encapsulation layers . the encapsulation layers were removed in steps inside an ultra - high vacuum chamber with an ion beam , and xps scans were carried out after each removal step . the results , shown in fig2 , compare the s 2p doublets of 400 nm thick fes 2 films with 40 nm thick zns , zno , and sio 2 capping layers . in each case a combination of s 2p doublets associated with both the bulk states and surface defects is present . the peak with lowest binding energy ( near − 161 ev ) is the s 2p 3 / 2 component of the doublet and is associated with these surface defects . for both zno and sio 2 , this peak is stronger than the peak associated with the bulk states , indicating a larger concentration of surface defects , presumably s 2 − . for the zns - capped sample , however , the defect peak is smaller relative to the bulk peak , indicating that the surface defects have been partially passivated . this is the first demonstration of passivation of fes 2 surface defects by a zns capping layer . to obtain an atomic scale understanding of the bonding between fes 2 and zns , dft calculations were carried out . the fes 2 and zns have a nearly perfect lattice match , with lattice spacings of 5 . 417 åand 5 . 411 å , respectively , and form an epitaxial layer . because of this the two materials can form a nearly defect - free interface . an illustration of an fes 2 nanocrystal encapsulated in zns , based on dft , is shown in fig3 . several other embodiments of the invention are shown in fig4 . in these cases , fes 2 crystallites are encapsulated within a zns matrix . the fes 2 crystallites may vary in size from 1 nm to 10 μm , and the zns separating fes 2 crystallites is at least one monolayer thick . fig4 a shows an embodiment in which the substrate is a rigid material such as rigid glass or a semiconductor wafer ; and fig4 b shows an embodiment in which the substrate is a flexible material such as polymer , flexible glass , or metal foil . in the latter case , the fes 2 and zns matrix constitute a film that may flex along with the substrate . in another embodiment , the film comprising fes 2 crystallites encapsulated within a zns matrix is employed as the absorber in a pv device . one example of a suitable device architecture is shown in fig5 . in this example , the device comprises a substrate , a conductive bottom contact , the fes 2 crystallites encapsulated within a zns matrix , a transparent p - type layer , a transparent conductive to serve as the top contact , and a metal grid that aids efficient charge collection . fes 2 is typically an n - type semiconductor , so in this architecture , the transparent p - type layer is used in conjunction with the fes 2 / zns layer to form a p - n junction . any other suitable pv device architecture , such as a schottky junction device , could be used . the fes 2 crystallite size may vary from 1 nm to 10 cm . individual crystallites may be in contact , as is the case in polycrystalline bulk samples or thin films , or crystallites may be separated with each entirely encapsulated in zns . the fes 2 may be a natural or synthetic bulk sample . the fes 2 may be film deposited by any suitable deposition technique . this technique may be any physical vapor , chemical vapor deposition , atomic layer deposition , or other suitable deposition process . the zns may be a film deposited by any suitable deposition technique . this technique may be any physical vapor , chemical vapor deposition , atomic layer deposition , or other suitable deposition process . the s content in fes 2 could vary by up to ± 20 % from stoichiometry . the fe in fes 2 could be partially substituted by si with a ratio of up to 50 %, i . e . fe 1 − x si x s 2 where x & lt ; 0 . 5 . the zn in zns could be partially substituted by another metal including ni , mn , cu , ag , or pb with a ratio of up to 50 %. the s in zns could be partially substituted by se or o with a ratio of up to 50 %. the above descriptions are those of the preferred embodiments of the invention . various modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the spirit and broader aspects of the invention . it is therefore to be understood that the claimed invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described . any references to claim elements in the singular , for example , using the articles “ a ,” “ an ,” “ the ,” or “ said ,” is not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular . | 8 |
referring now to the drawings , some of the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below . in fig3 through fig6 the present invention is shown as comprising an apparatus 15 for analyzing liquid specimen including a sampling valve 11 which consists of two fixed elements 10 , 14 in a stationary state , and a movable element 12 held and movable between these fixed elements . the movable element 12 has plural sample metering passages pi ; i = 1 , 2 , . . . , corresponding to plural measuring items or characteristics to be measured disposed therein , and plural passages to be connected as specified with the passages pi disposed in the fixed elements 10 , 14 , with the movable element 12 moving while contacting the surface of the fixed elements 10 , 14 . fig5 shows the first state of the sampling valve 11 during which the passages pi of the movable element 12 are filled with sample , and fig6 shows the second state of the sampling valve 11 during which the sample filling the passages pi in a cylindrical shape are pushed out of the passages pi for transfer to other parts , the apparatus also comprises aspiration means co ( fig5 ) for feeding sample into the sampling valve 11 , and plural dispensing means ci ; i = 1 , 2 , . . . for supplying the liquid for dilution to the passages pi . in addition , the apparatus also comprises plural chambers bi ; i = 1 , 2 , . . . for receiving the samples pushed out by the liquid for dilution , control means 28 for generating a control signal for selectively actuating the dispensing means ci according to the information from the setting means 30 , and driving means 26 for driving the dispensing means ci by receiving the control signal . when a specimen to be measured is set to measure a certain item , whether in the first state or in the second state , the dispensing means ci corresponding to that item is actuated , and when set not to measure that item , whether in the first state or in the second state , the dispensing means ci corresponding to that item is not actuated . in the above apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen , when non - measurement of a certain item occurs continuously for a specified number of times , although that specimen is not intended to measure that item , it is desired to control the dispensing means ci corresponding to the item so as to be actuated in the first state . in the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen , when actuating the dispensing means ci , it is operated twice in the first state , and it is desired to be controlled so that the first dispensing liquid may be discharged from the chamber bi , while the second dispensing liquid may be held in the chamber bi . in the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen , when a certain specimen is measured of a certain item , in the measurement of a next specimen , whether the specimen is to be measured of the same item or not , the dispensing means ci is operated twice in the first state , and it is desired to be controlled so that the first dispensing liquid may be discharged from the chamber bi , while the second dispensing liquid may be held in the chamber bi . in the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen , the setting means 30 is preferably means for presetting measuring items for each specimen on plural specimens , for example , work load setting means , or the setting means 30 may be preferably setting means provided corresponding to measuring items , such as switch means . in a practical example of the sampling valve 11 , the movable element 12 comprises metering passages p1 , p2 , . . . , pn , relay passages s1 , s2 , . . . , sn - 1 for connecting the metering passages p1 , p2 , . . . , pn in series in the first state , a flow - in passage q communicates with the metering passage p1 at the beginning of the series of passages connected in series in the first state for leading in specimen to be analyzed from outside , and a flow - out passage r communicates with the metering passage pn at the tail end of the series of passages connected in series in the first state for sending out the specimen to be analyzed outside of the sampling valve 11 , one of the fixed elements includes first transfer passages t1a , t2a , . . . , tna for communicating respectively with the metering passages p1 , p2 , . . . , pn in the second state ( fig6 ), the other of the fixed elements includes second transfer passages t1b , t2b , . . . , tnb for communicating respectively with the metering passages p1 , p2 , . . . , pn in the second state , the movable element 12 includes cleaning passages u1 , u2 , . . . , un for communicating respectively with the passages t1a and t1b , t2a and t2b , . . . , tna and tnb in the first state , the aspiration means ( for example , a syringe ) co is connected to the flow - out passage r , the dispensing means ( for example , syringes ) c1 , c2 , . . . , cn for analyzing the liquid for dilution are respectively connected with the transfer passages t1b , t2b , . . . , tnb of either the first or second transfer passages , . and the chambers b1 , b2 , . . . , bn for receiving the sample pushed out by the liquid for dilution are respectively connected with the other transfer passages t1a , t2a , . . . , tna of the first or second transfer passages . in the first state of the sampling valve 11 , as the aspiration means co is actuated , sample flows in a series of series passages comprising the flow - in passage q , metering passages p1 , . . . , relay passages s1 , . . . , flow - out passage r , and as a result each passage is filled up . at the same time , when a certain dispensing means ci is placed in operation , the dilution liquid is sent into the chamber bi through the passages tib , ui , tia . this dilution liquid is used for cleaning . subsequently , the sampling valve 11 changes from the first state to the second state . as the dispensing means ci operates , the dilution liquid pushes out the sample measured quantitatively in the passage pi through the passages tib , pi , tia , and the dilution liquid and sample are mixed in the chamber bi , and the diluted specimen for measurement is prepared . the prepared diluted specimen is supplied into a measuring unit ( not shown ) of the apparatus 15 for analyzing liquid specimen , and is measured and analyzed . afterwards , the sampling valve 11 returns to the first state again , and the liquid for cleaning ( or diluent liquid ) is supplied in the flow - out passage r , and the sample remaining in the series of series passages is washed out , and the passages are cleaned . in the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen of the present invention , measuring items of specimens may be set by the setting means 30 . to set the items , for example , as shown in the work load list in the work load setting means in table 1 shown hereinafter , by entering the specimen number information in the work load setting means , and the item selection information of either &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; ( to measure ) or &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; ( not to measure ) in each measuring item , items may be present for plural specimens to be measured . this is useful when automatically feeding the specimens by a sampler ( sample feeding device ). besides , as shown , for example , in fig4 by selecting the measuring item by the switch means , the measuring items may be changed . this is useful for manual measurement . according to the data of measuring items set in this way by the setting means 30 , the control means 28 generates a control signal for actuating the dispensing means as specified . according to this control signal , the driving means 26 drives each dispensing means . when not measuring a certain item , it is not necessary to prepare a diluted specimen for measuring that item . hence , the driving means is controlled not to operate the dispensing means ci corresponding to that item . when the passages pi are aligned with the passages tia , tib in the second state , specimen in passage pi is slightly mixed into the passages tia , tib gradually . it is therefore desirable to introduce a cleaning operation before the specimen mixture is progressed . more practically , when measurement of a certain item is not executed continuously for a specified number of times , that is , when the dispensing means ci does not operate continuously for a specified number of times , although that item is not measured , the dispensing means ci is operated in the first state to clean the passages tia , tib . at this time , the dispensing means ci may be operated twice in the first state , so that a first dispensing liquid is discharged from the chamber bi and a second dispensing liquid is held in the chamber bi . in this case , the liquid dispensed into the chamber bi the second time is a liquid free of sample ( the diluent liquid itself ), and therefore the chamber bi is effectively not contaminated . when a certain item is measured for a certain specimen , then in the measurement of the next specimen , whether that item is measured or not , the dispensing means ci may be operated twice in the first state , so that a first dispensing liquid is discharged from the chamber bi and a second dispensing liquid is held in the chamber bi . in this case , since the chamber bi is immediately cleaned , it is also effective not to contaminate the chamber bi . fig3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of essential parts of an apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen ( for example , blood cell counter ) of the present invention . fig4 is a diagram showing a practical example of the setting means 30 . fig5 are diagrams showing a fluid circuit around the sampling valve 11 in fig3 . more specifically , fig5 shows the first state of the sampling valve 11 , and fig6 shows its second state . in fig6 the dispensing means , chambers and others are omitted for the sake of simplicity of illustration . in this embodiment , the sampling valve 11 is provided with , for example , five metering passages p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 . accordingly , five first and second transfer passages , and cleaning passages are provided , that is , t1a , t2a , t3a , t4a , t5a ( first transfer passages ), t1b , t2b , t3b , t4b , t5b ( second transfer passages ), and u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 , u5 ( cleaning passages ), and five dispensing means ( for example , syringes ) and chambers are also provided , that is , c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , c5 ( dispensing means ), and b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , b5 ( chambers ). there are four relay passages s1 , s2 , s3 , s4 for connecting the metering passages p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 in series . numeral 16 is a pipette , 18 , 20 , 22 , 24 are cleaning liquid ( diluent liquid ) tanks , and v0 , v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 are three - way valves . the diluent liquid may be also used as the cleaning liquid . of the metering passages , the passages p1 , p2 , p3 determine the specimens for measuring eight items of cbc ( complete blood count ), i . e ., ordinary blood counting items . these are : wbc ( white blood cells ), rbc ( red blood cells ), hgb ( hemoglobin ), hct ( hematocrit ), mcv ( mean red corpuscular volume ), mch ( mean red corpuscular hemoglobin ), mchc ( mean red corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ), and plt ( platelets ). the passage p4 determines the quantity of the specimens for measuring wbc 5diff ( five classifications of leukocytes ). the passage p5 determines the quantity of the specimens for measuring ret ( reticulocytes ). hence , in the case of a cbc measurement , the group of dispensing means c1 , c2 , c3 is actuated , in the case of a wbc 5diff measurement , the dispensing means c4 operates , and in the case of an ret measurement , the dispensing means c5 is actuated , and in this embodiment , since there are four measuring patterns table 1 is an example of a work load list for the work load setting means for setting items 1 to 4 . items are set for the specimens before the specimens are measured by entering the id no . ( specimen identification number ) ( an arbitrary number of up to eight digits ), and entering for each item (&# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; if measurement is to occur , or &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; if measurement is not to occur . according to the information set in the work load setting means , it is judged which group of dispensing means out of the setting items 1 to 4 should be actuated by the control means 28 , and a specified control signal is generated at the specified time in the measurement sequence . according to the control signal , the driving means 26 drives the appropriate dispensing means . this setting by the work load setting means is useful in automatic measurement by using a sampler . table 1______________________________________id no . cbc wbc 5diff ret______________________________________1001 1 0 01002 1 1 01003 0 0 11004 1 1 1______________________________________ fig4 shows another example of setting means . numerals 32 , 34 , 36 , 38 are switches , and the switch on / off information is entered in the control means 40 , and one of the items 1 to 4 is judged . when the specimen is later measured , the dispensing means is actuated at a specific timing , and the item set by the switch is measured . by changing the switch setting , the measuring item may be selected for each specimen . such setting by the switch is useful in manual measurement . it is extremely useful when the blood cell counter is provided with both setting means . either one of the two setting means may be selected depending on the sampler mode or manual mode . by pressing the start switch for the sampler mode , the sampler begins to work . by pressing the start switch for the manual mode , the sample is aspirated . in the case of the manual mode , by selecting the four switches 32 , 34 , 36 , 38 provided in the main body of the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen before measurement , the measuring items may be set or changed . since the same setting is maintained until the setting is changed , when measuring the same measuring item , it is not necessary to set every time when measuring . after setting of the measuring item , the manual start switch is pressed to aspirate the specimen . in the case of the sampler mode , every specimen number ( id no .) can be set by the work load setting means ( personal computer ) connected to the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen . when only the specimen number is set , the error is displayed , and if the start switch for the sampler mode is pressed , the sampler does not start . or , if necessary , it may be also possible to set to judge when all items are measured . in this way , after preparing the work load list , the rack holding the specimens is installed on the sampler , and the information of specimen numbers and measuring items is transferred to the control means 30 of the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen by the start switch of the work load setting means , thereby starting the operation of the sampler . in the embodiment , when non - measurement of a certain item occurs continuously for a specified number of times , although the specimen is not to be measured of that item , the dispensing means ci corresponding to that item may be preferably designed to be actuated in the first state . for example , when item 1 is to be measured continuously , the sample is determined quantitatively in the passages p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 of the sampling valve 11 as shown in fig5 . the specimens to be used for measurement are only specimens in the passages p1 , p2 , p3 , while specimens in the passages p4 , p5 are not used . that is , only the dispensing means c1 , c2 , c3 are operated in the first and second states of the sampling valve 11 , while the dispensing means c4 , c5 are not placed in action . however , the specimens in passages p4 , p5 contact the passages t4a , t4b , t5a , t5b , and are very slightly mixed into the passages . if , for example , the dispensing means c4 , c5 do not operate continuously for ten times , in the next measurement , the dispensing means c4 , c5 are actuated , and the passages t4a , t4b , t5a , t5b are cleaned . ( 1 ) in the apparatus for analyzing liquid specimen having a sampling valve , it is possible to realize a so - called discrete test of analyzing by sampling only a necessary sample for each specimen . that is , according to the item setting information from the setting means , the dispensing means is selectively actuated , and therefore the diluted sample for measurement may be prepared by selecting only the portion necessary for measurement , so that the diluent liquid and others may be saved . ( 2 ) when not measuring a certain item , the dispensing means ci corresponding to that item is actuated as required , and the passages may be cleaned preventively by that dispensing liquid before progress of contamination , so that the risk of contamination may be eliminated . having described preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to those precise embodiments , and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention as defined in the appended claims . | 6 |
reference is now made in detail to specific embodiments of the present invention which illustrate the best mode presently contemplated by the inventors for practicing the invention . fig2 illustrates a method of inspecting wafers after each layer of the wafer is processed in accordance with the present invention . a wafer is started through a manufacturing process , as indicated at 200 . the first layer of each wafer of the wafer lot is subjected to a first process , as indicated at 202 . typically , a wafer lot could be approximately 20 wafers and one or more wafers of the lot are selected to be inspection wafers . inspection wafers are used for inspection and represent the entire lot because it would be too expensive and time consuming to inspect each and every wafer . the inspection wafers are subjected to an adi ( after develop inspection ) at 204 by an operator . the after develop inspection is conducted on various tools such as a microscope or a scanning electron microscope ( sem ). the operator selects features that appear to have an anomaly and captures an image of the anomaly via the inspection tool at 206 . the tool prompts the operator at 208 to input lot identification , wafer identification , layer identification , coordinate location , and product type data . the tool generates linkage data for the selected anomaly at 210 . the linkage data is information concerning where the image is stored so that the image can be retrieved at a later time . the operator generated data from 208 is combined with the linkage data from 210 and is stored with the image at 212 . the image and data is forwarded to a dms ( defect management system ) server and data base at 214 . the defect management system determines at 216 if a wafer map exists for the particular wafer being processed . if it is determined at 216 that a wafer map does not exist , a wafer map is created , at 218 . if it is determined at 216 that a wafer map does exist , the image and data is added to the existing wafer map at 220 . after the tool generates linkage data for the selected anomaly at 210 , it is determined at 222 if the anomaly just captured is the last anomaly . if it is determined at 222 that the anomaly just captured and stored is not the last anomaly , the operator selects the next anomaly at 224 and an image of the anomaly is captured at 206 . if it is determined at 222 that the anomaly is the last anomaly , the operator determines at 225 if the wafer lot should be passed to the next step in the process . if it is determined at 225 that the wafer lot should not be passed to the next step in the process , the wafer lot is reworked as indicated at 226 . if it is determined at 225 that the wafer lot should be passed to the next step in the process , the layer just processed is inspected for defects at 228 . defect data is stored at 230 and information concerning the defect is sent to the defect management system at 214 . after the layer just processed is inspected , it is determined at 232 if the layer just inspected is the last layer . if the layer just inspected is determined at 232 to not be the last layer , the next layer of the wafer lot is processed at 234 and the inspection wafers are subjected to the after development inspection by the operator at 204 . if the layer just inspected is determined at 232 to be the last layer , the wafer lot is finished as indicated at 236 . in summary , the results and advantages of the method of the present invention can now be more fully realized . the method of the present invention thus effectively provides a semiconductor manufacturing process for the manufacturing of high performance integrated circuits that provides a method of capturing images of selected anomalies and storing the selected anomaly information in database and is retrievable for later review and analysis . the foregoing description of the embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings . the embodiment was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . all such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly , legally , and equitably entitled . | 6 |
the invention will be more fully understood from the following examples , number 1 of which constitutes the best mode presently contemplated by the inventors , but the examples are presented solely for the purpose of illustration , and are not to be construed as limiting . as used herein , and in the appended claims , the terms &# 34 ; percent &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; parts &# 34 ; refer to percent and parts by weight , unless otherwise indicated ; g means gram or grams ; mg means milligram or milligrams ; ng means nanogram or nanograms ; cm means centimeter or centimeters ; mm means millimeter or millimeters ; l means liter or liters ; μl means microliter or microliters ; m / o means mole percent , and equals 100 times the number of moles of the constituent designated in a composition divided by the total number of moles in the composition ; v / v means percent by volume ; m means molar and equals the number of moles of a solute in 1 liter of a solution ; n means normal , and equals the number of equivalents of a solute in 1 liter of solution ; psi means pounds per square inch ; and mpa means 10 6 pascals . all temperatures are in ° c ., unless otherwise indicated . example 1 , below , describes the synthesis of 3 - amino - t - boc - monoethylglycinexylidide (&# 34 ; 3 - amino - n - t - boc - megx &# 34 ;, a compound having the structure of fig4 of the drawings ), from 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline , and then describes the synthesis from 3 - amino - n - t - boc - megx of one of the foregoing tracers ( structure of fig1 of the drawings where y 2 is h , y 1 includes a fluorescein moiety which has the structure of fig6 of the drawings and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 ) and of one of the foregoing immunogens ( structure of fig1 of the drawings where y 2 is h , y 1 includes a bovine serum albumin moiety that is chemically bonded to the glycinexylidide as subsequently discussed in more detail , and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 ). n - acetyl - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was first produced from 60 ml acetic anhydride , 20 ml glacial acetic acid and 50 ml 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline . the acetic anhydride and the acetic acid were mixed , and the dimethyl aniline was added dropwise to the mixture . the resulting mixture was heated on an oil bath to 120 ° and was maintained at 120 ° for one hour . the reaction products were then cast onto 250 ml crushed ice . the product , a beige solid , was collected by filtration , air dried , and then recrystallized from absolute ethanol , yielding 36 g white crystalline solid . n - acetyl - 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was then produced from 34 . 75 g n - acetyl - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline and 12 . 2 ml fuming nitric acid dissolved in 35 ml 50 v / v glacial acetic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid . the n - acetyl - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was dissolved in 120 ml glacial acetic acid ; concentrated sulfuric acid ( 105 ml ) was added ; and the mixture was cooled to room temperature of about 20 ° with an ice bath . the fuming nitric acid solution was added dropwise and cooling with the ice bath was used to keep the reaction temperature ≦ 45 °. the ice bath was removed after the fuming nitric acid addition was complete . the reaction mixture was stirred for about 16 hours at room temperature and was cast onto 400 ml ice . a solid which precipitated was recovered by suction filtration , dried , and recrystallized from 75 v / v ethanol in water , yielding 33 . 76 g pale yellow needles . concentration of the mother liquors yielded another 3 . 91 g powdery beige solid . a 35 . 14 g portion of the n - acetyl - 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was then hydrolyzed to 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline . the n - acetyl - 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was dissolved in 165 ml concentrated sulfuric acid to which 12 ml water had been added . the reaction mixture was then heated on a 120 ° oil bath for ≈ 2 hours until an aliquot removed therefrom and quenched with water no longer yielded a precipitate . the reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and cast onto 500 ml ice . after the ice melted , solids were filtered from the liquid and the filtrate was neutralized with a 50 percent aqueous potassium hydroxide solution . the solid which resulted was collected by suction filtration , air dried , and heated in hexane containing 25 v / v benzene . the solution which resulted was filtered to remove a small amount of insoluble material which remained , and was then cooled to room temperature . suction filtration of the resultant solid yielded 28 . 0 g of the product , a bright yellow powdery solid . n -( 2 - chloroacetyl )- 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was made from 4 . 21 g pyridine in 200 ml dry benzene , 7 . 84g 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline and 5 . 96 g chloroacetyl chloride in 25 ml dry benzene . the 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was added to the pyridine solution , and the chloroacetyl chloride was then added dropwise . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour , and solids which formed were separated from the liquid by filtration . the filter cake was washed with 50 ml 0 . 1n hcl , and the solid which remained was recrystallized from ethanol containing 15 v / v water , yielding 9 . 46 g of the product , colorless needles . to produce 3 - nitro - monoethylgylcinexylidide (&# 34 ; 3 - nitro - megx &# 34 ;), a reaction vessel equipped with a dry ice / acetone condenser was charged with 9 . 20 g n -( 2 - chloroacetyl )- 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline and 10 ml ethyl amine . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour , and was then concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude product which resulted was dissolved in methylene chloride . the methylene chloride solution was washed with water and brine and was then dried on sodium sulfate . solids were filtered from the dried solution , and the filtrate was subjected to rotary evaporation , which yielded 8 . 5 g crude product , a brown oil . to produce 3 - nitro - t - boc - monoethylglycinexylidide (&# 34 ; 3 - nitro - t - boc - megx &# 34 ;; the compound has the structure of fig5 of the attached drawings ), a mixture of 9 . 115 g crude 3 - nitro - megx ( the brown oil produced as described in the preceding paragraph ) and 4 . 03 g triethyl amine was dissolved in 100 ml dry dimethyl formamide ; the solution was cooled to 0 ° on an ice bath and a 9 . 32 g addition of di - t - butyl dicarbonate was made thereto . the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stand on the ice bath , with stirring , for about 16 hours , during which time the ice in the bath melted . the reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation , diluted with 200 ml 0 . 1n hcl , and extracted three times with ethyl acetate . the three ethyl acetate extracts were combined , washed with water and brine , and dried with sodium sulfate . solids were filtered from the dried extracts and solvent was removed from the filtrate , leaving a gummy solid which was dissolved in a small amount of solvent composed of hexanes and 30 v / v ethyl acetate and purified by flash chromatography . the yield was 9 . 8 g of a viscous oil which solidified after standing . a 100 mg portion of the crude 3 - nitro - t - boc - megx produced as described in the preceding paragraph was dissolved in 30 ml absolute ethanol and reduced to 3 - amino - t - boc - megx , using 10 mg platinum oxide as a catalyst . a solution of the 3 - nitro - t - boc - megx in the ethanol and the platinum oxide were placed in a large parr bottle . the bottle was alternately evacuated and then pressurized with hydrogen three times , and was then pressurized to 50 psig with hydrogen and placed on a shaker . the pressure was released after one hour of shaking , and the catalyst was filtered from the reaction mixture and washed with absolute ethanol . the ethanol filtrate from the catalyst washing was combined with the reaction mixture filtrate and the combined organic phase was concentrated by rotary evaporation , yielding 85 mg product , a pleasant smelling tan oil which solidified upon standing . a tracer having the structure of fig1 of the attached drawings where y 1 is a fluorescein moiety having the structure of fig6 of the attached drawings , y 2 is h and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 was produced from a solution of 19 mg 6 - carboxy fluorescein in 250 μl dry dimethyl formamide , 23 . 2 mg isobutyl chloroformate , 17 . 4 mg triethyl amine and a solution of 11 . 1 mg 3 - amino - t - boc - monoethylglycinexylidide dissolved in 125 μl of dry dimethyl formamide . the 6 - carboxy fluorescein solution was cooled to 0 °, using an ice bath ; the isobutyl chloroformate was then added to the fluorescein solution , followed by the triethyl amine . after stirring at 0 ° for 150 minutes , the 3 - amino - t - boc - monoethylglycinexylidide solution was added , the ice bath was removed , and the reaction mixture was stirred for about 16 hours , during which time it warmed to and was allowed to remain at room temperature . a 250 μl addition of methanol was then made , followed by a 50 μl addition of water and a 50 μl addition of saturated ammonium hydroxide . the reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes , and solvent was removed by high vacuum rotary evaporation , leaving an oil which was placed on a 0 . 5 mm × 20 cm × 20 cm silica gel thick layer plate and developed using methylene chloride containing 20 v / v methanol . the appropriate band was cut from the plate and eluted with methanol . after solvent removal the solid which remained was dissolved in 4 ml methylene chloride containing 20 v / v trifluoroacetic acid and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour . a 5 ml addition of methanol was made and , after stirring for 15 minutes , all volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation . the solid which remained was dissolved in a minimal amount of methanol and placed on a 0 . 5 mm × 20 cm × 20 cm silica gel thick layer plate . after the solvent evaporated the plate was developed with methylene chloride containing 20 v / v methanol . the appropriate band was cut from the plate and the megx tracer was eluted from the silica gel with methanol . the solvent was immediately removed by rotary evaporation and the solid tracer which remained was stored in a freezer until needed . a 300 mg portion of 3 - amino - t - boc - monoethylglycinexylidide was dissolved in 4 ml methylene chloride containing 25 v / v trifluoroacetic acid and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to produce 3 - amino - monoethylglycinexylidide . a 5 ml addition of methanol was then made to the reaction mixture and , after stirring for an additional 15 minutes , all volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation , leaving a white powdery solid which was adsorbed onto silica gel , placed on a small flash column , and eluted with 300 ml methylene chloride containing 20 v / v methanol . appropriate fractions were collected and evaporated to dryness , yielding 190 mg product , a beige colored oil which crystallized on standing . an immunogen having the structure of fig1 of the attached drawings where y 1 includes a bovine serum albumin moiety chemically bonded to the monoethylglycinexylidide , y 2 is h , and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 was produced from 75 mg 3 - aminomonoethylglycinexylidide , 23 . 4 mg sodium nitrite and 282 mg bovine serum albumin dissolved in 3 ml distilled water and adjusted to ph 11 with 1n naoh solution . the 3 - aminomonoethylglycinexylidide was dissolved , with stirring , in 1 . 0 ml 1n hydrochloric acid on an ice bath and the sodium nitrite was added slowly to the resulting solution . the solution was kept on the ice bath , with stirring , during the sodium nitrite addition and for about 30 minutes after the addition was complete , at which time the solution tested positive for the diazonium ion , indicating that the 3 - amino - monoethylglycinexylidide in the solution had been diazotized . the diazonium solution was then added dropwise , with stirring , to the bovine serum albumin solution ; during addition of the diazonium solution , ph of the reaction mixture was monitored , and additions of 1n naoh were made as required to keep the ph between 10 . 8 and 11 . 2 . the reaction mixture was stirred for an hour after addition of the diazonium solution was complete . additions of 1n hydrochloric acid were made to the reaction mixture to adjust the ph thereof to 8 . 0 , and the megx immunogen therein was purified by column chromatography ( using sephadox g - 50 - 300 that had been swelled with phosphate - buffered saline solution ) and the immunogen fractions were collected and stored at 2 °- 8 °. it has been found that the coupling reaction which produces the immunogen in the procedure described in the preceding paragraph occurs preferentially with tyrosine units ( p - hoc 6 h 4 ch 2 ch ( nh 2 ) cooh ) on the surface of the bovine serum albumin , in which case the immunogen has the structure of fig1 of the attached drawings where y 2 is h , m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 , and y 1 has the structure of fig7 of the drawings . example 2 , below , describes the synthesis of a compound which is herein named as &# 34 ; 4 - amino - n - t - boc - megx &# 34 ; ( a position isomer of the compound of fig4 of the drawings where nh 2 is in the 4 - position ) from 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline , and then describes the synthesis from 4 - amino - n - t - boc - megx of one of the foregoing tracers ( structure of fig1 of the drawings where y 1 is h , y 2 is a fluorescein moiety having the structure of fig6 of the drawings , and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 ) and of one of the foregoing immunogens ( structure of fig1 of the drawings where y 1 is h , y 2 includes a bovine serum albumin moiety chemically bonded to the monoethylglycinexylidide and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 ; as is explained above , when the coupling reaction which produces the immunogen occurs with tyrosine units p - hoc 6 h 4 ch 2 ch ( nh 2 ) cooh ) on the surface of the bovine serum albumin , y 2 has the structure of fig7 of the drawings ). n - toluenesulfonyl - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was first produced from 29 . 72 g p - toluenesulfonyl chloride and 18 g 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline . the toluenesulfonyl chloride , the dimethyl aniline and 2 ml dry pyridine were heated on a 100 ° bath for 1 hour , and the reaction mixture was cast onto 250 ml ice . solids which precipitated were collected by suction filtration , and were then recrystallized from absolute ethanol , yielding 38 . 34 g colorless needles . n - toluenesulfonyl - 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was then produced from 1 . 375 g n - toluenesulfonyl - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline , which was mixed with 1 . 3 ml nitric acid , 10 ml glacial acetic acid and 40 mg sodium nitrite in 10 ml water . the mixture was then heated to reflux ( bath temperature ≈ 160 °) for one hour and was cast onto 50 ml ice . a gummy solid which formed was collected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol , yielding 1 . 3 g product , colorless needles . a 408 mg portion of the n - toluenesulfonyl - 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was then dissolved in a mixture of 1 ml concentrated sulfuric acid and about 1 . 2 ml h 2 o and hydrolyzed to 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline by stirring at room temperature for about 16 hours . the reaction mixture was then cast onto a slush of 40 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide and ice and a fluorescent yellow - green powder which formed was collected by suction filtration , rinsed with water and air dried , yielding 188 mg product . n -( 2 - chloroacetyl )- 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was produced from 3 . 93 g 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline and a solution of 3 . 12 g chloroacetyl chloride in 13 ml dry benzene . the 4 - nitro , 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline was dissolved in 100 ml dry benzene ( with heating , as required , to dissolve all of the solid ). the chloroacetyl chloride solution was then added dropwise to the 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline solution . a precipitate started forming almost immediately and , as reaction progressed , the bright yellow color faded and was replaced by a pale creme color . after one hour solids were filtered from the reaction mixture ; the filter cake was washed with water and ethanol , and was air dried , yielding 5 . 0 g product , a fluffy , pale yellow powder . to produce 4 - nitro - monoethylgylcinexylidide (&# 34 ; 4 - nitro - megx &# 34 ;) a 50 ml round bottomed flask equipped with a dry ice / acetone condenser was charged with 1 . 5 g n -( 2 - chloroacetyl )- 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline and 10 ml ethyl amine . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour , and was then concentrated by rotary evaporation . the crude product which resulted was dissolved in methylene chloride . the methylene chloride solution was washed twice with water and once with brine and was then dried on sodium sulfate . solids were filtered from the dried solution , and the filtrate was subjected to rotary evaporation , which yielded 1 . 4 g crude product , a greenish oil . to produce n - t - boc - 4 - nitro - monoethylglycinexylidide (&# 34 ; n - t - boc - 4 - nitro - megx &# 34 ;; the compound is a position isomer of that shown in fig5 of the attached drawings ), a solution of 1 . 4 g crude 4 - nitro - megx ( the greenish oil produced as described in the preceding paragraph ) in 10 ml dry dimethyl formamide was added to 0 . 986 g triethyl amine ; the mixture was cooled to 0 ° on an ice bath ; and an addition of 1 . 7 g di - tert - butyl dicarbonate was made . the reaction mixture was stirred for ten minutes , after which time the ice bath was removed and stirring was continued for another three hours . the reaction mixture was concentrated by high vacuum rotary evaporation , and the oil which remained was dissolved in 30 ml ethyl acetate . the ethyl acetate solution was washed with 30 ml 0 . 1n hcl , 30 ml water , and 30 ml brine and was then dried with sodium sulfate . solids were filtered from the dried solution and solvent was removed from the filtrate by rotary evaporation , leaving a brown oil . the oil was purified by flash chromatography ( silica - hexanes containing 40 v / v ethyl acetate ), yielding 1 . 94 g product , an off white solid . a 1 . 5 g portion of the n - t - boc - 4 - nitro - megx produced as described in the preceding paragraph was dissolved in 50 ml absolute ethanol and reduced to 4 - amino - n - t - boc - megx , using 100 mg platinum oxide as a catalyst . a solution of the n - t - boc - 4 - nitro - megx in the ethanol and the platinum oxide were placed in a large parr bottle . the bottle was alternately evacuated and then pressurized with hydrogen three times , and was then pressurized to 50 psig with hydrogen and placed on a shaker . the pressure was released after one hour of shaking , and the catalyst was filtered from the reaction mixture and washed with absolute ethanol . the ethanol filtrate from the catalyst washing was combined with the reaction mixture filtrate and the combined organic phase was concentrated by rotary evaporation , yielding 1 . 29 g product , a white foam . the 4 - amino - t - boc - monoethylglycinexylidide can be dissolved in methylene chloride containing trifluoroacetic acid and stirred at room temperature to produce 4 - amino - monoethylglycinexylidide . the reaction conditions and work - up described above for the preparation of 3 - amino - monoethylglycinexylidide can be used . similarly , an megx tracer having the structure of fig1 of the attached drawings where y 2 is the moiety of fig6 of the attached drawings , y 1 is h and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 can be produced from a solution of 6 - carboxy fluorescein in dry dimethyl formamide , isobutyl chloroformate , triethyl amine and a solution of 4 - amino - t - boc - monoethylglycinexylidide dissolved in 125 μl dry dimethyl formamide . the reaction conditions and work - up described above in connection with the description of the preparation of a tracer having the structure of fig1 of the attached drawings where y 1 is the moiety of fig6 y 2 is h and m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 can be used . other immunogens according to the invention can be produced by preparing a composition having the structure of fig4 of the attached drawings , except that nh 2 is replaced by a moiety having the structure c (═ o )-- or where c (═ o )-- or is an active ester , or the position isomer thereof where c (═ o )-- or is in the 4 - position , and reacting that composition with bovine serum albumin to produce , as a consequence of a major reaction with lysine ( nh 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch ( nh 2 ) cooh ) on the bovine serum albumin and a minor reaction with serine ( ch 2 ohch ( nh 2 ) cooh ) on the bovine serum albumin , immunogens according to the invention having the structure , of fig1 of the attached drawings where m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 , one of y 1 and y 2 is h , and the other has the structure of fig8 and 10 , respectively , of the attached drawings . the active ester can be produced by reacting the corresponding carboxy compound with n - hydroxysuccinimide and n , n &# 39 ;- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( see , for example , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 668 , 640 , column 8 , lines 24 and following ). still other immunogens according to the invention can be produced by preparing a composition having the structure of fig4 of the attached drawings , except that nh 2 is replaced by a moiety having the structure s (═ o ) 2 cl , or the position isomer thereof where s (═ o ) 2 cl is in the 4 - position , and reacting that composition with bovine serum albumin to produce , as a sequence of a major reaction with lysine ( nh 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch ( nh 2 ) cooh ) on the bovine serum albumin and a minor reaction with serine ( ch 2 ohch ( nh 2 ) cooh ) on the bovine serum albumin , immunogens according to the invention having the structure of fig1 of the drawings where m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 , one of y 1 and y 2 is h , and the other has the structure of fig9 of the attached drawings . still other immunogens according to the invention having the structure of fig1 of the drawings where m is ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 3 can be produced by reacting 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline or 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline with valeryl chloride in the presence of pyridine ( producing a compound having the structure of fig1 where y 1 or y 2 is no 2 , the other is h and m is ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 3 ), reducing the no 2 group to nh 2 , diazotizing and coupling with bovine serum albumin , the last three steps as described above . in a like manner , immunogens according to the invention having the structure of fig1 of the drawings where m is ch 2 och 2 ch 3 can be produced by reacting n -( 2 - chloroacetyl )- 3 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline or n -( 2 - chloroacetyl )- 4 - nitro - 2 , 6 - dimethyl aniline with sodium ethoxide dissolved in ethyl alcohol ( producing a compound having the structure of fig1 where y 1 or y 2 is no 2 , the other is h and m is ch 2 och 2 ch 3 ), reducing the no 2 group to nh 2 , diazotizing and coupling with bovine serum albumin , the last three steps as described above . tracers according to the invention can also be produced by reacting a monoethylglycinexylidide having the structure of fig1 where m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 , one of y 1 and y 2 is cooh and the other is h , with a 4 - aminomethylflourescein derivative produced as described in example 2 of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 614 , 823 , abbott laboratories , or by reacting a monoethylglycinexylidide having the structure of fig1 where m is ch 2 nhch 2 ch 3 , one of y 1 and y 2 is nh 2 and the other is h with a position isomer of the 6 - carboxy fluorescein used as described above or an active ester thereof . position isomers of 6 - carboxy fluorescein are disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 668 , 640 , abbott laboratories . still other immunogens according to the invention can be produced by substituting for the bovine serum albumin used in the procedures described above which produce immunogens , equivalent amounts of hemocyanin , thyroglobulin , ovalbumin , immunoglobulins or of a synthetic protein , e . g ., polylysine . the megx tracer and the megx antibody produced by the immunogen , as described above in example 1 , were used , respectively , as a tracer and as an antibody in fluorescence polarization immunoassays conducted as follows : ( 1 ) a measured volume of a standard or test serum was delivered into a test tube and diluted with a buffer ; ( 2 ) a known concentration of an antibody of the instant invention was then added to each tube ; ( 3 ) a known concentration of a tracer of the instant invention was added to the tubes ; ( 5 ) the amount of tracer bound to antibody was measured by fluorescence polarization techniques as a measure of the amount of megx in the sample . 1 the megx tracer produced as described above in an aqueous system containing 0 . 96 percent of citric acid , 5 . 0 percent of 5 - sulfo - salicylate and 0 . 1 percent of sodium azide . 2 . the megx antibody produced as described above in 0 . 1m phosphate buffer containing 2 . 0 percent ethylene glycol . 3 . pretreatment solution consisting of a buffer ( ph 7 . 4 ) which is commercially available under the trade designation &# 34 ; tabs &# 34 ; containing 0 . 1 percent of lithium - 3 , 5 - diiodosalicylate and 0 . 1 percent of sodium azid . 5 . cuvettes , 10 × 50 mm glass flat bottom tubes used as cuvettes . 6 fluorometer capable of measuring fluorescence polarization with a precision of ± 0 . 01 unit . 1 . a 5 . 0 μl sample was pipetted into a cuvette container with 25 μl megx antibody and 12 . 5 μl of pretreatment solution . the volume of the solution in the cuvette was diluted to approximately 955 μl with phosphate buffer containing 0 . 01 percent of bovine gammaglobulin (&# 34 ; bgg &# 34 ;). 2 . the contents of the cuvette were mixed well . after three minutes , a background determination of fluorescence polarization was made . 3 . an additional 5 μl portion of the sample was pipetted into the cuvette . the volume of the solution in the cuvette was diluted to approximately 1500 μl with phosphate buffer containing 0 . 01 percent of bgg . 4 . the contents in the cuvette were mixed well and allowed to incubate for approximately 1 minute , after which additions of 12 . 5 μl of pretreatment solution and of 25 . 0 μl of megx tracer were pipetted into the cuvette . the solution in the cuvette was diluted with phosphate buffer containing 0 . 01 percent of bgg to bring the total volume to approximately 2000 μl . 5 . the contents of the cuvette were mixed well and allowed to incubate for three minutes at 35 °. 6 . the fluorescence polarization value of the composition in the cuvette was then determined using an appropriate instrument ( fluorometer ). the results of a series of serum standards containing megx at concentrations between 0 and 250 ng / ml are set forth below : ______________________________________concentration of approximatemegx in ng / ml polarization______________________________________0 . 00 179 . 0325 . 00 156 . 9975 . 00 125 . 75125 . 00 107 . 93175 . 00 96 . 58250 . 00 86 . 97______________________________________ it has been found that tracers according to the instant invention and alcohol solutions thereof are unstable to the extent that they must be prepared and purified just before they are used to carry out an immunoassay , but that aqueous solutions thereof buffered to a ph in the range of about 1 . 5 to about 2 . 1 can be stored for substantial periods of time . the tracer solution identified above , composed of an megx tracer in an aqueous system containing 0 . 96 percent of citric acid , 5 . 0 percent of 5 - sulfo - salicylate and 0 . 1 percent of sodium azide , is an example of a stable aqueous tracer solution . while preferred embodiments of the invention have been described , it will be appreciated that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the attached claims . | 2 |
in the drawings , like numbers refer to like objects and the proportions of some elements have been changed to facilitate illustration . the term “ flexible backing material ” as used herein shall be read to include flexible materials such as paper , cloth , plastic , mesh , cording and the like employed as backing or facing . the term adhesive strip as used herein shall be read to include strands , bands , tapes , sheets and the like . fig1 through 6 and the disclosure related thereto are intended to relate the invention in one of its simplest forms . fig7 and 8 and the disclosures related thereto are intended to relate variations that are within the scope of the invention . referring now to fig1 and 2 wherein the novel interleaving of panels and the concealment of panel boundaries is illustrated . in fig1 a plan view of a parquet flooring panel 1 of this invention is shown . in fig2 a portion of a parquet floor 2 formed of a multiplicity of panels 1 is shown . fig2 serves to illustrate that a parquet floor made according to this invention presents a continuous parquet pattern wherein the perimeters of individual panels is not detectable . in strip laid conventional parquet floors , the strips typically are in the order of 0 . 75 inches thick , 2 . 25 inches wide , and at least 9 inches long . in the parquet panels of this invention , strips 3 are typically in the order of 0 . 25 inches thick , 1 . 0 inches wide , and 9 . 0 inches long . this results in a materials reduction of more than 50 % in a finished floor . panels 1 are given an irregular end shape 4 by staggering the locations of the end seams in alternate rows . the irregular end shape 4 of an adjacent panel will align with and interleave with the irregular end shape 4 ′ of a first panel to form a continuous parquet flooring pattern in which the seam between the panels is not detectable in the finished floor . in the best mode of practicing the invention strips 3 are prepositioned on a flexible backing material such as cloth , mesh , or a sturdy paper backing and bonded in place on a support surface such as a concrete floor , or a wood subfloor . because strips 3 are of small size the range of expansion and contraction of strips 3 is small and therefore the spacing between strips 3 required for expansion and contraction is small . to accurately achieve the desired spacing and to insure that the irregular end shapes 4 and 4 ′ of panel 1 are alignable and interleaveable the best mode of practicing the invention known to the inventor requires the use of a former in the shape of a segment of a cylinder having accurately located indexes for precisely locating and spacing each strip 3 . the first step in the process of assuring product uniformity comes in using wood sawed from the same location in forming parquet flooring strips 3 . the next step is to form all the strips to be used in a single lot of panels with the same machine settings and tooling for all the strips . the next step is to assemble a panel from the strips wherein each strip is spaced apart from each adjacent strip a precisely set amount . heretofore , the precision placement of the individual inlay strips was time consuming and it was difficult to maintain uniformity of spacing throughout a flooring area . a high degree of precision can be achieved in locating and spacing the parquet inlay strips of this invention through the use of the former 10 of fig3 and 4 to achieve the positioning illustrated in fig5 and 6 . as shown in fig3 and 4 , strips 3 are positioned on former 10 in parallel rows so that indexes 11 precisely locate the rows of strips 3 so as to lie along the long axis of cylindrical shaped portion 12 of former 10 and to stager ends 4 and 4 ′ so that an end 4 of one panel 1 is accurately interleaveable with a corresponding end 4 ′ of a second panel 1 . it should be understood that strips 3 may be given a range of dimensions and remain within the scope of the invention . it should be further understood that the number of rows and the number of strips in a row may be varied for any given lot of panels 1 . as shown in fig3 and 4 , the top longitudinal edge 13 of one strip 3 is in contact with the top longitudinal edge 13 of an adjacent strip 3 on former 10 . the resulting angle 20 between the longitudinal sides 14 of strips 3 is uniform around the cylindrical portion 12 of former 10 . the next step is to attach flexible adhesive material such as tape strips 15 to the bottom surfaces 4 of strips 3 to join the multiple strips 3 into a single panel 1 , it should be noted that adhesive strips 15 are representative of a range of flexible adhesive backings that are suitable for the forming of panel 1 . the next step is to remove panel 1 from former 10 and laying it flat with the bottom surfaces and the adhesive tape strips 15 down as shown in fig1 , 5 and 6 . it should be noted that panel 1 can be laid on a flat surface with the adhesive strips 15 up . at installation , panels 1 are bonded to a flooring substructure which is best shown in fig5 and 6 wherein strips 3 are bonded to the subfloor but are separated by a small but precise distance from adjacent strips 3 . the degree of accuracy of the spacing of strips 3 is best illustrated by the following example : assume : strips 3 have the dimensions of 0 . 25 inches thick , 1 . 0 inches wide and 9 . 0 inches long . assume : the nominal spacing between strips 3 is to be 0 . 020 inches . the angle 20 between strips 3 on former 10 would then be approximately 4 . 58 degrees and the radius of curvature of the cylindrical portion 12 of former 10 would be approximately 12 . 5 inches . assume : the range of variability of the thickness of panels 3 is plus or minus { fraction ( 1 / 64 )} ( 0 . 0156 ) inches . then the minimum gap between bottom longitudinal edges 16 of strips 3 would be 0 . 0188 inches . and the maximum 0 . 0212 inches . the range of variance in the spacing between bottom longitudinal edges 16 of strips 3 would be 0 . 0024 inches . this level of precision and uniformity of spacing of parquet inlay strips for parquet flooring has not heretofore been obtainable . the high degree of precision in spacing the strips 3 of panel 1 enables the close interleaving of edge 4 of one panel 1 with edge 4 ′ of an adjacent panel 1 so that the seam between the two panels is not detectable in a finished floor . to illustrate the degree of precision obtainable in laying and interleaving panels 1 ; if an error of one hundredth of an inch in placement is made in interleaving the panels 1 of the above example , the spacing between the top longitudinal edges 13 of interleaved strips 3 would be 0 . 03 inches to one side of interleaved strips 3 and 0 . 01 inches to the other side of interleaved strips 3 . the proportional differences in such spacing would be detectable by eye and readily corrected . it has been discovered that when floor 2 is laid upon a din certifiable subfloor , the resulting parquet athletic floor is din certifiable . the above disclosures would enable one skilled in the art to employ the methods taught to achieve the panels of this invention without undue experimentation . however the scope of the invention can be better understood by reference to the following embodiments of the invention . referring now to fig7 and 8 wherein panel 30 will serve to illustrate variations of panel 1 of fig1 - 6 which are within the scope of this invention . wood inlay strips 31 are of differing lengths within rows 32 and the width of rows 32 differ from row to row . the stagger of ends 34 and 34 ′ is interleavable flexible backing material 35 in the form of a single band of adhesive tape joins all of the strips 31 as illustrated by the dashed line edges of material 35 in fig7 . in fig8 panel 30 is laid on subfloor 36 which is coated with adhesive material such as mastic 37 . panel 30 is laid with flexible backing material 35 up . while the above disclosures are enabling and would permit one skilled in the art to make and use the invention for its intended purposes , it should be understood that the invention admits to a large number of embodiments that would be made readily obvious to one skilled in the art . to disclose , claim , and illustrate these embodiments would greatly multiply the drawings and cause the specifications and claims to become prolix . therefore the scope of the invention should not be limited to the embodiments disclosed above . the scope of the invention should only be limited by the scope of the appended claims and all equivalents thereto that would become apparent to one skilled in the art . | 4 |
fig1 shows the basic arrangement of the valve elements 1 , 1 &# 39 ;, pressure generating element 5 , and driving elements 6 in the valve accommodating member 3 . the location bore 8 which accommodates the driving elements 6 consisting of an electric motor and an eccentric drive and the valve elements 1 , 1 &# 39 ; are oriented parallel to the valve axis . for this reason , the location bore 7 of the pressure generating element 5 , consisting of a double - flow radial piston pump , extends transversely to the axis of the electric motor and the valve axis . the pressure generating element 5 is , therefore , arranged between the connection planes of the valve elements 1 , 1 &# 39 ; and the electric motor . fig2 shows a cross - section through the valve accommodating member 3 taken along line a -- a of fig1 . the valve accommodating member 3 has an essentially square block form , in which are arranged the two parallel rows of valve accommodating bores 2 , 2 &# 39 ;. the location bore 7 for the pressure generating element 5 is arranged between the two valve rows x , y and extends parallel to their axes . the location bores 9 , 10 which accommodate the pressure accumulator piston 12 , 12 &# 39 ; acting as part of the accumulator elements are arranged perpendicularly to the valve accommodating bores 2 , 2 &# 39 ; outside the two valve rows x , y . the bores for the pressure fluid 4 , 13 connect the valve accommodating bores 2 of the electromagnetically closed valve elements 1 , 1 &# 39 ;, acting as outlet valves in their normal position , with the location bores 9 , 10 of the accumulator elements . another location bore 11 , arranged at the side of and parallel to the location bores 9 , 10 of the accumulator elements , is connected with the pump section on the delivery side of the location bore 7 by means of a pressure fluid bore 15 . in this way , hydraulic pressure peaks of the pressure generating elements provide for a damping of the pump noise in the associated location bore 11 . the location bore 11 is integrated either by means of a separate cover or by means of the deep drawn cap - type cover 21 of the location bores 9 , 10 . in the embodiment of the present invention shown in fig2 the separate cover 21 &# 39 ;, configured as screw coupling , serves also for clamping and pressing the cover 21 which closes the two location bores 9 , 10 , so that clamping devices for cover 21 are not necessary . valve row x facing the accumulator elements accommodates exclusively the valve elements ( outlet valves ) which , in their normal position , are electromagnetically closed . the second valve row y accommodates the valve elements ( inlet valves ) which , in their normal position , are electromagnetically opened . this results in the channel guiding , indicated in the fig2 by which the pressure fluid consumer 19 is connected , respectively , with the valve accommodating bores 2 , 2 &# 39 ; of the inlet and outlet valves by means of the pressure fluid bores 4 . among other things , the bores in the valve accommodating member 3 serve also for arranging the cable bushing 26 for the electric motor directly in the valve accommodating member 3 . fig3 shows a vertical section taken along line b -- b of fig2 rotated in the drawing plane , which illustrates the channel guiding and the shape of the location bores 2 , 2 &# 39 ;, 11 . by means of a pressure fluid bore 4 , the valve accommodating bores 2 , 2 &# 39 ; are connected with the pressure fluid consumer 19 ( wheel brake ). at the bottom of the housing , the valve accommodating bore 2 &# 39 ; is provided with a further channel branch which leads into the channel 16 connecting the location bore 11 with the pressure fluid supply means 14 . to provide an unhindered venting of the location bore 11 , channel 16 is positioned as near as possible to the outer edge and thus in an elevated position relative to the location bore 11 . a filter element 17 , inserted at the point where the mouth of the channel 16 leads into the location bore 11 , acting as damping chamber prevents the ingress of dirt particles into the bore of the restrictor 27 which is also arranged in channel 16 . cover 21 &# 39 ;, which in fig2 is illustrated as a screw coupling , is provided , as shown in the cross - sectional view of fig3 on the one hand , with a self - tapping outside surface and , on the other hand , with a conical inside surface which increases in diameter along the direction extending into the valve accommodating member 3 . during the pressing operation , the harder material of cover 21 &# 39 ; causes the softer material of the valve accommodating member 3 ( e . g . aluminium ) to yield into the circumferential grooves projecting like noses from cover 21 &# 39 ; thus creating a tight and impermeable fit of cover 21 &# 39 ;. the conically enlarged portion of the cover 21 &# 39 ; permits the escape of air inclusions from the location bore 11 . since the cover 21 &# 39 ; closing the location bore 11 also serves to clamp , in a sealing manner , the second deep drawn cover 21 formed like a cap , an intermediate sealing plate 29 , preferably made of cellular rubber , is positioned between the two covers . on its contact surface , the deep drawn cover 21 is provided with projections 28 which prevent the sealing plate 29 from being squeezed and thus damaged due to the space resulting from it . the location bore 7 for the pressure generating element 5 is positioned in a compact manner in the valve accommodating member 3 , surrounded by the channel 16 , the pressure fluid bore 4 and the valve accommodating bores 2 , 2 &# 39 ;, so that the other pressure fluid bore 15 , which normally can only be seen in a cross - section before the present drawing plane , creates an unhindered hydraulic connection with the location bore 11 . fig4 is a cross - section view taken along line c -- c of fig2 which illustrates , as a lateral view , the connection of the pressure fluid bore 13 for the pressure generating element 5 in location bore 7 on the suction side . a deviation device 20 , having an essentially disc - shaped design , is fastened between the pressure accumulator piston 12 &# 39 ; and the associated mouth of the pressure fluid bore 13 in order to allow an unhindered venting of the location bore 10 containing the pressure accumulator piston 12 &# 39 ; and provides for a deviation of the pressure fluid column by means of a partial opening of its housing which extends towards the upper side in the venting direction . the deviation device 20 is protected against a change of its position by means of a guiding pin and is fastened in a frictionally or positively engaged way . in fig5 the location bore 11 , which absorbs the fluid volume , has a spring loaded damping piston 24 corresponding to the accumulator elements described above . the damping piston 24 is guided , in a sealed manner , in the sleeve - shaped shaft of cover 21 &# 39 ;, to which , in the normal position of the piston , spring force is applied and which , therefore , abuts on a circlip 25 inserted in the shaft of cover 21 &# 39 ;. in order to vent and discharge the pressure leakage , the edge of the cover is provided with a leakage and pressure relief bore 22 which is normally closed by means of a sealing ring 23 on the circumference of the cover edge . since the location bore 11 absorbs variable quantities of fluid volume by means of damping piston 24 , channel 16 is provided with a non - return valve 18 acting in the direction of the damping piston 24 , which prevents an undesired accumulation of fluid volume when the brake pedal is actuated . the supply of pressure fluid to the wheel brake , through the inlet valve inserted in the valve location bore 2 &# 39 ;, remains unaffected by the operating position of the non - return valve 18 . the pressure fluid volume , which is temporarily accumulated in the location bore 11 by damping piston 24 , prevents a resetting movement of the working pistons during the pump operation which could damage the collars of the main cylinder . in a further embodiment of the present invention , the configuration of the location bore 11 , acting as damping chamber ( see fig2 and 5 ), provides for combining the effects of a reflection damper with those of an accumulator damper . this is illustrated in fig6 in which the cover that closes location bore 11 is formed as accumulator damper by means of a serial arrangement of a diaphragm 30 and a cup - type collar 31 while the reflection damping is obtained combining the effects of temporarily accumulated pressure fluid volumes by means of a restrictor 27 . the following is a summary of the functioning of the hydraulic unit described in fig1 to 6 for a wheel brake circuit of a slip - controlled brake system for automotive vehicles . the delivery of pressure fluid to the hydraulic unit takes place by actuating the main cylinder ( pressure fluid supply means 14 ) so that the pressure fluid arrives at the valve accommodating bore 2 &# 39 ;, including the inlet valve , and , therefore , at the wheel brake ( pressure fluid consumer 19 ). the pressure fluid bore 4 connecting the inlet valve with the outlet valve is also under pedal force proportional pressure while the outlet valve blocks the pressure fluid bore 13 leading to the pressure accumulator piston 21 . at the beginning of the slip control of the brake , the electric motor ( driving element 6 ) drives the radial piston pump ( pressure generating element 5 ) so that the pressure fluid volume drawn from the accumulating element ( location bore 9 , 10 ) is delivered to the noise damping chamber ( location bore 11 ) by means of the pressure fluid bore 13 in order to act on the tandem - type main cylinder ( pressure medium supply means 14 ) through restrictor 27 in the channel 16 , the pressure modulation being obtained by means of the valve accommodating bores 2 , 2 &# 39 ; depending on the electromagnetic operation of the inlet and outlet valves ( valve elements 1 , 1 &# 39 ;) in each respectively associated wheel brake ( pressure fluid consumer 19 ). fig7 shows , in a cross - sectional view , a portion of the valve accommodating member 3 , i . e . the area of a location bore 9 , which accommodates the pressure accumulator piston 12 , the stop portion 32 and the cover 21 . according to the present invention , the stop portion 32 is inserted into the location bore 9 in a recess 33 formed as circlip groove , the location bore 9 being provided with a lifting slope 34 in order to dismount the stop portion 32 formed as circlip or wire ring . the lifting slope is a conically enlarged portion of the nominal diameter of the location bore 9 and becomes the outer diameter of the circlip groove . the front part of the pressure accumulator piston 12 , configured as cup - formed deep drawn part , is circumferentially chamfered towards the outside in such a way that a favorable force introduction into the circlip groove 33 can be achieved when the pressure accumulator piston 12 , being under high pressure ( max . pressure approx . 350 bar ), strikes the stop portion 32 . by means of this force deviation into the wall of the location bore 9 , the cover 21 , closing the location bore 9 , is free from hydraulic forces so that it has to absorb only the supporting force ( spring force approx . 100 newton ) of the pressure spring 35 . cover 21 can , therefore , be designed as an extremely thin - walled metal or plastic disc which closes positively and / or frictionally engaging the location bore 9 . fig7 shows an example of a circlip groove for the accommodation of the stop portion 32 . due to the simple and space - saving fastening of the stop portion 32 in the location bore 9 , it is possible to arrange several grooves , one after the other , in the location bore 9 in order to set different accumulation volumes so that an axial displacement of the stop portion 32 can be obtained according to the necessity . the object of the present invention permits a particularly short construction of the pressure accumulator , reducing at the same time cost and weight without presenting disadvantages . with regard to the ventilation and venting of the pressure accumulator , the edge of cover 21 is provided with an opening 36 which can be equipped with a weatherproof protection , if necessary . the chamfering 34 , oriented towards the location bore 9 , permits the mounting of the pressure accumulator piston 12 and the dismounting of the stop portion 32 in the location bore 9 . this chamfering 34 prevents the sealing element , arranged in the circlip groove on the pressure accumulator piston 12 , from being damaged during the insertion of the piston . furthermore , the stop portion 32 can be removed far more easily because the chamfering 34 acts as a lifting slope to dismount the pressure accumulator . | 8 |
roll - up sign assemblies according to this invention are particularly shown in the display configuration with reference to fig1 , 7 and 9 and is generally designated by reference character 10 . roll - up sign 12 is comprised of a sheet of flexible material typically of a polymeric plastic composition such as vinyl . the side of the sign shown by fig1 is impressed with a visual or written message and further would generally have a brightly colored , highly reflective or lenticular surface for maximum conspicuity . roll - up sign 12 is supported by cross members 14 and 16 , the former being generally horizontal when the sign is in the display configuration and the latter assuming a substantially vertical orientation . these cross members are adapted to cause roll - up sign 12 to assume a substantially planer surface shape thereby presenting a large warning or message area for passing motorists , such as shown , for example , in fig2 . at the extreme ends of cross members 14 and 16 are mounting posts 18 which provide means for attaching the roll - up sign to the cross member . one such means of providing an attachment between roll - up sign 12 and the cross members is shown by fig3 and comprises providing each of the cross member extreme ends with mounting post 18 having a rotatable head 20 which in one rotated position permits mounting of grommet 22 onto the post and in another position ( shown in phantom lines as 20 &# 39 ;) retains the grommet on the post . grommet 22 is affixed to the surface of sign 12 . mounting post 18 may be affixed to the associated cross member by any conventional means , such as threaded fasteners 26 , pop rivets or the like . alternately , sign 12 could form individual pockets at each of its extreme corner ends , thus affixing the cross members to the sign when the cross member ends are inserted within these pockets . cross members 14 and 16 are formed from a substantially rigid material such as reinforced plastic or wood . preferably , cross members 14 and 16 are rotatable relative to one another about pivot pin 24 which permits the cross members to be collapsed from the orientation shown by fig2 to assume a collinear relationship , as shown in fig1 , which provides maximum compactness when the sign is collapsed to the storage configuration . several means for affixing roll - up sign assembly 10 to a mounting base are described herein . with reference to fig2 and 6 , one such method is illustrated which is taught by pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 442 , 419 previously cited . according to these figures , an adjustable sign mounting bracket 28 is provided having a sleeve - type mounting member 30 which slidably overfits vertical upright sign stand members 32 . member 32 is part of a sign stand assembly preferably of the wind resistant type , as will be described subsequently . upright member 32 includes a plurality of holes 34 which cooperate with locking pin 36 and hole 38 in mounting member 30 such that the adjustable sign mounting bracket 28 may be positioned at various vertical positions on the sign stand assembly as desired with regard to the particular circumstances presented . with particular reference to fig5 and 6 , attached to mounting member 30 is cross member engaging portion 40 which includes a pair of spaced horizontal cross member engaging legs 42 , each forming an inner leg 44 , outer leg 46 and channel 48 therebetween . affixed to inner leg 44 is spring biased latching member 50 , having a pair of legs 52 connected to a bridge portion 54 . latching member 50 is biased by torsion spring 56 such that legs 52 are urged toward outer leg 46 . cross member engaging portion 40 is adapted to receive cross members 14 and 16 such that the vertical cross member 16 is positioned between engaging legs 42 whereas the horizontal cross member 14 is received by channel 48 and is resiliently biased in position there by latching member 50 . shoulder 57 on latching member 50 helps retain cross member 14 in position in bracket 28 . an alternate means for mounting roll - up sign assembly 10 to a stand frame is illustrated by fig7 and 9 and is described by application ser . no . 442 , 418 previously cited . this system employs a short vertical upright member 60 which is adapted to receive the lower portion of vertical cross member 16 . briefly , this system employs upright member 60 , forming one or more vertical channels 62 within which vertical cross member 16 is disposed . the cross member is retained in position with respect to upright member 60 by locking pin 64 , preferably which is attached to the sign stand by ring 66 and chain 68 . for this purpose , hole 69 is provided in cross member 16 . upright member 60 is attached to a base which includes a plurality of extendable leg sections 70 which are telescoping and foldable , thereby permitting the entire stand to be readily stored and transported . fig1 and 9 illustrate sign stands having angularly deflectable coil springs 72 which permit the sign to be deflected toward the ground when subjected to wind forces or other externally applied loads . the position of the sign shown in phantom lines in fig9 depicts the position of the sign when subjected to a high wind force striking the sign 12 . the springs 72 are preloaded with an initial tension between the coils thereof as more fully set forth in u . s . pat . nos . 3 , 646 , 696 and 3 , 662 , 482 , the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference . the initial tension is set to a prespecified amount ( based on the characteristics of the sign and stand ) so that springs 72 will hold the vertical upright member of the sign stand ( and the sign ) steady and in the vertical position in little or no wind and yet allow the sign and vertical upright member to deflect in high wind forces which would otherwise topple over the entire sign stand assembly or slide it along the ground . due to the features and characteristics of the sign stand with such coil springs 72 , the sign stand can have a virtually weightless base and still be virtually uptippable in high winds . roadside signs typically provide one or more upwardly projecting warning flags which extend in a generally vertically upward position above the top of the sign . according to the prior art , such warning flags are attached to rods which are affixed to a vertical upright member of the stand assembly or to the vertically extending cross member of a roll - up type sign by a demountable bracket assembly within which the warning flag rods are inserted . in accordance with the present invention , the novel means for utilitzing and attaching warning flags to a roll - up type sign is shown particularly with reference to fig2 , 7 and 9 . as shown by these figures , two upwardly projecting warning flag rods 74 and 76 are provided . these rods support highly visible warning flags 78 and 80 , respectively . warning flag rods 74 and 76 are pivotably attached together and to vertical cross member 16 by pivot pin mechanism 82 . pin mechanism 82 provides a shaft upon which flag rods 74 and 76 are journaled for rotation , and may be in the form of a rivet or a threaded fastener with a lock nut . since warning flag rods 74 and 76 may be rotated about pin 82 , they may be caused to assume a collinear position with respect to cross member 16 , as shown by fig1 . the ends of rods 74 and 76 may be reinforced by providing metal sleeves 84 and 86 through which pin 82 pases . since it is desirable that all of the elongated members be mounted such that they may be foldable onto one another , it is preferred to attach warning flag rods 74 and 76 to a surface of cross member 16 opposite the surface of that cross member to which the other cross member 14 is attached ( this arrangement is best shown in fig7 ). warning flag rods 74 and 76 are positioned in an upright position through engagement with warning flag rod support bracket 88 . as best shown by fig4 bracket 88 is formed from a substantially elongated piece of sheet stock which forms a pair of curled ends 90 and 92 joined by intermediate section 94 . ends 90 and 92 form channels 96 and 98 which closely receive rods 74 and 76 respectively . the ends 90 and 92 are angled slightly vertically upwardly as is evident from fig2 and 7 , such that channels 96 and 98 are aligned with the associated warning flag rods 74 and 76 . ends 90 and 92 have deflectable bent flanges 110 and 112 which form restricted openings for channels 96 and 98 and act to trap rods 74 and 76 therein . intermediate section 94 is pivotably affixed to cross member 16 by fastener 114 which is positioned between pin 82 and the upper end of cross member 16 . the arms 110 and 112 may be deflected enabling rods 74 and 76 to be inserted within channels 96 and 98 and removed , yet sufficient tension is provided to prevent the warning flag rods from being inadvertently disengaged from the channels . storage of sign assembly 10 is accomplished first by dismounting the sign assembly from the associated sign stand and then unfastening one of the cross members 14 and 16 , preferably member 14 , from sign 12 . next , warning flag rods 74 and 76 are each disengaged from support bracket 88 . cross members 14 and 16 are rotated such that they assume a substantially collinear relationship . similarly , warning flag rods 74 and 76 are also rotated about pin 82 until they are substantially collinear with members 14 and 16 and with each other . thereafter , support bracket 88 is rotated such that intermediate section 94 is aligned substantially parallel with cross member 16 . having completed these steps , the roll - up sign assembly 10 assumes the configuration depicted by fig1 . thereafter , sign 12 is tightly wrapped or rolled up about the remaining components forming an elongated cylindrically - shaped package as shown in fig1 . means for retaining sign 12 in the storage configuration is provided by fastening tape 116 preferably of the hook and loop variety , such as velcro material ( velcro is a trademark for a fastener type owned by velcro usa , inc ., 521 fifth avenue , new york , n . y .). preferably , the fastener 116 is attached directly to the sign 12 ( as shown in fig2 ) so that it will not be misplaced when the sign is being displayed . as is evident from the compactness of the sign in the storage configuration shown by fig1 , a large number of roll - up sign assemblies 10 could be carried easily within a vehicle . an alternate embodiment of this invention is depicted by fig1 and 13 wherein three vertically upwardly extending warning flag rods are employed . warning flag rods 74 and 76 are supported in a manner identical to that of the previous embodiment , including warning flag rod supporting bracket 88 . this embodiment differs , however , in that an additional vertically extending warning flag rod 120 is employed . this warning flag rod is also pivotably attached to cross member 16 by pivot pin mechanism 82 and has a reinforcing metal sleeve 122 on its lower end . an additional warning flag rod supporting bracket 124 is employed which removably supports warning flag rod 120 in a vertical position . with reference to fig1 , bracket 124 forms a generally &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; shaped section with a back section 125 , a front section 126 , a curled end 127 and a channel 128 . channel 128 has a deflectable bent flange 130 at its open end and is adapted to closely receive and retain rod 120 within it . bracket 124 is fastened to cross member 16 by fastener 132 . an access opening 134 is provided on the front section 126 so that fastener 132 can be connected to cross member 16 . the assembly and disassembly of the three - flag sign embodiment of fig1 and 13 is substantially the same as that described above relative to the two - flag sign embodiment , except that a third flag rod 120 is involved . in this regard , the detachment of flag rod 120 from bracket 124 and its rotation to a collinear position with cross members 14 and 16 is carried out in the same manner as the detachment of flag rods 74 and 76 from bracket 88 and their rotation into alignment with members 14 and 16 . it is also within the scope of this invention to mount warning flag rod supporting bracket 88 to a vertically disposed pole or frame member extending from a sign stand rather than to roll - up sign cross member 16 . such a configuration would retain the warning flags in association with the sign stand instead of with the remainder of the roll - up sign assembly 10 . additionally , warning flag rod supporting bracket 74 may be employed in connection with a rigid or semi - rigid sign , in which case the bracket would be affixed either to a vertical cross member or to the sign itself . while the above description constitutes the preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification , variation and change without departing from the proper scope and fair meaning of the accompanying claims . | 6 |
referring to the drawings in particular , fig1 presents a schematic showing of a simple respirator generally designated 10 . the respirator 10 includes a respirator body or respiration structure 12 as well as a gas filtering element support 14 with a filter 7 containing a sorption agent according to the invention . zinc compounds are capable of binding hcn in a basic environment permanently and without the formation of the toxic cyanogen . they do not require oxo anions to be present . the following shows the irreversible binding of hcn to zn 2 + in a basic environment zn 2 + + 2 hcn −& gt ; zn ii ( cn ) 2 + 2h + . copper - free , zinc - containing impregnations are therefore still able to offer a sufficiently good protection against hcn even after longer storage ( artificial aging at elevated temperatures ). to ensure that the copper - free , zinc - containing impregnations can offer sufficiently good protection against so 2 and h 2 s in the less wet state as well , impregnation with oxo anions , such as molybdate , is markedly more effective on activated carbon than silver - containing impregnations . a formula according to the present invention for preparing a zinc - and molybdate - containing impregnation as well the chemical performance of an activated carbon thus impregnated with respect to harmful gases will be presented below as an example . 740 g of zinc carbonate , 320 g of ammonium chloride , 290 g of ammonium carbonate and 250 g of sodium molybdate are dissolved . then , 4 . 5 kg of activated carbon are impregnated with this impregnating solution and the pourable impregnated activated carbon thus obtained is carefully heated and dried in a drier ( for preparation , see fig2 ). fig2 shows the steps for the preparation and validation of the impregnated activated carbon . the steps include preparation of the impregnating solution 21 , weighing of activated carbon 22 , impregnation of the activated carbon 23 and the drying of activated carbon 24 . the steps continue with the preparation of filter 25 and the testing of filter 26 . fig3 shows an example of a possible design for testing the filters with respect to hcn and so 2 . test air is sent in a controlled manner into a mixing vessel 5 via a test air supply 1 through a metering unit 4 ; hcn can be admitted into said mixing vessel 5 by an in - situ reaction of a sulfuric acid 3 and a kcn solution 2 , likewise via a respective metering unit 4 . filter 7 is accommodated in a test container 6 . the retention capacity of the filter 7 can be recorded by a measuring device 8 . the exemplary retention time of a zn / mo - impregnated activated carbon according to the present invention with approx . 7 wt . % of h 2 o against 5 , 000 ppm harmful gas in a class 2 filter according to en 14387 is shown in table 3 . the present invention offers a technically meaningful solution to the known problem of cyanogen formation by chromate - free and copper - containing activated carbons , according to which cu ( ii ) compounds can be eliminated in the impregnation for the activated carbon . the storage stability of the impregnated activated carbon is markedly improved by the elimination of copper compounds . sufficiently good protection against so 2 and h 2 s is offered by the use of oxo anions of molybdenum on the activated carbon even at a lower water content in the sorption agent . while specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention , it will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles . | 1 |
referring to the figures for a better understanding of the invention , it will be appreciated that a chemically crosslinked hydrogel will remain solid and in gel form as long as the water content is retained , therefore it is desirable to enclose the hydrogel 11 within a removable container such as a peelable release paper 12 as shown in fig1 and 2 . it will be appreciated that the hydrogel 11 can be formed and packaged in this manner by conventional methods such as passing the plastic hydrogel 11 through a set of forming rollers with strips of release paper 12 on either side . likewise the gel can be cured in molds of various shapes and sizes and individually packaged . the crosslinked hydrogels 11 thus formed and in accordance with my invention include a medicant as an active ingredient which when placed into contact with the skin of a patient will be received into the patient &# 39 ; s system via transdermal transport . the preferred active ingredients are lidocainehydrochloride , hydrocortisone , menthol , and methyl salicylate , although other well - known ingredients used in topical applications may be useful . in fig3 and 4 , the hydrogel is formed with a scrim 13 contained internally , the scrim 13 may be gauze or a paper towel and serves to strengthen the hydrogel . in each of my hydrogels , i have utilized aluminum acetate as the crosslinking and ionization agent , however each active ingredient requires a somewhat different formulation as shown in the tables below . it should be understood that is is difficult to achieve the desired stabilization of the hydrogels in that if they are excessively crosslinked , the product tends to decompose , while under - crosslinking leaves the product too fluid . table i______________________________________lidocainehydrochloride formulation # 1______________________________________100 cc water1 . 4 g carboxymethylcellulose2 . 0 g lidocainehydrochloride7 . 2 g gelatin3 . 0 g polyethylene glycol0 . 17 g aluminum acetate______________________________________ table ii______________________________________lidocainehydrochloride formulation # 2______________________________________100 cc water1 . 4 g carboxymethylcellulose2 . 0 g lidocainehydrochloride3 . 0 g polyethylene glycol0 . 7 g menthol0 . 17 g aluminum acetate______________________________________ table iii______________________________________limits on lidocainehydrochloride formulation / 100 cc water______________________________________1 . 2 to 1 . 7 g carboxymethylcelluloseup to 4 . 0 g lidocainehydrochloride0 . 0 to 8 . 0 g gelatin0 . 0 to 6 . 0 g polyethylene glycol0 . 0 to 2 . 0 g menthol0 . 17 to 0 . 50 g aluminum acetate______________________________________ table iv______________________________________hydrocortisone formulation______________________________________100 cc water1 . 4 g carboxymethylcellulose0 . 5 g hydrocortisone3 . 2 g polyethylene glycol1 . 0 g menthol0 . 16 g lanolin0 . 17 g aluminum acetate______________________________________ table v______________________________________limits on hydrocortisone formulation / 100 cc water______________________________________1 . 1 to 1 . 6 g carboxymethylcelluloseup to 0 . 5 g hydrocortisone2 . 0 to 5 . 0 g polyethylene glycol0 . 0 to 5 . 0 g menthol0 . 0 to 1 . 0 g lanolin0 . 17 to 0 . 50 g aluminum acetate______________________________________ table vi______________________________________methyl salicylate formulation______________________________________100 g water1 . 4 g carboxymethycellulose6 . 67 g methyl salicylate1 . 32 g menthol2 . 7 g polyethylene glycol0 . 14 g lanolin0 . 2 g aluminum acetate______________________________________ table vii______________________________________limits on methyl salicylate formulation / 100 cc water______________________________________1 . 2 to 1 . 6 g carboxymethylcellulose3 . 0 to 8 . 0 g methyl salicylate0 . 5 to 5 . 0 g menthol2 . 0 to 3 . 5 g polyethylene glycol0 . 0 to 2 . 2 g lanolin0 . 20 to 0 . 50 g aluminum acetate______________________________________ as may be seen from the tables , the chemicals used in each formulation are readily commercially available from a variety of sources . to produce any one of the formulations all of the ingredients listed in the specific tables , e . g . table iv , except the crosslinking agent , aluminum acetate , are mixed at once and heated at about 160 degrees fahrenheit for one hour . the solution is then cooled to below 120 degrees , whereupon the required amount of aluminum acetate is added . the solution may then be fabricated into any of the products shown in fig1 - 6 . for example , solid discs , rectangles or squares may be made by pouring the solution into appropriately shaped molds to the desired thickness . electrodes , such as shown in fig5 and 6 , may be made by spraying or painting the solution on a conductive carbon or silicon electrode 14 which can provide electrical connection for tens or iontophoresis treatment . or the hydrogel may be painted or sprayed onto a scrim 13 , or fed through rollers together with the release paper and scrim , which permits the fabrication of thinner hydrogels due to the structural support of the scrim . the curing time for crosslinking of the hydrogel is from about four to about twenty - four hours at room temperature . while i have shown my invention in various forms , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited but is susceptible of various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof . | 0 |
referring to the figures , and particularly to fig1 - 3 , a collapsible ballot box 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of one embodiment of the present invention is shown set - up in its operable or voting state . in this preferred embodiment , the ballot box consists of three major components capable of folding or collapsing into a suitcase - like unit with wheels 12 and a handle 14 . these three components include an elongated base assembly 16 for housing and locking a ballot tabulating machine 18 , a front support assembly 20 and a rear support assembly 22 . the top assembly 16 includes a receptacle or recess 24 for receiving an electronic vote tabulating device 18 and a lockable retaining member 26 for preventing removal of the device . power and / or communication means ( modem , cable , etc .) can be supplied to voting device 18 via a tube 42 . a cover or shield 28 is pivotably attached to the housing 17 of base assembly 16 via piano - style hinges 30 or the like . shield 28 serves a number of purposes . first , as a privacy shield by maintaining the voter &# 39 ; s selections private as he or she feeds a marked ballot into ballot tally machine 18 . the shield 28 also acts as an equipment transport shield , preventing tampering with or removal of the vote tabulating machine 18 . for example , after set - up and during the election process , if the collapsible ballot box 10 is to be left unattended , the wings 32 of the shield can be folded inward and the locking tabs 34 utilized to secure the shield over the vote tabulator in conjunction with the pins of locking mechanism 26 . this lock - down status is also useful during transport as it serves to protect the ballot tabulator 18 . the base assembly 16 further includes a wheel recess 36 and a rib recess 38 to support and stabilize , via wheels 12 and ribs 40 respectively , the stacking of multiple units 10 during storage . the front support assembly is preferably secured to the top housing 16 by a piano - type hinge 44 running the width of both assemblies . this front support assembly 20 also serves a number of functions . first , the wheels 12 and handle 14 enable the unit 10 to be rolled about in its voting and transport states . the front support assembly 20 is also an auxiliary storage container for ballots not processed by the ballot tally machine 18 if , for some reason , the machine 18 is inoperable or not available . in this event , the top slot access door 46 enables ballots to be deposited , while the bottom access door 48 allows ballots to be removed from the compartment for counting . both doors 46 and 48 preferably include locking assemblies 50 to prevent tampering . like the front support assembly 20 , the rear support assembly 22 is preferably secured to the top housing 16 by a piano - type hinge 45 running the width of the assemblies . the rear support assembly 22 includes accordion - hinged side panels 52 which fold inward and the front panel 54 folds toward the back panel 56 to form a compact storage and transport unit . the ballot assembly has a folding divider panel that divides the assembly into , preferably , two compartments . one compartment can be used , for example , for marked ballots , while the other compartment can be used for write - in ballots . an access door 58 on the front panel 54 and an access door 60 on the back panel 56 of the rear support assembly provide access to each individual compartment . like the front support assembly 20 , locking assemblies 50 are included on each door for security . referring now to fig4 and 5 , the collapsible ballot box unit 10 is shown in its collapsed transport or storage state . here , the rear support assembly 22 is fully nested within the housing 17 of base assembly 16 . side latches 62 lock the base assembly and front support assembly together for easy transport via handle 14 and wheels 12 . as previously discussed , the shield 28 is in its closed and locked - down position within locking assembly 26 . the principal steps of the set - up procedure from the transport or storage state to the operably or voting state of ballot box 10 illustrated in fig6 a - 6 g . after unit 10 is rolled to the desired set up area , it is positioned upright as shown in fig5 . after the side latches 62 are unlatched , unit 10 is laid on its side and opened to approximately a 90 ° angle by extending the top housing 17 away from the front support assembly 20 via hinge 44 , as shown in fig6 a . fig6 b and 6c illustrate the swinging of the rear support assembly 22 out of the top housing 17 via hinge 44 until opened to approximately a 90 ° angle . now , the rear support assembly 22 is unfolded by extending the front panel 54 away from the rear panel 56 . during this extension , as shown in fig6 d and 6e , the side panels 52 will unfold outward from their collapsed state . also , as shown in fig6 e , the compartment attachment plate 64 is folded into place from the front support assembly 20 and attached to the rear support assembly 22 , and the shield 28 is lifted from its lockdown transport state within the locking member 26 to an open position for voting . the attachment plate or support assembly can be pivotally attached to either one of the front or rear support assemblies and detachably attached to the other . fig6 f and 6g show front and rear perspective views of the ballot box set - up in an operable or voting position above an underlying support surface . the inner compartment elements of the rear support assembly 22 of the present embodiment are described in fig7 - 11 . referring first to fig7 and 8 , the collapsible ballot box 10 is shown in cross - section in its collapsed state . as such , the internal dimensions of the principal components of the rear support assembly 22 are more clearly illustrated . the back panel 56 of the assembly 22 is hinged to top housing 17 at hinge 45 . thus , there is interior space within top housing 17 for receiving the assembly 22 . what will become the floor 66 of the ballot compartment of assembly 22 is pivotably attached to rear panel 56 at pivot 68 . pivotably attached to the floor 66 at pivot 70 is what will become the ballot compartment divider 72 . what will become the side panels 52 of the assembly 22 are pivotably attached to their respective sides at pivot 74 and pivotably attached to the front 54 and rear 56 panels at pivot 76 . referring now to fig9 - 11 , the unfolding of the rear support assembly 22 is now shown through the semi - cross - sectional top and side views of these figures . fig9 a , 10a and 11 a illustrate the top view while fig9 b , 10b and 11 b illustrate the corresponding side view . these figures show the progression of the panels , floor and divider as the front panel 54 is extended away from the rear panel 56 . note the attachment of the divider 72 with the rear panel 56 at 78 in fig1 a . the preferred securement means is a pivotably attached elongated rigid member ( 78 ) that enables the divider 72 to settle at a perpendicular position with the floor 66 when the assembly 22 is in the operable state , thereby acting as a divider wall for the ballot compartments . it will be understood that the ballot assembly must inherently include means to prevent access to the internal compartments unless entered through the doors . in the preferred embodiment , all of the movable panels are locked in place when set - up is complete . such locks are discussed herein ( supra ) with respect to the locking assembly 26 , but may also include a number of locking members or guards 80 ( fig1 b ). the base assembly 16 of the preferred embodiment will now be described in fig1 a - e as it relates to the electronic ballot tabulating machine 18 to be used in conjunction with the present invention . fig1 a shows the shield 28 raised to provide access to the recess 24 , connection means 42 and the slot in the base assembly 16 by which ballots are fed from the ballot tabulating machine 18 through to the respective subcompartments of the rear support assembly 22 . fig1 b shows the electronic tabulating device 18 fitted within the recess 24 of the base assembly 16 . the locking assembly 26 then locks the device 18 within the recess of top housing 17 ( fig1 d ). the wings 32 of shield 28 can be exposed and rested on the housing ( fig1 c ), or the wings 32 can be folded into the shield 28 and the ballot tabulating device 18 will be locked thereunder when the locking tabs 34 receive the locking pins of locking assembly 26 ( fig1 e ). the present invention can incorporate a ballot sorting device or a ballot deflector device in communication with the ballot tabulating device 18 . such a deflector is shown in fig1 a and 13b . as previously discussed , the rear support assembly 22 can be divided via divider 72 into two subcompartments , a front subcompartment 82 and a rear subcompartment 84 . the deflector 86 , in response to the ballot tabulating device &# 39 ; s determination , for example , of a voted ballot or a write - in ballot ( i . e . control effect ), will route the ballot 88 into the respective compartment . the locking assembly 26 of the preferred embodiment is more specifically described in fig1 . the actuator thereof consists of a keylock 90 connected to locking pins 92 . these locking pins 92 are positioned via brackets 94 to extend through a hole 96 in the base housing 17 . this locking assembly 26 can , therefore , secure the unit 10 for transport / storage by locking down the shield 28 , and / or can secure the unit 10 during use by locking in the ballot tabulating device 18 . for additional security , the locking assembly 26 , as well as the integral parts of the rear support assembly 22 , can utilize the pin and seal locking components shown in fig1 . with respect to the locking assembly 26 , the locking pins 92 thereof pass through holes 96 in housing 17 and can be clasped with a one - time wire seal 98 . similarly , the panels of the rear support assembly 22 may similarly utilize pins 100 in communication with holes 102 and can be sealed by similar onetime wire seals 98 . the ballot box of the invention can be economically manufactured from a high - impact thermo plastic using conventional molding techniques . it will be appreciated that the ballot box can , in an alternate embodiment , be designed with a single ballot container in the rear support assembly , and that the auxiliary ballot compartment in the front support assembly can be omitted if not required . while a particular embodiment of the invention has been shown and described , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention in its broader aspects and , therefore , the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
the following description of the disclosed embodiment is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the precise form or forms detailed herein . instead , the following description is intended to be illustrative of the principles of the invention so that others may follow its teachings . referring now to fig1 of the drawings , an overhanging form system assembled in accordance with the teachings of the present invention is generally referred to by the reference numeral 10 . the overhanging form system 10 is shown attached to a support structure 12 , which extends longitudinally into and out of the plane of the drawing . in the first disclosed embodiment it will be understood that the support structure 12 takes the form of a concrete bridge girder 12 ′ ( the concrete bridge girder 12 ′ is shown in fig1 and 16 - 18 , while another such concrete bridge girder 12 ′″ is shown in fig1 ), or , alternatively , the support structure 12 may take the form of a steel bridge girder 12 ″ ( such as is shown in fig1 and 19 ). the teachings of the disclosed invention may be equally applicable to other forms of support structures . further , as shown in fig1 , 15 and 20 , it will be appreciated that the overhanging form system 10 will comprise a number of interconnected form sections 10 ′, 10 ″, etc . only a single form section 10 ′ will be described herein in detail . the form section 10 ′ includes a pair of spaced apart hangers 14 , 14 ′ and a pair of spaced apart frames 16 , 16 ′, with an interconnecting panel 38 spanning the distance therebetween . for the sake of brevity , only a single one of the hangers 14 and the frames 16 will described in detail herein . however , it will be understood that the hanger 14 ′ is substantially similar to the hanger 14 and the frame 16 ′ is substantially similar to the frame 16 . referring again to fig1 the frame 16 is shown connected to the hanger 14 . the frame 16 includes an upper portion 18 supported by the hanger 14 generally adjacent to an upper portion 12 a of the girder 12 ′, and further includes a lower portion 20 which abuts a lower portion 12 b of the girder 12 ′. in the disclosed embodiment , the frame 16 is formed by an upper leg 22 , a diagonal leg 24 , and a bracing leg 26 . in the disclosed embodiment , the upper portion 18 of the frame 16 is defined by the upper leg 22 and the lower portion 20 of the frame 16 is defined by the diagonal leg 24 . the upper leg 22 includes an inner end 30 a and an outer end 30 b . the inner end 30 a is secured to the hanger 14 at the upper portion 12 a of the girder 12 ′ by an adjustable connection 32 . the diagonal leg 24 includes an inner end 34 a and an outer end 34 b which is connected to the upper leg 22 generally adjacent to the outer end 30 b of the upper leg 22 . the brace leg 24 includes an upper end 36 a connected to the upper leg 22 generally adjacent to the inner end 30 a , and a lower end 36 b connected to the diagonal leg 24 generally adjacent to the inner end 34 a . as shown in fig1 and 15 , a panel 38 extends between the frames 16 and 16 ′. the panel 38 defines a support surface 38 a for supporting poured concrete ( not shown ). as shown in fig1 and 15 , a pair of stiffeners 28 a and 28 b extend between the frame 16 and the frame 16 ′. in the disclosed embodiment , the stiffeners 28 a , 28 b are attached to the leg 26 on each of the frames 16 , 16 ′, such as by securing the stiffeners 28 a , 28 b to suitable mounting plates 16 c ( fig1 ). other suitable attachment points may be used . referring again to fig1 in the disclosed embodiment the diagonal leg 24 and the brace leg 26 are preferably adjustable in length . this adjustability may be accomplished by constructing the legs 24 , 26 out of telescoping tubular members of different cross sections , using shear pins or bolts to fix the length thereof . the diagonal leg 24 also includes an adjustable connection 40 at the outer end 34 b . the upper end 36 a of the brace leg 26 and the inner end 30 of the upper leg 22 are connected to a mounting bracket 53 which will be described in detail below . referring to fig4 in the disclosed embodiment the adjustable connection 40 includes a threaded rod 42 which engages a nut 44 secured to the outer end 34 b of the diagonal leg 24 , such as by welding . a bolt 42 b is welded to an end 46 of the threaded rod 42 . the bolt 42 b extends through an aperture 47 in a diagonal plate 48 connected to the outer end 30 b of the upper leg 22 , with a shoulder 50 formed at the connection between the threaded rod 42 and the bolt 42 b bearing against a surface 52 of the plate 48 . consequently , turning the head of the bolt 42 b will serve to lengthen the overall length of the diagonal leg 24 , thus altering the angle of the upper leg 22 relative to the horizontal . alternatively , the threaded rod 42 maybe machined to form a narrowed portion 42 a beginning at 46 and terminating in a hex head 42 b . a washer 43 may be provided . referring now to fig2 and 3 , in the disclosed embodiment the adjustable connection 32 includes the mounting bracket 53 , which includes a pair of upper spaced apart plates 54 a and a pair of lower spaced apart plates 54 b . a plurality of connection holes 56 may be provided in the upper plates 54 a ( fig2 ), and a plurality of connection holes 57 may be provided in the upper leg 22 ( see for example , fig1 and 10 ), such that the point of connection between the upper leg 22 and the brace leg 26 may be varied . as will be explained below , the mounting bracket 53 is used to secure the frame 16 to the hanger 14 using an elongated threaded rod 17 ( fig1 and fig5 ). the threaded rod 17 includes a pair of ends 17 a , 17 b , with preferably at least one the end 17 a including a hex head such that the rod 17 is turnable using a wrench . the ends 17 a , 17 b may be machined to form the hex heads . the bracket 53 includes a cross member 55 , with the upper plates 54 a and the lower plates 54 b mounted to the cross member 55 . each of the lower plates 54 b includes an aperture 59 , and a rod 58 is pivotally received in the apertures 59 . the rod 58 , which is preferably hardened steel and includes a tapped hole 63 , is maintained in position between the lower plates 54 by a keeper pin 60 at each end . the cross member 55 , which in the disclosed embodiment is an angled section , includes an elongated hole 61 . the keeper pins 60 limit the rotation of the rod 58 within the apertures 59 by coming into contact with the cross member 55 . viewing fig3 it will be noted that the keeper pins 60 are spaced away from the plates 54 b , such that the rod 58 is moveable axially through the apertures 59 ( i . e ., to the left and right when viewing fig3 ). the threaded rod 17 ( shown in fragment in fig2 ) engages the tapped hole 63 in the rod 58 . referring now to fig1 and 17 , the hanger 14 includes a bracket 15 which is formed by a bent plate 64 having an aperture 66 therethrough and which is mounted to a bearing plate 68 which bears on the upper portion 12 a of the girder 12 ′. the bent plate 64 is welded or otherwise secured to a rod 69 which is embedded in the concrete girder 12 ′. a nut 65 is provided which engages the threaded rod 17 ( viewable in fragment in fig1 ) so that the frame section 16 may be drawn tightly against the support structure 12 . further , the adjustable connection 32 is accessible from above by virtue of cutouts provided in the panel 38 ( discussed in detail below ). thus , the bracket 15 is connectable to the bracket 53 , thereby permitting the frame 16 to be connected to the girder 12 ′. referring now to fig8 and 9 , the panel 38 includes an inner edge 72 , an outer edge 74 , and ends 76 and 78 . it will be noted that the end 76 generally overlies and is attached to the frame 16 , while the end 78 generally overlies and is attached to the frame 16 ′. the panel 38 includes a plurality of stiffeners 80 which stiffen the surface 38 a . the panel 38 further includes a plurality of attachment holes 82 a , 82 b arranged along two gage lines 84 a , 84 b . preferably , threaded nuts ( not shown ) will be welded to the underside of the panel 38 . a pair of clearance cutouts 86 a , 86 b are provided along the inner edge 72 , which cutouts 86 a , 86 b provide a clearance passage for the threaded rod 17 as will be explained in greater detail below . the attachment holes 82 a , 82 b permit the attachment of an edge form 88 , which is shown in fig1 and 13 . referring to fig1 and 13 , the edge form 88 includes a pair of attachment plates 90 a , 90 b , each of which includes a slotted attachment hole 92 . it will be noted that the attachment plates 90 a , 90 b are spaced to correspond to the spacing between the gage lines 84 a , 84 b on the panel 38 , thus permitting the edge form 88 to be secured to a selected pair of the attachment holes 82 a , 82 b on the panel 38 , such as by using bolts through the threaded nuts ( not shown ) secured to the underside of the panel 38 . it will be appreciated that the slotted holes 92 will permit fine adjustment of the position of the edge form 88 , while the spacing between the attachment holes 82 a , 82 b permit larger adjustments . the edge form 88 will preferably include an inner plate 94 , a number of vertically oriented stiffeners 96 , and a plurality of one inch diameter pipe sections 97 . in the disclosed embodiment , the pipe sections 97 are sized to receive a portion of the cradle assembly ( discussed below ), which in turn supports concrete finishing equipment ( not shown ). plate stiffeners or other sections may be used for the stiffeners 96 . referring now to fig2 a and 22b , the inner end 34 a of the diagonal leg 24 will preferably include an elongated bar 98 connected to the central portion 100 of the leg 24 . as outlined above , the central portion 100 of the leg 24 is typically a tubular section , such as a 4 ″× 3 ″×{ fraction ( 3 / 16 )}″ section . other sizes may be employed based on design considerations as would be known . a bent plate 102 is connected to both the bar 98 and the central portion 100 . a stiffener 104 may be provided . as shown in fig2 a , the bar may be longer than the lateral dimension of the central portion 100 , such that the bar 98 will present an elongated surface for abutment with the lower portion 12 b of the girder 12 ′. referring now to fig2 a , 23 b and 23 c , the brace leg 26 may alternatively be constructed of a pair of l - shaped sections 26 a , 26 b , which are attached along the sides of a tubular section 26 c using a plurality of attachment bolts in a plurality of attachment holes . the l - shaped sections 26 a and 26 b may be attached at any one of a plurality of possible positions relative to the section 26 c . this construction offers additional flexibility in adjusting the length of the brace leg 26 , thus making connection of the end 36 b of the brace leg 26 to the desired point on the diagonal leg 24 easier . referring now to fig1 , 20 and 21 , a number of posts 106 a , 106 b may be secured to the outer edge 74 of the panel 38 using a plurality of bolts 107 a in selected ones of a plurality attachment holes 107 b in the outer edge 74 of the panel 38 . the posts 106 a and 106 b may be used to support guard rails ( not shown ). the posts 106 b extend downwardly below the plane of the panel 38 . it will be noted that one or more braces 108 a ( fig1 ) and 108 b ( fig2 ) may be provided in order to brace the posts 106 b against rotation about two different axes . each of the posts 106 b includes a lower end 106 c . referring now to fig2 , 24 and 25 , a cradle assembly 110 may be secured to the edge form 88 at the desired locations . it will be understood that additional cradle assemblies 110 ( not shown ) are attached to the edge form 88 at intervals selected by the user . the cradle assembly 110 includes a cradle head 110 a which is vertically adjustable using an adjustment nut 110 b which engages a threaded rod 110 c . one or more chamfer strips 112 a , 112 b and 112 c are provided which may be attached to the edge form 88 and which extend generally parallel to the edge form 88 . at least one of the chamfer strips , for example the chamfer strip 112 a , may be placed loosely upon the panel 38 . the chamfer strips 112 a , 112 b and 112 c may function to form chamfered edges or indentations on the concrete section 113 ( shown in fragment in fig2 ) to be poured . one or more stiffener plates 112 d extending to a base plate 112 e may also be provided . as would be known , the cradle assembly 110 is used to support concrete finishing equipment that rolls along a rail ( not shown ) extending between adjacent cradle assemblies 110 . referring now to fig2 , 30 and 31 , a “ c ” hook assembly 114 may be used to pick up one section 10 ′ of the overhanging form system 10 from a ground assembly station ( for example , as shown in fig3 ), and place the form section 10 ′ adjacent to the girder 12 ′ for connection to the hangers 14 , 14 ′. in a similar manner , the “ c ” hook assembly 114 may be used to strip the section 10 ′ off the support structure 12 after the poured concrete has sufficiently cured , and again place the form section 10 ′ on the ground as shown in fig3 . the “ c ” hook assembly 114 includes a pair of bottom legs 116 a , 116 b , a pair of top legs 118 a , 118 b , a pair of vertical legs 119 a , 119 b , and a plurality of interconnecting members 120 and braces 122 . the vertical legs 119 a , 119 b will include holes 119 c ( fig2 ). attachment plates 124 are provided on each of the top legs 118 a , 118 b , with each of the attachment plates 124 having a plurality of holes 126 , thus enabling the “ c ” hook assembly 114 to be lifted by a crane ( not shown ) using suitable rigging 128 . referring to fig2 , 26 , 28 and 29 , a pair of mounting brackets 130 are mounted to the outer edge 74 of the panel 38 by a plurality of suitable fasteners 131 . the mounting brackets 130 are spaced to match the spacing of the vertical legs 119 a , 119 b and may be used to secure the “ c ” hook assembly 114 to the form section to be lifted . each of the mounting brackets 130 includes a pair of spaced apart plates 132 , each of which includes a pair of holes 134 . using a pair of pins 136 ( fig2 and 28 ), the “ c ” hook assembly 114 is connectable to the mounting brackets 130 by inserting pins 136 through the holes 134 in the plates 132 of the mounting brackets 130 and through the holes 119 c in each of the vertical legs 119 a , 119 b . each of the pins will preferably include a tapered end 136 a , an enlarged flange 136 b , and a hole 136 c for receiving a cotter pin ( not shown ) to maintain the pin 136 in place . in operation , one form section 10 ′ of the overhanging form system 10 is assembled by connecting the legs 22 , 24 and 26 to each other as shown in fig1 to create the frame 16 . again , it will be understood that the frame 16 ′ is assembled in a similar manner . the length of each of the legs 22 , 24 , and 26 will be varied depending on the dimensions of the particular application . the length of the legs 24 and 26 may be telescoped in the disclosed embodiment . further , the adjustable connection 40 at the outer ends 30 b , 34 b of the legs 22 , 24 , respectively , is assembled as outlined above . the panel 38 is connected to the upper leg 22 of each of the frames 16 , 16 ′. the distance between the frames 16 , 16 ′ will vary depending on the particular application , as will the length of the interconnecting panel 38 . preferably , the form section 10 ′ will be assembled at an assembly location which is removed from the support structure 12 , such as , for example , on the ground ( as shown in fig3 ). as shown in fig1 and 15 , the stiffeners 28 a and 28 b are secured to both of the frame 16 and the frame 16 ′. the posts 106 a , 106 b are secured to the outer edge 74 of the panel 38 using the bolts 107 a in the attachment holes 107 b at the outer edge 74 of the panel 38 . again , guard rails ( not shown ) may also be attached . the braces 108 a ( fig1 ) and 108 b ( fig2 ) are attached to brace the posts 106 b . the lower end 106 c of each of the posts 106 b may cooperate with the ends 36 b of the legs 24 on each of the frames 16 , 16 ′ such that the resulting form section 10 ′ may stand unsupported on the ground ( fig3 ). the edge form 88 and the cradle assemblies 110 are secured at the appropriate locations as outlined above . when the overhanging form system 10 is used in conjunction with the concrete bridge girder 12 ′, a plurality of the embedded rods 69 will preferably already be in place on the girder 12 ′, spaced at the appropriate intervals . consequently , the hangers 14 , 14 ′ and the brackets 15 , 15 ′ ( fig1 and 17 ) will already be in place on the girder 12 ′. the form section 10 ′ is placed by securing the “ c ” hook assembly 114 to the form section 10 ′ as outlined above using the pins 136 inserted through the appropriate holes 134 in the mounting bracket 130 and the holes 119 c in the legs 119 a , 119 b . using the rigging 128 , the form section 10 ′ may be lifted using a conventional crane or other lifting device ( not shown ). once the form section 10 ′ is lifted to a position adjacent to the girder 12 ′, the adjustable connection 32 is used to connect the bracket 53 to the bracket 15 , thus securing the frames 16 , 16 ′ to their respective hangers 14 , 14 ′. when the section 10 ′ is lifted into place , the rod 17 is fed through the aperture 66 in the bent plate 64 , preferably from above . the cutouts 86 a , 86 b in the panel 38 provide clearance for the threaded rods 17 . each rod 17 extends through the elongated hole 61 in the cross member 55 and engages the tapped hole 63 in the rod 58 . rotation of the rod 58 about its longitudinal axis within the apertures 59 accounts for angular variations . further , the elongated hole 61 in the cross member 55 , along with the play permitted by the keeper pins 60 , account for slight longitudinal misalignments . adjustment of the frame section 16 relative to the upper portion 12 a of the girder 12 ′ is accomplished by rotating the nut 65 that engages the rod 17 , thus drawing the frame section 16 toward or away from the hanger 14 depending on the direction of rotation of the nut 65 . alternatively , the adjustment of the frame section 16 may also be accomplished by rotating the entire rod 17 using a wrench attached to the hex heads at the ends 17 a or 17 b . either way , adjustment of the connection 32 is effectuated . as outlined above , the elevation of the outer end 30 b of the upper leg 22 may be accomplished using the adjustable connection 40 ( fig4 ) at the intersection of the upper leg 22 and the diagonal leg 24 as discussed in detail above . preferably , the threaded rod 17 will be encased in a suitable sleeve 138 ( indicated by dotted lines in fig1 ). accordingly , subsequent to the concrete pour , the threaded rod 17 may be removed from above ( or below ) using a suitable tool engaging the hex head at the and 17 a . the remaining hole may be filled by grout or other suitable material . referring now to fig6 and 7 , an alternate embodiment for a bracket used in the adjustable connection 32 is shown which is referred to by the reference numeral 253 , and which may be substituted for the bracket 53 shown in fig2 and 3 in order to secure the frame 16 to the hanger 14 . the bracket 253 includes a cross member 255 . a pair of upper plates 254 a and a pair of lower plates 254 b are mounted to the cross member 255 . as shown in fig6 the cross member 255 includes pair of angled capture plates 255 a , 255 b and an elongated hole 260 . a threaded plate 259 , which may be a plate with a nut welded thereon , is loosely disposed between the capture plates 255 a , 255 b and the cross member 255 . as shown in fig7 the lower plates 254 b prevent the plate 259 from sliding out past the ends of the capture plates 255 a , 255 b . also viewing fig7 it will be noted that the plate 259 is moveable left to right ( i . e ., in a direction parallel to an axis of the girder 12 ′) in a direction parallel to the elongated hole 260 . the threaded rod 17 discussed above with respect to the first embodiment engages the threaded plate 259 , so that the bracket 253 may be connected to the bracket 15 in a manner similar to that outlined above with respect to fig2 and 3 . referring now to fig1 , an alternate form for the hanger and the bracket are shown which are referred to by the reference numerals 214 and 215 , respectively . the hanger 214 and the bracket 215 may be used when the embedded rod 69 shown in fig1 and 17 is either missing , or has been misplaced longitudinally along the girder 12 ′. the bracket 215 includes a pair of bent plates 264 a and 264 b , each of which defines a through hole 266 a , 266 b . the bent plates 264 a and 264 b are connected by a rod 265 . a threaded rod 269 may be embedded in the upper portion 12 a of the girder 12 ′ by drilling a hole at the needed location and grouting the rod 269 in place . the bent plate 264 a is secured to the grouted in place rod 269 using a threaded nut 267 . the threaded rod 17 ( not shown in fig1 ) is then connected to the bracket 53 attached to the appropriate frame section 16 and adjusted as necessary in the manner described above with respect to the first described embodiment . referring now to fig1 , 11 and 19 , the overhanging form system 10 in accordance with the present invention is also useable with other forms of support structure 12 , such as a steel “ i ” beam or wide flange girder 12 ″ ( fig1 and 19 ) or another concrete girder 12 ′″ ( fig1 ). in such applications , certain details of the hangers and brackets are modified . in the embodiment shown in fig1 and 19 , a hanger 214 includes a bracket 215 which is formed by a bent plate 264 having an aperture 266 therethrough and which is connected by a rod 270 to a j - shaped bracket 269 which engages the top flange 212 a of the girder 12 ″. the j - shaped bracket 269 can be secured at a desired location along the girder 12 ″ simply by hooking the j - shaped bracket over the top flange of the girder 12 ″. alternatively , referring to fig1 , the j - shaped bracket 269 may include a bolt 271 a and a threaded nut 271 b , with the j - shaped bracket 269 being secured to the top flange of the girder 12 ″ by tightening the nut 271 b . either way may be used to secure the hanger 14 to the support structure 12 by inserting the rod 17 through the aperture 266 and into the bracket 53 ( discussed above with respect to the first described embodiment ), thereby permitting the frame 16 of the frame section 10 ′ to be connected to the girder 12 ″. in the embodiment shown in fig1 , the relative lengths and angles of the legs 22 , 24 , and 26 are adjusted such that the top leg 22 ( and the attached panel 38 ) are disposed at the proper elevation and angle . it will further be appreciated that in accordance with the disclosed embodiment numerous form sections may be secured to the support structure adjacent to each other to form a generally continuous overhanging form system . the adjacent sections need not be connected to each other , and thus each form section , including all desired attached components such as edge forms , guard rails , etc ., may be set and stripped with a minimum of labor . the aforementioned hanger details may be substituted for each other . for example , on certain jobs it may be desired to attach the hangers to cast in place embedded rods , while in other applications it may be desirable to drill and grout the rods individually . similarly , the j - shaped brackets 269 of fig1 and 19 are interchangeable as desired . in accordance with the disclosed embodiment , it will be noted that the overhanging form system 10 may be assembled , placed on the girder , and removed from the girder all without requiring personnel to work underneath the form system . because the adjustable connections 32 are easy to align and are accessible from above , each of the remotely assembled form sections may be secured to the appropriate hangers on the girder without requiring personnel to work underneath a partially secured form section . the safety offered by such a system is especially evident on high bridges and other structures . further , safety features such as guardrail posts , handrails , and toeboards may be secured to the sections and left in place throughout the job , with no need to repeatedly assemble and disassemble such items . those skilled in the art will appreciate that , although the teachings of the invention have been illustrated in connection with certain embodiments , there is no intent to limit the invention to such embodiments . on the contrary , the intention of this application is to cover all modifications and embodiments fairly falling within the scope of the appended claims either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents . | 4 |
in table no . 1 hereinbelow are summarized comparison tests in accordance with the present inventive process . the color - former consisted of two parts crystal violet lactone and one part benzoyleucomethylene blue . the color - substance accepting mass contained : the coating thickness was 2 to 2 . 5 g / m 2 , and acetone or water was used as an application medium . table no . 1______________________________________reaction intensitymass acetone h . sub . 2 o______________________________________1 almost no reaction very weak reaction2 reaction color too light good reaction3 no reaction no reaction4 reaction as in 2 reaction as in 25 reaction as in 1 reaction as in 16 substantially stronger very strong reaction , reaction as in 1 to 5 better than in 1 to 57 reaction more intensive reaction more intensivethan in 6 than in 68 no improvement in no improvement inreaction over 7 reaction over 7______________________________________ from the foregoing table no . 1 , it may be noted that with a color substance accepting mass which , according to the present invention , contains zinc chloride and urea as the reaction components , substantially better results were obtained than with masses which do not contain these reaction - components . these results can be improved somewhat when , in addition to the foregoing combination , masses are used which also contain metal stearate . the stearates utilized in the present inventive copying papers are , for example , lead -, zinc -, calcium -, aluminum -, barium -, and iron - stearate . the examples listed below contain the color - substance acceptor masses and color - formers utilized in the present inventive copying material , whereby in the utilization of masses which are applied with the help of a solvent , the respective solvent is also mentioned . ______________________________________examples for color - substance acceptor - masses : ______________________________________1 . oxocerite 80 parts polyethylene wax 20 parts mixture of an acid amide and an alcohol on acetylene base with cycloaliphatic n - and o - containing condensation products 5 parts zinc chloride 25 parts thickness of application - 2 . 8 g / m . sup . 22 . carnuba wax 60 parts micro wax 15 parts polyethylene wax 15 parts mixture of an acid amide and alcohol on acetylene base with cycloaliphatic n - and o - containing condensation products 6 parts o - containing condensation products 6 parts zinc chloride 20 parts urea 8 parts thickness of application - 3 . 5 g / m . sup . 23 . carnauba wax 80 parts paraffin 30 parts colophonic resin 6 parts polyethylene 12 parts zinc chloride 30 parts mixture of an acid amide and alcohol on acetylene base with cycloaliphatic n - and o - containing condensation products 3 parts thickness of application - 3 g / m . sup . 24 . zinc chloride 15 parts polyterpene resin 3 parts calcium carbonate 10 parts zinc stearate 3 parts polyethylene wax 1 part thiocarbamine 5 parts acrylic resin 5 parts benzene 90 parts thickness of application - 3 . 6 g / m . sup . 25 . zinc chloride 20 parts phthalic acid ester of technical hydroabietic alcohol 5 parts titanium dioxide 10 parts urea 7 parts calcium stearate 2 parts polyethylene wax 5 parts polystyrene 4 parts trichloroethylene 80 parts thickness of application - 3 . 8 g / m . sup . 26 . zinc chloride 25 parts urea 10 parts stockalite 20 parts calcium stearate 6 parts dibutylphthalate 3 parts polyvinyl alcohol 3 parts water 85 parts thickness of application - 4 g / m . sup . 27 . zinc chloride 15 parts thiocarbamine 5 parts zinc stearate 5 parts acrylic butyral dispersion 2 parts kaolin ( china clay ) 20 parts h . sub . 2 o 90 parts thickness of application - 1 . 9 g / m . sup . 28 . zinc chloride 9 parts attapulgite 5 parts zinc stearate 5 parts kaolin 5 parts polyvinyl acetate 6 parts maleic acid modified pentaerythrite colophonic ester 3 parts acetone 120 parts thickness of application - 1 . 7 g / m . sup . 29 . zinc chloride 12 parts attapulgite 3 parts lead stearate 5 parts calcium carbonate 5 parts phthalic acid ester of technical hydroabietic alcohol 6 parts vinylchloride acetate copolymer 10 parts methylethyl ketone 80 parts thickness of application - 2 g / m . sup . 210 . zinc chloride 8 parts attapulgite 2 parts calcium stearate 6 parts modified pentaerythrite ester 8 parts polystyrene 1 part vinyl acetate 5 parts acetone 90 parts trichloroethylene 10 parts thickness of application - 1 . 4 g / m . sup . 211 . zinc chloride 15 parts attapulgite 5 parts polyvinylbutyrol 3 parts zinc stearate 10 parts titanium dioxide 10 parts glycerin ester of polymerized colophony 5 parts ethyl alcohol 100 parts thickness of application - 0 . 9 g / m . sup . 212 . zinc chloride 20 parts attapulgite 5 parts calcium stearate 5 parts kaolin 10 parts polyvinyl alcohol 5 parts water 150 parts thickness of application - 3 . 5 g / m . sup . 213 . zinc chloride 12 parts urea 4 parts vinyl acetate 1 part phthalic acid ester of technical hydroabietic alcohol 2 parts acetone 80 parts thickness of application - 2 g / m . sup . 214 . iron ( iii )- chloride 15 parts urea 4 parts vinyl acetate 1 part phthalic acid ester of technical hydroabietic alcohol 2 parts acetone 80 parts thickness of application - 2 . 2 g / m . sup . 2______________________________________ in place of iron ( iii )- chloride , there may be employed chromium ( iii )- chloride , vanadium ( iii )- chloride or manganese ( iii )- chloride . ______________________________________15 . zinc chloride 16 partsdiphenyl thiocarbamine 6 partspolyvinyl alcohol 1 . 5 partscalcium stearate 5 partsh . sub . 2 o 90 partsthickness of application - 4 . 3 g / m . sup . 216 . nickel ( ii )- or cobalt ( ii )- chloride 18 partsdiphenyl thiocarbamine 6 partspolyvinyl alcohol 1 . 5 partscalcium stearate 5 partsh . sub . 2 o 90 partsthickness of application - 4 . 4 g / m . sup . 217 . zinc chloride 15 partsurea 10 partspolyvinyl butyral 3 partsmodified pentaerythrite ester 2 partscalcium carbonate 10 partszinc stearate 4 partsethyl alcohol 120 partsthickness of application - 0 . 9 g / m . sup . 218 . zinc chloride 20 partsn - phenylthiocarbamine 10 partsstarch 3 partstitanium dioxide 8 partsh . sub . 2 o 130 parts______________________________________ in place of zinc chloride , copper ( ii )- chloride may be used in this example . ______________________________________ examples for color - producing mass______________________________________ ( a ) urea 2 parts crystal violet lactone 5 parts benzoyl - leukomethyl blue 2 parts titanium dioxide 25 parts polyvinyl alcohol 4 parts water 140 parts______________________________________ with an application of 2 . 8 g / m 2 , there is obtained a blue color . ______________________________________ ( b ) urea 4 parts 3 , 3 - indoylrothphthalide 2 parts crystal violet lactone 6 parts calcium carbonate 20 parts vinyl acetate 6 parts acetone 105 parts______________________________________ with an application of 2 . 1 g / m 2 , there is obtained a violet script . ______________________________________ ( c ) thiocarbamine 3 parts malachite green lactone 10 parts kaolin 15 parts polystyrene 4 parts trichloroethylene 80 parts______________________________________ with an application of 2 . 5 g / m 2 , there is obtained a green script . ______________________________________ ( d ) 3 - diethylamino - 6 - methyl - 7 - anilino - fluoride 10 partscalcium carbonate 30 partssynthetic resin on a basis of styrene andmaleic acid ester 6 partsethyl alcohol 90 parts______________________________________ with a coating of 2 g / m 2 , there is obtained a black coloring . | 1 |
in a preferred embodiment of this invention shown in fig1 a processor unit ( pu ) 10 is an independent unit contained in a data processing device and comprises a microprocessor , for example . the processor unit 10 is coupled with a device controller unit ( dcu ) 12 , an indicator register ( indr ) 13 , a memory control unit ( mcu ) 14 , a rom 15 and a random access memory ( ram ) 16 via a main bus line 11 . the device control unit 12 controls registers via the main bus line , and the indicator register 13 is one of the registers controlled by the device controller unit 12 and allocated to a given address by the device controller unit 12 . the purpose of the memory control unit 14 is to control such memories as rom 15 and ram 16 . in the rom 15 are stored a basic logic test ( blt ) program and a loader ( loader ) program which are executed when an initializing signal ( init ) which is generated at the time of turning on the source is applied , whereas ram 16 stores a firmware ( fw ) loaded by the loader . under the control of the memory control unit 14 , rom 15 and ram 16 are allocated with independent addresses when viewed from processor 10 . the initializing signal init is applied to the reset terminals of the processor unit 10 and the indicator register 13 so as to clear and return them to the initial state . turning now to the display circuit , various display information is transferred to and stored in the indicator register 13 through main bus line 11 but only two bits related to the invention will be described herein . one bit comprises a halt bit 17 which is acted on by the program . this bit sends a halt signal to the processor 10 via line 18 and to a halt indicator 20 via line 19 . also the halt bit 17 is set and reset by an external signal 21 applied through an input switch sw so as to control run / halt states of the processor 10 . the other bit comprises a not - check bit 22 which is provided for the purpose of displaying an error state and constructed to display error when reset by the program . more particularly , a logical product output 26 of the reset side output &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; 23 of the not - check bit 22 and the inverted initializing signal init 25 is produced by an and gate circuit 24 and the output 26 thereof is applied to the inputs of an or gate circuit 28 together with a hardware error signal 27 . hardware error signal 27 is detected by the other hardware and comprises , for example , a memory parity error ( mem · pa · err ) sent from the memory control unit 14 , a parity error ( fdc · pa · err ) sent from a floppy disk control and a parity error ( kb · pa · err ) sent from a key board . the output 29 of or gate circuit 28 is sent to a check indicator 30 to display error . the initializing signal init may be produced by supplying either a source signal from power source 31 or the output of an initializing signal generating switch 32 through an or gate circuit 33 . the error display system described above operates as follows . when an initializing signal init (= 0 ) 25 which is generated by the turning on of power source 31 or by the closure of initializing signal generating switch 32 , the processor unit 10 and the indicator register 13 are reset so that the halt bit 17 and the not - check bit 22 become &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; respectively , that is halt and not - check . this means that the halt bit 17 and the not - check bit 22 are &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; in the run and check conditions wherein the signal 23 is maintained at &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; respectively . under these status when init signal is terminated ; signal 25 becomes &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; whereby and gate circuit 24 produces a logical product output 26 which is sent to the check indicator 30 via or gate circuit 28 thus turning on the check indicator 30 . when initialized by the initializing signal init (= 0 ) 25 the processor 10 begins to execute the test program in response to a start address of the basic logic test ( blt ) program contained in the rom 15 . in the first address of the basic logic test ( blt ) program is stored a set instruction of the not - check bit 22 . thus , it is programmed that a binary code &# 34 ; 01000000 &# 34 ;, for example , is to be written in an address of indicator register 13 . the not - check bit 22 is set by this binary code to disable the and gate circuit 24 thus turning off the check indicator 30 . the routine of the basic logic test ( blt ) program will now be described in detail with reference to the flow chart shown in fig2 . when a power on signal , a mps ( maintenance panel switch ) signal and an rso ( reset out ) signal are generated , the numbers of the test program are set in the indicator of the maintenance panel ( mp ), thus executing a test b00 which is the first number of the test program . the contents of the test number b00 are : 1 . to set the test program number in the indicator of the maintenance panel mp ( for example , to set x &# 34 ; b00 &# 34 ; in address ffe ). 2 . to verify the result of processing of the device control unit 12 by the processor unit 10 . 3 . to verify the result of processing of the rom 15 by the processor unit 10 . 4 . to set halt bit 17 when an error occurs at steps 2 and 3 . if the result of test b00 was error free , whether the execution of the blt ( basic logic test ) is to be bypassed or not would be judged at the next step . if the result is yes a load step would be executed , whereas if the result was an error , tests b01 - b06 of blt would be executed . the contents of these tests b01 - b06 are as follows : b01 : respective instructions ( load , swap , and , or , add , subtract , multiply , divide , store , compare ) of the micro - processor 10 are executed . b02 : respective instructions ( branch on condition , set / cleared , increment / decrement , rotate left / right , test or operate , set a bit , invert a bit , test a bit ) are checked . when the results of all of tests of b01 through b06 are error free , a loader is executed , and if the result of loader is yes , a test end is reached , and a program ( firmware ) loaded by the loader is executed . when an error is detected by the other error detection hardware while the basic logic test ( blt ) of the rom 15 or the firmware ( fw ) of the ram is being executed , the halt bit 17 is set by a write - instruction from the processor unit 10 and the not - check bit 22 is reset . more particularly , the program is prepared such that a binary code 10000000 , for example , is written in an address of the indicator register 22 . in response to this binary value the processor 10 is halted and the halt indicator 20 and the check indicator 30 are turned on . if there is a single defect of some sort in the processor unit 10 and such defect occurs in a hardware element which renders impossible the execution of all functions of the processor unit 10 it is impossible to set the not - check bit 22 at the time of firstly executing the basic logic test blt . accordingly , even in the run state , since the check indicator 30 is maintained in a turn on state , the fault of the processor unit 10 can be immediately recognized by the operator . in order to set the not - check bit 22 in the early stage of the basic logic test ( blt ) the processor unit 10 should have at least a function of executing the program for writing a binary code 0100000 in an address of the indicator register 13 . in this embodiment , since the check indicator 30 is turned off it is possible to test this basic function ( blt ). the purpose of the and gate circuit 24 is to prevent unnecessary energization of the check indicator 30 when an initializing signal is present . in other words , since the initializing signal init usually persists for a relatively long time , for example , several hundred milliseconds , the and gate circuit is provided for preventing useless energization of the check indicator during this interval . this is also necessary to prevent the operator from misjudging an initializing stage energization as a fault . consequently , the check indicator 30 would be energized when the init signal is released , but since the operating time of the processor unit 10 is relatively short , of on the order of from several to several tens of microseconds , so long as the processor unit 10 is normal , the and gate circuit 24 would become disabled before the operator recognizes the energization of the check indicator 30 . as above described , according to this invention , the error display circuit is first set by the initializing signal and reset by the program firstly executed by the processor so that the processor itself can control the error display by confirming this operation by the program . accordingly , the operator can note that the processor is inoperative unless the error display circuit is reset where the processor can operate normally to some extent . | 6 |
as already mentioned above , the adaptive vertical interpolation of the present invention relies upon &# 34 ; blending &# 34 ; or combining the pixels of two lines of the same field that are vertically adjacent to the line being interpolated . this interpolation processing may be represented ( with simplified notation ) by the following expression : in expression ( 1 ) the term y *( y , t ) represents the value of the luminance signal y at a vertical position y ( e . g ., a given line ) and at a particular time &# 34 ; t &# 34 ; ( e . g ., a given position on a line ). the term y ( y - d , t ) represents the amplitude of the previous pixel on the preceding line ( e . g ., a vertically adjacent line ). the term y ( y + d , t ) represents the luminance level of the vertically adjacent pixel of the following line . the terms α and β are weighting functions that determine the proportions of the vertically adjacent pixels which are &# 34 ; blended &# 34 ; to arrive at the value of the interpolated pixel . in more detail , the vertical interpolation is controlled by two weighting factors α and β which themselves depend on the picture information of the current and the ( two ) adjacent field ( s ). fig1 gives an overview of the principal processing . on a display 10 in fig1 three lines n - 1 , n ( to be interpolated ) and n + 1 are depicted . pixel 12 on line &# 34 ; n &# 34 ; is to be interpolated from pixel 11 of line n - 1 and from pixel 13 of line n + 1 . the values of luminance input pixels yin and such values having been delayed in a first field store 15 and such values having been further delayed in a second field store 16 are fed to an evaluation circuit 14 in which the weighting factors α and β are calculated . fig2 illustrates the evaluation of the weighting factors α and β . in fig2 a a vertical transition at y = n in an interlace field fm is shown . in the transition region 20 one will find a range of uncertainty in which the pixel value of the missing line n could exist . this region of uncertainty can be significantly reduced by means of the information of the previous field fm - 1 provided that there is no movement in this picture part . by measuring the vertical gradient δ 1 in the upper and the vertical gradient δ 2 in the lower direction in this field fm - 1 with respect to the line y = n to be interpolated ( see fig2 b ) these gradients may be used to determine the weighting factors ( αand β ) that determine the proportions of pixels 11 and 13 that are combined to provide the interpolated pixel 12 . expressed mathematically , the gradients a 1a and a 2a may be expressed as : wherein t t is the field period ( e . g ., 20 ms for 50 hz systems ) and the term 2d is the line distance within a field . the gradients are used for evaluation of the weighting factors in accordance with the following relationships : in these formulas ε represents only a small figure , e . g . 1 lsb , just to provide a reasonable result if the gradients δ 1 and δ 2 become zero . the finest vertical detail , which can be processed correctly by this technique , is given by a width of two lines as it is illustrated in fig3 a and 3b . for a correct interpolation a modification or &# 34 ; correction &# 34 ; may be introduced which forces δ 1 or δ 2 to zero if a sign of these gradients is different from the sign of the gradient δ 3 in the current field which is the difference between the vertically adjacent pixels as shown in fig3 a . mathematically , the value of gradient 3 ( δ 3 ) is given by : the modification comprises determining the sign of gradient 3 . if the sign is positive ( e . g ., δ 3 ≧ 0 ) then gradients 1 and 2 are selected in accordance with the following relationships : conversely , if the sign is negative , the gradient values are modified or &# 34 ; corrected &# 34 ; as follows : in case of finer vertical detail the adaptive interpolation of the present invention converges to a simple vertical average as it is depicted in fig4 a and 4b . in the given situation both gradients δ 1 and δ 2 become zero . tests of this algorithm have turned out a significantly improved sharpness , but for some certain movements a staircase structure with a step size of two lines can come up ( line repetition artefact ). this artefact was found mainly due to the asymmetric temporal evaluation of α and β . therefore the processing is advantageously extended also in the other temporal direction ( field fm + 1 ) in which a second set δ 1 and δ 2 is evaluated according to the formula . with the same modification depending on δ 3 . the weighting factors are then given by : the results of this further modification of the adaptive interpolation process have indicated that the motion portrayal is better by the symmetrical temporal evaluation of α and β , but may still be some staircase artifacts along certain moving diagonal structures . different solutions are possible to overcome these distortions . a detection of a moving diagonal structure or a pattern recognition of the staircases in the reconstructed frame would be quite helpful , but rather complex . a simpler solution , in accordance with a further feature of the invention , is to force the adaptive interpolation softly to a vertical average depending on the movement . an indication of movement is already given by the changing gradient δ 1 and δ 2 from frame to frame so that a motion indicating factor can be specified by : σ =[| δ . sub . 1a - δ . sub . 1b |+| δ . sub . 2a - δ . sub . 2b |]/ maximum ( σ | δ . sub . i |, δ ), ( 14 ) for a better noise immunity and for an improved efficiency a second term is introduced in these equations in order to force the weighting coefficients stronger to a balance . for the same reason ε has been increased to five in an 8 bit processing scheme . fig5 shows the block diagram for an interpolator using the described method of the invention . the values of luminance input pixels yin are fed to a first subtractor 521 and are passed through a first line delay 511 , a second line delay 512 , a first field - minus - line delay 513 , a second field - minus - line delay 514 and a third line delay 515 to a fourth line delay 516 . the output of the first line delay 511 is subtracted in the first subtractor 521 from the input of this line delay . the output of the second line delay 512 is subtracted in a second subtracter 522 from the input of this line delay . the output of the third line delay 515 is subtracted in a third subtractor 523 from the input of this line delay . the output of the fourth line delay 516 is subtracted in a fourth subtractor 524 from the input of this line delay . the output signal δ 2b of the first subtractor 521 is either directly or via a first inverter 531 passed through a first switch 541 and a first limiter 551 ( output signal δ 2b ) to an arithmetic circuit 57 for calculating α and β . the output signal δ 1b of the second subtractor 522 is either directly or via a second inverter 532 passed through a second switch 542 and a second limiter 552 ( output signal δ 1b ) to the arithmetic circuit 57 . the output signal δ 2a of the third subtractor 523 is either directly or via a third inverter 533 passed through a third switch 543 and a third limiter 553 ( output signal δ 2a ) to the arithmetic circuit 57 . the output signal δ 1a of the fourth subtractor 524 is either directly or via a fourth inverter 534 passed through a fourth switch 544 and a fourth limiter 554 ( output signal δ 1a ) to the arithmetic circuit 57 . at the output of the first field - minus - line delay 513 the pixel values of the current line ( y = n , lc ) are available and fed to output 502 . these pixels are also passed through a fifth line delay 581 , a fifth subtractor 594 , a first multiplier 595 and a first adder 596 to out 501 which outputs pixel values of the interpolated line li . the output of the fifth line delay is subtracted in a sixth subtractor 592 from the input of this line delay . the output of this subtractor represents the gradient δ 3 of the current field and is also fed to the arithmetic circuit 57 and to a switch control 56 which controls simultaneously the four switches . in the arithmetic circuit 57 the weighting factors α and β are calculated from the described input signals , with or without usage of the motion indication factor σ . for calculating y * the formula ( a * a + b * b )/( a + b ) can be changed to : ## equ1 ## the latter expression can be used advantageously to calculate the interpolated pixel values 11 . the α and β outputs of arithmetic circuit 57 are added in a second adder 591 . the adder output passes through a reciprocal value circuit 582 and becomes multiplied in a second multiplier 593 with value α . the output of this multiplier delivers the second input for the first multiplier 595 . the input of the fifth line delay 581 is subtracted from the output of this line delay in the fifth subtractor 594 and is added in the first adder 596 to the output of the first multiplier 595 . various changes may be made to the embodiments of the invention herein shown and described . for example , more than two directly vertically adjacent pixels can be used for the inventive interpolation . it will be appreciated that the adaptive interpolator of the present invention is of general utility and may readily be applied to diverse applications such as television receivers , video cassette recorders and to studio equipment such as video standards converters and the like . the principles also apply to the processing of chrominance signals . the results of the inventive interpolation have shown that the enhancement of sharpness and the interlace flicker reduction is very obvious in picture sequences which contain a zoom of fine details . in test charts like the ` philips test chart ` the interlace flicker can be completely removed . the herein described adaptive vertical interpolation method and apparatus provide a significantly improved picture sharpness and interlace flicker reduction compared with the so - called &# 34 ; diag3x &# 34 ; interpolation algorithm described in ep - a - 92400762 . additionally , the described adaptive interpolator offers a very sensible compromise between hardware complexity , vertical resolution , vertical sharpness and remaining artifacts . moreover , the picture quality has not beed found to be compromised by new artefacts introduced by the up - conversion algorithm . | 7 |
[ 0031 ] fig2 is an outward view of representative computing hardware embodying the present invention . shown in fig2 are computer 1 executing a browser - enabled operating system , such as microsoft windows98 ®, windows nt ®, windows 2000 ®, windows xp ®, etc ., display monitor 2 for displaying text and images to a user , keyboard 4 for entering text and commands into computer 1 , and mouse 5 for manipulating and for selecting objects displayed on display monitor 2 . also included with computer 1 are fixed disk drive 6 , in which are stored application programs , such as a color management system , data files , and device drivers for controlling peripheral devices attached to computer 1 , floppy disk drive 7 for use in reading data from and writing data to floppy disks inserted therein . connected to computer 1 are printer 8 and scanner 18 . scanner 18 , as well as other input devices ( e . g ., digital camera ), may provide input from image device 100 , for example . similarly , printer 8 is one example of output device 102 . data and / or applications may also be accessed from a cd - rom via a cd - rom drive ( not shown ) or over a network , such as the world wide web (“ www ”) 10 , to which computer 1 may be connected . computer 1 may be connected to a network such as world wide web 10 via connection 9 to world wide web 10 . while the invention is described with reference to the world wide web 10 ( also referred to as the internet ), it should be apparent that the invention may be practiced with other types of networks such as an intranet , local area network , etc . connection 9 may be formed , for example , via a serial modem ( not shown ) connected to computer 1 and a telephone line which , in turn , is connected to world wide web 10 . it should be noted that computer 1 may be connected to world wide web 10 by other types of connections . display page for display on monitor 2 as well as other data or applications for use by computer 1 can be received from world wide web 10 over connection 9 . also connected to world wide web 10 , via a connection 17 , is web server 15 , which receives requests for web pages and / or data from applications ( e . g ., a web browser application ) running on computer 1 and sends a response ( e . g ., web page , data , program code , etc .) to computer 1 over world wide web 10 . it should be apparent while only one server 15 is shown in fig2 additional instances of server 15 may be accessible via world wide web 10 . like computer 1 , web server 15 is a computing system that is executing an operating system , and may include a display monitor 2 , keyboard 4 for entering text and commands and mouse 5 for manipulating and for selecting objects displayed on display monitor 2 . web server 15 further includes one or more disk drives ( e . g ., fixed disk drive 6 , floppy disk drive 7 and / or a cd - rom drive ), in which are stored application programs , data and files , and device drivers for controlling peripheral devices . a floppy disk drive , such as floppy disk drive 7 may be used to read data from and write data to floppy disks inserted therein . data and / or applications may also be accessed from a cd - rom via a cd - rom drive ( not shown ) or over a network to which web server 15 may be connected . [ 0036 ] fig3 is a block diagram of the internal architecture of computer 1 . shown in fig3 are cpu 20 , which is preferably a pentium - type microprocessor , interfaced to computer bus 22 . also interfaced to computer bus 22 are printer interface 25 , to allow computer 1 to communicate with printer 8 , modem interface 29 to enable communications between computer 1 and its internal modem , display interface 27 for interfacing with display monitor 2 , keyboard interface 28 for interfacing with keyboard 4 , mouse interface 23 for interfacing with mouse 5 , scanner interface 21 for interfacing with a scanning device , network interface 26 for interfacing with a network ( e . g ., world wide web 10 ) and interface 31 for interfacing with a device for reading from and / or writing to fixed or removable storage media ( e . g ., hard disk 6 , cd - rom , etc .). of course , if computer 1 connects to world wide web 10 by a connection other than a telephone connection , a suitable interface other than modem interface 29 may be utilized . read only memory ( rom ) 24 stores invariant computer - executable process steps for basic system functions such as basic i / o , start up , or reception of keystrokes from keyboard 4 . main random access memory ( ram ) 30 provides cpu 20 with memory storage which can be accessed quickly . in this regard , computer - executable process steps of program code are transferred from disk 6 over computer bus 22 to ram 30 and executed therefrom by cpu 20 . also shown in fig3 is disk 6 which , as described above , includes a windowing operating system , a color management system which includes , or in some manner interfaces with , program code used to dynamically select a gma according to the present invention . the program code may be stored on computer system 1 in ram , disk 6 , or on floppy disks readable by floppy disk drive 7 . in addition , program code may be downloaded from server 15 via the world wide web 10 . other applications may include word processing , spreadsheet , graphics , and gaming applications . disk 6 further includes data files and device drivers as shown . image data which includes pixel ( or color component ) data , and may include other data such as metadata , is examined in the present invention to extract characteristics of the image that are used to select a gma for use in generating an output image using the gamut transformation provided by the selected gma . the characteristics are used along with one or more weights associated with the gmas to generate prediction information for each gma , the prediction information is in turn used to select a gma . as is described in more detail below , the prediction information is based on determined preferences that correspond to the characteristics . [ 0041 ] fig4 provides a component illustration of gma selection in color management module 400 according to the present invention . in the example of fig4 image data 402 comprises metadata 403 and pixel data 404 . while , in this example , both metadata 403 and pixel data 404 are used to select a gma , it is possible to select a gma according to the present invention using one or the other alone . examples of metadata 403 include , but are not limited to descriptional information such as a title , subject description , keywords or tags , image capture conditions ( e . g ., capture source , date / time of capture , aperture , exposure time , flash use ), etc . the “ dig35 specification ”, which is incorporated herein by reference , provides examples of metadata for use with digital images . file formats such as the mpeg 7 , jpeg and exif file formats may include metadata in one form or another . however , any file format that accommodates the use of metadata may be used with the present invention . pixel data 404 comprise one or more bytes that represent a color , grayscale or bi - level representation of the pixel . in a color representation , each pixel defined by pixel data 404 comprises color component definitions for each component that makes up a color . for example , where color is defined in the rgb color space , each pixel is represented by red , green and blue color component data . similarly , if the cmyk color space is used , a color is represented by cyan , magenta , yellow and black color component data . pixel data 404 may be defined in other color spaces in addition to the rgb and cmyk color spaces . for example , a device independent color space ( e . g ., cie xyz , lab and luv ) may be used to represent a color within pixel data 404 . pixel data may also be represented in a palletized format . metadata 403 is passed to image characterizer 405 a and is parsed using a natural language interpreter or other interpreter . that is , image characterizer 405 a analyzes metadata 403 to identify information contained therein so as to determine characteristics of image data 402 ( e . g ., a type such as a picture or business graphics ) and passes its findings to selection engine 407 . selection engine 407 combines the information with known strengths and / or weaknesses of gmas to select a gma . for example , if metadata 405 a contains aperture data , the image can be identified as a photograph , and a gma that has been determined by the present invention to be preferred with photos may be selected by selection engine 407 . image characterizers may include either statistical characteristics , semantic characteristics or both . in semantic characterization approaches , pixel image data is interpreted to determine what pixel data 404 and / or metadata 403 represents . for example , a semantic characterizer may look for objects such as faces or landscapes in the pixel data 404 or examine metadata 403 to interpret what is represented by image 402 . in addition to the findings supplied by image characterizer 405 a , findings from image characterizer 405 b are supplied to selection engine 407 . image characterizer 405 b operates on pixel data 404 to generate image characteristics . image characterizers 404 a and 405 b may implement a semantic approach ( described above ), a statistical approach , or both . a statistical approach compiles statistics by examining each pixel of image data to generate histograms or other statistical results ( e . g ., center of gravity or mean chroma ). examples of statistical characteristics include examination of pixels to detect redness , contrast , hue , chroma , colorfulness , flesh tones , clusters of colors , etc . other examples of statistical characteristics that suggest business graphics include the presence of flat shaded areas ( or a number of pixels of the same color ), very smooth gradients or gradients used with known business - graphics imaging applications such as powerpoint . other statistical characterizers may determine when an image is high , mid or low key , determine the amount of texture in the image , or the texture at high saturation versus the texture at a low saturation within the image . for example , as a redness characterizer , image characterizer 405 b may determine a cielab metric hue angle and a cielab metric chroma for each pixel of pixel data 404 , and determine the proportion of pixels that have a hue angle within a given range ( e . g ., between 22 . 5 and 67 . 5 degrees ) and a cielab metric chroma that is equal to or exceeds a given threshold ( e . g ., 5 . 0 ). a hue image characterizer collects hue information for each of the pixels of pixel data 404 in a frequency table . similarly , a chroma histogram image characterizer collects chroma information for each of the pixels in a frequency table . a colorfulness image characterizer determines the proportion of pixels with cielab metric chromas greater than or equal to a threshold value ( e . g ., 80 ). the above are meant as examples only , and it should be apparent that image characterizers 405 a and 405 b may be used to generate any type of image characteristics . in addition , any number of image characterizers 405 a and 405 b may be used with the present invention . the findings of image characterizers 405 a to 405 b become input to selection engine 407 and are used to select a gma to generate output image 409 . that is , selection engine 407 uses the findings of image characterizers 405 a to 405 b to select a gma , from gmas 410 , that is likely to provide a preferred output image from image 402 based on determined preferences for gmas 410 . examples of gmas 410 include , but are not limited to , carisma , cllin , cinc , llin , lnlin , lclip , lslin and gcusp . a discussion of such gamut mapping algorithms may be found in the doctoral dissertation of jan marovic entitled “ to develop a universal gamut mapping algorithm ” ( university of derby , 1997 ), which is incorporated herein by reference . the selected gma is used by color management module 408 to generate output image 409 from image 402 . the selection that is made by selection engine 407 is based on the characteristics of image 402 as well as weights 406 . weights 406 are generated based on the preferences of one or more observers for output images generated by gmas 410 from input images having the same , or similar , characteristics as image 402 . as is explained in more detail below , image characteristics are coupled with weights 406 to generate predictions for gmas 410 that are used by selection engine 407 to select a gma from gmas 410 . weights 406 are determined based on an empirical testing involving the collection of observer preferences to output images generated by gmas 410 from input test images whose characteristics have been determined according to the present invention . fig5 provides a process overview for collecting empirical information that is used to generate weights 406 according to the present invention . it should be apparent that the number of images , gmas and image characterizers used is for illustrative purposes , and that the present invention is not limited to those shown in fig5 . briefly , test images such as images 501 a and 501 b are input to empirical testing 502 and image characterization 508 to generate preferences 510 and image characteristics 511 , respectively , which are used to generate weights 406 . images 501 a and 501 b , which may comprise metadata 403 , pixel data 404 , or both , are each input to gmas 503 and 504 as part of a image transformation such as that described with reference to blocks 103 to 105 of fig1 . output images 503 a and 504 a are generated from input image 501 a using gmas 503 and 504 , respectively . similarly , output images 503 b and 504 b are generated from input image 501 b and gmas 503 and 504 , respectively . output images 503 a , 503 b , 504 a and 504 b are viewed by observer ( s ) 507 to determine their preferences 510 . that is , for example , the percentage of observer ( s ) 507 that prefer output image 504 a over output image 503 a is identified , and vice versa . both output images 503 a and 504 a were generated from input image 501 a using different gmas ( i . e ., gmas 503 and 504 ). preferences 510 comprise a preference of observer ( s ) 507 to output images 503 a and 504 a and are combined with the characteristics of input images 501 a to identify the strengths and / or weaknesses associated with a particular gma given particular image characteristics . preferences 510 also include preferences with respect to output images 503 b and 504 b . to obtain image characteristics 511 , images 501 a and 501 b are input to image characterization 508 . image characterization 508 may comprise any number and type of characterizers that determine characteristics of images 501 a and 501 b . image 501 a is input to image characterizers 505 and 506 to yield image characteristics 505 a and 506 a . similarly , image 501 b is input to image characterizers 505 and 506 to yield image characteristics 505 b and 506 b . the empirical data , which comprises preferences 510 and image characteristics 511 , are used to generate weights for a gma and image characteristic combination . the weights are used to generate prediction information . the empirical data corresponding to the gmas is gathered that reflects the strengths and weaknesses of particular gmas with regard to characteristics of image data . for a given characteristic , input images which vary with respect to the degree or amount of characteristic ( e . g ., input images that vary with respect to the degree of redness of the images ) are input to each of the gmas , and for a given input image a percentage of observer ( s ) 507 that prefer a given output image ( i . e ., images generated for each gma from the input ) is recorded along with the value of the characteristic for the input image . the recorded preferences , which may be recorded as a percentage of observer ( s ) 507 that prefer a given image , are then used to generate a scoring for each gma relative to the characteristic . [ 0058 ] fig6 illustrates a flow diagram of process steps to generate weights from collected empirical data for use in generating scores for gma selection according to the present invention . at step s 601 , a determination is made whether all of the characteristics for which weights 406 are to be generated have been processed . if so , processing ends . if not , processing continues at step s 602 to determine whether all of the input images for a given characteristic have been processed . if not , processing continues at step s 603 to generate a value for a characteristic of the input image using a characterizer ( e . g ., image characterizers 405 a and 405 b ). at step s 604 , an output image is generated using each of the gmas from the input image . at step s 605 , preferences ( e . g ., preferences 510 ) of observer ( s ) 507 are recorded . that is , from the output images that are generated in step s 604 , the output image that is preferred by each of observer ( s ) 507 is recorded . processing continues at step s 602 to process any remaining input images . for example , another input image that contains a different level of the characteristic , or that has a particular combination of characteristics , may be processed to obtain observer ( s ) preferences 510 . if it is determined , at step s 602 , that all of the input images have been processed , processing continues at step s 606 to initialize a slope summary variable that is updated to include an aggregate of the slopes for each gma for the characteristic . at step s 607 , a determination is made whether a slope has been determined for each of the gmas . if not , processing continues at step s 608 . as is described below with reference to fig8 a , the data that is collected for a given gma and characteristic may be plotted with the preference on one axis and characteristic value on another axis . at step s 608 , a straight line is calculated ( e . g ., using a straight line fit function ) from the characteristic and preference data collected for a given gma and characteristic . at step s 609 , a slope is determined for the line generated in step s 608 . at step s 610 , the slope is added to the aggregate slope variable , and processing continues at step s 607 to calculate a slope for any remaining gmas . if it is determined , at step s 607 , that there are no more gmas for the given characteristic , processing continues at step s 611 to generate a score for each gma . a gma &# 39 ; s score is determined to be the ratio of the gma &# 39 ; s slope to the aggregate slope value ( i . e ., the sum of the slopes generated in step s 610 from the slopes determined for each of the gmas in step s 609 ). [ 0064 ] fig7 illustrates an overview of a process of collecting observer preferences 510 conducted in steps s 604 and s 605 with regard to a redness characteristic according to the present invention . the redness characteristic may be based on the cielab metric hue angle of pixel data 404 . a range of hue angles may be used to identify a high , medium and low amount of redness . images 701 to 703 , which contain varying degrees of redness , are transformed using gmas 704 to 706 . output images 704 a , 705 a and 706 a are generated from image 701 a ( which contains a high degree of redness ), and based on observations of observer ( s ) 507 , the output image generated by gma 704 was preferred by 50 % of observer ( s ) 507 and was preferred more frequently than the images generated by gmas 705 and 706 . that is , with respect to images that have a high degree of redness , gma 704 is preferred over gmas 705 and 706 . as indicated in fig7 a similar approach may be repeated with images that contain medium and low degrees of redness . as a result , it is possible to identify which one of gmas 704 to 706 is preferable for images that contain high , medium and low amounts of redness . based on the results indicated in fig7 if redness is the only characteristic used to select a gma , gma 704 is preferred in a case that an image has a high level of redness , gma 705 is preferred with a medium amount of redness and gma 706 is preferred for images with a low redness level . of course , in the above example , only the redness characteristic is used to identify preferences 510 associated with a given gma , and then to select a gma based on these preferences . it is possible using the present invention to determine preferences for combinations of image characteristics . thus , for example , a colorfulness characteristic may also be determined for images 701 a to 701 c . in so doing , it is possible that another set of preferences may be derived from preferences 510 of observer ( s ) 507 , which corresponds to a combination of a redness characteristic ( e . g ., a high degree of redness ) and a colorfulness characteristic ( e . g ., a low degree of colorfulness ), for example . preferences 510 of observer ( s ) 507 are used to generate one or more weights associated with a gma that are used to predict an optimal gma for an image with a given set of characteristics . referring again to fig6 once it is determined at step s 602 that all of the test input images have been processed to obtain gma preferences 510 , processing continues at step s 606 to generate a weight for each gma and tested characteristic . various techniques may be used to generate the weights . an exemplary technique is described above with reference to fig6 which involves determining , for each characteristic and gma combination , a slope of a straight line generated from “ x ” and “ y ” values , where the x - values correspond to values of the characteristic and the y - values correspond to the percentage of observer ( s ) 507 that selected the gma for a given characteristic value . in this example , the prediction score for a given gma relative to a specific characteristic is a ratio of the gma &# 39 ; s slope to the sum of the slopes for all of the gmas . using the technique described in fig6 once all of the test images have been processed for a given characteristic , a slope is determined for each gma based on the preferences 510 of observer ( s ) 507 , and a weighting is generated based on a ratio of the gma &# 39 ; s slope to the aggregate of the slopes of all of the gmas . for each gma , a straight line is determined using the recorded preferences 510 associated with a gma . a slope is determined for the line , and the gma &# 39 ; s line slope is added to the aggregate slope . once all of the gmas have been processed , a weight is determined for each gma that is the ratio of a gma &# 39 ; s slope to the aggregate slope . [ 0071 ] fig8 a illustrates data graphs corresponding to three gmas , the data graphs represent preferences 510 of observer ( s ) 507 with respect to a given characteristic . values for the given characteristic are plotted along the x - axis , and preferences 510 of observer ( s ) 507 are plotted along the y - axis . line graphs 802 to 804 are each associated with a different gma , and are generated from data for each gma that represents preferences 510 for the gma given a value of the characteristic . each of points 801 represents a “ y ” percent of observer ( s ) 507 that preferred the gma when a characteristic of the input image had an “ x ” value . line graphs 802 to 804 may be generated using a method such as a straight line fit method ( e . g ., linear regression ). each of line graphs 802 to 804 has a corresponding slope which is calculated and used to determine a weighting as described above . [ 0072 ] fig8 b illustrates a gma selection based on predictors determined for each gma based on the weightings derived from the empirical data obtained from preferences 510 and image characterizations according to the present invention . the example of fig8 b includes prediction information that is generated from first - order weights and prediction information generated from second - order weights . second - order weights are some combination of two or more first - order weights . it should be apparent that third , fourth , etc . order weights may also be used with the present invention . in addition , any technique may be used to combine weights . for the sake of example , line graphs 802 to 804 of fig8 a have slopes of 3 , 1 and 6 , respectively . referring to first - order weights 810 , for example , if the characteristic plotted in fig8 a is redness , line graphs 802 to 804 correspond to gma1 , gma2 and gma3 , respectively . the value in weights 810 that corresponds to gma1 is determined to be the slope of line graph 803 over the sum of the slopes of lines graphs 802 to 804 , { fraction ( 1 / 10 )} or 0 . 1 . the remaining values in weights 810 are calculated in the same manner . referring to weights 810 , if the characteristic plotted on the x - axis of fig8 a is colorfulness , based on the values of weights 810 that correspond to colorfulness , line graphs 802 to 804 represent gma3 , gma2 and gma1 , respectively . if the x - axis is used to plot the sky blue characteristic , line graphs 802 to 804 represent gma2 , gma3 and gma1 , respectively . weights 810 are used with determined characteristics of an image to derive a weighted score , or predictor , which is in turn used to select a gma . in the example of fig8 b , redness , colorfulness and sky blue characteristics of the image are used to predict a preferred gma . predictors 813 a are obtained from image characteristics 812 a and weights 810 . based on predictors 813 a , gma1 has the best score for the given image characteristics 812 a and is selected . to derive predictors 813 a according to the present invention , for each gma , each characteristic &# 39 ; s value in image characteristics 812 a is multiplied by its corresponding weight in weights 810 , and the products are summed . a predictor is obtained for gma1 using the following exemplary formula : redness char . value * gma 1 &# 39 ; s redness weighting + colorfulness char . value * gma 1 &# 39 ; s colorfulness weighting + sky blue char . value * gma 1 &# 39 ; s sky blue weighting in the case of gma1 , a predictor score of 0 . 39 is obtained as follows : predictor scores for gma2 and gma3 based on image characteristics 812 a and weights 810 , which are obtained in a similar fashion , are 0 . 26 and 0 . 35 , respectively . accordingly , gma1 is selected , since it has the best score of predictors 813 a . using image characteristics 812 b and weights 810 , predictors 813 b are obtained for gma1 , gma2 and gma3 . similarly , predictors 813 c are derived from image characteristics 812 c and weights 810 . based on predictors 813 b , gma3 is selected for an image having image characteristics 812 b . gma2 is selected based on predictors 813 c for an image with image characteristics 812 c . each column in weights 810 represent a single characteristic , and each row corresponds to a given gma . it is possible for a column to reflect more than one characteristic , or a combination of characteristics . second - order weights 811 provide an example of a combined weight . weight 811 represents a combination of the redness characteristic and the sky blue characteristics . the redness - sky blue second - order weighting is determined for each gma as follows : a similar approach is taken to derive the second - order weights 814 a for gma2 and gma3 , and for deriving weights 814 b and 814 c for gma1 , gma2 and gma3 . predictors 815 a are derived using first - order weights 810 and second - order weights 811 . in this example , each gma &# 39 ; s predictors 815 a is derived by subtracting the gma &# 39 ; s second - order weight 814 a from its corresponding predictor 813 a . based on predictors 815 a , gma1 is selected , since it has the best score . predictors 815 b and 815 c are derived in the same manner as predictors 815 a , and reflect both second - order and first - order weights . in the example of fig8 b , use of second - order weights 814 a to 814 c to derive predictors 815 a to 815 c , respectively , results in a different gma being selected in the case of predictors 815 b and 815 c . that is , a different gma is selected than that selected when using predictors 813 b and 813 c . weights 810 and 811 are given in the form of a matrix in fig8 b with each column containing a coefficient ( i . e ., or weighting ) that is applied to a value of the same characteristic found in an input image to generate predictor score as discussed above . a coefficient may represent a linear term ( e . g ., a single term such as colorfulness or redness ) or a non - linear term which represents some combination of linear terms ( e . g ., a combination of redness and sky blue terms ). a neural network may be used by selection engine 407 . a neural network is typically organized in layers , with each layer comprising a number of interconnected nodes with associated functions . according to the present invention , an input layer receives the characteristics of an image which are operated on by one or more internal layers of the neural network to generate prediction information which is in turn used to select a gma . in the training phase , each of the nodes of the internal layer ( s ) generates a weight which the neural network determines based on initial weights ( e . g ., weights 810 , 811 and / or results based on a threshold comparison ) and error corrections performed by the neural net . once the neural network is “ trained ”, it switches to become a selection tool that receives as input the characteristics of an image ( e . g ., image 402 ) and provides as output a selected gma . for example , a “ redness node ” of the input layer can generate a predictor based on an image &# 39 ; s level of redness and a weighting associated with the redness characteristic . similarly , a “ colorfulness node ” may generate a weighting based on whether ( and / or to what extent ) the image &# 39 ; s colorfulness characteristic value exceeded a colorfulness threshold . output can then be used by other nodes in the same or a subsequent layer to arrive at a selected gma . a gma that is selected according to the present invention is in turn used to generate an output image . fig9 illustrates a flow diagram of process steps to select a gma and generate an output image from an input image using the selected gma according to the present invention . at step s 901 , an input image ( e . g ., image 402 ) is characterized using image characterizers ( e . g ., 405 a and / or 405 b ) to generate image characteristics . in order to perform the image characterizations , image 402 may be converted to an intermediate form ( e . g ., an appearance form such as that operated on in block 104 of fig1 ), but need not be . that is , according to the present invention , image characterizers 405 a and 405 b may use the raw input image data , or some form thereof . at step s 902 , the collected image characteristics are input to selection engine 407 to select a gma . as discussed above , the collected image characteristics are coupled with weights 406 to generate scoring which is in turn used to select a gma . at step s 903 , a transform is created based on the selected gma and device characteristics , or profiles . at step s 904 , input image 402 is gamut transformed using the transform created in step s 903 . in order to perform the transformation , input image 402 is preferably converted to an appearance form ( or device independent form ) before it is transformed using the transformation created in step s 903 . a color management system may provide an application programming interface ( api ) to be used by an application program to perform the steps of fig9 . fig1 a and 10b illustrate examples of an application programming interface ( api ) which provide an interface to functions which perform the process steps of fig9 . referring first to fig1 a , a function , named analyze_image , receives as input the image ( input image 402 ) and generates image characteristics as output . the analyze_image function causes input image 402 to be characterized by one or more image characterizers ( e . g ., image characterizers 405 a and / or 405 b ). the image characteristics output by analyze_image become input to the select_gma function , which uses the image characteristics and weights 406 to select a gma as discussed above . the select_gma function outputs a gma selection ( i . e ., an identification of the selected gma ). the gma selection and device profile information become input to the sequence_transform function , which outputs a transformation . the apply_gma function uses the transformation generated by sequence_transform to output a transformed image . in the api example of fig1 a , each of steps s 901 to s 904 is performed in a separate call the api . in so doing , it is possible for a program developer to have some visibility into the functionality of the api . in addition , the data that is output by the functions may be made available to the calling program for some other use . for example , the image characteristics that are output by the analyze_image function may be retained so that the image characterization need not be repeated . for example , the image characteristics may be saved as metadata in input image 402 . similarly , other data , which is generated by the api , ( e . g ., the transform output of sequence_transform ) may be retained separately or as part of input image 402 . while a separate function is used for each of steps s 901 to s 904 in the example of fig1 a , it is possible to combine the functionality . for example , steps s 901 may be performed by analyze_image , and steps s 902 to s 904 may be performed in a single function . as another alternative , the steps of fig9 may be combined to achieve performance advantages . for example , steps s 901 and s 902 may be performed by a personal computing system such as computer 1 , and steps s 903 and s 904 may be performed by a raster image processor ( rip ) which is dedicated to performing the tasks associated with steps s 903 and s 904 . in such a case , for example , an asic may be used to process the image data to perform steps s 903 and s 904 . an application that uses the color management capabilities of the present invention may use the functionality of the api provided in fig1 a by including the appropriate syntax in the application &# 39 ; s program code for invoking the functions provided . however , there may be a desire not to alter the program code of existing applications in order to make use of the functionality of the present invention . in such a case , it is possible to use an api such as that provided in fig1 b . in the example of fig1 b , it is assumed that an application program makes calls to two functions ( i . e ., create_transform and transform_pixels ) to generate a gamut transformed output image . in order to make use of the present invention &# 39 ; s capabilities without the need to alter existing application program code , dynamic selection of a gma according to the present invention may be embedded within the transform_pixels api function . in addition , the same data structures are used in the invocation of the functions . by doing so , there is no need to alter existing application program code in order to dynamically select a gma according to the present invention . for example , a call to the create_transform function includes as input a device profile ( or profiles ) and an “ intent ” data structure , which identifies preferences ( e . g ., calorimetric , saturation and perceptual preferences ). according to the present invention , the same information is input to the create_transform function . however , instead of creating a transform using the profile and intent input , create_transform outputs a transform data structure which contains the profile and intent data . in this example , the create_transform function operates to pass its input on to the transform_pixels function . the transform_pixels function uses the profile and intent information stored in the transform data structure and the image as input to perform steps s 901 to s 904 . that is , a call to the transform_pixels function results in the generation of image characteristics , selection of a gma , creation of a transform using the selected gma , and application of the transform to the selected image . using the modules as described above , dynamic selection of a gma occurs within an existing function ( i . e ., transform_pixels ) of the api . therefore , an application program that calls the api need not be aware that a gma is being dynamically selected . thus , the dynamic selection is transparent to the application program that invokes the program interfaces of the color management system . advantageously , there is therefore no need to alter the application programs that invoke the program color management system &# 39 ; s modules . in fig1 a to 10 b , device profile ( s ) which are used may be particular to a given imaging device , and comprise settings or other information that are used to calibrate the device so that output of the device is consistent across time and across devices . a device profile is generated using a device characterization process that maps desired results with the capabilities of the device . for example , through characterization , it is possible to take into account the gamut boundaries of the device , and to map known colors to the device &# 39 ; s color gamut . color profiles such as an icc ( international color consortium ) profile provides a format for storing device characterizations and include tags that identify the characterization data . in the present invention , a new tag may be used to store the matrix values ( e . g ., weights 810 and 811 ) and / or information used to train the neural network . advantageously , if the weights are different for each device , storing the weightings in each device &# 39 ; s profile allows the present invention , and the color management system that uses the present invention , to be customized to a particular device . if , however , the weightings are the same across devices , they may be stored external to the device profile ( s ) and accessed to initialize selection engine 407 for use with any device . in this regard , the invention has been described with respect to particular illustrative embodiments . however , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments and that various changes and modifications may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention . | 6 |
“ home and personal care ( hpc ) products ” means all products , goods and services relating to the treatment , cleaning , caring or conditioning of either or both of the following ( i ) the person , ( ii ) the home and its contents . the foregoing shall include , but not be limited to , chemicals , compositions , products , or combinations thereof having a use or application in treatment , cleaning , cleansing , caring or conditioning of the person ( including in particular the skin , hair and oral cavity ) and / or household care and laundry care products for the treatment , cleaning , caring or conditioning of surfaces , furniture and atmosphere of the home and household contents , including laundry , and the manufacture of all of the foregoing . this definition shall also include , but not be limited to , any packaging , tools or devices for use with the same . “ household care product ” means all products , goods and services relating to the treatment , cleaning , caring or conditioning of the home and its contents . the foregoing shall include , but not be limited to , chemicals , compositions , products , or combinations thereof having a use or application in treatment , cleaning , caring or conditioning of surfaces , furniture and atmosphere of the home and household contents , and the manufacture of all of the foregoing . this definition shall also include , but not be limited to , any packaging , tools or devices for use with the same . “ laundry care product ” means all products , goods and services relating to the treatment , cleaning , caring or conditioning of clothes , fabrics and clothes fibres . the foregoing shall include , but not be limited to , chemicals , compositions , products , or combinations thereof having a use or application in treatment , cleaning , caring or conditioning of clothes , fabrics and clothes , fibres and also uses or applications of the foregoing in relation to irritation control , reduction of product linked skin reactions , skin moisturisation and barrier improvements , skin sensory reactions ( itch , sting , burn ), reduction of skin visible reactions e . g . redness and wheal and flare , and / or reduction of allergic responses ( to laundry products and ingredients ). this definition shall also include , but not be limited to , any packaging , tools or devices for use with the same . “ personal care product ” means all products , goods and services relating to the treatment , cleaning , cleansing , caring or conditioning of the person . the foregoing shall include , but not be limited to , chemicals , compositions , products , or combinations thereof having a use or application in treatment , cleaning , cleansing , caring or conditioning of the person ( including in particular the skin , hair and oral cavity ) and the manufacture of all of the foregoing . this definition shall also include , but not be limited to , any packaging , tools or devices for use with the same . “ skin product ” means products that are intended to be marketed and sold for use in skin care . the benefits of skin care products may include : skin color control or pigmentation ( lightening or darkening ), skin ageing treatment , skin ageing prevention , cellulite reduction , sensitive skin reaction reduction ( itch , sting , burn ), skin greasiness and sebum control , acne reduction , skin moisturisation , skin barrier improvement , reduction of skin dryness ( flakiness ), and / or skin shine improvement . “ hair product ” means all products , goods and services relating to the treatment , cleaning , perfuming , colouring , styling , caring or conditioning of hair , hair fibres and / or scalp . the foregoing shall include , but not be limited to , chemicals , compositions , products , or combinations thereof having a use or application to treat , clean , perfume , colour , style , care or condition any of the hair , hair fibres and / or scalp , and the manufacture of all of the foregoing in or as hair care or other personal care products . this definition shall also include , but not be limited to , any packaging , delivery means , tools or devices that may have use with the same . “ oral product ” means products intended to provide benefits in the field of oral care ( oral cavity ) which field shall include but not be limited to oral hygiene , teeth and gum care , reduction of gum diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis , dental caries and oral sloughing , reduction or masking of bad breath , and / or dental cleaning , whitening , pigmentation and coloring and all products or services that are intended to be marketed and sold for use as or in the foregoing . “ deodorant and antiperspirant product ” means products that are intended to be marketed and sold for use to prevent or modify body odor or perspiration . deodorant and antiperspirants may have one or more of the following benefits : perspiration control ( wetness control ), prolonged wetness control , malodour and its control , hair removal and hair control , hair growth inhibition , irritation reduction and control , pigmentation reduction and control ( includes post - inflammatory hyperpigmentation ), and / or underarm flakiness and moisturisation . the gel polymer is cross linked dmaa ( dimethyl acrylamide ). the dmaa monomer may be used to form a homopolymer or it may be copolymerised with another monomer . preferably an initiator and an accelerator are also used in the polymerisation . the crosslinker , any co monomer and the other major components of the gel apart from dmaa should be chosen bearing in mind low toxicity , low skin sensitisation and other desirable properties of any material that will be used in contact with the human skin , or will come into contact with the skin as an inevitable side effect of their use ( e . g . by use in laundry washing products ). the initiator is preferably ammonium persulphate ( aps ). it is preferably used in an amount of from 0 . 3 to 2 . 5 parts based on 100 parts monomer , more preferably it is used in the range 0 . 4 to 1 . 5 most preferably 0 . 5 to 0 . 8 parts . the crosslinker is preferably methylenebisacrylamide ( bis ). it is preferably used in the range 0 . 1 to 0 . 3 parts based on 100 part monomer , most preferably 0 . 15 to 0 . 25 parts . the accelerator is preferably tetramethylethylenediamine ( temd ). it is preferably used in the range 3 to 7 parts based on 100 parts monomer , more preferably 4 to 6 parts . the macroscopic hydrated gel structure may be made by a process wherein the gel comprises surfactant and the amount of initiator is adjusted to control the macroscopic structure formation . in this case the weight ratio of surfactant to initiator is preferably in the range 4 : 1 to 20 : 1 for anionic surfactant and 2 : 1 to 10 : 1 for cationic surfactant . the polymerisation reaction may take place over a preferred temperature range of 10 to 60 ° c ., more preferably 20 to 40 ° c . the reaction time may be from 1 to 24 hours , preferably from 2 to 6 hours . the oxygen concentration may lie in the range 5 to 40 %; preferably it lies in the range 9 to 27 %. the gel product can be used as is , either free or fixed to a solid surface , especially one on which it has been polymerised . this could be the inside of a package ; especially if the package is transparent . the invention will now be further described , by way of example only , and with reference to the drawings , of which : fig1 a is a depiction of gel patterns with sa monomer (= 2 mg ), fig1 b is a depiction of gel patterns with nipa monomer (= 1 . 9 mg ), fig1 c is a depiction of gel patterns with dmaa monomer (= 2 . 4 mg ), fig2 is a phase diagram of dmaa gel slabs where [ i ]= initiator concentration . fig3 is a photograph of examples of dmaa surface deformation and buckling . fig4 a average surface roughness of varying initiator concentration [ i ] and temperature t . fig4 b effective surface roughness ( esr ) of varying initiator concentration [ i ] and temperature t . fig5 a average surface roughness of varying oxygen concentration and temperature . where [ o 2 ] is the oxygen concentration . fig5 b esr of varying oxygen concentration and temperature . where [ o 2 ] is the oxygen concentration . we have further investigated the quasi 2d pattern formation with radical polymerization as described by katsuragi . first , we investigated other less toxic monomers to see if one could be identified to replace the acrylamide used in the prior art . we also investigated the effect of polymerization initiator concentration and temperature . in addition , oxygen diffusion , which is known as an inhibitor for radical polymerization , was found to have a significant control over pattern formation dynamics . these three parameters were varied systematically and correlated to measurements of effective surface roughness of the resultant macroscopic pattern . the macroscopic patterns obtained are reminiscent of other dissipative structures ( e . g ., turing patterns ), and were found to be a strong function of polymerization initiator concentration and temperature . in addition , oxygen diffusion , which is known as an inhibitor for radical polymerization , had significant control over pattern formation dynamics . these three parameters were varied systematically and correlated to measurements of effective surface roughness of resultant pattern . pre - gel solution is poured onto a petri - dish , and it is left about 2 hours . then , spontaneous surface deformation occurs depending on the experimental condition . in the prior art aa gel is used as a monomer . we tested three further monomers : sodium acrylate ( sa , mw = 94 . 05 ), n - isopropylacrylamide ( nipa , mw = 113 . 16 ), and dimethylacrylamide ( dmaa , mw = 99 . 13 ). we used the prior art acrylamide gel formation as a comparative reference . in all examples , methylenbisacrylamide ( bis ) is used as the cross linker and , ammonium persulfate ( aps ) are used as initiator of , and tetramethylethlyenediamine ( temd ) accelerator of , the radical polymerization . in all cases , 6 mg bis , 70 μl temd , and 10 mg aps are dissolved to 12 ml deionized water under the room temperature . sample preparation and temperature control method are thus essentially the same as used in the prior art for acrylamide gel formation . however , we now additionally control the ambient oxygen concentration using an airtight chamber and o2 , n2 gas cylinders to control gas fraction . after 2 hours polymerization , resulting surface patterns are taken by a ccd camera , and the photos are processed by a pc . in fig1 a , 1 b , and 1 c , typical patterns observed with each monomer are shown . it is hard to see a surface deformation with sa gel and nipa gel . the dmaa gel shows a relatively clear surface pattern more or less similar to the reference aa gel . thus , it appears that dmaa is a suitable alternative material to aa . we systematically made dmaa gel slabs under various experimental conditions and composed the phase diagram as shown in fig2 . the specific experimental conditions are shown in table 1 . the surface deformation pattern appears between the completely flat gelation (“ flat ”) and the incomplete gelation (“ not - gelation ”). this means that the inhibition of polymerization is a crucial process to make surface instability . in addition , the large scale buckling can be observed in the marginal region between the “ surface deformation ” and “ not - gelation ”. in the surface deformation pattern , the bottom plane of the gel slab is flat ( i . e ., the deformation is limited on the top surface ), while the buckling includes bottom deformation . a noticeable feature of fig2 phase diagram is wide patterning region in the relatively low temperature regime . this appears to be a characteristic feature of dmaa pattern formation and is different from the prior art aa . in order to quantify the degree of surface deformation , we employed the standard deviation of 2d photos . we can recognize the surface deformation through the contrast of 2d photos ( like fig3 ). this suggests that the standard deviation of 2d photos can be used as an indicator of the surface deformation degree . in fig3 , typical 2d pictures with varying initiator concentration are presented . 1 . 8 ml dmaa , 4 mg bis , 70 μl temd , and 11 ml deionised water are used . environmental temperature is controlled as 30 degree celsius . the amount of initiator ( aps ) is varied as 3 ( a ) 10 , 3 ( b ) 12 , 3 ( c ) 14 , 3 ( d ) 16 , 3 ( e ) 18 , 3 ( f ) 20 mg , respectively . as can be seen in fig3 , increasing initiator concentration tends to suppress the surface deformation . moreover , buckling can be observed in very low initiator levels . we seek to avoid such a buckling regime when using the technology to make home and personal care products . to characterize these photos , central part ( 1 , 000 pix .× 1 , 000 pix .) of raw data ( 3 , 072 pix .× 2 , 304 pix .) is extracted from each photo . then , the data are translated to 8 bit gray scale , and finally the standard deviation and average of the photo intensity values are computed . we define this standard deviation as the effective surface roughness ( esr ). first , we vary the initiator concentration and temperature under atmospheric condition ( ambient oxygen concentration is about 21 %). since the surface deformation regime is limited as shown in fig2 phase diagram , the completely independent change of initiator concentration and temperature is difficult . we have to adjust both of them simultaneously to create surface deformation pattern . we show the computed average and esr values in fig4 . while almost the constant average intensity is confirmed in fig4 ( a ), increasing esr is observed for decreasing initiator concentration . this trend is consistent with pictures in fig3 . the almost constant average indicates the reproducible lighting and / or other external noise factors . the negative correlation between the esr and initiator concentration implies that the more the initiator , the more stable the polymerization . as a result , a uniform flat slab is created in the case with sufficient amount of initiator polymerization . next , the ambient oxygen and temperature are maintained to create surface deformed slabs . we have to vary the initiator concentration as well to create clear surface deformation , owing to the narrow patterning regime ( same reason as previous fig4 case ). the measured average intensity and esr are shown in fig5 . constant average intensity is the same trend as fig4 case . however , the esr and oxygen concentration shows positive correlation . this trend is consistent with the inhibition effect of oxygen in radical polymerization . the oxygen scavenges and stops the radical polymerization , so that the flat surface is inhomogeneous and unstable . this is presumably the principal origin of surface instability . this oxygen inhibitor effect corresponds to the counter against the initiator stabilizing effect . | 2 |
referring now more particularly to fig1 a surveyor 10 wearing a backpack 12 and carrying a sensor 14 moves back and forth across a property site designated generally by reference numeral 100 . for purposes of illustration only , it will be assumed that sensor 14 is a radiation sensor , although sensor 14 may be any type of sensor or instrument used to extract data from the property site , such as a metal or gas detector . inside backpack 12 are a data signal transmission means , an ultrasonic transmitter and a microprocessor ( none of which are shown in fig1 ) which will be used in combination with the radiation sensor 14 . for purposes of illustration only , it will be assumed that the data signal transmission means is a radio frequency ( rf ) transmitter , although the data signal transmission means may be any type of data signal transmission means such as a coaxial cable or optical transmission system . two antennas 16 and 18 extend from the backpack 12 , one , 16 , for the ultrasonic transmitter and the other , 18 , for the rf transmitter , both of which are carried inside the backpack 12 . at predetermined time intervals , these ultrasonic and rf transmitters simultaneously transmit ultrasonic and radio signals 20 and 22 , respectively . the predetermined time interval should be long enough to allow the ultrasonic signals 20 to clear the area being surveyed . for example , if the property site is approximately 1000 feet across at its longest diagonal , the predetermined time interval should be about one second where the speed of sound is approximately 1100 ft / sec . the time interval may also be longer as desired . the rf signal 22 carries radiation information detected by sensor 14 and is sent to a computer 24 via a receiver 29 . the ultrasonic signal 20 is sent to a plurality of ultrasonic transceivers 30a , b , c . . . mounted on perimeter stations 28a , b , c . . . set up around the property site 100 . desirably , the perimeter stations are set up at the boundaries of the property to be surveyed , but it should be understood that the stations may be positioned on or in the vicinity of the property , so long as their positions with respect to the property are known . computer 24 may be a personal computer such as an ibm pc , housed in an equipment trailer 26 parked at the property site , which can communicate with the backpack 12 via rf signal 22 and receive signals from perimeter stations 28a , b , c . . . via receiver 29 . alternatively , computer 24 might be part of the apparatus carried by the surveyor . the ultrasonic transceivers 30a , b , c . . . mounted on the perimeter stations 28a , b , c . . . on the property site boundary listen for the ultrasonic signal 20 . as each transceiver 30a , b , c . . . hears the ultrasonic signal 20 , the respective arrivals of the ultrasonic signal 20 at the transceivers 30a , b , c . . . are announced to the computer 24 via receiver 29 using an rf signal 21 generated by rf transceivers 32a , b , c . . . for purposes of description , signal 21 is shown only between perimeter station 28a and receiver 29 . however , it is to be understood that a signal 21 is similarly transmitted from the other perimeter stations within listening range of the ultrasonic signal 20 . furthermore , it is to be understood that rf transceivers 32a , b , c . . . may be suitably replaced by any other data signal generation means , such as an electronic pulser , and that signal 21 may be carried by any suitable transmission means , such as a coaxial cable or optical transmission system . the time it takes for the ultrasonic signal 20 to travel one - way from the backpack 12 to the respective transceivers 30a , b , c . . . is multiplied by the speed of sound to obtain a measure of the distance between the backpack 12 and that respective transceiver 30a , b , c . . . these distance measurements are used to then locate the surveyor &# 39 ; s position on the property site as will be described hereinafter . alternatively , these distance measurements might be obtained by measuring the two - way travel time that it takes for the ultrasonic signal 20 to travel to the respective transceivers 30a , b , c . . . and back to the backpack 12 via a return echo ( not shown ). perimeter stations 28a , b , c . . . are placed around the property to ensure that the surveyor 10 will always be in line of sight communication with at least two but preferably three perimeter stations from anywhere on the property site . preferably , the transceivers are so located that the surveyor is always within line of sight of three or more transceivers . in this disclosure , the phrase &# 34 ; line of sight communication &# 34 ; is defined to mean reasonably direct acoustic line of detection . this is equivalent to optical line of sight except that sound will diffract around the corners of obstructions to some degree . for this reason , objects that are optically hidden from each other by an obstruction may be acoustically visible . however , the length of the acoustic path or line of detection in such cases will be greater than the length of the straight line path . the difference in path lengths is a cause of error in determining the location of the mobile survey means . to limit this error , a reasonably direct acoustic line of detection is one where this difference is less than 2 feet . after the locations of all perimeter stations 28a , b , c . . . are recorded and correlated to a digital database representation of the property site stored in the computer 24 , the surveyor 10 begins to gather data on the property site 100 by walking back and forth in a &# 34 ; lawn - mowing &# 34 ; pattern . as the surveyor 10 sweeps the sensor 14 over the surface of the property site , sensor 14 measures radiation emanating from the surface . the information is accumulated for a predetermined time interval , then encoded on the rf signal 22 and sent directly from backpack 12 to the computer 24 . computer 24 automatically correlates the radiation data with the surveyor &# 39 ; s location . objects such as buildings or trees do not interfere with the survey because a sufficient number of perimeter stations are deployed so that the ultrasonic transmitter in the backpack 12 is always within range of at least two and preferably three perimeter stations 28 . during the survey , the radiation measurements and surveyor &# 39 ; s location are stored in the computer 24 . at the same time , the surveyor &# 39 ; s position is plotted on the database representation of the property site using a video display 25 of the computer 24 . thus , with just a quick glance at the display 25 , the surveyor 10 can verify the completeness of the survey coverage and return to any area missed without losing time . a representative plot of what might be viewed on the display 25 is shown in fig2 . squares 50 and 51 indicate obstructions on the property site , such as buildings . the numbered crosses indicate locations of the perimeter stations . as can be seen , one can easily determine if the property site has been adequately covered by following the trace of the dots . the computer 24 is programmed to analyze data at the survey site after the survey is complete . the surveyor may choose an appropriate threshold level and the computer 24 will then display a map showing all locations with readings at or above the level chosen , as shown by the representative plot depicted in fig3 . for example , in fig3 the dots indicate the surveyor &# 39 ; s position when the measured radiation level was less than 36 , 000 counts per minute but the square blips indicate his position when the measured radiation level was greater than 36 , 000 counts per minute . the computer 24 may also be used to print out diagrams and charts of the survey results , which might include such information as isoexposure contours or three dimensional representations of the data . data tables for the final report may be printed out immediately so that the surveyor may review them before leaving the site , thereby assuring accurate data acquisition on only one visit to the property site . a key feature of the above described procedure is the ability to correctly locate the surveyor 10 holding the sensor 14 in relation to the property site being surveyed . this is accomplished during the boot - up or set - up phase of the survey operation which will now be described in further detail . again referring to fig1 the boot - up process is begun by arbitrarily positioning a first ultrasonic transceiver 30a and a first rf transceiver 32a located on top of a first perimeter station 28a on or in the vicinity of the property site . a second ultrasonic transceiver 30b and a second rf transceiver 32b located atop a second perimeter station 28b is positioned at some distance from the first perimeter station 28a . this distance is then carefully measured and entered into the computer . alternatively , the first and second perimeter stations 28a and 28b may be linked together by a chain of a known length . next , the computer and the first transceiver 30a are turned on . the computer assumes that this first transceiver is located at a location x = 0 and y = 0 . the second transceiver 30b is then turned on and is assumed by the computer to reside at the coordinates x = d , y = 0 where d is the distance between the first transceiver 30a and the second transceiver 30b . the backpack 12 is then placed at some point on the line between stations 28a and 28b and its ultrasonic transmitter is turned on . when rf transceivers 32a and 32b receive an ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic transmitter located in backpack 12 , rf signals are sent to the computer to indicate the travel time of the ultrasonic pulse from the backpack 12 to the respective transceivers 30a and 30b . the computer adds these two travel times together , divides the distance d by the sum of the two travel times and stores the result as the speed of sound for the current atmospheric conditions . this process may be bypassed if the speed of sound for the current atmospheric conditions is already known . next , a third ultrasonic transceiver 30c and a third rf transceiver 32c mounted on top of a third perimeter station 28c is placed within line of sight communication of the first and second perimeter stations 28a and 28b . while several techniques may be used to identify the position of the third perimeter station 28c with respect to the other two perimeter stations , the simplest technique with the equipment available at the property site will be described . once the third perimeter station 28c has been positioned , the backpack with its ultrasonic transmitter is placed on top of the third perimeter station 28c . the location of this third perimeter station 28c is determined using data from the first and second perimeter stations 28a and 28b in conjunction with the ultrasonic signal transmitted from the backpack . the computer applies a simple geometric algorithm , shown graphically in fig4 for determining two possible points of intersection of two circles 40 and 41 having radii r1 and r2 and their centers at the first and second perimeter stations 28a and 28b , respectively . radii r1 and r2 correspond to the distances between the respective perimeter stations 28a and 28b and the backpack 12 where backpack 12 also corresponds to the position of the third station 28c . radii r1 and r2 are calculated by multiplying the time of flight measurements between the backpack 12 and the perimeter stations 28a and 28b by the speed of sound . the algorithm returns two possible locations for the third perimeter station 28c , one having a positive y - coordinate at the location of the third perimeter station 28c and the other having a negative y - coordinate . the ambiguity is resolved by having the computer assume that the third perimeter station 28c will always have a positive y - coordinate where first perimeter station 28a is at x = 0 , y = 0 and second perimeter station 28b is at x = d , y = 0 . this same simple geometric algorithm is used to locate the surveyor during the course of the survey when only two ultrasonic transceivers are within line of sight of the surveyor . again , note that the preferred practice is to have transceivers so positioned that the surveyor is always within line of sight communication of at least three of them . when only two transceivers are within line of sight communication with the surveyor , a position ambiguity is created that must be resolved by invoking other information or assumptions not based on ultrasonic distance measurements . for instance , if the area to be surveyed is described by a map that has been entered into the computer , then the ambiguity may be resolved by testing the possible locations of the surveyor and finding that only one is within the area to be surveyed . if this test does not resolve the ambiguity , then it may be resolved by comparing the surveyor &# 39 ; s calculated velocity during the previous time interval for both possible locations and selecting the one that implies the most reasonable velocity . for instance , if one ambiguous location would require the surveyor to have traveled at 15 meters per second and the other at 2 meters per second , then the latter location would be chosen as correct . it should be noted that it is not certain that the ambiguity can be resolved when ultrasonic distance measurements are available from only two transceivers . it might be that both ambiguous locations would require the surveyor to have traveled at 1 meter per second . further , it should be noted that the longer the surveyor is within line of sight of only two transceivers , the greater the chance of mislocating him . accordingly , for purposes of further discussion , it will be assumed that a third transceiver is provided in line of sight communication with the surveyor . after three perimeter stations have been located , the next step is to locate the backpack 12 with respect to the three perimeter stations . this process , called triangulation , will now be described . the method of triangulation used to describe the location of the backpack with respect to the three perimeter stations may be understood by imagining the three perimeter stations 28a , b and c located roughly at the three corners of an equilateral triangle . such regular positioning of the perimeter stations is by no means necessary , but is used merely to facilitate the description . for example , assume that the sides of the triangle are 100 feet long and that the surveyor is located about 75 feet from one perimeter station , about 50 from a second perimeter station and as a result of all these assumptions , 52 . 66 feet from the third perimeter station . an imaginary vertical line is located at the position of each perimeter station having a height equal to the measured distance between the surveyor and the particular perimeter station . thus , the first vertical line at the first perimeter station will be 75 feet tall , that at the second perimeter station will be 50 feet tall and that at the third perimeter station will be 52 . 66 feet tall . in order to determine the location of the surveyor from the heights of the vertical line &# 39 ; s , a huge 45 # cone having its axis vertically oriented with its tip pointed downward is dropped in between the three vertical lines . the point where the tip of the cone would come to rest on the ground is the location of the surveyor . ideally , the tops of the vertical lines would fit perfectly against the surface of the cone . furthermore , if more perimeter stations and more vertical lines were added , they would also just touch the surface of the cone . mathematically , if the tip of the cone or position of the surveyor is located at ( x tip , y tip ), the vertical distance h k of any point on the surface of the cone from the ground over the k - th perimeter station located at ( x k , y k ) is ## equ1 ## then , if the ultrasonically measured distance between the surveyor and the k - th perimeter station is p k , then the height of the vertical line at the k - th perimeter station is p k . the ultrasonically measured height p k is subtracted from the calculated height h k and squared . this is repeated for each k - th perimeter station and summed to form a total t and may be represented by the equation for perfect data , the total t is zero as well as a minimum when ( x tip , y tip ) is the same as the location of the surveyor . however , because of ultrasonic measurement errors and variations in the height of the terrain being surveyed , some of the vertical lines will be too long and some of the vertical lines will be too short . thus , if the cone &# 39 ; s axis is constrained to be vertical as it is dropped between the vertical lines , some of the vertical lines will fall short of the surface of the cone while others will be forced through the surface of the cone . in this situation , in order for the tip of the cone to touch the ground the long vertical lines must &# 34 ; punch through &# 34 ; the vertical cone , while the short vertical lines will cause a &# 34 ; fall short &# 34 ; error . thus , when these ultrasonic measurement errors exist , the total t is a minimum not equal to zero , and ( x tip , y tip ) is the location of the surveyor . the aforementioned algorithm can be fine - tuned in a variety of ways . one of these ways is by using different weights for the punch through errors than for the fall short errors . in particular , punch through errors may be more likely than fall short errors . if so , they may be given less weight in computing t . experimentally it was found that the hardware produced data that rarely indicated that the ultrasonic distance was less than the true distance but more frequently indicated that the ultrasonic distance was greater than the true distance . in order to stabilize the calculation against the punch through errors caused by acoustic diffraction , the following weight factors were applied . if the vertical line at the k - th perimeter station was less than 0 . 5 feet too long , then the contribution to t from the k - th perimeter station was computed by squaring the excess length as indicated by equation ( 2 ). if the vertical line was between 0 . 5 feet and 2 . 5 feet too long , then the contribution was computed by multiplying the excess length by 0 . 1 and adding 0 . 2 . if the vertical line was more than 2 . 5 feet too long , then the contribution was computed by multiplying the excess length by 0 . 02 and adding 0 . 04 . many methods may be used to determine the coordinate ( x tip , y tip ) that reduces t to a minimum . one suitable method of reducing equation ( 2 ) to a minimum is a search technique employing a standard method known as the simplex algorithm as described by m . j . box , d . davies and w . h . swann in non - linear optimization techniques , oliver and boyd , great britain , 1969 , and is incorporated herein by reference . the distances p k and location of the k - th perimeter stations ( x k , y k ) may be easily determined using the time of flight measurement of the ultrasonic pulse transmitted from the backpack 12 to the individual perimeter stations . however , it is to be further understood that these distances p k and locations ( x k , y k ), while critical to the triangulation algorithm , may be measured in any suitable manner . once the position of the backpack has been located using a minimization algorithm incorporating the aforementioned triangulation algorithm , the position of the backpack is correlated with a digital database representation of the property site . such a digital representation can be developed with commercially available computer aided design software , such as autocad by autodesk , inc . the surveyor merely walks with the backpack to a reference point on the property site ( e . g ., a survey marker or corner of a house ) that is also contained within the digital database representation . a surveyor &# 39 ; s position is displayed on the computer display along with an overlay of the digital database representation . thus , as long as the surveyor can establish two points of reference or the property site that are also in the digital database representation , the computer can translate the digital database representation to correlate with the surveyor &# 39 ; s position on the property site . at this point , the computer has fixed the position of the surveyor carrying the backpack on the property site and the surveyor may place the remainder of the perimeter stations and begin his survey of the site , as described earlier . the method and apparatus of the present invention has many potential applications in addition to radiological surveys . for example , the present invention would find great utility as a position locator or tracking system aside from its benefits in the area of surveying . furthermore , by changing the sensor , the system could measure any pollutant or other hazard for which a portable sensor exists . for example , it could map pollutants , spills or other accidents . combined with robotics , it could survey areas too hazardous for humans . it could also be used to record geological and biological features and track moving objects within a predefined area . this system tracks position and rapidly produces high quality data and eliminates the need for manual data entry , thereby greatly reducing human error and report preparation time . thus , although the invention has been described relative to the specific embodiments thereof , it is not so limited , and numerous variations and modifications thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the above teaching . it is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described . | 6 |
the present invention relates to a device for implanting a bone anchor into bone . it also relates to methods for improving or maintaining a patient &# 39 ; s urinary continence in which bone anchors are inserted transvaginally into the posterior portion of the pubic bone or symphysis pubis . a bone anchor implantation device in accordance with the invention may have an ergonomic handle which has at least one finger indentation in the distal end of the handle . the handle may have one , two , three or four or more finger indentations . in one version of this embodiment , the shaft may be attached to the handle between finger indentations . a bone anchor implantation device in accordance with the invention may have a handle that can be rotated relative to the shaft of the device , facilitating bone anchor implantation by allowing a physician the flexibility of rotating the handle of the device during the procedure in order to optimize the angle of the bone anchor - mount and shaft relative to the physician &# 39 ; s hand and the patient &# 39 ; s body . for example , the design of the device allows it to be inserted into the vagina of a patient and to position the bone anchor on a bone and for the handle to be rotated about the longitudinal axis of the shaft of the device prior to providing the retrograde force required to implant the bone anchor into a bone . the form of the handle is not critical to its rotation , e . g ., the handle does not need indentations for rotation . the bone anchor - mount generally points toward the handle , such that the user can drive the bone anchor into the bone by simply pulling back on the handle and using the patient &# 39 ; s body weight to provide an opposing force . preferably , the longitudinal axis of the bone anchor - mount may be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the handle . a protective sheath may be attached to the bone anchor - mount such that the bone anchor is releasably engaged to the bone anchor - mount but enclosed within the protective sheath and isolated from tissue contact during placement of the device and prior to implantation . referring to the two embodiment illustrated in fig1 and 2 , the device 110 has a handle 112 , a cylinder 114 , a shaft 116 , 117 and a bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 . the cylinder 114 is connected to , or forms a part of , the handle 112 . the inner end 120 of the shaft 116 , 117 is connected to the distal end 122 of the cylinder 114 . the bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 maybe connected to the outer end 124 of the shaft 116 , 117 . the handle 112 may be made of a variety of materials , such as plastic or metal . the shaft 116 , 117 may be made of a variety of materials , such as stainless steel , one or more engineering plastics , fiber - bearing components , or other rigid materials . preferably , the shaft 116 , 117 is made of stainless steel . the shaft 116 may be straight as illustrated , for example , in fig1 . alternatively , the shaft 117 may be bent , as illustrated , for example , in fig2 or may be arched or hooked , as illustrated , for example , in fig3 a . the handle 112 may have at least one finger indentation 126 at its distal end 128 . the physician &# 39 ; s fingers may be seated in these indentations 126 during operation of the device . the finger indentations 126 are provided and positioned such that a physician has an improved grip for exerting a retrograde force for implanting a bone anchor . in the version illustrated in fig1 and 2 , the handle 112 has four finger indentations 126 on its distal end 128 . the bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 is able to releasably engage a bone anchor . in one embodiment of the invention , the bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 is fixed perpendicular to the outer end 124 of the shaft 116 , 117 . the outer end 124 may be bent or otherwise angled so that the bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 is substantially parallel to the shaft 116 , 117 . for example , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which the outer end 124 is bent at an angle of about 90 ° relative to the longitudinal axis of the shaft 116 and the bone anchor - mount 118 is parallel to the shaft 116 . alternatively , the outer end 124 may be angled more or less than about 90 ° relative to the longitudinal axis of the shaft 116 , 117 . the bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 may be fixed to the shaft 116 , 117 at an angle greater or less than 90 °. the bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 may be oriented toward the handle 112 so that a bone anchor received within the bone anchor - mount 118 , 119 may be implanted into a bone by applying a retrograde force ( e . g ., a pulling force ) using the handle 112 . referring to the device 210 of fig3 a , a handle 212 having a different configuration is attached to the inner end 214 of the shaft 216 . the handle is also designed to ergonomically fit the fingers of a physician &# 39 ; s hand . as illustrated , the handle contains three finger indentations 220 at its distal end 222 . alternatively , the handle 212 may contain two , four or more finger indentations 220 at its distal end 222 . in addition , the proximal end 218 of the handle 212 is shaped to fit a physician &# 39 ; s palm . fig3 b - 3h illustrate various views of a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the handle 212 has three lower finger indentations 220 and one upper finger indentation 220 . referring to fig3 a , the shaft 216 comprises an inner end 214 and an outer end 224 , a straight proximal section 226 , a first generally curved section 228 distal to the straight proximal section 226 , a second generally curved section 230 distal to the first curved section 228 , a third generally curved section 232 distal to the second curved section 230 , and a fourth generally curved section 234 distal to the third curved section 232 . the straight proximal section 226 of the shaft 216 may be from about 3 inches to about 6 inches in length , depending on the application . for fsui procedures , the straight proximal section 226 is preferably from about 4 inches to about 5 inches in length and more preferably about 4 . 5 inches in length . one of skill in the art will appreciate that the shaft 216 could also comprise a series of straight segments angled relative to one another to form a hook . the inner end 214 of the shaft 216 may be connected to the distal end 222 of the handle 212 in between finger indentations 220 . alternatively , the straight proximal section 226 may pass through a lumen ( not shown ) extending through the distal end 222 of the handle 212 . the inner end 214 may have a threaded bore which may be adapted to receive a screw 236 which secures the shaft 216 to the handle 212 . if desired , a washer ( not shown ) may be placed between the distal end 222 of the handle 212 and the screw 236 . those skilled in the art will appreciate that a variety of other means for securing the shaft 216 to the handle 212 may be employed . for example , a plastic handle may be formed over the shaft such that the shaft is integral with the handle . it should be stressed that the benefits of an ergonomic handle 112 , as illustrated in fig1 , and an ergonomic handle 212 , as illustrated in fig3 , may be utilized in devices that do not permit rotation . with continued reference to fig3 a , the handle 212 defines an axis at the proximal end of the anchor implantation device 210 , and then moving distally from the handle 212 the shaft 216 first curves away from the axis of the handle and then back toward the axis of the handle 212 . the outer end 224 of the shaft 216 is preferably located in the vicinity of the axis of the handle 212 . in some preferred embodiments , the shaft 216 at the outer end 224 is generally perpendicular to the axis of the handle or can actually curve back toward the handle 212 . for fsui applications , the distance from the distal end 222 of the handle 212 to the tip of the bone anchor - mount 238 measured along the longitudinal axis of the handle 212 is preferably about 3 and ⅜ inches ; the distance from the distal end of the handle 212 to the base of the bone anchor - mount 240 is about 4 inches ; and the distance of a line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the handle 212 extending from the bottom of the third curved section 232 is about 2 inches . a bone anchor - mount 240 may be attached to the outer end 224 of the shaft 216 . the bone anchor - mount 240 may be oriented at an angle from about 60 ° to about 120 ° relative to the outer end 224 of the shaft 216 . for fsui applications , the bone anchor - mount 240 is preferably oriented at an angle from about 80 ° to about 100 °. relative to the outer end 224 of the shaft 216 , and more preferably at an angle of approximately 90 °. in another version of the invention , illustrated for example in fig4 - 6 , the handle of the bone anchor delivery device may be rotatable about the longitudinal axis of the shaft . the device 310 has a stop assembly 312 operable within the cylinder 314 , which is located at the base of the handle 316 . the stop assembly 312 retains the handle 316 in any of two or more angular positions . referring to fig4 , the stop assembly 312 includes a cylinder 314 , a spring 318 , a cylindrical plug 320 , and a drive pin 322 . the cylinder 314 has a proximal end 324 , a distal end 326 , a lumen 328 , a proximal shoulder 330 , a distal shoulder 332 , a circumferential slit 334 and one or more detents 336 within the slit 334 . the plug 320 has a proximal end 338 , a distal end 340 , a drive pin aperture 344 for receiving the drive pin 322 , a proximal face 346 , and a distal face 348 . the plug 320 may have a lumen 342 . the distal end 340 of the plug 320 is fixed to the near end 350 of the shaft 352 . the drive pin 322 is received within the drive pin aperture 344 but not fully , so that it protrudes beyond the radial extent of the plug 320 . alternatively , the aperture 344 may extend fully through the plug 320 , and the drive pin 322 may have a length greater than the diameter of the plug 320 , so that each end of the drive pin 322 protrudes beyond the radial extent of the plug 320 . alternatively , the plug 320 may contain more than one aperture and receive more than one drive pin 322 . the plug 320 is spring loaded into the cylinder 314 , and the drive pin 322 is introduced into the drive pin aperture 344 so that it engages with ( i . e ., is movable within ) the circumferential slit 334 in cylinder 314 . the distal face 348 of the plug 320 is retained behind the distal shoulder 332 of the cylinder 314 , thereby preventing plug 320 from exiting the cylinder 314 , notwithstanding the force applied by spring 318 . the spring 318 is disposed between the proximal face 346 of the plug 320 and the proximal shoulder 330 of the cylinder 314 . the spring 318 urges the plug 320 in a direction toward the bone anchor - mount 354 . the spring 318 may have a resistance of from about 5 to about 35 pounds . preferably , the spring 318 has a resistance from about 15 to about 25 pounds , and more preferably , about 20 pounds . those skilled in the art will appreciate that the anchor implantation device may also be adapted to include a force indicating spring in the handle . the handle 316 may be rotatable between first and second angular positions , which are dictated by the placement of detents 336 in the cylinder 314 . when the drive pin 322 is seated within the detent 336 , no rotation is possible , and the spring 318 retains the seating of the drive pin 322 until the handle 316 is driven forward , compressing the spring 318 . when the spring 318 is compressed , the drive pin 322 is released from the detent 336 and is free to travel within the circumferential slit 334 , thereby allowing the handle 316 to be rotated about the plug 320 . the handle 316 may be rotated until the spring 318 locks or seats the drive pin 322 into one or more detents 336 , thereby preventing further rotation of the handle 316 with respect to the shaft 352 . in one version of the device , two detents 336 are diametrically opposed along the circumferential slit 334 of the cylinder 314 . the drive pin 322 may engage one detent in the cylinder 314 if only one end of the drive pin 322 extends beyond the plug 320 . alternatively , the drive pin 322 may engage two detents 336 in the cylinder 314 if both ends of the drive pin 322 extend beyond the plug 320 and through the circumferential slit 334 . there may be more detents 336 along the circumferential slit 334 , so that the handle 316 may be rotated among more than two angular positions . there may also be more than one drive pin 322 ; for example , a cross - shaped drive pin may be used to simultaneously be seated in four detents 336 . as illustrated in fig5 , the drive pin 322 is seatable within detent ( s ) 336 and the handle 316 is in a first angular position . fig6 illustrates the device shown in fig5 after rotation of the handle 316 to a second angular configuration , with the drive pin 322 seated within a second detent ( or detents ) 337 . the first and second angular positions may be , for example , about 180 ° apart . of course , depending on the envisioned application , the first and second angular positions may be more or less than about 180 ° apart . in a version of the invention as illustrated to fig7 - 9 , a rotatable handle 416 may have a different configuration , in that it may be attached to the inner end 414 of the shaft 452 . the handle may be designed to ergonomically fit the fingers of a physician &# 39 ; s hand , as in the non - rotatable device of fig3 . the device 410 is rotatable in a similar fashion as that described for the device illustrated in fig4 - 6 . referring to fig7 , the handle 416 may be rotatable between first and second angular positions , which are dictated by the placement of detents 436 in the cylinder 414 . when the drive pin 422 is seated within the detent 436 , no rotation is possible , and the spring 418 retains the seating of the drive pin 422 until the handle 416 is driven forward , compressing the spring 418 . when the spring 418 is compressed , the drive pin 422 is released from the detent 436 and is free to travel within the circumferential slit 434 , thereby allowing the handle 416 to be rotated about the plug 420 . the handle 416 may be rotated until the spring 418 locks or seats the drive pin 422 into one or more detents 436 , thereby preventing further rotation of the handle 416 with respect to the shaft 452 . in one version of the device , two detents 436 , 437 are diametrically opposed on along the circumferential slit 434 of the cylinder 414 . the drive pin 422 may engage one detent in the cylinder 414 if only one end of the drive pin 422 extends beyond the plug 420 . alternatively , the drive pin 422 may engage two detents 436 , 437 in the cylinder 414 if both ends of the drive pin 422 extend beyond the plug 420 and through the circumferential slit 434 . there may be more detents 436 , 437 along the circumferential slit 434 , so that the handle 416 may be rotated among more than two angular positions . there may also be more than one drive pin 422 ; for example , a cross - shaped drive pin may be used to simultaneously be seated in four detents 436 . as illustrated in fig8 , the drive pin 422 is seatable within detent ( s ) 436 , 437 and the handle 416 is in a first angular position . fig9 illustrates the device shown in fig8 after rotation of the handle 416 to a second angular configuration , with the drive pin 422 seated within a second detent ( s ) 437 . the first and second angular positions may be , for example , about 180 ° apart . of course , depending on the envisioned application , the first and second angular positions may be more or less than about 180 ° apart . referring to fig1 and 11 , the bone anchor - mount 510 may comprise an outer cylinder 512 , an inner cylinder 514 , and a tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 for releasably engaging a bone anchor 518 . the bone anchor used may be the bone anchor disclosed in the u . s . pat . no . 5 , 527 , 342 , the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference . the bone anchor - mount 510 and the bone anchor receptacle 516 are oriented so that the bone anchor 518 may be pointed in the general direction of the handle 512 . in a particular embodiment , the axis of the bone anchor 518 may be generally aligned with the axis of the handle , with the bone anchor 518 pointed toward the handle . the bone anchor - mount 510 may be fabricated from the same materials as the shaft 516 and may be attached to the shaft 516 by a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art , such as brazing . the distal end 520 of the outer cylinder 512 has a pair of holes 522 therein sized to accommodate a suture 524 . the outer cylinder 512 may have a diameter from about 0 . 18 inches to about 0 . 6 inches . preferably , the outer cylinder 512 has a diameter from about 0 . 25 inches to about 0 . 5 inches . more preferably , the outer cylinder 512 has a diameter of about 0 . 375 inches . as best shown in fig1 , the outer cylinder 512 has a cavity 526 formed therein , creating a cup in the proximal region of the outer cylinder 512 . the proximal end 528 of the outer cylinder 512 has an annular shoulder 530 thereon . the inner cylinder 514 may be connected to the outer cylinder 512 and extends into the cavity 526 . the inner cylinder 514 may be connected to the outer cylinder 512 in a variety of ways known to those skilled in the art . for example , the inner cylinder 514 may be fused to the outer cylinder 512 . inner cylinder 514 may have grooves 532 therein adapted to accommodate a suture 524 . a tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 extends from the proximal end 534 of the inner cylinder 514 . the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 may extend from the proximal end 534 of the inner cylinder 514 by a distance of from about 0 . 3 inches to about 0 . 7 inches . preferably , the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 extends from the proximal end 534 of the inner cylinder 514 by a distance of from about 0 . 4 inches to about 0 . 6 inches . more preferably , the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 extends from the proximal end 534 of the inner cylinder 514 by a distance of about 0 . 5 inches . the proximal end 540 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 preferably has a width smaller than that of the proximal end 534 of the inner cylinder 514 . this configuration produces a shoulder 538 which may serve as a depth stop to ensure that the bone anchor 518 may be driven into the bone to the desired depth . the proximal end 540 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 may be from about 0 . 08 inches to about 0 . 12 inches in width . preferably , the proximal end 540 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 is from about 0 . 09 inches to about 0 . 110 inches in width . more preferably , the proximal end 540 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 is 0 . 1 inches in width . the distal end 536 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 may be from about 0 . 110 inches to about 0 . 15 inches in width . preferably , the distal end 536 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 518 is from about 0 . 12 inches to about 0 . 14 inches in width . more preferably , the distal end 536 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 is 0 . 13 inches in width . the distal end 536 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 may have a variety of cross sectional shapes adapted to releasably engage the bone anchor 518 . for example , the distal end 536 of the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 may be square , rectangular , pentagonal , triangular or hexagonal in cross section . the tapered bone anchor receptacle 516 may have a notch 542 therein in which the bone anchor 518 may be releasably seated . alternatively , the outer cylinder , inner cylinder , and tapered bone anchor receptacle may be a single integral component . the bone anchor implantation device may have a protective sheath 544 connected to the bone anchor - mount 510 which protects the point of the bone anchor from tissue contact during placement of the device and also protects the bone anchor from contacting potentially infectious microorganisms . the protective sheath 544 comprises a first telescoping cylinder 546 and a second telescoping cylinder 548 . a spring 550 biases the first telescoping cylinder 546 and the second telescoping cylinder 548 to a position in which they extend from the outer cylinder 512 and cover the bone anchor 518 . the first and second telescoping cylinders 546 , 548 may be made of a variety of materials such as stainless steel or plastic . preferably , the first and second telescoping cylinders 546 , 548 are made of stainless steel . the first telescoping cylinder 546 has a lumen 552 extending therethrough . the first telescoping 546 cylinder has a first shoulder 554 which engages shoulder 530 on the outer cylinder 512 and a second shoulder 556 which engages a first shoulder 558 on the second telescoping cylinder 548 . the second telescoping cylinder 548 has a first shoulder 558 which engages the second shoulder 556 on the first telescoping cylinder 546 as described above . a second shoulder 560 may be located at the proximal end of the second telescoping cylinder 548 and engages the spring 550 . the second telescoping cylinder 548 also has a lumen 562 extending there through which may be in fluid communication with the lumen 552 of the first telescoping cylinder 546 and the cavity 526 in the outer cylinder 512 . in the embodiments of the invention illustrated in fig1 a - 12e , the outer end 570 , 670 of the shaft 572 , 672 and the bone anchor - mount 574 , 674 are covered by a flexible hood 576 , 676 . referring to fig1 a , the flexible hood 576 may be removable , and may have a hinge region 578 . in an alternative embodiment pictured in fig1 b , the flexible hood 676 snaps on to the outer end 670 of the shaft 672 , e . g ., facilitated by grooves 677 in the outer end 670 of the shaft 672 which receive edges defined by holes 680 in the hood 676 . fig1 b shows an unattached hood 676 and a shaft 672 . fig1 c shows the hood 676 attached to a shaft 672 , with the hood 676 in an extended position covering the bone - anchor mount 674 . fig1 d shows the hood configuration of fig1 c in its collapsed or compressed position , the flexible walls of the hood 676 bending outward allowing the bone anchor to protrude from the hood 676 . in this embodiment , when a bone anchor is installed , the hood 676 collapses and slides back on the bone anchor mount 674 as illustrated in fig1 c . another version of the hood of the invention is illustrated in fig1 e . in this version , the hood comprises a chamber 682 shaped to fit the outer end 670 of the shaft 672 . in that embodiment , the hood 676 comprises a flared region 684 at the distal end of the hood 686 . the hood compresses in a manner analogous to that shown in fig1 d when the bone anchor is being placed . in a preferred embodiment , the material used to make the hoods is a soft or pliable material , such as soft rubber or silicone . an alternative embodiment of the bone anchor implantation device 610 is shown in fig1 . as illustrated therein , the shaft 612 has a generally straight proximal section 615 , a first generally bent section 617 , a generally straight median section 618 , a second bent section 620 , a generally curved section 622 , and a distal generally straight section 624 . the first bent section 617 may bend at an angle of from about 35 ° to about 55 ° relative to the straight proximal section 615 . preferably , the first bent section 617 bends at an angle of from about 40 ° to about 50 ° relative to the straight proximal section 615 . more preferably , the first bent section 617 bends at an angle of about 45 ° relative to the straight proximal section 615 . the second bent section 620 may bend at an angle of from about 125 ° to about 145 ° relative to the straight median section 618 . preferably , the second bent section 620 bends at an angle of from about 130 ° to about 140 ° relative to the straight median section 618 . more preferably , the second bent section 620 bends at an angle of about 135 ° relative to the straight median section 618 . the curved section 622 may curve through an arc of from about 70 ° to about 110 ° with a radius from about 0 . 2 inches to about 0 . 6 inches . preferably , the curved section curves 622 through an arc of from about 80 ° to about 100 ° with a radius from about 0 . 3 inches to about 0 . 5 inches . more preferably , the curved section 622 curves through an arc of about 90 ° with a radius of 0 . 4 inches . the bone anchor implantation device 610 may be inserted transvaginally as shown in fig1 with the patient in the lithotomy position and the surgeon located between the patient &# 39 ; s legs . as used herein , the terms “ transvaginally ” or “ transvaginal access ” refer to access through the vaginal introitus or from within the vagina . an incision in the anterior vaginal wall may be made . the shaft 612 may be inserted through the incision and the protective sheath may be positioned such that the proximal end of the second telescoping cylinder 632 contacts the pubic bone 630 . at this time , the first and second telescoping cylinders 626 , 632 are biased to a position in which they extend from the outer cylinder 634 to cover the bone anchor 629 . the bone anchor 629 may be inserted into the bone by applying a retrograde force to the bone anchor 629 . for example , the handle may be pulled in a retrograde direction ( toward the user ) to implant the anchor . as best illustrated in fig1 and 16 , as the device is pulled in a retrograde motion , the first and second telescoping cylinders 626 , 632 retract inside the cavity 636 of the outer cylinder and the bone anchor 629 may be driven into the pubic bone 630 . because the patient &# 39 ; s body weight provides an opposing force , the user need only apply a small amount of force , such as 10 - 20 pounds , in order to drive the bone anchor 629 into the bone 630 . the device 610 may then be pushed away from the implanted anchor to disengage the device from the anchor . the device may then be removed from the vagina , leaving the bone anchor 629 in the bone 630 with the suture extending therefrom . the bladder neck may then be compressed , suspended or stabilized using the suture ( s ) extending from the bone anchor ( s ) as described above . in another version of the method , the handle 616 may be rotated after insertion into the vagina and prior to providing the retrograde force for implanting the bone anchor . fig1 illustrates a bone anchor delivery device in a first position . by compressing the handle 616 and rotating the handle 616 relative to the shaft 612 as described previously herein , the handle 616 can be moved to a second position , e . g ., as illustrated in fig1 . once in the second position , a retrograde force can be applied to insert the bone anchor 629 into the bone 630 . the methods and devices of the present invention drive a bone anchor through , for example , the vaginal wall and into the posterior portion of the pubic bone or symphysis pubis . at least one bone anchor may be driven into the pubic bone on either side of the urethra . however , one of skill in the art will appreciate that a single bone anchor may also be used . at least one suture may be attached to the bone anchors which may extend through the vaginal wall and may then be attached to the endopelvic fascia , the vaginal wall , a sling , or other material to stabilize and / or slightly compress the urethra , thereby improving or maintaining the patient &# 39 ; s urinary continence . although this invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments , other embodiments which will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein are also within the scope of this invention . accordingly , the scope of the invention is intended to be defined only by reference to the appended claims . | 0 |
fig1 - 4 depict various views of amphibious aircraft 100 in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the invention . in particular , fig1 depicts a perspective view , fig2 depicts a side view , fig3 depicts front view , and fig4 depicts a top view . referring now to fig1 - 4 , amphibious aircraft 100 comprises hulls 102 , canard wing support struts 106 , canard wing 108 , canard wing prop 110 , canard wing engine 111 , main wing support struts 112 , main wing 114 , main wing prop 116 , main wing engine 117 , and tail 118 , interrelated as shown . in the illustrative embodiment , hulls 102 are semi - submersible , wave - piercing , catamaran “ amas .” referring to fig5 a ( side view ) and 5 b ( cross section thru s - s ), hulls 102 have ledges or “ strakes ” 576 that provide lifting / planing regions below the waterline . in the embodiment that is depicted in fig2 and 4 , hydrofoil “ akas ” 230 and 232 depend from respective fore and aft regions of the top of each hull 102 . in an alternative embodiment depicted in fig6 , hydrofoils akas 630 and 632 depend from respective fore and aft regions on the bottom of each hull 102 . with continued reference to fig1 - 4 , in fig1 , props 110 and 116 are both disposed in front of the associated wing . fig2 and 4 show an alternative embodiment of aircraft 100 , wherein prop 110 is disposed aft of canard wing 108 and prop 116 is disposed forward of main wing 116 . in other words , props 110 and 116 face each other . thrust configurations are described further later in this specification in conjunction with fig8 a - 8c and 10 . canard wing 108 is supported by two struts 106 that , in the illustrative embodiment , depend from a forward region of the upper surface of hulls 102 . in some embodiments , canard wing 108 is movably coupled to struts 106 so that wing 108 is free to rotate about axis a - a . in the embodiment that is depicted in fig1 , axis a - a is depicted as falling along the centerline of wing 108 . the actual location of this axis of rotation is a function of aerodynamic considerations and desired capabilities . in conjunction with this disclosure , it is within the capabilities of those skilled in the art to determine the position of this rotational axis . main wing 114 is supported by two struts 112 that , in the illustrative embodiment , depend from an aft region of the upper surface of hulls 102 . in some embodiments , main wing 114 is movably coupled to struts 112 so that wing 114 is free to rotate about axis b - b . as indicated with respect to canard wing 108 , the depicted location of axis a - a is merely for illustrative purposes ; its actual position is determined as a function of aerodynamic considerations and craft capabilities . the term “ pitchable ” is used herein to refer to the aforedescribed movement of wings 108 and 114 . in some embodiments , such as the embodiment depicted in fig1 , canard wing 108 and / or main wing 114 are segmented . for example , canard wing 106 comprises outer segments 120 and inner segment 122 . likewise , main wing 114 has outer segments 124 and inner segment 126 . the segmented structure facilitates independent movement of the inner and outer segments of each wing . in other words , inner segment 122 of canard wing 108 is movable independently of outer segments 120 . in various embodiments : the inner segment is independently movable and the outer segments are fixed ; the inner segment is independently movable and the outer segments are collectively movable ; the inner segment is independently movable and the outer segments are movable independently of each other ; the inner segment is fixed and the outer segments are collectively movable ; and the inner segment is fixed and the outer segments are movable independently of each other . this capability is described in further detail later in this specification in conjunction with fig9 a - 9b . 11 a - 11 c , 12 a - 12 c . any of a variety of mechanical arrangements can be used to provide the requisite degree of freedom to wings 108 and / or 114 and to the various wing segments . in conjunction with the present disclosure , those skilled in the art will be able to couple the wings to the struts in such a way that the wings are movable relative to the struts , or , as appropriate wing segments are independently movable . the embodiment of aircraft 102 that is depicted in fig2 includes a number of auxiliary sub - systems , many of which are intended for use in military and / or rescue applications . these include : station - keeping thruster 240 , sonobuoys 242 , winch , reel & amp ; cable 244 , sonar & amp ; chute 246 , flight computer 248 , avionics 250 , mmw radar 252 , eo / ir electronics 254 , chaff dispenser 256 , flare dispenser 258 , and antenna 260 . the design and use of these devices and systems are known to those skilled in the art . fig3 and 4 depict aircraft 100 carrying uuvs 370 ( unmanned underwater vehicles ). these uuvs are coupled to crossbeams 372 . aircraft 100 provides a means for launching uuvs 370 directly into a desired theater of operation . this is advantageous because , due to size and weight limitations , uuvs typically carry relatively few batteries on board . since these batteries must power the uuv drive system , uuvs typically have a relatively limited range . aircraft 100 , with its ability to take - off and land in high sea states , can sortie from a ship , fly to a remote location , land in high sea states , launch uuvs 370 , then take - off and return to its mother ship . this can significantly extend the period of time that the uuv can operate , since battery power is not used to transport the uuv to its theater of operation . the open frame structure of aircraft 100 enables it to accommodate various payloads . in some embodiments , such as the embodiment depicted in fig7 , aircraft 100 includes personnel pod 780 . in this embodiment , the pod is suspended from canard wing 108 between struts 106 . fig8 a through 8c provide several thrust configurations for aircraft 100 . the thrust configuration depicted in fig8 a includes two engines 11 and 117 driving respective propellers 110 and 116 that are situated forward of the associated wing and disposed one behind the other along the centerline of aircraft 100 . this thrust configuration is also illustrated in fig1 . fig8 b shows an alternative thrust configuration that includes two engines 111 and 117 driving respective propellers 110 and 116 that are disposed one behind the other along the centerline of aircraft 100 . in this embodiment , prop 110 is disposed aft of the canard wing and prop 116 is disposed forward of the main wing . this thrust configuration is also illustrated in fig2 and 4 . fig8 c shows a further alternative thrust configuration wherein the two props 110 a and 110 b are associated with canard wing 108 , wherein prop 110 a is forward of that wing and prop 110 b is aft . engines 111 and 117 are connected by common longitudinal propeller shaft 882 , permitting both of the engines to drive both propellers . fig9 a and 9b provide further illustration of the use of a segmented wing . these figures depict main wing 114 , which is segregated into outer segments 124 and inner segment 126 . in fig9 a , segments 124 and 126 are co - planar and horizontal . fig9 b depicts wing 114 when outer segments 124 are rotated so that the leading edge of the wing is raised , while the inner segment remains horizontal . fig1 depicts an embodiment wherein at least the inner segments 122 and 126 of respective wings 108 and 114 are pitchable to provide vectored thrust . in other words , props 110 and / or 114 are pitchable . among any other benefits , this provides aircraft 100 with a vertical takeoff and landing capability . fig1 a - 11c provide further disclosure concerning the ability and benefits of being able to pitch at least canard wing 108 . in these figures , only the wings and hulls are depicted for clarity . in the depictions that follow , those skilled in the art will recognize that moving the canard wing in the manner described will aid in stall prevention . fig1 a depicts aircraft 100 in calm water , with short - wavelength swells . semi - submersible hulls 102 maintain aircraft 100 in a relatively level attitude , such that horizontal incidental air streamlines are preserved . fig1 b depicts aircraft 100 in rough water , with relatively longer - wavelength swells . this figure depicts aircraft 100 riding down a lowering sea swell , and depicts rising air streamlines . the leading edge of canard wing 108 is pitched “ downward ” to accommodate for the angle of these streamlines to maintain a “ horizontal ” or flat - planar relationship between the streamlines and canard wing 108 fig1 c depicts aircraft 100 in rough water , with relatively longer - wavelength swells . this figure depicts aircraft 100 riding up the rising sea swell , and depicts descending air streamlines . the leading edge of canard wing 108 is pitched “ upward ” to accommodate for the angle of these streamlines to maintain a “ horizontal ” or flat - planar relationship between the streamlines and canard wing 108 . in some embodiments , hulls 102 are independently movable ( i . e ., pitchable ) relative to wings 108 and 114 . this can serve some of the same purposes as enabling the wings to pitch . in particular , it can maintain a desirable relationship between air streamlines and the wings for stall prevention . fig1 a - 12c depict aircraft 100 ( again illustrated as simply a hull and wings ) with pitchable hulls 102 . fig1 a depicts aircraft 100 in calm water , with short - wavelength swells . semi - submersible hulls 102 maintain aircraft 100 in a relatively level attitude , such that horizontal incidental air streamlines are preserved . fig1 b depicts aircraft 100 in rough water , with relatively longer - wavelength swells . this figure depicts aircraft 100 riding down a lowering sea swell . hulls 102 are free to rotate downward relative to wings 108 and 114 so that the wings remain level . fig1 c depicts aircraft 100 in rough water , with relatively longer - wavelength swells . this figure depicts aircraft 100 riding up a rising sea swell . hulls 102 are free to rotate upward relative to wings 108 and 114 so that the wings remain level . any of a variety of mechanical arrangements can be used to provide the requisite degree of freedom to hulls 102 . for example , in some embodiments , struts 106 and / or 112 can be appropriately hinged to hulls 102 . in conjunction with the present disclosure , those skilled in the art will be able to couple the hulls and struts such that hulls are movable independently of the struts / wings . the term “ pitchable ” is used herein to refer to the aforedescribed movement of hulls 102 , as well as to describe the movement of wings 108 and 114 . it is to be understood that the disclosure teaches only several alternatives of the illustrative embodiments and that many variations of the invention can easily be devised by those skilled in the art after reading this disclosure and that the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the following claims . | 1 |
embodiments of the present invention provide fast link down detection and indication for network devices such as gigabit ethernet devices . however , while embodiments of the present invention are described in terms of gigabit ethernet devices , embodiments of the present invention apply to other sorts of network devices as well , as will be apparent from the disclosure and teachings provided herein . some embodiments of the present invention are otherwise compliant with all or part of ieee standard 802 . 3 , the disclosure thereof incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . fig4 shows a gigabit ethernet phy 400 according to an embodiment of the present invention . although in the described embodiments , the elements of gigabit ethernet phy 400 are presented in one arrangement , other embodiments may feature other arrangements , as will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant arts based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein . for example , the elements of gigabit ethernet phy 400 can be implemented in hardware , software , or combinations thereof . gigabit ethernet phy 400 can be implemented as a network device such as a switch , router , network bridge , network interface controller ( nic ), and the like . referring to fig4 , phy 400 includes a physical layer controller 402 , a physical layer monitor 404 , and a maxwait_timer 406 . in operation , phy 400 is connected to a physical link 408 . physical link 408 includes a receive physical link 412 and a transmit physical link 414 . physical layer controller 402 implements a phy control state machine such as that specified by fig4 - 15 of ieee standard 802 . 3 , reproduced here as fig2 . referring to fig2 , phy control state machine 200 starts maxwait_timer 406 when entering the slave silent state . the maxwait_timer 406 is used by physical layer monitor 404 to indicate a link down condition . physical layer monitor 404 includes a monitor module 416 adapted to determine a local receiver status ( loc_rcvr_status ) for receive physical link 412 , and a controller 420 adapted to indicate a link status ( link_status ) for physical link 408 in accordance with a speed up mode signal ( speed_up_mode ), a loss lock timer ( loss_lock_timer ) 426 , and a link up timer ( link_up_timer ) 428 . controller 420 includes a normal mode circuit 422 and a speed up mode circuit 424 . normal mode circuit 422 is adapted to indicate the link status is fail for physical link 408 when the local receiver status is not ok , maxwait_timer 406 expires , and speed up mode is disabled ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * maxwait_timer done * speed_up = disabled ). speed up mode circuit 424 is adapted to indicate the link status is fail for physical link 408 when the local receiver status is not ok and the speed up mode is enabled ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * speed_up = disabled ). note that in speed up mode , maxwait_timer 406 is not used to delay indication of the failure of physical link 408 . controller 420 implements a physical link monitor state machine 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention , as shown in fig5 . referring to fig5 , state machine 500 enters a link down state when pma_reset = on + link_control ≠ enable , as specified by ieee standard 802 . 3 . when state machine 500 enters the link down state , controller 420 asserts link_status = fail . however , when monitor module 416 determines the local receiver status is ok ( loc_rcvr_status = ok ), state machine 500 moves to a hysteresis state . when state machine 500 enters the hysteresis state , controller 420 starts a stabilize timer ( start stabilize_timer ). if during the hysteresis state , monitor module 416 determines the local receiver status is not ok ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok ), state machine 500 returns to the link down state . but if , when the stabilize timer expires , the local receiver status is ok ( stabilize_timer_done * loc_rcvr_status = ok ), state machine 500 moves to a link up state . when state machine 500 enters the link up state , controller 420 asserts link_status = ok , and starts link up timer 428 ( start link_up_timer ). for example , link up timer 428 can be initialized to one second or more to ensure that the local receiver status ( loc_rcvr_status ) has stabilized . exit from the link up state depends on the speed up mode signal ( speed_up_mode ). if during the link up state , speed up mode is disabled , monitor module 416 determines the local receiver status is not ok , and maxwait_timer 406 expires ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * maxwait_timer done = true * speed_up = disabled ), then state machine 500 returns to the link down state . but if during the link up state , speed up mode is enabled and link_up_timer 428 expires ( link_up_timer_done * speed_up = enabled ), state machine 500 moves to a link up 2 state . when state machine 500 enters the link up 2 state , controller 420 starts a loss lock timer 426 ( start loss_lock_timer ). for example , loss lock timer 426 can be initialized to less than 50 ms ( or even to 0 ms ) to ensure a rapid transition to the link down state when the local receiver status is not ok ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok ). exit from the link up 2 state also depends on the speed up mode signal ( speed_up_mode ). if during the link up 2 state , speed up mode is disabled ( speed_up = disabled ), then state machine 500 returns to the link up state . and if during the link up 2 state , speed up mode is enabled and the local receiver status is ok when loss lock timer 426 expires ( loc_rcvr_status = ok * loss_lock_timer_done * speed_up = enabled ), state machine 500 returns to the link up 2 state . but if during the link up 2 state , speed up mode is enabled and the local receiver status is not ok when loss lock timer 426 expires ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * loss_lock_timer_done * speed_up = enabled ), state machine 500 returns to the link down state regardless of the status of maxwait_timer 406 . note that this transition is governed by loss_lock_timer 426 rather than maxwait_timer 406 . therefore gigabit ethernet phy 400 achieves fast link down detection and indication . in some embodiments , link_up_timer 428 is not used . fig6 shows a gigabit ethernet phy 600 according to such an embodiment of the present invention . although in the described embodiments , the elements of gigabit ethernet phy 600 are presented in one arrangement , other embodiments may feature other arrangements , as will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant arts based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein . for example , the elements of gigabit ethernet phy 600 can be implemented in hardware , software , or combinations thereof . gigabit ethernet phy 600 can be implemented as a network device such as a switch , router , network bridge , network interface controller ( nic ), and the like . referring to fig6 , phy 600 includes a physical layer controller 602 , a physical layer monitor 604 , and a maxwait_timer 606 . in operation , phy 600 is connected to a physical link 608 . physical link 608 includes a receive physical link 612 and a transmit physical link 614 . physical layer controller 602 implements a phy control state machine such as that specified by fig4 - 15 of ieee standard 802 . 3 , reproduced here as fig2 . referring to fig2 , phy control state machine 200 starts maxwait_timer 606 when entering the slave silent state . the maxwait_timer 606 is used by physical layer monitor 604 to indicate a link down condition . physical layer monitor 604 includes a monitor module 616 adapted to determine a local receiver status ( loc_rcvr_status ) for receive physical link 612 , and a controller 620 adapted to indicate a link status ( link_status ) for physical link 608 in accordance with a speed up mode signal ( speed_up_mode ), and a loss lock timer ( loss_lock_timer ) 626 . controller 620 includes a normal mode circuit 622 and a speed up mode circuit 624 . normal mode circuit 622 is adapted to indicate the link status is fail for physical link 608 when the local receiver status is not ok , maxwait_timer 606 expires , and speed up mode is disabled ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * maxwait_timer_done * speed_up = disabled ). speed up mode circuit 624 is adapted to indicate the link status is fail for physical link 608 when the local receiver status is not ok and the speed up mode is enabled ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * speed_up = disabled ). note that in speed up mode , maxwait_timer 606 is not used to delay indication of the failure of physical link 608 . controller 620 implements a physical link monitor state machine 700 according to an embodiment of the present invention , as shown in fig7 . referring to fig7 , state machine 700 enters a link down state when pma_reset = on + link_control ≠ enable , as specified by ieee standard 802 . 3 . when state machine 700 enters the link down state , controller 620 asserts link_status = fail . however , when monitor module 616 determines the local receiver status is ok ( loc_rcvr_status = ok ), state machine 700 moves to a hysteresis state . when state machine 700 enters the hysteresis state , controller 620 starts a stabilize timer ( start stabilize_timer ). if during the hysteresis state , monitor module 616 determines the local receiver status is not ok ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok ), state machine 700 returns to the link down state . but if , when the stabilize timer expires , the local receiver status is ok ( stabilize_timer_done * loc_rcvr_status = ok ), state machine 700 moves to a link up state . when state machine 700 enters the link up state , controller 620 asserts link_status = ok , and starts loss lock timer 626 ( start loss_lock_timer ). for example , loss lock timer 626 can be initialized to less than 50 ms ( or even to 0 ms ) to ensure a rapid transition to the link down state when the local receiver status is not ok ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok ). exit from the link up state also depends on the speed up mode signal ( speed_up_mode ). if during the link up state , speed up mode is disabled , monitor module 616 determines the local receiver status is not ok , and maxwait_timer 606 expires ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * maxwait_timer done = true * speed_up = disabled ), then state machine 700 returns to the link down state . but if during the link up state , speed up mode is enabled and the local receiver status is not ok when loss lock timer 626 expires ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * loss_lock_timer_done * speed_up = enabled ), state machine 700 returns to the link down state regardless of the status of maxwait_timer 606 . note that this transition is governed by loss_lock_timer 626 rather than maxwait_timer 606 . therefore gigabit ethernet phy 600 achieves fast link down detection and indication . in some embodiments , neither link_up_timer 428 nor loss_lock_timer 426 are used . fig8 shows a gigabit ethernet phy 800 according to such an embodiment of the present invention . although in the described embodiments , the elements of gigabit ethernet phy 800 are presented in one arrangement , other embodiments may feature other arrangements , as will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant arts based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein . for example , the elements of gigabit ethernet pity 800 can be implemented in hardware , software , or combinations thereof . gigabit ethernet phy 800 can be implemented as a network device such as a switch , router , network bridge , network interface controller ( nic ), and the like . referring to fig8 , phy 800 includes a physical layer controller 802 , a physical layer monitor 804 , and a maxwait_timer 806 . in operation , phy 800 is connected to a physical link 808 . physical link 808 includes a receive physical link 812 and a transmit physical link 814 . physical layer controller 802 implements a phy control state machine such as that specified by fig4 - 15 of ieee standard 802 . 3 , reproduced here as fig2 . referring to fig2 , phy control state machine 200 starts maxwait_timer 806 when entering the slave silent state . the maxwait_timer 806 is used by physical layer monitor 804 to indicate a link down condition . physical layer monitor 804 includes a monitor module 816 adapted to determine a local receiver status ( loc_rcvr_status ) for receive physical link 812 , and a controller 820 adapted to indicate a link status ( link_status ) for physical link 808 in accordance with a speed up mode signal ( speed_up_mode ). controller 820 includes a normal mode circuit 822 and a speed up mode circuit 824 . normal mode circuit 822 is adapted to indicate the link status is fail for physical link 808 when the local receiver status is not ok , maxwait_timer 806 expires , and speed up mode is disabled ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * maxwait_timer_done speed_up = disabled ). speed up mode circuit 824 is adapted to indicate the link status is fail for physical link 808 when the local receiver status is not ok and the speed up mode is enabled ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * speed_up = disabled ). note that in speed up mode , maxwait_timer 806 is not used to delay indication of the failure of physical link 808 . controller 820 implements a physical link monitor state machine 900 according to an embodiment of the present invention , as shown in fig9 . referring to fig9 , state machine 900 enters a link down state when pma_reset = on + link_control ≠ enable , as specified by ieee standard 802 . 3 . when state machine 900 enters the link down state , controller 820 asserts link_status = fail . however , when monitor module 816 determines the local receiver status is ok ( loc_rcvr_status = ok ), state machine 900 moves to a hysteresis state . when state machine 900 enters the hysteresis state , controller 820 starts a stabilize timer ( start stabilize_timer ). if during the hysteresis state , monitor module 816 determines the local receiver status is not ok ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok ), state machine 900 returns to the link down state . but if , when the stabilize timer expires , the local receiver status is ok ( stabilize_timer_done * loc_rcvr_status = ok ), state machine 900 moves to a link up state . when state machine 900 enters the link up state , controller 820 asserts link_status = ok . exit from the link up state also depends on the speed up mode signal ( speed_up_mode ). if during the link up state , speed up mode is disabled , monitor module 816 determines the local receiver status is not ok , and maxwait_timer 806 expires ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * maxwait_timer_done = true * speed_up = disabled ), then state machine 900 returns to the link down state . but if during the link up state , speed up mode is enabled and the local receiver status is not ok ( loc_rcvr_status = not_ok * speed_up = enabled ), state machine 900 returns to the link down state regardless of the status of maxwait_timer 706 . note that this transition is not governed by maxwait_timer 806 . therefore gigabit ethernet phy 800 achieves fast link down detection and indication . embodiments of the invention can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry , or in computer hardware , firmware , software , or in combinations of them . apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine - readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor ; and method steps of the invention can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output . the invention can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from , and to transmit data and instructions to , a data storage system , at least one input device , and at least one output device . each computer program can be implemented in a high - level procedural or object - oriented programming language , or in assembly or machine language if desired ; and in any case , the language can be a compiled or interpreted language . suitable processors include , by way of example , both general and special purpose microprocessors . generally , a processor will receive instructions and data from a read - only memory and / or a random access memory . generally , a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files ; such devices include magnetic disks , such as internal hard disks and removable disks ; magneto - optical disks ; and optical disks . storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non - volatile memory , including by way of example semiconductor memory devices , such as eprom , eeprom , and flash memory devices ; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks ; magneto - optical disks ; and cd - rom disks . any of the foregoing can be supplemented by , or incorporated in , asics ( application - specific integrated circuits ). a number of implementations of the invention have been described . nevertheless , it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , other implementations are within the scope of the following claims . | 7 |
fig1 is a schematic diagram of a system 2 for providing power to and / or communicating with wireless devices using a near field technique , such as near - field inductive coupling , near - field capacitive coupling , or a combination thereof , while in the far field of a directed or ambient energy source according to one embodiment of the present invention . the definition of the near - field is generally accepted as a region that is in proximity to an antenna or another radiating structure where the electric and magnetic fields do not have a plane - wave characteristic but vary greatly from one point to another . furthermore , the near - field can be subdivided into two regions which are named the reactive near field and the radiating near field . the reactive near - field is closest to the radiating antenna and contains almost all of the stored energy , whereas the radiating near - field is where the radiation field is dominant over the reactive field but does not possess plane - wave characteristics and is complicated in structure . this is in contrast to the far - field , which is generally defined as the region where the electromagnetic field has a plane - wave characteristic , i . e ., it has a uniform distribution of the electric and magnetic field strength in planes transverse to the direction of propagation . as used herein , the terms near - field and far - field shall have the meaning provided above . in addition , as used herein , inductive coupling shall mean the transfer of a signal or energy from one circuit component to another through a shared magnetic field , and capacitive coupling shall mean the transfer of a signal or energy from one circuit component to another due to discrete or parasitic capacitance between the circuit components . as seen in fig1 , the system 2 includes a base station 4 which acts as a far field ( directed or ambient ) source by generating and transmitting rf energy 6 . the system 2 further includes a local subsystem 8 which itself includes a far source parent antenna 10 and a plurality of near field wireless devices 12 , sometimes referred to as satellites , described in greater detail elsewhere herein . the far source parent antenna 10 may be any suitable antenna form , such as , without limitation , a dipole , a patch or a serpentine . in operation , when the far source parent antenna 10 receives the rf energy 6 , the received rf energy 6 induces a current in the far source parent antenna 10 . the current flowing through the far source parent antenna 10 causes a near field 14 ( shown by the flux lines in fig1 ) to be generated in the vicinity of the far source parent antenna 10 . in other words , the base station 4 ( the far field source ) creates a near field 14 in the vicinity of the far source parent antenna 10 . as described in greater detail herein , the near field wireless devices 12 receive power and / or communicate with the base station 4 by wirelessly coupling to the near field 14 using , for example , near - field inductive coupling , near - field capacitive coupling , or a combination thereof . fig2 is a schematic diagram of one non - limiting embodiment of the near field wireless device 12 that may be employed in the system 2 shown in fig1 . the near field wireless device 12 in this particular embodiment includes a substrate 16 made of a non - conductive material such as , without limitation , plastic , on which is provided an ic chip 18 , which may be , without limitation , an rfid chip . in addition , a tuned loop conductor 20 is operatively coupled to the ic chip 18 . in particular , the tuned loop conductor 20 is preferably directly connected to two or more connecting pads ( not shown ) provided as part of the ic chip 18 so as to be in electrical connection with the internal components of the ic chip 18 as described elsewhere herein . the tuned loop conductor 20 is preferably tuned to the frequency of the near field 14 that is generated by the far source parent antenna 10 in the local subsystem 8 . in the embodiment shown in fig2 , the tuned looped conductor 20 has a rectangular shape . it should be understood that this is meant to be exemplary , and that other shapes , such as a triangle , a circle or a tetrahedron are also possible . in fact , if a triangular or tetrahedral shape is employed , a plurality of near field devices 12 could be physically connected to one another to form a three - dimensional shape , such as a sphere , where each vertex thereof will include a tuned loop conductor 20 . also , it should be understood that in the embodiments described herein , the use of a looped conductor is not meant to be limiting , and that other conductor configurations suitable for making the required coupling may also be employed . fig3 is a block diagram of the near field wireless device 12 showing the components of the ic chip 18 according to one particular embodiment . the near field wireless device 12 includes energy harvesting circuitry 22 that is operatively coupled to on - board electronic circuitry 24 , which in turn is operatively coupled to load circuitry 26 which could include a transmitter . in operation , the energy harvesting circuitry 22 is structured to receive the ac energy of the near field 14 and , as described in greater detail below , harvest energy therefrom by converting the received ac energy into dc energy , e . g ., a dc voltage . the dc voltage is then used to power the on - board electronic circuitry 24 and the load circuitry 26 . the on - board electronic circuitry 24 may include , for example , a processing unit , such as , without limitation , a microprocessor , a microcontroller or a pic processor , additional logic circuitry , and a sensing circuit for sensing or measuring a particular parameter ( such as temperature , in which case a thermistor may be included in the sensing circuit ). the load circuitry 26 in the present embodiment may be structured to transmit an rf information signal to a receiving device , such as the base station 4 . the rf information signal may , for example , include data that identifies the near field wireless device 12 and / or data that is sensed by a component provided as part of the on - board electronic circuitry 24 . for instance , the load circuitry 26 functioning as a transmitter may transmit an rf signal that represents a temperature as measured by a thermistor provided as part of the on - board electronic circuitry 24 . in addition , the on - board electronic circuitry 24 may further include an energy storage device , such as a rechargeable battery or a capacitor ( such as a supercapacitor ) for storing energy from the dc voltage , which energy is then used to power the components of the on - board electronic circuitry 24 . fig4 is a block diagram of one particular , non - limiting embodiment of the energy harvesting circuitry 22 that may be employed in the near field wireless device 12 . as seen in fig4 , this embodiment of the energy harvesting circuitry 22 includes a matching network 28 which is electrically connected to the tuned loop conductor 20 . the matching network 28 is electrically connected to a voltage boosting and rectifying circuit preferably in the form of a one or more stage charge pump 30 . charge pumps are well known in the art . basically , one stage of a charge pump significantly increases the effective amplitude of an ac input voltage with the resulting increased dc voltage appearing on an output capacitor . the voltage could also be stored using a rechargeable battery . successive stages of a charge pump , if present , will essentially increase the voltage from the previous stage resulting in an increased output voltage . in operation , the tuned loop conductor 20 receives the ac energy of the near field 14 and provides that energy to the charge pump 30 through the matching network 28 . the charge pump 30 rectifies the received ac signal to produce a dc signal that is amplified as compared to what it would have been had a simple rectifier been used . in one particular embodiment , the matching network 28 is chosen ( i . e ., its impedance is chosen ) so as to maximize the voltage of the dc signal output by charge pump 30 . in other words , the matching network 28 matches the impedance of the tuned loop conductor 20 to the charge pump 30 solely on the basis of maximizing the dc output of the charge pump 30 . in the preferred embodiment , the matching network 28 is an lc circuit of either an l topology ( which includes one inductor and one capacitor ) or a π topology ( which includes one inductor and two capacitors ) wherein the inductance of the lc circuit and the capacitance of the lc circuit are chosen so as to maximize the dc output of the charge pump 30 . furthermore , the matching network 28 may be chosen so as to maximize the output of the charge pump 30 using a trial and error (“ annealing ”) empirical approach in which various sets of inductor and capacitor values are used as matching elements in the matching network 28 , and the resulting output of the charge pump 30 is measured for each combination , and the combination that produces the maximum output is chosen . fig5 is a top plan view and fig6 is a bottom plan view of a local subsystem 8 according to one particular embodiment . the local subsystem 8 in this embodiment includes a far source parent antenna 10 in the form of a dipole antenna provided on the top surface 34 of a non - conductive substrate 32 , which may be , for example , a fiberglass material as used in printed circuit boards or any other appropriate substrate . as seen in fig5 and 6 , a first plurality of near field devices 12 are provided on the top surface 34 of the substrate 32 , and a second plurality of near field devices 12 are provided on the bottom surface 36 of the substrate 32 . the near field devices 12 may be permanently attached to the substrate 32 using a suitable adhesive material , or alternatively , may be removeably attached to the substrate 32 using a suitable mechanism such as a clear peel - able plastic tape . in either case , due to the presence of the substrate 16 , there is no contact or direct physical connection between the far source parent antenna 10 and the tuned loop conductor 20 of any of the near field devices 12 . however , as described in greater detail elsewhere herein , each near field device 12 is wirelessly coupled to the near field 14 ( and preferably the reactive near field portion thereof ) generated by the far source parent antenna 10 as a result of inductive and / or capacitive coupling between the tuned loop conductor 20 and the near field 14 . eliminating the need for a direct physical connection between the far source parent antenna 10 and the near field devices 12 simplifies fabrication and impedance matching as such multiple physical connections would require considerable attention in manufacturing . it should be understood that while near field devices 12 are shown on both the top surface 34 and the bottom surface 36 of the substrate 32 , this is meant to be exemplary only , and that near field devices 12 may be provided on only a single surface of the substrate 32 in some embodiments . in fact , it is not necessary that the near field devices be attached to the substrate on any surface thereof , as the present invention will function as described herein as long as a near field device 12 is in the vicinity of the far source parent antenna 10 in an area where the near field 14 is strong enough for energy to be harvested therefrom as described herein . fig7 is a top plan view of a local subsystem 8 according to another particular embodiment . in this embodiment , the local subsystem 8 includes a conventional ( prior art ) rfid tag 38 available from a number of commercial sources such as , without limitation texas instruments , inc . the rfid tag 38 includes a substrate 40 . an rfid antenna 42 is provided on the top surface 46 of the substrate 40 and serves as the far source parent antenna 10 . an rfid chip 44 , similar in structure and functionality to the ic chip 18 , is operatively coupled to the rfid antenna 42 in a conventional manner . in addition , as seen in fig7 , a plurality of near field devices 12 are provided on the top surface 46 of the substrate 40 ( although not shown , a second plurality of near field devices 12 may be provided on the bottom surface of the substrate 40 ). the near field devices 12 may be permanently attached to the substrate 40 using a suitable adhesive material , or alternatively , may be removeably attached to the substrate 40 using a suitable mechanism as described elsewhere herein . in either case , there is no contact or direct physical connection between the far source parent antenna 10 ( the rfid antenna 42 ) and the tuned loop conductor 20 of any of the near field devices 12 . however , as described elsewhere herein , each near field device 12 is wirelessly coupled to the near field 14 generated by the far source parent antenna 10 as a result of inductive and / or capacitive coupling between the tuned loop conductor 20 and the near field 14 . fig8 is a top plan view and fig9 is a partial front elevational view of a local subsystem 8 according to yet another particular embodiment . the local subsystem 8 in this embodiment includes a far source parent antenna 10 in the form of a dipole antenna provided on the top surface 34 of a non - conductive substrate 32 . as seen in fig8 and 9 , a plurality of near field devices 12 , identified as 12 a , 12 b and 12 c , are provided on the top surface 34 of the substrate 32 in a manner in which they are stacked on top of one another . preferably , the bottom most near field device 12 a is permanently or removeably attached to the substrate 32 as described elsewhere herein , the near field device 12 b is stacked on top of and permanently or removeably attached to the near field device 12 a , and the near field device 12 c is stacked on top of and permanently or removeably attached to the near field device 12 c . due to the presence of the substrate 16 of the near field device 12 a , there is no contact or direct physical connection between the far source parent antenna 10 and the tuned loop conductor 20 of any of the near field devices 12 . however , as described elsewhere herein , each near field device 12 a , 12 b , 12 c is wirelessly coupled to the near field 14 generated by the far source parent antenna 10 as a result of inductive and / or capacitive coupling between the tuned loop conductor 20 thereof and the near field 14 . it should be understood that while near field devices 12 are shown on only the top surface 34 , near field devices 12 may also be provided in a stacked manner on the bottom surface of the substrate 32 in some embodiments . in addition , according to one specific embodiment , a plurality of near field devices 12 in addition to the stacked near field devices 12 a , 12 b , 12 c may also be provided on either or both surfaces of the substrate 32 in a configuration in which they are positioned adjacent to one another ( rather than stacked ) as shown in , for example , fig5 and 6 . an example of such an embodiment is shown in fig1 . in the embodiments of fig5 - 10 , the near field devices 12 may be selectively positioned with respect to the far source parent antenna 10 ( e . g ., on the associated substrate 32 ) such that the total amount of dc energy that is harvested by the energy harvesting circuitry 22 of each of the near field devices 12 is maximized ( different amounts may be harvested by each depending on position ). this may be accomplished through a trial and error approach by moving the near field devices 12 around and measuring the harvested dc energy until a configuration is found wherein the total energy harvested is at a maximum . as will be appreciated , in most embodiments of the near field device 12 , the thickest component will be the ic chip 18 . as a result , when multiple near field devices 12 are stacked as shown in fig9 and 10 wherein the ic chips 18 are positioned directly on top of one another , the stack will have a maximum thickness . according to one particular embodiment of the local subsystem 8 , this thickness may be reduced and minimized by alternating the position of the ic chips of each near field device 12 when the near field devices 12 are stacked . this reduction of thickness is facilitated by making the substrate 16 and the tuned loop conductor 20 of each near field device 12 of a flexible material such that they can bend when stacked on top of one another to take up empty space that otherwise would be present therebetween . construction of a local subsystem 8 according to this embodiment is illustrated in fig1 wherein the arrows represent one near field device 12 being stacked on top of another near field device 12 . fig1 and 13 illustrate another embodiment of a local subsystem 8 which reduces and minimizes the thickness of the stack of near field devices 12 . in this embodiment , the near field devices 12 are constructed such that the substrate 16 of each near field device 12 in the stack is able to fit within the interior of the near field device 12 immediately below it as bound on one end by the inner edge of the ic chip 18 thereof . more preferably , the near field devices 12 are constructed such that the substrate 16 of each near field device 12 in the stack is able to fit within the tuned loop conductor 20 of the near field device 12 immediately below it . in this configuration , the near field devices are able to be stacked like russian dolls . fig1 shows yet another embodiment of a local subsystem 8 which reduces and minimizes thickness of the stack of near field devices 12 . in this embodiment , the near field devices 12 a , 12 b , 12 c , 12 d are stacked such that the near field devices 12 a , 12 b , 12 c , 12 d are each shifted linearly with respect to one another in the stack . as a result , the ic chips 18 thereof will be positioned adjacent to one another rather than directly on top of one another . again , this reduction of thickness is facilitated by making the substrate 16 and the tuned loop conductor 20 of each near field device 12 of a flexible material such that they can bend when stacked on top of one another to take up empty space that otherwise would be present therebetween . fig1 is a schematic diagram of a transponder apparatus 50 according to a further embodiment that employs capacitive coupling with inductive tuning as described below . the transponder apparatus 50 includes a main antenna element 52 provided on a substrate 56 . the main antenna element 52 includes four conductor elements 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , and 54 d , which , in the embodiment shown , each have a square spiral shape such that they are nested within one another . as seen in fig1 , the conductor elements 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , and 54 d are each direct connection ( dc ) coupled to one another at a direct connection ( dc ) coupling point 58 . in addition , a looped conductor device 60 ( identified as 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d ), each identical in structure to the near field device 12 shown in fig2 , is provided on the substrate 56 in the vicinity of the terminal end 64 a , 64 b , 64 c , 64 d of a terminal segment 66 a , 66 b , 66 c , 66 d of a respective conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d . the ic chip 18 of each looped conductor device 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d is not , in the embodiment shown , directly connected to the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d ( there is an air gap between ic chip 18 of each looped conductor device 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d and the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d ). instead , each ic chip 18 is coupled to the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d through capacitive coupling between the looped conductor 20 of the associated looped conductor device 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d and the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d . in other words , each looped conductor 20 is capacitively coupled to a respective conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d ( by being in the capacitive field thereof , which may or may not overlap the near field ), and as a result , each ic chip 18 is coupled to a respective conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d so that energy and signals can be transferred from the conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d to the associated ic chip 18 . in particular , the two points at which the looped conductor 20 is connected to the ic chip have a capacitive connection to the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d at two points where the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d has been slit to provide an inductive matching slot in the conductor ( an inductive matching circuit ) to balance out the capacitive connection . such a configuration allows energy and signals ( e . g ., data and / or power signals ) received by the main antenna element 52 from , for example , a base station such as the base station 4 ( e . g ., an rfid reader ), to be transferred to the looped conductor devices 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d ( i . e ., to the ic chips 18 thereof ). in addition , the direct connection between each of the conductor elements 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , and 54 d enables looped conductor devices 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d to be able to communicate with one another . the capacitive coupling just described introduces a number of new capacitances into the transponder apparatus 50 and as a result will alter the resonance properties of the main antenna element 52 . thus , in order to balance / counteract this effect , each conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d is provided with a respective slot 68 a , 68 b , 68 c , 68 d therein . preferably , the slot 68 a , 68 b , 68 c , 68 d is provided in the terminal segment 66 a , 66 b , 66 c , 66 d of the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d beginning in the vicinity of the terminal end 64 a , 64 b , 64 c , 64 d thereof . each slot 68 a , 68 b , 68 c , 68 d will introduce an inductive reactance that balances / counteracts the resonance change to a desired extent and which maintains a desired impedance matching between the ic chip 18 and the associated conductor element 54 a , 54 b , 54 c , 54 d . the dimensions of each slot 68 a , 68 b , 68 c , 68 d will be determined by the desired added inductive reactance , which in turn will be determined by the amount of capacitance added by the capacitive coupling described above . as a result , the transponder apparatus 50 can be said to include capacitive coupling with inductive tuning . fig1 is a schematic diagram of a transponder apparatus 50 ′ according to an alternate embodiment , which is similar to the transponder apparatus 50 . however , in the transponder apparatus 50 ′, the size of the dc coupling point 58 has been increased to an extent that the main antenna element 52 largely comprises a patch antenna . fig1 is a schematic diagram of a transponder apparatus 70 according to yet a further embodiment . the transponder apparatus 70 includes four separate antenna elements 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d provided on a substrate 74 which are not connected to one another . in the embodiment shown , each of the antenna elements 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d has a square spiral shape such that they are nested within one another . it should be understood that this is exemplary only , and that all of the antenna elements 72 a , 72 b , 72 c and 72 d may have a common different shape , or that the shapes may differ among the group of antenna elements 72 a , 72 b , 72 c and 72 d . as seen in fig1 , a looped conductor device 60 ( identified as 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d ), each identical in structure to the near field device 12 shown in fig2 , is provided on the substrate 74 in the vicinity of the terminal end 76 a , 76 b , 76 c , 76 d of a terminal segment 78 a , 78 b , 78 c , 78 d of a respective antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d . the ic chip 18 of each looped conductor device 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d is not , in the embodiment shown , directly connected to the associated antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d . instead , each ic chip 18 is coupled to the associated antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d through capacitive coupling between the looped conductor 20 of the associated looped conductor device 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d and the associated antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d . in other words , each looped conductor 20 is capacitively coupled to a respective antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d , and as a result , each ic chip 18 is coupled to a respective antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d so that energy and signals ( e . g ., data and / or power signals ) can be transferred from the antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d to the associated ic chip 18 . such a configuration allows energy and signals received by each respective antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d from , for example , a base station such as the base station 4 ( e . g ., an rfid reader ), to be transferred to the associated looped conductor device 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d ( i . e ., the ic chip 18 thereof ). as described elsewhere herein , the capacitive coupling just described will alter the resonance properties of each antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d . thus , in order to balance / counteract this effect , each antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d is provided with a respective slot 80 a , 80 b , 80 c , 80 d therein . preferably , the slot 80 a , 80 b , 80 c , 80 d is provided in the terminal segment 78 a , 78 b , 78 c , 78 d of the associated antenna element 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d beginning at the terminal end 76 a , 76 b , 76 c , 76 d thereof . each slot 80 a , 80 b , 80 c , 80 d will introduce an inductive reactance that balances / counteracts the resonance change to a desired extent . the dimensions of each slot 80 a , 80 b , 80 c , 80 d will be determined by the desired added inductive reactance , which in turn will be determined by the amount of capacitance added by the capacitive coupling described above . as a result , the transponder apparatus 70 can be said to include capacitive coupling with inductive tuning . fig1 and 19 are schematic diagrams of a transponder apparatuses 70 ′ and 70 ″ according to alternative further embodiments wherein the spacing between the antenna elements 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d has been altered . fig2 is a schematic diagram of a transponder apparatus 70 ′″ according to still a further alternative embodiments wherein the looped conductor devices 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d , the terminal segment 78 a , 78 b , 78 c , 78 d and the slots 80 a , 80 b , 80 c , 80 d are positioned in the central region of the transponder apparatus 70 ′″ ( wherein they are surrounded by the remainder of the antenna elements 72 a , 72 b , 72 c , and 72 d ) as opposed to the outer periphery thereof . while preferred embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated above , it should be understood that these are exemplary of the invention and are not to be considered as limiting . additions , deletions , substitutions , and other modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be considered as limited by the foregoing description but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims . | 7 |
the composition for treating hair of the present invention either solely contains the thiol compounds or their salts formulated by formula 1 , or contain them together with other reductants . if it contains only the thiol compounds or their salts , then hair cosmetics which are superior to conventional cosmetics in terms of waving effect , odor , hair damage , texture , safety , etc ., are obtained . if it contains other reductants as well , then hair cosmetics which are superior to conventional cosmetics in terms of waving effect and texture , and as good as conventional cosmetics in terms of hair damage and such are obtained . the hair reductants from the present invention are composed of thiol compounds or their salts formulated by formula 1 . while n and m are integers from preferable if n = 2 and m = 2 or 3 . examples of the hair cosmetics of this invention include primary agents for permanent waving , pretreatment agents for hair dyeing , cosmetics for heated - type hair curling , cosmetics for hair softening and cosmetics for frizzy hair . the primary agents for permanent waving can be used as primary agents for the cold two - bath type , heated two bath type and prepared - at - use exoergic type waves , and also as primary agents for curly hair straightening agents . when blending the thiol compounds or their salts formulated by formula 1 into hair cosmetics , the blending ratio can be freely changed according to the target efficacy and effect of the hair cosmetics . for example , when they are blended as primary agents for permanents , 1 . 0 to 50 % ( weight %) is preferable , and 2 . 0 to 20 % ( weight %) is more preferable . when used together with other reductants , while the weight ratio { reductants of formula i or their salts }/{ other reductants } can be any value , the weight ratio { reductants of formula 1 or their salts }/{ other reductants } should preferably be 0 . 05 or more in order to take advantage of combined use , the preferable upper limit is 100 , above which the effect becomes the same as when only the reductants of formula 1 are used . when blending the thiol compounds or their salts formulated by formula 1 into hair cosmetics such as heated - type hair curling agents , cosmetics for hair softening , cosmetics for frizzy hair or pretreatment agents for hair dyeing , it is normally preferable to have a lower blending ratio compared to when they are blended as primary agents for permanents , and more specifically 2 . 0 % ( weight %) or less is preferable . also in this case , when used together with other reductants , the weight ratio { reductants of formula 1 or their salts }/{ other reductants } should preferably be 0 . 05 or more . when blending the thiol compounds formulated in formula 1 into cosmetics , it is normally preferable to have them in salt form as formulated by the following formula 2 , wherein n and m are the same as in the general formula ( 1 ). x -- is the an ion part of an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid , sulfuric acid , phosphoricacid or carbonic acid , or of an organic acid such as ethylsulfuric acid , methylsulfuric acid , citric acid , acetic acid , tartaric acid , oxalic acid , lactic acid or acidic aminoacids , as the alkali agent used to make the hair cosmetics , to which the thiol compounds or their salts formulated in formula 1 are blended , have an alkaline ph , various alkali agents can be used . for example , aqueous ammonia , ammoniumcarbonate , ammonium hydrogencarbonate , monoethanolamine , diethanolamine , morpholine , triethanolamine , aminomethylpropanol , aminomethylpropanediol , isopropanolamine , guanidine , guanidine chloride , guanidine carbonate , guanidinesulfate , l - arginine , l - lysine and inorganic alkali agents can be used . the ph of the cosmetics is preferably 3 to 11 , and more preferably 7 . 5 to 10 . in addition to those mentioned above , there are various useful additives which can be blended into hair cosmetics . for example : urea , alkylurea , taurine , hydantoin , hydantoic acid , lithium halogenares , various solvents and polyvalent - ols as effect accelerators ; various anionic , ampholytic , cationic and nonionic surfactants as penetration assistants and wetting accelerators ; various peptides , oligopeptides , polypeptides and proteins , mink oil , lanolin and hydrocarbon oils as hair protectors ; silicone derivatives such as emulsion formulations of silicone and amodimethicone , cation modified silicone , bunte modified silicone , glycol modified silicone and trimethylcyritates of amino modified silicone , as well as various cationic polymers as hair texture improvement agents ; scent agents ; sequestering agents ; coloring agents , etc ., can be blended . in a case of a hair remover : the skin irritation relievers include glycerine , 1 - 3 butyleneglycol , sorbitol , hexyleneglycol , propyleneglycol , dipropyleneglycol , diglycerine and polyglycerine ; the skin emollient agents include various plant oils , animal oils , mineral oils , silicone and various silicone derivatives , higher alcohols , higher fatic acids and emulsifiers . it may contain various water soluble polymers , inorganic polymer perfume agents , sequestering agents , antiseptics and coloring to improve usability . also in a case of a hair dye : the solvents include benzylalcohol , n - methyl pyrolidone , ethylalcohol , isopropylalcohol , n - butylalcohol and phenylethylalcohol ; the acids include organic acids such as citric acid , acetic acid , lactic acid , tartaric acid and acidic amino acids , as well as various inorganic acids ; the acidic dyes include various tar dyes and natural dyes which dissolve in the solvents mentioned above or in water . as far as the type of agent for these cosmetics is concerned , it is obviously possible to choose , according to the intended use , such types as a transparent liquid type , an emulsion / viscous emulsion type , a transparent gel type , a cream type , or a foamy aerosol or spray type . we prepared primary agents for cold two bath type permanents with the compositions shown in table 1 , and evaluated the waving effect , hair damage , texture and odor . a hair bundle ( 12 hairs , 130 mm long ) was uniformly wrapped around a glass rod ( diameter 7 mm ), immersed in the primary agent for permanents for 10 minutes at 30 ° c ., and rinsed for 1 minute . it was then immersed in a secondary permanent agent ( 6 . 0 % nabro3 , phosphate buffer , ph 5 . 5 ) for 10 minutes at 30 ° c ., rinsed , and thus prepared as a hair coil . the hair coil diameter and hair coil length of the hair coil thus prepared were measured . for both hair coil diameter and hair coil length , smaller values indicate a stronger waving effect . permanent treatment , under the same treatment conditions as when the waving effect was measured , was conducted on a hair bundle ( 12 hairs , 60 mm long ), and the hair strength ratio of before and after the permanent treatment was measured . hair strength ratio values closer to 1 . 000 indicate less hair damage . after preparation of the primary agents for permanents they were let stand for a week at room temperature and at 40 ° c ., and then odor was evaluated by smelling ( sense ). evaluation is indicated as follows : the texture after permanent was evaluated by touch ( sense ) after permanent treatment was conducted on 5 female panelers . the permanent treatment conditions were the same as for the waving effect measurement . evaluation is indicated as follows : the results of the above - described evaluations are shown in table 1 and table 2 . in the tables , a value in parentheses () indicates the concentration ( ppm ) of hydrogen sulfide in 5 milliliters of the primary agent for permanents when it is discharged into 100 milliliters air volume . table 1__________________________________________________________________________ example example control controlcomposition ( w %) ( no . 1 ) ( no . 2 ) ( no . 3 ) ( no . 4 ) __________________________________________________________________________reductanths -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 10 . 22hs -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 11 . 13aqueous ammonium thioglycolate ( 50 %) 12 . 00dl . cysteine . hcl . h . sub . 2 o 11 . 45ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - 4 sodium 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1polyoxyethylene ( 20 e . o .) cetylether 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1monoethanolamine suitable suitable suitable suitable amount amount amount amountpurified water balance balance balance balancetotal 100 100 100 100__________________________________________________________________________ for each primary agent preparation , the ph at 25 ° c . was 8 . 5 ± 0 . 1 , and the reductant level was 0 . 652n . table 2__________________________________________________________________________ example example control controlevaluation ( item ) ( no . 1 ) ( no . 2 ) ( no . 3 ) ( no . 4 ) __________________________________________________________________________wave effect ( mm ) hair coil 9 . 5 10 . 3 17 . 3 26 . 2 diameter hair coil 19 . 7 23 . 6 40 . 8 55 . 4 lengthhair damage hair strength 0 . 875 0 . 888 0 . 754 0 . 912 ratiotexture after touch ( sense ) ⊚ ⊚ x ◯ permanent very good very good poor goododor of primary let stand for ⊚ ⊚ x δagent for 1 week at room ( o ) ( o ) ( 416 ) ( 73 ) permanents temperature ( smelling : sense ) let stand for ⊚ ⊚ xx xx 1 week ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( 830 ) ( 1650 ) at 40 ° c . __________________________________________________________________________ the comparison shows that examples no . 1 and no . 2 are superior to controls no . 3 ( containing ammonium thioglycolate ) and no . 4 ( containing cysteine ) in terms of waving effect , texture and odor . it is also shown that they are superior to the control ( no . 3 ) in terms of hair damage , as well . according to the 12 - hour open patch test on 5 panelers , faint red spots were observed on two panelers in control no . 3 , but no faint red spots nor any other irritations were observed on any of the panelers in the examples . we prepared primary agents for cold two bath type permanents with the compositions shown in table 3 , and evaluated the waving effect , hair damage and texture . this embodiment shows examples in which other reductants as well as the thiol compounds formulated in formula 1 contained . the results of the measurements are shown in table 4 . table 3__________________________________________________________________________ example example control controlcomposition ( w %) ( no . 5 ) ( no . 6 ) ( no . 7 ) ( no . 8 ) __________________________________________________________________________reductanths -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 2 . 0 2 . 0aqueous ammonium thioglycolate ( 50 %) 10 . 0 14 . 0dl - cysteine 5 . 0 6 . 5ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - 4 sodium 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1polyoxyethylene ( 20 e . o .) cetylether 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1monoethanolamine suitable suitable suitable suitable amount amount amount amountpurified water balance balance balance balancetotal 100 100 100 100__________________________________________________________________________ for each primary agent preparation , the ph at 25 ° c . was 8 . 5 ± 0 . 1 . reductant : 7 . 0 w / w % table 4__________________________________________________________________________ example example control controlevaluation ( item ) ( no . 5 ) ( no . 6 ) ( no . 7 ) ( no . 8 ) __________________________________________________________________________wave effect ( mm ) hair coil 9 . 8 10 . 9 12 . 8 28 . 4 diameter hair coil 23 . 5 27 . 8 36 . 3 63 . 9 lengthhair damage hair strength 0 . 899 0 . 891 0 . 701 0 . 955 ratiotexture after touch ( sense ) ⊚ ⊚ x ◯ permanent__________________________________________________________________________ the methods for evaluating waving effect and hair damage for all but the hair used were the same as for example 1 . in terms of waving effect and texture after permanent , it is shown that example no . 5 is superior to control no . 7 , and example no . 6 is superior to control no . 8 . in terms of hair damage , example no . 5 is superior to control no . 7 , and both example no . 6 and control no . 8 show good results . we prepared cosmetics for heated - type hair curling with the compositions shown in table 5 , and evaluated the curling effect , hair damage and texture , the results are also shown in table 5 . table 5______________________________________ example controlcomposition ( w %) ( no . 9 ) ( no . 10 ) ______________________________________reductanths -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 1 . 0sodium pyrosulfite 4 . 0 4 . 0ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - 4 sodium 0 . 1 0 . 1polyoxyethylene ( 20 e . o .) cetylether 0 . 1 0 . 1monoethanolamine suitable suitable amount amountpurified water balance balancetotal 100 100evaluation resultscurling effect hair coil diameter 10 . 0 24 . 0 ( mm ) hair coil length 30 . 2 66 . 6hair damage hair strength ratio 0 . 953 0 . 960texture touch ( sense ) ⊚ ⊚ ______________________________________ the curling agents were prepared to have a ph of 8 . 5 at 25 ° c . the evaluation method was almost the same as for examplem 1 , except that the curling agent treatment was conducted for 20 minutes at 40 ° c . it is shown that example no . 9 has a degree of texture and hair damage equivalent to control no . 10 , but that it is superior to control no . 10 in terms of curling effect . we prepared cold two bath type permanent agents with the following compositions : ______________________________________ ( w %) ______________________________________primary agent for permanents1 . hs -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 6 . 02 . aqueous ammonium thioglycolate ( 50 %) 2 . 03 . monoethanolamine 1 . 54 . ammonium hydrogen - carbonate 2 . 55 . l - arginine 0 . 56 . amodimethicone emulsion * 2 . 07 . stearyl - trimethyl ammonium chloride 0 . 18 . polyoxyethylene ( 20 e . o .) cetylether 0 . 59 . keratin hydrolysis product ** 1 . 010 . perfume 0 . 111 . ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 4 - sodium 0 . 112 . purified water 83 . 7secondary agent for permanents1 . sodium bromate 6 . 02 . purified water 94 . 0______________________________________ * toray silicone sm8702c , manufactured by toray dowcorning silicone , ltd . ** promois wkh , manufactured by seiwa supply , ltd . using 80 ml of the primary agent for permanents and 100 ml of the secondary agent for permanents , treatment with conventional methods was performed on women with medium length hair . very resilient waves were obtained without a residual odor after the permanents , and smooth and shiny hair styles resulted . we prepared a hair cosmetic for frizzy hair with the following composition : ______________________________________ ( w %) ______________________________________1 . hs -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 2 . 02 . sodium pyrosulfite 5 . 03 . merquat 100 *** 1 . 04 . monoethanolamine suitable amount5 . aqueous ammonia ( guaranteed reagent ) 2 . 06 . cetanol 1 . 07 . stearyl - trimethyl ammonium chloride 0 . 28 . polyoxyethylene ( 20 e . o .) cetylether 0 . 19 . perfume 0 . 110 . purified water balance total 100 . 0 % ( w %) ______________________________________ the ph was adjusted to 8 . 5 using monoethanolamine . *** a cation polymer manufactured by merck , ltd . using 80 ml of this liquid agent , heating with a hair dryer was conducted with a conventional method for 20 minutes at 50 ° c . the rods were then removed after adequate rinsing , resulting in resilient curls with good hair texture . after shampooing in a bath tub , 10 ml of this liquid agent was applied , then rinsed off after letting stand for approximately 5 minutes . after repeating this treatment for approximately a week , the relatively stiff and somewhat frizzy hair of the woman became easier to manage , and soft and flowing . we prepared a pretreatment agent for hair dyeing with the following composition : ______________________________________ ( w %) ______________________________________1 . hs -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 1 . 02 . n - acetyl - l - cysteine 1 . 03 . sodium carbonate suitable amount ( ph 8 . 0 ) 4 . polyoxyethylene ( 20 e . o .) cetylether 0 . 15 . purified water balance total 100 . 0 w % ______________________________________ this agent was applied to the approximately 50 % gray hair ( side ) of a male by using absorbent cotton soaked with approximately 5 ml of the agent , and the hair was let stand for 10 minutes . then , after cleaning with a wet towel the area where this agent was applied , a commercial hair dyeing agent was applied , and the hair was let stand for 10 minutes . after rinsing and drying , the gray hair was nicely dyed and substantially less prominent . the effect was found to continue for approximately 2 weeks . ______________________________________1 . hs -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 1 . 02 . erythrocin ( red no . 3 ) 0 . 13 . indigo carmine ( blue no . 2 ) 0 . 14 . quinoline yellow ws ( yellow no . 203 ) 0 . 15 . benzyl alcohol 10 . 06 . ethyl alcohol 10 . 07 . citric acid 1 . 08 . xanthenegum 1 . 09 . purified water balance total 100 % ______________________________________ approximately 80 ml of this agent was applied on the entire head of hair of a man with 50 % gray hair . after letting stand for 10 minutes , the agent was thoroughly rinsed off with water . the hair was then washed with normal shampoo , wiped with a towel , and dried with a hair drier . the gray hair became significantly less conspicuous , and the entire head of hair changed to natural looking black hair . the color held for approximately 2 weeks . ______________________________________1 . hs -- ch2ch2 -- nh -- ch2ch2 -- nh3 . cl 1 . 02 . sodium hydroxide appropriate quantity ( ph 10 ) 3 . stearyl alcohol 3 . 04 . cetyl alcohol 3 . 05 . vaseline 15 . 06 . liquid paraffin 10 . 07 . polyoxyethylene ( 50 eo ) oleyl other 4 . 08 . polyoxyethylene ( 8 eo ) oleyl ether 1 . 79 . urea 2 . 010 . perfume appropriate quantity11 . purified water balance total 100 . 0 ( wt %) ______________________________________ approximately 10 g of this product was uniformly applied on a portion ( 10 cm × 4 cm ) of an arm with unwanted hair ( body hair ) and , after letting stand for 5 minutes , the area was thoroughly rinsed with warm water and wiped with a towel to remove excess moisture . the unwanted hair was removed clean . there was no skin irritation nor redness observed during or after use . the composition of the invention for hair reductants can be contained in hair cosmetics . when contained alone , superior results are obtained compared to conventional cosmetics in terms of waving effect , odor , hair damage , texture and safety . when contained together with other reductants , superior results are obtained compared to conventional cosmetics in terms of waving effect and texture , and equivalent results are obtained compared to conventional cosmetics in terms of hair damage and such . when the cosmetics are heated - type hair curling cosmetics , the curling effect is much superior to that of conventional cosmetics while hair damage and texture results are more or less equivalent . when the cosmetics are cosmetics for frizzy hair and cosmetics for hair softening , they are superior to conventional cosmetics in terms of their frizzy hair correction effect and their hair softening effect . when the cosmetics are pretreatment agents for hair dyeing , they are almost equivalent to conventional cosmetics in terms of hair damage and texture , and much improved in terms of their dyeing effect with acidic hair dyeing agents . when the cosmetics are human hair remover they are superior to conventional cosmetics in terms of their odor and safety in hair removing effect . | 0 |
fig1 is a side view of corkscrew ( 1 ) embodying features of the present invention . an elongated lever ( 2 ) has a shape configured to bring its free end ( 2 ′) close to the neck ( 12 ) of a bottle ( 13 ) during use ( fig2 ). a cork - engaging screw ( 3 ) is pivotally mounted , by a pivot mount ( 4 ), on the opposite screw end ( 2 ″) of the lever . a plurality of elongated fulcrums ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) are pivotally mounted , in this embodiment , by their ends with a common pivotal mount ( 7 ), intermediate the ends ( 2 ′) and ( 2 ″) of the lever ( 2 ) at a predetermined distance from pivot mount ( 4 ). fulcrums ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) terminate in free ends ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) respectively that are configured to seat securely on the lip ( 11 ) of the neck ( 12 ) of the bottle ( 13 ) during operation of the corkscrew ( 1 ) ( fig2 ). fig2 shows the corkscrew apparatus with the screw ( 3 ) entirely engaged within a normal length cork ( 10 ) that is fully inserted within a bottle neck ( 12 ). when shorter fulcrum ( 5 ) is applied to the bottle lip ( 11 ), both the bottle neck ( 12 ) and the free end of lever ( 2 ) are within grasping distance of the thumb and at least one finger of one hand ( 14 ) as shown . fulcrum ( 5 ) converges towards the screw ( 3 ) at the bottle lip ( 11 ) and as the hand ( 14 ) squeezes , force ( 15 ) is applied to the lever ( 2 ) and bottle neck ( 12 ). this results in force ( 16 ) at the fulcrum ( 5 ). force ( 16 ) can be broken into a sidewards force ( 18 ) and a downwards force ( 17 ). sidewards force ( 18 ) serves to force the free end of fulcrum ( 5 ) into a stable position on the bottle lip ( 11 ). lifting force ( 19 ) is produced at the screw &# 39 ; s pivotal mount ( 4 ). fulcrum ( 5 ) includes a bottle lip - engaging seat on its free end ( 8 ) that creates a seating engagement on the bottle lip ( 11 ) when a force ( 16 ) is applied . fig3 is a side view illustrating the position of the corkscrew apparatus ( 1 ) and cork ( 10 ) after the first complete squeeze of the lever ( 2 ). as described , only one hand is necessary to extract the cork ( 10 ) this initial distance since both the bottle ( 13 ) and free end ( 2 ′) overlap and can both be held and supported by only that one hand . fig4 is a side view of the corkscrew ( 1 ) after the first squeezing operation and now positioned with the longer fulcrum ( 6 ) engaged with the bottle lip ( 11 ). since the first operation moved the cork ( 10 ), screw ( 3 ) and lever ( 2 ) vertically upward from the bottle lip ( 11 ), engagement of the longer fulcrum ( 6 ) on the bottle lip ( 11 ) repositions the lever &# 39 ; s free end ( 2 ′) at substantially the same angle from the neck of the bottle ( 12 ) as in the initial position when the shorter fulcrum ( 5 ) was engaged . the thumb may now have to move up the neck of the bottle ( 12 ), but is still able to hold it securely . fulcrum ( 6 ) again converges towards the screw ( 3 ) at the bottle lip ( 11 ), and when a squeezing force is applied , a force similar to force ( 16 ), will be produced that will hold the fulcrum ( 6 ) against the bottle lip ( 11 ). fulcrum ( 6 ) also has a bottle lip - engaging seat on its free end ( 9 ) that creates a seating engagement with the bottle lip ( 11 ) when a squeezing force is applied to the lever as described before . fig5 is a side view of the corkscrew ( 1 ) after the final squeeze . cork ( 10 ) is extracted from the bottle ( 13 ) and since the free end ( 2 ′) overlaps the bottle neck ( 12 ) both the corkscrew ( 1 ) and the bottle ( 13 ) are held stable with only the squeezing hand . it can be seen that the depth to which the screw ( 3 ) is driven has an effect on how far the cork ( 10 ) is extracted from the bottle . this depth can be gauged by the user to either leave a little bit of the cork ( 10 ) in or to completely remove cork ( 10 ) from the bottle neck ( 12 ). fig6 illustrates the operative movement of the corkscrew apparatus during squeezing operation . the dashed corkscrew ( 20 ) represents the corkscrew &# 39 ; s initial position before the squeezing operation and the solid corkscrew ( 21 ) represents the corkscrew &# 39 ; s position after the squeezing operation . arrow ( 22 ) illustrates what the displacement of pivot mount ( 4 ) about pivot mount ( 7 ) would be if the fulcrum ( 5 ) was fixed in place . since the fulcrum ( 5 ) is not fixed in place , arrow ( 23 ) illustrates the movement of pivot mount ( 7 ) as the corkscrew collapses against the bottle neck ( 12 ) during operation . arrow ( 24 ) illustrates the movement of pivot mount ( 4 ) that results from the movement ( 23 ) of pivot mount ( 7 ). together movements ( 22 ) and ( 24 ) of pivot mount ( 4 ) result in pivot mount ( 4 ) being in a position which is substantially straight - up from its initial position . in the operation of the corkscrew ( 1 ), the screw ( 3 ) is threaded into a cork to a desired depth . the shorter fulcrum ( 5 ) is positioned first , with its bottle lip - engaging free end ( 8 ) supported on the bottle lip ( 11 ). the bottle neck ( 12 ) is grasped with thumb of hand ( 14 ) and the free end ( 2 ′) of lever ( 2 ) is grasped by at least one of the fingers of hand ( 14 ) as illustrated in fig2 . the free end ( 2 ′) is squeezed towards the bottle neck ( 12 ) until the free end ( 2 ′) is pressed against the bottle neck ( 12 ) and cork ( 10 ) is lifted as fully as this motion allows , fig3 . fulcrum ( 5 ) is disengaged from the bottle lip ( 11 ) and long fulcrum ( 6 ) is positioned with its bottle lip - engaging free end ( 9 ) engaged with the bottle lip ( 11 ) as shown in fig4 . the free end ( 2 ′) is again squeezed as before until it is again against bottle neck ( 12 ), fig5 . the cork ( 10 ) will either be fully extracted or left partially in , depending on the depth the operator chose to drive the screw in . during this operation the bottle ( 13 ) does not need to be stabilized at all . if the cork ( 10 ) is fully extracted while the bottle ( 13 ) is held in midair without any support other than the corkscrew ( 1 ) and one squeezing hand , lever ( 2 ) will abut and overlap the bottle neck ( 12 ), allowing the single hand to hold both the bottle neck ( 12 ) and corkscrew ( 1 ) and keep the bottle ( 13 ) from falling fig5 . in the operation , squeezing the free end ( 2 ′) towards the bottle neck ( 12 ) rather than applying the force downward parallel to the bottle ( 13 ) results in a straight - up lift of the cork ( 10 ) as described in fig6 . fig7 illustrates another embodiment of this invention utilizing a single fulcrum member ( 25 ) with multiple pivotal attachments points ( 26 ) configured to engage a pivot mount ( 27 ) to adjustably connect fulcrum ( 25 ) to lever ( 32 ) between screw end ( 32 ″) and an opposite , free end ( 32 ′). a cork engaging screw ( 33 ), pivotally mounted ( 34 ) at screw end ( 32 ″) of lever ( 32 ), is driven into a cork ( 31 ) in a bottle ( 28 ). the free end ( 25 ′) of fulcrum ( 25 ) is engaged with the bottle lip ( 30 ), and a fulcrum pivotal attachment point ( 26 ) is chosen so that free end ( 32 ′) and the bottle neck ( 29 ) are within the grasp of a single hand as shown in fig2 previously . the free end ( 32 ′) is squeezed against the bottle neck ( 29 ) lifting the cork ( 31 ) an initial distance . subsequent pivotal attachment points ( 26 ) are chosen for the grasping convenience of a single hand and the squeezing operation is repeated until the cork ( 31 ) is removed . fig8 illustrates another embodiment of this invention where a distal fulcrum ( 36 ) is pivotally mounted ( 37 ) to the free end ( 38 ′) of a proximal fulcrum ( 38 ) that is mounted by pivot ( 39 ) to a lever ( 40 ) between a screw end ( 40 ″) and a free end ( 40 ′). a cork - engaging screw ( 41 ) is pivotally mounted ( 42 ) to the screw end ( 40 ″) of the lever ( 40 ). during use , the screw ( 41 ) is driven into a cork ( 43 ) in a bottle ( 44 ). the free end ( 40 ′) and bottle neck ( 45 ) are positioned within the grasp of a single hand , similar to fig2 , when the free end ( 38 ′) of proximal fulcrum ( 38 ) engages the bottle lip ( 46 ) during the first operation . a squeeze of the operator &# 39 ; s hand will bring the free end ( 40 ′) against the bottle neck ( 45 ) and the cork ( 43 ) will be lifted an initial distance . subsequent pivoting of distal fulcrum ( 36 ) on pivot mount ( 37 ) into a condition extending axially from proximal fulcrum ( 38 ) and engagement of free end ( 36 ′) of distal fulcrum ( 36 ) against the bottle lip ( 46 ) will again place the free end ( 40 ′) and bottle neck ( 45 ) within the grasp of a single hand . another squeeze as described before will remove cork ( 43 ) from the bottle neck ( 45 ). distal fulcrum ( 36 ) has a limited rotational range on proximal fulcrum ( 38 ) preventing the fulcrum system from collapsing during use . fig9 is another embodiment of the corkscrew of this invention where a single fulcrum ( 48 ) has multiple bottle lip - engaging seats ( 49 ) for selective engagement with a bottle lip ( 57 ) as desired . a cork - engaging screw ( 51 ), pivotally mounted ( 52 ) to screw end ( 53 ″) of a lever ( 53 ), is driven into a cork ( 54 ) in a bottle ( 55 ). the operator then engages the fulcrum ( 48 ), that is pivotally mounted ( 50 ) to the lever ( 53 ) between the screw end ( 53 ″) and the free end ( 53 ′), by placing one of the seats ( 49 ) on the bottle lip ( 57 ) so that the free end ( 53 ′) and the bottle neck ( 56 ) are within the grasp of a single hand similar to fig2 when the corkscrew apparatus is engaged for use . multiple squeezing operations are made possible by the multiple seats ( 49 ) on the fulcrum ( 48 ). this , along with the shape of the lever ( 53 ) allows the free end ( 53 ′) and the bottle neck ( 56 ) to be within the grasp of a single hand and to remove the cork ( 54 ) as described previously for other embodiments . fig1 is another embodiment of the invention in which a plurality of fulcrums ( 59 ) and ( 61 ), are pivotally mounted to lever ( 63 ) between a screw end ( 63 ″) and a free end ( 63 ′) on separate pivot mounts ( 60 ) and ( 62 ) respectively . their lengths then need not be so disparate as in the original embodiment fig1 . a cork - engaging screw ( 64 ), pivotally mounted ( 65 ) on the screw end ( 63 ″) of lever ( 63 ), is driven into a cork ( 66 ) in a bottle ( 67 ). fulcrum ( 59 ), which is mounted closer to the screw end ( 63 ″) than fulcrum ( 61 ), is engaged by its free end ( 59 ′) with the bottle lip ( 69 ) for the first squeezing operation . again its position and length are designed so that the free end ( 63 ′) and the bottle neck ( 68 ) are within the grasp of a single hand , similar to fig2 . an initial squeeze will bring the free end ( 63 ′) against the bottle neck ( 68 ) and the cork ( 66 ) will be lifted an initial distance . the operation is repeated with fulcrum ( 61 ) engaged by its free end ( 61 ′) with the bottle lip ( 69 ). this again places bottle neck ( 68 ) and free end ( 63 ′) within the grasp of a single hand . the free end ( 63 ′) of lever ( 63 ) is again brought against the bottle neck ( 68 ) with the squeeze of the single hand , and the cork ( 66 ) is removed . the plurality of fulcrums in this embodiment do not need to be limited to two . fig1 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which the shank ( 71 ′) of screw ( 71 ) is elongated and has multiple pivotal attachment points ( 72 ) that adjustably and pivotally mount the screw ( 71 ) by a pivot mount ( 73 ) to the screw end ( 74 ″) of a lever ( 74 ). the screw ( 71 ) is engaged within a cork ( 75 ) in a bottle ( 76 ); fulcrum ( 79 ), that is pivotally mounted ( 80 ) on lever ( 74 ) between the screw end ( 74 ″) and the free end ( 74 ′), is seated by its free end ( 79 ′) on the bottle lip ( 78 ). a first pivotal attachment point ( 72 ) of the screw ( 71 ) is chosen so that free end ( 74 ′) and bottle neck ( 77 ) are within the grasp of a single hand similar to fig2 . a first squeeze brings the free end ( 74 ′) to the bottle neck ( 77 ). the lever ( 74 ) is repositioned by choosing a second pivotal attachment point ( 72 ) that will again place the free end ( 74 ′) and the bottle neck ( 77 ) within the grasp of one hand . the squeezing operations are repeated in this manner until the cork ( 75 ) is removed from the bottle neck ( 77 ). fig1 is another embodiment of the invention in which a cork - engaging screw ( 82 ) is pivotally mounted ( 83 ) to a screw end ( 84 ″) of a lever ( 84 ), and a single fulcrum ( 85 ) is pivotally mounted ( 86 ) to lever ( 84 ) between screw end ( 84 ″) and free end ( 84 ′). an accessory lever ( 87 ) is pivotally mounted ( 88 ) to lever ( 84 ) intermediate pivot mount ( 86 ) and free end ( 84 ′) so that its free end ( 87 ′) can abut free end ( 84 ′). after the screw ( 82 ) is driven into the cork ( 89 ) and the fulcrum ( 85 ) is seated by its free end ( 85 ′) against the bottle lip ( 91 ), the accessory lever ( 87 ) is able to rotate down from lever ( 84 ) towards the bottle neck ( 92 ). this rotation is limited by a predetermined amount , to place the bottle neck ( 92 ) and the accessory lever ( 87 ) within the range of a grip of a single hand ( 93 ). a first squeeze will bring the accessory lever ( 87 ) against the bottle neck ( 92 ) while lifting the cork ( 89 ) an initial distance out of the bottle neck ( 92 ). this now places the bottle neck ( 92 ) and free end ( 84 ′) of lever ( 84 ) within the grasp of the single hand ( 93 ). fulcrum ( 85 ) can remain seated on the bottle lip ( 91 ) while the operator repositions their hand to hold the free end ( 84 ′). a second squeezing operation will bring the free end ( 84 ′) to the bottle neck ( 92 ) while the accessory lever ( 87 ) will be pivoted back onto the lever ( 84 ) toward the free end ( 84 ′) and not interfere with the operation of the corkscrew . the cork ( 89 ) will now be lifted its final distance and extracted from the bottle neck ( 92 ). | 1 |
description will be given below on the best mode to carry out the present invention referring to the drawings . first , referring to fig1 , description will be given on a basic arrangement of an optical system of a laser beam projecting device . in fig1 , the same component as shown in fig7 is referred by the same symbol . a laser beam 5 from a semiconductor laser 1 is shaped by the anamorphic prism 3 and the laser beam 5 is projected . a ¼λ plate 8 is provided on a projection optical axis 6 of the laser beam 5 . a wavelength selecting film 11 is formed on at least one surface of wedge - like prisms 4 a and 4 b , which constitute the anamorphic prism 3 , e . g . on a surface facing to the semiconductor laser 1 of the wedge - like prism 4 a . by forming the wavelength selecting film 11 on the surface which is tilted at an angle of 45 ° or more with respect to an incident axis of the laser beam , the wavelength selecting film 11 fulfills the function as a beam splitter . next , description will be given on characteristics of the wavelength selecting film 11 referring to fig2 ( a ), fig2 ( b ), fig2 ( c ), fig3 ( a ), fig3 ( b ), and fig3 ( c ). fig2 ( a ), fig2 ( b ) and fig2 ( c ) each represents a case where the wavelength selecting film 11 ( long - pass filter or short - pass filter ) is formed on a transparent plate 12 , the laser beam 5 enters to the transparent plate 12 , and an incident angle is changed to 0 °, 45 ° and 60 ° respectively . fig3 ( a ), fig3 ( b ) and fig3 ( c ) each represents changes of transmittance of a p - polarizing component and a s - polarizing component in each case . in fig3 ( b ) and fig3 ( c ), a symbol p represents a transmittance curve of the p - polarizing component , and a symbol s represents a transmittance curve of the s - polarizing component . when the laser beam 5 enters the transparent plate 12 , i . e . the wavelength selecting film 11 , at an incident angle of 0 °, i . e . at a right angle as shown in fig2 ( a ), the state of transmittance with respect to a wavelength of the laser beam 5 is the same for both the p - polarizing component and the s - polarizing component . at an wavelength of λa , the transmittance exceeds about 90 %. in this case , the wavelength selecting film 11 is a mere wavelength selecting film . next , when the laser beam 5 enters the wavelength selecting film 11 at an incident angle of 45 ° as shown in fig2 ( b ), a transmission wavelength of the laser beam 5 is shifted toward a short wavelength side in both the p - polarizing component and the s - polarizing component as shown in fig3 ( b ), and the transmittance exceeds about 90 % at the wavelength of λb for the p - polarizing component and at the wavelength of λb ′ for the s - polarizing component . further , an amount of shift is higher in the p - polarizing component , and there is occurred an area 13 ( as shown by diagonal lines in fig3 ( b )) in which the p - polarized component passes through while the s - polarizing component is shut off . therefore , the wavelength selecting film 11 fulfills the equivalent function to a polarizing plate with respect to the wavelength , which is included in the area 13 . further , when the laser beam 5 enters the wavelength selecting film 11 at an incident angle of 60 ° as shown in fig2 ( c ), the transmission wavelength of the laser beam 5 is shifted further toward the short wavelength side for both the p - polarizing component and the s - polarizing component as shown in fig3 ( c ), and the transmittance exceeds about 90 % at the wavelength of λc for the p - polarizing component and at λc ′ for the s - polarizing component . the difference of the transition amount between the p - polarizing component and the s - polarizing component increases further . the area 13 ( shown by diagonal lines in fig3 ( c )), in which the p - polarising component passes through while the s - polarizing component is shut off , becomes larger than the case where the incident angle is 45 °. in the case where the incident angle is 60 °, too , the wavelength selecting film 11 fulfills the equivalent function to that of the polarizing plate with respect to the wavelength , which is included in the area 13 . thus , as shown in fig2 ( c ) and fig3 ( c ), in case the wavelength selecting film 11 is tilted at an angle of 60 ° with respect to the incident angle and the laser beam 5 with the wavelength included in the area 13 is used , the wavelength selecting film 11 can be used as a polarizing plate which transmits the p - polarizing component but shuts off the s - polarizing component . by using the characteristics of the wavelength selecting film 11 as described above , the wavelength selecting film 11 is formed on at least one surface of the wedge - like prisms 4 a and 4 b , and the wavelength selecting film 11 is tilted at an angle as required , e . g . at 60 ° with respect to the laser beam 5 . the p - polarized laser beam 5 emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 has a wavelength included in the area 13 . the laser beam 5 is turned to parallel luminous flux by the condenser lens 2 . the p - polarized laser beam 5 passes through the wavelength selecting film 11 , and cross - section of the luminous flux is shaped in circular shape by the wedge - like prisms 4 a and 4 b of the anamorphic prism 3 . after passing trough the anamorphic prism 3 , the laser beam 5 is converted to a circularly polarized light by the ¼λ plate 8 and is projected to the optical component 9 . as the reflected laser beam 5 ′ reflected by the optical component 9 passes through the ¼λ plate 8 again , the laser beam 5 is converted to an s - polarized light . the s - polarized reflected laser beam 5 ′ is shut off by the wavelength selecting film 11 and does not reach the semiconductor laser 1 . it is suffice that the tilt angle of the wavelength selecting film 11 is determined so that there is a difference in the transmitting characteristics of p - polarizing component and s - polarizing component , and so that the area 13 can be obtained . a tilt angle in the range of 40 ° to 80 °, or more preferably in the range of 60 ° to 70 °, is selected , for instance . if variation in a wavelength of ld , variation in film , etc . is taken into account , a wavelength range to be used as a polarizing beam splitter should be wider , and it is preferable that the incident angle is 60 ° or more . however , increase of the incident angle means the tilting of the component . if the incident angle is made too large , larger space is required and is not preferable . thus , the incident angle is preferably in the range of 60 ° to 70 °. according to the present invention , the return beam can be shut off without providing a polarizing plate separately . referring to fig4 to fig6 , description will be given below on an example of a surveying system comprising the laser beam projecting - device according to the present invention . in fig4 to fig6 , the same component as shown in fig1 is referred by the same symbol . the surveying system is a laser rotary irradiating system for forming a horizontal reference plane by irradiating a laser beam in a horizontal direction by rotary irradiation . the laser rotary irradiating system primarily comprises a laser beam projecting device 15 , a tilt correcting system 16 , a projection optical system 17 , a rotary irradiating unit 18 , and a photodetection system 19 . for a laser beam 5 emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 , tilting of an optical axis is corrected at the tilt correcting system 16 . then , the laser beam 5 is projected along a vertical optical axis by the projection optical system 17 . the rotary irradiating unit 18 deflects the laser beam 5 in a horizontal direction and projects the laser beam 5 by rotary irradiation . the laser beam 5 thus irradiated forms a horizontal reference plane . as the laser beam 5 crosses a reflecting object 20 , the laser beam 5 is reflected by the reflecting object 20 . a reflected laser beam 5 ′ passes through the rotary irradiating unit 18 and is received and detected by the photodetection system 19 . at the photodetection system 19 , a position , a direction , etc . of the reflecting object 20 are detected . light emission from the semiconductor laser 1 is driven and controlled by an ld driving unit 21 as shown in fig6 . a part of the laser beam 5 emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 is split , and is then detected by a photodetection element 22 such as a photodiode , etc . a result of photodetection is fed back to an output current control circuit 23 . based on a photodetection signal , the output current control circuit 23 issues a control signal to control light intensity of the laser beam 5 to a certain fixed level and sends the control signal to a semiconductor laser driving circuit 24 . based on the control signal , the semiconductor laser driving circuit 24 drives the semiconductor laser 1 . the tilt correcting system 16 has a free liquid surface 25 . the laser beam 5 emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 is reflected by the free liquid surface 25 . as a result , even when the laser rotary irradiating system is installed with tilting , the projection optical axis of the projection optical system 17 is corrected to a vertical direction and the tilting can be corrected . on the projection optical axis 6 from the tilt correcting system 16 to the projection optical system 17 , the anamorphic prism 3 is provided , and one of the surfaces of the wedge - like prisms 4 a and 4 b constituting the anamorphic prism 3 is tilted at an angle as required with respect to the projection optical axis 6 . for instance , the incident surface of the wedge - like prism 4 a is tilted at an angle of 60 ° with respect to the projection optical axis 6 as shown in fig1 , and the wavelength selecting film 11 is formed on the incident surface of the wedge - like prism 4 a . the projection optical system 17 comprises a reflecting mirror 26 for deflecting the laser beam 5 in a vertical direction after the laser beam 5 has passed through the anamorphic prism 3 , a beam expander 27 for expanding a diameter of the luminous flux of the laser beam 5 on a reflection light optical axis of the reflecting mirror 26 , an aperture reflecting mirror 28 , and the ¼λ plate 8 which is a component element of the laser beam projecting device 15 . the rotary irradiating unit 18 comprises a pentagonal prism 31 , which deflects the laser beam 5 in a horizintal direction after the laser beam 5 has passed through an aperture 29 of the aperture reflecting mirror 18 and the ¼λ plate 8 . the pentagonal prism 31 is arranged on a rotary holder 32 with a hollow portion inside . when the rotary holder 32 is rotated by a rotating motor 33 , the laser beam 5 projected from the rotary holder 32 is projected by rotary irradiation . being reflected by the reflecting object 20 , the reflected laser beam 5 ′ enters through the rotary irradiating unit 18 and is deflected by the aperture reflecting mirror 28 toward the photodetection system 19 . the photodetection system 19 comprises a condenser lens 34 , a polarizing plate 35 , a pinhole plate 36 , and a photodetection element 37 , and the photodetection system 19 can receive and detect the reflected laser beam 5 ′ from the reflecting object 20 . the polarizing plate 35 is arranged to allow the s - polarizing component to pass . a photodetection signal from the photodetection element 37 is sent to a control unit 38 . based on the photodetection signal , the control unit 38 controls rotation of the rotating motor 33 in such manner that , for instance , reciprocal scanning is performed at an angle as required around the reflecting object 20 . next , description will be given on operation of the laser beam 5 and the reflected laser beam 5 ′ of the laser rotary irradiating system . from the semiconductor laser 1 , the p - polarized linear laser beam 5 is emitted and has a wavelength included in the area 13 . after being reflected by the free liquid surface 25 , the laser beam 5 passes through the wavelength selecting film 11 . the form of the laser beam is shaped by the anamorphic prism 3 , and the laser beam 5 is deflected in a vertical direction by the reflecting mirror 26 , and the beam diameter is expanded as required . after passing through the aperture 29 , and further , through the ¼λ plate 8 , the laser beam 5 is converted to a circularly polarized light . at the rotary irradiating unit 18 , the laser beam 5 is deflected in a horizontal direction and is projected by rotary irradiation . after being reflected by the reflecting object 20 , the reflected laser beam 5 ′ enters through the rotary irradiating unit 18 . then , the reflected laser beam 5 ′ passes through the ¼λ plate 8 again , and the reflected laser beam 5 ′ is converted to an s - polarized linearly polarized light . the reflected laser beam 5 ′ is reflected by the aperture 29 toward the photodetection system 19 and is converged to a photodetection surface of the photodetection element 37 by the condenser lens 34 . the polarizing plate 35 allows only the s - polarizing component to pass and shuts off the other disturbance light . the pinhole plate 36 allows a luminous flux of a limited portion on the optical axis to pass and shuts off the other disturbance light so that only the reflected laser beam 5 ′ from the reflecting object 20 is received by the photodetection element 37 . after passing through the ¼λ plate 8 , a part of the reflected laser beam 5 ′ passes through the aperture 29 and enters the laser beam projecting device 15 as a return beam . because the wavelength selecting film 11 is tilted so that the p - polarized light is allowed to pass , the reflected laser beam 5 ′, i . e . s - polarized light , is shut off by the wavelength selecting film 11 and does not enter the semiconductor laser 1 . therefore , decrease of output of the semiconductor laser 1 is prevented , and the laser beam 5 in stable condition is emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 . in addition to the reflected light from the reflecting object 20 , a reflected light from the surfaces of optical components such as the pentagonal prism 31 , etc . is included in the reflected laser beam 5 ′ as shown in fig5 . these reflected light components are converted to s - polarized lights when the light components pass through the ¼λ plate 8 in an outgoing course and in a return course , and these reflected light components are shut off by the wavelength selecting film 11 . the ¼λ plate may be provided separately on each of the laser beam projecting device 15 and the photodetection system 19 respectively . for instance , ¼λ plates may be provided between the anamorphic prism 3 and the reflecting mirror 26 and may be provided between the aperture reflecting mirror 28 and the condenser lens 34 respectively . in the above , description has been given on a case where the present invention is provided on a laser rotary irradiating system , while the present invention may be provided on an electro - optical ( light wave ) distance measuring system , etc . the present invention can be introduced in the same manner to an optical system , for which it is necessary to eliminate influence of the return beam . | 6 |
referring first to fig1 there is shown a sorbent pad 10 which comprises fiber blanket 12 and barrier layer 14 . the pad 10 is also shown with a reinforcing net 16 on the top thereof . the purpose of the net 16 is twofold . it adds strength to the overall sorbent pad 10 , and it also distributes the load of a drum ( see fig2 ) placed on top thereof . while specific reference has been made to a net , it will be understood that other reinforcing means , such as a woven or non - woven and / or coated fabric , could be used . it will also be appreciated that the reinforcing member 16 need not be used or , if used , can be positioned on the top of the product as shown , or in the middle of the product , or adjacent to the barrier layer , either above it or below it . indeed , the reinforcing member 16 can be integral with the barrier layer 14 . it will be still further appreciated that more than one reinforcing member can be used , e . g . a net can be integral with the barrier layer 14 and another net can be affixed to the top of the sorbent pad . if the reinforcing member 16 is positioned on top of the sorbent pad as shown in fig1 it should be pervious to liquid so that liquid can be sorbed into the fiber blanket 12 . the fibers which are useful in the fiber blanket of the present invention are any fibers which will absorb or adsorb the liquid against which protection is sought . it will be appreciated that the particular fibers must necessarily be chosen on the basis of the end use application . for example , if it is acid waste that is being transported , then acid resistant fibers should be employed . similarly , if hydrocarbons are being transported , then hydrocarbon resistant fibers should be employed . typical fibers which can be used include both natural fibers and synthetic fibers ; however , it is preferred that at least 50 % of the fibers be natural fibers , and very good results have been obtained when substantially 100 % of the fibers are of natural origin . the natural fibers may typically be wood fibers , bleachboard , paper , textile waste fibers or any combination of the foregoing . suitable wood fibers are those which are inexpensive , and at the present time include southern yellow pine and poplar . suitable bleachboard and paper fibers include recycled paper packaging material and sulfite paper pulp . suitable textile waste fibers include recycled thread waste . synthetic fibers which are useful include polypropylene fibers and polyethylene fibers . depending on the fibers selected for use , they can be treated for water repellency , fire retardancy or the like . as stated above , the barrier layer 14 must be impervious to the liquid being transported or stored . typical barrier layers which are effective with most liquids are polyester films , aluminum foil , mylar , polyethylene terephthalate , polyethylene films , polypropylene films , and densely packed woven or non - woven and / or coated fabrics . as further illustrated in fig1 a coating 18 can be applied to the edges of the sorbent pad . while coating 18 is only shown on one edge , it will be appreciated that it can be used on all edges . furthermore , while it is shown extending from the bottom edge to the top edge of the pad , it will be appreciated that it need not be throughout this dimension . the primary purpose of the coating 18 is to &# 34 ; seal &# 34 ; the fibers so that they do not come loose from the blanket and cause &# 34 ; dust .&# 34 ; however , the coating can also be made impervious to the liquid being sorbed so that any sorbed liquid is trapped within the fiber blanket 12 . suitable materials for the coating 18 include liquid thermoplastics , white glue and the like . while it is preferred that layer 18 be a coating , it will be appreciated that it could be a film , e . g . an extension of a film used for barrier layer 14 . by proper &# 34 ; tucking &# 34 ; ( not shown ) of the edges of the film , a liquid impervious barrier can be formed on the sides as well as the bottom . fig2 shows the pad 10 of fig1 with a drum 20 containing liquid ( not shown ) therewithin . as shown , the drum 20 rests on net 16 of pad 10 and its weight is distributed across the pad 10 by the net 16 . the pad , in turn , rests on a pallet 22 comprising main runners 24 and slats 26 . the size of the sorbent pad will vary depending upon the particular application . in general , however , a nominal size of 42 inches to 48 inches is preferred , with a thickness of 1 / 4 to 6 inches . while square or rectangular shapes are preferred because of their ease of manufacture , other shaped pads are also within the contemplation of the present invention . sorbent pads made according to the present invention may be recycled for further use . ultimately , however , they must be discarded . for disposal purposes , it is preferred that all of the materials chosen for the sorbent pad , including the fibers of the blanket , the barrier layer , and the reinforcing member ( if used ) be burnable so that , after use , the sorbent pad can be readily incinerated and completely consumed . in the best mode contemplated by the inventor for a standard 55 - gallon drum , a sorbent pad of approximately 48 × 44 inches is employed . the pad has a nominal thickness of 3 / 8 inch . the fibers are 100 % cellulose fibers , predominantly bleachboard . the barrier layer is a polyethylene film of approximately 3 millimeter thickness and covers one entire face ( the bottom ) of the pad . the opposed face ( the top ) of the pad is covered by a biaxially oriented polypropylene net having strands of approximately 4 per inch in each direction and a weight of about 4 pounds / 1000 square feet . all four edges of the fiber blanket are sealed with a thermoplastic coating to retain the fibers in the blanket . it will be understood that the claims are intended to cover all changes and modifications of the preferred embodiments of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of illustration which do not constitute a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 1 |
fig1 shows a multi - well plate 10 according to the invention . plate 10 is a substantially planar member 12 bounded by downwardly depending side portions 14 . the plate has an upper surface 16 and a plurality of wells 18 , each well having an opening 20 on the upper surface 16 . the wells are preferably arranged in a regular array of rows and columns and are adapted to hold samples of compounds for heating in an experiment , for example , one involving solid phase synthesis . as best shown in fig2 and 3 , an elongated chamber 22 extends lengthwise within the planar member 12 between one of the side portions 14 and a row or group of wells 24 proximal to the side portion . in the preferred embodiment , the chamber extends continuously around the entire planar member 12 between the outermost rows of wells and the proximal side portions 14 . preferably , the chamber is permanently sealed and isolated from the ambient and contains a substance 26 , which has a capacity to act as a heat reservoir , i . e ., the substance is heatable by microwave radiation and has the ability to store and transfer heat . the preferred substance 26 is a liquid and has a higher boiling point than the temperature at which the experiment is designed to run for reasons described below . the plate illustrated in fig1 is preferably made of polytetrafluoroethylene or another relatively inert substance which is transparent to microwaves ( i . e ., will not heat up significantly when subjected to microwave radiation ), will not react with the compound in the wells and which can withstand relatively high temperatures , at least in excess of the experiment temperature . the plate may be machined from a solid block , the channel filled with the substance 26 and then sealed with the bottom plate 28 , attached with adhesives or fasteners or other appropriate means . fig4 shows another embodiment of a multi - well plate 30 wherein one or more chambers 22 are drilled into the planar member 12 , each chamber being positioned between a respective row of wells 34 and a side portion 14 . as shown in fig5 chambers 22 preferably surround the entire planar member 12 and are in fluid communication with one another . one or more plugs 36 , as necessary , are used to seal the chambers to prevent the fluid contents from escaping . a fill port 38 , in fluid communication with a chamber 22 , is preferably located on the upper surface 16 of the planar member 12 to permit a liquid to be poured into the chambers . it is convenient to use two fill ports 38 as shown in fig4 one of the ports allowing air to escape from the chamber or chambers as fluid is poured into the other . while a single chamber 22 may be used per side of the plate as shown in fig6 the invention contemplates using multiple chambers 22 arranged one above the other along one or more sides of a plate as shown in fig7 . this embodiment will allow more fluid to be positioned between a row of wells and a side portion 14 of the plate , thereby increasing the effectiveness of the chambers as a heat reservoir as described below . chambers 22 , when filled with an appropriate substance 26 , act as heat reservoirs to slow or prevent heat loss from the sides 14 to the cooler ambient air within the microwave oven . the substance acts as a buffer which does not allow significant heat transfer from wells 24 positioned adjacent to the sides , thus , allowing all of the wells to maintain substantially the same temperature and avoid any significant temperature gradient between wells at the center of the plate and wells nearer to the sides 14 . by avoiding significant temperature gradients , the integrity of the experimental results will not be compromised and meaningful results will be obtained for all of the reactants in all of the wells of the multi - well plate according to the invention . to ensure effective operation of the multi - well plate , it is preferred that a liquid within chambers 22 have a boiling point relatively higher than the temperature at which the experiment is to be run . this will ensure that the chambers remain fluid filled and continue to act as a heat reservoir to reduce or eliminate temperature gradients , and also do not form a vapor which may contaminate the atmosphere within the oven , possibly compromising the integrity of the experiment . safety is also an issue since liquid , heated to its boiling point within a sealed chamber , may achieve significant pressure before the chamber bursts and spews the hot liquid and vapor into the oven . for example , for an experiment designed to heat the samples within the wells to a constant temperature of about 130 ° c ., the preferred liquid 26 within chambers 22 is n - methylpyrrolidinone , which has a boiling point of 202 ° c . at one atmosphere of pressure . a boiling point for the liquid substance 26 of at least 50 ° c . above the temperature of the experiment provides an adequate safety margin for most applications . for a standard multi - well plate made of polytetrafluoroethylene having 96 wells and dimensions of 124 × 85 × 27 mm , it is found that about 7 ml of liquid is sufficient to form an effective heat reservoir around the plate and reduce the temperature gradients to relative insignificance . a greater volume of liquid is preferred however to provide even more effective gradient smoothing . in another embodiment , shown in fig8 a heat reservoir 40 is formed around the planar member 12 by positioning an elongated body 44 of solid material lengthwise along the sides 46 directly adjacent to the wells 18 . the elongated body 44 may be considered to form the side portions 14 and preferably extends continuously around the entire planar member . the material comprising body 44 is readily heatable by the microwave to the temperature of the experiment and thereby acts as a heat reservoir to prevent heat loss from the adjacent wells 18 to the cooler atmosphere within the microwave oven . the presence of the solid body surrounding the planar member 12 prevents any significant temperature gradients from forming between the center wells and the wells adjacent to the sides 46 . any gradients which would form would likely be confined to the elongated body 44 itself . the body 44 may be formed of ceramic material , as well as other solid materials . if the body 44 is a gelatinous material , it may be placed within the chamber 22 between the sides 46 and the side portion 14 as shown in fig9 before the bottom plate 28 is attached to seal the chamber . this is similar to the embodiment shown in fig3 . fig1 shows multi - well plates 10 according to the invention being used on a turntable 48 which is positioned within a microwave oven , not shown . preferably , the plates 10 resides in a tray 50 which is situated on turntable 48 , preferably within a recess 52 to ensure proper positioning of the plate . a rotating arm 54 permits a measuring device , such as a thermometer , to be brought to bear on the plates to monitor the temperature of the compound samples in the wells . the turntable is powered and turns within the oven about vertical axis 56 to ensure even heating to all of the wells within all of the plates by the microwaves . experimental results achieved prove the effectiveness of the multi - well plate according to the invention when used in a microwave oven in chemical synthesis testing . for such a plate , 90 % to 100 % of the reactants in all wells go to product . this contrasts with multi - well plates according to the prior art wherein the reactants in the wells adjacent to the periphery see only 10 % to 20 % of the reactants going to product . | 1 |
referring now to fig1 through 5 , a portable security grill apparatus 10 is shown . as shown in fig1 the apparatus 10 is vertically positioned for installation in a window frame with a vertically slidable window in its upper position . however , the apparatus may also be horizontally oriented for installation in a window frame having a horizontally slidable window . as shown in fig1 the security grill apparatus includes a grill 11 having a plurality of elongated straight rigid metal bars 12 . bars 12 are arranged in vertically disposed parallel positions , at regular horizontal intervals , and all lie in a common plane . as may be seen best by referring to fig1 and 3 , at least the upper end of each of the bars 12 contains a hollow coaxial bore 13 extending longitudinally inward some distance from the upper transverse face 14 of the bar 12 . preferably , bars 12 are fabricated from square cross - section , hollow steel tubes . when so fabricated , bore 13 has a square cross - sectional shape , and extends through the entire length of a bar 12 . the lower transverse ends 15 of bars 12 are welded or otherwise secured to a flat , elongated rectangular base plate 16 made of steel or other rigid material . the lower surface of base plate 16 is fastened in flush contact with a flat , elongated rectangular wooden base beam 17 . base beam 17 has a flat bottom , and is of approximately the same width as , but of slightly greater depth than , base plate 16 . base beam 17 is secured to base plate 16 by screws , adhesive , or any other suitable means . as may be seen best by referring to fig1 grill 11 of security grill apparatus 10 includes a plurality of elongated , straight rigid metal cross bars 18 , such as upper bar 18a and lower bar 18b . cross bars 18 are arranged in horizontally disposed parallel positions , at regular vertical intervals . the cross bars 18 are welded to the front , or inner surface of vertical bars 12 , thus forming therewith a rigid , planar grill structure . cross bars 18 may be fabricated from the same type of steel tubing as vertical bars 12 , if desired . as may be seen best by referring to fig1 grill 11 of security bar apparatus 10 includes an upper section 19 of smaller height than the lower section 20 described above . upper section 19 is vertically telescopable with respect to lower section 20 of the grill 11 , in a manner which will now be described . as shown in fig1 and 3 , the vertically telescopable upper section 19 of grill 11 includes an upper elongated rectangular flat steel roof plate 21 , which is substantially identical to base plate 16 , and is positioned in a parallel , overlying position with respect to the base plate . also , upper section 19 of grill 11 includes an elongated , flat rectangular wooden roof beam 22 , which is substantially identical to base beam 17 . in a construction exactly similar to that of base beam 17 and base plate 16 , roof beam 22 is attached to the upper surface of roof plate 21 . as may be seen best by referring to fig1 upper telescopable section 19 of grill 11 includes a plurality of straight , relative short metal bars 23 . short metal bars 23 are fastened to steel roof plate 21 , and extend perpendicularly downwards from the roof plate . the short metal bars 23 have smaller outer cross - sectional dimensions than the corresponding dimensions of the bores 13 in long vertical bars 12 . also , the horizontal spacing and positioning of short bars 23 are of the proper dimensions to permit the upper section 19 of grill 11 to move up and down vertically with respect to lower section 20 while maintaining the upper and lower sections in secure horizontal positions relative to one another , with the upper roof beam 22 in parallel alignment with the lower base beam 17 . as shown in fig1 at least one toggle clamp mechanism 24 is operatively interconnected between the upper portion of a hollow vertical tube 12 and a short vertical bar 23 which is telescopically slidably located within the bore 13 of the vertical bar 12 . preferably , security bar apparatus 10 includes two such toggle clamp mechanisms 24 , spaced at equidistant intervals from the lateral sides of the grill 11 . the structure and operation of toggle clamp mechanism 24 may be best understood by referring to fig2 , 4 and 5 . fig2 illustrates the toggle clamp mechanism 24 in an open position , in which the short metal bars 23 are in a downward , retracted relationship relative to the lower vertical bars 12 . in this position , with the lower surface of base beam 17 resting on the upper surface a of a window frame , the upper surface 25 of roof beam 22 is positioned below the lower surface d of a raised window c . as shown in fig2 , 4 and 5 , the toggle clamp mechanism 24 includes a channel frame section 26 which is fastened to an outer vertical surface of a lower rigid vertical bar 12 . the toggle clamp mechanism 24 also includes a multi - component lever mechanism 27 which is vertically slidably attached to the channel frame section 26 , and pivotally attached to a short vertically disposed , metal upper bar 23 , the latter being vertically slidable within the bore 13 of lower tubular bar 12 . as shown in fig2 , 4 and 5 , the lever mechanism 27 of toggle clamp mechanism 24 includes a base plate 28 , an operating arm 39 , and an engagement lug 30 . the base plate 28 of lever mechanism 27 is vertically slidably supported within channel frame section 26 , as will now be described . channel frame section 26 has a tubular lower end 31 of relatively short length , t @ e major , upper portion of the channel frame section 26 having the shape of a vertically elongated , open u - shaped channel 32 . the opposite upper edges of the side walls of channel 32 flare inward to form opposed laterally spaced - apart , longitudinally disposed parallel flanges 33 ( see fig5 ). base plate 28 has a generally uniform thickness , and has in elevation view the approximate shape of a vertically elongated trapezoid . the inner vertical surface 34 of base plate 28 is flat and adapted to move slidably on the bottom surface 35 of channel 32 of channel frame section 26 . near the bottom end of base plate 28 , are rounded bosses 36 ( see fig5 ) which project perpendicularly outward from the front and rear vertical surfaces 37 and 38 , respectively , of base plate 28 . the lateral distance between the outer surfaces of bosses 36 is greater than the distance between the inner facing wall surfaces of flanges 33 of channel frame section 26 . thus , base plate 28 is vertically slidable within channel 32 in channel frame section 26 , but prevented from moving laterally out of the channel by contact of bosses 36 with flanges 33 . as shown in fig1 through 5 , the lever mechanism 27 of toggle clamp mechanism 24 includes an outer lever arm 39 . lever arm 39 is an elongated member having an upper channel - shaped portion 40 having front and rear side walls 41 and 42 ( see fig5 ) formed therein . the lateral spacing between the inner surfaces of front and rear side walls 41 and 42 of upper channel section 40 of lever arm 39 is slightly larger than the thickness of base plate 28 of lever mechanism 27 . this difference permits the upper end of base plate 28 to reside pivotally within channel section 40 of lever arm 39 . the pivotal joint between base plate 28 and lever arm 39 consists of a pivot pin 43 which extends through registered holes and in the front and rear sidewalls 41 and 42 , respectively , of upper channel section 40 of the lever arm . pivot pin 43 is located about one - fifth of the longitudinal distance between the upper and lower ends of the lever arm 39 . the upper end of lever arm 39 includes a generally trapezoidal or triangular shaped lug 47 of generally uniform thickness , pivotally held between the front and rear walls 41 and 42 of the lever arm . the inner , smaller vertex or base of lug 47 is pivotally attached within the upper channel section 40 of lever arm 34 by means of a pivot pin 48 fastened in holes 49 and 5d in the front and rear walls , and passing through a clearance hole 51 through the lug . the larger , base section 52 of lug 47 is positioned within a mating slot 53 in the upper end of slidable upper vertical bar 23 . the lower end of lever arm 39 has a generally flat plate - like handle section 54 . plate - like handle section 54 has a flat outer lateral surface 55 . plate - like handle section has a generally rectangular plan - view shape and is joined near its upper end to the lower ends of front and rear side walls 41 and 42 of upper channel section 40 of the lever arm 39 , perpendicular thereto . a generally uniform - thickness locking tab 56 having a generally triangular - shaped plan - view is fastened to the inner wall surface of the lower end of front side wall 41 of upper channel section 40 . locking tab 56 lies in a vertical plane and extends perpendicularly inward from the inner wall surface 57 of plate - like lower handle section 54 . as may be seen best by referring to fig2 and 3 , lever arm 39 may be pivoted in a vertical plane with respect to channel frame section 26 of toggle clamp mechanism 24 , about intermediate pivot pin 43 . as shown in fig3 downward and inward pivotal motion of lever arm 39 relative to channel frame section 26 and attached lower tubular vertical bar 12 moves lug 47 upwards . this in turn moves upper vertical bar 23 , which is engaged by lug 47 via the slot 53 in the upper vertical bar 23 , upwards with respect to the lower tubular 12 . thus , as shown in fig2 and 3 , base beam 17 and roof beam 22 are spread apart vertically , allowing a compressive force to be exerted on window frame a and window c . owing to the fact that the ratio of the distance between the lower end of handle section 54 and intermediate pivot pin 43 on the one hand , and the distance between the intermediate pin 43 and upper pivot pin 48 , on the other , is about 5 to 1 , a substantial , locking compressive force may be exerted which requires only a modest closing force on handle section 54 . this force can be sufficiently great to render the removal of the security bar apparatus 10 from a window frame a virtual impossibility unless the window and / or frame are destroyed . as shown in fig2 through 5 , a threaded stud 58 is contained in a threaded bore 59 in lower tubular end 31 of channel frame section 26 . the upper end 60 ( see fig5 ) of the threaded stud abuts the lower end 61 of base plate 28 of lever mechanism 27 , thus permitting the lower limit of motion of the base plate to be adjusted to a desired value . thus , turning threaded stud 58 permits adjusting the locked and unlocked vertical extension of security bar apparatus 10 to fit various size window openings . as shown in fig2 the lower end of base plate 28 and locking tab 56 are provided with through holes 62 and 63 , respectively . holes 62 and 63 are equal distances from intermediate pivot pin 43 . thus , with the toggle clamp mechanism 24 in a locked position , as shown in fig3 holes 62 and 63 are in a registered position , permitting a locking member , such as the hasp of a conventional combination or key lock , to be inserted through the holes . as may be seen best by referring to fig1 and 4 , the upper portion of each toggle clamp mechanism 24 is preferably concealed by means of a u - channel - shaped cover 71 which is fastened to the outer wall of upper channel - shaped portion 40 of lever arm 39 by any convenient means . referring now to fig6 through 8 , an embodiment of the invention is shown with an alternative adjustable mechanism . the security device is substantially as previously described , and identical elements are identified with the same numbers as previously applied to fig1 - 5 . at its upper end , the vertical bar 23a is telescopably received within bore 13 of bar 12 . the vertical bar 23a has a plurality of notches 51 with angled forward edges , and a second plurality of notches 53 with angled rear edges . the lug 47a which is pivotally attached to the upper end of lever arm 39 fixedly supports a short square bar 50 , which can be welded to the lug 47a . the bar 50 has a set screw 54 threaded into its wall at its lower end . as shown in fig6 when the set screw 54 is retracted , the bar 23a can be slid along the bar 50 , thereby permitting adjustability in the span of the security grill device , since the bar 23a can be extended out of or retracted into the bar 12 . as shown in fig7 the set screw 54 can be extended into bearing contact with the rear edge of the bar 23a , thereby tilting the bar 50 and firmly seating it in the lowermost set of notches 51 and 53 of the bar 23a . as shown in fig8 a recess 60 is preferably provided adjacent to each notch in the forward edge of bar 23a , and the set screw 54 seats in a recess 60 . also shown in fig6 and 7 are a preferred base plate 16a and a preferred roof plate 21a . these plates preferably include fixedly dependent channels 57 along one longitudinal edge of each plate . the channels are useful for securing the device to metal frames which frequently have a metal rib along the sill and upper rail of each window . preferably , the base beam 17a and the roof beam 22a are formed of durable elastomers , such as rubber which most preferably have a roughened or textured surface 59 for firm gripping to the window frame members . | 8 |
the following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention , its application , or uses . referring now to fig1 , there is provided a dashboard generally shown at 10 for a motor vehicle . the dashboard 10 includes an instrument panel 12 that includes a plurality of gauges 14 and dials 16 . the gauges 14 communicate information indicative of vehicle operating parameters to vehicle operator . a pointer assembly generally indicated at 18 is included for the gauge 14 that rotates about an axis a - a to point to a specific portion of the graphics provided in each of the gauges 14 to indicate a current value of an operating condition . referring now to fig3 , gauge assembly 14 includes a housing 20 that supports a gauge surface 22 with graphics 24 . a printed circuit board 26 supports a stepper motor 28 that drives a shaft 30 . the shaft 30 maybe a clear shaft or a shaft including a central opening through which light may propagate upwardly into the pointer assembly 18 . a shroud 32 is supported on the shaft 30 . a light source 34 is supported on the printed circuit board 26 along an axis a - a . the light source 34 propagates light upward into the pointer assembly 18 along the axis a - a . other light sources 36 may optionally be provided on the printed circuit board 26 if desired for a particular application as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art . the light source 34 along the axis a may be utilized to direct light along the axis a - a . the light sources 36 may also be utilized that are disposed around the axis a - a within the light housing 38 to direct light upward into the pointer assembly 18 , if required depending on the final design of the gauge 14 . the pointer assembly 18 includes a pointer 40 that includes a base 42 disposed about the axis a - a and arm portion 44 . in a preferred embodiment , the shaft 30 is clear such that shaft 30 will also propagate light from the light source 34 upward into the pointer 40 . in a preferred embodiment , the light source 34 is a light emitting diode , however , other light sources as are known by those skilled in the art are also used in the present invention . the pointer 40 includes a first illuminated viewing surface 44 , a second bottom surface 46 and an angled reflecting surface 48 . the reflecting surface 48 for reflects light received from illuminating source 34 into the length of said pointer arm 18 . a step portion generally shown at 50 is provided on the bottom of the pointer and adjacent to second bottom surface 46 which extends from the second bottom surface 46 toward the first illuminated surface 44 and which interferes at least in part with the reflected light path from the reflecting surface 48 to the second surface 46 . this is shown best in fig4 , wherein the light reflected l 1 is substantially attenuated by first step surface 52 and second step surface 54 which produces a light diminished area 56 along the surface 46 . thus , the step portion 50 includes a first step surface 52 which is substantially normal to an axis of rotation ( a - a ) of said pointer and a second angled surface 54 at an angle ‘ c ’ of about 90 degrees to said first surface 52 . while in a preferred embodiment , the second surface is at an angle of about 90 degrees , it will be readily appreciated that the surface can be used at any angle which effectively blocks or reduces at least a portion of the light to a “ shaded ” portion 56 of the pointer arm 14 along the second bottom surface 46 . the shaded portion 56 may be generally from about 1 % to about 85 % and typically 5 % to about 60 % with a preferred range of 10 % to about 40 % of the length of the surface 46 depending on the design configurations of the pointer and the desired result . in any case , this step arrangement reduces the propensity for there to be a “ hot ” spot of light near the axis a - a in the visible illuminated surface 44 . this allows the lighting along the pointer 14 to be consistent . it is readily appreciated that the angle ‘ b ’ between the surface 54 and surface 46 is positive and less than 90 degrees . as stated above , in a preferred embodiment , the bottom surface tapers toward the line b - b normal to the rotation of the pointer 14 . it should be readily appreciated that the pointer and be used independently in a gauge in many mounted configurations without deviating from the scope or the present invention . however , in a typical embodiment , an optional cap 58 is disposed over the base 42 of the pointer 40 eliminate a possible viewable bright spot of the pointer 40 . the cap 58 includes an arm portion 60 that extends toward the tip 62 . a counterweight 64 is supported by the shroud 32 under the cap 58 . the shroud 32 includes a shroud stem 66 that includes a central opening 68 along the axis a - a that receives the shaft 30 . the pointer arm 24 includes a first width 70 disposed near the base and tapers to a second width 72 near the tip 36 and a first height 74 which tapers to a second height 76 near the tip 62 . as will be readily appreciated by those practicing the present invention , the stepped portion of the pointer of the present invention substantially provides a uniform luminance in pointers that include large differences in thickness between the hub and tip and may be adapted to other designs as well where eliminating a portion of the light near the axis of the pointer is desired . the description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and , thus , variations that do not depart from the essence of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention . such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 1 |
the structural fastener 1 of fig1 is an internal longitudinal , reversible , gear - driven interlocking screw assembly and coupling device . the structural fastener comprises a spring - loaded , bevel - gear assembly driven coupler shaft with a threaded stud that mates with a female threaded socket so as to form an invisible joint that is easily decoupled . the structural fastener incorporates a spring loaded coupler shaft that overcomes the inherent problem of precisely gearing direct drive coupling fasteners wherein the driven gear &# 39 ; s rotational velocity must be precisely translated into a rate of rise of the threaded coupler shaft that matches the rate of rise ( pitch ) of the thread on the mating female section . the application of the structural fastener is independent of its structural housing . that is , the structural fastener housing can be a cylindrical tube , a rectangular tube , a box , a regular , symmetrically - shaped housing , an irregularly shaped housing , or any other shaped housing that may be required for a particular coupling application . the structural fastener can be arranged in polar or linear arrays to increase its load - bearing capabilities , its air or water tight sealing capabilities or for redundancy . the structural fastener provides a longitudinal coupling of members in contrast to current methods of fastening with fasteners such as nails , screws , bolts , pins and rivets which are applied perpendicular to the members joined or fastened . the structural fastener is reversible , reusable and scaleable thus making it an ideal fastener for a broad range of products and applications . the structural fastener makes a rigid , reliable coupling between coupled members and forms a smooth external splice with no protrusions , sleeves or other fastening aids that would protrude from the original load - bearing member . the coupled joint of a finished structural member could be virtually invisible . the addition of an o - ring or sealing gasket to the structural fastener or placed between the joined members can provide an air or water - tight seal . a torque wrench can be used to obtain a precise coupling force between coupled members . many modifications and variations of the structural fastener invention may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the variations set forth herein . for ease of referencing , the variations of the structural fastener set forth below will be referred to as a single - drive structural fastener , a dual - drive structural fastener , a pinned structural fastener and a worm - drive structural fastener . as will be apparent from the description of the various embodiments wherein common functional elements are shared , these elements are not to be construed in a limiting sense as applying to only a single embodiment . a ring gear drive unit 120 of fig1 with a keyslot 122 of fig1 ; all enclosed in a suitable housing , not shown in fig1 . the assembled structural fastener of fig1 is shown in cross - section in fig4 enclosed in a housing 70 . the ring gear housing 110 of fig1 functions as a rear stop for the components of the structural fastener , a support housing for the coupler shaft 10 and the ring gear drive unit 120 , and provides a spring stop surface 114 of fig4 upon which the bottom end 140b of fig1 of spring 140 rests . the ring gear housing 110 comprises a longitudinal object with a bottom section 113 of fig4 a circular bottom aperture 112 of fig4 that passes through this bottom section 113 , said bottom aperture 112 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of an end segment 20 of fig4 of coupler shaft 10 , longitudinal walls 110w of fig4 with a length equal to or greater than the length of a ring gear extension 124 of fig1 and 4 , and a top aperture 116 of fig1 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the ring gear extension 124 of fig1 said aperture 116 extending a length equal to or greater than the length of the ring gear extension 124 of fig1 . the external shape of the ring gear housing 110 can be cylindrical as shown in fig1 rectangular , polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 10 and the ring gear drive unit 120 . the ring gear drive unit 120 of fig1 interacts with pinion gear 150 and coupler shaft 10 so as to rotate and drive a threaded end 52 of fig1 and 4 into a mating female threaded socket 80 of fig1 . this gear can use a modified off - the - shelf bevel - type gear such as boston gear part no . l148y - g ! in some variations and comprises : a cylindrical ring gear extension 124 of fig1 and 4 with an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of the top aperture 116 and a length less than the length of the wall 110w of the ring gear housing 110 ; a gear teeth section 128 of fig1 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity , size , and spacing to mesh with the pinion gear teeth 158 of fig1 the ratio of pinion gear teeth 158 to gear teeth 128 being one - to - one , one - to - two , or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture , the sizing of the structural fastener , or the application ; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section 128 sized to cause the gear teeth 128 of fig1 and 4 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 158 of the pinion gear 150 ; a central , cylindrical aperture 126 of fig1 that extends along the longitudinal axis of the ring gear drive unit 120 , from end - to - end , and whose inside diameter is greater than the outside diameter of a keyed segment 30 of fig1 and 4 of coupler shaft 10 ; a keyslot 122 of fig1 located in the cylindrical wall of aperture 126 , this keyslot extending longitudinally from end - to - end , and the width and depth of this keyslot being greater than the width and depth of a mating key 12 of fig1 when said key is mounted in a retainer slot 32 of fig1 of coupler shaft 10 ; a circular top surface 120t of fig1 that extends from the cylindrical wall of aperture 126 to the base of the gear tooth section 128 and that provides a rear stop for a collar 40 of coupler shaft 10 . the helical spring 140 of fig1 and 4 provides a compressive force on coupler shaft 10 that forces the threaded end 52 to extend pass a top end 190t of fig4 and pass an outside edge 72 of housing 70 so as to be available to be threaded into a mating female threaded socket 80 of fig1 when the coupler shaft 10 is rotated . the spring 140 is positioned to encircle the end segment 20 of the coupler shaft 10 , the top end 140t of fig1 of spring 140 butts into a bottom end 30b of fig4 of keyed segment 30 , and the spring &# 39 ; s bottom end 140b of fig1 sits on the spring stop surface 114 of fig4 of the ring gear housing 110 . when the structural fastener is assembled , the spring is compressed between the bottom end 30b of the keyed segment and the spring stop surface 114 of fig4 . the inside diameter of spring 140 is greater than the outside diameter of the end segment 20 of coupler shaft 10 , the outside diameter is less than the inside diameter of aperture 126 of the ring gear drive unit 120 , and the length is selected to provide a compressive force on coupler shaft 10 in an assembled structural fastener . spring 140 can be an off - the - shelf compressive spring sized to fit the scale of the structural fastener or it can be custom manufactured to suit a particular application . the coupler shaft 10 of fig1 provides a threaded end that couples with a mating female threaded socket thus providing a longitudinal coupling that can provide greater load distribution than currently used fasteners and virtually seamless joining . the coupler shaft 10 is an integrated , multi - segmented , multi - sized shaft comprising : a cylindrical end segment 20 of fig1 and 4 that penetrates the bottom aperture 112 of fig4 that is supported by the ring gear housing 110 , that is encircled in part by helical spring 140 , and that has an outer diameter that is less than the inside diameter of the bottom aperture 112 ; a keyed segment 30 of fig1 and 4 that has an outside diameter greater than or equal to the outside diameter of helical spring 140 and less than the inside diameter of aperture 126 , that has a bottom end 30b of fig4 that provides a stop for the top end 140t of spring 140 , that has a length extending from the bottom end 30b of fig4 to the bottom end 40b of collar 40 , said length being greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 120 , and that provides a longitudinal retainer slot 32 for key 12 of fig1 and 4 , said slot sized and shaped to accept key 12 ; a key 12 that mounts in retainer slot 32 , is shaped to mate with and be free to move longitudinally in keyslot 122 of the ring gear drive unit 120 , and with a length greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 120 ; a cylindrical collar 40 of fig1 and 4 that limits the longitudinal distance traversed by the coupler shaft 10 from the top end 120t of the ring gear drive unit 120 to the bottom end 190b of the front support 190 and that has an outside diameter greater than the inside diameter of aperture 126 of ring gear drive unit 120 and greater than the inside diameter of an aperture 192 of fig1 of the front support 190 ; a cylindrical coupling segment 50 of fig1 and 4 that comprises a longitudinal shaft with an unthreaded segment and a threaded end 52 , said threaded end 52 sized and threaded to threadedly penetrate the female threaded socket 80 of fig1 to a depth that provides a secure fastening and / or a reliable load carrying connection , the length of said threaded end 52 being scaleable so as to meet the requirements of different connecting and load supporting applications . a large pitch thread with deep threads provides a solid and secure coupling with little risk of thread cross - over or thread stripping when the coupler shaft is under coupled loading . in some variations of the structural fastener , a 3 / 4 - 10 thread on a 1 / 2 inch diameter shaft with a thread run of about 1 . 5 to 2 times the shaft diameter should provide a solid and secure coupling to a mating female socket . the length of the coupler shaft 10 defines the length of an assembled structural fastener . the coupler shaft 10 extends from , and / or beyond , the bottom aperture 112 of the ring gear housing 110 to beyond the top end 190t of fig4 and the outside edge 72 of the housing . the coupler shaft 10 can be pressed back along its axis and restrained so that it does not extend beyond the top end 190t of the front support 190 . any such restraint is removed to allow the coupling segment 50 to be forced against the mating socket 80 . the coupler shaft 10 can be solid or hollow . a hollow coupler shaft 10 provides cabling or piping pass - through access between joined members and can thus reduce the number of cabling or piping openings in the joined members . the pinion gear 150 of fig1 and 4 is manually rotated by a hand or power - driven tool . this pinion gear transfers its rotational motion perpendicularly into rotation of the ring gear drive unit 120 that in turn rotates and drives coupler shaft 10 . this pinion gear can use an unmodified , off - the - shelf bevel - type gear such as boston gear part no . l148y - p ! in some variations and comprises : a cylindrical pinion gear extension 152 of fig1 and 4 that has an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of a housing aperture 74 and that has a tool - receiving receptacle sized and shaped to accept the driving element of a hand or power - driven tool such as a screwdriver , hex or allen - style wrench , ratchet wrench , torque wrench or tools of a like type ; and a gear teeth section 158 of fig1 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity , size , and spacing to mesh with the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120 , the ratio of pinion gear teeth 158 to gear teeth 128 being one - to - one , one - to - two , or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture , the sizing of the structural fastener , or the application ; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section 158 sized to cause the gear teeth 158 of fig1 and 4 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120 ; the pinion gear extension 152 of pinion gear 150 of fig4 is positioned in housing aperture 74 and is free to rotate . the pinion gear is retained in this aperture in an assembled structural fastener by the presence of the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120 which are positioned perpendicular to and in contact with the pinion gear teeth 158 . the front support 190 of fig1 and 4 functions as a front stop for the components of the structural fastener and a support housing for the coupler shaft 10 . the front support 190 comprises a longitudinal hollow object with a bottom end 190b , a circular aperture 192 of fig1 that extends longitudinally through the front support , said aperture 192 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the coupling segment 50 of coupler shaft 10 , and a depth selected in accordance with the needs of a particular application or so as to provide specific load support capabilities . the bottom section 190b of fig4 provides a front stop for the collar 40 of coupler shaft 10 . the external shape of the front support 190 can be cylindrical as shown in fig1 rectangular , polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 10 . the housing 70 of fig4 encases and supports an assembled structural fastener 1 . a method of assembling the structural fastener into a housing 70 , said housing comprising a longitudinal cylindrical polygon with an aperture sized to receive the pinion gear extension 152 , comprises ( see generally fig1 and 4 ): mounting pinion gear 150 into housing aperture 74 by inserting pinion gear extension 152 of fig4 into housing aperture 74 ; combining ring gear drive unit 120 and ring gear housing 110 by placing the ring gear extension 124 of fig1 into the ring gear housing top aperture 116 until the bottom end 120b of the ring gear drive unit contacts and is stopped by the top surface 110t of the ring gear housing 110 ; inserting said combined ring gear housing 110 and ring gear drive unit 120 into housing 70 until the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120 contact and mesh with the pinion gear teeth 158 of fig4 ; securing the ring gear housing 110 in the housing 70 by mechanical means such as a flat - spring , a c - shaped retaining ring ; a ring lock , welding ; pins , bolts , or screws inserted through the housing 70 ; or like mechanisms , or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy , adhesive glue or the like attaches the ring gear housing 110 to housing 70 ; placing spring 140 on end segment 20 of coupler shaft 10 of fig4 ; inserting said spring 20 and end segment 20 into ring gear aperture 126 ; continuing to insert coupler shaft 10 into ring gear aperture 126 and rotating coupler shaft 10 until the key 12 mounted on the keyed segment 30 of coupler shaft 10 aligns with keyslot 122 ; continuing to insert coupler shaft 10 into ring gear aperture 126 until end segment 20 passes into and through the bottom aperture 112 of fig4 of the ring gear housing 110 and a return force ( bounce ) is applied to the coupler shaft 10 by the compression of spring 140 between the spring stop 114 of the ring gear housing 110 and the bottom end 30b of the keyed segment 30 of the coupler shaft 10 ; sliding front support 190 onto the coupling segment 50 of fig1 and 4 until the bottom end 190b contacts the top end 40t of the collar 40 ; applying pressure to the front support 190 along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft 10 so as to continue to slide the front support 190 into the housing 70 until the bottom end 190b is distanced from the outer edge of the pinion gear teeth 158 in accordance with the needs of the application ; securing the front support 190 to the housing 70 by mechanical means such as a flat - spring , a c - shaped retaining ring ; a ring lock , welding ; pins , bolts , or screws inserted through the housing 70 ; or like mechanisms , or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy , adhesive glue or the like attaches the front support 190 to housing 70 . this method of assembling the basic structural fastener may be readily modified to accommodate various means of manufacture or to fit the needs of various applications . the assembled components of a structural fastener mounted in a housing interact as follows : the longitudinal axis 10l of fig1 of the coupler shaft 10 is aligned to the longitudinal axis of the female socket 80 ; the helical spring 140 , being compressed between the spring stop 114 of fig4 and the bottom end 30b of the keyed segment 30 , exerts a compressive force on coupler shaft 10 that forces the threaded end 52 to extend pass the front support &# 39 ; s top end 190t and pass the outside edge 72 of housing 70 ; the structural fastener is positioned such that the outside edge 72 of the housing or the top end 190 of the front support contacts the entry wall 80w of fig1 ; this positioning forces the coupler shaft rearward into the fastener and further compresses the spring 140 ; pinion gear 150 is rotated by a tool inserted into the pinion gear tool receiving receptacle 154 of fig4 ; the rotational motion of the pinion gear 150 is translated via pinion gear teeth 158 and ring gear drive unit teeth 128 into rotation of ring gear drive unit 120 ; the rotation of ring gear drive unit 120 is translated via key 12 and keyslot 122 into rotation of coupler shaft 10 and thus rotation of the threaded end 52 ; the rotation of threaded end 52 combined with the forward thrust provided by the compressed spring 140 causes the threaded end 52 to thread itself into the mating female threaded socket 80 of fig1 ; as the threaded end 52 threadedly enters socket 80 , the collar 40 of coupler shaft 10 advances until said collar contacts the bottom end 190b of the front support 190 ; continued rotation of the pinion gear 150 causes the threaded end 52 to thread deeper into socket 80 , thus further advancing collar 40 , said collar transmitting a force via the front support that moves the structural fastener and / or its housing into contact with entry wall 80w ; further rotational torque applied to pinion gear 150 increases the torque applied to the threaded end ( stud ) and socket connection but will not result in any further rotation of the coupler shaft 10 ; the structural fastener is now connected to the socket 80 . non - destructive decoupling is similar to the above . rotation of the pinion gear 150 in a direction opposite that of the rotation used to threadedly connect the coupler shaft 10 to the socket 80 causes : the ring gear drive unit 120 to rotate the coupler shaft 10 in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction ; this opposite rotation is conveyed via keyslot 122 and key 12 to the coupler shaft 10 ; coupler shaft 10 then rotates in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction ; this opposite rotation causes the threaded end 52 to unthread out of socket 80 ; when threaded end 52 withdraws from the threaded portion of socket 80 , coupler shaft 10 is uncoupled ; a disconnected coupler shaft 10 continues to maintain the threaded end in an extended position due to the force applied along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft by spring 140 . a ring gear drive unit 320 of fig2 and 5 with keyslots 322 and 322d ; a first and a second pinion gear 350 and 350d , respectively , of fig2 and 5 ; a first and a second pinion gear bushing 360 and 360d , respectively , of fig2 and 5 ; all enclosed in a suitable housing such as shown in fig5 and retained in said housing by a rear retaining ring 276 of fig2 and 5 and a front retaining ring 278 . the assembled structural fastener of fig2 is shown in cross - section in fig5 enclosed in a housing 270 . the rear retaining ring 276 of fig2 and 5 operates in conjunction with the front retaining ring 278 to provide a rear stop and a front stop , respectively , for holding an assembled structural fastener in a housing such as shown in fig5 . these rings comprise a flat - spring formed into a c - shape that can be compressed and inserted into a grove in the housing enclosure . the ring gear housing 310 of fig2 and 5 functions as a rear stop for the components of the structural fastener ; a support housing for the coupler shaft 210 , ring gear bushing 330 and the ring gear drive unit 320 ; and provides a spring stop surface 314 of fig5 upon which the bottom end 340b of fig2 of spring 340 rests . the ring gear housing 310 comprises a longitudinal object with a bottom section 313 of fig5 a circular bottom aperture 312 of fig5 that passes through this bottom section 313 , said bottom aperture 312 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of an end segment 220 of fig5 of coupler shaft 210 , longitudinal walls 310w of fig5 with a length equal to or greater than the length of ring gear extension 324 of fig2 and 5 , and a top aperture 316 of fig2 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of a ring gear bushing extension 332 of fig2 said aperture 316 extending a length equal to or greater than the length of the ring gear extension 324 of fig2 . the external shape of the ring gear housing 310 can be cylindrical as shown in fig2 rectangular , polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 210 and the ring gear drive unit 320 . the ring gear bushing 330 of fig2 and 5 mounts into the top aperture 316 of the ring gear housing and provides a low - friction support for the ring gear drive unit . this bushing is made of a durable , low friction material such as brass , bronze , 660 bronze , or the like . this bushing can be an unmodified off - the shelf bushing for some variations of the structural fastener . bushing 330 comprises a cylindrical top collar 334 of fig2 the cylindrical extension 332 and an aperture 336 extending longitudinally from end - to - end and with an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of a ring gear drive unit extension 324 of fig2 . the ring gear drive unit 320 of fig2 and 5 interacts with pinion gears 350 and 350d and with coupler shaft 210 so as to rotate and drive a threaded end 252 of fig2 and 5 into a mating female threaded socket 280 of fig2 and 5 . this gear can use a modified off - the - shelf bevel - type gear such as boston gear part no . l148y - g ! in some variations and comprises : a cylindrical ring gear extension 324 of fig2 and 5 with an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of the aperture 336 and a length less than the length of the wall 310w of the ring gear housing 310 ; a gear teeth section 328 of fig2 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity , size , and spacing to mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358d of fig2 the ratio of said pinion gear teeth to gear teeth 328 being one - to - one , one - to - two , or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture , the sizing of the structural fastener , or the application ; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section sized to cause the gear teeth 328 of fig2 and 5 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 358 and 358d of the pinion gears 350 and 350d , respectively ; a central , cylindrical aperture 326 of fig2 that extends along the longitudinal axis of the ring gear drive unit 320 , from end - to - end , and whose inside diameter is greater than the outside diameter of a keyed segment 230 of fig2 and 5 of coupler shaft 210 ; keyslots 322 and 322d of fig1 located in the cylindrical wall of aperture 326 , these keyslots being positioned 180 degrees apart or at any convenient spatial separation , these keyslots extending longitudinally from end - to - end , and the width and depth of these keyslots being greater than the width and depth of mating keys 212 and 212d of fig2 and 5 when said keys are mounted in retainer slots 232 and 232d , respectively , of fig2 of coupler shaft 210 ; a circular top surface 320t of fig2 and 5 that extends from the cylindrical wall of aperture 326 to the base of the gear tooth section 328 and that provides a rear stop for the collar 240 of coupler shaft 210 . the helical spring 340 of fig2 and 5 provides a compressive force on coupler shaft 210 that forces the threaded end 252 to extend pass a top end 390t of fig5 through the front retaining ring 278 , and pass an outside edge 272 of housing 270 so as to be available to be threaded into a mating female threaded socket 280 of fig2 and 5 when the coupler shaft 210 is rotated . the spring 340 is positioned to encircle the end segment 220 of the coupler shaft 210 , the top end 340t of fig2 of spring 340 butts into a bottom end 230b of fig5 of keyed segment 230 , and the spring &# 39 ; s bottom end 340b of fig2 sits on the spring stop surface 314 of fig5 of the ring gear housing 310 . when the structural fastener is assembled , the spring is compressed between the bottom end 230b of the keyed segment and the spring stop surface 314 of fig5 . the inside diameter of spring 340 is greater than the outside diameter of the end segment 220 of coupler shaft 210 , the outside diameter is less than the inside diameter of aperture 336 of the ring gear bushing 330 , and the length is selected to provide a compressive force on coupler shaft 210 in an assembled structural fastener . spring 340 can be an off - the - shelf helical spring sized to fit the scale of the structural fastener or it can be custom manufactured to suit a particular application . the coupler shaft 210 of fig2 provides a threaded end that couples with a mating female threaded socket thus providing a longitudinal coupling that can provide greater load distribution than currently used fasteners and virtually seamless joining . the coupler shaft 210 is an integrated , multi - segmented , multi - sized shaft comprising : a cylindrical end segment 220 of fig2 and 5 that penetrates the bottom aperture 312 of fig5 that is supported by the ring gear housing 310 , that is encircled in part by spring 340 , and that has an outer diameter that is less than the inside diameter of the bottom aperture 312 ; a dual keyed segment 230 of fig2 and 5 that has an outside diameter greater than or equal to the outside diameter of helical spring 340 and less than the inside diameter of aperture 326 , that has a bottom end 230b of fig5 that provides a stop for the top end 340t of spring 140 , that has a length extending from the bottom end 230b of fig5 to the bottom end 240b of collar 240 , said length being greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 320 , and that provides longitudinal retainer slots 232 and 232d for keys 212 and 212d , respectively , of fig1 and 5 , said slots sized and shaped to accept said keys ; keys 212 and 212d of fig1 and 5 that mount in retainer slots 232 and 232d , respectively , said keys shaped to mate with and be free to move longitudinally in keyslots 322 and 322d , respectively , of the ring gear drive unit 320 , and with a length greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 320 ; a cylindrical collar 240 of fig2 and 5 that limits the longitudinal distance traversed by the coupler shaft 210 from the top end 320t of the ring gear drive unit 320 to the bottom end 370b of the idler gear 370 of fig5 and that has an outside diameter greater than the inside diameter of aperture 326 of ring gear drive unit 320 and greater than the inside diameter of an aperture 376 of fig2 of the idler gear 370 ; a cylindrical coupling segment 250 of fig2 and 5 that comprises a longitudinal shaft with an unthreaded segment and a threaded end 252 , said threaded end 252 sized and threaded to threadedly penetrate the female threaded socket 280 of fig2 and 5 to a depth that provides a secure fastening and / or a reliable load carrying connection , the length of said threaded end 252 being scaleable so as to meet the requirements of different connecting and load supporting applications . a large pitch thread with deep threads provides a solid and secure coupling with little risk of thread cross - over or thread stripping when the coupler shaft is under coupled loading . in some variations of the structural fastener , a 3 / 4 - 10 thread on a 1 / 2 inch diameter shaft with a thread run of about 1 . 5 to 2 times the shaft diameter should provide a solid and secure coupling to a mating female socket . the length of the coupler shaft 210 defines the length of an assembled structural fastener . the coupler shaft 210 extends from , and / or beyond , the bottom aperture 312 of the ring gear housing 310 to beyond the top end 390t of fig5 and the outside edge 272 of the housing . the coupler shaft 210 can be pressed back along its axis and restrained so that it does not extend beyond the top end 390t of the front support 390 . any such restraint is removed to allow the coupling segment 250 to be forced against the mating socket 280 . the coupler shaft 210 can be solid or hollow . a hollow coupler shaft 210 provides cabling or piping pass - through access between joined members and can thus reduce the number of cabling or piping openings in the joined members . either pinion gear 350 or 350d of fig2 and 5 is manually rotated by a hand or power - driven tool . said pinion gear transfers its rotational motion perpendicularly into rotation of the ring gear drive unit 320 that in turn rotates and drives coupler shaft 210 . these pinion gears can use unmodified , off - the - shelf bevel - type gears such as boston gear part no . l148y - p ! in some variations . each pinion gear 350 or 350d comprises : a cylindrical pinion gear extension 352 or 352d of fig2 and 5 that has an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of a housing aperture 274 and that has a tool - receiving receptacle sized and shaped to accept the driving element of a hand or power - driven tool such as a screwdriver , hex or allen - style wrench , ratchet wrench , torque wrench or tools of a like type ; and gear teeth 358 or 358d of fig2 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity , size , and spacing to mesh with the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320 , the ratio of pinion gear teeth to gear teeth 328 being one - to - one , one - to - two , or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture , the sizing of the structural fastener , or the application ; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section sized to cause the gear teeth 358 and 358d of fig2 and 5 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320 ; the pinion gear extension 352 of pinion gear 350 of fig5 is positioned in pinion gear bushing 360 which is fixedly mounted in housing aperture 274 ; the pinion gear being free to rotate . the pinion gear extension 352d of pinion gear 350d of fig5 is positioned in pinion gear bushing 360d which is fixedly mounted in housing aperture 274d ; the pinion gear being free to rotate . the pinion gears are retained in the housing apertures in an assembled structural fastener by the presence of the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320 and by the presence of the gear teeth 378 of the idler gear 370 , both of which are positioned perpendicular to and in contact with the pinion gear teeth . pinion gear bushings 360 and 360d of fig2 and 5 mount into housing apertures 274 and 274d , respectively , and provide a low - friction support for the pinion gears 350 and 350d , respectively . these bushings are made of a durable , low friction material such as brass , bronze , 660 bronze , or the like . these bushings can be an unmodified off - the shelf bushing for some variations of the structural fastener . bushings 350 and 350d comprise a cylindrical bottom collar 364 and 364d , respectively , of fig2 a cylindrical extension 362 and 362d , respectively , and an aperture 368 and 368d , respectively , extending longitudinally from end - to - end and with an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the pinion gear extension 352 of 352d , respectively , of fig2 . the idler gear 370 of fig2 and 5 functions as a front stop for the collar 240 of the coupler shaft 210 , provides a stabilizing support for pinion gears 350 and 350d and reduces the torque that tends to bind the coupler shaft in a single - drive structural fastener . this gear can use a unmodified off - the - shelf bevel - type gear such as boston gear part no . l148y - g ! in some variations and comprises : a cylindrical ring gear extension 372 of fig2 with an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of a front support aperture 392 ; gear teeth 378 of fig2 and 5 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity , size , and spacing to mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358d , the ratio of pinion gear teeth to gear teeth 328 being one - to - one , one - to - two , or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture , the sizing of the structural fastener , or the application ; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section sized to cause the gear teeth 378 of fig2 and 5 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 358 and 358d of the pinion gears 350 and 350d , respectively ; a central , cylindrical aperture 376 of fig2 that extends along the longitudinlal axis of the idler gear 370 , from end - to - end , and whose inside diameter is greater than the outside diameter of the coupling segment 250 of coupler shaft 210 ; the idler gear bushing 380 of fig2 and 5 mounts into the aperture 392 of the front support 390 and provides a low - friction support for the idler gear . this bushing is made of a durable , low friction material such as brass , bronze , 660 bronze , or the like . this bushing can be an unmodified off - the shelf bushing for some variations of the structural fastener . bushing 380 comprises a cylindrical top collar 384 of fig2 a cylindrical extension 382 and an aperture 386 extending longitudinally from end - to - end and with an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the idler gear extension 372 of fig2 . the front support 390 of fig2 and 5 functions as a front stop for the components of the structural fastener and as a support housing for the coupler shaft 210 , idler gear bushing 380 and idler gear 370 . the front support 390 comprises a longitudinal hollow object with a bottom end 390b , a circular aperture 392 of fig2 that extends longitudinally through the front support , said aperture 392 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the idler gear bushing extension 372 , and a depth selected in accordance with the needs of a particular application or so as to provide specific load support capabilities . the bottom section 390b of fig5 provides a stop for the bushing 380 and idler gear 370 . the external shape of the front support 390 can be cylindrical as shown in fig2 rectangular , polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 210 . the housing 270 of fig5 encases and supports an assembled structural fastener . a method of assembling the structural fastener into a housing 270 , said housing comprising a longitudinal cylindrical polygon with apertures sized to receive pinion gear bushings 360 and 360d and circular slots cut into the interior of said housing , said slots sized and spaced so as to form front and rear retaining slots when c - shaped , flat spring retaining rings are installed , comprises ( see generally fig2 and 5 ): mounting pinion gear 350 into pinion gear bushing 360 by inserting pinion gear extension 352 of fig2 into the bushing aperture 368 ; mounting pinion gear 350d into pinion gear bushing 360d by inserting pinion gear extension 352d of fig2 into the bushing aperture 368d ; assembling ring gear drive unit 320 , ring gear bushing 330 and ring gear housing 310 into a rear combined unit by placing the ring gear bushing extension 332 of fig2 into the ring gear housing top aperture 316 until the bushing collar 334 contacts and is stopped by the top surface 310t of the ring gear housing 310 ; then placing the ring gear drive unit extension 324 into the ring gear bushing aperture 336 until the bottom end 320b of the ring gear drive unit contacts and is stopped by the bushing collar 334 ; inserting said rear combined unit into housing 270 until the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320 contact and mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358d of fig2 and 5 ; securing said rear combined unit in the housing 270 by mounting the rear retaining ring 276 into a mating rear slot in the housing 270 ; or by other mechanical means such as welding ; pins , bolts , or screws inserted through the housing ; or like mechanisms , or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy , adhesive glue or the like attaches the ring gear housing 310 of the rear combined unit to the housing ; placing spring 340 on end segment 220 of coupler shaft 210 ; inserting said spring 220 and end segment 220 into ring gear aperture 326 of fig2 ; continuing to insert coupler shaft 210 into ring gear aperture 326 and rotating coupler shaft 210 until the keys 212 and 212d mounted on the keyed segment 230 of coupler shaft 210 align with keyslots 322 and 322d ; continuing to insert coupler shaft 210 into ring gear aperture 326 until end segment 220 passes into and through the bottom aperture 312 of fig5 of the ring gear housing 310 and a return force ( bounce ) is applied to the coupler shaft 210 by the compression of spring 340 between the spring stop 314 of the ring gear housing 310 and the bottom end 230b of the keyed segment 230 of the coupler shaft 210 ; assembling idler gear 370 , idler gear bushing 380 and the front support 390 into a front support unit by placing the idler gear bushing extension 380 into the front support aperture 392 until the bushing collar 384 contacts and is stopped by the bottom end 390b of the front support , then placing the idler gear extension 372 into the idler gear bushing aperture 386 until the top end 370t of the idler gear 370 contacts and is stopped by the bushing collar 384 ; sliding said front support unit onto the coupling segment 250 of fig2 and 5 , while applying pressure along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft , until the gear teeth 378 of the idler gear 370 contact and mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358d ; securing said front support unit to the housing 270 by mounting the front retaining ring 278 into a mating front slot in the housing 270 ; by other mechanical means such as welding ; pins , bolts , or screws inserted through the housing ; or like mechanisms , or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy , adhesive glue or the like attaches the front support 390 of the front support unit to the housing . this method of assembling the structural fastener may be readily modified to accommodate various means of manufacture or to fit the needs of various applications . the assembled components of a dual - drive structural fastener mounted in a housing interact as follows : the longitudinal axis 210l of fig2 of the coupler shaft 210 is aligned to the longitudinal axis of the female socket 280 ; the helical spring 340 , being compressed between the spring stop 314 of fig5 and the bottom end 230b of the keyed segment 230 , exerts a compressive force on coupler shaft 210 that forces the threaded end 252 to extend pass the front support &# 39 ; s top end 390t and pass the outside edge 272 of housing 270 ; the structural fastener is positioned such that the outside edge 272 of the housing contacts the entry wall 280w of fig6 ; this positioning forces the coupler shaft 210 of fig6 rearward into the fastener and further compresses the spring 340 ; pinion gear 350 or 350d is rotated by a tool inserted into the pinion gear tool receiving receptacle 354 or 354d , respectively , of fig6 ; the rotational motion of said pinion gear is translated via pinion gear teeth 358 or 358d and ring gear drive unit teeth 328 into rotation of ring gear drive unit 320 ; the rotation of ring gear drive unit 320 is translated via keys 212 , 212d and keyslots 322 , 322d into rotation of coupler shaft 210 and thus rotation of the threaded end 252 of fig6 ; the rotation of threaded end 252 combined with the forward thrust provided by the compressed spring 340 causes the threaded end 252 to thread itself into the mating female threaded socket 280 of fig6 ; as the threaded end 252 threadedly enters into socket 280 of fig7 the collar 240 of coupler shaft 210 advances until said collar contacts the bottom end 370b of the idler gear 370 of fig7 ; continued rotation of said pinion gear causes the threaded end 252 to thread deeper into socket 280 of fig7 thus advancing collar 240 , said collar transmitting a force via the idler gear 370 that moves the structural fastener or its housing into contact with entry wall 280w ; further rotational torque applied to said pinion gear increases the torque applied to the threaded end ( stud ) and socket connection but will not result in any further rotation of the coupler shaft 210 ; the structural fastener is now connected to the socket 280 . non - destructive decoupling is similar to the above . rotation of the pinion gear 350 or 350d of fig7 in a direction opposite that of the rotation used to threadedly connect the coupler shaft 210 to the socket 280 causes : the ring gear drive unit 320 of fig7 to rotate the coupler shaft 210 in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction ; this opposite rotation is conveyed via keyslots 322 , 322d and keys 212 , 212d to the coupler shaft 210 ; coupler shaft 210 then rotates in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction ; this opposite rotation causes the threaded end 252 to unthread out of socket 280 ; when threaded end 252 withdraws from the threaded portion of socket 280 , coupler shaft 210 is uncoupled ; a disconnected coupler shaft 210 continues to maintain the threaded end in an extended position due to the force applied along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft by spring 340 . another variation of the structural fastener of this invention is to incorporate a means of restraining the spring - loaded coupler shaft so that the threaded end of said shaft does not protrude pass the front retaining ring or the outside edge of the housing . a means of restraining said coupler shaft using a restraining pin 401 of fig3 and 8 is described below using a modified dual - drive structural fastener as hereinbefore described . although , not described , this variation applies in a like manner to the single - drive structural fastener hereinbefore described . many other variations and modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and this particular embodiment is not to be construed in the limiting sense . the pinned structural fastener is ideally suited for applications wherein prefabricated sections , panels , beams , supports , or like members without edge protrusions are mated to presized openings such as when a polygonal window unit is slid into a presized frame with integrated threaded sockets spaced around said frame . the pinned structural fastener 4 of fig3 embodiment comprises a structural fastener modified to accept a restraining pin . this modification comprises boring holes with a diameter greater than the diameter of the restraining pin 401 through : a coupler shaft 410h wherein a cylindrical bore 405h of fig3 passes through a coupling segment 450h ; a first pinion gear 550 of fig3 and 8 wherein a cylindrical bore 550h of fig8 passes through the center of said pinion gear and through the center of the tool receiving receptacle 554 ; and a second pinion gear 550d of fig3 and 8 wherein a cylindrical bore 550hd of fig3 and 8 passes through the center of said pinion gear and through the center of the tool receiving receptacle 554d . to retract and restrain the threaded end 452h of fig3 and 8 so that it does not protrude beyond the outside edge 272 of fig8 of housing 270 , said threaded end is manually pushed rearward into the structural fastener until collar 440h contacts the rear stop provided by rear gear drive unit 320 ; said threaded end is rotated until bore 405h aligns with the bores 550h and 550dh of fig8 ; and then restraining pin 401 is inserted through these bores , thus restraining the forward thrust of coupler shaft 410h . the longitudinal position of the bore 405h in the coupling segment 450h varies in accordance with the spatial relationships of a particular structural fastener . another embodiment of the structural fastener of this invention is to use a worm drive instead of pinion gears to drive the coupler shaft . many other variations and modifications to the drive mechanism will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and this particular embodiment is not to be construed in the limiting sense . a worm - drive structural fastener 6 of fig9 comprises many of the components as hereinbefore described and these components are incorporated by reference to the hereinbefore description . a rear retaining ring 676 compressed and mounted in a grove in the housing enclosure 670 ; a rear gear housing 710 of fig9 that functions as a rear stop for the components of the structural fastener , a support housing for the coupler shaft 610 , rear bushing 730 and the worm gear 720 , and provides a rear spring stop for spring 740 ; a rear bushing 730 of fig9 that mounts into the top aperture of the rear gear housing 710 and provides a low - friction support for the worm gear 720 ; the worm gear 720 of fig9 and 10 with a keyslot 722 , said worm gear interacting with a worm drive 750 so as to rotate and drive a threaded end 652 of a coupler shaft 610 ; a helical spring 740 of fig9 that encircles the end segment 620 of the coupler shaft and that provides a compressive force on said coupler shaft that forces the threaded end 652 to extend pass an outside edge 672 of housing 670 so as to be available to be threaded into a mating female threaded socket when said coupler shaft is rotated ; the coupler shaft 610 of fig9 and 10 provides the threaded end 652 that couples with a mating female threaded socket thus providing a longitudinal coupling that can provide greater load distribution than currently used fasteners and virtually seamless joining ; the worm drive 750 of fig9 and 10 that is manually rotated by a hand or power - driven tool and transfers its rotational motion via worm 758 into rotation of the worm gear 720 that in turn interacts via keyslot 722 with a key 612 mounted in retainer slot 632 of a keyed segment 630 to rotate coupler shaft 610 ; a front bushing 780 of fig9 that mounts into the aperture of a front support 790 and provides a low - friction support for the worm gear 720 ; the front support 790 of fig9 that functions as a front stop for the components of the structural fastener and as a support housing for the coupler shaft 610 and front bushing 780 ; a front retaining ring 678 of fig9 compressed and mounted in a grove in the housing enclosure 670 ; all enclosed in a housing 670 of fig9 . the housing 670 of fig9 comprises a longitudinal cylindrical polygon with apertures 674 and 674d of fig1 that receive worm gear bushings 760 and 760d , respectively , said bushings providing a low - friction support for a shaft 752 of worm 758 and circular slots cut into the interior of said housing , said slots sized and spaced to receive front and rear retaining rings 678 and 676 , respectively . the assembled components of a worm - drive structural fastener mounted in an appropriate housing interact as follows : the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft 610 is aligned to the longitudinal axis of a female threaded socket ; the helical spring 740 of fig9 being compressed between the rear gear housing 710 and the collar 640 , exerts a compressive force on coupler shaft 610 that forces the threaded end 652 to extend pass the outside edge 672 of housing 670 ; the structural fastener is positioned such that the outside edge 672 of the housing contacts the entry wall of said female threaded socket ; this positioning forces the coupler shaft 610 rearward into the fastener and further compresses the spring 740 ; worm 758 of fig9 and 10 is rotated by a tool inserted into the tool receiving receptacle 754 or 754d of fig1 ; the rotational motion of said worm is translated into rotation of worm gear 720 ; the rotation of worm gear 720 is translated via keyslot 722 , key 612 and keyslot 632 into rotation of coupler shaft 610 and thus rotation of the threaded end 652 of fig9 ; the rotation of threaded end 652 combined with the forward thrust provided by the compressed spring 740 causes the threaded end 652 to thread itself into the mating female threaded socket ; as the threaded end 652 threadedly enters into said socket , the collar 640 of coupler shaft 610 advances until said collar contacts the bottom end of the worm gear 720 ; continued rotation of said worm causes the threaded end 652 to thread deeper into said socket , thus advancing collar 640 , said collar transmitting a force via the worm gear 720 that moves the structural fastener or its housing into contact with said entry wall ; further rotational torque applied to worm 758 increases the torque applied to the threaded end ( stud ) and socket connection but will not result in any further rotation of the coupler shaft 610 ; the structural fastener is now connected to the socket . non - destructive decoupling is similar to the above . rotation of the worm drive 750 of fig9 and 10 in a direction opposite that of the rotation used to threadedly connect the coupler shaft 610 to the socket causes : the worm gear 720 of fig1 to rotate the coupler shaft 610 in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction ; this opposite rotation is conveyed via keyslot 722 , key 612 and keyslot 632 to the coupler shaft 610 ; coupler shaft 610 then rotates in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction ; this opposite rotation causes the threaded end 652 to unthread out of the socket ; when threaded end 652 withdraws from the threaded portion of said socket , coupler shaft 610 is uncoupled ; a disconnected coupler shaft 610 continues to maintain the threaded end in an extended position due to the force applied along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft by spring 740 . the structural fastener is designed to be housed in various ready - to - use configurations so that structural framing members , beams , panels , prefabricated structures and ready - to - assembly components such as equipment , tools , furniture , scaffolding and fencing , can be quickly and seamlessly joined or non - destructively disconnected ( uncoupled ). several configurations for housing structural fasteners are illustrated in fig1 and 12 . many other variations and modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and these particular embodiments are not to be construed in the limiting sense . assembled structural fasteners 2 of fig1 are shown mounted in a right - angle housing 910 such as used for corner fastening of a framework , a roof apex 910 of fig1 , or wherever right - angle joining is desired . the tool receiving receptacle 352 is accessible through an aperture located on an exposed face of the housing , thus provide quick and easy access . fig1 shows several 2 - dimensional aspects of structural fastener housings that can be used to quickly assemble ( or disassemble ) the frame for a structure such as a house , pool enclosure , florida room , or the like . the extension of this framework into 3 - dimensional space is readily accomplished by incorporating mating female sockets and / or structural fasteners at the desired angle to the housings described . beam 902 of fig1 comprises a structural fastener 2 mounted in the bottom end of said beam , a length of structural material and a female threaded socket 280 mounted in the top end of said beam . beams 902 are coupled to female threaded sockets 280 set into concrete footings to form a first level of vertical supports for the structural frame . a t - housing 920 of fig1 , comprised of three structural fasteners 2 mounted in a tee - shaped housing , is connected to socket 280 mounted in the top end of the leftmost beam 902 and a second t - housing 920 is connected to socket 280 mounted in the top end of the rightmost beam 902 . a x - housing 930 of fig1 , comprised of four structural fasteners 2 mounted in a perpendicular cross - shaped housing , is connected to socket 280 mounted in the top end of the center beam 902 . a dual - socketed beam 904 with female threaded sockets 280 mounted in opposing ends is connected between the leftmost t - housing 920 and the center x - housing 930 to form a leftmost horizontal support . a second dual - socketed beam 904 is connected between the rightmost t - housing 920 and the center x - housing 930 to form a rightmost horizontal support . a second level of vertical supports is incorporated into this structural frame by connecting dual - socketed beams 904 to the leftmost and rightmost t - housings and to the center x - housing . an oblique t - housing 922 of fig1 comprised of two structural fasteners perpendicular to each other and a third structural fastener at an acute angle is used to connect the vertical support to the roof member . a leftmost oblique t - housing 922 connects to the leftmost vertical dual - socketed beam 904 and a rightmost oblique t - housing 922 connects to the rightmost vertical dual - socketed beam 904 . a t - housing connects to the center dual - socketed beam 904 . a leftmost dual - socketed beam 904 is connected between the leftmost oblique t - housing 922 and the center t - housing 920 to form a leftmost horizontal support . a second dual - socketed beam 904 is connected between the rightmost oblique t - housing 922 and the center t - housing 920 to form a rightmost horizontal support . a large - span , dual - socket beam 908 of fig1 with female threaded sockets 280 mounted in opposing ends is connected to the leftmost oblique t - housing 922 and to a right - angle housing 910 that functions as the apex of the structure . a second large - span , dual - socket beam 908 is connected to the rightmost oblique t - housing 922 and to the apex right - angle housing 910 . while only a few embodiments have been illustrated and described , many variations may be made in the design and configuration without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims . | 8 |
fig3 shows an improvement of the circuit of fig1 wherein like numerals designate similar components as is true throughout this specification . fig3 further shows , in schematic fashion , a heat sink 49 which receives the igbts ( or mosfets ) of the pwm inverter 41 . heat sink 49 , like the housing of motor 42 , is connected to ground line 43 . in fig3 however , a novel improvement is added which permits a substantial reduction in the size of the transformer 44 , 45 , 46 without affecting the operation of the active filter function . thus , in fig3 an operational amplifier 70 is added to the circuit to act as a buffer / amplifier between the secondary of the common mode current sensing transformer 44 , 45 , 46 and the transistors q 1 and q 2 . this permits the size and cost of transformers 44 , 45 , 46 to be substantially reduced . while the primary windings 45 and 46 of the common mode transformer are shown in fig3 at the output of rectifier 40 , they may be placed in the a - c input lines as shown in fig4 ; or , if desired , a single primary winding 71 can be connected in series with the ground terminal , as shown in fig5 . in all cases , the secondary winding 44 is simply coupled to one or more primary windings which carry or otherwise produce a signal related to the common mode current . regardless of the connection used , the novel circuits of fig3 and 5 will divert the majority of the common mode current flow into the isolator capacitor 47 and transistors q 1 and q 2 and away from the external ground wire connected to 43 a . the circuits of fig1 , 4 and 5 will operate as desired provided transistors q 1 and q 2 always have sufficient voltage “ headroom ” to allow them to operate as linear amplifiers . however , as pointed out earlier with reference to fig2 there are situations in which this headroom disappears during certain portions of the input voltage cycle . in accordance with another feature of the invention and as shown in fig6 a novel circuit employing balancing resistors will ensure adequate headroom under these conditions . thus , in fig6 two resistors 85 and 86 are connected across transistors q 1 and q 2 respectively . note that the full circuit is not shown in fig6 it is being noted that such resistors are intended to be connected across the transistors q 1 and q 2 in fig1 , 4 and 5 . 1 . their values must be of the same order of magnitude as the reactance of capacitor 47 to ensure that the peak value of the a - c component of voltage at line frequency and developed across transistors q 1 and q 2 is substantially less than one - half the peak d - c bus voltage . for example , capacitor 47 may have a typical value of 0 . 01 μf and , at line frequency , the resistors 85 and 86 will be 265 kohms each . 2 . resistors 85 and 86 must be sized to carry significantly higher current than the maximum possible leakage current of transistors q 1 and q 2 , in order to “ swamp ” differences in their leakage currents and ensure an approximately equal voltage balance across the transistors . in a specific example , in a circuit having a maximum d - c bus voltage of 400 volts with transistors q 1 and q 2 having a maximum leakage current of 0 . 5 ma each and capacitor 47 having a capacitance of 0 . 01 μf , the current through resistors 85 and 86 at half the bus voltage , i . e ., 200 volts , should be about 2 ma . thus , resistors 85 and 86 should be about 100 kohms . this is the value to be chosen since it is less than the 265 kohm value required by criteria 1 above . the power dissipation in the 100 kohm resistors at the bus voltage of 400 volts is about 400 mw . a line frequency component of ground current of about 0 . 5 ma will be drawn through resistors 85 and 86 and the capacitor 47 . as will be later discussed , it would be desirable to integrate the control circuitry for the active filter into an integrated circuit . thus , the power dissipation should be reduced as much as possible . fig7 shows a circuit for the control of headroom which does not require resistors and which reduces power dissipation to about 20 mw . the circuit of fig7 also reduces the line frequency ground current drawn through capacitor 47 from 0 . 5 ma to 0 . 2 ma . the principle of operation of the circuit of fig7 is to actively clamp the voltage headroom for transistors q 1 and q 2 . this is done by sensing the instantaneous voltage across each of the transistors q 1 and q 2 and comparing it to a reference . if the headroom falls below the reference value , an error signal is produced and is fed back to amplifier 70 to drive the base of transistors q 1 or q 2 to maintain the desired headroom . thus , transistors q 1 and q 2 will carry the common mode current and will also carry a small added component of current so as to maintain their necessary headroom . the power dissipation in each of transistors q 1 and q 2 is only about 20 mw at a bus voltage of 400 v , compared to 400 mv for each of resistors 85 and 86 in fig6 . referring now to fig7 summing circuits 90 , 91 and 92 and amplifiers 93 and 94 are added as shown . fig7 also shows power supply d - c sources 95 and 96 for providing to v dd and v ss inputs respectively to operational amplifier 70 . each of summing circuits 90 and 91 have one input connected to (+) dc bus and (−) dc bus respectively , and another input ( terminals 97 and 98 respectively ) connected to reference voltages (−) ve and (+) ve respectively which are the headroom reference voltages for transistors q 1 and q 2 respectively . the summed voltages e in and e 1 in respectively of devices of 90 and 91 are applied to operational amplifiers 93 and 94 respectively which have outputs e out and e 1 out which are applied to inputs of summing circuit 92 . the linear shapes of the characteristic outputs e out and e 1 out are shown on the drawing in circled insets . the output of circuit 92 ( an error signal output ) is connected through high frequency filter 99 to the input of amplifier 70 . thus , amplifier 70 will amplify the error signal ; and amplifiers 93 and 94 respectively prevent the headroom voltages for transistors q 1 and q 2 from falling below their respective reference voltages . in more detail , + dc bus to com ref (− v e ) is a negative reference voltage , which sets the required value of the + dc bus to com voltage the value of this reference (−) ve is set to yield the desired headroom clamping level for transistor q 1 , based on the worst case assumption that the emitters of transistors q 1 and q 2 could instantaneously be positive with respect to com by vdd . thus + dc bus to com ref is set to represent the required minimum headroom for q 1 , plus vdd . the difference between + dc bus to com ref (− ve ) and the actual + dc bus to com voltage (+ ve ) is fed to the input of amplifier 93 . the output of amplifier 93 is zero for positive input , and positive for negative input voltage . when the + dc bus to com voltage is greater than the absolute value of + dc bus to com ref , e in is positive , and the output of amplifier 93 is zero . when + dc bus to com attempts to become less than the absolute value of + dc bus to com ref which is set to represent the required minimum headroom for q 1 , plus vdd , e in becomes negative , and the output e out of amplifier 93 becomes positive . this output is inverted at the summing junction 92 , then passed through the hf filter 99 to the amplifier 70 , biasing the output of this amplifier negatively . the result is that transistor q 2 is biased on just sufficiently that the voltage headroom across transistor q 1 is regulated to the set value . the (−) dc bus to com ref is a set positive reference voltage at terminal 98 . the required value of this reference represents the required minimum headroom for transistor q 2 , plus the absolute value of vss . the difference between (−) dc bus to com ref (+ ve ) and the − dc bus to com voltage (− ve ) is fed to the input of amplifier 94 . the output of amplifier 94 is zero for negative input , and negative for positive input voltage . when the absolute value of the (−) dc bus to com voltage is greater than (−) dc bus to com ref , e 1 in is negative , and the output of a3 is zero . when the absolute value of the (−) dc bus to com voltage attempts to become less than (−) dc bus to com ref , e 1 in becomes positive , and the output e 1 out of amplifier 94 becomes negative . this output is inverted at the summing junction 92 , then passed through the hf filter 99 to the input of amplifier 70 , biasing the output of this amplifier positively . the result is that transistor q 1 is biased on just sufficiently that the voltage headroom across transistor q 2 is regulated to the set value . the hf filter 99 removes high frequency components from the error signal , caused by the common mode current of the inverter / motor that flows through cfilt 47 . thus the closed loop regulator corrects against errors of potential at e that would otherwise occur at line frequency , but essentially does not attempt to make corrections for faster instantaneous deviations due to the switching events of the inverter . fig8 shows a further alternative to the circuit of fig6 in which the voltage at node e of the common emitters of transistors q 1 and q 2 is sensed and the average value of this voltage is regulated to the d - c midpoint voltage . thus , in fig8 a reference voltage circuit defining the d - c mid - voltage consists of resistors 105 and 106 which are low power resistors which are of equal value and produce voltage at node 107 which is the midpoint of the d - c voltage between the (+) dc bus and (−) dc bus voltages . this d - c midpoint reference voltage , and the potential at node e are applied to , and compared by , a summing comparator 108 . the difference output is then applied to amplifier 109 and its output error signal is connected via hf filter 99 as an input to amplifier 70 . in operation , if the voltage at e attempts to rise above the d - c midpoint reference potential at node 107 , amplifier 109 delivers a negative bias signal to the input of amplifier 70 . the output of amplifier 70 also assumes negative bias , turning on transistor q 2 to the extent necessary to correct the voltage at emitter node e and back towards the d - c midpoint reference potential . conversely , if the voltage at e attempts to fall below the d - c midpoint potential , the output of amplifier 70 assumes a positive bias , turning on transistor q 1 to the extent necessary to correct the voltage at e back towards the d - c midpoint potential . the hf filter 99 again removes high frequency components from the error signal . thus the regulator loop corrects against variations of potential at e that would otherwise occur at line frequency , but essentially does not attempt to make corrections for faster instantaneous deviations caused by the switching events of the inverter . with the scheme of fig8 the average voltage headroom for transistors q 1 and q 2 is maintained at approximately half the bus voltage . while this is more than sufficient headroom , a disadvantage , relative to the “ headroom clamping ” approach of fig7 is that the line frequency component of voltage across capacitor 47 is increased and the corresponding line frequency component of ground current that flows through capacitor 47 is relatively high . fig9 to 12 illustrate the design trade - offs between headroom voltage for transistors q 1 and q 2 and ground current for the circuits of fig1 and 8 ( at 60 hz ). fig9 is an equivalent circuit of a portion of the circuit of fig8 . the a - c voltage source shown in dotted lines between nodes 107 and 43 a is the a - c ground voltage with respect to the dc midpoint reference voltage . this voltage , as shown in fig1 is one - half of the peak a - c voltage between a - c lines l and n ( assuming a single phase input with n at ground potential ) and this voltage drives ground current through capacitor 47 . when the circuit is designed to provide generous headroom for transistors q 1 and q 2 as shown in fig1 , as by regulating the voltage at e to the d - c midpoint potential , the ground current i gnd at 60 hz increases as shown in the bottom graph of fig1 . if , however , the voltage at e is allowed to swing freely with respect to the bus potentials , as shown in fig1 , the line frequency voltage across capacitor 47 is zero and the corresponding line frequency ground current is also zero . the headroom voltage , however , ( the center graph of fig1 ), is insufficient for the desired filtering of the common mode motor current ( as in fig1 ). finally , if , as in fig7 a headroom clamping circuit is employed , allowing the potential at node e to swing freely until the headroom falls below a set value , the curves appear as in fig1 where headroom for the transistors is clamped to the set value while the 60 hz ground current is reduced to a small value during the clamp intervals only . an isolated floating power supply would normally be provided for the needed vdd and vss supply voltages for the amplifier circuits of fig3 , 5 , 7 and 8 . an obvious way of deriving the required power supply voltages would be via a separate isolated winding on the power supply transformer that serves the control electronics and gate drive circuits . fig1 , however , shows an alternative method for deriving the required power supply voltages . thus , in fig1 , current sources 120 and 121 feed a fixed current from the d - c bus , to create the vdd and vss power supply voltages across the regulator zener diodes 122 and 123 respectively . the currents of sources 120 and 121 must be equal , and independent of the voltage at com . the voltage then moves dynamically within the positive and negative bus voltages , and the headroom is controlled as described above . note that the current sources 120 and 121 cannot be replaced by simple dropping resistors , because the currents of sources 120 and 121 could not then be instantaneously equal , because the two resistors would have different voltages impressed across them as the potential at com dynamically changes . the difference between such two resistor currents would be forced through capacitor 47 , interfering with the active filter function . the use of the described bus - derived power supply circuit may be limited by the power dissipation associated with the circuit . this depends upon the required power supply current , and the bus voltage . for example , if the maximum required power supply current is 3 ma , and the bus voltage is 200v , the maximum total dissipation due to the power supply would be 600 mw , which is acceptable . fig1 is a circuit diagram of a novel active filter which has a reduced operating voltage . thus , it has been recognized that it is not necessary for the active filter to be connected directly across the full d - c bus voltage . the active filter , complete with the previously described current source power supply , can be sourced from a separate “ filter bus ” voltage , that can be lower than the full d - c bus voltage . the headroom control methods already described will still operate in the same way to maintain the desired headroom for transistors q 1 and q 2 . it is necessary only that a low ac impedance path for the common mode current is provided from the collectors of both transistors q 1 and q 2 to one of the main d - c busses . a low ac impedance path to the other main bus is then already in place , via the main d - c bus capacitor 40 a . fig1 shows the arrangement with a separate positive filter bus 130 which provides the positive voltage for the active circuit ; the negative bus of the active filter being common with the main negative d - c bus . ( it is also possible to provide a separate negative filter bus voltage , with the positive bus of the active filter being common with the main positive d - c bus ). the operational amplifier circuits are schematically shown as block 132 . the capacitor 131 provides the required low ac impedance between the positive filter bus 130 and the main negative bus . flow paths for the common mode current under various operating conditions are the same as those previously described . the advantages of using a filter bus voltage that is lower than the main d - c bus voltage are : ( a ) a lower power dissipation in the active filter components , including the current source power supply . ( b ) a lower voltage rating is required for the transistors q 1 and q 2 , and for the current source transistors of the power supply . a lower voltage rating for transistors q 1 and q 2 is advantageous because this permits transistors with better safe operating area and better high frequency performance , giving faster response and improved performance of the active filter . the use of a filter bus voltage that is lower than the main d - c bus voltage will reduce the allowed swing of line - frequency voltage across transistors q 1 and q 2 , because their emitters e must now swing within narrower limits . thus , in order to maintain the required operating headroom for transistors q 1 and q 2 , the line - frequency voltage swing across filter capacitor 47 may be forced to increase , resulting in an increase in the line - frequency component of ground current drawn through capacitor 47 . while this would be the case with single phase input with grounded neutral ; it would not be the case for three phase input with grounded neutral , or for 1 - phase input with midpoint ground . thus , with a three phase input with neutral ground , the swing of ground voltage with respect to the d - c midpoint is less than 25 % of the main d - c bus voltage . the filter bus voltage would therefore have to be reduced to less than about 25 % of the main bus voltage before the line - frequency component of current drawn through capacitor 47 would increase . fig1 to 18 show alternate circuits for deriving a lower filter bus voltage from the main d - c bus voltage . in fig1 , the filter bus voltage is derived via a dropping resistor 140 and a voltage regulator diode 141 from the d - c bus . while the resistor 140 dissipates power , it permits power savings in the active filter itself , and may allow improved filter performance , by virtue of using lower voltage and wider bandwidth active components . fig1 employs two series connected d - c bus capacitors 145 and 146 , each supporting approximately half the bus voltage . series connected bus capacitors may be used where the input voltage is 380v or higher . the principle in fig1 is to use the voltage across the lower bus capacitor 146 , i . e ., approximately half the d - c bus voltage , as the filter bus voltage . this requires additional active means shown as active regulator block 147 for keeping the voltages across the two bus capacitors balanced . fig1 shows an arrangement with a single phase supply l , n input to a voltage doubler circuit . the voltage doubler replaces rectifier 40 of the preceding circuits and consists of diodes 160 , 161 and capacitors 162 and 163 . the main d - c bus voltage is approximately twice the peak line voltage . the voltage across each capacitor is half the full d - c bus voltage . the filter bus 130 is connected to the lower bus capacitor 161 in accordance with the feature of the invention , and is half the full d - c bus voltage . no additional means of balancing the voltages across the doubler capacitors is needed , since balancing of these voltages is a natural result of the operation of the voltage doubler circuit . fig1 is similar to fig1 , but adds the resistor 140 and zener diode 141 as in fig1 to derive a lower filter bus voltage , which is less than one - half of the main d - c bus voltage . there is next described in fig1 an arrangement for integrating the prior described circuits into an integrated circuit active filter chip product . the integrated circuit of fig1 may have numerous filter components integrated into a single silicon chip , as shown by the dotted line periphery 170 . the integrated circuit 171 contains transistors q 1 and q 2 ; the voltage divider 105 , 106 of fig8 ; the floating power supply 120 - 123 of fig1 ; the amplifiers 70 and 109 of fig8 ( and a second amplifier 109 a ). the ic chip 170 then has plural pin - outs including the labeled pins for (+) filter bus ; (−) filter bus ; capacitor 47 ; ct winding 44 ; and capacitor c vdd , and c vss . added pins may be provided for decoupling capacitors and the like . fig2 shows how the integrated circuit 170 has a general application as an active filter in a switching power supply . thus , the switching power supply may have an input rectifier 40 connected to a - c input lines l and n , and an inverter 41 . the output of inverters 41 is connected to a transformer 180 which is then connected to an output rectifier 181 . all of parts 40 , 41 , and 181 are mounted on heat sink 49 . the heat sink is connected to a ground line which contains the primary of a sensing current transformer housing a secondary winding 44 , as in fig5 . the active common mode filter integrated circuit 170 is then connected to the secondary sense winding 44 and controls the common mode current as previously described . the use of the current sensor 71 , 44 in fig2 is employed rather than the differential ct 44 , 45 , 46 because such a circuit is more universally applicable and advantageous for power supplies and because there is no external motor which could have an extraneous ground current which would not be picked up by the current transformer . in the case of a power supply , all the grounded parts are contained within the power supply itself ( the output transformer 180 can have a ground screen ), and , therefore , there may be no stray external ground current . in the ground connection shown in fig5 and 20 , the ct 71 , 44 will be smaller because it has only one primary winding , sized for the ground current , ( the ground wire actually must be same size as the “ live ” wires ) versus two primaries , each sized for the full load current . also , since the ground current is sensed directly , there is no possibility for differential errors . one basic system architecture for the active common mode filter of the invention is shown in fig2 showing a toroidal current sensing transformer 200 . a basic design objective is that the toroidal current sensing transformer 200 should be as small as possible . preferably the primary should be just a single wire 201 that passes directly through the center of the toroidal core , as illustrated in fig2 . the architecture of fig2 is a closed loop feedback based system . it is a feedback system in that the signal on the primary of the sensor 200 is an attenuated signal , so the amplifier consisting of winding 44 , buffer 70 and transistors q 1 and q 2 must be a high gain amplifier . consequently , the system is subject to possible oscillation and requires a moderately large ct . that is , the architecture in fig2 basically requires a high current gain , g , between the output current of the amplifier , i o , and the current input , i gnd , to the primary 201 of the current transformer . the reasons for this are : a ) i gnd i com mot = 1 1 + g where g = i o i gnd therefore , in order to minimize i gnd , g must have a high value . b ) the propagation delay times of the bipolar transistors , q 1 and q 2 , result in a lag between the output current i o , and the input current , i gnd , of the ct 200 . this lag causes spikes on the ground current waveform at the crossover points . this effect becomes more pronounced as the half - period of the oscillatory current , i com mot , decreases . a typical half - period of i com mot is 200 to 250 nanoseconds , and the crossover spikes are significant . the crossover spikes can be reduced by increasing the gain . the higher the gain , the more overdrive current is fed to the bases of transistors q 1 and q 2 during the crossover periods , which reduces the lag . the gain can be increased by increasing the number of primary turns of the current transformer . unfortunately , this is not desirable because it is contrary to the basic design objective of minimizing the size of the current transformer and using a primary wire that passes just once through the center of the ct . in principle , the gain could be increased by increasing the gain of the operational amplifier circuit 70 . in practice , this tends to cause closed - loop oscillation , which has been found to be difficult to suppress . an improved architecture is shown in fig2 . the architecture of fig2 is a feed forward architecture in which the full forward current i com mot flows through the primary winding of ct 200 and the full current is always sensed even as the ground current is being reduced . consequently , the amplifier needs a gain equal to 1 . 0 . this system , with unity gain , has good stability , and a small ct size . thus , in contrast to the architecture in fig2 , this architecture requires unity current gain , g , between the current i com mot at the input of the current transformer , and the output current , i o , of the amplifier . the ground current , i gnd , is : i gnd = i com mot - i o for perfect cancellation of the ground current , the gain g must therefore be exactly 1 . 0 . a ) because the required current gain , g , is only unity , the current transformer 200 can be physically much smaller , with just a single primary wire passing through the center of the toroidal core . b ) the circuitry has reduced susceptibility to instability , because the overall current gain , from input of the current transformer 200 to the output of the amplifier 170 , is only 1 . 0 . c ) a further advantage of the basic architecture of fig2 over that of fig2 arises where differential primary windings must be used on the current transformer 200 , rather than a single ground current sensing primary . fig2 shows the same basic feedback system architecture as in fig2 for the case of a ct 210 with two differential secondary windings 211 and 212 carrying only a small fraction of the common mode current , but carrying the full normal mode current . small unbalances between the differential windings 211 and 212 will result in imperfect cancellation of the normal mode current , and will yield a relatively large unwanted normal mode signal at the secondary , in addition to the “ desired ” common mode signal . the unwanted normal mode signal distorts the desired feedback signal , and upsets the operation of the active filter . fig2 shows the same basic proposed feedforward system architecture as in fig2 , and the differential primary windings 211 and 212 of the ct 210 carry the full common mode current , as well as the full normal mode current . thus the ratio of unwanted normal mode signal at the secondary 44 of the transformer ( caused by imperfect cancellation between the two primary windings ), to the wanted common mode signal , is now much lower , ( because the common mode signal is much higher ). any residual normal mode signal thus has a relatively much smaller distorting effect on the output of the amplifier . a potential design problem with the architecture of fig2 is that to obtain good cancellation of the ground current , the input / output current characteristic of the amplifier 170 must be linear , and it must have as close to unity gain and as small a phase lag as possible . mosfets are potentially better candidates than bipolar transistors for devices q 1 and q 2 , because of their minor propagation delays , as well as their better soa . linearization of the transfer characteristic can be largely achieved through the use of mosfet source followers , in conjunction with a standing d - c bias that offsets the gate threshold voltage . additional “ linearizing ” feedback around the amplifier can also be added to correct against residual non - linearity and propagation delays . this added feedback does not require high gain , therefore it does not invite closed - loop instability . a basic amplifier circuit implementation employing n channel mosfet transistor q 1 and p channel mosfet transistor q 2 is shown in fig2 . in fig2 , components similar to those of the prior figures have the same identifying numeral . a floating power supply 300 is provided to supply biases v dd and v ss . the circuit components are easily integrated into a chip 170 as shown in dotted line outline . amplifiers 301 and 302 drive n channel mosfet q 1 and p - channel mosfet q 2 respectively , and provide respective positive and negative d - c bias voltages that offset the gate threshold voltages of the mosfets . consider amplifier 301 , and assume that resistor rfb is open . the output voltage of amplifier 301 , shown as e o , is : e o = i s r s ( 1 + b ) + r 4 v ss r 2 ( 1 ) where i s is the output of winding 44 , and rs , r 1 , r 2 , r 4 , and v ss are shown in fig2 , and b = ( 1 + r 4 r 1 + r 4 r 2 ) r 2 is selected so that : r 4 v ss r2 = vgth , where vgth is the gate threshold voltage of mosfet q 1 thus the output voltage of amplifier 301 has a standing d - c bias that substantially cancels the threshold voltage of mosfet q 1 . the output current , i o , of the source follower circuit comprising q 1 , r source , r sense is : i o = i s r s ( 1 + b ) r source + r sense × ( 1 + gfs ( r source + r sense ) gfs ( r source + r sense ) ) ( 2 ) if gfs . ( r source + r sense )& gt ;& gt ; 1 , then equation ( 2 ) approximates to : i o = i s r s ( 1 + b ) r source + r sense ( 3 ) equation ( 3 ) shows that i o is proportional to i s . this of course is based on the assumptions that ( a ) vgth is exactly canceled by r 4 v ss r2 in practice , some degree of non - linearity between i o and i s will occur . this non - linearity is reduced by the feedback circuit comprising r sense and r fb . r sense is chosen so that e fb (= i o . r sense ) is nominally equal to e in (= i s . r s ). i . e . e fb nominally tracks e in . if e fb exactly tracks e in , then the voltage across r fb will be zero , no current will flow in r fb , and the feedback circuit has no modifying effect . if ( i o . r sense ) becomes greater than ( i s . r s ), feedback current flows through r fb , towards the negative input terminal of amplifier 301 ; this has the effect of decreasing e o , thus reducing the error . conversely , if ( i o . r sense ) becomes less than ( i s . r s ), feedback current flows through r fb , away from the negative input terminal of amplifier 301 ; this has the effect of increasing e o , thus reducing the error . consider next the ct 200 and designate its numbers of primary and secondary turns as n p and n s respectively . i com mot for i s : i o = ( n p n s - r s ( 1 + b ) r source + r sense ) i com mot ( 4 ) by appropriate choice of resistor values and n s ( secondary turns of the ct 200 ): n p n s r s ( 1 + b ) r rource + r sense = 1 . 0 the design principles for the amplifier circuit 302 , which drives mosfet q 2 , are similar . it is desirable that mosfets q 1 and q 2 are automatically biased , so that a small standing d - c bias current flows through these transistors , from the positive d - c bus to the negative d - c bus . this will ensure that these transistors are biased just to the point of conduction , thereby minimizing crossover distortion of the output current i o . some form of closed - loop control of the d - c bias point of mosfets q 1 and q 2 is thus required , ( a ) to maintain a small standing bias current , which is sufficient to avoid crossover distortion , but small enough to avoid significant d - c dissipation in mosfets q 1 and q 2 , and ( b ) to maintain the potential of the common point of the floating supply 300 that powers amplifiers 301 and 302 at approximately the midpoint potential between the positive and negative d - c busses , thus ensuring operating headroom as well as substantially equal dissipation and voltage sharing for mosfets q 1 and q 2 . fig2 shows the added circuits which perform these functions . in fig2 , amplifiers 311 , 312 and 313 are added to the circuit of fig2 and may be included within the ic chip 170 . thus , referring to fig2 , amplifier 311 senses and amplifies the voltage across r source + r sense . during “ passive ” periods , when i o is zero , the voltage across r sense is zero , and the voltage across r source is due to standing d - c bias current , i bias , that flows from the positive d - c bus to the negative d - c bus , via mosfets q 1 and q 2 . during the passive periods , the output voltage of amplifier 311 thus represents an amplified inverted version of the voltage across r source , which itself represents the standing d - c bias current through mosfet q 1 . the output voltage of amplifier 311 due to the bias current is less than , but close to , the forward threshold voltage of diode d 1 . this diode therefore does not conduct during the passive periods . during the active periods , when output current i o flows through mosfet q 1 , the voltage at the output of amplifier 311 quickly tries to exceed the forward threshold voltage diode of d 1 , but is clamped to this voltage . the duty cycle of the active periods is very low relative to the passive periods , and thus the average output voltage of amplifier 311 essentially just represents the standing d - c bias voltage across r source , inverted and multiplied by the gain of amplifier 311 : e 0 ( 311 ) = - r9 r8 i bias · r source the output voltage of amplifier 312 then becomes : e 0 ( 312 ) = - v dd r12 r11 - e 0 ( 311 ) r12 r10 = - ( e 0 ( 311 ) ref + e 0 ( 312 ) ) r12 r10 = - ( e 0 ( 311 ) ref - r9 r8 i bias · r source ) · r12 r10 where e 0 ( 311 ) ref = v dd r10 r11 , and e o ( 311 ) ref represents the desired fixed reference value for the standing d - c bias current , i bias , and ; e o ( 312 ) , thus represents the amplified error between the desired and actual d - c bias current . this error voltage is fed to the input of amplifier 301 , via r 13 , such that , in addition to its other functions , amplifier 301 regulates i bias to essentially the set reference level . note that i bias must of necessity also flow in mosfet q 2 , since the capacitor 47 blocks the flow of any d - c current through r sense . it remains now to add a means for regulating the common point of the floating power supply substantially to the midpoint potential between the positive and negative d - c bus voltages . this function is carried out by amplifier 313 which amplifies the difference between the positive and negative bus voltages , sensed by resistors r 15 and r 16 respectively . the amplified difference voltage is fed as an input to amplifier 302 , via resistor r 14 , such that , in addition to its other functions , amplifier 302 regulates the common point of the floating power supply substantially to the midpoint potential between the positive and negative bus voltages . the novel invention as described above enables the production of a motor drive circuit which can reduce conductive emission noise and meet the requirements of class a and class b motor drives . a further advantage of the novel invention is that ground leak current is reduced to eliminate fault trip of the circuit due to excessive ground current . the reduction of ground leak current is of great importance for the drive of compressor motors using high dielectric constant cooling materials such as r410a which will have an increased capacitance from motor frame to ground . fig2 shows modifications in the circuit of fig2 in which the feedback circuit for quiescent bias current is revised ; and fig2 is a detailed overall circuit diagram of the common mode filter of the invention . referring to fig2 and 28 , the main feedback loop around the amplifiers 301 and 302 is now via r 47 and r 27 to the sources of transistors q 1 and q 2 respectively . this feedback , directly to the sources of the mosfets , essentially forces the voltages e o301 and e o302 to follow the input voltages e in 301 and e in 302 respectively , overcoming the nonlinear transfer characteristics of the mosfets q 1 and q 2 , capacitors c 1 and c 13 prevent unwanted oscillation of amplifiers 301 and 302 respectively . overall linearity between e o and e in for each amplifier is significantly improved , versus that obtained with the circuit of fig2 . with the above arrangement of feedback resistor connected directly to the source of the mosfet , there is no feedback resistor directly around the amplifier itself . thus the output of amplifier 301 will saturate if e in 301 goes negative , because transistor q 1 cannot replicate negative input current , and the output of amplifier 302 would saturate if e in 302 goes positive , because transistor q 2 cannot replicate positive input current . separate “ allowed polarity only ” inputs are derived via diode d 4 and r 22 for amplifier 301 , and diode d 5 and r 47 for amplifier 302 . e in 301 is positive during the positive period of i com mot , and zero during negative periods . e in 302 is negative during negative periods of i com mot , and zero during positive periods . thus the output voltage of amplifier 301 does not saturate when i com mot is negative , since it receives no input during this period ; instead , it stays essentially at the threshold voltage of q 1 . likewise , the output voltage of amplifier 302 stays essentially at the threshold voltage of q 2 when i com mot is positive . thus the outputs of each of these amplifiers remain at the desired mosfet gate threshold level during their idle periods , ready to drive current in their respective mosfets at the crossover points of i com mot , with minimal crossover distortion . note that the secondary winding 44 of the current - sensing transformer is essentially a current source . the voltage across r 22 is therefore directly proportional to i com mot , when this is positive . the voltage across r 47 is directly proportional to i com mot , when this is negative . the voltage drops across diodes d 4 and d 5 do not distort the current waveform , not introduce any significant distortion of the current - dependent signals across r 22 and r 47 . amplifiers 311 and 312 in fig2 regulate the quiesent bias current via resistor r 13 , amplifier 301 and mosfet q 1 the amplifier 313 in fig2 regulates the potential at the common point of the source resistors via resistor r 14 , amplifier 302 and mosfet q 2 . these functions are reversed in the circuit of fig2 . amplifiers u 2 and u 3 ( equivalent to amplifiers 311 and 312 ) regulate the quiescent current via r 43 and amplifier u 1 b ( equivalent to 302 ) and q 2 . amplifier u 4 ( equivalent to 313 ) regulates the potential at the common point of the source resistors via resistor r 7 , amplifier u 1 a ( equivalent to 301 ) and q 1 . the swapping of these functions between q 1 and q 2 does not change the basic principle but the arrangement of fig2 has been found to be better in practice . with reference to fig2 the clamping diode d 1 across the amplifier 311 is one way of mitigating unwanted output voltage of amplifier 311 when output current flows through q 1 to ground via 47 . ideally , however , the output of amplifier 311 should always represent just the quiescent bias current , without any superimposed component of the output current , and should not change during the pulses of output current . in practice , this method of fig2 of “ clamping out ” the output current component from the quiescent current feedback signal at the output of amplifier 311 generally does not allow sufficiently accurate regulation of the quiescent bias current , because the quiescent bias current feedback signal is corrupted to some degree during each pulse of output current . in the circuits of fig2 and 28 , components r 50 , r 51 , r 52 , d 10 and d 11 are added to solve this problem . thus , voltage proportional to the output current carried by transistor q 2 is developed across r 50 . this voltage is applied as a second input to amplifier 311 / u 2 , via r 52 , so that it exactly cancels the voltage developed across r source ( q2 ) ( r 30 etc ), caused by the output current component , which is applied to the input of amplifier 311 ( u 2 ) via r 12 . the net input to amplifier 311 ( u 2 ), via the combination of r 12 and r 52 , is thus due only to the quiesent bias current that flows through r source ( q2 ) and q 2 . it does not flow at the output into r 50 or r 51 . the output of 311 ( u 2 ) now stays constant at a level that represents just the quiescent bias current , whether or not output current is flowing . with this arrangement , the clamping diode d 1 in fig2 is no longer needed . although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof , many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art . it is preferred , therefore , that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein . | 7 |
this disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the u . s . patent laws “ to promote the progress of science and useful arts ” ( article 1 , section 8 ). an ic package separator of the present invention and a method of operation of such separator are described below with reference to fig2 – 6 . in referring to fig2 – 6 , similar numbering to that utilized above in describing prior art fig1 will be used , with differences indicated by the suffix “ a ” or by different numerals . referring to fig2 , a separator 100 of the present invention is shown in top view . separator 100 comprises a table 44 a and a subplate 48 a provided over table 44 a . table 44 a can comprise , for example , an x - y table similar to the table 44 described above with reference to fig1 . subplate 48 a , like the above - described substrate 48 of fig1 , can be joined to table 44 a through a plurality of downwardly extending pins ( not shown ), and comprises a plurality of upwardly extending pins 60 ( only some of which are labeled ) configured to retain a circuit board assembly ( not shown ). subplate 48 a differs from subplate 48 of fig1 in that subplate 48 a comprises notches 102 at its ends . notches 102 are provided to allow room for a pair of forcer plates 104 and 106 to move vertically ( in and out of the page of fig2 ) relative to table 48 a . forcer plates 104 and 106 comprise upwardly extending pins 108 and 110 , respectively . base plate 48 a comprises an upper planar surface 115 , and forcer plates 104 and 106 comprise upper planar surfaces 117 and 119 , respectively . upper planar surfaces 115 , 117 and 119 ultimately support a circuit board assembly ( not shown in fig2 ). planar surfaces 115 , 117 and 119 are preferably substantially coplanar with one another to avoid distorting ( e . g ., bending ) a supported circuit board assembly . forcer plates 104 and 106 are connected to actuators 112 and 114 , respectively , configured to vertically displace forcer plates 104 and 106 . in the exemplary shown embodiment , forcer plates 104 and 106 are connected to the actuators with screws 116 . it is to be understood , however , that other mechanisms could be utilized for joining forcer plates 104 and 106 to actuators 112 and 114 , including , for example , welding . actuators 112 and 114 are pneumatic ( preferably air - powered ) and connected to a gas source 120 . an advantage of utilizing air powered actuators is that most wafer fabrication plants have a source of clean dry air available . accordingly , it is relatively convenient to couple air powered actuators 112 and 114 into existing fabrication plants by simply connecting them to existing air lines . however , it is to be understood that the actuators can be powered by other sources besides air , including , for example , other fluids , such as liquids , as well as non - pneumatic and non - hydraulic sources , such as , for example , electricity . separator apparatus 100 comprises a cutting assembly ( not shown in fig2 ) and a controller ( not shown in fig2 ), analogous to the cutting assembly 42 and controller 45 of fig1 . referring to fig3 , ic circuit package separator 100 is shown in exploded view with a circuit board assembly 10 identical to the assembly described above with reference to fig1 . a stripper plate 50 a is provided between subplate 48 a and circuit board assembly 10 . stripper plate 50 a is similar to the stripper plate 50 of fig1 in that plate 50 a comprises a plurality of orifices 62 configured for receipt of pins 60 . however , stripper plate 50 a differs from plate 50 of fig1 in that plate 50 a also comprises orifices 122 configured for receipt of upwardly extending pins 108 and 110 of forcer plates 104 and 106 . pins 108 and 110 are preferably tapered pins , such as can be obtained from mcmaster - carr . exemplary pins have a dimension of 0 . 248 inches at base , 0 . 2324 inches at top , and a length of 0 . 75 inches . the taper of the pins can assist in aligning support 50 a over the pins during placement of support 50 a onto base 48 a . stripper plate 50 a further differs from plate 50 of fig1 in that plate 50 a is configured for receipt of a series of panels 132 , 134 and 136 . stripper plate 50 a can comprise , for example , static - reduced plastic having a thickness of greater than 3 / 16 inches , and panels 132 , 134 and 136 can comprise , for example , aluminum . in the shown embodiment , panels 132 , 134 and 136 are held to stripper plate 50 a by a plurality of screws 138 ( only some of which are labeled ). it will be recognized , however , that other mechanisms can be utilized for holding panels 132 , 134 and 136 to stripper plate 50 a , including riveting . alternatively , panels 132 , 134 and 136 can be molded as part of stripper plate 50 a . panels 132 , 134 and 136 comprise ribs 140 , 142 and 144 , respectively ( only some of which are labeled ). ribs 140 , 142 and 144 can assist in supporting board assembly 10 . specifically , ic chips 12 are frequently provided on both an upper surface of circuit board assembly 10 , and a bottom surface ( not shown ). ribs 140 , 142 and 144 ( also referred to as blocks ) have upper surfaces 141 , 143 and 145 , respectively , which contact the bottom surfaces of circuit boards 11 , 13 and 15 at locations between the ic chips 12 on the bottom of the board . exemplary upper surfaces 141 , 143 and 145 comprise curved upper surfaces of ribs ( blocks ) 140 , 142 and 144 , respectively . preferably , such upper surfaces are provided at a height approximately equal to a thickness of integrated circuit chip components 12 . accordingly , when boards 11 , 13 and 15 are rested on panels 132 , 134 and 136 , respectively , the boards rest on the upper surfaces of blocks 140 , 142 and 144 while leaving integrated circuit chip components on the underside of boards 11 , 13 and 15 extending between block upper surfaces 141 , 143 and 145 and panels 132 , 134 and 136 . an exemplary block height ( or thickness ) of blocks 140 , 142 and 144 for a dram having ic chips 12 and ts0p dimensional package is 0 . 040 inches ± 0 . 005 inches . as another example , if ic chips 12 have a s0j dimensional package , the block height is preferably 0 . 140 inches ± 0 . 005 inches . blocks 140 , 142 and 144 can be formed as one piece with panels 132 , 134 and 136 . alternatively , blocks 140 , 142 and 144 can be formed as discrete pieces from panels 132 , 134 and 136 that are subsequently fastened to the panels . in the shown embodiment , blocks 140 , 142 and 144 are provided in a one - to - one correspondence with integrated chip packages 14 . also , in the shown exemplary embodiment each of panels 132 , 134 and 136 is identical to one another , and in a one - to - one correspondence with individual boards 11 , 13 and 15 . it is to be understood , however , that the invention encompasses other embodiments ( not shown ) wherein the blocks are not provided in a one - to - one correspondence with packages 14 , wherein the panels are not identical to one another , and wherein the panels are not in a one - to - one correspondence with the individual boards . pins 60 extend upwardly beyond upper surfaces 141 , 143 and 145 of blocks 140 , 142 and 144 , and are configured to retain circuit board assembly 10 over stripper panel 50 a . in the shown embodiment , pins 60 do not extend through panels 132 , 134 and 136 . however , it is to be understood that the invention encompasses other embodiments wherein pins 60 do extend through such panels . fig3 shows a side perspective view of actuator 112 . in such view it can be seen that several ports 150 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 and 156 are provided between actuator 112 and gas source 120 . valves ( not shown ) are provided between source 120 and one or more of ports 150 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 and 156 . such valves enable fluid to be selectively flowed from source 120 into one or more of ports 150 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 and 156 to selectively control raising and lowering of forcer plate 104 with actuator 112 . for instance , flow of gas into port 152 can force a pneumatic cylinder to lift forcer plate 104 , and flow of gas into port 150 can force the pneumatic cylinder to lower forcer plate 104 . ports 154 and 156 are connected to release valves 163 and 165 , respectively , which enable a pressure on at least one side of the pneumatic cylinder of actuator 112 to be maintained at ambient pressure ( generally , about 1 atmosphere ). specifically , release valves 163 and 165 comprise outlet ports 157 and 159 , respectively , which vent to a surrounding environment . persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that one or more of ports 150 , 157 and 159 are utilized as gas outlet ports during lifting of forcer plate 104 , and port 152 comprises a gas inlet port during such lifting . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the release valves are associated with an outlet side of actuator 112 to enable equilibration of a pressure at such outlet side to ambient prior to ( and / or during ) lifting of forcer plate 104 . specifically , the release valves enable gas to be drained from outlet lines ( more specifically , the gas is drained through ports 157 and 159 which are open to ambient conditions ) prior to , and / or during , lifting with the actuator . actuator 114 ( fig2 ) is preferably identical to actuator 112 and connected to an identical valve and port assembly as that shown connected to actuator 112 . accordingly , actuator 114 is also connected with release valves configured to equilibrate a back - pressure of the actuator to ambient prior to , and / or during , lifting of stripper panel 50 a . the equilibration of pressure at the outlet ends of both of actuators 112 and 114 to ambient during a lifting operation can enable both actuators to have an identical back - pressure during the lifting operation . this can facilitate having both actuators lift simultaneously and in unison . such simultaneous lifting can avoid distortion ( such as , for example , bending ) of circuit board assembly 10 during the lifting . stripper plate 50 a has an upper planar surface 160 and a pair of opposing ends 162 and 164 . opposing ends 162 and 164 overlie forcer plates 104 and 106 , respectively . in operation , actuators 112 and 114 are utilized to lift opposing ends 162 and 164 simultaneously and in unison . such can be accomplished by , for example , maintaining approximately equal gas pressure at both of actuators 112 and 114 during lifting , and is found to reduce breakage of integrated circuit packages relative to prior art methods . the term “ approximately ” in the previous sentence is utilized to indicate the gas pressure at both actuators is equal within operational parameters . a method of operation of separator 100 is described with reference to fig4 – 6 . in referring to fig4 – 6 , subplate 48 a is referred to as a base , and stripper plate 50 a is referred to as a support . referring first to fig4 , circuit board assembly 10 is shown retained on support 50 a . specifically , circuit board assembly 10 is placed over support upper surface 160 with pins 60 extending through orifices 19 of the circuit boards 11 , 13 and 15 . pins 60 and board assembly 10 are aligned such that each of the integrated circuit packages 14 is retained to the support 50 a by at least one pin , and , in the shown embodiment , is retained by 2 pins . in the fig4 processing step , actuators 112 and 114 ( fig2 ) are in a lowered position . referring to fig5 , the individual integrated circuit packages 14 are separated from one another by cutting through boards 11 , 13 and 15 . referring to fig6 , actuators 112 and 114 ( fig2 ) are utilized to vertically displace support 50 a from base 48 a . preferably , such vertical displacement comprises lifting both of ends 162 and 164 of support 50 a substantially simultaneously and substantially in unison with one another . ( as used in the preceding sentence , the term “ substantially ” indicates that the lifting of both ends is simultaneous and in unison within operational parameters .) in exemplary applications the upper surface 160 of support 50 a is level prior to the lifting and remains level during the lifting . the lifting of support 50 a releases separated circuit packages 14 from pins 60 . after such release , support 50 a can be , for example , manually lifted from pins 108 and 110 , and the separated packages removed from support 50 a . in compliance with the statute , the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features . it is to be understood , however , that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described , since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect . the invention is , therefore , claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents . | 1 |
in the drawings and description that follows , like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same reference numerals , respectively . the drawings are not necessarily to scale . certain features of the invention may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat schematic form and some details of conventional elements may not be shown in the interest of clarity and conciseness . the present invention is susceptible to embodiments of different forms . specific embodiments are described in detail and are shown in the drawings , with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention , and is not intended to limit the invention to that illustrated and described herein . it is to be fully recognized that the different teachings of the embodiments discussed below may be employed separately or in any suitable combination to produce desired results . the various characteristics mentioned above , as well as other features and characteristics described in more detail below , will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the embodiments , and by referring to the accompanying drawings . referring to fig1 and 5 , a housing 11 is located at the upper end of a riser 12 that extends downward to a subsea wellhead assembly 14 . housing 11 is mounted stationarily on an offshore platform 16 in this example , and the platform has legs that extend to the seafloor . the riser 12 and housing 11 are stationary relative to the platform 16 and not subject to wave and current movements . another component of the surface wellhead assembly includes a casing head 13 mounted on housing 11 by a connector 15 . casing head 13 is a tubular member having a bore 17 extending through it . casing head 13 has a plurality of load shoulders 19 , which in this example are retractable . each load shoulder 19 is retracted by a screw assembly 21 in this embodiment , as shown in fig1 . while in the extended position shown in fig1 , load shoulders 19 protrude into bore 17 . alternatively , load shoulders 19 could comprise a single fixed load shoulder . a casing hanger 23 is supported on load shoulders 19 . casing hanger 23 supports a string of casing 25 , which has a lower end that latches or ties back to a subsea casing hanger 26 in the subsea wellhead housing 14 at the seafloor . the operator wishes to apply tension to casing 25 to a desired level and to maintain casing 25 at that amount of tension . applying and maintaining the tension may be handled in different ways . for example , a ratcheting mechanism may be employed . the ratcheting mechanism allows part of the casing hanger to ratchet upward relative to the casing head , but not downward so as to hold tension . in this embodiment , however , as shown in fig1 , casing hanger 23 has an outer body 27 that secures to external threads 29 on casing hanger 23 and serves as an adjustable load shoulder for casing hanger 23 . casing hanger 23 also has a set of interior threads 31 or a profile for securing to a running tool ( not shown ). while one portion of the running tool pulls tension on casing hanger 23 to provide the desired amount of tension in casing 25 , another portion of the running tool rotates outer body 27 downward into contact with load shoulders 19 . in fig1 , the upper end of outer body 27 is shown spaced below a downward facing shoulder 32 on the upper portion of casing hanger 23 . while being run - in , the upper end of outer body 27 will be in contact with downward facing shoulder 32 . a stop ring 33 located at the lower end of threads 29 provides a limit to how far downward outer body 27 can be rotated . also , in this embodiment , a mechanism may optionally be included to prevent any upward movement of casing hanger 23 relative to casing head 13 after installation . this mechanism includes a lock ring 35 that is a split ring that is expanded outward into a mating profile 36 by means of a tapered energizing ring 37 . after outer body 27 has been rotated downward into contact with load shoulders 19 , the running tool pushes energizing ring 37 downward to move lock ring 35 into profile 36 . after casing 25 has been tensioned and outer body 27 set , the operator would typically remove the running tool , then install a seal 41 . seal 41 is located on the upper end of a spacer 39 that contacts the upper end of energizing ring 37 . seal 41 may be of various types , either metal - to - metal or elastomeric . seal 41 seals between the outer diameter of the upper portion of casing hanger 23 and casing head bore 17 . in this example , two additional casing strings 43 are shown extending through casing 25 . each string 43 may be tensioned and supported similarly in casing heads located above casing head 13 . also , a string of production tubing 45 is shown extending through inner casing string 43 . tubing string 45 may also be tensioned and supported in a tubing head in the same manner . while installing casing strings 25 , 43 and tubing 45 , it would be advantageous to be able to know the strain and the amount of tension that exists after the casing hangers or tubing hanger are set . also , from time to time it would useful to monitor the strain to determine if the initial tension has decreased , such as might occur if the platform settles . fatigue can occur due to cycles of stress , either from thermal changes or other factors . although casing head 13 and the various housings for the casing strings 43 and tubing 45 are located on a platform 16 ( fig5 ) above the sea , casing strings 25 , 43 and tubing 45 are concealed within the housings and other tubular members . consequently , conventionally measuring strain in the same manner as one would to accessible conduits is not possible . in this exemplary embodiment , a plurality of gages 47 or geometric patterns are mounted on casing hanger 23 below threads 29 and thus below outer body 27 . each gage 47 is of a type that will provide an indication of strain without requiring any wires or a battery . as shown schematically in fig3 , each gage 47 is a thin film of a polymer that is coated with an adhesive for bonding to a metal conduit . alternately , each gage 47 could be laser etched directly onto the steel body of casing hanger 23 . each gage 47 has a plurality of apertures 46 that are laser - machined in a geometric pattern . apertures 46 are spaced evenly apart from each other in a row and are preferably identically sized . in this example , apertures 46 extend axially along one side edge of gage 47 and horizontally along another side edge . when tension is applied , gage 47 stretches slightly , changing the spacing between apertures 46 . this change in spacing is detectable and provides an indication of the stress being applied and the strain occurring . optionally , each gage 47 may have one or two rows of apertures 48 that are spaced apart from each other different amounts and have different widths to define a bar code containing information . in this example , apertures 48 extend along the other axial side edge and other horizontal edge from apertures 46 . optionally , a central aperture 50 may be cut in the film of gage 47 , but that is not necessary . a reader 51 optically reads apertures 46 , 48 of gage 47 and provides direct measurement of strain and other information . reader 51 has a lens 52 , a ring light source 54 and strain measurement software . reader 51 is located within a view port 49 that extends through the sidewall of casing head 13 . preferably , view port 49 is located on a radial line of the axis of casing head 13 . a flange 53 bolts to the exterior of casing head 13 around view port 47 . an electrical lead 57 extends through a seal assembly 55 of flange 53 and extends to a processor and display 59 that may be located on another level on the platform , such as at the rig floor . processor 59 contains algorithms that will provide a readout of strain directly based on the optical reading of reader 51 . gages 47 , reader 51 and processor 59 are commercially available . one manufacturer is direct manufacturing , inc ., columbia , s . c . because the operator will not know in advance exactly how much stretch will exist in casing 25 once tensioned , preferably a plurality of gages 47 are mounted to casing hanger 23 and axially spaced apart from each other . fig2 shows three circumferential rows of gages 47 and they are axially spaced so that with the least amount of stretch expected , the upper circumferential row will be visible to reader 51 . with the maximum amount of stretch in casing 25 expected , the lower circumferential row of gages 47 would be readable by reader 51 . also , typically while running casing 25 , the operator does not orient casing hanger 23 to any particular rotational position relative to casing head 13 . while orientation can be done , an alternative is to mount a number of gages 47 in horizontal or circumferential rows extending completely around casing hanger 23 . at least one of the gages 47 will always be aligned with reader 51 , regardless of the orientation of casing hanger 23 . in addition , more than one view port 49 is preferably employed , with the view ports being spaced circumferentially around casing head 13 . the additional view ports 49 allow an operator to insert reader 51 and make readings from different sides of casing hanger 23 . in the preferred embodiment , a reader 51 is positioned in casing head 13 while casing 25 is being tensioned . the operator will thus be able to read the strain directly from the display of processor 59 while the tensioning procedure is occurring . the operator will thus know the level of tension that exists in casing 25 after the running tool has been disconnected from casing hanger 23 and outer body 27 landed on load shoulders 19 . afterward , the operator can remove reader 51 and use it for tensioning inner casing strings 43 and tubing 45 , each of which will contain gages 47 attached to their hangers in a similar manner . also , periodically the operator can insert reader 51 into one of the view ports 49 to monitor the strain in subsequent years . this information allows the operator to determine the tension and fatigue . if pressure control is needed , this can be readily handled by the use of a lubricator assembly 61 , schematically shown in fig4 . the operator inserts reader 51 into view port 49 on an insertion tool 63 . insertion tool 63 comprises a tubular rod through which lead 57 will extend . lubricator assembly has a valve 65 , on its inner end and an injection head 67 on its outer end . the operator closes valve 65 and inserts reader 51 into a chamber located between valve 65 and injection 67 . injection head 67 is a conventional sealing mechanism that typically employs a pump that pumps grease around a tubular member to form a seal and simultaneously allow the tubular member to be moved along its axis . in this application , injection head 67 is actuated to maintain a seal around insertion tool 63 while valve 65 is opened and insertion tool 63 pushed inward to push reader 51 into close proximity to one of the gages 47 . after taking a reading , the operator reverses the procedure to remove reader 51 . it is understood that variations may be made in the above without departing from the scope of the invention . while specific embodiments have been shown and described , modifications can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or teaching of this invention . the embodiments as described are exemplary only and are not limiting . many variations and modifications are possible and are within the scope of the invention . accordingly , the scope of protection is not limited to the embodiments described , but is only limited by the claims that follow , the scope of which shall include all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims . | 6 |
as required , detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein ; however , it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention , which may be embodied in various forms . therefore , specific chemical structure and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting , but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed chemical structure . in a first embodiment , the present invention is directed toward a dry effervescent material or mixture that when added to water , generates one liter of drinkable solution containing molecular hydrogen ( h 2 ) at a concentration of at least 0 . 8 mm , which may be referred to herein as simply hydrogen water . once prepared , such as is described below , the user can consume the hydrogen water orally , such as by drinking . alternatively , the hydrogen water can be applied topically to the skin and hair , such as is known in the art . for convenient use , the effervescent mixture can be formed into a tablet , a powder or a granule . tablets can be sized to provide individual serving sizes of the mixture , that is , the appropriate amount of mixture for a specific volume of water , such as one pint or one liter . similarly , powders and granules can be aliquoted into single - serving - sized packets or cups . to facilitate the following discussion , the effervescent mixture will be referred to herein as an effervescent tablet that is intended to be a single - serving sized quantity of the effervescent mixture . it is understood that the effervescent mixture could be provided in larger or smaller quantities and in other forms known in the art . an effervescent tablet of the present invention includes a base metal , denoted by me in formula i above , an edible non - hydroscopic dry organic acid , and an edible binding - excipient material . when the effervescent tablet is added to a quantity of potable water ( h 2 o ), the base metal me and the organic acid react to produce an aqueous solution with a molecular hydrogen ( h 2 ) concentration of between 0 . 8 mm and 2 . 5 mm and a final ph of between 8 and 10 depending upon the quantity of water , such as depending upon the size of the bottle of water . generally , the effervescent tablet is sized for mixing with between about 200 ml to about 2 liters of water while providing the required hydrogen concentration and ph . for example , since drinking water is often sold in 500 ml bottles , the effervescent tablet can be conveniently sized for use with such quantities of water . as noted above , the effervescent tablet includes a base metal me . generally , the effervescent tablet includes at least 5 mg of the base metal me and up to 200 mg of the base metal me . for example , the effervescent tablet can be formulated to include between 30 mg and 60 mg of the base metal me . the base metal me used in the effervescent tablet is an active non - ionic metallic metal selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth minerals and other metals in their non - ionic metallic state . preferred base metals me have a greater negative redox potential than hydrogen gas ( h 2 ), such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals . suitable base metals me include , but are not limited to , strontium ( sr ), calcium ( ca ), magnesium ( mg ), aluminum ( al ), manganese ( mn ), zinc ( zn ), iron ( fe ) and combinations thereof . the effervescent tablet includes a quantity of an edible non - hydroscopic dry organic acid . generally , when prepared for dilution into 200 ml to 2 liters of water , the effervescent tablet includes at least about 20 mg of the organic acid and up to about 300 mg of the organic acid . for example , in some circumstances , the effervescent tablet includes between 60 mg and 190 mg of the organic acid . however , the quantity of the organic acid is suitable for stoichiometric reaction with the quantity of the base metal me provided in the tablet . suitable edible dry organic acid include , but are not limited to , organic acids , such as carboxylic acids , which includes maleic acid , succinic acid , malic acid , fumaric acid , formic acid , oxalic acid , all stereoisomers or derivatives thereof , and all forms of alpha - keto acids , polycarboxylic acids and inorganic acids such as boric acids and certain lewis acids . the amount of a selected edible dry organic acid used in a particular effervescent tablet depends upon the acid &# 39 ; s dissociation constant ( pka ) and the number of hydrogen ions ( h +) that can be produced per acid molecule . the stoichiometry of acids is such that they behave as acid / base buffers . when the ph of a solution ( i . e ., water ) is acidic , the acid rapidly reacts with the base metal me to quickly produce hydrogen gas ( h 2 ). however , based on stoichiometry , the reaction will turn alkaline near its completion . the reaction kinetics are sufficient that in 5 minutes the ph is above the acid &# 39 ; s pka , resulting in a near h + concentration of one base 10 log unit above the highest pka of the organic acid , which is near a neutral ph and thus tasteless water . after 10 - 20 minutes the reaction has proceeded to sufficient completion so as to result in a super - saturated hydrogen concentration of between 1 mm and 3 mm . the edible dry organic acid of the effervescent tablet ranges from 100 mg to 500 mg , preferably 100 mg to 300 mg and may include individual acids or any appropriate combinations thereof . the effervescent tablet includes between about 200 mg and about 800 mg of an edible binding excipient material . for example , the effervescent tablet may include between about 250 mg and about 600 mg of the binding excipient material . suitable binding excipient materials include non - hygroscopic and low - hygroscopic ingredients and sugar alcohols . mannitol is frequently used , since it has potential medicinal characteristics and lacks a strong taste . however , other sugar alcohols may be employed . the edible binding material ranges from 200 mg to 800 mg , preferably 250 mg to 600 mg . in the pharmaceutical , supplement and food arts , when tablets , powders and granules are prepared for dilution or dissolution into water , it is common to include compounds known as disintegrants , which causes them to disintegrate and release their medicinal substances on contact with moisture . exemplary disintegrants include but are not limited to starches and organic edible fiber . due to the nature of its ingredients , the effervescent tablet tends to readily disintegrate and mix into solution with the water into which it has been mixed . thus , in preferred embodiments , the effervescent tablet is free of such disintegrants . compounds known as lubricants are also frequently added to tablets , powders and granules , to provide free flowing of the granulates in manufacturing equipment and easy release of tablets from the molds and punches of the tablet presses . exemplary lubricants include but are not limited to magnesium stearate , calcium stearate , stearic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate . because lubrication excipients are hydrophobic and tend to produce insoluble residual suspensions in water , their use is very limited in the effervescent tablets . therefore , in preferred embodiments , the effervescent tablet is substantially free of lubricants ; however , either disintegrates or lubricants may be used . as mentioned before , none of the known lubricant excipients are suitable for producing drinking water additive . however , the present invention provides a novel solution by using fumaric acid simultaneously as an active ingredient , as a flowing agent and as a lubricant when preparing the effervescent tablet of the preferred invention . the lubricating abilities of fumaric acid are achieved by reducing the particle size to 10 - microns and by blending the resulting material in the tablet compounding powder . as noted above , the effervescent material is provided to consumers . when packaged in a sealed container with a desiccant , such as is known in the art , the effervescent material is substantially non - degradable for at least 24 months . in some embodiments , when the effervescent material is sealed with a desiccant , the effervescent material is substantially non - degradable more than 24 months . for example , when provided in proper packaging , the effervescent material is substantially non - degradable for at least 48 months . in another embodiment , a method of making the above described effervescent material for the generation of molecular hydrogen ( h 2 ) in a quantity of water is provided . to make the effervescent material , quantities of the base metal me , the dry organic acid and the edible binding material are provided and then mixed together . the lubricating ingredients are micronized to a size of between 5 microns and 10 microns . to use , the effervescent table can simply be added to potable water . bottled water , including clean tap water , reverse osmosis water , distilled water and all forms of mineral water are suitable waters with which the effervescent tablet can be used . the tablet can be added to any volume of water , preferably between 200 ml and 2 liters of water , and most preferably 500 ml of water . after adding the tablet , the solution should be allowed to rest , sit or percolate for at least five minutes before consumption . preferably , the solution should be allowed to rest for at least 15 minutes , and more preferably 20 minutes . allowing the solution to rest less than five minutes should not harm the drinker , though the solution will be less palatable than when the solution rests for a full five minutes . it is to be understood that while certain forms of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown . | 0 |
fig1 shows a vehicle 1 , here embodied as a truck , for example , having the device 3 ( fig2 ) according to the invention . as fig2 shows , the device 3 comprises an internal combustion engine 5 as drive unit for the vehicle 1 and an exhaust tract 7 , which is connected to the internal combustion engine 5 and through which an exhaust gas 9 from the internal combustion engine 5 flows . viewed in the direction of flow of the exhaust gas , the exhaust tract 7 here comprises an oxidation catalytic converter 11 , a first reducing agent introduction area 13 , a scr particle filter 15 , a second reducing agent introduction area 17 , and a scr catalytic converter element 19 . starting from the internal combustion engine 5 , the exhaust gas 9 first flows through the oxidation catalytic converter 11 , which serves to partially oxidize nitrogen monoxide contained in the exhaust gas 9 to form nitrogen dioxide . then the exhaust gas 9 flows past the first reducing agent introduction area 13 , where a reducing agent for reducing the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas 9 , here in the form of an aqueous urea solution , for example , can be introduced into the exhaust tract 7 . the aqueous urea solution here is stored in a urea tank 21 of the device 3 and is introduced into the exhaust tract 7 by a first reducing agent feed device 22 . the reducing agent feed device 22 here comprises a pump 23 and a straight - way valve 24 , for example . the straight - way valve 24 here is connected and sends signals to a control unit 25 , which serves to regulate and control the straight - way valve 24 and therefore the quantity of aqueous urea solution introduced into the exhaust tract 7 at the second reducing agent introduction area 17 . the exhaust gas 9 then flows through the scr particle filter 15 , which serves to filter out from the exhaust gas 9 and to store particles , in particular carbon particles , contained in the exhaust gas 9 from the internal combustion engine 5 . the scr particle filter 15 here is continuously regenerated by the nitrogen dioxide formed by the oxidation catalytic converter 11 . as an additional measure for regenerating the scr particle filter 15 , the particles accumulated in the scr particle filter 15 could also be burned at defined times . here the times may be fixed at defined time intervals , for example , or determined by calculating the actual storage capacity of the scr particle filter 15 . the particles may be burned , for example , by injecting an increased quantity of fuel , heating the particle filter or causing exhaust gas to back up . in addition , the scr particle filter 15 also comprises a scr catalytic material , which serves to reduce nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas 9 from the internal combustion engine 5 using ammonia as reducing agent . the ammonia is introduced into the exhaust tract by the reducing agent feed device 22 in the form of the aqueous urea solution . the scr particle filter 15 preferably comprises copper and / or vanadium and / or at least zeolite as scr catalytic material . from the scr particle filter 15 the exhaust gas 9 from the internal combustion engine 5 flows past the second reducing agent introduction area 17 , where the aqueous urea solution stored in the urea tank 21 can likewise be introduced into the exhaust tract 7 . the aqueous urea solution is here introduced into the exhaust tract 7 by a second reducing agent feed device 26 . the second reducing agent feed device 26 here likewise comprises a pump 27 and a straight - way valve 28 , for example . the straight - way valve 28 here is likewise connected and sends signals to a control unit 25 , which serves to regulate and control the straight - way valve 28 and therefore the quantity of aqueous urea solution introduced into the exhaust tract 7 at the second reducing agent introduction area 17 . the control device 25 controls the straight - way valves 24 and 28 based on temperatures of the scr particle filter 15 and the scr catalytic converter element 19 , e . g ., using temperature sensors 14 , 16 , 18 . finally , the exhaust gas 9 from the internal combustion engine 5 flows through the scr catalytic converter element 19 , which serves to reduce nitrogen oxides likewise contained in the exhaust gas 9 from the internal combustion engine using ammonia as reducing agent . the ammonia needed for this purpose is introduced into the exhaust tract 7 by the reducing agent feed device 22 and / or by the reducing agent feed device 26 . the scr catalytic converter element 19 likewise preferably comprises copper and / or vanadium and / or at least one zeolite as scr catalytic material . in an optional embodiment , a nitrogen oxide storage element 24 ( shown in dashed lines ) that stores and releases nitrogen oxide as a function of the exhaust gas temperature is arranged on the scr particle filter 15 . alternatively , the nitrogen oxide storage element 24 could be arranged in the exhaust tract 7 upstream of the scr particle filter 15 and / or upstream of the scr catalytic converter element 19 , and / or on the scr catalytic converter element 19 . fig3 shows a diagram 29 representing the loading of the scr particle filter 15 as a function of the quantity of aqueous urea solution introduced into the exhaust tract 7 by the reducing agent feed device 22 . from a time to up to a time t 1 such a quantity of aqueous urea solution is introduced into the exhaust tract 7 by the reducing agent feed device 22 that a greater quantity of reducing agent is present on the first reducing agent introduction area 13 than is required for a stoichiometric reducing agent - nitrogen oxide ratio . from the time t 1 to a time t 3 the reducing agent feed device 22 introduces such a quantity of aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 , that a quantity of reducing agent smaller than is required for a stoichiometric reducing agent - nitrogen oxide ratio is present on the first reducing agent introduction area 13 . between the time t 1 and a time t 2 the reducing agent feed device 22 here introduces such a quantity of aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 , that 80 % of the quantity of reducing agent which is required for a stoichiometric reducing agent - nitrogen oxide ratio is present on the first reducing agent introduction area 13 . between the time t 2 and the time t 3 the reducing agent feed device 22 introduces such a quantity of aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 that 50 % of the quantity of reducing agent which is required for a stoichiometric reducing agent - nitrogen oxide ratio is present on the first reducing agent introduction area 13 . it can be seen from the diagram 29 that the particle loading of the scr particle filter 15 increases , when the reducing agent feed device 22 introduces a quantity of aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 in excess of the stoichiometric quantity . the reason for this is the reduced continuous regeneration of the scr particle filter 15 , due to the competing reaction of the ammonia introduced with nitrogen dioxide . if a quantity of aqueous urea solution less than the stoichiometric quantity is introduced into the exhaust tract 7 , the particle loading of the scr particle filter 15 diminishes again . the diagram 29 therefore clearly shows that the continuous regeneration of the scr particle filter 15 is disturbed by the introduction of excessive quantities of ammonia into the exhaust tract 7 . in addition , the quantities of reducing agent introduced into the exhaust tract 7 by the reducing agent feed devices 22 , 26 are regulated and controlled here by the control unit 25 as a function of the temperature of the scr particle filter 15 and as a function of the temperature of the scr catalytic converter element 19 . this regulation and control is explained in more detail below with reference to fig4 . in an initial state the internal combustion engine 5 here is switched off , for example . here no aqueous urea solution is introduced into the exhaust tract 7 . after starting the internal combustion engine 5 at step 30 , it is examined , in a step 31 , whether the temperature of the scr particle filter t scr - pf is greater than or equal to a first release temperature t release , 1 . the release temperature t release , 1 here , for example , is lower than a scr response temperature of the scr particle filter 15 , at which the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas 9 can be reduced by the scr particle filter 15 or at which the scr particle filter 15 reaches its operating temperature for reducing the nitrogen oxides . if the temperature of the scr particle filter 15 t scr - pf is greater than or equal to the release temperature t release , 1 , the first reducing agent feed device 22 introduces a first defined mass flow m 1 of aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 . the first defined mass flow m 1 here is designed in such a way that a substantially stoichiometric reducing agent - nitrogen oxide ratio prevails in the area of the first reducing agent feed device 22 . the second reducing agent feed device 26 here still does not introduce any aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 . in a step 33 it is then examined whether the temperature of the scr catalytic converter element 19 t scr - kat , is greater than or equal to a second release temperature t release , 2 . the release temperature t release , 2 here , for example is likewise lower than a scr response temperature of the scr catalytic converter element 19 , at which the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas 9 can be reduced by the scr catalytic converter element 19 or at which the scr particle filter 15 reaches its operating temperature for reducing the nitrogen oxides . if the temperature of the scr catalytic converter element 19 t scr - kat is greater than or equal to the release temperature t release , 2 , the first reducing agent feed device 22 introduces a second defined mass flow m 2 of aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 . the second defined mass flow m 2 here is designed in such away that a quantity of reducing agent smaller than is required for a stoichiometric reducing agent - nitrogen oxide ratio is present in the area of the first reducing agent feed device 22 . the second reducing agent feed device 26 then introduces a third defined mass flow m 3 of aqueous urea solution into the exhaust tract 7 . the third defined mass flow m 3 is here is designed in such a way that a substantially stoichiometric reducing agent - nitrogen oxide ratio prevails in the area of the second reducing agent feed device 26 . this regulation and control of the reducing agent feed devices 22 , 26 serves for particularly efficient cleaning of the exhaust gas 9 from the internal combustion engine 5 . | 8 |
compounds of the general formula ( i ) can be synthesized by any appropriate method , for example by coupling of corresponding amine ( ii ) with corresponding carboxylic acids derivatives ( iii ) in the presence of appropriate coupling agents , such as 1 , 1 ′- carbonyldiimidazole ( cdi ), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( dcc ), n -( 3 - dimethylaminopropyl )- n ′- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride ( edci ) or other appropriate coupling agents . formation of the amide bond can be also achieved by reaction of chloroanhydrides ( iv ) and amines ( ii ). chloroanhydrides ( iv ) can be obtained from corresponding carboxylic acids ( iii ) by treatment with appropriate reagents such as socl 2 or pocl 3 . corresponding carboxylic acids chloroanhydride ( iv ) easily reacts with amines ( ii ) to yield target compounds ( i ). amines ( ii ) can be obtained by reduction of corresponding nitrocompounds ( v ) under appropriate conditions . as a reduction agent , for example , sncl 2 or catalytic hydration on ni - raney can be used . nitrocompounds ( v ) can be synthesized from corresponding amines ( vi ) and nitro - substituted carboxylic acids ( vii ) generally , carboxylic acids ( vii ) are transformed into corresponding chloroanhydrides ( viii ) by treatment with proper reagent such as socl 2 or pocl 3 . chloroanhydrides ( viii ) are then smoothly reacts with amines ( vi ) to yield nitrocompounds ( v ). an alternative method of synthesis of the amide bond may be a reaction of carboxylic acid ( vii ) with amine ( vi ) in the present of appropriate coupling agents , such as dcc , edci , and cdi . in most cases , the above - mentioned reactions proceeds quite smoothly with good yields . however for some radicals r 5 and r 6 substituted carboxylic acids ( iii ) do not react with amines ( ii ). in these cases appropriate protective group should be used for smooth formation of amide bond and corresponding groups r 5 and r 6 should be introduced into the molecule after amide bond formation . urea derivatives of carboxylic acids ( iiia ), can be synthesized by treatment of corresponding methyl or ethyl aminoesters ( xi ) with cdi followed by amine x 2 x 3 nh . ethyl or methyl esters are then hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium to give desired compounds : in an alternative way , aminoacid ( iiib ) can be transformed into corresponding urea derivatives iiic by reaction with isocyanates or sodium cyanate in the case of x 2 ═ h . it should be noted that in the case of x 2 ═ h , the corresponding urea derivative ( iiic ) doesn &# 39 ; t react with amine ( ii ) in the presence of dcc , cdi , and edci ; so there is a need at first to synthesize the protected amine ( ia ), with the protective group y . as a protective group , for example , trifluoroacetyl group can be used . protected amine ( ia ) can be synthesized from the corresponding protected aminoacid ( iiid ) by coupling with amine ( ii ) in the presence of appropriate coupling agent . the protective group then should be removed by appropriate agents ; in the case of trifluoroacetyl group , naoh can be used for this purpose . the amine ( ib ) then can be transformed into the corresponding urea derivatives ( ic ) by appropriate method . for example , by consecutive treatment of amine ( ib ) with cdi and amine x 2 x 3 nh or , in the case x 3 ═ h , by treatment with a corresponding isocyanate ocn — z 2 . the amine ( ib ) can be also transformed into amidine ( id ) by reaction with nitrile nc — cz 2 z 3 z 4 in the presence of dry gaseous hcl . the aminine ( id ) can be further alkylated or arylated to amidine ( ie ) by appropriate alkyl - or aryl halogenide x 1 - hal or other appropriate leaving group contained reagent . 1 . 9 g of 2 - nitrobenzoic acid is boiled in 20 ml of socl 2 with a reflux condenser equipped with calcium chloride tube for 4 hours ; the obtained solution is cooled , evaporated in a rotary evaporator , twice reevaporated with anhydrous thf ; the residue is dissolved in 10 ml of thf ; the obtained solution is added dropwise for 30 min to a stirred solution of 1 . 5 g of 2 - amino - 5 - chloropyridine in 20 ml of thf . in 15 hours , the reaction mixture is evaporated ; the residue is dissolved in 30 ml of chloroform , rinsed with a saturated aqueous solution of nahco 3 ; the chloroform extract is evaporated ; the residue is applied on a 40 × 150 mm column filled with 30 to 50 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted with chloroform . detection is carried out with the aid of an uv - unit at a wavelength of 280 nm . the uv absorbing fractions are collected ; the purity of the product is controlled with a thin - layer chromatography technique in chloroform . the r f of the product is 0 . 4 ; the r f of the starting 2 - amino - 5 - chloropyridine is 0 . 7 . the 2 - nitrobenzoic acid in chloroform remains at the start ( r f & lt ; 0 . 1 ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 - nitrobenzamide is 2 . 4 g . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 278 , m + na 300 . 1 . 5 g of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 - nitrobenzamide is dissolved in 20 ml of ethylacetate and mixed with a solution of 4 g of sncl 2 in 20 ml of water acidified with 0 . 3 ml of concentrated hcl . the reaction mixture is stirred vigorously for 1 hour , heated up to boiling , and is boiled for another 3 hours . then the reaction mixture is filtered , the aqueous fraction is extracted with chcl 3 , and the aqueous fraction is added with 30 ml of 10 % of aqueous ammonia solution with stirring , and is allowed to stand for a night to precipitate . the next day , the precipitate is filtered and is rinsed with water and chloroform . the aqueous fraction is extracted with chloroform ; the extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is applied on a 30 × 150 mm column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted with chloroform . detection is carried out with the aid of an uv - unit at a wavelength of 280 nm ; the purity of the product is controlled with a thin - layer chromatography technique in chloroform . the r f of the product is 0 . 6 ; the yield of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl ) benzamide is 650 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 248 , m + na 270 . 1 g of 4 - methylaminobenzoic acid is mixed on cooling with 3 ml of trifluoroacetic anhydride . in 2 hours , the reaction mixture is evaporated and reevaporated with chloroform . the residue is dissolved in chloroform and is applied on a 35 × 150 mm column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the by - products are eluted with chloroform and the target product is eluted with a 9 : 1 chloroform / isopropanol mixture added with a 1 % acetic acid . the yield of 4 - methylaminobenzoic acid is 700 mg . r f is 0 . 2 - 0 . 4 . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ) in negative ions : m − 1 246 . 3000 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl ) benzamide , 250 mg of trifluoroacetate of 4 - methylaminobenzoic acid , and 250 mg of edci are mixed with 1 ml of thf and stirred for 3 days . then the mixture is evaporated and applied on a 25 × 150 mm column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted with chloroform ; r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] benzamide is 430 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 477 , m + na 499 . 400 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl -( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl )- amino ] benzamide is dissolved in 5 ml of isopropanol and added with 2 ml of 10 % naoh . the reaction mixture is stirred for 3 hours ; then the excess alkali is neutralized with a 5 % aqueous solution of hcl ; the reaction mixture is evaporated and applied on a 25 × 150 mm column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted with chloroform ; r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] benzamide is 320 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 381 , m + na 403 . 300 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl - aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] benzamide is dissolved with heating in 5 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled on ice and then a dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 with stirring vigorously . new portions of nahco 3 are added until emission of gases ceases . usually the procedure requires about 0 . 5 g of nahco 3 . the solution obtained upon neutralizing the excess with hcl is diluted with 5 ml of water and extracted with chloroform three times . the chloroform extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and applied on a 20 × 250 mm column filled with reversed phase of c2 ( rp2 ). the column is rinsed with 100 ml of water ; then , the elution with a gradient of ethyl alcohol of from 0 to 50 % is carried out against a background of 1 % acetic acid . the yield of the product is about per 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the purity control is carried out with a tlc technique in a 9 : 1 dioxane / aqueous ammonia system ; r f = 0 . 2 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - ethaneimidoyl - methylaminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] benzamide is 200 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 422 , m + na 444 . by analogy with example 1 , in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 1 , 800 mg of 5 - methyl - 2 - nitrobenzoic acid yields 650 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methyl - 2 - nitrobenzamide . r f = 0 . 45 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 292 , m + na 314 . in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 2 , 600 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methyl - 2 - nitrobenzamide yields 350 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide . r f = 0 . 65 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 262 , m + na 284 . in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 4 , 300 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide and 250 mg of trifluoroacetate of 4 - methylaminobenzoic acid yields 430 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - methyl - benzamide . r f = 0 . 55 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum in positively charged ions m + h 491 . removal of trifluoroacetyl is carried out in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 in reaction 5 . 400 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl )- amino ]- 5 - methyl - benzamide yields 300 mg n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] 5 - methylbenzamide . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 395 , m + na 417 . the synthesis of amidine is carried out in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 6 . the reaction involves 250 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl )- amino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide . the reaction yields 130 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - ethaneimidoyl - methyl - aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] 5 - methylbenzamide . tlc in a 9 : 1 dioxane / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 2 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 436 , m + na 458 . by analogy with example 1 , in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 1 , 900 mg of 5 - chloro - 2 - nitrobenzoic acid yields 750 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chloro - 2 - nitrobenzamide . r f = 0 . 3 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 312 , m + na 334 . in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 2 , 700 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chloro - 2 - nitrobenzamide yields 350 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide . r f = 0 . 6 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 282 , m + na 304 . in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 4 , 300 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide and 250 mg of trifluoroacetate of 4 - methylaminobenzoic acid yields 430 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - chloro - benzamide . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 511 , m + na 533 . removal of trifluoroacetyl is carried out in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 5 . 400 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - chloro - benzamide yields 300 mg n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide . r f = 0 . 45 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 415 , m + na 437 . the synthesis of amidine is carried out in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 6 . the reaction involves 250 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl )- amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide . the reaction yields 130 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - ethaneimidoyl - methyl - aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide . r f = 0 . 2 ( 9 : 1 dioxane / aqueous ammonia ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 456 , m + na 478 . by analogy with example 1 , in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 1 , 1 . 5 g of 5 - methoxy - 2 - nitrobenzoic acid yields 1 . 1 g of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methoxy - 2 - nitrobenzamide . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 308 , m + na 330 . in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 2 , 1 g of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methoxy - 2 - nitrobenzamide yields 300 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methoxybenzamide . r f = 0 . 7 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 278 , m + na 300 . in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 4 , 250 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methoxybenzamide and 220 mg of trifluoroacetate of 4 - methylaminobenzoic acid yields 310 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide . r f = 0 . 6 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 507 , m + na 529 . removal of trifluoroacetyl is carried out in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 in reaction 5 . 280 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( trifluoroacetyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl )- amino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide yields 200 mg n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] 5 - methoxybenzamide . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 411 , m + na 433 . the synthesis of amidine is carried out in accordance with the procedure described in example 1 for reaction 6 . the reaction involves 170 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl )- amino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide . the reaction yields 110 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - ethaneimidoyl - methyl - aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] 5 - methoxybenzamide . r f = 0 . 2 ( 9 : 1 dioxane / aqueous ammonia ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 452 , m + na 474 . 1 g of aminosalicylic acid is dissolved in 20 ml of aqueous dioxane . the solution is added with 900 mg of di - tertbutyldicarbonate and 3 ml of 10 % aqueous solution of naoh . in 24 hours , the reaction mixture is evaporated , the 4 - tertbutoxycarbonylaminosalicylic acid is purified by recrustallixation from ethanol . the yield is 1 . 1 g . a mixture of 0 . 5 g of 4 - tertbutoxycarbonylaminosalicylic acid , 0 . 6 g of n -( 3 - chloropropyl )- acetamide , and 0 . 5 g of k 2 co 3 is heated to 110 ° c . ; in an hour , the reaction mixture is cooled , diluted with water , and extracted with chloroform ; the extract is evaporated and is applied onto a 30 × 150 mm column filled with 40 - to 60 nm of silica gel ; the product is eluted with a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol mixture . r f = 0 . 5 ( 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol ). the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[( tertbutoxycarbonyl ) amino ] benzoic acid is 400 mg . 370 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[( tertbutoxycarbonyl ) amino ] benzoic acid is dissolved in 3 ml of ethanol and added with 100 μl of 10 % hcl . in 2 hours , the reaction mixture is evaporated and the product is purified by recrystallization from ethanol . r f = 0 . 45 ( 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol ). the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 - aminobenzoic acid is 300 mg . 270 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 - aminobenzoic acid is mixed with 300 μl of 40 % formaldehyde , a solution of 400 mg of naoh in 2 ml of water , and 400 mg of a zinc powder . the reaction mixture is stirred and is allowed to stand at 60 ° c . for 4 hours ; then it is filtered , the precipitate is rinsed with aqueous ethanol ; the filtrate is acidified with aqueous hcl up to ph 4 - 5 , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 25 × 150 mm column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted in a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol system . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 - methylamino ) benzoic acid is 150 mg . 130 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 - methylamino ) benzoic acid is dissolved in 2 ml of aqueous ethanol containing 500 mg of naoh . the mixture is sealed into an ampoule , which is heated up to 100 ° c . for 10 hours . the ampoule is cooled , opened , and the excess alkali is neutralized to ph 8 - 9 of the diluted hcl ; then the obtained solution is evaporated . the residue is applied onto a 20 × 150 column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted with chloroform . r f = 0 . 3 . the yield of 2 -[ 3 - aminopropoxy ]- 4 -( methylamino ) benzoic acid is 100 mg . 90 mg of 2 -[ 3 - aminopropoxy ]- 4 -( methylamino ) benzoic acid is mixed with 1 ml of trifluoroacetic anhydride . in 1 hour , the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a 20 × 150 column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted in a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol system . the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl -( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid is 100 mg . 80 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridinw - 2 - yl ) benzamide , 100 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl -( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid and 80 mg of edci are mixed in 1 ml of thf and are being stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column with silica gel and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{ 4 - trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ]- 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ] phenylcarbonylamino } benzamide is 80 mg . 70 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{ 4 - trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ]- 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ] phenylcarbonylamino } benzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 100 μl of 3m naoh and 1 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , the product is purified with a chromatography technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- phenylcarbonylamino ]- benzamide is 55 mg . 50 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- phenylcarbonylamino ] benzamide are dissolved on heating in 2 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled on ice and then a dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then , the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portions of nahco 3 are added till the emission of gases ceases . the solution obtained after neutralization of the excess hcl is diluted with 5 ml of water and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform - treated extracts are evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with a 1 % aqueous naoh till ph 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours ; then it is neutralized , evaporated , the residue is applied onto a 20 × 250 column filled with a reversed phase c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water ; then the elution is carried out with a gradient of ethyl alcohol from 0 to 50 % against the background of a 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the product yields per approximately 30 % or ethyl alcohol . the purity control is carried out with a tlc technique in a 8 : 2 isopropanol / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( ethaneimidoylmethylamino )- 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy ) phenylcarbonyl - amino ] benzamide is 20 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 495 , m + na 517 . 95 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide , 120 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid , and 80 mg of edci are mixed with 1 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column with silica gel and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino - 2 -( 3 - trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 85 mg . 80 mg of n -( chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetylmethyl ) amino ) 2 -( 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 100 μl of 3m of aqueous naoh and 1 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized and the residue is evaporated ; the product is purified with a tlc technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methyle chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 65 mg . 60 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide are dissolved on heating in 2 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled on ice and a dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 50 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portions of nahco 3 are added till the emission of gases ceases . the solution obtained upon neutralization of the excess hcl is diluted with 5 ml of water and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform - treated extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with a 1 % naoh to ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours , neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 2 -× 250 column filled with a reversed phase of c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water and then the elution is performed with an ethyl alcohol gradient of from 0 to 50 % against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the product yield is approximately per 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the purity is controlled with a tlc technique in an 8 : 2 isopropanol / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - ethaneimidoylmethylamino )- 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy ) phenylcarbonyl - amino ]- 5 - methyl - benzamide is 30 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 509 , m + na 531 . 95 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide , 90 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl ( methylamino ) benzoic acid , and 80 mg of edci are mixed with 1 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column containing silica gel , and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f - 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino )- 2 -( 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 85 mg . 80 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetylmethyl ) amino )- 2 -( 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 100 μl of a 3m aqueous naoh and 1 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , and the product is purified with a chromatography technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 65 mg . 60 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ) phenyl - carbonyl - amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide are dissolved on heating in 2 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled on ice , and a dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed in a refrigerator and is allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portions of nahco 3 are added until the emission of gases ceases . the solution obtained upon neutralization of the excess hcl is diluted with 5 ml of water and is extracted with chloroform three times . the chloroform - treated extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with a 1 % aqueous naoh till ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hour , neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 20 × 250 column filled with a reversed phase c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water ; then elution is performed with a ethyl alcohol gradient of from 0 to 50 % against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the product yield is about per 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the purity is controlled with a tlc technique in an 8 : 2 isopropanol / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( ethaneimidoylmethylamino )- 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 30 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 528 , m + na 550 . 90 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methoxybenzamide , 100 mg of 2 -[ 3 - trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetylmethylamino )] benzoic acid , and 90 mg of edci are mixed with 1 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column with silica gel , and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino )- 2 -( 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide is 85 mg . 80 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetylmethyl ) amino )- 2 -( 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 100 μl of 3 m aqueous naoh and 1 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , and the product is purified with a chromatographic technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide is 65 mg . 60 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide is dissolved with heating in 2 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled with ice and dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed into a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 is added till the gas emission ceases . the solution obtained upon neutralization of excess hcl is dissolved in 5 ml of water and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform - treated extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with 1 % aqueous naoh till ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours ; then the solution is neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 20 × 250 column filled with a reversed phase of c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water , and elution is carried out with a gradient of ethyl alcohol from 0 to 50 % against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the yield of the product is about per 30 % ethyl alcohol . the purity of the product is controlled with a tlc technique in a 8 : 2 isopropanol / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl ) 2 -[ 4 ( ethaneimidoylmethylamino )- 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy ) phenylcarbonyl - amino ]- 5 - methoxybenzamide is 30 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 525 , m + na 547 . 1 . 5 g of 4 - methylamino - 6 - fluorosalicylic acid is dissolved in 20 ml of aqueous dioxane . the solution is added with 2 g of di - tertbutyldicarbonate and 3 ml of 10 % aqueous solution of naoh . in 24 hours , the reaction mixture is evaporated , the 4 - tertbutoxycarbonyl ( methylamino )- 6 - fluorosalicylic acid is purified by recrystallization from ethanol . the yield is 1 . 6 g . a mixture of 1 . 5 g of 4 - 4 - tertbutoxycarbonyl ( methylamino )- 6 - fluorosalicylic acid , 1 . 6 g of n -( 3 - chloropropyl )- trifluoroacetamide , and 1 . 5 g of k 2 co 3 is heated to 110 ° c . ; in 1 hour the reaction mixture is cooled , diluted with water , extracted with chloroform , and the extract is applied onto a 30 × 150 column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel ; the product is eluted with a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol mixture . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform / ethanol mixture ). the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[( tert - butoxycarbonyl ) methylamino ]- 6 - fluorobenzoic acid is 390 mg . 370 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[( tert - butoxycarbonyl ) methylamino ]- 6 - fluorobenzoic acid are dissolved in 3 ml of ethanol and added with 100 μl of 10 % hcl . in 2 hours the reaction mixture is evaporated , the product is purified by recrystallization from ethanol . r f = 0 . 45 ( 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol ). the yield of 2 -[ 3 - trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 - methylamino - 6 - fluorobenzoic acid is 280 mg . 270 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroamino ) propoxy ]- 4 - methylamino - 6 - fluorobenzoic acid are mixed with 1 ml of trifluoroacetic anhydride . in 1 hour the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a 20 × 150 column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel ; the product is eluted with a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol mixture . the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl -( methyl ) amino ]- 6 - fluorobenzoic acid is 280 mg . 250 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide , 280 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ]- 6 - fluorobenzoic acid , and 300 mg of edci are mixed with 2 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column with silica gel therein , and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino )- 2 -( 3 - trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy )- 6 - fluorophenyl carbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 270 mg . 250 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetylmethyl ) amino )- 2 - 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy )- 6 - fluoroohenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 300 μl of 3m aqueous naoh and 2 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , and the product is purified with a chromatographic technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- 6 - fluorophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 160 mg . 150 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- 6 - fluorophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is dissolved with heating in 5 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled in ice ; then a dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portions of nahco 3 are added until the emission of gases ceases . the solution obtained upon neutralization of excess hcl is diluted in 10 ml of water and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform - treated extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with 1 % aqueous naoh till ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 20 × 250 column filled with a reversed phase of c2 ( fp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water ; then the elution is carried out with an ethyl alcohol gradient of from 0 to 50 % against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the product yield is about per 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the product purity is controlled with a tlc technique in a 3 : 5 : 2 acetonitrile / dioxane / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( ethaneimidoylmethylamino )- 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- 6 - fluorophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 70 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 527 , m + na 549 . 250 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide , 290 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ]- 6 - fluorobenzoic acid , and 280 mg edci are mixed with 1 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column filled with silica gel , and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino - 2 -( 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy )- 6 - fluorophenylcamonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 270 mg . 180 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - trifluoroacetylmethyl ) amino - 2 -( 3 - trifluoroacetylamino ) propoxy )- 6 - fluorophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 400 μl of 3m naoh and 2 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , and the product is purified with a chromatography technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- 6 - fluorophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 160 mg . 150 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 - amino - propoxy )- 6 - fluorophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is dissolved with heating in 5 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled in ice , and a dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portions of nahco 3 are added till the gas emission ceases . the solution obtained after neutralization of excess hcl is diluted with 10 ml of water and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform - treated extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with 1 % aqueous naoh till ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours , neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 20 × 250 column filled with a reversed phase of c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water ; then the elution is carried out with an ethyl alcohol gradient of from 0 to 50 % against 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the product yield is per about 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the product purity is controlled with a tlc technique in a 3 : 5 : 2 acetonitrile / dioxane / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 5 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 -( 3 - aminopropoxy )- 6 - fluoro - 4 ( ethaneamidoylmethylamino ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 60 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 547 , m + na 569 0 . 5 mg of 4 - methylamino - 2 - fluorobenzoic acid is mixed with 1 ml of trifluoroacetic anhydride . in 1 hour the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a 20 × 150 column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted in a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol system . the yield is 2 - fluoro - 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid is 470 mg . 450 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide , 480 mg of 2 - fluoro - 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid , and 500 mg of edci are mixed in 3 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column containing silica gel , and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - trifluoroacetylmethyl ) aminophenylcarbonylamino ] 5 - methylbenzamide is 470 mg . 450 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - trifluoroacetylmethyl ) aminophenylcarbonylamino ] 5 - methylbenzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 300 μl of 3 m aqueous naoh and 3 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , and the product is purified with a chromatography technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 2 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 380 mg . 350 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide are dissolved with heating in 5 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled with ice and dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portions of nahco 3 are added till the emission of gasses ceases . the solution obtained after neutralization of excess hcl is diluted with 10 ml of water and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform - treated extracted are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with 1 % aqueous naoh till ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours , neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 20 × 250 column filled with a reversed phase of c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water ; then the elution is carried out with an ethyl alcohol gradient of from 0 to 50 % against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the product yield is about per 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the product purity is controlled with a tlc technique in a 9 : 1 dioxane / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 2 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - ethaneimidoylmethyl ) amino ) phenylcarbonylamino ] 5 - methylbenzamide is 160 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 454 , m + na 476 . 350 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide , 370 mg of 2 - fluoro - 4 -[ trifluoro - acetyl ( methylamino )] benzoic acid , and 390 mg of edci are mixed in 2 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column with silica gel , and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) aminophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 370 mg . 350 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - trifluoroacetylmethyl ) aminophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide are dissolved in a mixture of 300 μl of aqueous naoh and 3 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , and the product is purified with a chromatography technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 320 mg . 300 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide are dissolved with heating in 5 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled in ice and a dry gaseous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min , the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portions of nahco 3 are added till the emission of gasses ceases . the solution obtained after neutralization of excess hcl is diluted with 10 ml of water and extracted three times with chloroform . the chloroform - treated extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with 1 % naoh till ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours , neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 2 -× 250 column filled with a reversed phase of c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water ; then the elution is carried out with a gradient of ethyl alcohol of from 0 to 50 % against the background of aqueous acetic acid . the product yield is about per 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the product purity is controlled with a tlc technique in a 9 : 1 dioxane / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 2 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 2 - fluoro - 4 -( ethaneimidoylmethyl ) amino ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 140 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 474 , m + na 496 . 90 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -( methylamino ) benzoic acid are mixed with 1 ml of trifluoroacetic anhydride . in 1 hour the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a 20 × 150 column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel . the product is eluted in a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol system . the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetylmethyl ) amino )] benzoic acid is 100 mg . 90 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide , 95 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ]- 4 -[ trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid , and 80 mg of edci are mixed in 1 ml of thf and stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column containing silica gel , and the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 5 ( methylene chloride ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetyl ( methyl ) amino )- 2 -( 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 80 mg . 70 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( trifluoroacetylmethyl ) amino )- 2 -( 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is dissolved in a mixture of 100 μl of 3m aqueous naoh and 1 ml of ethanol and stirred for 1 hour ; then the solution is neutralized , the residue is evaporated , and the product is purified with a chromatography technique on silica gel . the product is eluted with methylene chloride . r f = 0 . 4 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 55 mg . 50 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 - methylamino - 2 -( 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is dissolved with heating in 2 ml of acetonitrile . the obtained solution is cooled in ice and a dry aqueous hcl is passed therethrough . in 30 min the solution is placed in a refrigerator and allowed to stand at 5 ° c . for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is added with nahco 3 and stirred thoroughly . new portion of nahco 3 are added till the gas emission ceases . the solution obtained after neutralization of excess hcl is diluted with 5 ml of water and extracted with chloroform three times . the chloroform - treated extracts are joined together and evaporated . the residue is dissolved in water and titrated with 1 % aqueous naoh till ph = 9 . the solution is allowed to stand at 25 ° c . for 3 hours , neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is applied onto a 20 × 250 column filled with a reversed phase of c2 ( rp2 ). the column is washed with 100 ml of water and the elution is carried out with a gradient of ethyl alcohol of from 0 to 50 % against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the product yield is about per 30 % of ethyl alcohol . the product purity is controlled with a tlc techniques in a 9 : 1 dioxane / aqueous ammonia system . r f = 0 . 3 . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[ 4 -( ethaneimidoylmethylamino )- 2 -( 3 -( acetylamino ) propoxy ) phenylcarbonylamino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 20 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 551 , m + na 573 . 100 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide and 150 mg of sodium cyanate are mixed in 1 ml of thf and added with 300 μm of acetic acid . the reaction mixture are stirred for 24 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is applied onto a column containing silica gel , and the product is eluted with chloroform . r f = 0 . 25 ( chloroform ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - carbamoyl ( methyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - methylbanzamide is 70 mg . 60 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - carbamoyl ( methyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - methylbanzamide are dissolved in 2 ml of thf and the solution is added with 200 μl of dimethylsulfate . the reaction mixture is stirred for 24 hours , evaporated , and the residue is subjected to chromatographic separation on silica gel . n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 -( imino ( methoxy ) methyl )( methyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ] 5 - methylbenzamide is eluted with chloroform . the yield is 40 mg . r f = 0 . 4 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 452 , m + na 474 . 250 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenyl - carbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide , 290 mg of 4 - benzyl - 3 , 5 - dimethyl - 1h pyrazole - 1 - carboxamidine hydrochloride , and 130 μl triethylamine are mixed in acetonitrile and allowed to stand at 60 ° c . for 24 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated and separated with a chromatography technique on the reversed phase of c2 . the product is eluted with an ethanol gradient against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the yield of 2 -[ 4 - carbamimidoylmethylamino ] phenylcarbonylamino ]- n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide is 150 mg . 120 mg of 2 -[ 4 - carbamimidoylmethylamino ] phenylcarbonylamino ]- n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl ) 5 - methylbenzamide are dissolved in 2 ml of thf and added with 100 μl of methyl iodide and 150 mg of k 2 co 3 . the reaction mixture is heated to 50 ° c . and allowed to stand for 10 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is separated with a chromatography technique on the reversed phase of c2 . the yield of 2 -[ 4 -( methyl ( n - methylcarbamimidoyl )- amino )] phenylcarbonylamino ]- n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide is 70 mg . r f = 0 . 3 ( 8 : 2 dioxane / aqueous ammonia ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 451 , m + na 473 . 250 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methylaminophenyl - carbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide , 290 mg of 4 - benzyl - 3 , 5 - dimethyl - 1h pyrazole - 1 - carboxamidine hydrochloride , and 130 μl of triethylamine are mixed in acetonitrile and allowed to stand at 60 ° c . for 24 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated and separated with a chromatography technique on the reversed phase of c2 . the product is eluted with an ethanol gradient against the background of 1 % aqueous acetic acid . the yield of 2 -[ 4 - carbamimidoylmethylamino ] phenylcarbonylamino ]- n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 150 mg . 120 mg of 2 -[ 4 - carbamimidoylmethylamino ] phenylcarbonylamino ]- n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl ) 5 - chlorobenzamide are dissolved in 2 ml of thf and added with 100 n1 of methyl iodide and 150 mg of k 2 co 3 . the reaction mixture is heated to 50 ° c . and allowed to stand for 10 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is separated with a chromatography technique on the reversed phase of c2 . the yield of 2 -[ 4 -( methyl ( n - methylcarbamimidoyl )- amino )] phenylcarbonylamino ]- n -( 5 - chloro - pyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 70 mg . r f = 0 . 3 ( 8 : 2 dioxane / aqueous ammonia ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 471 , m + na 493 . a solution of 750 mg of 4 - methylaminobenzoic acid in 10 ml of thf is added with 700 μl of methylisocyanate . the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 72 hours , evaporated , and reevaporated with water . the product is recrystallized from isopropanol . the yield of 4 -[ methyl ( methylcarbamoyl ) amino ] benzoic acid is 700 mg . 300 mg of 4 -[ methylmethylcarbamoyl ) amino ] benzoic acid , 250 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide , and 300 mg of edci in 2 ml of thf are stirred for 72 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is separated with a chromatography technique on silica gel . the column is washed with chloroform and then with 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( methylcarbamoyl ) aminophenylcarbonyl ) amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 280 mg . r f = 0 . 3 ( 8 : 2 dioxane / aqueous ammonia ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 472 , m + na 494 . 240 mg of 4 -[ methylmethylcarbamoyl ) amino ] benzoic acid , 220 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide , and 250 mg of edci in 2 ml of thf is stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is separated with a chromatography technique . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -[( 4 - methyl ( methylcarbamoyl ) aminophenyl - carbonyl ) amino - 5 - methylbenzamide is 250 mg . r f = 0 . 55 ( chloroform ). the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 452 , m + na 474 . a mixture of 0 . 5 g of 4 -[ tertbutoxycarbonyl ( methyl ) amino ] salicylic acid , 0 . 6 g of n -( 3 - chloropropyl )- trifluoroacetylamide , and 0 . 5 g of k 2 co 3 are heated to 110 ° c . in 1 hour the reaction mixture is cooled , diluted with water , and extracted with chloroform ; the extract is evaporated and applied onto a 30 × 150 column filled with 40 to 60 μm of silica gel ; the product is eluted with a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol mixture . r f = 0 . 5 ( 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol ). the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ]- 4 -[( tert - butoxycarbonyl )( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid is 350 mg . 320 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ]- 4 -[( tert - butoxycarbonyl )( methyl ) amino ] benzoic acid are dissolved in 2 ml of ethanol and added with 200 μl of 10 % aqueous hcl , the solution is stirred for 3 hour , then the reaction mixture is neutralized , evaporated , and the residue is separated with a chromatography technique on silica gel in a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol mixture . the yield of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ]- 4 -( methyl ) aminobenzoic acid is 250 mg . 220 mg of 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetylamino )- propoxy ]- 4 -( methyl ) aminobenzoic acid are dissolved in 5 ml of thf and added with 300 μl of methylisocyanate . in 78 hours the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is separated with a chromatography technique on silica gel in a 9 : 1 chloroform / ethanol mixture . the yield of 4 -[ methyl ( methylcarbamoyl ) amino ]- 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetyl - amino ) propoxybenzoic acid is 230 mg . 200 mg of 4 -[ methylmethylcarbamoyl ) amino ]- 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetyl - amino ) propoxybenzoic acid ( 377 ), 140 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - methylbenzamide ( 262 ), and 150 mg of edci in 2 ml of thf are stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is separated with a chromatography technique . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{[ 4 - methylmethylcarbamoyl )- amino ]- 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetyl - amino ) propoxy ] phenylcarbonyl } amino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 210 mg . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform ). 190 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{[ 4 - methyl ( methylcarbamoyl )- amino ]- 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetyl - amino ) propoxy ] phenylcarbonyl } amino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide are dissolved in 2 ml of ethanol , added with 200 ml of 10 % aqueous naoh . in 2 hours the reaction mixture is evaporated and separated with a chromatography technique on silica gel . r f = 0 . 45 ( chloroform ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{[ 4 - methyl ( methylcarbamoyl )- amino ]- 2 -[ 3 - aminopropoxy ] phenylcarbonyl } amino ]- 5 - methylbenzamide is 160 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 525 , m + na 547 . 200 g of -[ 4 - methyl ( methylcarbamoyl )- amino - 2 -[ 3 -( trifluoroacetyl - amino )] propoxybenzoic acid , 140 mg of 2 - amino - n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 5 - chlorobenzamide , and 150 mg of edci in 2 ml of thf are stirred for 48 hours . then the reaction mixture is evaporated , the residue is separated with a chromatography technique . the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{[ 4 - methylmethylcarbamoyl )- amino ]- 2 -[ 3 - trifluoroacetyl - amino ) propoxy ] phenylcarbonyl } amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 210 mg . r f = 0 . 5 ( chloroform ). 190 mg of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{[ 4 - methyl ( methylcarbamoyl )- amino ]- 2 -[ 3 - trifluoroacetyl - amino ) propoxy ] phenylcarbonyl } amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide are dissolved in 2 ml of ethanol and added with 200 ml of 10 % aqueous naoh . in 2 hours the reaction mixture is evaporated and separated with a chromatography technique on silica gel . r f = 0 . 45 ( chloroform ). the yield of n -( 5 - chloropyridine - 2 - yl )- 2 -{[ 4 - methyl ( methylcarbamoyl )- amino ]- 2 -[ 3 - aminopropoxy ] phenylcarbonyl } amino ]- 5 - chlorobenzamide is 160 mg . the mass spectrum ( maldi - vp ): m + h 545 , m + na 567 . for some compounds depicted in the above examples , there has been measured a constant of activity of these substances towards the factor xa in vitro — k i . the measurements were carried out kinetically , in terms of the initial rate of decomposition of the substrate s - 2222 by the protein . the measurements were carried out at room temperature in 2 ml rectangular quartz cuvettes . in the reaction there was used a solution : 50 mm tris - hcl , 150 mm nacl , 2 . 5 mm cacl 2 , and 0 . 1 % peg 6000 , ph 7 . 5 , factor xa 0 . 04 - 1 nm , s - 2222 164 μm . the standard least - squares method was used for determining k m for certain concentrations of the protein and substrate . before the reaction , the protein and the active agent in the solution were under thermostatic control for 10 min ; then the substrate was added and the reaction was initiated . the reaction rate was measured with a specord m80 instrument from a change in the light absorption at a wavelength of 405 nm . the ic 50 values were determined from the experimentally obtained dependence of the initial rates on the concentration of the inhibitor ( active agent ). the k i values were calculated from the concentrations of the protein , substrate , and inhibitors ; the ic 50 values , by the method described in ( 1 ) jordan , s . p . ; waxman , l . ; smith , d . e . ; vlasik , g . p . biochemistry 1990 , 29 , 11095 and ( 2 ) morrison , j . f . biochim biophys . acta 1969 , 185 , 269 . the results are shown in table 1 . for some compounds depicted in the above examples , there has been measured the concentration of these compounds in human blood plasma , at which the prothrombin time of plasma is twice as much — 2pt . the measurements were carried out with the aid of a diahem p kit ( npo renam , www . renam . ru ) by a method described in the instruction for users of the kit . the active compound was dissolved in a blood plasma provided in the kit and was incubated for 3 min . the measurements were carried out with a sysmex ca 50 instrument . for each concentration , there were taken 3 measurements and the result was averaged . the results are shown in table 2 . | 0 |
referring now to the drawings , fig1 is a perspective view of a rotary connector in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention , and fig2 is a partial cross - sectional view taken along line a — a of fig1 . as seen in fig1 , the rotary connector 1 includes a rotating case 10 and a stationary case 11 . the rotating case 10 includes an inner cylinder shaft portion 10 a and an upper flange 10 b . the upper flange 10 b includes a rotating junction 10 c , which provides electrical connection of a cable ( not shown in fig1 ) housed in the connector to an external electrical system . in the embodiment of fig1 , the rotating junction 10 c includes wires 12 , however pins may also be used . the upper flange 10 b of the rotating case 10 further includes a through hole 10 d positioned at a predetermined radial position on the upper flange 10 b . as best seen in fig2 , the stationary case 11 includes an outer cylinder wall 11 a , an upper flange 11 b and a lower flange 11 c . the upper flange 11 b is provided with a through hole 11 d . the through hole 11 d is positioned at substantially the same radial position as the through hole 10 d so that these through holes overlap one another when rotated to the same angular position . overlapping of the through holes 10 d and 11 d creates a window 1 a that allows visual indication of a flexible flat cable within an annular space of the rotary connector 1 as will be further described below . referring again to fig1 , the stationary case 11 includes a plurality of mounting flanges 11 e arranged at suitable positions on the outer cylinder wall 11 a for fixedly mounting the stationary case 11 on an assembly such as a vehicle - body . also arranged on the outer cylinder wall 11 a of the case 11 is a stationary junction 11 f , which provides electrical connection of the cable housed in the rotary connector 1 to an external electrical system . in the embodiment of fig1 , the stationary junction 11 f includes wires 13 , however , pins may also be used . fig3 is an exploded view of the rotary connector showing the interrelation of parts included in a rotary connector assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention . as seen in this figure , the rotary connector assembly includes a rotating case 310 , a stationary case 311 , a flexible flat cable 320 and a separable stationary flange 311 c . the rotating case 310 includes a rotating junction 310 d and the stationary case 311 includes a stationary junction 311 f . as seen in fig3 , the flexible flat cable 320 includes four separate flat cables bent to form u - shapes 320 c . the stationary case 311 joins with the stationary flange 311 c along the dashed assembly line in fig3 to form an integral unit defining an annular space that the flexible flat cable 320 is contained in . the rotating case 310 is then rotationally coupled to the stationary case 311 . as with the embodiment of fig1 and 2 , the rotating case 310 and the stationary case 311 include a rotating through hole 310 d and a stationary through hole 311 d respectively . the through hole 311 d is positioned at substantially the same radial position as the through hole 310 d so that they overlap one another when rotated to the same angular position . while not shown in fig3 , in the final assembly of the rotary connector , one end of the flexible flat cable 320 is connected to the rotating junction 310 d of the rotating case 310 , and an opposing end of the cable 320 is connected to the stationary junction 311 f of the stationary case 311 . fig4 is an illustration of a flexible flat cable assembly used with a rotational connector in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . one end of the flexible flat cable 420 includes rotational junction 410 d having male pins 412 , while an opposing end of the flexible flat cable 420 includes stationary junction 411 f having male wires or pins or wires 413 . in the embodiment of fig4 , the male pins or wires 412 and 413 are suitable for connecting the flexible flat cable 420 to female electrical connectors of external wires . as with the embodiment of fig3 , the flexible flat cable 420 of fig . 4 includes four flat wires that are housed within the annular space of the rotary connector . however , it is understood that the number of flat wires in the cable assembly may be changed depending on the electrical requirements of the assembly that the flexible flat cable is used with . moreover , in one embodiment of the present invention , the rotary connector has a fixed number of flat wires , with a predetermined number of flat wires being electrically active based on the electrical requirements of the assembly , and remaining cables being “ dummy cables ” that act as spacers . as seen in fig4 , the flat wires of the flexible flat cable 420 are housed such that each wire has some of its length wrapped around the inner cylinder shaft portion 10 a of the rotating case 10 shown in fig1 , for example . each wire of the flat cable 420 is then turned back upon itself to form a u - shape 420 c so that the remainder of the flexible flat cable length is wound inside the outer cylinder wall 11 a of the stationary case 11 in an opposite direction . the u - shape bend 420 c of one of the flat wires of the flexible flat cable 420 acts as an indicator that the rotary cable is in a neutral position as will be further described below . the flat cable of fig3 and 4 is a flexible belt - shaped transmission medium for transmitting electrical signals , optical signals , electric power , etc . as shown in fig5 , for example , the cable 520 is an electrical transmission medium that includes a plurality of flat rectangular electrical conductors 520 a , arranged parallel to one another . in the embodiment of fig5 , an insulator 520 b , such as a polyester film , covers the conductors 520 a to electrically insulate them from one another . fig6 and 7 show alternative constructions of a flexible flat cable that may be used in accordance with the present invention . as seen in fig6 , a cable 620 is an electrical transmission medium that includes a plurality of electrical conductors 620 a , having a circular cross section and arranged parallel to one another . an electrical insulation material 620 b covers the conductors 620 a . in fig7 , a flat cable 720 is a light transmission medium in the form of a tape fiber that includes a plurality of optical fibers 720 a for transmitting optical signals . a covering material 720 b covers the fibers 720 a and provides a flexibility to the cable . still alternatively , the flat cable may be a combination of an electrical transmission medium and a light transmission medium , in which case the cable includes electrical conductors and optical fibers covered by an insulation material . in one embodiment of the present invention , a single conductor ribbon wire may be used for the flexible flat cable , as will be described with respect to fig1 below . as noted above , viewing of the u - shaped bend of the flexible flat cable within the window provides an indication that the rotary connector is in a desired neutral position . fig8 a and 8b are front views of a rotary connector 1 that illustrate the use of viewing window and the u - shaped bend to indicate a neutral position of the rotary connector , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . in fig8 a and 8b , the rotary connector 801 is positioned such that the through hole of the rotating case overlaps the through hole of the stationary case to form viewing window 801 a that allows viewing of the interior annular space of the rotary connector 801 . as seen in fig8 a , there is no flat cable bend visible within the viewing window 801 a , which indicates that the rotary connector 801 is not in its neutral position . that is , the rotary case is in a position relative to the stationary case , other than the neutral position . while fig8 a shows no visibility of the flexible cable 820 in the window 1 a , one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that a portion of the cable 20 other than the u - shaped bend 20 c may be visible in the viewing window 801 a . in such a situation an orientation of the cable 820 will make clear that the portion of the cable 820 in the window 801 is not the bend 820 c , and therefore , the rotary connector is not in its neutral position . however , where the rotary case is rotated relative to the stationary case such that the u - shaped bend 820 c is within the viewing window 801 a , the rotary connector 801 is in the neutral position as shown in fig8 b . thus , according to the present invention , the rotating case 10 is in a neutral position relative to the stationary case 11 when the through holes 10 d and 11 d are aligned to form viewing window 1 a , and one of the u - shaped bends 20 c of the cable 20 is visible within the viewing window 1 a . in order for the alignment of the viewing window 1 a and the cable bend 20 c to correspond to the neutral position , the through holes 10 d and 11 d must be positioned in a predetermined position on the rotary connector , and the length of the flexible flat cable 20 must correspond to the positioning of the viewing window 1 a as well as the rotational range ( i . e . the maximum number of turns or angular rotation ) of the rotary connector . that is , where the rotary connector 1 has a rotational range of several turns , the viewing window will appear with each 360 degrees of rotation , but the length of the flexible flat cable 20 is selected such that a bend 20 c will appear in the viewing window only when the connector is in the desired neutral position . for example , in the embodiment of the present invention shown in fig3 , the flexible flat cable 320 is 805 mm long and the viewing window formed by the through holes 210 d and 311 d is located at approximately 2 o &# 39 ; clock when referenced to a clock face , if viewed from the vehicle driver &# 39 ; s position in the case of an automobile application . with this configuration , the rotary connector will have a rotational range of approximately +/− 2 . 5 turns and the cable bend 320 c will appear in the viewing window at approximately 2 . 5 turns from each end of the functional rotational range . this identifies the functional center of the rotary connector and the neutral position . it is to be understood , however , that the present invention is not limited to this specific example , and the rotational range of the connector may be any number of turns with the desired neutral position being other than the functional center of the connector . more specifically , in one embodiment of the present invention , the cable lengths l 1 , l 2 , l 3 and l 4 of the present invention have four progressively longer lengths . the cable lengths may be determined by the following calculations : l 1 =* length to make bus bar ( rotor side )+( 2 . 5 )( π )( d r )+( 0 . 5 )( π )(( d s − d r )/ 2 )+( 2 . 5 )( π )( d s )+* length to make bus bar ( stationary side ). l 2 =* length to make bus bar ( rotor side )+( 2 . 75 )( π )( d r )+( 0 . 5 )( π )(( d s − d r )/ 2 )+( 2 . 75 )( π )( d s )+* length to make bus bar ( stationary side ). l 3 =* length to make bus bar ( rotor side )+( 3 )( π )( d r )+( 0 . 5 )( π )(( d s − d r )/ 2 )+( 3 )( π )( d s )+* length to make bus bar ( stationary side ). l 4 =* length to make bus bar ( rotor side )+( 3 . 25 )( π )( d r )+( 0 . 5 )( π )(( d s − d r )/ 2 )+( 3 . 25 )( π )( d s )+* length to make bus bar ( stationary side ). * length varies due to external design factors d r = outside diameter of rotational member d s = inside diameter of stationary member ] in addition , the calculation of cable lengths may account for the thickness of the cable . referring to fig4 , the distance from the outer circle of the cables to the stationary junction 411 f and the distance from the inner circle to the rotating junction 410 d are the “ lengths to make bus bar ”. these distances can vary from design to design and cannot be formulated as with the diameters . centering of the rotary connector to a neutral position will be described with respect to the rotary connector 1 shown in fig1 . centering to the neutral position is preferably accomplished by turning the rotary case 10 in a clockwise direction . rotation is complete when the rotary connector 1 has depleted the flat cable 20 windings along the inner wall 11 a of the stationary case 11 and begins to pull at the junction 11 f . the pulling of the flat cable 20 , at the stationary junction 11 f is readily discernable as the operating torque of the rotary connector 1 is very low ( typically & lt ; 0 . 1 nm ) and the end of travel for the flat cable 20 feels much like the rotary connector 1 has been snagged . once the end of rotational travel has been established , the rotating case 10 is to be counter - rotated ( 2 . 5 – 3 . 0 turns in a preferred embodiment ) until the through hole 10 d of the rotating case 10 aligns with the through hole 11 d of the stationary case 11 , creating a centering window 1 a . when the u - shape turn 20 c of the flat cable 20 appears in the centering window 1 a the rotary connector 1 is properly centered within its functional rotational limits , i . e . its neutral position . in one embodiment of the present invention , the rotary connector may be provided with a fixing mechanism such as that described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 257 , 943 , which is incorporated herein by reference . in accordance with the present invention however , if the fixing mechanism for fixing the rotary connector in a neutral position is broken during transport of the rotary connector to the final assembly , the neutral position can be easily found at the place of final assembly . moreover , the fixing mechanism may be eliminated from the rotary connector to save material and assembly costs . finally viewing the u - shaped bend at the flexible flat cable in the viewing window provides visual assurance at the final assembly that the rotary connector is actually in a neutral position . in one embodiment of a rotary connector , the flexible cable within the connector may require overcurrent protection . as noted in the background section above , prior art rotary connectors provided such overcurrent protection by a fuse contained in a separate fuse box that was bulky and unsightly , and readily accessible to any user of the assembly that the rotary connector was applied to . the present inventors recognized that the need for housing the fuse in an external fuse box was due to space considerations within the rotary connector . more specifically , the present inventors discovered that the prior art use of multiple conductor flexible flat cables to provide high current capability required the use of multiple fuses to provide overcurrent protection of the cable . fig9 shows a multiple conductor flexible flat cable typically used in prior art rotary connectors . as seen in this figure , the prior art cable includes input bus bar 901 , input cable length 903 , input bus bar 905 , load 907 , output bus bar 909 , output cable length 911 , and output bus bar 913 . the input components , 901 , 903 and 905 carry current to the load 907 , and the output components 909 , 911 , and 913 carry current away from the load 907 . for example , the input components may carry high current from chassis wires of an automobile to a resistive heating coil of a heated steering wheel in an automobile , while the output components provide current to return wires in the chassis of the automobile . as seen in fig9 , each of the input length 903 and the output length 911 include six conductors 915 separated from one another by insulation strips 917 . the input bus bar 905 and output bus bar 909 each provide a common electrical connection for the six conductors 915 of their respective connectors in order to provide high current to the load 907 . however , the input bus bar 901 and the output bus bar 913 provide six discrete bonding pads for chassis wires that carry current to and from the flexible flat cable . as also seen in fig9 , use of the discrete bus bars 901 and 913 require six different fuses 920 to provide overcurrent protection for each of the six current paths providing current to the load 907 . the present inventors recognized that this configuration results in inefficient use of space that prevents the overcurrent protection system of the flexible flat cable from being provided integral with the rotary connector . fig1 shows a single ribbon flexible flat cable used in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . as seen in this figure , the cable includes input bus bar 1001 , input cable length 1003 , input bus bar 1005 , load 1007 , output bus bar 1009 , output cable length 1011 , and output bus bar 1013 . as with the prior art cable of fig9 , the input components , 1001 , 1003 and 1005 carry current to the load 1007 , and the output components 1009 , 1011 , and 1013 carry current away from the load 1007 . however , as seen in fig1 , each of the input length 1003 and the output length 1011 includes a single ribbon conductor 1015 having a relatively large width for providing high current capacity . the single ribbon conductor is preferably made of copper , but any suitable conductor may be used . the ribbon conductors 1015 are coated with an insulating material such as a mylar sheet that electrically insulates and provides a flexibility for the cable lengths . because the cable lengths 1003 and 1011 use a single ribbon conductor , each of the bus bars 1001 , 1005 , 1009 , and 1013 are common electrical connection bus bars . thus , as also seen in fig1 , a single fuse 1020 provides overcurrent protection for the flexible flat cable . the present inventors recognized that such use of a single fuse provides space efficiency that allows the overcurrent protection to be integrated within the rotary connector . fig1 is a picture of a high current capable rotary connector having an integral blade fuse in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . as seen in fig1 , the rotary connector 1101 is shown without a cover to reveal the flexible flat cables housed within the annular space of the rotary connector 1101 . the rotary connector 1101 includes a rotating case and a stationary case , combined for the purpose of housing flexible flat cable ( s ), similar to the rotary connectors previously described with respect to fig1 and 4 . in the embodiment of fig1 , the flexible flat cable 1120 includes four flat wires , two of which are single conductor ribbon wires ( 1103 visible in fig1 ) for providing input and output high current to the rotary connector 1101 , with the two remaining ribbon wires being multiple conductor wires ( 1105 visible in fig1 ) for providing separate current sources to the rotary cable 1101 . while the flexible flat cable 1120 of fig1 is shown to have u - shaped turns 1120 c , such a configuration is not necessary to obtaining the advantages of the overcurrent fuse provided integral to the rotary connector 1101 . for example , the flexible flat cable 1120 may be provided as a spiral , as described for prior art cables in the background of the invention section above . the ribbon wires of the flexible cable 1120 are coated with a mylar sheet and electrically connected with a bus - bar to the rotating and stationary mating terminations of the rotary connector . the mylar sheet affords some structure to the flat cable and provides electrical insulation from adjacent flat cables . by design , these flat cables are incapable of handling currents exceeding a predetermined amperage ( for example 8 . 0 amps ), so over - current protection is generally necessary . in fig1 , the over current protection is provided by a blade fuse 1107 mounted internal to the rotary connector 1101 . the blade fuse 1107 is suitably rated for the size of the copper ribbon and preferably snaps into a recess in the rotary connector 1101 so as to be completely housed within the rotary connector 1101 when the connector is fully assembled . fig1 is an enlarged drawing showing details of a blade fuse area of a rotary connector in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . as seen in this figure , the electrical bus - bar of the present invention is separated into two electrically insulated parts 1203 and 1205 . each insulated side 1203 and 1205 of the bus bar includes tangs ( not shown ) that protrude and provide a suitable docking feature for intermediate terminals 1209 which in turn provide a suitable docking feature the blade type fuse 1207 . the bus - bar also serves as an intermediate terminal for electrically fixing the flexible flat cable to any external wires . in addition to providing a fuse contained within the rotary connector , a bus bar assembly according to the present invention provides heat sinking features that improve the over current protection for the flexible flat cable of the rotary connector . fig1 a is a drawing showing the configuration of a prior art bus bar assembly . as seen in this figure , the prior art bus bar assembly of includes a housing 1351 and six discrete bonding pads 1353 for connecting discrete wires to the bus bar assembly as described with respect to fig9 above . the bonding pads 1353 of the bus - bar assembly are fabricated using a nominal copper thickness of 0 . 3 mm appropriate for ultra sonic welding of the flexible flat cable and round wire to the bus bar . the present inventors have recognized that this configuration of the prior art bus bar assembly provides little ability to sink away excess heat created by high current electrical loads , thus potentially blowing the fuse prematurely . fig1 b is a drawing showing the configuration of a bus bar assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . as seen in this figure , the bus bar assembly includes a housing 1301 , and parts 1303 and 1305 physically separated and electrically insulated from one another . while not shown in fig1 a , the parts 1303 and 1305 are electrically connected to one another by a fuse device that provides over current protection for the rotary cable assembly . as shown in fig1 b , the bus - bar parts 1303 and 1305 are fabricated using extra thick copper of 0 . 8 mm , which sinks away some of the heat created from high electrical loads , thus avoiding premature fuse blow . moreover , the housing 1301 of the bus bar assembly includes sink fins 1309 that sink away some of the heat created from high current electrical loads , thus avoiding premature fuse blow . while not shown in fig1 b , the housing 1301 may also include a cooling pipe for heat sinking . in the embodiment of fig1 b , the housing 1301 includes a wire recess 1311 for holding an input round wire , such as a chassis wire of an automobile , to the bus bar assembly , and a bus bar connector portion 1313 for connecting to a connector end of the flexible flat cable of the rotary connector . fig1 is a drawing showing a detailed configuration of a bus bar assembly having a surface mount fuse in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . as with the bus bar described in fig1 , the bus bar includes a housing 1401 and electrically insulated parts 1403 and 1405 . the parts 1403 and 1405 are electrically connected by surface mount fuse 1407 . in addition , the bus bar assembly includes heating fins 1409 and increased thickness copper . the bus bar and fuse assembly also includes a round wire recess 1411 for holding an input wire to the bus bar assembly , and a bus bar connector portion 1413 for connecting to a connector end of the flexible flat cable of the rotary connector . fig1 is a drawing showing a detailed configuration of a bus bar assembly having a pico fuse in accordance with one embodiment of the present . as with the embodiments previously described , the bus bar assembly includes a housing 1501 and electrically insulated parts 1503 and 1505 . in the embodiment of fig1 , each insulated side of the bus bar 1503 and 1505 has a hole that provides typical mounting for pico fuse 1507 , which electrically connects the parts 1503 and 1505 . the bus bar assembly of fig1 also includes heating fins 1509 and increased thickness copper . fig1 also shows an electrical wire fixed in the wire recess 1509 , and a ribbon cable fixed to the bus bar connector portion 1511 . thus , a rotary connector of the present invention houses a fused devise for purpose protecting vulnerable flexible flat cables from over - current loading . the fused device is preferably housed within the connector in a more overall compact design of the rotary connector . moreover , the fused device is preferably housed within the connector such a way as to not permit replacement of the fuse so that the rotary connector is provided as a replacement unit . however , an embodiment of the invention may include a fuse provided integral to the rotary connector and readily removable for replacement by any user , or by use of special purpose tooling that is generally available only to experienced maintenance persons . obviously , numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings . it is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein . | 1 |
it will be readily understood that the components of the present invention , as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein , may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations . thus , the following detailed description of the embodiments of the apparatus , system , and method of the present invention , as presented in the figures , is not intended to limit the scope of the invention , as claimed , but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention . reference throughout this specification to “ a select embodiment ,” “ one embodiment ,” or “ an embodiment ” means that a particular feature , structure , or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention . thus , appearances of the phrases “ a select embodiment ,” “ in one embodiment ,” or “ in an embodiment ” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment . the illustrated embodiments of the invention will be best understood by reference to the drawings , wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout . the following description is intended only by way of example , and simply illustrates certain selected embodiments of devices , systems , and processes that are consistent with the invention as claimed herein . reference is made to real space and a storage container , and virtual space and a data container . real space and the storage container refer to actual , physical storage capacity of a nonvolatile storage system , such as a hard disk drive or a pool of hard disk drives . virtual space and the data container refer to an addressable space in which a storage application may operate . capacity of the data container may not directly correspond to the capacity of the storage container . an agent is provided to balance the reported available space between the storage container and the data container . the functionality of the agent monitors capacity of both the data container and the storage container , and through its operation supports the storage application &# 39 ; s ability to create , write , truncate , and delete data objects without disruption . more specifically , the agent creates a data object to occupy virtual space in the data container so that an appropriate amount of virtual space is consumed while consuming little or no real space , and adjusts the size of the data object over time to cause the amount of real capacity available in the storage container to be reflected in the amount of virtual capacity available in the data container . as used virtual space reaches full capacity due to the size adjustment of the agent - controlled data object , the storage application that stores data in a data container is inhibited from allocating more space for other data objects . to create more space in the associated storage container , more real storage capacity may be added , or if possible , data objects may be migrated to another storage container , or real space still allocated to deleted data objects may be freed . accordingly , the agent functions to bring the knowledge of the new available space state of the storage container to the data container . fig1 is a block diagram ( 100 ) illustrating tools embedded in a computer system to support monitoring of virtual and real space used , and allocating and de - allocating data container space in a storage application . there are five primary components shown herein , including an application server ( 110 ), a storage application ( 160 ), a data container ( 130 ), a storage controller ( 140 ), a storage container ( 146 ) and a monitoring agent ( 150 ). the application server ( 110 ) is provided with a processing unit ( 112 ) operatively coupled to memory ( 114 ) across a bus ( 116 ). the application server is shown with an operating system ( 118 ) in communication with application software ( 120 ) and computer hardware , e . g . the processing unit ( 112 ) and memory ( 114 ). the application software ( 120 ), also referred to herein as a user application , reads and writes data to the data container ( 130 ), via requests to the storage application ( 160 ). the storage controller ( 140 ) is in communication with the storage application ( 160 ). as shown , the storage controller ( 140 ) includes a processing unit ( 142 ) in communication with memory ( 144 ) and is embodied with a storage container ( 146 ). in one embodiment , the storage container ( 146 ) includes multiple physical storage devices . in one embodiment , the storage controller ( 140 ) is in local communication with the application server ( 110 ) and functions to store data generated by application software ( 120 ) operating in the application server ( 110 ). in one embodiment , the storage controller ( 140 ) may be in remote communication with the application server ( 110 ), and may also be in communication with one or more additional storage containers in a shared pool of resources . regardless of the local or remote communication between the application server ( 110 ) and the storage controller ( 140 ), the data container ( 130 ) reflects the virtual capacity and the storage container ( 146 ) reflects the real capacity . the monitoring agent ( 150 ), also referred to herein as the agent , is in communication with both the data container ( 130 ) and the storage container ( 146 ). the agent ( 150 ) may be in the form of an application , or in one embodiment an independent process in the operating system ( 118 ). the agent ( 150 ) functions to learn from the data container ( 130 ) how much of its virtual space is available , and to learn from the associated storage container ( 146 ) how much real space is available the agent ( 150 ) monitors virtual space allocated in the data container ( 130 ) and monitors real space allocated in the storage container ( 146 ). in addition to the monitoring function , the agent ( 150 ) compares usage of the virtual space to usage of the real space . the agent ( 150 ) functions to provide a balance between the spaces . in one mode , the agent ( 150 ) operates in a passive mode in which it reserves a portion of free capacity in the virtual space . the agent ( 150 ) adjusts the size of this reserved portion in order to bring balance to the real and virtual spaces . the adjustment set forth by the agent ( 150 ) includes expanding the size of the reserved virtual space when the available real space in the storage container is below a threshold . in one embodiment , the agent ( 150 ) operates in a continuous mode to monitor available capacity in the real space . the continuous mode of operation includes reducing the size of the reserved virtual space when the available real space in the associated storage container is greater than a threshold . as noted above , in one embodiment , the virtual space reservation is accomplished via a data object created or embedded in the data container ( 130 ). in another mode , the agent ( 150 ) operates in an aggressive mode in which the agent reacts to usage of the real space in the storage container ( 146 ) exceeding a capacity utilization threshold . once this threshold is attained , the agent ( 150 ) inhibits writing of new data in the real space by increasing the size of the reserved virtual space such that there is very little or no virtual space available . with respect to both the passive mode and the aggressive mode , the function of the agent ( 150 ) is to enable the storage application to maintain full operability while occupancy in the storage container ( 146 ) is balanced with the data container ( 130 ). as identified above , the agent ( 150 ) is shown residing local to the application server ( 110 ). in one embodiment , the agent ( 150 ) may reside as an application in memory ( 114 ) or as a hardware tool or an application external to the memory ( 114 ). in another embodiment , the agent ( 150 ) may be implemented as a combination of hardware and software . in the case of the storage container representing a shared pool of resources , the agent ( 150 ) may be collectively or individually distributed across the shared pool of computer resources and function as a unit to support maintaining the occupancy of the storage space in alignment with the virtual space . accordingly , agent ( 150 ) may be implemented as a software tool , hardware tool , or a combination of software and hardware . to further illustrate and as shown herein , fig2 is a flow chart ( 200 ) illustrating one aspect of the agent consuming virtual space in the data container in a periodic adjustment mode . the agent periodically monitors a real capacity utilization of the storage container , compares this against the virtual capacity utilization of the data container , and adjusts the size of a virtual space filling data object in order to align virtual space used with real space used . more specifically , the agent aligns virtual capacity utilization of the data container with the real capacity utilization of the storage container . in one embodiment , the alignment includes making the percentage of used space the same in both the data and storage containers . a data object whose size can be adjusted is created in the data container ( 202 ). the size of the data object is adjustable and can be expanded or contracted . the data object is created to consume an appropriate amount of virtual space while consuming little or no real space . in one embodiment , the data object is a file that has file system data blocks allocated to it without writing data to the storage controller . in another embodiment , the data object has zeros written to all of the bytes in the data object given that for storage controllers with compression or thin provisioning capability , a zero filled file will cause minimal or no real space to be consumed . in one embodiment , the agent is configured in a linux based system and the file allocate command , e . g . fallocate , is used to pre - allocate blocks to the file , where blocks are allocated and marked as uninitialized , requiring no i / o to the data blocks . accordingly , the size - adjustable data object is created in the virtual space and occupies a minimal amount of space therein . the size - adjustable data object in the virtual space balances availability of the virtual space with the real space . virtual space in the data container is measured ( 204 ), and the real space in the storage container is measured ( 206 ). as shown , it is determined if the real space occupancy is greater than expected ( 208 ). in one embodiment , the occupancy determination may be with respect to a threshold . the determination at step ( 208 ) ascertains if the available capacity of the storage container is reflected by the available capacity in the data container . in one embodiment , the determination at step ( 208 ) ascertains if the capacity of the storage container is being consumed faster than expected . if the real space occupancy is greater than expected , the virtual size of the size - adjustable data object in the virtual space is expanded ( 210 ). accordingly , the capacity of the real space is monitored and the size - adjustable data object is expanded in the virtual space in response to the occupancy of the real space being greater than expected . if the determination at step ( 208 ) is negative , it is then determined if the real space occupancy is less than expected ( 212 ). this determination ascertains if the virtual size of the size - adjustable data object needs to be contracted . in the periodic adjustment mode , the data object is present in the data container , and it is adjusted in response to the monitoring of the occupancy of the storage container . if the storage container occupancy is less than expected , the virtual size of the size - adjustable data object is contracted ( 214 ). the contraction of the data object provides more space for applications to write data to the data container . at the same time , the contraction of the data object brings knowledge to the data container that there is more space available in the storage container . the continuity of the monitoring is demonstrated with an interval associated with monitoring . as shown , following the expansion of the virtual size of the file at step ( 210 ), a negative response to the determination at step ( 212 ), or following contracting the virtual size of the file at step ( 214 ), the agent pauses for a set interval ( 216 ) prior to returning to the measurements at steps ( 204 ) and ( 206 ). in one embodiment , the interval at step ( 216 ) may be adjusted . accordingly , the virtual size of the size - adjustable data object in the data container is adjusted such that the virtual occupancy of the data container reflects occupancy in the associated storage container . the determinations illustrated at steps ( 208 ) and ( 212 ) are an example of the assessments in the storage container that may be employed for adjustment of the virtual data object in the data container . in one embodiment , an agent is provided to monitor the occupancy of the real space . the determinations shown at step ( 208 ) and ( 212 ) exemplify how the agent may employ periodic monitoring to the occupancy of the storage container , and implement expansion or contraction of the virtual data object . furthermore , the order of the determinations at steps ( 208 ) and ( 212 ) should not be considered limiting , and in one embodiment the order in which they are implemented may be reversed . accordingly , the expansion and contraction of the virtual data object ensures that virtual capacity utilization of the data container generally reflects the real capacity utilization of the storage container . as shown in fig2 , the agent monitors virtual space in a data container allocated by a storage application and real space allocated in a storage container . in one embodiment , the agent functions by comparing a ratio of virtual space usage to real space usage with an expected value for the ratio . the ratio reflects a balance between the containers . as noted above , when the occupancy of the storage container reaches its limit , this affects the functionality of the data container . if the ratio meets the expected value , the agent may keep the size of the data container to be the same , and if the ratio exceeds the expected value , the agent may activate or otherwise adjust the size of the virtual data object in the data container . accordingly , the agent may operate in a comparison mode between the containers and their associated occupancy . as shown in fig2 , the virtual data object is present in the data container and the size of the virtual data object is adjusted on a periodic basis to balance usage of space in the data container with usage of space in the storage container . in one embodiment , balancing of available virtual space in the data container ensures availability of real space in an associated storage container . fig3 is a flow chart ( 300 ) depicting an alternate function mode of the agent , also referred to herein as an emergency mode . in this mode , the virtual data object is activated based on detection that the real space is close to attaining full capacity . as shown , a capacity utilization threshold is established in the real space ( 302 ). in one embodiment , the capacity utilization threshold reflects a maximum or near maximum quantity of consumed blocks in the real space . real space in the storage container is periodically measured ( 304 ), and it is determined if the threshold has been reached ( 306 ). in one embodiment , the determination at step ( 306 ) ascertains if the threshold has been met or exceeded . at such time as this threshold is attained ( 306 ), the virtual data object is activated and the size of the virtual data object is expanded ( 308 ). in one embodiment , the virtual data object is always present or available in the virtual space . when expanded , the virtual file effectively reserves almost all the virtual space in the data container based upon meeting the threshold in the storage container . at the same time , the occupation of expanded virtual space by the virtual data object inhibits further allocation of virtual space in the data container , which inhibits writing of new data into the real space . if at step ( 306 ) it is determined that the threshold has not been met , then the agent pauses for a set interval ( 310 ) prior to returning to the periodic measurement at step ( 304 ). in one embodiment , the interval at step ( 310 ) may be adjusted . expansion of the size of the virtual data object in the virtual space at step ( 308 ) reserves virtual space to inhibit further virtual space allocation . either during or following the expansion of the virtual file at step ( 308 ), the capacity utilization threshold in the real space of the storage container is periodically measured ( 312 ), and it is determined if the amount of free space in the storage container is great than a threshold ( 314 ). once the free space in the storage container is greater than the threshold , the virtual data object is contracted ( 316 ) or deactivated . in one embodiment , the size of the virtual data object may be contracted to a lower percentage of free capacity once the amount of allocated real space in the storage container goes under the threshold . the monitoring of the real space in the storage container continues . as shown , following a negative response to the determination at step ( 314 ), the agent pauses for a set interval ( 318 ) prior to returning to the periodic measurement at step ( 312 ). in one embodiment , the interval at step ( 318 ) may be adjusted . following the contraction of the file at step ( 316 ), the process returns to step ( 310 ) to pause for the set interval . accordingly , continuity of the monitoring is demonstrated with an interval associated with monitoring . with respect to the embodiments shown and described in both fig2 and fig3 , some storage applications &# 39 ; data containers are configured to store data in multiple storage controller storage containers . in this embodiment , the virtual data object may be configured for the entire data container . similarly , the virtual data object may be configured on a storage container basis that can individually balance the virtual space with the real space separately for each storage controller storage container . accordingly , the virtual data object may be employed on either an individual basis or a multiple storage container basis . the agent is employed to manage the virtual data object . there are two modes of operation for the data object , one mode operating on a periodic basis , fig2 , and another mode operating on an emergency basis , fig3 . these two modes are not mutually exclusive . regardless of the mode or combination of modes , the use of the virtual data object brings knowledge to the storage application of how much space is available in the storage container . without the virtual data object and the expansion and contraction thereof , knowledge of the data container and available space is limited to the virtual space . expansion of the data object brings knowledge to the data container about space limitations in the storage container . conversely , contraction of the virtual data object brings knowledge to the data container about space availability in the storage container . accordingly , by activating the virtual data object for expansion or contraction , knowledge about space availability or space restrictions is made available to the storage application by adjusting the apparent amount of virtual space available in the data container . the server described above in fig1 has been labeled with a tool in the form of an agent . the tool may be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays , programmable array logic , programmable logic devices , or the like . the tool may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors . an identified functional unit of executable code may , for instance , comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions which may , for instance , be organized as an object , procedure , function , or other construct . nevertheless , the executable of the tool need not be physically located together , but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which , when joined logically together , comprise the tool and achieve the stated purpose of the tool . indeed , executable code could be a single instruction , or many instructions , and may even be distributed over several different code segments , among different applications , and across several memory devices . similarly , operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within the tool , and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure . the operational data may be collected as a single data set , or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices , and may exist , at least partially , as electronic signals on a system or network . furthermore , the described features , structures , or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments . in the following description , numerous specific details are provided , such as examples of agents , to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention . one skilled in the relevant art will recognize , however , that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details , or with other methods , components , materials , etc . in other instances , well - known structures , materials , or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention . referring now to the block diagram of fig4 , additional details are now described with respect to implementing an embodiment of the present invention . the computer system includes one or more processors , such as a processor ( 402 ). the processor ( 402 ) is connected to a communication infrastructure ( 404 ) ( e . g ., a communications bus , cross - over bar , or network ). the computer system can include a display interface ( 406 ) that forwards graphics , text , and other data from the communication infrastructure ( 404 ) ( or from a frame buffer not shown ) for display on a display unit ( 408 ). the computer system also includes a main memory ( 410 ), preferably random access memory ( ram ), and may also include a secondary memory ( 412 ). the secondary memory ( 412 ) may include , for example , a hard disk drive ( 414 ) and / or a removable storage drive ( 416 ), representing , for example , a floppy disk drive , a magnetic tape drive , or an optical disk drive . the removable storage drive ( 416 ) reads from and / or writes to a removable storage unit ( 418 ) in a manner well known to those having ordinary skill in the art . removable storage unit ( 418 ) represents , for example , a floppy disk , a compact disc , a magnetic tape , or an optical disk , etc ., which is read by and written to by removable storage drive ( 416 ). as will be appreciated , the removable storage unit ( 418 ) includes a computer readable medium having stored therein computer software and / or data . in alternative embodiments , the secondary memory ( 412 ) may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into the computer system . such means may include , for example , a removable storage unit ( 420 ) and an interface ( 422 ). examples of such means may include a program package and package interface ( such as that found in video game devices ), a removable memory chip ( such as an eprom , or prom ) and associated socket , and other removable storage units ( 420 ) and interfaces ( 422 ) which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit ( 420 ) to the computer system . the computer system may also include a communications interface ( 424 ). communications interface ( 424 ) allows software and data to be transferred between the computer system and external devices . examples of communications interface ( 424 ) may include a modem , a network interface ( such as an ethernet card ), a communications port , or a pcmcia slot and card , etc . software and data transferred via communications interface ( 424 ) is in the form of signals which may be , for example , electronic , electromagnetic , optical , or other signals capable of being received by communications interface ( 424 ). these signals are provided to communications interface ( 424 ) via a communications path ( i . e ., channel ) ( 426 ). this communications path ( 426 ) carries signals and may be implemented using wire or cable , fiber optics , a phone line , a cellular phone link , a radio frequency ( rf ) link , and / or other communication channels . in this document , the terms “ computer program medium ,” “ computer usable medium ,” and “ computer readable medium ” are used to generally refer to media such as main memory ( 410 ) and secondary memory ( 412 ), removable storage drive ( 416 ), and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive ( 414 ). computer programs ( also called computer control logic ) are stored in main memory ( 410 ) and / or secondary memory ( 412 ). computer programs may also be received via a communication interface ( 424 ). such computer programs , when run , enable the computer system to perform the features of the present invention as discussed herein . in particular , the computer programs , when run , enable the processor ( 402 ) to perform the features of the computer system . accordingly , such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system . as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art , aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system , method or computer program product . accordingly , aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment ( including firmware , resident software , micro - code , etc .) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “ circuit ,” “ module ” or “ system .” furthermore , aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium ( s ) having computer readable program code embodied thereon . any combination of one or more computer readable medium ( s ) may be utilized . the computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium . a computer readable storage medium may be , for example , but not limited to , an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system , apparatus , or device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . more specific examples ( a non - exhaustive list ) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following : an electrical connection having one or more wires , a portable computer diskette , a hard disk , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), an erasable programmable read only memory ( eprom or flash memory ), an optical fiber , a portable compact disc read - only memory ( cd - rom ), an optical storage device , a magnetic storage device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . in the context of this document , a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain , or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . a computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein , for example , in baseband or as part of a carrier wave . such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms , including , but not limited to , electro - magnetic , optical , or any suitable combination thereof . a computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate , propagate , or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium , including but not limited to wireless , wireline , optical fiber cable , rf , etc ., or any suitable combination of the foregoing . computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages , including an object oriented programming language such as java , smalltalk , c ++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages , such as the “ c ” programming language or similar programming languages . the program code may execute entirely on the user &# 39 ; s computer , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer , as a stand - alone software package , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server . in the latter scenario , the remote computer may be connected to the user &# 39 ; s computer through any type of network , including a local area network ( lan ) or a wide area network ( wan ), or the connection may be made to an external computer ( for example , through the internet using an internet service provider ). aspects of the present invention are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods , apparatus ( systems ) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention . it will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , can be implemented by computer program instructions . these computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer , special purpose computer , or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine , such that the instructions , which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus , create means for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . these computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to function in a particular manner , such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function / act specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer , other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture , functionality , and operation of possible implementations of systems , methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention . in this regard , each block in the flowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module , segment , or portion of code , which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function ( s ). it should also be noted that , in some alternative implementations , the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures . for example , two blocks shown in succession may , in fact , be executed substantially concurrently , or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order , depending upon the functionality involved . it will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , can be implemented by special purpose hardware - based systems that perform the specified functions or acts , or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions . the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention . as used herein , the singular forms “ a ”, “ an ” and “ the ” are intended to include the plural forms as well , unless the context clearly indicates otherwise . it will be further understood that the terms “ comprises ” and / or “ comprising ,” when used in this specification , specify the presence of stated features , integers , steps , operations , elements , and / or components , but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features , integers , steps , operations , elements , components , and / or groups thereof . the corresponding structures , materials , acts , and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure , material , or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed . the description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description , but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed . many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . the embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application , and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . accordingly , the code stream compression supports flexibility with respect to decompression , including , decompression of the code stream from an arbitrary position therein , with the decompression being a recursive process to the underlying literal of a referenced phrase . it will be appreciated that , although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . in particular , a capability may be introduced in the storage application to coordinate with the agent monitoring occupancy in the storage container to have virtual space filling data objects per storage container that can individually balance the virtual with the real sizes separately for each storage controller storage container . accordingly , the scope of protection of this invention is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents . | 6 |
with reference to the embodiment of the invention shown in fig1 - 6 , a front axial sleeve 1 includes a shouldered portion 2 and a small diameter portion 3 . three slits 4 are formed at a rear end of the axial sleeve 1 equidistantly in its circumference . a slider pipe 5 is slidably provided in a front portion of the axial sleeve 1 . a front portion of the slider 5 is retractable into the body and projectable from the body . a lead holding member 6 is provided in the slider 5 . the lead holding member 6 is made of elastic material such as rubber or synthetic resin in order to lightly hold the lead therein at all times . a chuck 7 biased is an open position due to its resiliency is inserted into the rear of the front axial sleeve 1 . a chuck tightening member 8 is provided on the outer periphery of the chuck 7 . three equidistant projections 9 which are engaged with the slits 4 in the axial sleeve are formed on the outer periphery of the tightening member 8 . each of the projections 9 extends slightly above the small diameter portion 3 of the front axial sleeve 1 . a stopper ring 10 is provided at the rear end of the small diameter portion 3 and is positioned behind the projections 9 . a generally cylindrical depression member 11 is provided on the outer periphery of the front axial sleeve 1 with a front end of the depression member fixedly secured to the front outer periphery of the sleeve and the rear end thereof to the outer periphery of the stopper ring 10 . a plurality of slits 12 are equidistantly formed in the axial direction in the depression member 11 . the depression member 11 is made of metal , plastics or the like . the mid - portion thereof is deformable inwardly by a depressing force . when the force is released , the depression member 11 is restored to the original shape . it is desirable that the depression member 11 be made of highly flexible and durable material . a small diameter portion 14 of a rear axial sleeve 13 is inserted into the small diameter portion of the front axial sleeve so that the front and rear axial sleeves 1 and 13 are fixedly engaged with each other . the body of the mechanical pencil is made up of the front and rear axial sleeves . the rear end of the chuck 7 is threadedly engaged with a front end of a lead casing 15 which is enclosed in the rear axial sleeve 13 . a shouldered portion 16 is formed at an outer intermediate portion of the lead casing 15 . a spring s 1 is disposed between the shouldered portion 16 and an inner end portion of the rear axial sleeve 13 to thereby urge the lead casing 15 rearwardly with a rear end of the lead casing 15 abutting against a cap member 17 . a through hole 18 is formed in the lead casing 15 in the axial direction and also a through hole 19 is formed in the rear axial sleeve 13 in the axial direction so that a single long rod 20 passes therethrough . the rod 20 abuts at a front end to the rear end of the tightening member 8 and at a rear end to a front end of pushbutton member 21 which is inserted into the cap member 17 . in operation , when no force is applied to the mechanical pencil , the chuck 7 is retracted through the lead casing 15 by the spring s 1 while the rear end of the casing 15 is supported by the cap member . therefore , the chuck 7 is disengaged from the tightening member 8 so that it neither retains nor holds the lead . if the mechanical pencil is , in this state , carried with the tip end directed upward , the slider 5 is automatically received into the body to lower the slider due to its gravitational force . in the writing state , the tip end of the mechanical pencil is directed downward . in this case , the slider 5 is advanced together with the lead as shown in fig1 . when the depression member 11 is pushed inwardly in the state shown in fig1 the axial length of the depression member 11 is shortened to thereby advance slightly the ring 10 . when the ring 10 is advanced , so do the projections 9 of the tightening member 8 to thereby advance the tightening member 8 . since the chuck 7 is retracted by the spring s 1 , when the tightening member 8 is advanced to tighten the chuck 7 , the lead is held by the chuck 7 as shown in fig5 . in this state , when the writing continues and as the lead is worn down , the slider 5 is retracted . it is of course possible to continue the writing until the slider 5 is fully retracted in this state . however , it is quite general that in writing the writing is intermittently ceased such as for the purpose of relaxing the writer &# 39 ; s finger . the depression member 11 is restored to its original shape due to its flexibility without the retaining force as soon as the gripping force has been released . the tightening member 8 releases the chuck 7 to also release the lead . at the instant when the lead is released , the slider 5 is advanced with the lead holding member 6 together with the lead due to gravitational forces returning to the state shown in fig1 . writing may continue while the depression member 11 is pushed inwardly . once the depression member 11 is released , a new lead is automatically fed . in addition , in the mechanical pencil of the invention , any desired length of new lead can be freely fed from the end of the slider 5 . in order to supply the lead , a much greater force is applied to the depression member 11 shown in fig5 and as a result the depression member 11 becomes as shown in fig6 . in this case , the push plate is much more retracted and the ring 10 is also further advanced to push the tightening member 8 . accordingly , the chuck 7 is further advanced while retaining the lead to thereby feed a new lead from the front end of the slider 5 . the lead may be further advanced by repeating the operations from fig1 to fig6 . it is possible to operate the mechanical pencil in the same manner as an ordinary pushbutton - type mechanical pencil . this operation will be described with reference to fig7 . when the pushbutton member 21 is depressed , the tightening member 8 is advanced through the rod 20 . other operations of the mechanical pencil are the same as described above . it should be noted that since the rod 20 directly pushes the tightening member 8 , the ring 10 is not advanced and therefore the depression member 11 is not deformed . furthermore , in order to initially supply to the end of the slider 5 a new lead which was stored in the lead casing 15 , the pushbutton member is preferrably depressed rather than the depression member 11 as it more quickly advances the lead . fig8 shows a second embodiment according to the present invention in which tightening members are provided in front of and behind the chuck 7 , respectively . that is , in addition to the tightening member 8 of the first embodiment , another tightening member 22 is provided in front of the chuck 7 . the tightening member 22 is tapered forwardly in the form of a cylinder and has a flanged portion 23 at the rear end thereof . a spring s 2 is disposed between the flanged portion 23 and a shouldered portion 24 formed in the inner periphery of the front axial body 1 so that the tightening member 22 is urged backwardly . a stopper 25 is formed on the small diameter portion 3 so that the tightening member 22 is prevented from moving therebeyond . in the second embodiment the longitudinal rod 20 in the previous embodiment is not used and instead , when the pushbutton member 21 is depressed , the chuck 7 is moved through movement of the lead casing 15 . other mechanisms of the second embodiment are the same as the first embodiment . in the second embodiment , since by the depression of the depression member 11 the tightening member 8 is advanced to tighten the chuck 7 against the front tightening member 22 , it is possible to positively grip the lead with only a weak pressure applied to the depression member 11 . in case that the pushbutton member 21 is activated , the chuck 7 is pushed through the lead casing 15 and therefore the chuck 7 is tightened by the front tightening member 22 to thereby grip the lead . in this case , the rear tightening member 8 is inoperative . accordingly , if the rear end of the depression member 11 is directly coupled to the projections 9 , the ring 10 can be dispensed with . also in the second embodiment , it is possible to feed a lead in the same manner as the first embodiment . fig9 shows a third embodiment according to the present invention in which the front tightening member 22 is integrally formed with the inner surface of the front axial body 1 . a separate lead casing is not provided but instead the rear axial body 13 has a reservoir formed therein . the chuck 7 is reciprocatingly movable since the rear end portion of the chuck 7 is slidably insertable into the axial hole 26 formed in the rear axial body 13 . when the depression member 11 is depressed , the rear tightening member 8 is advanced to tighten the chuck 7 against the front tightening member 22 . in the third embodiment , even if the tightening member 8 is advanced , it is impossible to feed a lead from the tip end of the slider 5 . fig1 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention . the fourth embodiment is substantially similar to the third embodiment except that the tightening member 8 has been replaced by a push member 27 having a squared - off front end portion . in the fourth embodiment , when the depression member 11 is depressed , the push member 27 advances pushing the chuck 7 . the chuck is tightened by the front chuck member 22 . in addition , in the fourth embodiment , when the depression plate is depressed , the chuck 7 may be advanced without the pushing member 27 by a suitable transmission means which is adapted to connect the rear end of the depression member 11 to the chuck 7 . in case where the lead casing 15 is connected integrally with the rear end of the chuck 7 , such a transmission means may be interposed between the rear end of the depression member 11 and the lead casing 15 so that the chuck 7 can be advanced through the transmission means and the lead case 15 by depression of the depression member 11 . fig1 shows the fifth embodiment according to the present invention in which when the depression member 11 is depressed , the front axial body 1 is moved rearward so that the overall length of the mechanical pencil is shortened . that is , the front axial body 1 can be moved fore and aft by slidably inserting a small diameter portion 14 of the rear axial body into the small diameter portion 3 of the front axial sleeve . without the fastening ring 10 , the rear end of the depression member 11 is fixed in the vicinity of the outer end of the rear axial body 13 . the tightening member 8 arranged behind the chuck 7 is enlarged on the rear side and the enlarged portion thereof encloses a lead casing 15 . the rear end of the tightening member 8 is in abutment with the cap member 17 . the tightening member 8 is urged backward by the spring s 3 disposed between a shouldered portion formed in the outer periphery of the tightening member 8 and a shouldered portion formed in the front inner periphery of the rear axial body 13 . the lead casing 15 is integral with the chuck 15 . a push member 29 urged backwardly by a spring s 4 is provided in front of the chuck 7 . the rear end of the push member is in abutment with a stopper 25 extending inwardly from the small diameter portion of the front axial body 1 . in the fifth embodiment , when the depression member 11 is depressed , the front axial body 1 is moved rearwardly and the push member 29 is moved rearwardly through the spring s 4 . the push member 29 pushes the front surface of the chuck 7 , and then the lead is gripped by the tightening member 8 which is prevented from moving backwardly due to the fixed cap member 17 . thereafter , the depression member 11 is further depressed to thereby feed a lead from the tip end of the slider 5 . on the other hand , when the pushbutton member 21 is depressed , the tightening member 8 is advanced to tighten the chuck 7 whose forward movement is limited by the push member 29 . in this case , the pushbutton member may be further depressed so that the lead can be provided from the tip of the slide 5 . fig1 shows a sixth embodiment according to the present invention . the sixth embodiment is substantially similar to the sixth embodiment . however , in the fifth embodiment , two tightening members are used and pushbutton operation is not possible . that is , in this embodiment , the push member is not provided in front of the chuck . the tightening member 22 and the rear tightening member 8 are fixedly mounted integrally on the small diameter portion 14 of the rear axial body 13 . the rear end of the chuck 7 is coupled to the lead casing 15 which are thus movable together . operation of the sixth embodiment is readily understood from the above description . in the fifth and sixth embodiments , respectively , shown in fig1 and 12 , when the depression member is depressed for writing , the chuck is moved rearwardly to grip the lead . in writing , the lead tends to be moved backwardly due to the writing pressure applied to the end of the lead . as a result , the chuck functions as a wedge which is inserted into the tightening member whereas the resultant writing pressure applied to the tightening member in the axial direction is directly transmitted to the pencil body without transmission through the depression member . accordingly , only a minimal force need be applied to the depression member . this is one of the significant features of these embodiments . fig1 shows a seventh embodiment of the present invention , in which when the depression member 11 is depressed the tightening member 22 provided in front of the chuck 7 is moved rearwardly for tightening the chuck 7 . the small diameter portion 3 is inserted into the front inner portion of the rear axial body 13 to thereby connect one to the other . the front end portion of the depression member 11 is fixed to outer end surfaces of legs 30 extending radially from the rear part of the tightening member 22 after the legs are disengaged from the respective slits 4 formed in the small diameter portion 3 . fig1 to 16 inclusive show an eighth embodiment of the present invention . fig1 and 16 are cross - sectional views taken along the lines xv -- xv and xvi -- xvi of fig1 , respectively . in the eighth embodiment , the depression member 11 is modified . that is , hinge portions are formed in the material connecting between a front annular ring 11a and a midportion 11b and between a rear annular ring 11c and the midportion 11b and also at the central portion of the midportion . the midportion 11b has a number of slits therein . the rear ring 11c is fixedly connected to a front end of the rear axial sleeve 13 . a small diameter portion 14 of the rear axial sleeve 13 is inserted into an inner peripheral rear end of a small diameter portion 3 of the front axial body 1 to thereby connect the two axial bodies to each other . three holes 31 are formed equidistantly in the vicinity of the front end of the small diameter portion 3 of the front axial sleeve 1 . three balls 33 are retained at an associated concave portion 32 formed in the tightening member 8 through the respective holes 31 so that the outer surfaces of the balls are brought into contact with an inner surface of an annular concave portion formed in the front annular ring 11a . an annular ring 35 is fixedly secured to an end of the chuck 7 and a spring s 5 is disposed between the ring 35 and an inner shouldered portion of the front portion of the rear small diameter portion 14 to thereby urge the chuck 7 backwardly . a lead casing 15 is enclosed in the rear axial body 13 and is biased to move backwardly by a spring s 6 . a rod 37 is inserted through an axial through - hole 36 which is formed in the small diameter portion 14 of the rear axial sleeve 13 . front and rear ends of the rod 37 abut against the rear end of the tightening member 8 and the lead casing 15 , respectively . since the three hinged portions are bent to be elongated when the depression member 11 is depressed , the tightening member 8 is advanced by action of the balls 33 and the tightening member 8 tightens the chuck 7 . at this point , it is possible to further advance slightly the tightening member while the spring s 5 is compressed . when the push button 21 is pressed , the tightening member 8 is advanced through the lead casing 15 and the rod 37 to operate the chuck in the same manner . in the embodiments shown in fig1 to 13 , in order to retract the slider 5 into the mechanical pencil body , it is necessary to direct the tip end of the mechanical pencil body upward . however , in the eighth embodiment , the slider can be maintained in the retracted position by using an annular shaped retaining member 38 which is attached to the front axial body 1 . the inner diameter of the retaining member 38 is slightly smaller than its outer diameter of the slider . the retaining member 38 is made of elastic material such as rubber and synthetic resin . when the slider is fully retracted into the mechanical pencil body , the slider 5 is retained by the retaining member 38 . the slider 5 is released from the retainer 38 by depressing the depression member 11 or the pushbutton 21 thereby advancing the chuck 7 with the end of the chuck pushing the slider 5 forwards . fig1 shows a ninth embodiment of the present invention . a front axial body is formed by a front mouth body 1a and a sleeve member 1 . a front portion of a depression member 11 is attached to the sleeve member 1 . the depression member 11 is configured as shown in fig1 . the front part of the depression member 11 is formed in an integral manner while the rear part thereof is divided into a plurality of strips 11a rear end portions of which are each provided with respective projections 11b . each of projections 11b has a cam surface 11c at its rear end . the strips 11a have a resiliency or elasticity such that when depressed inwardly , the strips are bent or curved inwardly , while when released , the strips 11a are restored to the original shape . in this specific embodiment , six slits 4 are formed at constant intervals in the rear part of the sleeve member 1 and the projections 11b are each received in the respective slits 4 as best shown in fig1 in cross - section along line xix -- xix of fig1 . a slider 5 is slidably inserted into an opening of the mouth body 1a which is threadedly mounted on the sleeve member 1 , so that a front pipe portion of the slider 5 can project from the opening of the mouth body . a lead holding member 6 is provided in the slider 5 in the same manner as in the preceding embodiments . the lead tightening member 8 is received in the sleeve member 1 so as to be movable between an annular shouldered portion 1b of the sleeve member 1 and an annular shouldered portion 1c of the mouth body 1a . the chuck 7 is received in the tightening member 8 . a pair of concave portions 33a are formed at the outer wall of the split chuck 7 and the balls 33 are retained in the concave portions 33a contacting the inner periphery of the tightening member 8 as best shown in fig2 in cross - section taken along the line xx -- xx of fig1 . a lead casing 15 is connected to the rear end of the chuck 7 through a lead guide 40 . an abutting ring 41 is secured on the outer periphery of the lead casing 15 and is positioned behind the projections 11b of the depression member 11 . another annular ring 42 is provided behind the ring 41 on the lead casing 15 . a spring s 7 is disposed between the ring 41 and an annular ring 43 secured to the rear end of the sleeve member 1 to thereby impart a forward bias to the lead casing 15 . a rear axial body 13 is threadedly connected to the rear part of the front sleeve member 1 so that the rear end portions of the projections 11b of the depression member 11 is supported by the front inner portion of the rear axial member 13 . an eraser 44 having a cleaner pin 45 is slid into the rear end of the rear axial body 13 and is covered with a cap 46 projected rearwardly . in operation , when no pressure is applied to the mechanical pencil , since the chuck 7 is advanced by the action of the spring s 7 through the lead casing 15 and is disengaged from the tightening member 8 , the lead is not gripped by the chuck . if the mechanical pencil is carried with a cap member ( not shown ) having a clip for holding the pencil in a user &# 39 ; s pocket and the mechanical pencil is covered at the tip end with the cap , in such a state , since the tip end of the mechanical pencil is directed upwardly , the slider 8 is dropped due to gravity together with the lead . thus , the slider is automatically retracted into the mechanical pencil body . in writing , the tip end of the pencil is of course directed downwardly and the lead and the slider 5 are advanced as shown in fig1 . in this state , when the depression member 11 is depressed by the finger shaped in a natural writing manner , the rear parts of the strips 11a are slightly depressed inwardly so that the cam surfaces of the projections 11b push the receiving ring 41 backwardly . then , the spring s 7 is compressed to thereby move the chuck 7 backwardly through the lead casing 15 . after the tightening member 8 is in abutment against the shouldered portion 1b , the chuck 7 is tightened by the tightening member 8 to grip the lead as shown in fig2 . when writing is continued in this state , the slider 8 is moved backwardly corresponding to the abrasion of the lead . it is possible to continue writing in this state until the slider is completely retracted into the pencil body . however , it is expected that the depression force applied to the depression member 11 will be intermittently released . after the depression force is released , the strips 11b are expanded radially outwardly to return to their original shape . at this time , the lead casing 15 and chuck 7 are advanced due to gravity as well as by the action of the spring s 7 . after the lead is released by the disengagement of the chuck 7 from the tightening member 8 , the slider 5 is advanced together with the lead to return to the state shown in fig1 . in case where the lead is not much worn down and the slider 5 is retained at the mouth body opening , when finger pressure is released from the depression member 11 and the chuck 7 is advanced , the lead is supplied from the tip of the slider 5 by the same distance that the tightening member is slid . writing may be continued while the depression member 11 is depressed , and the lead will be supplied to the tip end of the slider every time when the depression force is released . the balls 33 are disposed between the chuck 7 and the tightening member 8 in order to decrease the frictional force between the chuck 7 and the tightening member 8 enabling positive grip of the lead with the minimum possible force . instead of the balls , it is possible to integrally provide hemispherical projections on the outer wall of the chuck as shown in fig2 or projections each having thereon in semicircular shapes cross - section as shown in fig2 . in the ninth embodiment , the spring s 7 may be dispensed with . without the action of the spring s 7 , the lead casing 15 and the like can be advanced by gravity when the depression pressure applied to the depression member 11 is released . in addition , the tightening member 8 may be fixed in order not to slide . in this case , the spring s 7 may be also dispensed with . when the depression member 11 is released , since the spring force of the chuck 7 urging it open is applied in addition to the force due to self - gravity to thereby further facilitate the advancing movement of the chuck 7 . fig2 shows a tenth embodiment of the present invention . the depression member 11 is , in this embodiment , formed so that the depression member 11 has a front annular ring part 11e , a plurality of depression parts divided into strips integral with the ring part 11e and divided rear parts 11d . as shown in fig2 , hinge parts are provided between the ring part 11e and depression part 11a and between the depression part 11a and rear parts 11d , respectively , so that the overall length of the depression member 11 can be shortened . the front part 11e is threadedly engaged with the mouth member 1a which receives the slider therein . a flange 47 formed at the front end of the tightening member 8 is movable between a shouldered portion 1c and the front end of the depression member 11 . the front end of a cylindrical sleeve 48 fixedly receives the tightening member 8 and the rear end of the cylindrical sleeve 48 is connected to the junction 49 . the depression member 11 and the rear axial body 13 are connected to each other through the junction 49 so that the rear parts 11d of the depression member 11 is clamped between the junction and the front end portion of the axial body 13 . a plug member 50 is threadedly inserted into the rear axial body 13 at its rear end . projections 51a extending perpendicular from an annular ring 51 fixedly inserted into the front part 11e of the depression member 11 pass through slits 52 formed in the axial direction in the cylindrical sleeve 48 . a spring s 8 is disposed between the projections 51a and the lead guide 40 fixedly connected to the rear end of the chuck 7 . in the embodiment shown in fig2 , the spring s 8 is fully expanded . a ball retainer 53 , as best shown in fig2 , has a plurality of slits 53a therein and the balls 33 are received in the slits 53a . the ball retainer 53 is generally received in the tightening member 8 in a fixed manner . as best shown in fig2 in cross - section taken along line xxvii -- xxvii of fig2 , the chuck 7 abuts against the balls 33 . as is clear from the above , the depression member 11 is depressed to thereby move backwardly the chuck 7 through the projections 51a and the spring s 8 . the operation of this embodiment is substantially the same as that of the fifth embodiment . as mentioned above , various lead supplying techniques are included in the various embodiments of the present invention . all the embodiments of the present invention will be classified into the following three types according to the lead supplying methods . first , a technique wherein the chuck simply grips the lead when the depression member is depressed it utilized in the third , fourth , seventh and ninth embodiments . secondly , a technique wherein when the depression member is depressed , the chuck grips the lead and while in this state the depression member is further depressed , and the chuck is further advanced while the lead being gripped by the chuck to provide a new lead from the tip end of the slider is included in the first , second , fifth , sixth , eighth and tenth embodiments . among these embodiments , the embodiments in which the pushbutton - type lead supplying mechanism is not used are only the sixth and tenth embodiments . thirdly , a technique in which when the pushbutton is depressed the lead is gripped by the chuck 7 and a new lead is supplied from the tip end of the slider when the pushbutton is further depressed forms part of the first , second , fifth and eighth embodiments . in the ninth embodiment , the lead is extended by the pushbutton in which the tightening member 8 is moved fore - and - aft a short distance . various embodiments of the invention have been heretofore described . many various or modifications can be made by combining features of the various embodiment of the invention . it is common among all embodiments of the invention that the tightening member or the pushing member and / or the chuck may be moved by the depression of the depression member provided at a natural gripping position of the mechanical pencil . various materials and shapes may be used for the depression member . it is effective to apply a lever - principle to the depression member for readily moving the tightening member , the pushing member or chuck using a slight depression pressure . knurls may be formed on the depression member for the purpose of enhancing the frictional force between the knurled surface and the writer &# 39 ; s fingers . it is possible to use a thin cylindrical sleeve made of rubber on the depression member for the same purpose . in order to rapidly return the slider to the fully advanced position when the depression force applied to the depression member is released to disengage the lead , the slider may be pushed forwardly with a spring . for this purpose , the drawing or separating action of a permanent magnet may be used . in such embodiments , the depression member per se has a returning resilient or deformable force . however , it is possible to use a depression member having no returning force if an independent spring member is provided . many techniques for retaining the slider in the mouth member may be used in addition to that used in the eighth embodiment . for example , alternatively , the retaining member may be fixed to the slider and frictionally engaged with the inner surface of the mouth member to hold the slider in the mouth member . suitable shapes and materials may be used for the retaining member . the constructions and operations according to the present invention have been described . the resultant effects will be described in addition . in the mechanical pencil according to the present invention , when the tip of the mechanical pencil is directed downwardly for the purpose of writing , or when the slider is moved by the chuck , to disengage the retaining member , the slider is advanced together with the lead to a position where writing is possible . then , when the depression member is depressed , the tightening or pushing member , and / or the chuck are advanced to grip the chuck by the tightening member , the lead being gripped by the chuck so that continuous writing is possible . though the slider is moved backwardly as the lead is worn down , when the depression of the depression member is released in writing for the purpose of relaxing the writer &# 39 ; s fingers , the depression member is restored to the original shape to thereby disengage the chuck and the tightening member . at this time , the slider is automatically advanced to thereby supply the mechanical pencil tip with a new lead . during writing , the above described successive operations are repeated . the lead is automatically provided utilizing the natural writing operation in which the mechanical pencil body is gripped or loosened during writing . that is , it is according to the present invention possible to obtain substantially the same effect as a completely automatic mechanism pencil . therefore , in comparison with prior art mechanical pencils , the handling of a mechanical pencil according to the invention is extremely easy without any need for applying an unnatural force thereto or to abut a tip thereof against a paper surface . | 1 |
the present invention relates generally to nuclear reactors , and more particularly to a type of nuclear reactor known as a &# 34 ; spectral shift &# 34 ; reactor whereby excess reactivity is provided initially , with some means of regulating the level of the reactor during reactor operation lifetime . more specifically , the present invention provides a means for increasing fuel efficiency by automatically changing the relative fuel - to - moderator volumes during the reactor operation . in every nuclear reactor there must be arranged a quantity of fissionable material as a fuel and other materials as a moderator such that a &# 34 ; chain &# 34 ; reaction is achieved . the mass of fissionable material is termed a &# 34 ; critical mass &# 34 ;. in order that the nuclear reactor can be operated over an appreciable period of time there must be included an excess of fuel above the critical mass , with this excess representing the fuel that will be consumed during operation of the reactor . as this extra fuel makes available a quantity of neutrons greater than the quantity necessary to perpetuate a controlled chain reaction , these excess neutrons must be absorbed in some manner so that an uncontrolled reaction does not result . the inherent ability of the excess fuel to produce these excess neutrons is generally referred to as &# 34 ; excess reactivity &# 34 ;. in the field of liquid ( usually water ) moderated nuclear reactors , such as pressurized water reactors ( pwr ), one technique for the control of reactivity is to produce an initial &# 34 ; spectral shift &# 34 ; which has the effect of increasing the epithermal ( low reactivity ) part of the neutron spectrum at the expense of the thermal ( high reactivity ) part . this results in production of fewer thermal neutrons and decreased fission . then , as fission decreases during extended reactor operation , a reverse shift back to the thermal part of the neutron spectrum is undertaken . there have been numerous systems developed to achieve this spectral shift . one such system is described in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 081 , 246 issued to m . c . edlund on mar . 12 , 1963 . this system utilized the control of the ratio of heavy and light water used as moderator ( and coolant ) in the reactor during operation . more recently various mechanical systems have been developed to effect the volumetric ratio between the fuel and the moderator to achieve the spectral shift concept . typical of these systems are described in u . s . pat . nos . : 4 , 657 , 726 issued to d . b . lancaster , et al ., on apr . 14 , 1987 ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 683 , 103 issued to r . g . lott , et al ., on jul 28 , 1987 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 683 , 116 issued to h . m . ferrari , et al ., on jul . 28 , 1987 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 687 , 620 issued to a . j . impink , jr ., on aug . 18 , 1987 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 687 , 621 issued to h . m . ferrari on aug . 19 , 1987 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 687 , 627 issued to j . f . wilson , et al ., on aug . 18 , 1987 ; u . s . pat . no . 4 , 710 , 340 issued to w . j . dollard , et al ., on dec . 1 , 1987 ; and u . s . pat . no . 4 , 716 , 007 issued to w . r . carlson , et al ., on dec . 29 , 1987 . in all but the &# 39 ; 621 of the &# 34 ; mechanical regulation &# 34 ; patents , there are a plurality of &# 34 ; displacer rods &# 34 ; that can be moved within the reactor . initially these displacer rods are fully inserted so as to displace a portion of the water within the reactor . as reactor operation proceeds , these rods are removed so as to add a higher proportion of water and thus more moderation as the fuel is consumed to achieve the spectral shift . generally these displacer rods are grouped for a single fuel element , or a group of elements , so that a single mechanism can be used to accomplish the removal . as such , groups of displacer rods are attached to a &# 34 ; spider &# 34 ;, with that spider being moved axially in the reactor with a suitable drive means ( usually a motor - gear means ). in order that this removal can be effectively achieved , each displacer rod must be provided with guides to prevent non - axial movement . for a given reactor , many groups of displacer rods are used , and it may be desirable that removal of one group is at different times relative to another group . this removal must be accomplished without deleteriously affecting temperature and neutron flux gradients within the reactor . thus , very complex mechanical means and controls are required to accomplish regulation of appropriate moderation of the nuclear reaction with the displacer rods of the prior art . in the &# 39 ; 621 patent , these displacer rods contain burnable neutron poison material . provision is made , via rupture elements , to permit gradual dissolution of the burnable poison material , with this material entering into the coolant and thus the moderator . this poison provides control of the excess reactivity . as the poison burns , together with the burn - up of the fuel , the reactor continues to be controlled . of course , in any of the reactor designs , there are normal control rods that regulate the level of operation of the nuclear reactor . accordingly , it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for increasing the fuel efficiency of a nuclear reactor without adding elaborate mechanical and electrical controls . it is another object of the present invention to provide this increased fuel efficiency using substantially conventional reactor construction without the complexity of movement of displacer rods as called for in the prior art reactor designs . a further object of the present invention is to provide displacer rods for a nuclear reactor to initially provide proper moderation for any excess reactivity of a pressurized water reactor , with these displacer rods having a selected dissolution or volatilization / sublimation rate , whereby the volume of the displacer rods is gradually decreased as the nuclear fuel is burned so as to control ( increase ) the volume of the moderator during reactor operation . still another object of the present invention is to provide a spectral shift nuclear reactor in which displacer rods formed of a sacrificial material provide for a change in the fuel - to - moderator ratio without mechanical movement and take into account temperature and neutron flux gradients within the reactor . another object of the present invention is to provide controlled dissolution of displacer rods in a pressurized water reactor , with the product of that dissolution having no effect upon the nuclear characteristics of the reactor . these and other objects of the present invention will become apparent upon a consideration of the drawings that follow together with a detailed description of the invention . in accordance with the present invention , a nuclear reactor is provided that contains displacer rods throughout the reactor so as to provide for the control of excess reactivity as the reactor is operated . these displacer rods , which appropriately displace a controlled portion of fluid moderator within the reactor , are fabricated at least partially from a sacrificial material that slowly dissolves , volatilizes or sublimes during operation such that the effective quantity of the fluid moderator increases during the life of the reactor as the fuel material is burned . the displacer rods are fabricated from a material that does not poison the reactor or have any other nuclear effect upon the nuclear reaction . the choice of a material for the displacer rods depends upon the rate of decrease of the displacer rod volume in the specific fluid moderator material . fig1 is a drawing illustrating a partial vertical cross section of a typical fuel element of a pressurized water nuclear reactor showing the position of displacer rods located as interspersed within fuel elements of the reactor . fig2 is a drawing illustrating a partial transverse cross section of the fuel element of fig1 further showing the position of the displacer rods . fig3 a is a drawing illustrating a portion of one embodiment of a displacer rod designed to accomplish the objects of the present invention , with the sacrificial material illustrated at the beginning of operation of the nuclear reactor in which it is utilized . fig3 b illustrates the displacer rod of fig3 a after a period of operation within the nuclear reactor . fig4 is a drawing illustrating a portion of another embodiment of a displacer rod designed to accomplish the objects of the present invention . fig5 is a drawing illustrating a portion of still another embodiment of a displacer rod according to the present invention . the present invention will be best understood by reference to fig1 and 2 which are , respectively , vertical and horizontal cross sections of portions of a pressurized water reactor utilizing displacer rods of the present invention . the overall construction of such nuclear reactors will be known to those skilled in the art . also , the general construction of these reactors is given in numerous of the above - cited patents , for example u . s . pat . no . 4 , 716 , 006 that is incorporated herein by reference to teach the overall construction of pressurized water reactors . fig1 is a cut - away drawing of a single fuel element 10 of such a reactor . it contains , for example , a plurality of elongated metal - clad fuel rods 12 held in suitable upper and lower grids 14 , 16 . the fuel element 10 also has appropriately spaced guide tubes 18 to be used for regular axially movable control rods ( not shown ). a portion of these guide tubes 18 is used to support displacer rods 20 to be discussed in connection with fig3 a , 3b , 4 and 5 . it will be understood that a given nuclear reactor will have a plurality of these fuel elements 10 , and that the number of fuel rods 12 , their spacing and their fuel loading may vary depending upon the position of that fuel element in a specific nuclear reactor . water is caused to flow through the interstices between the fuel rods 12 and the displacer rods 20 , with this water ( in this type of reactor ) providing both the moderation of the neutrons and the cooling of the fuel elements . a transverse cross section of a portion of a typical nuclear fuel element of fig1 showing the positional relationship of the fuel rods 12 and the displacer rods 20 is shown in fig2 . also indicated is a typical instrument thimble 21 for this fuel element . it can be seen from these figures that the displacer rods 20 exclude the water from a portion of the fuel element 10 . as discussed above , this is required to overcome the excess reactivity of the nuclear reactor . in most of the prior art , these displacer rods are completely withdrawn at selected positions and times so as to increase the quantity of the moderator within the fuel elements . according to the present invention , however , the displacer rods 20 are not moved . referring now to fig3 a and 3b , one embodiment of a displacer rod 20 is illustrated that does not require any movement in order to regulate the excess reactivity of the reactor . the various components thereof are illustrated as enlarged in order to better understand the construction . in this particular embodiment , there is a support sleeve 22 which is perforated as at 24 such that the fluid moderator of the reactor can penetrate into the interior of the sleeve . within the sleeve 22 there can be axially - spaced support plates 26 which , in turn , can also be provided with perforations as at 28 . supported by these plates 26 are elements 30 of a material that has a selected sacrificial ( dissolution , volatilization , sublimation , etc .) rate in the fluid moderator such that the volume of the elements 30 decreases at a rate to increase the proportion of the fluid moderator within the reactor at a rate sufficient to compensate for the changing excess reactivity of the reactor . in a reactor having water as the moderator , the elements 30 can be fabricated from one of the slowly - dissolving aluminum alloys , for example . as will be understood from a table referenced hereinafter , several materials are available with slow dissolution rates that can be used for this purpose . further , there will be materials known to those versed in corrosion art that will have satisfactory &# 34 ; dissolution &# 34 ; rates . since there are vertical temperature and neutron flux gradients in this type of reactor , and since the change in excess reactivity is non - linear , different alloys can be used along the length of a given displacer rod 20 to achieve the desired dissolution rate at the specific temperature and flux of those locations and thereby provide the desired rate of change of the volume of the displacer rods to correct for temperature and radiation effects . other methods for control of the rate of displacer rod volume change relate to the construction of the displacer rod ( such as changes in the components thereof described with respect to fig3 a and 3b , below ). this control of dissolution , volatilization , sublimation , etc . can be effected by controlling the surface - to - volume ratio of any sacrificial component of the displacer rods . for example , various shape configurations are envisioned , such as providing passageways through a generally cylindrical body 30 &# 34 ; ( see fig4 ). other methods of effecting a change in the surface - to - volume ratio will be known to persons skilled in the art . in fig3 a , the elements 30 of sacrificial material are depicted as pellets for convenience of illustration . typically , these pellets would have a diameter of about 0 . 8 in . in other embodiments they can be configured as spherical or multiple spheres 30 &# 39 ;&# 39 ;&# 39 ; that provide further control of the change in the relative surface areas and the compositions of the units ( see fig5 ). thus , the present invention is not to be limited by the physical configuration of the &# 34 ; sacrificial &# 34 ; material within the displacer rods 20 or by the physical arrangement or presence of the containment sleeves 22 . fig3 b illustrates the general structure of the displacement rods ( depicted in fig3 a ) after substantial operation of a nuclear reactor into which these rods have been inserted . this shows that a portion of each of the elements 30 &# 39 ; of sacrificial material has been removed ; however , there is substantial structural integrity to the elements so that fragments are not incorporated into the flowing coolant / moderator . not all reactors will require that the sacrificial material be contained in a sleeve . it may be in the form of rods or a series of unclad pellets with , for example , some form of stiffener to prevent entrapment of material in the flowing coolant . the particular choice of structure will depend upon the particular reactor environment . the desired compositional change along the length of the rods can be achieved by conventional powder - metallurgy techniques , for example . although the structure illustrated in fig3 a is initially designed for use in a pressurized water reactor where the moderator is the flowing water coolant and the sacrificial material dissolves in the water , the same principal can be applied to nuclear reactors where it is desired to gradually change ( increase ) the ratio of a fluid ( liquid or gas ) moderator with respect to the quantity of unburned nuclear fuel . this fuel moderator can be either a liquid or a gas . typical of such moderators are liquid sodium or helium . however , the concept of using a sacrificial material is not limited to these named moderators , but is applicable to all fluid moderators . in these instances , the material of the sacrificial material is chosen to provide a desired rate of dissolution , volatilization or sublimation in the fluid of choice . it is preferred that the reaction at the displacer rod result in no fine materials . for example , in a liquid - cooled reactor it is desired that the sacrificial material result in an ionic form within the fluid . since some filtering of the fluid moderator can be accomplished in normal operation of the reactor and since most reactors provide for a daily filtration , an ion exchange bed can be added to remove the results of the dissolution . in the case of gas - cooled reactors , it is desired that the sacrificial material be volatilized or sublimed . in this case , appropriate gaseous separation techniques would be applied . for water cooled and moderated nuclear reactors an average corrosion rate of about 1 . 3 mg / cm 2 - day will be required , although a range of about 0 . 5 to about 2 . 5 mg / cm 2 - day is envisioned for the various types of nuclear reactors and for the non - linear change in the excess reactivity . this assumes a normal operating life of the reactor at 18 to 24 months . the actual rate will depend upon the temperature and pressure of the system . for a pwr operating at 580 degrees f and a pressure of 2250 psi , the average corrosion rate to achieve the necessary change in volume will be about 1 mg / cm 2 - day . listed in the single table are several aluminum alloys with the published corrosion ( dissolution ) rate in water . it can be seen that there are numerous of these alloys that will provide the rates for the reactors currently of interest . thus , knowing the operating temperature and pressure , the excess reactivity that is to be controlled , and the corrosion rates in the fluid of the reactor , an improved displacer rod can be constructed that will automatically adjust in volume as the nuclear fuel is burned . of course , persons knowledgeable in corrosion , volatilization and sublimation are aware of other materials that exhibit rates in this range . in this manner , the fuel efficiency of the reactor will be increased in a much less costly manner than taught by the prior art . although certain constructions and materials are discussed herein for illustration , these are not given as a limitation of the present invention . rather , the invention is to be limited only by the appended claims or their equivalents when read together with a detailed discussion of the invention . table______________________________________corrosion rates of aluminumalloys in aqueous solutionstreatment test sol . ratealloy temp . ph other mg / cm . sup . 2 - day ref . ______________________________________1100 h14 0 . 255 13004 h34 0 . 306 14043 h14 0 . 248 15005 h34 0 . 276 15050 h34 0 . 258 15052 h34 0 . 268 15154 h34 0 . 241 15454 o 0 . 257 15454 h34 0 . 253 15456 o 0 . 282 15083 o 0 . 347 15083 h34 0 . 277 15086 h34 0 . 322 12014 t6 0 . 477 12024 t3 0 . 756 12024 t86 0 . 596 12024 tb1 0 . 536 16061 t4 0 . 028 16061 t6 0 . 312 17075 t6 0 . 509 17079 t6 0 . 469 11199 1 . 15 25154 h38 1 . 04 25454 h34 1 . 11 25457 h34 1 . 05 25456 o 2 . 18 25456 h321 0 . 12 25083 o 1 . 11 25086 o 1 . 07 2m388 500 5 22 . 4 3m388 500 6 . 7 28 3m388 422 300psig 9 . 35 3x8001 500 5 . 5 92 . 3 4x8001 600 5 . 5 240 4x2219 550 9 100 4198x 600 5 . 5 33 4______________________________________ references : 1 . asm , &# 34 ; metals handbook &# 34 ;, ninth ed , vol 13 , pp 599 . weathering data for 1 . 27 mm thick al alloys after 7 years exposure 2 . asm , &# 34 ; metals handbook &# 34 ;, ninth ed , vol 13 , pp 605 . summary of data from 10 years seawater exposures 3 . c . r . breden , n . r . grant , &# 34 ; summary of corrosion investigations on hig temperature aluminum alloys &# 34 ;, argonne national laboratory , february 1960 . flow of water ( 7 fps ) 4 . n . r . grant , &# 34 ; summary of corrosion investigations of hightemperature aluminum alloys &# 34 ;, argonne national laboratory , september 1961 . flow of water ( 7 fps ) 5 . asm engineering bookshelf , &# 34 ; source book on selection and fabrication o aluminum alloys &# 34 ;, american society for metals , 1978 , pp . 9 - 11 . | 8 |
benefits for the rangeland — many profound benefits are achieved for the rangeland by utilizing this method to maintain grazing animals as a herd . pastures are grazed more uniformly since the animals are compelled to forage close together rather than spreading out in search of especially desirable vegetation . because they are not singled out for consumption , desirable vegetation is given more opportunity to grow and reproduce . brush and small woody plants are broken by the compact herd and are subjected to greater browsing pressure . bare ground is loosened by intensified hoof action promoting the absorption of water and the germination of seeds . single file trails are unused , resulting in reduced soil erosion . soil fertilization is more uniform , and other animals which utilize the animal droppings , such as dung beetles , follow the herd in mass and bury important nutrients in the soil as the herd moves . benefits for grazing animals — in addition to the benefits for the rangeland , the grazing animals are benefited as well . less energy is expended in movement since each animal travels a shorter distance with the herd than they would as individuals . winter time energy expenditure is reduced since animals stay warmer in close proximity to each other . fewer bulls are needed and conception rates are improved because bulls remain with the cows during breeding season . species that control parasites such as cow birds follow the herd and promote animal health . the life cycle of some parasites is disrupted since animals will not continually frequent the same grazing areas , and predators are less likely to single out weaker individuals . management benefit — in addition to these positive effects for the animals and the rangeland , management is easier and less expensive . checking the wellbeing of the animals is simpler because they can all be found in close proximity to each other . animals become gentler since they can be subjected to more exposure to their handler . the need for gathering the entire pasture for branding , weaning , etc . is reduced . fewer herdsmen are required to gather and move the herd . mavericks are easier to capture since they remain with the others . animals can be more easily directed to un - grazed areas to promote optimal grazing , while the need for boundary fence maintenance is reduced since a herd is less likely to escape through small holes than individual animals . herding device assembly — the proposed method and system utilizes herding devices attached to a plurality of animals . these herding devices could be housed in ear tags , collars , nose rings , etc . the embodiment of the herding device ( 104 ) illustrated in fig3 a - 3c is an ear tag assembly utilized to enclose the electronics and provide attachment to the animal . this ear tag assembly is comprised of an active tag ( 313 ) and an opposing passive tag ( 301 ). when installed in the animal &# 39 ; s ear , the active tag ( 313 ) can be positioned behind the ear in order to receive maximum sunlight exposure . the passive tag ( 301 ) can display alpha numeric , bar code , or other visual identification information ( 302 ) visible from in front of the animal &# 39 ; s ear . the passive tag ( 301 ) can also provide a locking receptacle ( 306 ) and flexible locking flanges ( 309 ) for securing the locking head ( 315 ) of the active tag ( 313 ) once the assembly is attached to the animal &# 39 ; s ear . the main portion of the passive tag ( 301 ) can be constructed of flexible material while the locking receptacle ( 306 ) and flanges ( 309 ) preferably utilize a harder material for durability and secure latching characteristics . active tag construction — the active tag ( 313 ) of this embodiment houses the electronics of the device . the active tag ( 313 ) can include a pin ( 314 ) that passes through the animal &# 39 ; s ear similar to that of standard identification ear tags . the tip ( 316 ) of the pin ( 314 ) could be constructed of hard plastic or metal to aid penetration of the animal &# 39 ; s ear during installation , while the main body of the tag could be constructed of flexible material around the electronics . the pin could also have a hollow channel ( 307 ) from the back of the tag to the tip ( 316 ) to allow application using industry standard tagging equipment . in order to improve electrical contact between the metallic stimulation electrodes ( 304 & amp ; 305 ) and the animal &# 39 ; s ear tissue , the pin ( 314 ) can return to the diameter of the locking head ( 315 ) after the locking neck ( 303 ). the stimulation electrodes ( 304 & amp ; 305 ) can be separated by an insulating gap ( 311 ) as shown in fig3 c . the pin ( 314 ) could have an audio channel and exit port ( 312 ) to direct the signal from an audio transducer into the animal &# 39 ; s ear . the active tag could also have visual identification information ( 310 ) and an exposed solar panel ( 308 ) for energy collection . active tag electronics — the active tag &# 39 ; s electronics are shown in fig4 a & amp ; 4b . in the illustrated embodiment they are embedded in the flexible tag material . they include a microcontroller unit ( mcu ) or logic circuit ( 401 ). among other processing tasks , the mcu ( 401 ) provides the means for calculating the distance from other tags based on the received signal strength ( rss ) of report signals detected by the rf transceiver ( 406 ). the transceiver ( 406 ) is also used for general communication between devices , and for transmitting its own report signal . the electronics can be powered by a battery ( 402 ) in conjunction with the solar panel ( 308 ). this power system can provide months or years of maintenance free operation . a piezo electric audio transducer ( 403 ) can transmit a warning signal when the mcu ( 401 ) determines that the target animal is not close enough to a sufficient number of its peers to maintain herd integrity . as previously mentioned , the signal from this transducer can be channeled through the audio channel and exit port ( 312 ) in order to allow the animal to clearly hear the warning signal . a voltage multiplier circuit ( 404 ) steps up the low voltage from the battery ( 402 ) to a level sufficient to serve as an aversive stimulus if the animal ignores the audio warning . the high voltage signal is passed to the stimulation electrodes ( 304 & amp ; 305 ) which contact the target animal &# 39 ; s ear tissue . the herding device ( 104 ) can be outfitted with an electronic compass ( 405 ) which would enable the system to direct the herd in desirable directions for grazing or management purposes . when the mcu ( 401 ) determines that the animal is not headed in a desirable direction based on the compass ( 405 ) signal , an audio warning and or aversive electrical stimuli can be applied . additional sensors ( 407 ) such as temperature sensors and accelerometers can provide additional functionality . tracking device construction — in order to achieve the benefits of herd tracking , at least one global positioning system ( gps ) module ( 601 ) can be included in the system . for user control and remote communication a cellular radio module ( 602 ) can also be included . these modules could be added to at least one of the previously described herding devices ( 104 ) or they could be part of a separate tracking device ( 204 ). since one device is sufficient to determine the general location of the herd , one tracking device ( 204 ) can be attached to at least one of the plurality of animals . if tracking devices ( 204 ) are utilized in conjunction with the distance measuring capability of each of the herding devices ( 104 ), the location of each animal within the herd can be determined . the embodiment shown in fig6 b & amp ; 7a is comprised of a tracking device electronics enclosure ( 606 ) which is attached to the animal with a neck collar ( 607 ). the enclosure ( 606 ) can be topped with a solar panel ( 703 ) for energy collection . a latching means ( 702 ) for the collar provides the ability to secure the device to the animal . the collar ( 607 ) can be shaped or weighted so that the electronics enclosure ( 606 ) remains at the top of the animal &# 39 ; s neck . tracking device electronics — the tracking device ( 204 ) can include the before mentioned gps / cellular module ( 601 / 602 ) for location information and communication purposes . it can also contain an rf transceiver ( 603 ) for communication with the herding devices ( 104 ) or a short range user remote control device ( 706 ). the tracking device can be controlled by a microcontroller unit ( 604 ) and powered by a rechargeable battery ( 605 ) and solar panel ( 703 ). herding device firmware — the herding devices ( 104 ) attached to at least some of a plurality of grazing animals can operate independently to keep the herd together , or in conjunction with a tracking device ( 204 ) to control the direction of herd movement . fig5 shows a non - limiting flowchart of the firmware for the herding devices ( 104 ). the system of herding ( 104 ) and / or tracking devices ( 204 ) can choose a master device to coordinate communications and events . the master device can be chosen on the basis of seniority and whether or not the other devices are able to communicate with the chosen master . if the master device is lost or malfunctions , the system can automatically choose a new master . when a device is installed and initialized ( 501 ) it will wait for a report from the master device ( 502 ) as a signal to request setup information and roll call timing ( 503 ). after the device is assigned a role call slot and ordered by the master to commence normal operation ( 504 ) it will enter a low power sleep mode ( 505 ) until the appropriate time for it to transmit a report . when the appropriate time comes the device will wake up and transmit a report ( 506 ). it will then stay awake and listen for reports from other devices ( 507 ). the device will extract important information from the received report ( 508 ). this information can include the rss to be used in calculating the distance between the devices . maintaining a herd — if the device determines that the report came from a neighboring device within the maximum distance set by the user ( 509 ) it will increment a counter corresponding to the number of nearby peers ( 510 ). the device will then continue to listen for the reports of other devices ( 507 ). this digital signal filter process will compress the distance measurements from multiple peer devices into a herd proximity variable . this proximity variable can then be compared with the user defined threshold value . if the peer counter reaches the minimum number necessary to indicate appropriate proximity to the herd ( 511 ) the device will determine that the target animal does not need stimulation to rejoin the herd . fig1 shows an animal ( 101 ) within a herd in close proximity to its peers . in this case the target animal ( 101 ) has enough peers within the maximum distance ( 107 ) to avoid stimulation . as shown in fig5 , if the device does not receive enough reports from peers within the maximum distance it will continue listening until the roll is complete ( 517 ). in this case the animal has strayed too far from its peers and must receive stimulation to rejoin the herd . a counter is incremented corresponding to the number of times the animal has received an audio warning ( 519 ). at first the stimulation can be an audio warning ( 520 ) consisting of a particular sound ( 105 ) as a power efficient way to send low stress stimulation to the animal . in fig1 an animal ( 102 ) has moved away from the herd and is subjected to a sound ( 105 ) to prompt it to rejoin its peers . if the animal continues to ignore the audio warning , the counter will increase to a point ( 518 ) that electrical stimulation will be generated ( 523 ) and the animal ( 103 ) will receive an electric shock ( 106 ). if the animal receives several shocks and has still not rejoined the herd , a shock counter ( 522 ) will overflow to prevent any future shocks ( 521 ). this safety feature will prevent excessive trauma to an animal that is confused by the stimulation or is physically prevented from rejoining its peers . once the animal has rejoined the herd , both the audio warning counter and the shock counter will be reset ( 512 and 514 ) to allow subsequent stimulation . controlling the direction of herd movement — if a tracking device ( 204 ) is used in conjunction with the herding devices ( 104 ) the animals can be prompted to move in a desirable direction as illustrated by fig2 & amp ; 5 . after determining ( 511 ) that the target animal is close enough to the herd the herding device will compare ( 513 ) the compass ( 405 ) heading with the acceptable headings ( 207 ) calculated by the tracking device ( 204 ). if an animal such as the one illustrated by ( 209 ) is headed in an acceptable direction no stimulation will be given . however , if the animal &# 39 ; s heading is outside the acceptable range , a sound ( 208 ) will be generated as a warning . the compass heading will be checked repeatedly during the audio warning ( 516 ) to see if the animal ( 202 ) has corrected its direction of movement . if the animal fails to heed the audio warning , a time out ( 515 ) will occur after which a brief electrical shock ( 106 ) will be applied . fig2 shows an animal ( 201 ) receiving an electric shock after failing to correct its heading in response to an audio warning . the audio warning ( 105 ) for stimulating the animal to rejoin the herd can be made distinguishable in pitch or other quality from that ( 208 ) signaling a need to change direction . this will allow the animal to learn the appropriate action for the two different sounds . tracking device firmware — fig8 shows a non - limiting flowchart for the tracking device firmware . once initialized ( 801 ) the tracking device ( 204 ) can check for user input ( 802 ) by utilizing the cellular module ( 602 ) to retrieve sms or online data . it will then acquire its geographic position ( 803 ) using the gps module ( 601 ) and the gps satellites ( 205 ). this location information will be utilized to update ( 804 ) the grazing pressure map ( 805 ). the tracking device will then use the grazing pressure map ( 805 ) to calculate ( 806 ) a range of acceptable animal headings ( 207 ) to avoid over or under grazing a given area . fig2 shows an area ( 206 ) that has received enough grazing pressure such that the tracking device ( 204 ) chooses a range of acceptable headings ( 207 ) to move the herd to new grazing territory . the tracking device will then update ( 807 ) the herding devices ( 104 ) with the acceptable range of headings ( 207 ) by using its rf transceiver ( 603 ). as previously described , the herding devices ( 104 ) will utilize this information to direct their respective animals in the acceptable direction . the tracking device can also participate in many user interface functions . if a problem is detected ( 808 ) the device can alert the user to problems with the system ( 809 ). the user can also be updated with grazing information ( 810 ). after performing the appropriate functions , the tracking device can enter a timed power saving mode ( 811 ). operation — the method and system under discussion can be relatively simple to use and operate . during attachment of the herding devices ( 104 ) to the target animals the system can remain in a low power dormant state to allow for ease of working with the animals . by using industry standard equipment the tag assembly can be applied to the ear in such a way that the solar panel ( 308 ) can collect a maximum of solar energy . the tracking device ( 204 ) can be attached to a specific animal chosen for its docility or position of dominance within the herd . herd maintenance training — after all the devices are appropriately attached to the target animals , a period of training can be implemented to ensure that the animals learn the appropriate response to the stimuli . in order to accomplish this training , herdsmen can take the animals to open pasture with the system still in its dormant state . after achieving a compact herd configuration , a user remote control device ( 706 ) and or application ( 701 ) can be used to bring the system to its herd maintenance state . in this state the herding devices ( 104 ) will give stimulation to animals which attempt to leave the herd as shown in fig1 . the herdsmen can then move back a little distance from the herd to give the animals freedom of movement . as individual animals stray from the herd they will receive stimulation . as the herdsmen ensure that stimulated animals rejoin the herd , the animals will quickly learn to stay together . the herdsmen should remain with the herd until they can ascertain that the animals no longer need their presence to respond correctly to the stimulation . directional control training — a similar procedure can be used to train the animals to respond correctly to the directional stimulation from the system . after the animals have learned to respond correctly to the herd maintenance stimulation the system can be configured for a herd maintenance and directional control state . in this state the system will not only keep the animals together as a herd , but will also control their direction of movement based on the grazing pressure map ( 805 ) or user configuration . after using a user control device or application ( 701 ) to configure a desired direction of movement the herdsmen can move to the rear of the herd and give the animals enough space to have freedom of movement . as individual animals receive stimulation for traveling in the wrong direction , the herdsmen can position themselves to ensure that the stimulated animals return to the correct directional orientation . after a period of time , the herdsmen will no longer be necessary to ensure proper response to the directional stimulation . standard operation — after training is complete , the herd of animals will stay together to achieve the previously mentioned benefits . the user can monitor the location of the herd through the user application ( 701 ) and initiate control and configuration commands . the grazing pressure map accessible though the user application ( 701 ) can provide helpful information for grazing management purposes . the user application ( 701 ) can track the location of the herd and graph the amount of time the herd has grazed with respect to geographic location . this information will allow the user to make management decisions based on whether areas have been grazed heavily or not . if a particular animal &# 39 ; s herding device ( 104 ) is lost or malfunctions it is likely that it will continue to stay with the herd because of peer pressure . the system can be put into a dormant state for birthing season to allow for the natural independence desired during labor . it is likely that the main body of the herd will continue to stay together during this time out of habit and preference . reference is finally made to fig9 which , in contrast to the above detail regarding one or more specific preferred embodiments , provides a diagram of the core functions of the present invention that are fundamental to each of the embodiments . fig9 has been provided to illustrate the basic function of the herding device to cause grazing animals to stay together in a herd . as disclosed above , each specific herding device ( 900 ) attached to a grazing animal within the herd , will contain a transmitter ( 904 ) which will broadcast a device report signal to be received by other device receivers ( 903 ). each specific herding device ( 900 ) will also contain a receiver ( 902 ) to receive the report signals from other device transmitters ( 901 ) and to generate digital or analog distance measurement signals ( 905 ) based on rss , time of flight , or other techniques described in the art . the distance measurement signal ( 905 ) stream generated by the reception of report signals from multiple other device transmitters ( 901 ) will be passed to a signal compression filter ( 906 ) which will output a digital or analog herd proximity variable ( 907 ). the signal compression filter ( 906 ) will at least comprise an analog or digital low pass filter or its digital signal processing routine equivalent , as in the embodiment described in detail above . a digital or analog comparator ( 909 ) will receive the herd proximity variable ( 907 ) and compare it with a stored proximity threshold value ( 908 ). the comparator ( 909 ) will output true or false depending on whether the animal carrying the specific herding device is in close enough proximity to its peers as defined by the signal compression filter properties and the user defined proximity threshold value ( 908 ). the comparator ( 909 ) output will control an aversive stimulator driver ( 910 ) which will effect audio , vibration or shock stimuli to be applied the animal which carries the specific herding device if it strays to far from its peers . in this way the entire herd of grazing animals fitted with such herding devices will be encouraged to stay together to avoid aversive stimulation . alternative embodiments — many variations from the illustrated embodiment could be implemented without deviating from the spirit and scope of the described method and system . as previously mentioned , the herding device ( 104 ) could be designed as an ear tag , neck collar , implant , etc . it could also use many different methods of measuring the distance between devices . rf or ultrasonic time of flight , received signal strength or phase shift are among the many possible options for distance measurement . analog or digital components and methods could be used for the signal filter and the variable comparator . many other kinds of sensors could be added to the herding device for additional functionality . for example accelerometers could be added for movement or behavior monitoring . the tracking device could utilize different methods of attachment and could even be incorporated into at least one of the herding device for a simpler system . instead of utilizing a grazing pressure map for determining acceptable directions of herd movement , the user could create a series of waypoints to manage grazing and direct the herd to desired areas . different ways of providing user control could also be implemented . a dedicated short range user control device could communicate using an rf transceiver compatible with that incorporated in the herding and or tracking devices . alternatively , the cellular network ( 705 ) and a user application ( 701 ) could be utilized to provide control using a desktop computer or mobile device ( 704 ). although the present invention has been described in terms of the foregoing preferred embodiments , this description has been provided by way of explanation only , and is not intended to be construed as a limitation of the invention . those skilled in the art will recognize modifications to the systems and methods of the present invention that might accommodate specific animals or specific rangeland environments . such modifications as to structure , method , and even the specific arrangement of components , where such modifications are coincidental to the animal grazing environment or the specific animal being managed , do not necessarily depart from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 0 |
an inventive plasma module 1 , which is a component of a plasma generating device 100 is schematically shown in fig1 . plasma module 1 has module housing 5 , in which piezoelectric transformer 2 and electronic driver module 4 are housed . piezoelectric transformer 2 is basically a piezoelectric crystal rod with two primary - side power - electrodes 21 , 22 and secondary side electrode 23 . by applying an ac voltage on the primary side electrodes 21 , 22 mechanical vibrations are induced in the piezoelectric crystal rod . the frequency of the mechanical vibrations is dependent from the geometry of the piezoelectric crystal rod , which acts as a resonator , and the mechanical construction of piezoelectric transformer 2 . the mechanical vibrations produce , due to the piezoelectric effect , an output voltage on secondary side 23 of the piezoelectric crystal rod . depending on the geometry of the piezoelectric crystal rod and the position of electrodes 21 , 22 , the output voltage is higher or lower than the input voltage . as a result of the high transformation ratio , low input voltages can be transformed power - efficient into high output voltages . the performance range of a single piezoelectric transformer 2 is relatively low and is up to some 10 watts , at resonance frequencies around some 10 khz up to several 100 khz . thus high sinusoidal ac voltages can be generated easily , which are suitable for the generation of plasma 60 . through gas inlet 17 , process gas 18 g can flow in module housing 5 . a portion of process gas 18 g flows out again over gas supply channel 18 from gas outlet 19 from module housing 5 . another portion flows out through plasma outlet 3 as directed beam of plasma 60 . on secondary side 23 of piezoelectric transformer 2 , process gas 18 g is transferred into plasma 60 prior to the flow out . plasma outlet 3 can be structured as a nozzle or a nozzle with a variable geometry can be attached to plasma outlet 3 . module housing 5 is equipped with control module 20 . two voltage supply lines 6 , 7 and control line 8 of control module 20 are electrically connected with electric driver module 4 . electric driver module 4 is electrically connected to the two primary - side electrodes 21 , 22 of piezoelectric transformer 2 . the electrical power , effective on piezoelectric transformer 2 , is controlled according to the control signals transmitted via control line 8 . on the side of gas inlet 17 , control module 20 has individual input interfaces 6 e , 7 e and 8 e for voltage supply lines 6 , 7 and control line 8 . on the side of gas outlet 19 , individual and corresponding output interfaces 6 a , 7 a and 8 a are formed . the input interface 6 e , 7 e , 8 e and output interfaces 6 a , 7 a , 8 a are formed on the module housing , such that input interfaces 6 e , 7 e , 8 e of plasma module 1 is connectable with output interfaces 6 a , 7 a , 8 a of a further plasma module 1 . likewise , gas outlets 19 and gas inlets 17 are formed such on module housing 5 of plasma module 1 that gas inlet 17 of one plasma module 1 is connectable with gas outlet 19 of a further plasma module 1 . plasma module 1 should be constructed in such a way , that cross section 18 d of gas supply channel 18 is greater than cross section 3 d of plasma outlet 3 . plasma generating devices 100 ( see fig2 or fig4 ), which are made from several plasma modules 1 , should have a gas supply channel 18 wherein its cross section 18 d exceeds the sum of cross sections 3 d of all plasma modules . this condition ensures that the back pressure of process gas 18 g in each plasma module 1 is essentially equal , so that in each plasma module 1 , uniform and controlled plasma conditions are present . fig2 illustrates schematically a plasma generating device 100 according to a first embodiment , which is formed by several plasma modules 1 which are coupled together and assembled in a horizontal row . control modules 20 and gas channels 18 of all neighboring and in the series connected plasma modules 1 are directly connected by the plug connector . therefore , voltage supply lines 6 , 7 of each plasma module 1 are connected to superior power supply lines 6 , 7 , control lines 8 of each plasma module 1 are connected to superior control line 8 and gas channels 18 of the individual plasma modules 1 are connected to superior gas channel 18 . connected control lines 8 of the control modules form control bus 24 , so that each plasma module 1 can be controlled individually . one preferred embodiment of the invention provides that gas inlet 17 and gas outlet 19 are interlocking counterparts of the plug connector . to increase the gas tightness of this plug connector , suitable sealing elements ( not shown ) can be provided between gas inlet 17 and gas outlet 19 . fig3 a and 3b show two embodiments of inventive spacing bridges 11 . spacing bridge 11 , shown in fig3 a , carries , according to the invention , connector 20 a , voltage supply lines 6 , 7 and control line 8 . voltage supply lines 6 , 7 and control line 8 carry input interfaces 6 e , 7 e and 8 e and output interface 6 a , 7 a , 8 a arranged on connector 20 a . additionally , spacing bridge 11 has gas inlet 17 and gas outlet 19 , which are in fluid communication via gas supply channel 18 . according to the embodiment shown in fig3 a , all gas inlets 17 and gas outlets 19 as well as all input interfaces 6 e , 7 e , 8 e and output interfaces 6 a , 7 a , 8 a of spacing bridge 11 of plasma modules 1 are formed “ male ” and “ female ” respectively . thus , spacing bridge 11 , according to this embodiment , can be coupled with one or more plasma modules 1 . spacing bridges 11 of this embodiment can be connected with each other and / or with plasma modules 1 . in accordance with the further embodiment , shown in fig3 b , of spacing bridges 11 all gas inlets 17 and gas outlets 19 on and all input interfaces 6 e , 7 e , 8 e and output interfaces 6 a , 7 a , 8 a of spacing bridges 11 are “ male ” and that plasma module 1 are “ female ” ( see fig5 ). fig4 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of inventive plasma generating device 100 . plasma generating device 100 is formed of spacing bridges 11 according to fig3 a and plasma modules 1 according to fig1 . while according to the example shown in fig2 , plasma generating device 100 is defined by a direct coupling of several plasma modules 1 , plasma modules 1 , as shown in fig4 , are indirectly connected through spacing bridges 11 . within inventive plasma generating device 100 , plasma modules 1 are basically coupled directly or indirectly by spacing bridges 11 . to bridge larger distances between plasma modules 1 , two or more spacing bridges 11 are coupled in between . fig5 illustrates a further embodiment inventive plasma generating device 100 . it includes spacing bridges 11 according to fig3 b and plasma modules 1 , whose gas inlets 17 , gas outlets 19 , input interfaces 6 e , 7 e , 8 e and output interfaces 6 a , 7 a , 8 a are formed as a “ female ” part of the connector . this allows indeed that plasma modules 1 and spacing bridges 11 are assembled to plasma generating devices 100 of variable geometry . however , plasma modules 1 or the spacing bridges 11 of this embodiment cannot be connected with each other . according to the invention , plasma generating devices 100 can be formed as well from combinations of spacing bridges 11 and / or plasma modules 1 of the embodiments according to fig4 and 5 . in fig6 is another embodiment of plasma generating device 100 is shown schematically . in this embodiment , plasma modules 1 are housed in common housing 105 . housing 105 has common gas supply 117 via which process gas 18 g is directed into the housing 105 , so that it enters into gas inlet 17 of first plasma module 1 . module housing 5 of plasma module 1 is formed in this embodiment of the walls of housing 105 and of separating walls 106 inside housing 105 . between upper section 106 u of separating walls 106 and housing 105 , apertures are provided , which each are gas outlet 19 and gas inlet 17 of consecutive plasma modules 1 , respectively . also between lower section 106 l of separating walls 106 and housing 105 openings are provided , which act as laterally arranged plasma outlets 3 which enter into adjacent plasma module 1 . plasma outlet 3 of at least one plasma module 1 joins at least a common plasma outlet 103 of housing 105 . from this common plasma outlet 103 , a beam of plasma 60 exits housing 105 , which consequently has a higher intensity , ion density or power density as plasma 60 generated with single plasma module 1 only . plasma modules 1 are connected via their respective control modules ( not shown ). fig7 a , 7b and 7c show schematically possible polygonal cross section profiles of inventive plasma modules 1 . inventive spacing bridges 11 can be formed appropriately . in the sense of a flexible modularity , the cross section is designed preferably as an equilateral polygon . each side area of plasma module 1 can carry a gas inlet 17 or a gas outlet 19 . it is also possible that some side areas of plasma modules 1 do not have a gas inlet 17 or gas outlet 19 . as each side of plasma module 1 can have input interface 6 e , 7 e , 8 e or output interface 6 a , 7 a , 8 a of control module 20 and connector 20 a respectively ( not shown here ). the smaller the cross sectional area of plasma module 1 is , the more compact they can be arranged to plasma generating device 100 , and higher areal plasma power densities can be achieved with plasma modules 1 of a given power limit . plasma modules 1 and spacing bridges 11 of different cross sectional profiles can be combined in inventive plasma generating device 100 . fig7 a shows a triangular cross section profile , where plasma module 1 carries two plasma inlets 17 and one plasma outlet 19 . fig7 b shows a square cross section profile , which carries on each adjacent side faces two plasma inlets 17 and two plasma outlets 19 . fig7 c shows three plasma modules 1 coupled with each other with a hexagonal cross section profile , which carries three plasma inlets 17 and three plasma outlets 19 on each of three adjacent side faces . fig8 a to 8d illustrate schematically on some simple examples , how invention plasma modules 1 can be coupled to inventive plasma generating devices 100 . for the sake of clarity , only plasma modules 1 are shown . in principle at least one inventive spacing bridge 11 can be used between each plasma module 1 . the embodiments shown in the fig8 a to 8d can be combined according to the invention in order to form more complex plasma generating devices 100 and / or fit to create special - application plasma generating devices 100 . fig8 a shows a schematic top view of an embodiment of inventive plasma generating device 100 with mounting batten 101 , to which three plasma modules 1 are coupled serially to each other . plasma modules 1 and also spacing bridges 11 can be pushed or clicked easily on mounting batten 101 . it is also possible that a defective plasma module 1 can be exchanged quickly and easily . in this way , the down time of a system which uses plasma modules 1 is restricted to a minimum . similarly , plasma generating device 100 can be adapted to the various configurations of the work piece to be treated with the plasma . fig8 b is a schematic side view of an embodiment of inventive plasma generating device 100 in a three - dimensional set - up . two plasma modules 1 are coupled with each other by spacing bridge 11 . a third plasma module 1 is coupled to a lower side of spacing bridge 11 , so that third plasma module 1 is , compared to the two other plasma modules 1 , deposed to bottom . with this example , work piece 30 with cut - out 31 can be treated in one process step and anywhere with the same working distance 6 d ( typically about 1 - 5 cm ) to plasma outlet 3 . the dimensions of plasma modules 1 can be different from the dimensions of spacing bridge 11 . spacing bridge 11 can have , according to the invention , a triangular side profile , so that plasma module 1 , connected to spacing bridge 11 from below , is directed at a different angle to work piece 30 as two spacing bridges 11 connected to the sides of plasma modules 1 , in order to provide a more homogeneous plasma treatment of the vertical surfaces of recess 31 . fig8 c shows a schematic top view of a further embodiment of inventive plasma generating device 100 , which has two rows with three identical plasma modules 1 . in order to connect the top row and bottom row in the inventive manner , the third plasma module 1 from left is rotated 90 ° counter clockwise . generally , inventive plasma module 1 with polygonal cross section can be coupled at an angle orientation with other plasma modules 1 or spacing bridges 11 , which represents a multiple of 360 ° divided by the number of corners of its cross section . in this exemplary embodiment , all unconnected gas inlets 17 and gas outlets 19 are sealed with closure elements 15 and all adjacent plasma modules 1 are in direct fluid communication with each other . fig8 d shows a schematic top view of a further embodiment of inventive plasma generating device 100 . the identical and identical angle oriented plasma modules 1 are each connected to two other plasma modules 1 along a closed contour . gas inlet 17 is connected to external gas supply 40 . all unconnected gas inlets 17 and gas outlets 19 are sealed with sealing elements 15 , so that process gas 18 g can flow only as plasma 60 from plasma outlets 3 of plasma module 1 . the invention has been described with reference to exemplary and preferred embodiments . it is obvious to a skilled person that in the light of the disclosure of the invention , various forms of execution or aspects of the invention can be combined without leaving the scope of protection the following claims . | 7 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referring to fig1 , a wearable computer system 10 , in the form of a smart belt 10 ( in the form of an elongated strap and a fastener like a buckle ) to be worn by a public safety employee to carry a myriad of tools . according to one embodiment of the present disclosure , the system includes a belt 10 , containing an embedded computer microprocessor 12 operable to control the functions of the belt and the integration of other wired or wirelessly connected devices with the smart belt 10 . the system further includes a wireless data communications system 14 disposed within the smart belt 10 that is capable of wirelessly communicatively coupling the microprocessor 12 with external data communications systems such as cellular networks , local computer networks , and global computer networks . the smart belt 10 includes one or more radio transceiver ( s ) and antenna to enable wireless communication of voice data , sensor data , commands , instructions , global positioning system ( gps ) or location data , internet data , etc . the smart belt 10 may contain gps components 16 to report or record the position of the smart belt or its components . here , gps components 16 also represent accelerometer and / or gyroscope devices that are used to detect the orientation of the smart belt and generate orientation data . in addition , the smart belt 10 includes an embedded expansion area for additional memory devices 18 . further , the smart belt 10 may incorporate a removable or fixed data storage component 20 now known or to be developed to store additional data generated by the microprocessor as well as data generated by the wired or wirelessly connected devices . further , the smart belt 10 may contain a rechargeable power supply 22 capable of powering all of the components of the smart belt 10 as well as external components which may be integrated with the smart belt 10 . the smart belt 10 may incorporate a power strip / data bus 24 , disposed on the exterior or interior of the smart belt , which allows power from the power source 22 disposed within the smart belt to be transmitted to component devices that are attached to the smart belt . the power strip may also be used to provide power to the rechargeable power supply 22 and / or power the components disposed within the smart belt by attaching external power sources ( power outlet , supplemental battery , etc .) via a charging port 26 to transfer the power . in addition , the smart belt may connect to a first aid component 27 , described in more detail below . a data port 58 may also be incorporated in the smart belt 10 to upload , download , sync , and transmit data to and from the microprocessor 12 and data storage devices 20 . the smart belt further includes a component mounting strip disposed on the exterior of the belt that facilitates the mounting of external components to the belt . the rechargeable power supply 22 in the smart belt 10 may be charged by using inductive charging . an inductive charging system 30 is incorporated within the driver &# 39 ; s seat 32 in a vehicle 33 , and / or in a specially - equipped chair 34 in a home , office facility or other location to charge the power supply in the smart belt 10 . the inductive charging system 30 is incorporated in the seats so that it may inductively couple and charge the power supply 22 in the smart belt 10 . the inductive charging system 30 is preferably embedded in the back portion of the vehicular seat or office seat . in this manner , whenever a public safety officer wearing a smart belt 10 is sitting in a seat 32 or 34 equipped with the charging system 30 , the smart belt power supply 22 receives additional electrical charge to replenish its charge . the user does not need to plug the power supply to an outlet or connect any wires or connectors . charging occurs when the smart belt 10 comes into proximity with the inductive charging system 30 , such as when the wearer is seated in the vehicular or office seat 32 or 34 . contactless inductive energy transfer is known in the art as a convenient way to transfer energy . see for example u . s . pat . nos . 6 , 490 , 176 and 5 , 959 , 433 , and published united states patent applications , publication nos . us 2004 / 0189 , 246 and us 2004 / 0145 , 343 . the power supply 22 in the smart belt is capable of supplying power to all of the devices coupled to and held by the smart belt via the power strip / data bus 24 . the devices are held in sockets or holders that have electrical connections to the power strip / data bus 24 to enable the power and data distribution . the microprocessor 12 is also capable of detecting the power level in any device waning and to distribute power from the batteries of one or more other devices to devices that have low power charge . the microprocessor 12 may also prioritize the devices in the smart belt so that power may be taken from the lower priority devices and distributed to the higher priority devices . in addition , the smart belt 10 may interface with external electronic components wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt . by way of example , one such component may be a holster 40 ( fig2 ) that is capable of detecting when a gun 42 is removed from the holster , the number of bullets in the weapon 42 , the mechanical status of the weapon , etc . further , each external component may be equipped with location and orientation detection mechanism such as gps / accelerometer / gyroscope devices that can detect the position and orientation of the component ( e . g ., directional , relative to orientation of the smart belt , and with respect to horizontal / vertical ). the microprocessor in the smart belt is configured to receive this information and monitor their position / orientation relative to the wearer . an analysis of this data may include determining that the position of a component is too distant from the location of the smart belt wearer , and displaying / sounding a warning message along with the location of the component to the wearer , other smart belts , other persons or to a central public safety dispatch or control center . the microprocessor in the smart belt may also be configured to enable or disable devices or certain functionalities of a device , based on the position or orientation of the device in comparison to the smart belt or the distance of the device from the smart belt . the holster 40 may also incorporate a mechanism or mechanical lock that would prevent an unauthorized user from removing the weapon 42 from the holster 40 if certain biometric requirements ( e . g ., fingerprints , handprint , etc .) are not met . the holster 40 may also work in conjunction with the other belt components . for example , when the weapon 42 is removed from the holster 40 , it may also cause the video recording system associated with the smart belt 10 to activate and begin recording . in addition , the removal of the weapon 42 may cause the gps component 16 of the smart belt 10 to send the wearer &# 39 ; s location to other public safety officers in the area or to a central public safety dispatch or control center . the orientation of the weapon 42 is also sensed and relayed to the microprocessor in the smart belt and used in analytics . the microprocessor 12 disposed within the smart belt 10 may control and coordinate the interaction of all connected components on the smart belt 10 to determine the proper action to be taken by any component on the officer &# 39 ; s person or in the patrol vehicle when one or more of the components are activated . the microprocessor 12 may also record the status / activity / gps coordinates / orientation of the components and store and / or transfer the status / activity data . the microprocessor 12 may also send an alert to other public safety employees or to a central public safety dispatch center or control center , if a certain component or components are activated . the smart belt 10 may convey information / data to the wearer using a number of ways , such as providing a visually - perceivable display on a pair of goggles or eyewear 52 , and providing aurally - perceivable information using speakers / earbuds 76 , etc . the public safety personnel may receive visual / graphical / audio information related to all of the components associated with the smart belt , including power levels , location / orientation , operating status , central dispatch communications , low fuel level of the vehicle , warning messages , etc . examples of what may constitute proper action that can be taken automatically include : logging the location , orientation , and acceleration / movement of the officer / vehicle / external component ( s ), begin recording audio / video , begin analysis of audio / video information , begin relaying audio / video information to central dispatch / station , relay officer &# 39 ; s physiological data to central dispatch , sound siren of the vehicle , and turn on an emergency light bar 8 on the vehicle . the following components , may communicate wired or wirelessly with the smart belt 10 : a radar component 29 . the radar component 29 may be a handheld unit , a remote fixed or portable device or a device integrated with the public safety vehicle . when it is activated and being used to measure the speed of passing vehicles , it may relay the measured speed to the microprocessor in the smart belt in a wired or wireless manner , which may project it for viewing by the wearer on the eyewear and / or a display in the vehicle , whichever one that is best suited for the user . if the measured speed exceeds the posted legal speed , the video information captured of the speeding vehicle &# 39 ; s license plate and the driver &# 39 ; s facial features are automatically analyzed using character recognition and facial recognition software to identify the license plate and the speed violator . a flashlight component 46 . in one embodiment , a flashlight component 46 wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 may be charged and monitored via the smart belt . if the smart belt 10 detects a problem ( i . e ., low battery , defective bulb / battery / switch ) it may take action to correct the problem or alert the wearer to the problem . if the flashlight device 46 is activated , the smart belt 10 may record the date / time and location / orientation of the device prior to , during and after the activation , further activate any other components of the smart belt 10 as programmed , further send a notification or alert of the activation or status of the device 46 . a taser , stun gun , or an electroshock weapon component 48 . in one embodiment , the electronic weapon 48 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt and its power supply may be charged and monitored via the smart belt 10 . if the smart belt 10 detects a problem ( e . g ., low battery , defective probe / battery / switch ) it may take action to correct the problem or alert the wearer to the problem . if the electronic weapon device 48 is activated , the smart belt 10 may record the date / time and location / orientation of the device prior to , during and after the activation , further activate any other components of the smart belt as programmed , and further send a notification or alert of the activation or status of the device 48 . a facial recognition system . in one embodiment , facial recognition software installed and executing in the microprocessor 12 may work in conjunction with a video camera 50 and / or 60 wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 . the video camera 50 and / or 60 may be mounted on protective eyewear 52 worn by the user or on an armored vest 53 , clothing 90 , or smart belt 10 worn by the user , for example . the video camera is operable to scan the faces and postures of people encountered by the wearer of the smart belt 10 and transmit the image data to the smart belt 10 or a remote database or software application for analysis and to take proper action . a night vision system 54 . the night vision system 54 is coupled the eyewear 52 to enables the wearer of the eyewear 52 to see in environments of low ambient light . in one embodiment , the night vision component 54 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt and may provide 360 - degree perimeter movement detection in low light circumstances for the wearer of the smart belt 10 , record the activity and the time / date / geographical location of the activity , and transfer the information to the smart belt to take proper action . a chemical spray component 56 . in one embodiment , the chemical spray component 56 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 and may be monitored via the smart belt . if the smart belt 10 detects a problem ( e . g ., outdated chemicals , low chemical supply , chemical leakage , etc .) it may take action to correct the problem or alert the wearer or a third party of the problem . if the device 56 is activated , the smart belt may record the date / time and location / orientation of the device prior to , during and after the activation , activate any other components of the smart belt as programmed , and further send a notification or alert of the activation or status of the device . a gunshot detection component 28 . in one embodiment , the gunshot detection device 28 may be incorporated into the smart belt and may include one or more microphones that is wired or wirelessly connected to the microprocessor 12 of the smart belt 10 and may sense the sound of a gunshot in the vicinity of the smart belt wearer . software installed in the microprocessor 22 or elsewhere in the smart belt 10 is capable of analyzing the audio data and detect gunshots from received audio signals . in addition , the smart belt may receive wireless data from remotely mounted gunshot detection listening devices 28 . once detected , the detection may trigger the activation of other smart belt associated components such as the night vision component 54 , video recorder component 60 , gps component 16 , and the communication component 14 , to automatically send the information to other public safety employees or a public safety facility or other smart belts . it may also use data received via the gunshot detection device 28 or other devices to mathematically or visually determine the possible location of the origin of the gunshot and map the location to be displayed to the wearer of the smart belt visually via glasses with video and graphical capabilities that are wired or wirelessly associated with the smart belt . an environmental sensor component 62 . in one embodiment , the environmental sensor component 62 is wired or wirelessly connected to the microprocessor 12 of the smart belt 10 and may detect chemical or biological hazards in the environment of the smart belt wearer , take action by activating additional components of the smart belt , and notifying the wearer of the smart belt 10 and others . an audio recording component . in one embodiment , the audio recording component is part of the video recording component 60 described above , but they be separate independent subsystems . the audio recording component 60 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 and may be voice activated and integrate with the global positioning system component 16 and be either manually activated to begin recording or begin recording based on certain criteria , e . g ., the detection of sound at a certain geographical location . for example , if a police officer is at the police station the device will not record , however is the officer in proximity to residence known for illegal drug activity it may begin to automatically record . in another embodiment , the audio recording device may integrate with voice recognition software to allow the public safety employee to control the function of the smart belt and the wired or wirelessly connected external or internal components via voice commands . in another embodiment , the audio recording component may integrate with a voice recognition component operable to compare the audio pattern and characteristics of voices detected to a digital library of known voices to identify the person detected . further , the audio recording component may be integrated the video eye glasses 52 that are wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 to display the picture and information to the smart belt wearer based on the identification of the individual by the audio recording component . a video recording component 60 . in one embodiment , the video recording component is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt and may be voice activated and integrate with the global positioning component and be either manually activated to begin recording or begin based on the detection of sound at a certain geographical location . for example , if a police officer is at the police station the device will not record , however is the officer in proximity to residence known for illegal drug activity it may begin to automatically record received video signals . in another embodiment , the video recording component 60 may integrate with the facial recognition component . if the facial recognition component identifies a person or persons in the officer &# 39 ; s vicinity with an arrest / conviction record and / or a history of aggression on police officers , it may begin recording . in another example , if firefighting personnel wearing smart belts are at the scene of a fire and the facial recognition component identifies a known arsonist in the area around the fire personnel wearing smart belts , the recording component may activate and also send the information from the video recording component and the global positioning component or via an electronic alert or other message to a central command and / or public safety employees or other personnel in the area who are also wearing their smart belts . a handcuff component 66 . in one embodiment , the handcuff component 66 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 and when the handcuff 66 is removed from its case in the belt , the gps component 16 is activated to automatically record the location and also to activate the audio component and / or video component to document the surrounding activity , including the arrest . a first aid component 27 . in one embodiment , one or more items such as a tourniquet may be part of a first aid component 27 that are wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 . the removal of the tourniquet and / or another from the first aid component would automatically cause the activation of the communication component to send a live or pre - recorded message to the public safety dispatch center or other public safety employees or other personnel in the vicinity . it may also automatically trigger the location stamping of the location by the gps component 16 , the location being sent with the message by the communication component to a central dispatch or communications center or to other public safety employees or other personnel or other smart belt wearers in the vicinity . an ammunition storage component 68 . in one embodiment , the ammunition storage component 68 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 and may monitor the age or condition of the ammunition contained in the ammunition storage component 68 and notify the wearer of the smart belt ( via the microprocessor 12 ) if a problem is detected with the ammunition . in addition , the component may recognize incompatible ammunition as compared to the weapon 42 detected in the firearm holster component 40 and compare the information and notify the wearer of the smart belt 10 . in addition , when ammunition is removed from the ammunition storage component 68 it may cause other components wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 to activate and operate . a communication device component 70 . in one embodiment , the communication device 70 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 and allows two - way audible communications between the smart belt wearer and other smart belt wearers or a public safety dispatch center . the communication device component may also function to transfer data to and from the smart belt or the external or internal components wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt , to and from external computer systems , voice or data analytics systems or voice or data storage systems . the communication device component may also work in conjunction with a software component disposed within the smart belt or the smart belt components , to identify components in need of software updates and transmit the data related to the update to the component . a baton component 72 . in one embodiment the baton device 72 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 and works in conjunction with software disposed in the baton component 72 or the smart belt 10 , the software component working in conjunction with the microprocessor 12 in the smart belt 10 to recognize the removal of the police baton 72 from the smart belt and cause the gps component 16 to create a digital stamp of the location / orientation of the device prior to , during or after deployment , the communications device component 70 to send a notification to other smart belt users in the area or a police dispatch facility indicating that the baton 72 has been removed from its holster . the baton &# 39 ; s removal may also cause the audible recoding component , the video recording component , and the facial recognition component to be activated and begin recording . the baton device 72 may also have a biometric component that detects usage by unauthorized person and activates other components of the smart belt and takes action to notify other public safety employees , other smart belts and / or a public safety dispatch center . a holster component 40 . in one embodiment , the holster 40 is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 , with the weapon 42 contained within the smart belt wired or wirelessly connected to either the holster or the smart belt . the holster may monitor the condition and status of the weapon contained within the holster including , but not limited to the number of bullets in the weapon , if there is a bullet in the chamber of the weapon , the status of the weapon , the number of rounds fired by the weapon and the caliber of the weapon . the holster or smart belt may further detect the removal of the weapon 42 from the holster 40 and the removal of the weapon from the holster may further cause the holster or the smart belt to further activate the audio recording component , the global positioning component , the video recording component , the communications component , the night vision component , and / or the eyewear component or any other component of the smart belt a firearm component 42 . in one embodiment , the firearm is wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 , the smart belt 10 operable to monitor the status of the firearms component including the readiness of the firearm to fire , the usage history of the firearm including the number of times it has been removed from the holster and fired and the location / orientation of the firearm prior to , during or after the firearm is fired . the firearm 42 may also contain a biometric component that prohibits unauthorized users from using the weapon by reporting the biometric information to the smart belt , the smart belt operable to determine that the user is not authorized and disabling the weapon , and further activating other components of the smart belt including but not limited to the gps component 16 , the video recording component , the communications component and the audio recording component . the smart belt 10 may also notify other smart belt users , other public safety employees or a public safety dispatch center of the status of or use or attempted use of the weapon . in addition , the wireless communications component 14 disposed within the smart belt may act to receive software updates for the smart belt itself , as well as the components connected wired or wirelessly to the smart belt . in addition , the smart belt may be wired or wirelessly communicatively coupled to external devices removed from the smart belt including : eyewear 52 equipped with an internal projection system to provide data , images or video to the wearer received from the wearer &# 39 ; s smart belt or its related components or received from other smart belts worn by other public safety employees . a headset 76 incorporating a ear piece 74 and microphone 78 to provide two - way audio communication via the smart belt or its related components or received from other smart belts worn by other public safety employees . ballistic headwear 80 . the ballistic headwear 80 or helmet being operable detect impact and measure the degree of impact to the ballistic headwear , or change in orientation of the ballistic headwear , and transfer the information to the smart belt 10 for analysis and take action . a ballistic vest 53 . the ballistic vest is able to detect impact to the ballistic vest and measure the degree of impact , or change in orientation of the ballistic vest , and transfer the information to the smart belt for analysis and take action . a ballistic shield 82 . the ballistic shield 82 is capable of detecting impact or change in orientation of the ballistic shield and transfer the information to the smart belt to take action . in addition , the public safety vehicle 33 itself may wired or wirelessly connect as a component of the smart belt . the public safety vehicle may be equipped with sensors to detect glass breakage , intrusion , force applied to the exterior or malfunctions and transfer the information to the smart belt to take action . the sensor may detect glass breakage ( sniper fire / car accident / attack while the vehicle is occupied or unoccupied ) and send a warning message to the belt wearer ( if away from the car ) or a centralized monitoring station . in addition , the ballistic shield 82 , helmet 80 , vest 53 , clothing 90 ( e . g ., shirt , trousers , hat , shoes ), and public safety vehicle may be further equipped with external or internal sensors to detect a number of variables . for example , temperature sensors may be used to determine the body temperature of the officer to detect overheating or other less than optimal environment . the officer &# 39 ; s physiological condition may also be measured by a plurality of sensors and relayed to the smart belt . sensors can also be incorporated to detect the presence of environmental hazards . sensors may be incorporated into the clothing to determine whether a force exceeding a certain magnitude has been applied to any of the components , determine a velocity and direction vector of the force , and transmit the location information ( received from gps component ) to the smart belt 10 . the smart belt 10 is operable to analyze the received information and determine the possible location of the origin of the force / hazard , and take action by alerting the wearer or other public safety personnel in the area or a central public safety dispatch center or control center of the possible location of a suspect or threat based on the analysis . in addition , the smart belt 10 may act as an electronic “ key ” to authorize the operation of the functions of the public safety vehicle 33 . in one embodiment , the smart belt is wirelessly connected to the public safety vehicle and when the smart belt is in proximity to the public safety vehicle it provides a digital authorization for the vehicle to be started . in another embodiment , the smart belt provides a digital authorization for a weapon to be removed from a locking gun lock located within the vehicle . in another embodiment , the mobile data computer mounted in the public safety vehicle will accept a digital verification from the smart belt and allow access to the computers operating system by the authorized wearer of the smart belt . in addition , the smart belt 10 worn by one public safety officer may be wired or wirelessly connected to other smart belts worn by other personnel to exchange data and information between smart belts based on proximity or other associative parameters pertaining to the wearer such as time of day , function performed , etc . it should be noted that the phrase “ wired or wirelessly connected to the smart belt 10 ” used herein means that a component is communicating with the microprocessor 12 and / or one or more other components / subsystems coupled or held in the smart belt 10 via a wired or wireless communication channel . it should also be noted that the sensors disposed within the holders of the smart belt 10 may be implemented by passive and / or active sensors depending on the desired application and functionality . in addition , the headset , audio recording component or the video recording component may be operable to receive audible input commands from the wearer of the smart belt , the audible input being recognized and interpreted by a software component to allow for voice control of the smart belt or its externally or internally connected components , by the wearer of the smart belt . the features of the present invention which are believed to be novel are set forth below with particularity in the appended claims . however , modifications , variations , and changes to the exemplary embodiments described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art , and the system and method described herein thus encompasses such modifications , variations , and changes and are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein . | 7 |
in the following text , a gas injector 1 according to a first preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described in detail with reference to fig2 . as can be gathered from fig2 , gas injector 1 includes a valve body 2 and a needle system which includes an outer needle 3 and an inner needle 4 . inner needle 4 is situated in a hollow region 30 of outer needle 3 . moreover , gas injector 1 includes an actuator system 7 having a first actuator 71 and a second actuator 72 . first actuator 71 actuates inner needle 4 , and second actuator 72 actuates outer needle 3 . inner needle 4 is guided inside outer needle 3 . moreover , a first sealing seat 5 is developed between outer needle 3 and valve body 2 . in addition , a second sealing seat 6 is formed between inner needle 4 and outer needle 3 . the two sealing seats are developed as circles . outer needle 3 and inner needle 4 are both provided as outwardly opening needles , so that gas injector 1 is an outwardly opening injector . in addition , gas injector 1 includes a first stop 8 , which restricts a lift travel of outer needle 3 , and a second stop 9 , which restricts a lift travel of inner needle 4 . the provision of two separate actuators 71 , 72 makes it possible to actuate and move outer needle 3 and inner needle 4 separately . as a result , only outer needle 3 may lift off from first sealing seat 5 . alternatively , it is also possible that only inner needle 4 lifts off from second sealing seat 6 . as a further alternative , outer needle 3 and inner needle 4 may be lifted off from their sealing seats together . in addition , different opening lifts of outer needle 3 and inner needle 4 are realizable , as well . as a result , the present invention makes it possible to execute quite different injection strategies , which in particular are dependent upon an operating point of an internal combustion engine . a resetting of outer needle 3 and inner needle 4 takes place via restoring elements ( not shown ), such as springs . fig2 shows a partially open state of gas injector 1 , in which outer needle 3 has lifted off from first sealing seat 5 and inner needle 4 has lifted off from second sealing seat 6 . this is indicated by arrows a and b in fig2 . this is not yet the maximum opening position because , as can be gathered from fig2 , a space still remains between the plate - shaped end regions of outer needle 3 and inner needle 4 with respect to stops 8 , 9 in the region of first and second actuators 71 , 72 . the two actuators 71 , 72 of this exemplary embodiment are magnet armatures . however , it should be noted that piezo actuators may be used as well . as indicated in fig2 by arrows c , fuel is supplied via multiple openings 41 at the plate - shaped end of inner needle 4 , past second stop 9 , into a first space 20 in valve body 2 . the gas is then able to be supplied from first space 20 into a second space 21 via first through openings 31 in the plate - shaped end region of outer needle 3 . outer needle 3 furthermore is provided with second through openings 32 in a center region , which form a connection between second space 21 and hollow region 30 of outer needle 3 . fuel is therefore able to be guided to sealing seats 5 , 6 both at an inner side of outer needle 3 and an outer side of outer needle 3 . the flow routes of the gaseous fuel are indicated by the arrows in fig2 . according to the present invention , it is therefore possible to provide a gas injector 1 having a closing element which includes two needles , the closing element opening in the outward direction . because of dual sealing seat 5 , 6 , it is also possible to inject greater gas quantities into a combustion chamber during an injection cycle . gas injector 1 can be disposed directly at the combustion chamber and thus may be a directly - injecting gas injector . fig3 shows a gas injector 1 according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in contrast to the first exemplary embodiment , gas injector 1 of the second exemplary embodiment has an actuator system that includes precisely only one actuator 71 . in addition , further below , gas injector 1 of the second exemplary embodiment includes a first compression element 10 and a second compression element 11 . first compression element 10 is situated between inner needle 4 and outer needle 3 . second compression element 11 is situated between outer needle 3 and valve body 2 . compression elements 10 , 11 are cylindrical helical springs and have different spring constants . fig3 shows the closed position of gas injector 1 . first sealing seat 5 and second sealing seat 6 are closed . both compression elements 10 , 11 retain gas injector 1 in the closed position . if an injection of gas is to take place , actuator 71 will be actuated , so that inner needle 4 is moved in the direction of arrow a . the maximum lift of inner needle 4 is delimited by stop 8 . the axial movement of inner needle 4 compresses first compression element 10 . outer needle 3 still remains closed until the prestress force of first compression element 10 , which is compressed more and more , exceeds the force of second compression element 11 . at this point , outer needle 3 opens as well . as a result , a gas injector 1 having a stepped opening characteristic can be described in the second exemplary embodiment . inner needle 4 opens first , followed by outer needle 3 . it should be noted that different opening characteristics are able to be realized by selecting different spring constants of compression elements 10 , 11 . as an alternative , a slaving element may also be provided at inner needle 4 , which carries outer needle 3 along and opens it once a specific lift of inner needle 4 has been attained . | 8 |
an ophthalmologic operation microscope according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings . fig1 shows the general construction of an ophthalmologic operation microscope 1 according to the first embodiment . this ophthalmologic operation microscope 1 is equipped with a column 2 for supporting the apparatus , a first arm 3 one end of which is connected to the upper end of the column 2 , a second arm 4 one end of which is connected to the other end of the first arm 3 , a drive device 5 connected to the other end of the second arm 4 , an operator microscope 6 suspended from the drive device 5 , an assistant microscope 7 disposed adjacent to the operator microscope 6 , and a foot switch 8 for performing various operations with a foot . the operator microscope 6 and the assistant microscope 7 are driven three - dimensionally , i . e ., vertically and horizontally , by the drive device s . symbol e indicates an eye of the patient who is subjected to operation . numeral 40 indicates a front lens disposed between the objective lens of the operator microscope 6 ( described below ) and the eye e . fig2 a through 2c are enlarged views for illustrating the construction of the operator microscope 6 . fig2 a is an external side view , fig2 b is an external front view , and fig2 c is a see - through side view showing how the front lens is accommodated . as shown in these drawings , the operator microscope 6 is equipped with a main body portion 6 a , a lens barrel portion 10 , an inverter portion 20 , and a pair of eyepieces 30 ( 30 l and 30 r ). in fig2 b , the eyepieces 30 are omitted . the front lens 40 is connected to the lens barrel portion 10 through the intermediation of a retaining arm 41 , etc ., and is detachably provided between the objective lens and the eye e ( as described in detail below ). although not shown , the main body portion 6 a accommodates a control circuit for performing operation control on the operator microscope 6 , a drive device for effecting vertical fine adjustment of the barrel portion 10 by the control circuit , etc . the lens barrel portion 10 accommodates an optical system ( described below ), inclusive of the objective lens 11 , for illuminating and observing the eye e . the inverter portion 20 accommodates a well - known optical unit for converting an inverted image as observed into an erect image . next , the construction of the front lens 40 and the periphery thereof will be described . as stated above , the front lens 40 is connected to the operator microscope 6 through the intermediation of the retaining arm 41 , etc . the front lens 40 is mounted to a retaining plate 41 a formed at the distal end of the retaining arm 41 . the retaining arm 41 and the retaining plate 41 a are rotatably connected together by an axle 41 b . the retaining plate 41 a is equipped with a beveled portion 41 c . the retaining arm 41 is equipped with a front lens operating knob 42 for swinging the retaining arm 41 . the operator microscope 6 further includes an ascent / descent arm 71 with a fringe portion 71 a at its top , a connection portion 71 b connected to the lower portion of the ascent / descent arm 71 , an ascent regulating member 72 connected to the connection portion 71 b , a connection knob 73 passed through the connection portion 71 b , and an accommodating portion 74 detachably mounted to the ascent regulating member 72 and serving to accommodate the front lens 40 and the retaining arm 41 . the retaining arm 41 is pivoted to the accommodating portion 74 by an axle 74 a . further , a coil spring 54 is mounted to the top portion of the retaining arm 41 . the reason for making the accommodating portion 74 detachable with respect to the ascent regulating member 72 is that it has to be detached therefrom after operation , etc . in order to sterilize the front lens 40 and the retaining arm 41 . even with the front lens 40 , etc . removed there from , the microscope can be used as an ordinary operation microscope . in the following , the members mentioned in this paragraph may be collectively referred to as the front lens support portion . the main body portion 6 a of the operator microscope 6 is equipped with a drive portion 75 for vertically driving an ascent / descent arm support member 76 supporting the ascent / descent arm 71 . the ascent / descent arm 71 is passed through the ascent / descent arm support member 76 . further , due to the presence of the fringe portion 71 a , the ascent / descent arm 71 is prevented from being detached and dropping from the ascent / descent arm support member 76 . thus , as the ascent / descent arm 76 is vertically moved by the drive portion 75 , the front lens 40 is vertically moved , thereby changing its position relative to the objective lens 11 . due to this arrangement , independently of the fine vertical adjustment of the lens barrel portion 10 , it is possible to vertically move the front lens 40 alone . further , mounted to the lower portion of the main body portion 6 a is an ascent regulating member 77 for regulating , together with the ascent regulating member 72 , the upward movement range of the front lens support portion . formed in this ascent regulating member 77 is a connection hole 77 a for connecting and securing the front lens support portion to the main body portion 6 a by operating the connection knob 73 . to connect the front lens support portion to the main body portion 6 a , the front lens support portion is raised to the uppermost position by the drive portion 75 ( at this time , a protrusion 73 a of the connection knob 73 and the connection hole 77 a are mated with each other ), and the connection knob 73 is rotated in a predetermined direction to fit the protrusion 73 a into the connection hole 77 a . fig2 a and 2b show the front lens 40 of the operator microscope 6 in the state in which the lens has been inserted between the eye e and the objective lens 11 ( i . e ., when it is being used ). when the use of the front lens 40 is stopped and the front lens is to be retracted , the operator grips a front lens operating knob 42 and upwardly swings the retaining arm 41 around the axle 74 a , whereby the front lens 40 and the retaining arm 41 are accommodated in the accommodating portion 74 . conversely , to bring the front lens 40 accommodated in the accommodating portion 74 into the state of use , the retaining arm 41 is swung downwards in a similar fashion . as shown in fig2 a , when it is being used , the front lens 40 is arranged such that its optical axis is directed at a predetermined angle with respect to the optical axis direction ( vertical direction ) of the objective lens 11 . this inclined arrangement of the front lens 40 is realized by the construction as shown in fig3 a through 3c . in fig2 a thorough 3 c , the inclination of the front lens 40 is somewhat exaggerated for clarity of illustration . fig3 a is a see - through side view schematically showing the construction of the front lens 40 and the retaining plate 41 a , fig3 b is a schematic view of the front lens 40 and the retaining plate 41 a as seen from the left side in fig3 a , and fig3 c is an explanatory view showing how the front lens 40 is arranged in an inclined state when in use . as shown in fig3 b , the retaining plate 41 a has a u - shaped portion , and the lower end portion of the retaining arm 41 is inserted into the region surrounded by the u - shaped portion , for example , as shown in fig1 ( b ) , pivoted and elastically retained . accordingly , the retaining plate 41 a can be held at the desired inclination angle as shown in a virtual line 41 d of fig3 ( c ) . as will be described in detail below , these retaining arm 41 and retaining plate 41 a constitute what is referred to as an image position changing means in the present invention . as shown in fig3 c , when the retaining plate 41 a thus formed is used , the rotating operation of the retaining plate 41 a with respect to the retaining arm 41 arranged vertically is regulated by the elastic holding force , so that the front lens 40 is arranged in an inclined state . fig2 c shows the front lens 40 as accommodated in an accommodating portion 74 ( accommodated position ). as shown in the drawing , the front lens 40 and the retaining arm 41 upwardly swung around the axle 74 a are accommodated so as to extend in the longitudinal direction of the accommodating portion 74 . further , the retaining plate 41 a is rotated around the axle 41 b , and accommodated in a folded state . this is due to the action of the beveled portion 41 c of the retaining plate 41 a and a contact member 74 b mounted to an end of the accommodating portion 74 ; when the retaining arm 41 is swung upwards , the beveled portion 41 c comes into contact with the contact member 74 b , and the retaining plate 41 a is rotated around the axle 41 b while being guided by the beveled portion 41 c to be automatically folded before being accommodated . further , the accommodating portion 74 is equipped with a micro switch 65 for detecting whether the front lens 40 is accommodated or not ; when the front lens 40 is accommodated in the accommodating portion 74 , a part of the retaining plate 41 a comes into contact with the micro switch to turn it on , and , when the accommodation is canceled , the contact state is also canceled , and the switch is turned off . the operation of this micro switch 65 will be illustrated with reference to a variation described below . next , the optical system accommodated in the barrel portion 10 of the operator microscope 6 will be described with reference to fig4 , 5 and 6 . fig4 is a side view schematically showing the construction of this optical system . fig5 is a top view schematically showing the construction of a part of this optical system . fig6 is a diagram schematically showing the construction of a shielding member 16 described below . as shown in fig4 , provided in the lens barrel portion 10 are an objective lens 11 , an observation optical system 12 , a light source 13 , a light guide 14 , a shielding plate 15 , a shielding member 16 , a lens unit 17 , a diaphragm 17 a , and deflection mirrors 18 a , 18 b , and 18 c . the light source 13 , the light guide 14 , the shielding plate 15 , the shielding member 16 , the lens unit 17 , the diaphragm 17 a , and the deflection mirrors 18 a , 18 b , and 18 c constitute what is referred to as an illumination optical system in the present invention . further , although not shown , the lens barrel portion 10 also contains an imaging means , such as a ccd device , for photographing an observation image of the eye e . in the following , photographing by such an imaging means will also be considered as a form of observation . further , between the eye e and the objective lens 11 , there is arranged the front lens 40 in use in a state in which the lens is inclined by a predetermined angle . here , observation light from the eye e forms a focus f between the front lens 40 and the objective lens 11 . thus , the eye e is observed as an inverted image ; however , it is observed after being converted to an erect image by the optical unit in the inverter 20 , so that the requisite operability during operation is ensured . in the extension of the optical axis of the objective lens 11 , there are arranged the eyepieces 30 l and 30 r for the left and right eyes ( see fig1 ) for the operator to observe the eye e . the observation optical system 12 is composed of a pair of observation optical systems 12 l and 12 r as shown in fig5 , and the observation optical systems 12 l and 12 r are composed of lens units including variable - power lenses for varying observation power , guiding observation light to the left and right eyepieces 30 l and 30 r . in fig4 , numeral 12 a indicates an entrance pupil of the observation optical system 12 . the light guide 14 is formed with a bundle of optical fibers guiding illumination light from the light source 13 . the shielding plate 15 is an optical member arranged adjacent to an exit end 14 a of the light guide 14 and adapted to shield a part of the illumination light from the exit end 14 a , thereby making it possible to apply illumination light having a desired cross - sectional configuration . the shielding plate 15 is constructed so as to make it possible to selectively arrange light transmission areas of various configurations in the optical path for the illumination light by means of a shielding plate drive mechanism 15 a consisting of a stepping motor or the like . the configuration of the light transmission area of the shielding plate 15 is selected according to the deflection mirror 18 a , 18 b , or 18 c that is used . the shielding member 16 constitutes what is referred to as the shielding means in the present invention , and consists , for example , of an optical member as shown in fig6 which is adapted to shield apart of the illumination light having passed the shielding plate 15 . this shielding member 16 is put in and out of the optical path of the illumination light by a shielding member drive means 16 a consisting of a solenoid or the like . this operation can be effected , for example , by the foot switch 8 . the shielding member 16 shown in fig6 is a plate - like optical member formed of a plastic material or the like , and has a light transmitting area 16 b transmitting illumination light and a shielding area 16 c not transmitting illumination light . the position of this shielding area 16 c will be discussed below . further , the shielding member 16 is arranged such that , in an optical system in which a point a in the entrance pupil 12 a of the observation optical system 12 ( e . g ., the center thereof ) constitutes the object point and in which the front lens 40 constitutes the reflection surface , the shielding member is inserted at the position of a point b which is optically conjugate with respect to the object point . the lens unit 17 guides the illumination light transmitted through the light transmission area 16 b of the shielding member 16 to a position in the vicinity of the optical axis of the observation optical system 12 ( observation optical axis ). the diaphragm 17 a serves to restrict the area of the eye e to be illuminated , and is provided at a position conjugate with the focus f . the deflection mirrors 18 a , 18 b , and 18 c consist of reflection members arranged at predetermined positions above the objective lens 11 and in the vicinity of the observation optical axis , and serve to deflect the illumination light guided by the lens unit 17 and to guide it toward the eye e through the objective lens 11 . next , the construction of the observation optical system 12 and its periphery will be described with reference to fig5 . as stated above , the observation optical system 12 consists of the left observation optical system 12 l and the right observation optical system 12 r ; the left observation optical system 12 l guides observation light to the eyepiece 30 l for the left eye , and the right observation optical system 12 r guides observation light to the eyepiece 30 r for the right eye . the deflection mirrors 18 a , 18 b , and 18 c have configurations as shown in fig5 . the light transmission areas of the shielding plate 15 have configurations respectively corresponding to the configurations of the deflection mirrors 18 a , 18 b , and 18 c . the deflection mirrors 18 a and 18 b are used when the red reflex ( diaphanographic image ) of the eye e is to be obtained . more specifically , the light transmission areas of the shielding plate 15 are appropriately selected to guide illumination light simultaneously to both the deflection mirrors 18 a and 18 b , whereby it is possible to illuminate the eye e from a small height with respect to the observation optical axis and from both sides . this makes it possible to obtain the red reflex over the entire observation area of the retina of the eye e . the illumination light applied by way of the deflection mirror 18 c is at a larger angle with respect to that in the case of the deflection mirrors 18 a and 18 b , so that it is used when a sense of perspective is desired in the observation image . in the following , the case will be described in which illumination light is applied by way of the deflection mirror 18 c as shown in fig4 . the following description also applies to the case in which the other reflection mirrors are used . in fig5 , symbols al and ar respectively indicate the centers of the entrance pupils of the left observation optical system 12 l and the right observation optical system 12 r . the midpoint of the entrance pupils al and ar will be indicated by symbol a mid . in the drawing , symbol c indicates the center of the entrance pupil of the illumination optical system when the deflection mirror 18 c is being used . when seen sidewise , the arrangement of the midpoint a mid of the entrance pupils al and ar of the left and right observation optical systems 12 l and 12 r and a center c of the exit pupil of the illumination optical system is as shown in fig4 . that is , the illumination light from the light source 13 travels by way of the optical elements of the illumination optical system and is reflected by the area of the deflection mirror 18 c including the center c of the exit pupil to illuminate the eye e through the objective lens 11 and the front lens 40 . the illumination light reflected by the eye e travels through the front lens 40 as observation light to temporarily form the focus f . then , the light travels by way of the objective lens 11 and is transmitted through the entrance pupils al and ar of the left and right observation optical systems 12 l and 12 r to be guided to the eyepieces 30 l and 30 r . here , the segment passing the midpoint a mid of the entrance pupils al and ar and the focus f will be referred to as the observation axis o , and the segment in the angular direction when the illumination light reflected by the center c of the exit pupil passes the focus f will be referred to as an illumination axis l . further , the angle made by an observation axis o and the illumination axis l will be referred to as α , and the segment dividing this angle a substantially into two equal parts will be referred to as a segment o ′. that is , the angle α 1 is substantially equal to an angle α 2 . here , an inclination angle θ of an optical axis o f of the front lens 40 with respect to the observation axis o is set to α 1 . in the following , the operation and effects of the ophthalmologic operation microscope 1 , constructed as described above , will be described with reference to fig7 a through 9b . fig7 a and 7b schematically show how the eye e is observed in the conventional system , in which the optical axis o f of the front lens 40 coincides with the observation axis o , with no inclination angle therebetween . fig8 a and 8b schematically show how the eye e is observed according to the present invention , in which the front lens 40 is inclined with respect to the observation axis o . fig9 a and 9b schematically show how observation is performed when the shielding member 16 is caused to operate in the case of fig8 a and 8b , in which the front lens 40 is inclined . of these drawings , fig7 a , 8 a , and 9 a show how observation is performed through the left observation optical system 12 l and fig7 b , 8 b , and 9 b show how observation is performed through the right observation optical system 12 r . first , the conventional system shown in fig7 a and 7b will be described . when the optical axis o f of the front lens 40 coincides with the observation axis o , due to the angle a made by the illumination axis l and the observation axis o , the exit pupil of the illumination optical system forms two reflection images by the two refraction surfaces of the front lens 40 . here , the two reflection images observed through the left observation optical system 12 l will be referred to as left reflection images p 1 and p 2 , and the two reflection images observed through the right observation optical system 12 r will be referred to as right reflection images q 1 and q 2 . when the angle α is of a magnitude normally selected , the left reflection images p 1 and p 2 and the right reflection images q 1 and q 2 are observed apart from each other . thus , the left observation image of the eye e is encroached upon by the two light spots formed by the left reflection images p 1 and p 2 , with the result that the area that can be observed is reduced . further , the portions around the two light spots suffer deterioration invisibility due to their dazzling . similarly , the right observation image of the eye e suffers a reduction in the area allowing observation and deterioration in visibility in the portions around the light spots . in contrast , in the ophthalmologic operation microscope 1 of the present invention , the optical axis o f of the front lens 40 is inclined with respect to the observation axis o by the above - mentioned angle θ , so that , as shown in fig8 a and 8b , the left reflection images p 1 and p 2 and the right reflection images q 1 and q 2 are respectively superimposed one upon the other when observed . thus , the area of the observation image encroached upon by them is reduced ( substantially by half ), and the area that allows observation is enlarged as compared with that in the related art , thus achieving an improvement in terms of observing condition . despite the improvement in observing condition through substantial coincidence of the two reflection images , the visibility of the portion around the reflection images is not yet to be considered as satisfactory . to eliminate this adverse influence , the shielding member driving means 16 a is operated to put the shielding member 16 in the optical path of the illumination light . here , the shielding region 16 c of the shielding member 16 is positioned so as to shield the cross - sectional region of the illumination light reaching the position of the left reflection images p 1 and p 2 and the right reflection images q 1 and q 2 , which are substantially superimposed one upon the other when observed . thus , the illumination light for forming each reflection image is partially shielded , so that , as shown in fig9 a and 9b , the positions corresponding to the left and right reflection images are observed as dark points 16 c ′ where no illumination light strikes . thus , deterioration is eliminated in visibility due to the dazzling of the portions around the points 16 c ′, which are dark points ( that is , the portions around the regions where the reflection images should be present ). it is desirable that the shielding region 16 c of the shielding member 16 be formed in such a size as will form a dark point slightly larger than the two reflection images substantially superimposed one upon the other when observed . the position of the shielding region 16 c in the shielding member 16 is determined uniquely according to the inclination angle of the front lens 40 , so that it can be previously set at an appropriate position . while only the case has been illustrated in which the illumination light is reflected by the deflection mirror 18 c to illuminate the eye e , what has been described is also applicable to the case in which observation is performed with the deflection mirrors 18 a or 18 b by adopting a construction allowing the inclination angle of the front lens 40 to be changed stepwise . assuming that the angle made at this time by the illumination axis and the observation axis o is β , the front lens 40 is inclined such that its optical axis o f is at an angle of approximately β / 2 with respect to the observation axis o . thus , it is only necessary for the optical axis o f of the front lens 40 to be changed in position stepwise so as to be at α 1 or β / 2 with respect to the observation axis o . further , it is not always necessary for the inclining direction of the optical axis o f of the front lens 40 to be substantially y 2 of the angle made by the illumination axis l and the observation axis o ; it can be appropriately set according to the conditions , such as the device specifications and the individual differences between devices . while in the above - described embodiment switching between use and non - use of the shielding member 16 is effected by operating the foot switch 8 , it is also possible to adopt a construction in which switching is effected in correspondence with use / non - use of the front lens 40 . for example , as shown in fig2 c , the micro switch 65 is provided for detecting whether the front lens 40 is placed in the accommodation position or not ( as described above ). when the front lens 40 is released from the accommodation position and the micro switch 65 is turned off , a control circuit ( not shown ) provided in the main body portion 6 a of the operator microscope 6 transmits a control signal to the shielding member driving means 16 a to cause the shielding member 16 to be put in the optical path of the illumination light . conversely , when the front lens 40 is set in the accommodation position and the micro switch 65 is turned on , the control circuit transmits a control signal to the shielding member driving means 16 a to cause the shielding member 16 to retract from the optical path of the illumination light . due to this construction , it is possible to set or remove the shielding member 16 in correspondence with use / non - use of the front lens 40 , which is convenient from the viewpoint of practical use . next , another embodiment of the present invention will be described . this embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the construction for inclining the front lens . in the following description , the components that are the same as those of the first embodiment will be indicated by the same reference numerals . fig1 a and 10b schematically show the construction of a part of the ophthalmologic operation microscope of this embodiment . fig1 a shows the front lens 40 in the state of use . the ophthalmologic operation microscope of this embodiment is characterized by the construction of the accommodating portion 74 and the connection portion connected with the coil spring 54 . the accommodating portion 74 and the coil spring 54 are rotatably connected by an axle 74 a . by swinging the retaining arm 41 , switching between use and non - use of the front lens 40 is effected . the portion where the accommodating portion 74 and the coil spring 54 are connected with each other is formed such that when the front lens 40 is being used , the retaining arm 41 is at a predetermined angle with respect to the vertical direction . to achieve such an inclination angle , there is adopted , for example , a construction as shown in fig1 b , in which an inclined wall surface 74 c is formed inside the accommodating portion 74 , with the rotation of the coil spring 54 in the direction of the position of use being restricted by this wall surface 74 c . in this case , by adapting the inclination angle of the wall surface 74 c with respect to the vertical direction to an appropriate inclination angle of the front lens 40 , it is possible to obtain the same effect as that in the first embodiment . it is to be noted here that , in fig1 a and 10b , the inclination angle of the front lens 40 is exaggerated to clarify the illustration . while two specific constructions for inclining the front lens 40 have been disclosed with reference to the first and second embodiments , it is possible to obtain the same effect as that of these embodiments by any other construction as long as it is a construction that causes the front lens 40 to incline with respect to the observation axis o . while in the first and second embodiments described above the front lens 40 , which is inclined , is arranged above the horizontal line , it is also possible to obtain the same effect as that of the first and second embodiments by inclining the front lens 40 so as to be situated below the horizontal line 1 as shown in fig1 a . the third embodiment will be described in more detail . as indicated by the chain line in fig1 a , in the first and second embodiments , the front lens 40 is inclined so as to be situated above the horizontal line 1 , which is at the level of the axle 41 b ( that is , such that the angle θ 1 made by the retaining arm 41 ( or observation axis ) and the retaining plate 41 a is an acute angle ). in this embodiment , in contrast , the front lens 40 ′, indicated by the solid line , is rotated in the direction of the arrow y so as to be situated below the horizontal line 1 ( that is , such that the angle θ 2 made by the retaining arm 41 ( or observation axis ) and the retaining plate 41 a ′ is an obtuse angle ). to thus allow rotation between the acute angle θ 1 and the obtuse angle θ 2 , there is adopted , as shown in fig1 b , a construction in which a click engagement through elastic contact is effected by a plurality of ( at least two ) recesses and protrusions 41 f provided at the portion ( in the vicinity of the axle 41 b ) where the retaining arm 41 and the front lens retaining plate 41 a ′ are connected and by a spring 41 e . alternatively , it is also possible to adopt a construction in which a wire is passed through the retaining arm 41 , with the lower end of the wire being fixed to the front lens retaining plate 41 a , and in which the upper end of the wire is mounted to the apparatus main body through the intermediation of a pulley or the like , the operation being conducted manually . in the third embodiment , the above construction for effecting click engagement or wire connection constitutes the image position changing means . next , the effect of the construction in which , as in the third embodiment , the front lens 40 is inclined so as to be situated below the horizontal line 1 will be illustrated with reference to fig1 a and 12b . since the front lens 40 is inclined so as to be situated below the horizontal line 1 , the left reflection images p 1 and p 2 and the right reflection images q 1 and q 2 are respectively observed at positions spaced apart from each other as shown in fig1 a and 12b . as a result , the central area requisite for observation is enlarged , thereby achieving an improvement in terms of observation efficiency as in the first and second embodiments . next , still another embodiment of the present invention will be described . this embodiment employs a shielding member different from that of the first embodiment . fig1 a and 13b schematically show the construction of an example of the shielding member 160 of this embodiment . the shielding member 160 is a liquid crystal display ( lcd ) provided in the optical path of the illumination light ; when nothing is being displayed , the illumination light is allowed to pass through it . further , the shielding member 160 by lcd is controlled so as to be capable of displaying a black shielding area 160 c at an arbitrary position by the above - mentioned control circuit . for example , it is possible to form a shielding area 160 c consisting of a single area as shown in fig1 a , or form a shielding area 160 c consisting of two separate areas as shown in fig1 b . use of the shielding member 160 by lcd as the shielding member provides the following effects . first , when the front lens 40 is arranged in an inclined state and the two reflection images of the exit pupil of the illumination optical system as observed are substantially matched with each other , one shielding area 160 c is displayed at the position on the shielding member 160 by lcd corresponding to the position of the reflection images , as shown in fig1 a , to form a dark point in the observation image . when the front lens 40 is not inclined and two reflection images are to be observed , shielding areas are respectively displayed at the positions on the shielding member 160 by lcd corresponding to the positions of these two reflection images to thereby form two dark points . thus , according to this embodiment , even when the position of the reflection image is changed as a result of a change in the incident height of the illumination light , etc ., it is possible to appropriately change the position of the shielding area . further , even when the front lens is not inclined , it is possible to turn the areas corresponding to the two reflection images into dark points , thereby achieving an improvement in terms of visibility . further , it is also possible to adopt an arrangement in which the position on the shielding member 160 by lcd where the shielding area is displayed is changed in conformity with the position where the reflection image is observed by the above - mentioned control circuit ( when the number of reflection images is one and / or two ) with this arrangement , even if the position of the reflection image is changed , a dark point is automatically formed at that position , which is convenient from the viewpoint of practical use . the constructions described in detail above only constitute examples of how the present invention is to be carried out , and it goes without saying that various modifications and additions in terms of construction are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention . according to one aspect of the present invention , it is possible to change the positions of the two reflection images of the exit pupil of the illumination optical system due to the front lens such that they are substantially superimposed one upon the other when observed , whereby it is possible to enlarge the area that allows observation . thus , the operator can obtain a satisfactory visual field . according to another aspect of the present invention , it is possible to shield a part of illumination light to be applied to the area where the reflection images of the exit pupil of the illumination optical system are observed , so that it is possible to eliminate a deterioration in visibility due to the dazzling of the reflection images , thereby providing a satisfactory visual field . | 6 |
the following description of the preferred embodiment is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention , its application , or uses . referring now to the drawings , a vehicle bearing assembly 10 is shown having a solid rotating spindle or shaft 11 surrounded by a cylindrical hub 12 . cylindrical hub 12 is fixed to the vehicle suspension via a plurality of threaded apertures 14 and corresponding fasteners ( not shown ). vehicle bearing assembly 10 further includes an integrated wheel speed sensor assembly 16 having a wheel speed sensor 18 ( fig1 ), an optional spring clip 20 , a tone wheel 22 fixed to spindle 11 for rotation therewith , and a bearing cap 24 . bearing cap 24 is generally dome shaped and includes an integrally - molded , sensor - receiving cavity 26 adapted to receive wheel speed sensor 18 therein . sensor - receiving cavity 26 is generally cylindrical in shape and includes a pair of external slots 28 formed orthogonally to a longitudinal axis a - a of sensor - receiving cavity 26 . each of the pair of external slots 28 includes an elongated hole 30 ( only one shown ), which enables spring clip 20 to retain wheel speed sensor 18 within sensor - receiving cavity 26 , which will be described below . as best seen in fig1 wheel speed sensor 18 includes a sensor probe 32 , an o - ring seal 34 , and a pair of retaining slots 36 ( only one shown ) formed on opposing sides of wheel speed sensor 18 . during installation , a pair of retaining legs 38 of optional spring clip 20 extend through elongated holes 30 and are received within the pair of retaining slots 36 of wheel speed sensor 18 when wheel speed sensor 18 is disposed within sensor - receiving cavity 26 . tone wheel 22 cooperates with wheel speed sensor 18 in a manner conventional in the art to produce an output signal representative of the wheel speed . a cable 40 interconnects wheel speed sensor 18 with a control device ( not shown ) for delivering the wheel speed data to the control device ( i . e . vehicle computer ), which is then capable of determining wheel slippage for use in anti - lock braking systems , traction control systems , and the like . recently , it has been found that spring clip 20 may not provide feedback to an installer of a proper positioning of wheel speed sensor 18 relative to sensor - receiving cavity 26 or tone wheel 22 . that is , it has been found that in known designs wheel speed sensor 18 may be partially disposed within sensor - receiving cavity 26 , however , spring clip 20 is locked around a lower section of wheel speed sensor 18 than retaining slots 36 thereby appearing to be properly positioned and seated . conversely , wheel speed sensor 18 may be fully disposed within sensor - receiving cavity 26 , yet not sufficiently retained by spring clip 20 . on the other hand , wheel speed sensor 18 may be sufficiently retained by spring clip 20 , but improperly positioned in sensor - receiving cavity 26 . accordingly , sensor retaining latch 42 is disposed about wheel speed sensor 18 so as to effect a positive latch condition . that is , sensor retaining latch 42 insures wheel speed sensor 18 is properly positioned and seated by preventing latching of sensor retaining latch 42 until wheel speed sensor 18 is properly positioned and seated , thereby providing positive feedback to an installer that wheel speed sensor 18 has been installed properly . sensor retaining latch 42 includes a base section 44 and an upwardly - extending collar section 46 . sensor retaining latch 42 further includes a pair of downwardly - extending bifurcated legs 48 and a pair of downwardly - extending shoulders 50 . preferably , sensor retaining latch 42 is made of a plastic material . more preferably , sensor retaining latch 42 is made of a plastic material containing approximately 15 % glass for improved strength and flex capabilities . sensor retaining latch 42 may be manufactured simply employing conventional injection molding techniques . to facilitate inspection and confirmation of installation , sensor retaining latch 42 is preferably yellow or any other bright color . base section 44 of sensor retaining latch 42 and upwardly - extending collar section 46 cooperate to define a through bore sufficiently sized to receive wheel speed sensor 18 therethrough . specifically , collar section 46 is generally cylindrical in shape having a pair of opposing flat sections 52 . flat sections 52 of collar section 46 are sized to cooperate with a corresponding pair of opposing flat sections 54 on wheel speed sensor 18 . such flat sections 52 , 54 prevent rotation of sensor retaining latch 42 and wheel speed sensor 18 relative to each other . as seen in the figures , downwardly - extending bifurcated legs 48 engage a pair of suitably sized latch nubs 58 extending from a lower exterior section of sensor - receiving cavity 26 . specifically , bifurcated legs 48 each include a pair of side members 60 extending from base section 44 . side members 60 terminate into an interconnecting member 62 . interconnecting member 62 includes a generally flat top surface 64 for engaging a lower surface 66 of latch nub 58 . likewise , interconnecting member 62 further includes a chamfered or otherwise inclined or tapered edge 68 , which is adapted to ride along a tapered top surface 70 of latch nub 58 during an engaging motion . when fastened , each latch nub 58 extends between side members 60 and engages generally flat top surface 64 of interconnecting member 62 . as described above , bifurcated legs 48 are adapted to ride over latch nubs 58 during installation and , thus , must flex a sufficient distance to enable such passing . however , it should be appreciated that bifurcated legs 48 must also maintain sufficient bias to maintain a latch position once engaged . during installation , wheel speed sensor 18 is inserted within sensor - receiving cavity 26 such that o - ring seal 34 of wheel speed sensor 18 is firmly seated within sensor - receiving cavity 26 . the pair of retaining slots 36 of wheel speed sensor 18 are aligned with the pair of external slots 28 and elongated holes 30 of sensor - receiving cavity 26 . spring clip 20 may optionally be engaged with wheel speed sensor 18 such that retaining legs 38 of spring clip 20 extend through elongated holes 30 and lock within the pair of retaining slots 36 of wheel speed sensor . sensor retaining latch 42 is then engaged with latch nubs 58 . specifically , sensor retaining latch 42 is pressed downward such that tapered edge 68 of bifurcated legs 48 rides along tapered top surface 70 of latch nub 58 . this movement forces bifurcated legs 48 to flex outwardly until generally flat top surface 64 engages lower surface 66 of latch nub 58 and flexes inwardly to an engaged position . this latching motion produces a click or similar positive locking feedback to the installer to insure proper locking of wheel speed sensor 18 within sensor - receiving cavity 26 . it has been found that the sensor retaining latch of the present invention provides simple and reliable latching of the wheel speed sensor within the sensor - receiving cavity even when only one bifurcated leg is engaged with the corresponding latch nub . therefore , should the installer inadvertently latch only one side of the sensor retaining latch , the wheel speed sensor will remain in proper position for determining wheel speed and , thus , permits optimal signal generation . the description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and , thus , variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention . such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
the present invention will now be described in detail by reference to the accompanying drawing . referring to fig1 showing the first embodiment of the present invention , an ink tank 10 has a shape of a long cylinder and it has an opening 11 at one end . a male screw 12 is disposed on the periphery of the open end portion of the ink tank 10 and the ink tank 10 has a flexible bellows portion 13 on the other end and a bottom 14 on the end face thereof . a neck member 15 comprises a first cylinder 17 having a female screw 16 to be engaged with the male screw 12 disposed at the open end portion of the ink tank 10 . a first shoulder portion 18 connected to the first cylinder 17 and a second cylinder 19 connected to the first shoulder portion 18 and having an inner diameter smaller than that of the first cylinder 17 . a lid member 20 comprises a peripheral edge portion 21 disposed in the first cylinder 17 of the neck member , an intermediate cylinder 22 connected to the peripheral edge portion and a plate - like portion 23 connected to the intermediate cylinder 22 . the plate - like portion 23 has a valve seat hole 24 at the center thereof . a cap member 25 comprises a flange 26 disposed in the first cylinder 17 of the neck member 15 , a third cylinder 27 connected to the flange 26 and fitted closely in the second cylinder 19 of the neck member 15 , a second shoulder portion 28 connected to the third cylinder 27 and a fine liquid discharge tube 29 which is connected to the second shoulder portion 28 and has an inner diameter smaller than that of the third cylinder 27 . a valve member 30 comprises a valve 31 to be seated in the valve seat hole 24 of the lid member 20 , a first rod portion 32 connected to one end of the valve 31 and inserted loosely with a small clearance into the third cylinder 27 of the cap member 25 and a second rod portion 33 connected to the other end of the valve 31 and having a free end contacted with the inner face of the bottom 14 of the tank ink 10 substantially at the center thereof . a compression spring 34 is interposed between the free end face of the third cylinder 27 of the cap member 25 and said one end of the valve 31 to seat the valve 31 in the valve seat hole 24 . a writing core 35 has a tubular form having one end opened and the other end closed . the core 35 is composed of an ink - absorbing material such as felt , and the open end is fitted and inserted between the second cylinder 19 of the neck member 15 and the fine liquid discharge tube 29 . the peripheral edge portion 21 of the lid member 20 and the flange 26 of the cap member 25 are supported and held by the end of the opening 11 of the ink tank 10 and the first shoulder portion 18 of the neck member 15 . the cap member 25 is preferably made of a synthetic resin such as a polyethylene resin , a polypropylene resin , or the like . in the ink tank 10 , an ink - agitating ring 36 is loosely inserted in the second rod portion 33 . a case 37 comprises a short cylinder having an opening 38 on one end and the other end 39 closed . the open end portion 38 is loosely inserted into the ink tank 10 , and the bellows portion 13 is covered with the case 37 . the case 37 is disposed so that it can slide with respect to the ink tank 10 . accordingly , when the closed end 39 of the case 37 is pressed , the bellows portion 13 is contracted . the cap member 25 may be made of polyethylene resin , a polypropylene resin or other synthetic resin . a first chamber 40 is formed among the lid member 20 , the free end face of the third cylinder 27 of the cap member 25 and the first rod portion 32 of the valve member 30 . a second chamber 41 is formed between the free end face of the first rod portion 32 of the valve member 30 and the third cylinder 27 of the cap member 25 . in the writing instrument having the above structure , the opening 11 of the ink - filled ink tank 10 is ordinarily sealed by the lid member 20 and the valve seat hole 24 of the lid member 20 is ordinarily sealed by the valve 31 pressed by the spring 34 . accordingly , in the ordinary state , the ink in the ink tank 10 is prevented from leaking through the valve seat hole 24 and excessive supply of the ink to the core 35 is inhibited . when the amount of the ink absorbed in the writing core 35 is reduced by use of the writing instrument , if the end 39 of the case 37 is pressed , the bellows portion 13 is contracted to press the valve member 30 , and the valve 31 is moved against the spring 34 to open the valve seat hole 24 . simultaneously , the inlet of the fine liquid discharge tube 29 is closed by the free end of the first rod portion 32 and the ink tank 10 is communicated with the first chamber 40 , whereby the ink in the ink tank 10 is supplied into the first chamber 40 . when compression of the case 37 is released to restore the spring 34 and the bellows portion 13 to the original positions , the ink in the first chamber 40 is supplied into the second chamber 41 through the clearance between the first rod portion 32 and the third cylinder 27 , and the ink is then supplied to the core 35 through the liquid discharge fine tube 29 and absorbed in the core 35 . according to the present invention , in the ordinary state the contact of the core with the ink in the ink tank is intercepted and therefore , unnecessary loss of the ink is prevented and no leakage of ink results even when the temperature rises . further , the ink can be supplied to the core optionally according to need . the second embodiment shown in fig2 has a structure similar to that of the first embodiment shown in fig1 except for the following points . an ink tank 42 comprises a long cylinder 43 and a bellows portion 44 , and a male screw 46 disposed at an opening on one end of the bellows portion 44 is engaged with a female screw 45 disposed at an opening on one end of the long cylinder 43 . the bellows portion 44 has a projection 47 on the bottom thereof . a case 48 is attached to the long cylinder 43 at an open end 49 thereof and has a central opening 50 at the bottom thereof . the projection 47 of the bellows portion 44 extends over this central opening 50 of the case 48 . a free end 53 of a first rod portion 52 of a valve member 51 has a semi - spherical shape and a free end of a second rod portion 54 fitted to have contact with the inner face of the projection 47 of the bellows portion 44 . a shoulder portion 56 of a cap member 55 has a semi - spherical shape corresponding to the semispherical shape of the end 53 of the first rod portion 52 . in the writing instrument having the above structure , when the projection 47 is pressed , the bellows portion 44 is contracted and the semi - spherical end 53 of the first rod portion 52 of the valve member 51 comes into the close contact with the semi - spherical shoulder portion 56 of the cap member 55 , whereby the inlet of the fine liquid discharge tube is assuredly closed . the third embodiment shown in fig3 has a structure similar to that of the first embodiment shown in fig1 except for the following difference . an ink tank 57 has a long cylinder 58 and a bellows portion 59 connected to one end of the long cylinder 58 . a case 60 comprises a long cylinder 62 having a male screw 61 on one end and fitted on the outer periphery of the long cylinder 58 along the entire length thereof and a short cylinder 63 slidably fitted and inserted in the other end of the long cylinder 62 . the short cylinder 63 is disposed to cover the outside of the bellows portion 59 . the female screw 16 of the neck member 15 is screwed with the male screw 61 of the case 60 . the fourth embodiment shown in fig4 has a structure similar to that of the first embodiment shown in fig1 except for the following points . an ink tank 64 comprises a long cylinder 65 and a bellows portion 66 connected to one end of the long cylinder 65 . a projection 67 is disposed on the bottom of the bellows portion 66 . a case 68 comprises a long cylinder 70 having a male screw 69 at one end and a central opening 71 at the bottom of the other end and being fitted in an ink tank 64 along the entire length of the outer periphery thereof . the projection 67 extends over the central opening 71 . the female screw 16 is threadedly engaged with the male screw 69 of the case 68 . the fifth embodiment shown in fig5 has a structure similar to that of the first embodiment shown in fig1 except for the following points . an ink tank 72 comprises a bellows portion 74 having a flange 73 on one end and a long cylinder 75 connected to the other end of the bellows portion 74 . a projection 76 is formed on the bottom of the free end of the long cylinder 75 . a case 77 comprises a long cylinder 79 having a male screw 78 on one end and a central opening 80 on the bottom of the other end and being fitted in the ink tank 72 along the entire length of the outer periphery thereof . the projection 76 extends over the central opening 80 . the female screw 16 of the neck member 15 is threadedly engaged with the male screw 78 of the case 77 . a lid member 81 is composed of a plate 84 having a valve seat hole 82 at the center and an edge portion 83 on the outer periphery . the flange 73 of the ink tank 72 is supported and held by the neck member 15 and said one end of the case 77 together with the edge portion 83 of the lid member 81 and the flange 26 of the cap member 25 . the sixth embodiment shown in fig6 has a structure similar to that of the fourth embodiment shown in fig4 except that the ink tank 85 , case 86 and valve member 87 are relatively short in this sixth embodiment . in the present invention , the top end of the fine liquid discharge tube 29 is preferably closed , and when the writing instrument is used , the core 35 is taken out and the top end of the fine liquid discharge tube 29 is cut off , and the core 35 is inserted again . | 1 |
with reference to fig1 and 2 , a debarking apparatus and control system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention may now be described . the apparatus includes an infeed conveyor ( alternatively referred to as a “ positive feed ” conveyor ) 10 , a rotating debarking drum 12 , a discharge conveyor 14 , and a chip feed conveyor 16 . infeed conveyor 10 is used to direct logs toward debarking drum 12 . in the preferred embodiment , infeed conveyor 10 may be a chain conveyor of conventional type . infeed conveyor 10 is driven by drive motor 26 . drive motor 26 ( and the other drive motors described herein ) may be of a conventional electric or hydraulic type in alternative embodiments . logs may be fed into infeed conveyor 10 by an overhead crane , a forklift - type loader , or other means ( not shown ), and are carried by infeed conveyor 10 into debarking drum 12 . debarking drum 12 is shaped as an open - ended cylinder , and is supported by a cradle of rollers 29 in horizontal fashion . debarking drum 12 is driven by a variable speed motor 28 , which causes it to rotate about its horizontal axis . the rotation of drum 12 causes logs fed into drum 12 from infeed conveyor 10 to rub against one another , and thereby results in the bark being removed from the logs as a result of the friction between the logs . ideally , the logs are removed from debarking drum 12 just as all bark is removed so that the maximum amount of fiber will be retained in the logs for conversion to paper pulp or other desired wood fiber materials . logs emerging from debarking drum 12 are fed onto discharge conveyor 14 . like infeed conveyor 10 , discharge conveyor 14 may preferably be a chain conveyor of conventional type , and is driven by motor 30 . discharge conveyor 14 feeds the debarked logs onto chip feed conveyor 16 , which is driven by drive motor 32 . chip feed conveyor 16 , which may also be of a conventional chain - conveyor type , may then feed the logs into a chip mill for ultimate use in wood pulp or for other applications . although chip feed conveyor 16 may be omitted from the invention , it is included in the preferred embodiment since it is traditional for chip mills to use this additional conveyor . any waste material that may exit debarking drum 12 and thereby travel up discharge conveyor 14 may be dropped in the gap between discharge conveyor 14 and chip feed conveyor 16 . the use of chip feed conveyor 16 thereby improves the quality of the chip material that will eventually be produced from the logs since only a trivial quantity of waste material will find its way to the end of chip feed conveyor 16 in conjunction with the logs . ultrasonic sensors are positioned at key locations along the preferred embodiment of the invention , as depicted in fig2 . infeed conveyor sensor 26 is positioned to sense material that is placed on infeed conveyor 10 . drum sensor 20 is positioned to sense material that is on infeed conveyor 10 just before entering debarking drum 12 . discharge conveyor sensor 22 is positioned to sense material that is at discharge conveyor 14 , and chip feed conveyor sensor 24 is positioned to sense material that is at chip feed conveyor 16 . in the preferred embodiment , discharge conveyor sensor 22 ( as well as the other sensors described herein ) are ultrasonic sensors model no . iru - 3135 , manufactured by sti automation of logan , utah . other types of sensors could be used in alternative embodiments , including without limitation other models and brands of ultrasonic sensors as well as various types of optical sensors . the major components of the control system of the preferred embodiment may now be described with continued reference to fig2 . the signals from infeed conveyor sensor 18 , debarking drum sensor 20 , discharge conveyor sensor 22 , and chip feed conveyor sensor 24 are fed as inputs to programmable logic controller ( plc ) 34 . plcs are well - known devices for use in process control applications in industrial plants . they are commercially available in many varieties , options including the number of inputs and outputs , processing speed , and logic complexity . in the preferred embodiment , plc 34 is one of either allen bradley slc - 5 or plc - 5 models , manufactured by rockwell automation of milwaukee , wis . the plc programming software used in the preferred embodiment is rslogix 500 , also available from rockwell automation . many other models of plcs and various types of programming software could be substituted in alternative embodiments . plc 34 generates output signals that are fed to infeed conveyor motor 26 , debarker drum motor 28 , discharge conveyor motor 30 , and chip feed conveyor motor 32 . these signals are used to stop , start , and vary the speed of these motors , and thereby control the operation of infeed conveyor 10 , debarking drum 12 , discharge conveyor 14 , and chip feed conveyor 16 . specifically , according to the preferred embodiment infeed conveyor 10 may be turned on and off by control signals sent to infeed conveyor motor 26 ; debarker drum 12 may be set to high - speed rotation , low - speed rotation , or turned off by control signals sent to debarker drum motor 28 ; discharge conveyor 14 may be set to high - speed travel , low - speed travel , or turned off by control signals sent to discharge conveyor motor 30 ; and chip feed conveyor 16 may be set to high - speed travel , low - speed travel , or turned off by control signals sent to chip feed conveyor motor 32 . plc 34 is also in communication with look - up tables 36 . look - up tables are logical constructs intended to store numbers in designated locations for easy look - up by plc 34 when needed . look - up tables 36 may be implemented in any electronic , magnetic , optical , or other computer - readable media . these tables may be read into a random access memory area of plc 34 in order to be utilized . fig3 shows the logical arrangement of three exemplary tables 40 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention . ( it should be noted that the exemplary values shown in tables 40 do not necessarily represent optimal values for any particular wood variety or season .) the values in the tables 40 are used to control various parameters of the debarking system as will be explained in greater detail below . while three exemplary tables 40 are shown in fig3 , any number of tables 36 may be implemented in the preferred embodiment of the invention , according to the needs of the system . this will depend upon many factors ; for example , the number of wood varieties processed at a particular mill . personal computer 38 is used to input data to plc 34 , including the creation and deletion of tables 36 , and the review and editing of the various values in tables 36 . referring now to fig4 , the computational logic implemented in plc 34 to control infeed conveyor 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention may now be described . at input block 50 , information from infeed conveyor sensor 18 is fed to decision block 52 . this information will be in the form of a bed depth of material on infeed conveyor 10 , preferably measured in inches . at decision block 52 , the amount of material detected at infeed conveyor sensor 18 is compared to the “ pfc infeed sensor depth ” value at block 53 , which is stored in the appropriate look - up table 36 . if the quantity of material exceeds the value found in look - up table 36 , then processing continues to decision block 54 . at decision block 54 , if infeed conveyor 10 is already on , then processing returns to decision block 52 . if infeed conveyor 10 is currently off , then processing moves to process block 56 . at process block 56 , the infeed conveyor is turned on after a delay as designated in the “ pfc infeed delay ” value at block 57 . this value is the number of seconds of delay after material is detected that infeed conveyor is to be turned on , and is stored in the appropriate look - up table 36 . after completion of the process at process block 56 , processing returns to decision block 52 . if a sufficient quantity of material is not detected at decision block 52 , then processing moves to decision block 61 . at decision block 61 , the logic of plc 34 inquires whether infeed conveyor 10 is currently stopped . if the answer is yes , then processing returns to decision block 52 . if the answer is no , then processing continues to decision block 58 . at decision block 58 , the delay since the lack of material was first detected is compared to the “ pfc delay to stop ” value at block 59 . again , the “ pfc delay to stop ” value is stored in the appropriate table 36 . if the delay time before stopping has not been reached , then processing is returned to decision block 52 . if the delay time before stopping has been reached , then the conveyor is turned off at process block 60 , and processing returns to decision block 52 . referring now to fig5 , the computational logic implemented in plc 34 to control debarking drum 12 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention may now be described . at input block 62 , information from debarking drum sensor 20 is fed to decision block 64 . as was the case for infeed conveyor sensor 18 , this information will be in the form of a bed depth of material , preferably measured in inches , but in this case the measurement will be of material that is just approaching the entrance to debarking drum 12 . at decision block 64 , the amount of material detected that is about to enter debarking drum 12 is compared to the “ pfc sensor depth ” value at block 65 , which is stored in the appropriate look - up table 36 . if the quantity of material exceeds the value found in look - up table 36 , then processing continues to decision block 68 . at decision block 68 , if debarking drum 12 is already on and running at high speed , then processing returns to decision block 64 . if debarking drum 12 is currently off or running at low speed , then processing moves to process block 70 . at process block 70 , debarking drum 12 is turned to a high speed setting , the rotation per minute ( rpm ) value of which is designated in the “ drum fast speed ” value at block 71 . this value is stored in and is retrieved from the appropriate look - up table 36 by plc 34 . after completion of the process at process block 70 , processing returns to decision block 64 . if a sufficient quantity of material is not detected at decision block 64 , then processing moves to decision block 80 . at decision block 80 , the logic of plc 34 inquires whether debarking drum 12 is currently stopped . if the answer is yes , then processing returns to decision block 64 . if the answer is no , then processing continues to decision block 66 . at decision block 66 , the logic of plc 34 inquires whether debarking drum 12 is currently running at its high - speed setting . if so , then processing moves to decision block 72 . here the logic of plc 34 compares the delay since the lack of material was first detected with the “ drum delay to slow ” value at block 73 , which is stored in the appropriate table 36 . if the delay time before returning to low speed has not been reached , then processing is returned to decision block 64 . if the delay time before returning to low speed has been reached , then debarking drum 12 is turned to its low - speed setting at process block 74 , and processing returns to decision block 64 . if at decision block 66 it is determined that debarking drum 12 is not currently running at its high - speed setting , then processing moves to decision block 76 . at decision block 76 , the logic of plc 34 compares the delay since the lack of material was first detected to the “ drum delay to stop ” value at block 77 . again , the “ drum delay to stop ” value is stored in the appropriate table 36 . if the delay time before stopping has not been reached , then processing is returned to decision block 64 . if the delay time before stopping has been reached , then the conveyor is turned off at process block 78 , and processing returns to decision block 64 . referring now to fig6 , the computational logic implemented in plc 34 to control discharge conveyor 14 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention may now be described . before automatic control begins , the operator generally sets discharge conveyor 14 to run at its low - speed setting using manual controls . automatic processing them begins at input block 82 , where information from discharge sensor 22 is fed to decision block 84 . as was the case for infeed conveyor sensor 18 and debarker drum sensor 20 , this information will be in the form of a bed depth of material , preferably measured in inches , but in this case the measurement will be of material that is just entering discharge conveyor 14 . at decision block 84 , the amount of material detected that is entering discharge conveyor 14 is compared to the “ ddc sensor depth ” value at block 85 , which is stored in the appropriate look - up table 36 . if the quantity of material exceeds the value found in look - up table 36 , then processing continues to decision block 86 . at decision block 86 , if discharge conveyor 14 is already on and running at high speed , then processing returns to decision block 84 . if discharge conveyor 14 is currently off or running at low speed , then processing moves to process block 88 . at process block 88 , discharge conveyor 14 is turned to a high - speed setting , the feet per minute value of which is designated in the “ ddc fast speed ” value at block 89 . this value is stored in and is retrieved from the appropriate look - up table 36 by plc 34 . after completion of the process at process block 88 , processing returns to decision block 84 . if a sufficient quantity of material is not detected at decision block 84 , then processing moves to decision block 90 . at decision block 90 , the logic of plc 34 inquires whether discharge conveyor 14 is currently stopped . if the answer is yes , then processing returns to decision block 84 . if the answer is no , then processing continues to decision block 92 . at decision block 92 , the logic of plc 34 inquires whether discharge conveyor 14 is currently running at its high - speed setting . if so , then processing moves to decision block 98 . here the logic of plc 34 compares the delay since the lack of material was first detected with the “ ddc delay to slow ” value at block 99 , which is stored in the appropriate table 36 . if the delay time before returning to low speed has not been reached , then processing is returned to decision block 84 . if the delay time before returning to low speed has been reached , then discharge conveyor 14 is turned to its low - speed setting at process block 100 , and processing returns to decision block 84 . if at decision block 92 it is determined that discharge conveyor 14 is not currently running at its high - speed setting , then processing moves to decision block 94 . at decision block 94 , the logic of plc 34 compares the delay since the lack of material was first detected to the “ ddc delay to stop ” value at block 95 . again , the “ ddc delay to stop ” value is stored in the appropriate table 36 . if the delay time before stopping has not been reached , then processing is returned to decision block 84 . if the delay time before stopping has been reached , then the conveyor is turned off at process block 96 , and processing returns to decision block 84 . referring now to fig7 , the computational logic implemented in plc 34 to control chip feed conveyor 16 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention may now be described . before automatic control begins , the operator generally sets chip feed conveyor 16 to run at its low - speed setting using manual controls . automatic processing them begins at input block 102 , where information from chip feed sensor 24 is fed to decision block 104 . as was the case for infeed conveyor sensor 18 , debarker drum sensor 20 , and discharge conveyor sensor 22 , this information will be in the form of a bed depth of material , preferably measured in inches , but in this case the measurement will be of material that is just entering chip feed conveyor 16 . at decision block 104 , the amount of material detected that is entering chip feed conveyor 16 is compared to the “ cfc sensor depth ” value at block 105 , which is stored in the appropriate look - up table 36 . if the quantity of material exceeds the value found in look - up table 36 , then processing continues to decision block 106 . at decision block 106 , if chip feed conveyor 16 is already on and running at high speed , then processing returns to decision block 104 . if chip feed conveyor 16 is currently off or running at low speed , then processing moves to process block 108 . at process block 108 , chip feed conveyor 16 is turned to a high - speed setting , the feet per minute value of which is designated in the “ cfc fast speed ” value at block 109 . this value is stored in and is retrieved from the appropriate look - up table 36 by plc 34 . after completion of the process at process block 108 , processing returns to decision block 104 . if a sufficient quantity of material is not detected at decision block 104 , then processing moves to decision block 110 . at decision block 110 , the logic of plc 34 inquires whether chip feed conveyor 16 is currently stopped . if the answer is yes , then processing returns to decision block 104 . if the answer is no , then processing continues to decision block 102 . at decision block 102 , the logic of plc 34 inquires whether chip feed conveyor 16 is currently running at its high - speed setting . if so , then processing moves to decision block 118 . here the logic of plc 34 compares the delay since the lack of material was first detected with the “ cfc delay to slow ” value at block 119 , which is stored in the appropriate table 36 . if the delay time before returning to low speed has not been reached , then processing is returned to decision block 104 . if the delay time before returning to low speed has been reached , then chip feed conveyor 16 is turned to its low - speed setting at process block 120 , and processing returns to decision block 104 . if at decision block 112 it is determined that chip feed conveyor 16 is not currently running at its high - speed setting , then processing moves to decision block 114 . at decision block 114 , the logic of plc 34 compares the delay since the lack of material was first detected to the “ cfc delay to stop ” value at block 115 . again , the “ cfc delay to stop ” value is stored in the appropriate table 36 . if the delay time before stopping has not been reached , then processing is returned to decision block 104 . if the delay time before stopping has been reached , then the conveyor is turned off at process block 116 , and processing returns to decision block 104 . each of the delay times , speed settings , and material level settings associated with the operation of each component of the debarking system is stored in an appropriate table 36 . any number of tables 36 may be used in the preferred embodiment . each table corresponds to a certain collection of settings that may be based on variables associated with the processing time of the material that is being run by the debarking apparatus . such variables include , but are not necessarily limited to , the variety of the wood being processed and the season in which the wood is being processed . a different table may be assigned for operation of the debarking apparatus at any given time based upon these factors . the proper table to be used for a particular operating session may be chosen by the operator through computer 38 . the values in each table 36 are determined empirically from actual operation of the debarking apparatus and from the programmer &# 39 ; s experience with such systems . once a particular table 36 is chosen , the system may be run without change of the chosen table 36 until a change in wood quality ( such as wood variety or season ) is determined to exist . it should be noted that in the preferred embodiment , all of the controls for infeed conveyor motor 26 , debarker drum motor 28 , discharge conveyor motor 30 , and chip feed conveyor 32 may be operated in a manual or override mode as necessary . as is evident from the above description of the control circuitry , the invention allows the debarking of material to be fed to a chip mill or other similar application to generally proceed with little human intervention . the invention saves energy and reduces component wear by slowing down or stopping those components that are not in use at any given time . for example , infeed conveyor 10 will be shut down after a period of time without use ; debarker drum 12 will be slowed down after a period of time without use , and will be brought to a stop after an extended period of time without use ; discharge conveyor 14 will be slowed down after a period of time without use , and will be brought to a stop after an extended period of time without use ; and chip feed conveyor 16 will be slowed down after a period of time without use , and will be brought to a stop after an extended period of time without use . it should be noted that while the preferred embodiment has been described , the invention also comprises a number of alternative embodiments . the debarking apparatus components with variable - speed drive systems , which could be any of the components as desired , could be controlled with any number of speed settings rather than the two of the preferred embodiment . likewise , the speed of these components could be made continuously variable dependent upon a calculation based upon the quantity of material present . the present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred and alternative embodiments that are intended to be exemplary only and not limiting to the full scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims . | 6 |
with reference to the above mentioned figures , 1 indicates as a whole a sorting unit for belt conveyor plants , according to the present invention . as it appears from fig1 the sorting unit 1 is part of a belt conveyor plant marked 2 , and it can be interposed between a main conveyor line 3 and two secondary conveyor lines . more in particular the sorting unit 1 operates , as it will be better clarified hereinafter , in such a way as to send the objects coming from the main conveyor line 3 , in a selective way , to a first secondary conveyor line 4 , extending in line and coplanar with the main line 3 , or on a second secondary conveyor line 5 extending according to a plan placed below the main conveyor line 3 . the number and the disposition of the secondary conveyor lines is not relevant for the objects of the present invention . in fact , as it appears from fig3 it can be foreseen that instead of the second secondary conveyor line 5 , a packing box 6 or the like be prearranged under the sorting unit 1 , in such a way that this latter can make the objects coming from the main line 3 dropped directly into the same . originally , according to this invention the sorting unit 1 includes a first sorting conveyor belt 7 and a second sorting conveyor belt 8 , one at the side of the other and symetrically extending in line with further conveyor belts 9 and 10 , presented respectively by the main conveyor line 3 and by the first secondary conveyor line 4 . preferably it is foreseen that the sum of widths of the sorting belts 7 and 8 is equal to the widths of conveyor belts 9 and 10 . as it is known , the sorting belts 7 and 8 are composed by a plurality of belt elements 7a and 8a extending , respectively , between first and second transmission rollers 11 and 12 . the sorting belts 7 and 8 are furthermore oscillating according to a first and a second oscillation axis x -- x and x &# 39 ;-- x &# 39 ; respectively , extending in parallel and in correspondence of the opposite edges of the same , to be brought , as it shall be better clarified hereinafter , from a rest position in which they are horizontally positioned in line with further conveyor belts 9 and 10 , to a discharge position where , as indicated with a dotted line in fig3 they are transversally tilted downward to let the carried objects drop into box 6 or on the secondary conveyor line 5 . in addition , first and second operation means 13 and 14 are foreseen which operate on the first sorting belt 7 and on the second sorting belt 8 respectively , as to give , through one of the transmission rollers 11 and 12 , a conventional translatory conveying motion in the same direction to the belts . originally , the operation means 13 and 14 are made each one of an operation shaft 15 extending in parallel to the longitudinal development of the respective sorting belt 7 or 8 , adjacent to its farest side with respect to the other sorting belt . to this purpose , each operating shaft 15 is revolvingly supported , with respect to a fixed structure 16 , by supporting elements 17 clamped to the fixed structure itself . in preference it is foreseen that each operation shaft 15 is operated in rotation in the direction of the rotation made by the relevant sorting belt 7 or 8 when this latter is brought from the rest position to the discharge position , for the purposes which will better appear hereinafter . the rotary motion of the operation shafts 15 can be obtained through transmission gears which can be associated to each one of the shafts in correspondence of half part of the flexible coupling 18 and 19 placed respectively at the opposite ends of these latter . these transmission members can be operated both by an engine associated to the sorting module 1 and by the main 3 or secondary 4 conveyor lines . both the transmission members and the engine , mentioned above have not been illustrated and they will no more be described as known per se and conventional and in any case not decisive with a view to the present invention . to advantage , the half - parts of flexible couplings 18 and 19 allow also the motion transmission among the operation shafts of several sorting units 1 when these are aligned in sequence in order to sort the objects on several secondary lines or in different containing boxes . each one of the operation shafts 15 revolvingly supports a couple of connection elements 20 each one of which , in its turn revolvingly supports one of the transmission rollers 11 or 12 at one of its ends . two bars 21 revolvingly engage the transmission rollers 11 and the transmission rollers 12 respectively , from the opposite side at their ends engaged by the connection elements 20 . each operation shaft 15 transmits the motion to the relevant sorting belt 7 or 8 through at least a couple of conic gears 22 and 23 respectively keyed on the shaft 15 and on one of the transmission rollers 11 and 12 . as it can be noticed from fig2 and 3 , it is preferably foreseen that connection elements 20 have a box - shaped configuration , in such a way that gears 22 and 23 can be accomodated inside the same . to the sorting belts 7 and 8 are furthermore associated the first and second control means 24 and 25 respectively , simultaneously operating so as to bring the relevant sorting belts 7 and 8 from the rest to the delivery position and viceversa . in a preferred embodiment it is foreseen that these control means include each one at least a fluid - dynamic cylinder 26 engaged to the fixed structure 16 and operating on one of the connection elements 20 . in the case shown , two of these fluid - dynamic cylinders 26 each one operating on the relevant connection elements 20 are foreseen on each sorting belt 7 and 8 . if it were foreseen only one fluid - dynamic cylinder 26 for each sorting belt , connection elements 20 must be rigidly connected one to each other so as to be simultaneously operated by the fluid - dynamic cylinder 26 . after what has been described in a mainly structural meaning , the operation of the sorting unit according to the invention is the following . when in rest position , sorting belts 7 and 8 , operated by the relevant operation shafts 15 , form a continuous surface with the conveyor belts 9 and 10 , in such a way that the objects coming from the main conveyor line 3 can be brought on the first secondary conveyor line 4 . the positioning of the sorting belts 7 and 8 with respect to the main conveyor line 3 is arranged in such a way that the objects carried along the sorting unit 1 result supported by both belts 7 and 8 substantially by two symetrically opposed portions . this situation is clearly shown in fig3 in which one of these objects has been represented with a dotted line and marked with number 27 . when the object 27 translating on the sorting unit 1 is to be made dropped on the second secondary conveyor line 5 or in the box 6 , fluid - dynamic cylinders 26 are simultaneously operated by known and conventional means . these ones , acting on connection elements 20 , force sorting belts 7 and 8 to rotate downward around the axis of the relevant operation shafts 15 , which represent the first and the second oscillation axis x -- x and x &# 39 ;-- x &# 39 ;, respectively . by this rotation , belts 7 and 8 take the delivery position and the object 27 is therefore subject to drop on the secondary conveyor line 5 or in the box 6 , as shown in fig3 . to advantage , as it easy to think , the immediate and simultaneous lowering of the surfaces carrying the object 27 allows that this maintains a substantially horizontal oritentation during its free fall . in this way , even if the object is for instance an article of clothing or in any case an easily deformable element it is not subject to get upset or to curl up upon the impact with the surface under the sorting unit . this effect is reached thanks to the motion transmission through gears 22 and 23 , belts 7 and 8 are subject to slow down the carrying speed of the object 27 when they are brought from the rest position to the discharge position . this speed can even be nullified acting in such a way that fluid - dynamic cylinders 26 give to the relevant sorting belts 7 and 8 an angular velocity equal to that of the operation shafts 15 . immediately after that the object 27 has dropped , sorting belts 7 and 8 are automatically brought again , always through the fluid - dynamic cylinders 26 , in the rest position to receive a new object from the main conveyor line 3 . this invention so attains the proposed objects . as it appears from what above stated , the subject sorting unit operates in such a way as to make the object dropped in the fittest way as to avoid , at the moment of the impact , impact forces localized on certain points of the object itself , which would tend to cause a deformation of the same . this makes the sorting module 1 adequate to sort also soft objects ; this could not be obtained in a satisfactory way with the utilization of sorting units of the known type . the subject sorting unit is furthermore easy to carry out by the sector industry and shows a high utilization versatility since it can easily be applied to conveyor plants of any type . naturally , a number of modifications and variations can be made to this invention , without leaving the inventive concept characterizing it . for example , the operation shafts and the gears can be replaced by conventional belt and pulley transmission usually employed in conveyor plants . in this case , it would be waved the advantage to obtain a slowing down or evenly a cancellation of the object transport speed when sorting belts are brough from the rest position to the delivery one . fuild - dynamic cylinders 26 can furthermore be replaced , e . g . by coupling joints installed on the operation shafts 15 and operating in such a way as to make the connection elements 20 temporarily integral with the shafts to obtain the lowering in the sorting belts 7 and 8 . | 1 |
an embodiment of this invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig4 is a pattern plan view illustrating the configuration of part of a semiconductor integrated circuit having an improved macro cell pattern according to this invention , this circuit being installed in a semiconductor chip . in fig4 a macro cell m a having a bus , data processor , register , etc ., each having an 8 - bit width , is arranged in a region a . in region b is provided a macro cell m b having a 16 - bit bus , data processor , register , etc . further , in region c is provided macro cell m c having a 24 - bit bus , data processor , register , etc . d is a wiring region in which wiring is formed to connect regions a and b , and e is another wiring region where wiring is formed to connect regions b and c . these three macro cells and two wiring regions constitute a single data path . macro cell m a formed in region a has eight leaves a1 to a8 each capable of performing 1 - bit data processing ; the width of each leaf is set to be 1 / 8 of the width of the overall data path . macro cell m b in region b has 16 leaves b1 to b16 , and the width of each leaf is set to be 1 / 16 of the width of the overall data path . macro cell m c in region c has 24 leaves c1 to c24 , and the width of each leaf is set to be 1 / 24 of the width of the overall data path . in other words , the width of each leaf in macro cell m b and that in macro cell m c are respectively set to be 1 / 2 and 1 / 3 of the width of each leaf in macro cell m a . therefore , the width of the overall data path is the same in all the regions a , b and c , thus permitting the overall data path to be formed in a rectangular pattern . this eliminates wastes that are otherwise inevitable in realizing the connection with other data processing apparatuses which is involved at the time the present apparatus is coupled to peripheries , thus ensuring higher integration . in addition , wiring regions d and e for connecting the individual cells can be made smaller by setting the bit arrangement of data in each macro cell in the illustrated manner . for instance , at the location of the first leaf a1 in region a are located the first bit leaf b1 and ninth bit leaf b9 in region b and the first bit leaf c1 , ninth bit leaf c9 and 17 - th bit leaf c17 . that is , leaves which execute data processing of the 1 - th bit , ( 1 + n )- th bit , . . . and ( 1 +( j - 1 ) n )- th bit , ( where j is an integer greater than or equal to 2 ) should be located at the 1 / n portion of a macro cell that executes data processing of ( j × n )- bit data . with the above leaf arrangement , the wiring required for transmission of 8 - bit data in region a , the upper byte ( bits 1 - 8 ) and lower byte ( bits 9 - 16 ) of 16 - bit data in region b , and the upper byte ( bits 1 - 8 ), middle byte ( bits 9 - 16 ) and lower byte ( bits 17 - 24 ) of 24 - bit data in region c between these regions a to c can be formed within the width of the leaf having 1 / n of the width of the macro cell of region a . accordingly , regions d and e can be made smaller . a description will now be given of an application of this invention . fig5 illustrates the circuit configuration of part of an lsi , which includes a macro cell 10 for performing 16 - bit data processing and a macro cell 20 for performing 8 - bit data processing . the 16 - bit macro cell 10 has a register 11 for storing 16 - bit data , a 16 - bit arithmetic and logic unit ( hereinafter referred to as alu ) 12 for performing various arithmetic operations on the data stored in register 11 and other 16 - bit data , and registers 13 and 14 for storing the upper and lower 8 bits of the resultant data from alu 12 . the 8 - bit macro cell 20 has a multiplexer 21 for selecting the outputs of registers 13 and 14 , an 8 - bit alu 22 for performing various arithmetic operations on the 8 - bit data selected by multiplexer 21 and other 8 - bit data , and a register 23 for storing the resultant data from alu 22 and supplying it as the mentioned other data to the alu 22 . in realizing integration of such macro cell 10 for performing 16 - bit data processing and macro cell 20 for performing 8 - bit data processing , the former macro cell 10 is constituted by 16 leaves 30 1 , 30 2 , . . . and 30 16 , and the latter by 8 leaves 40 1 , 40 2 , . . . and 40 8 . leaves 30 2 and 40 1 are shown in fig6 . a person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that leaves 30 1 , 30 3 through 30 16 , and 40 2 through 40 8 are arranged similarly . each of the 16 leaves 30 in macro cell 10 comprises a 1 - bit register 31 , an alu 32 for performing an arithmetic operation on 1 - bit data and a 1 - bit register 33 for storing output data of alu 32 . each leaf 40 in macro cell 20 comprises a 1 - bit multiplexer 41 , an alu 42 for performing an arithmetic operation on 1 - bit data and a 1 - bit register 43 for storing the output data of alu 42 and feeding it back to alu 42 . the width of each leaf 30 in macro cell 10 is set to be 1 / 2 of the width of each leaf in macro cell 20 . accordingly , macro cell 10 has the same width as macro cell 20 , thus permitting the overall pattern of the data path to be rectangular . | 6 |
fig3 a and 3b show that an improved threat tracking and countermeasure device according to the invention includes a homing head for an incident laser beam 50 obtained from a laser source 5 . in the remainder of this present description , for raisons of clarity , we present only a single direction of the trajectory of the light rays . according to the reverse light return principle , it can be seen that the rays can move in the reverse direction to that presented , and that the homing head can therefore be used both for tracking and for the countermeasures to the threat . the laser source 5 is preferably of the infrared laser type . advantageously , the laser source 5 has a small coherence length ( typically of the order of one centimetre ). the homing head is designed to receive incident light beam 50 and to re - direct the latter in order to produce a transmit beam 60 . to this end , the head mainly includes two prisms 11 , 12 forming a double prism 10 . the prisms 11 , 12 are preferably of the rectangle and isosceles type . they are both attached to a face 112 represented by the hypotenuse of their base forming a triangle - rectangle . the double prism 10 therefore forms a cube . the face 112 separates the double prism 10 into two equal parts and forms a dioptre reflecting the rays of the incident laser beam 50 and then passing into the prisms 11 , 12 . fig3 a shows the trajectory of two incident rays 51 , 52 in the double prism 10 . it will be observed that the rays 51 , 52 are totally reflected by the face 112 . the rays 51 , 52 are transmitted , and then references as 61 , 62 respectively after the double prism 10 . the double prism 10 is mounted to rotate around an axis of rotation bb that is perpendicular to the base of the double prism , meaning perpendicular to the plane of fig3 a and 3b , and passing through the geometric centre of the double prism . axis bb allows the rotation of the double prism 10 in the plane of fig3 a and 3b , and therefore the orientation of beam 60 in elevation . fig3 b shows that a rotation by a angle beta of the double prism around axis bb allows a rotation of the transmitted beam 60 by a angle of 2β . to this end , fig3 b shows the trajectory of four rays , with the rays 61 , 62 , 63 and 64 being the transmitted rays . with a rotation of the double prism 10 by a value of at least 45 ° on either side of the optical axis 500 , the head can cover an angle in elevation of at least 180 °. fig4 shows that the rotation of the double prism 10 around axis bb results in a phase advance due to the optical path difference 13 between the two rays 61 , 62 transmitted respectively by the prisms 11 , 12 . the path difference 13 is measured in relation to the upstream phase reference 14 of the double prism 10 over the incident rays 51 , 52 . furthermore , fig5 a to 5d show that the double prism divides the transmit beam 60 into two sub - beams . the countermeasure device output aperture is split into two parts , with one passing via prism 11 ( aperture p 1 ), and the other passing via prism 12 ( aperture p 2 ). fig5 a and 5c correspond to the situation of fig3 a , and fig5 b and 5d correspond to the situation of fig3 b . fig5 a and 5b thus show that the two incoming sub - apertures , p 1 and p 2 , vary in particular as a function of the angle of orientation β of the double prism 10 . fig5 c and 5d show that each prism has the effect of reversing and offsetting the aperture in a different manner for each angle of incidence leading to a change of direction of outgoing sub - apertures p ′ 1 and p ′ 2 . the path difference 13 results in interference between the rays 61 , 62 . such interference is very disadvantageous in relation to threat tracking and countermeasure activity . the dark zones of the interference patterns can in fact result in zones in which there is no detection of the threat and / or to zones in which there is no jamming . in addition , the fact that the path difference varies when using the head , in particular as a function of the angle of orientation of the double prism , again renders threat tracking and countermeasure activity more difficult . as a consequence , it is necessary to render the two sub - parts of the beam 60 mutually incoherent , so as to eliminate the interference between the rays exiting from the double prism . in this regard , fig6 shows that the homing head includes a delay device 130 that is used to render the two sub - parts of beam 60 mutually incoherent . advantageously , device 130 includes an optical blade 131 in the path of one of the two sub - beams . the optical path delay introduced by the blade 131 is at least greater than the coherence length of the laser source 5 in all the working positions of the double prism . the delay blade 131 is chosen so as to satisfy several requirements . firstly , the thickness of the blade must be sufficient to ensure the incoherence of the two sub - beams at all the working angles of the head . it inserts into a single sub - beam has an additional optical path that is greater than the sum firstly of the coherence length of the laser source and secondly of the optical path advance between the two apertures . the value of an additional optical path inserted by the blade 131 is greater than the said sum in the worst case of head operation . in this way , the incoherence of the two sub - beams exiting from the homing head is guaranteed , regardless of the angular position of the deflected transmitted beam . secondly , the blade must guarantee low optical energy losses due to traversing material in the working spectral band of the laser source . the blade 131 must therefore be relatively thin . thirdly , the blade must be anti - reflection treated . the anti - reflection treatment imparts a stealth aspect to the tracking and countermeasure device . it also allows the optical energy losses due to reflection at the walls of the blade at the input to the device to be limited . fourthly , the blade must be mounted with a slight incline so as not to generate specular reflection in the incident direction , in order to prevent : firstly , parasitic reflections of the laser source inside the dircm device , which would reduce the effectiveness of tracking and jamming ; secondly , a potential for detection , through the “ cat &# 39 ; s eye ” effect , by generating a non - negligible les . remember that it is preferably that the laser source should have a small coherence length , typically of just a few centimetres . as a consequence , if l is the thickness of the blade 131 and n is the refractive index of the material from which the blade is made , then it is necessary that : if we take materials with a high refractive index , like silicon for example , which has an index of the order of 3 . 4 , then we get : so that 1 ≧ 8 . 3 mm for a coherence length of the source 5 equal to 20 mm . it can be seen therefore that the blade is quite small . other methods of implementation of the optical delay device 130 are also possible . in particular , these can have mirrors that introduce an optical path difference between the sub - beams . however , these implementation methods are more difficult to implement and are also less compact . the developments presented above describe the orientation of the head in elevation . in order to be able to cover an angular space of at least 2π steradians , it is necessary to have another axis of rotation of the head . fig3 and 6 show that , preferably , an input axis to the system is parallel to the base of the double prism 10 . the input axis is coincident with an axis of rotation aa passing through the geometric centre of the double prism 10 . axis aa is the axis of orientation in horizontal bearing , and allows the prism to be rotated around the input axis for orientation of the transmitted beam 60 in horizontal bearing . for zenithal sighting , axis aa is parallel to the face 112 . the deflection angle ( α ) of the beam 50 in horizontal bearing is the same as the angle of rotation of the prism α in horizontal bearing around axis aa . in order to allow rotation around the two axes aa and bb , the double prism is mounted on two supports 19 covering the two faces corresponding to the base of the double prism 10 . each support 19 is mounted to rotate in a yoke 15 with two arms 16 . a rotation and elevation drive motor is described later this present description . the arms 16 of the yoke 15 include a pivoting link with the supports 19 in order to allow rotation of the double prism 10 around axis bb between the arms of the yoke , as shown in fig6 and 7 . the main axis of the yoke 15 is coincident with axis aa , and is therefore parallel to the base of the double prism 10 . a drive motor for rotation in horizontal bearing allows all of this mechanism to be driven around axis aa . in practise , the position of the blade 131 is controlled as a function of the angular position of the double prism 10 on the two axes aa and bb of rotation of the double prism 10 . for example , the blade 131 continuously covers the part of the aperture p 1 in front of prism 11 . when the double prism 10 rotates in elevation through an angle beta around axis bb , the blade 131 moves , and follows the central edge at the face 112 of the double prism 10 . to this end , the support 133 of the blade 131 is displaced in a linear movement cc on a slide 132 . several methods of implementation of the means for movement of the blade support 131 are possible . a first method of implementation is such that when the double prism rotates so as to orientate the beam in elevation , the blade support 131 is displaced on its slide 132 by a drive bracket 14 . to this end , the bracket 14 is connected firstly to a support 19 of the double prism by link 141 , and secondly to the support 133 of the blade 131 by link 134 . links 141 and 134 are of the pivoting link type . link 134 is also mobile in translation in the support 133 in order to allow movement in direction cc on slide 132 . a mechanical cam system is also possible . in this method of implementation for movement of the blade 131 , the movement of the double prism , transmitted by a drive motor in elevation , located on axis bb or in link 141 , is also transmitted to the blade 131 by means of bracket 14 . reciprocally , a movement transmitted to the blade 131 by a motor located close to the blade is transmitted to the double prism 10 by means of bracket 14 . a second method of implementation is such that the orientation of the double prism 10 and the movement of the blade 131 are effected by separate and synchronised motors . bracket 14 is therefore no longer necessary , thus simplifying the mechanical mounting of the head . the mechanical parts have lower inertia and an appropriate motor drive to allow rapid movement of the double prism and of the blade . advantageously , the blade and the movement resources are statically balanced by a static balancing device 135 . the static balancing device 135 is placed symmetrically to the blade for example , and its movement resources in relation to axis a - a . the balancing device allows us to avoid angular destabilisation of the sighting line during the tracking phases by linear excitation of the beam homing head . we thus eliminate the presence of any possible unbalance . fig6 and 7 show that the device includes a cover 17 for protection of the double prism and the rest of the device . the cover 17 is of more - or - less hemispherical shape . it mainly includes a material 18 that is transparent to infrared light emitted or received by tracking and countermeasure device . the material 18 covers a minimum angle of 180 ° in elevation on the cover 17 along a plane of symmetry of the cover . the cover 17 rotates in horizontal bearing in sympathy with the yoke 15 . all of the device is driven around axis aa so as to provide for scanning in the horizontal bearing plane . the device is designed firstly to effect the tracking of a missile and secondly to take countermeasures against a missile . the tracking phases can be successive or intermittent , according to the applications and the threats involved . fig8 shows that in order to have full coverage of the space , two devices according to the invention can be mounted on the two opposite sides of an aircraft 1 . the devices of the invention are very compact and stealthy . they are mechanically balanced ( this is the case in particular of the double prism and the head and blade ) which means that they are not very sensitive to the vibration from a motor or the rotors of an aircraft . the head itself does not generate any vibration or any destabilisation of the sighting line . it can be seen that the developments described above apply to military aircraft , such as transport craft or attack and transport helicopters . the threats , for example , can be from ground - air missiles or air - air missiles in single combat . the case of multiple threats involving the firing of several missiles in a salvo is also envisaged . the developments described can also apply to civil aircraft , such as long - haul planes for example , against terrorist threats . it can also be seen that the developments described also apply to other types of vehicle , like tanks or trucks , and even to civil or military buildings or vessels threatened by missiles . | 6 |
please refer to fig2 . fig2 is a cross - section diagram of a display 50 according to the first embodiment of the present invention . the display 50 comprises a flat display panel 152 and a back light module 54 . the back light module 54 has a light source 78 , a light guide plate 70 , and a plurality of optical diaphragms , which individually are diffusion film 72 and two prisms 74 , 76 having perpendicular patterns with each other . the light source 78 , which is an led chip or a traditional light , produces light . the light guide plate 70 guides the path of the light , and the light is scattered into the whole light guide plate 70 . in the first embodiment , the light guide plate 70 has prism functionality . the diffusion film 72 can further scatter light , and the emitted light from the emitted light surface of the light guide plate 70 is more uniform . the illumination and luminance of the back light module 54 are increased by the pillar pattern surface of the prisms 74 , 76 . the flat display panel 152 comprises an upper transparent substrate 56 , a lower transparent substrate 58 , a liquid crystal layer 60 between the upper transparent substrate 56 and the lower transparent substrate 58 , an upper polarizer 64 and a lower polarizer 62 . the upper polarizer 64 and the lower polarizer 62 adhere to the upper surface of the upper transparent 56 with an upper adhesive 68 and the lower surface of the lower transparent substrate 58 with a lower adhesive 66 individually . the upper transparent substrate 56 and the lower transparent substrate 58 are made from nonconductors such as quartz or glass . the penetration axis of the upper polarizer 64 is perpendicular to the penetration axis of the lower polarizer 62 . please note that a diffusion layer is provided under the lower surface of the flat display panel 52 in the first embodiment to improve the optical interfere problem of the flat display panel 52 . that means a rough lower surface 62 a of the lower polarizer 62 is made with a rough process , for scattering light . hence , when light is emitted out and passes into the flat display panel 152 , the light will pass through the rough lower surface 62 a of the lower polarizer 62 , and the rough lower surface 62 a will reduce the optical interfere by changing the light path , and the quality of the display 50 picture will thereby be improved . in the second embodiment of the present invention , spread particles 80 are added into the transparent lower adhesive 66 to make the lower adhesive 66 become a diffusing adhesive that can scatter light for increasing the scatter light function of the polarizer 62 , and the optical interfere problem improves . please refer to fig3 . fig3 is a cross - section diagram of a display 50 according to the second embodiment of the present invention . for convenient explanation , like components of fig3 continue to use the reference numbers used in fig2 . the lower polarizer 62 adheres with the lower surface of the lower transparent substrate 58 by the lower adhesive 66 . there are a plurality of spread particles 80 in the lower adhesive 66 that adjust the shape , size and index of reflection of the spread particle 80 or the density of the lower adhesive 66 to control the scattering light effect . the scattering light from the lower surface of the lower polarizer 62 is therefore more scattered . the optical interference is reduced , and the possible moire and the newton &# 39 ; s ring are removed from the display picture . please refer to fig4 . fig4 is a diagram of a display module 100 according to the third embodiment of the present invention . the display module 100 comprises a first part 102 and a second part 104 . the first part 102 is a flat display panel 106 , which comprises an upper glass substrate , a lower glass substrate , a liquid crystal layer , an upper polarizer 108 on the upper lateral of the flat display panel , and a lower polarizer 110 on the lower lateral of the flat display panel . the upper polarizer 108 is adhered to the surface of the flat display panel 106 by the upper adhesive 112 , and the lower polarizer 110 is adhered to the surface of the flat display panel 106 by the lower adhesive 114 . the second part 104 comprises a back light module , which comprises a light source ( not shown ), a light guide plate 115 , a diffusion film 116 , and two prisms 118 , 120 . in the third embodiment , an upper surface 108 a of the upper polarizer 108 undergoes a rough process , so the upper surface 108 a is rough . otherwise , the upper adhesive 112 is a diffusing adhesive , which can scatter light . the manufacture of the diffusing adhesive is performed by doping the spread particles 122 with light - scattering function into the general adhesive to achieve the scatter light effect . because the rough surface 108 a of the upper polarizer 108 in the display module 100 has the upper adhesive 112 , together they make a diffusion layer 124 to reduce interference stripes , for increasing the quality of the picture by scattering the light from the liquid crystal layer gently . please refer to fig5 . fig5 is a cross - section of a display module 150 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention . the display module 150 comprises a first part 152 and a second part 154 . the first part 152 comprises a liquid crystal display panel 156 , and the second part 154 mainly contains a back light module , which comprises a light source ( not shown ), a light guide plate 165 , a diffusion film 166 and two prisms 168 , 170 . the upper and lower surfaces of the liquid crystal display panel 156 individually comprise an upper diffusion layer and a lower diffusion layer , which means both of the surfaces of a first polarizer 158 and a second polarizer 160 are rough surfaces . the fourth embodiment has the first and second polarizers 158 , 160 , a rough upper surface 158 a , and a rough lower surface 160 a to increase the scatter effect for reducing the optical interference . furthermore , the first and the second adhesives 160 , 164 of the first and the second polarizers 158 , 160 can also be doped with spread particles 1 72 , as fig5 shown . the thickness of the upper and lower diffusion layer increases , which improves the scatter light effect and the display picture . please note that adjusting the rough angle or shape of the upper surface 158 a and the lower surface 160 a of the first or second polarizers 158 , 160 can control the illumination , luminance , and micro - reflection of the display module 150 , for increasing the picture quality of the display module 150 . please refer to fig6 . fig6 is a cross - section diagram of a display module 200 according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention . as mentioned above , the display module 200 comprises a first part 202 and a second part 204 . the second part 204 is a back light module , which comprises a light source ( not shown ), a light guide plate 216 , a diffusion film 218 and two prisms 222 , 224 with perpendicular patterns . the first part 202 comprises a liquid crystal display panel 214 , which has an upper polarizer 206 and a lower polarizer 208 adhere to the upper surface and the lower surface of the liquid crystal display panel 214 individually . there is an upper diffusing adhesive 210 between the upper polarizer 206 and the liquid crystal display panel 214 , and a lower diffusing adhesive 212 between a lower polarizer 208 and the liquid crystal display panel 214 . the upper spread adhesive 210 and the lower spread adhesive 212 are used to adhere the upper polarizer 206 and the lower polarizer 208 with the surfaces of the liquid crystal display panel 214 . the upper diffusing adhesive 210 and the lower diffusing adhesive 212 further have a scatter light function , which causes the light from the second part 204 and the liquid crystal display panel 214 to pass into the lower diffusing adhesive 212 and upper diffusing adhesive 210 in a scattered manner . that reduces the optical interference between the prisms 222 , 224 and the liquid crystal display panel 214 . the upper diffusing adhesive 210 and the lower diffusing adhesive 212 on the lateral sides of the liquid crystal display panel 214 in this embodiment serve as diffusion layers to achieve the goal of scattering light and for improving the picture quality caused by optical interference without any polarizers with rough surfaces . besides , the manufacture of the upper diffusing adhesive 210 and the lower diffusing adhesive 212 is not restricted to doping the spread particles 220 into the general adhesive , and can also be made by other scattering materials . in summary , the present invention reduces optical problems occurring in the prism of the back light module and flat display panel . the diffusion layer forms on the upper or lower surface of the flat display in the present invention for scattering light from the back light module so as to improve the picture quality . in the present invention , the diffusion layer can use a polarizer having a rough surface , a diffusing adhesive for adhering the polarizer , or use both in combination with each other . comparing with the prior art , the present invention has no scatter film in the back light module , and as a result can reduce the required thickness . the present invention only modifies the existing material with a simple manufacturing process to achieve the goal of improving picture quality . those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention . accordingly , the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims . | 6 |
fig1 illustrates an embodiment of a labeling device for use in our syringe content identification system . the device consists of a label dispenser 40 suitable for mounting on a prior art medicine vial 30 . features of the prior art medicine vial are a vial seal 35 held on to a vial neck 33 by a vial cap 36 . information describing contents of the vial is printed on a label 34 mounted on a vial body 32 . the label dispenser consists of a dispenser body 42 a label tape 70 and a snap cover 60 . a mounting hub 45 forms a hollow core in the dispenser body . the mounting hub &# 39 ; s diameter is slightly larger than that of the vial cap . a dispenser label 57 , identifying medication contained in the vial partially covers a dispenser top 43 . a dispensing mechanism forms an integral part of the outer wall 49 of the dispenser body and consists of a label tape guide 51 , a delaminating edge 52 , a carrier web return guide 53 , and a carrier web exit slot 54 . a discussion of the operation of this mechanism occurs in the discussion of fig7 . a carrier web 72 follows a feed path running from inside the dispenser body , across the delaminating edge , under the carrier web return guide and exits through the carrier web exit slot . the outer wall also includes a carrier web tear - off clamp 55 . the snap cover encloses the label tape in the dispenser body and stiffens the dispensing mechanism components . the snap cover attaches to the bottom of the outer wall using an outer snap ring 62 that fits tightly into an outer snap ring groove 56 molded into the dispenser body . an inner snap ring 61 tightly fits an inner snap ring groove 46 ( fig4 ) formed near the dispenser hub &# 39 ; s lower outside edge . fig6 illustrates the manner that the snap cover attaches to the dispenser body in greater detail . a mounting ring set 47 molded into the hub &# 39 ; s inner surface compress to secure the dispenser body to the vial . fig2 illustrates an assembled view of components shown in fig1 . this highly compact and ergonomic implementation minimizes interference between the labeling device and normal handling of the medicine vial . fig3 illustrates mounting the label dispenser on the vial body . this alternative is less compact but allows the use of larger labels than a cap - mounted version . fig4 and 6 provide additional details on the dispenser body and the snap cover . fig4 and 6 show the inner snap ring groove and how it , along with the outer snap ring and outer snap ring groove , are used to attach the snap cover . fig4 illustrates how the label tape guide , the delaminating edge , the label carrier return guide , and the label carrier exit slot extend from an intersection of the outer wall with the underside of the dispenser top to the outer wall bottom allowing the carrier web to be threaded from the dispenser body &# 39 ; s bottom . fig7 illustrates how the label tape threads through the dispensing mechanism . the syringe label 71 mounted on the carrier web that is stored inside the dispenser body . a leading end of the carrier web runs between the label tape guide and the delaminating edge . the label tape guide applies pressure to the label tape to create a drag required to hold the carrier web against the delaminating edge . the carrier web then winds around the delaminating edge and on to the carrier return guide forcing the carrier web to follow a small radius curve of the delaminating edge . a combination of the label &# 39 ; s resistance to bending around this curve and the label &# 39 ; s weak adhesion to the carrier web result in the syringe label breaking free of the carrier web . the carrier web then runs along the outer wall &# 39 ; s inside surface and exits through the carrier web exit slot . because feed path is open on the dispenser body &# 39 ; s open end , the label tape can be directly loaded into the feed path rather than being threaded through it . fig8 illustrates details of the label tape consisting of a number of the syringe labels on the carrier web . the carrier web is made of , or coated with , a material that prevents the syringe label from strongly adhering to it . a set of label information 73 is printed on each label . the information may include such items as generic medical name , dosage , label sequence , label id , manufacturer , trade name , lot number , and expiration date . the set of label information may be written in text or in computer readable coding or both . a gap 75 is maintained between labels to allow one label to be dispensed without exposing the subsequent syringe label . when a medical professional draws an injectable vaccine from the vial , the correct labeling of the syringe and accurate records of an injection are facilitated by an integration of the label dispenser , correct syringe labels and the medicine vial . as in prior art , a syringe needle 82 ( fig1 ) is inserted through the vial seal and into the vial . a prescribed amount of medicine is withdrawn from the vial by inverting the vial and pulling a syringe plunger 83 as necessary to draw a prescribed amount of medication into the syringe . by holding the the vial and inserted syringe with one hand and pulling the exposed carrier web away from the carrier web exit slot ( fig1 , 8 ) with the other , the carrier web is drawn , with the syringe label attached , out of the dispenser body , between the label tape guide and across the delaminating edge . as a leading edge of the syringe label encounters the small radius curve of the delaminating edge , its resistance to bending causes it to break free from the carrier web and move away from the dispenser body . when the trailing edge of the syringe label passes over the delaminating edge , it places the syringe label on an exterior side of the carrier web return guide . the medical professional removes the syringe label from the label dispenser and places it on a syringe body 81 ( fig1 ). the excess length of the carrier web may be removed by inserting the carrier web in the tear - off clamp , pressing the clamp to close it against its opposing ridges on the outer wall and tearing off the web using an edge of the clamp furthest from the exit slot . at the time of an injection the syringe label is rechecked and may then be removed for use in maintaining an accurate record of the injection ( fig1 ). both the dispenser body and the snap cover are molded from a plastic material such as polyethyleneterepfthalate ( pet ). approximate thicknesses of the dispenser body are : outer wall , 1 mm ; the dispenser top , 0 . 8 mm ; the hub , 0 . 6 mm . approximate dimensions of the dispenser body are : diameter , 23 mm ; height , 10 . 6 mm ; the hub inside diameter , 13 mm . the snap cover is approximately 0 . 6 mm thick and 24 mm in diameter . these measurements are approximate and will vary depending on such things as the vial and the cap dimensions and the syringe label quantity , thickness and length . the items referenced in the drawings are listed below with their reference numbers and indented to reflect their hierarchical organization . thus the reader will see that the syringe content identification system is a highly effective and inexpensive method of ensuring that prescribed medications are appropriately administered to an intended patient , and that accurate and complete records of these injections are maintained . in addition , many patients , parents and guardians will find the presence of the identifying label on the syringe reassuring . and finally , the correspondence between a number of labels in a dispenser and a number of doses in a vial provides a positive method for flagging several , potentially life threatening , procedural errors that would otherwise go undetected . while the above description contains many specificities these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention but rather as an exemplification of preferred embodiments thereof . many other variations are possible . for example : 1 . the mounting rings could be replaced by bonding the mounting hub directly to the vial cap or vial body using adhesive or other bonding means . 2 . the label dispenser body designed to be mounted around the vial cap can be simplified by bonding the bottom of the outer wall directly to the vial body making the snap cover , the mounting hub , and the mounting rings unnecessary ; 3 . the dispenser body and the vial body could be formed as a single unit . 4 . multiple labels per dose could be issued providing a separate label for such things as a patient &# 39 ; s personal vaccination record . this could be achieved by either issuing several single labels per dose or by using multi layered labels . 5 . although the discussion and drawings focus on injectable medications , syringes and vials , this system can be applied to identify and record the use of ingestable medications as well . the label could be applied to a medicine cup to identify its contents and subsequently used to record the taking of the medication in the patient record . in situations where the patient is responsible for the administration of his own medications , the label can be used with a personal calendar to maintain a clear record of that administration in a format that could easily be reviewed by a medical professional . 6 . the benefit of using these processes and devices is extensible beyond their medical application . for example , this system can be directly applied to manufacturing processes where substances are transported outside their original containers and where positive identification of these substances at the point of application , and accurate recording of their use , is crucial . | 0 |
various features and advantages of the present invention will be more obvious from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings . the terms and words used in the present specification and claims should not be interpreted as being limited to typical meanings or dictionary definitions , but should be interpreted as having meanings and concepts relevant to the technical scope of the present invention based on the rule according to which an inventor can appropriately define the concept of the term to describe most appropriately the best method he or she knows for carrying out the invention . the above and other objects , features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings . in the specification , in adding reference numerals to components throughout the drawings , it is to be noted that like reference numerals designate like components even though components are shown in different drawings . in describing the present invention , a detailed description of related known functions or configurations will be omitted so as not to obscure the gist of the present invention . in the description , the terms “ first ”, “ second ”, “ one surface ”, “ the other surface ” and so on are used to distinguish one element from another element , and the elements are not defined by the above terms . hereinafter , preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 is a plan view showing an internal structure of a heat sink according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig2 is a perspective view showing an internal structure of the heat sink according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig3 is a view showing distribution of a velocity of the flow ( or flux distribution ) of cooling water introduced into the heat sink according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig4 is a view showing a temperature distribution of the entire area of the heat sink according to an embodiment of the present invention . with reference to fig1 , a heat sink 100 according to present embodiment includes a first region a in which a plurality of first pins 101 are arranged , a second region b in which a plurality of second pins 103 are arranged , and a third region c in which a plurality of third pins 105 are arranged . in fig1 , it is illustrated that the heat sink 100 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes three regions of the first region a , the second region b , and the third region c , but two or more regions may also be formed between the first region a connected to a cooling water introduction part 107 and the third region c connected to a cooling water discharge part 109 . here , the second region b may be formed to be adjacent to the first region a , and the third region c may be formed to be adjacent to the second region b . namely , the first region a , the second region b , and the third region c are sequentially formed as shown in fig1 . the second pins 103 arranged in the second region b may have a larger surface area than that of the first pins 101 arranged in the first region a , and the third pins 105 arranged in the third region c may have a larger surface area than that of the second pins 103 arranged in the second region b . if a fourth region ( not shown ) in which fourth pins ( not shown ) are formed is formed between the second region b in which the second pins 103 are formed and the third region c in which the third pins 105 are formed , a surface area of the fourth pins ( not shown ) may be larger than that of the second pins 103 and smaller than that of the third pins 105 . namely , in order to enhance a heat dissipation performance toward the third region c connected to the cooling water discharge part 109 from the first region a connected to the cooling water introduction part 107 , the surface areas of the pins are increased . in fig1 and 2 , the first pins 101 arranged in the first region a have a hexagonal columnar shape , but it is merely an example , and the shape of the pins is not particularly limited . for example , the cross - section of the pins may have a circular shape , a triangular shape , a quadrangular shape , or the like . in the present embodiment , based on the plan view of fig1 , the diameter of the first pins 101 in a vertical direction arranged in the first region a may be greater than the diameter of the second pins 103 in the vertical direction arranged in the second region b , and the diameter of the second pins 103 in the vertical direction arranged in the second region b may be greater than the diameter of the third pins 105 in the vertical direction arranged in the third region c . meanwhile , based on fig1 , the diameter of the first pins 101 in a horizontal direction arranged in the first region a may be smaller than the diameter of the second pins 103 in the horizontal direction arranged in the second region b , and the diameter of the second pins 103 in the horizontal direction may be smaller than the diameter of the third pins 105 in the horizontal direction arranged in the third region c . namely , the diameter of the pins in the vertical direction is reduced and the diameter of the pins in the horizontal direction is increased in the direction from the first pins 101 to the third pins 105 based on fig1 , whereby the shape of the pins is changed from a pin - like shape to a fin - like shape as shown in fig1 . this is to enlarge the surface area , namely , a heat transmission area , of the pins from the first region a and the second region b toward the third region c to thus increase heat conductivity , resulting in enhancement of heat dissipation efficiency . in addition , in the present embodiment , as shown in fig1 and 2 , a total area obtained by adding the areas of the sides that cooling water faces perpendicularly in the second region b is greater than a total area obtained by adding the areas of sides that the cooling water faces perpendicularly ( which refers to vertical cross - sections between the first pins 101 , i . e ., vertical cross - sections of the portions through which cooling water flows ) in the first area a . furthermore , a total area obtained by adding the areas of the sides that the cooling water faces perpendicularly in the third region c may be greater than a total area obtained by adding the areas of the sides that the cooling water faces perpendicularly in the second region b . that is , the total area in which cooling water moves is increased from the part to which cooling water is introduced to the part from which cooling water is discharged . as described above , since the surface area of the pins and the total area of the sides in which cooling water flows are increased from the part to which cooling water is introduced to the part from which cooling water is discharged , surface heat transmission efficiency can be increased to enhance heat dissipation characteristics . in addition , in the present embodiment , as shown in fig1 and 2 , the space a between the first pins 101 arranged in the first region a may be greater than the space b between the second pins 103 arranged in the second region b , and the space b between the second pins 103 arranged in the second region b may be greater than the space c between the third pins 105 arranged in the third region c . in this manner , since the space between the first pins 101 is large , the velocity of cooling water moving in the first region a is faster than that of cooling water moving in the second region b , and the velocity of cooling water moving in the second region b is faster than that of cooling water moving in the third region c , a loss of a flow pressure of cooling water moving to the third region c through the second region b can be minimized , thus reducing an amount of consumed pump power . namely , the heat sink 100 according to the present embodiment is implemented as follows . that is , since the first region a is directly connected to the cooling water introduction part 107 , in which cooling water having a low temperature flows , although the surface area of the first pins 101 is relatively small and the velocity of cooling water is faster , heat may be relatively properly transmitted with cooling water introduced from the first pins 101 , and although the temperature of the introduced cooling water is gradually increased toward the third region c through the second region b , since the surface area of the pins and the movement area of cooling water are increased , heat can be dissipated easily . computational results with respect to the distribution of velocity of the cooling water introduced into the heat sink 100 and experiment results with respect to a temperature distribution of the overall area of the heat sink 100 are shown in fig3 and 4 . first , with reference to fig3 , it is noted that the velocity of cooling water moving between the first pins 101 in the first region a is fast , the velocity of cooling water moving between the second pins 103 in the first region b is slightly slower than the velocity of cooling water moving in the first region a , and the velocity of cooling water moving between the third pins 105 in the third region c is slower than the velocity of cooling water moving in the second region b . in comparison , with reference to fig5 showing the distribution of velocity of cooling water introduced into the heat sink according to the prior art , it is noted that the velocity of cooling water is slow overall . in addition , with reference to fig4 , it is noted that temperature is uniformly distributed over the entirety of the first region a , the second region b , and the third region c of the heat sink 100 according to the present embodiment . in comparison , with reference to fig6 showing the temperature distribution of the heat sink according to the prior art , it is noted that temperature is increased toward the direction ( the direction of the arrow ) from which cooling water is discharged . in addition , fig1 and 2 show the exposed internal structure of heat sink 100 to explain the internal structure thereof , but a skilled person in the art would recognize that a cover member ( not shown ) covering the first region a , the second region b , and the third region c may be further provided . furthermore , the heat sink 100 according to the present invention may be made of copper ( cu ) or aluminum ( al ), but the present invention is not particularly limited thereto and any material having good thermal conductivity may be used . in addition , the heat sink 100 according to the present embodiment may be fabricated by injection molding using a mold having a corresponding shape , but the present invention is not particularly limited thereto . according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , since the heat sink has the structure in which the total area that the cooling water faces when moving after being introduced is gradually increased from the introduction part to the discharging part , whereby resistance generated against the flow of cooling water can be reduced , and accordingly , a loss of the cooling water flow pressure can be reduced . in addition , since the loss of the cooling water flow pressure is reduced as mentioned above , the amount of consumed pump power can be reduced . in addition , since the structure in which the surface area of the pins is gradually increased is used , a maximum temperature of the heating unit can be reduced and , at the same time , a temperature deviation of the overall heating area can be reduced . although the embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed for illustrative purposes , it will be appreciated that a heat sink according to the invention is not limited thereto , and those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications , additions and substitutions are possible , without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , any and all modifications , variations or equivalent arrangements should be considered to be within the scope of the invention , and the detailed scope of the invention will be disclosed by the accompanying claims . | 7 |
referring to fig1 and 2 , one embodiment of the present invention is a system 10 and method for transforming test cases . test cases 12 are imported that are written in one or more scripting languages . test cases 12 are then converted to an abstract representation 14 which includes one or more application states 16 , external interaction sequences 18 and input data 20 . abstract representations 14 are stored in a database system 22 . a variety of different database systems 22 can be utilized including but not limited to , a relational database management system , an xml database management system , and the like . an application state 16 represents a runtime snapshot of an application under test which defines the context of external interaction . in one embodiment , illustrated in fig3 , application state 16 is a set of application objects 24 , such as a web page or a window control or an account object , for example . each application object 24 is associated with a set of attributes 26 and their values . for example , a web page can have an attribute 26 , called url , which contains the uniform resource locator ( url ) corresponding to the current web page , and an attribute 26 , called title , which contains the title of the current web page . in one embodiment , the set of applications states 16 is represented in the test case 12 and are arranged in a hierarchical manner . scripting languages utilized can be typed or untyped programming languages used for recording or authoring test cases . external interaction sequences 18 can represent events invoked by external agents 28 on application objects 24 . external agents 28 can be either human agents or other software agents . interaction sequencing can include flow control structures 32 for capturing sequential , concurrent , looping , conditional interactions , and the like . as shown in fig4 , in one embodiment , a syntax analysis 34 can be implemented for incoming scripts . syntax analyzer 34 can be implemented one for each scripting language . syntax analyzer 34 can utilize rules of syntax analysis 36 that are specified in extended backus - naur form ( ebnf ). syntax analysis can generate a parse tree in the form of an abstract syntax tree ( ast ) 38 . one embodiment of a method of handling scripts with the present invention is illustrated in the fig5 flowchart . in one embodiment , a semantic analysis 40 is implemented that converts the ast 38 to an abstract test case representation 42 based on an application object model ( aom ) 44 . semantic analysis 40 decomposes the test cases represented as an ast 38 into application state 16 , external interaction sequences and input data . as illustrated in fig6 , aom 44 can be a metadata representation for modeling application under test . components of the metadata representation include , but are not limited to , application object type definitions 48 for application objects 24 , attribute definitions 50 for each application object 24 type , definitions of methods and events 52 that are supported by each application object 24 type , definitions of effects of events 52 on an application state 16 , and the like . one embodiment of a method of performing semantic analysis with the present invention is illustrated in the fig7 flowchart . application object type definitions 48 can include additional categorization of each application object 24 type , and can be , ( i ) hierarchical , ( ii ) container and ( iii ) simple . the hierarchical object types are associated with an application state 16 of its own . application object types 16 that can contain instances of other objects are container types . for example , a web page can be represented by a hierarchical object type and table within the web page by a container type . a label in the page is represented by a simple object type . the state associated with a hierarchical application object type 16 is a modal application state or a nonmodal application state . a modal application state restricts possible interactions to application object 24 instances available within a current application state 16 . a dialog window for example restricts all user interactions to the current dialog window . the effects of events 52 on an application state 16 capture one or more consequences of an event 52 to the application state 16 . a consequence of an event 52 can be , creation of an instance of an object of a given type , deletion of an instance of an object type , modification of attributes of an existing object of type , selection of an instance of an object type , and the like . creation or selection of a hierarchical object type can result in formation of , a new application state 16 , selection of the application state 16 associated with the object type , and the like . in another embodiment , the abstract representation 14 of test cases 12 is enriched with information from an application metadata repository 54 . the abstract representation 14 of test cases 12 can be enriched by extracting values for those attributes 26 of application objects 24 associated with the test cases 12 that are missing in the incoming test scripts . the enrichment of test cases 12 can decouple test cases 12 and their recording or authoring environments , and the like , and allow usage of attributes 26 that are stable within an application metadata representation 54 . for example , an identification field within the application metadata repository 54 can be utilized to identify a given object 24 instead of a language dependent display label . this improves the reusability of the test case 12 . because different test execution environments can use different attributes 26 to identify the same application object 24 , such decoupling provides platform independence . in one embodiment , application object attributes 26 and input data are separated from external interaction sequencing to provide automatic parameterization . by automatically separating the data from the test case scenario , the 10 system dramatically reduces the manual labor involved to parameterize the scripts . using the application object model , input data associated with each event 52 is separated from the scenario definition . the same process is applied to storing the object attributes 26 . the input data definition forms a nested table data type definition that is driven for the events 52 involved in the scenario , and object event definitions in the application object model . this allows any data sets that match this definition to be applied to the same set of scenarios . in another embodiment of the present invention , illustrated in fig8 , a computer system 110 includes a processor 112 coupled to a memory 114 . memory 114 stores program instructions 116 executable by processor 112 for converting test cases to an abstract representation that includes application state , external interaction sequences and input data . a database 116 stores abstract representation of test cases . a syntax analyzer 118 can be included for incoming scripts . syntax analyzer 118 generates a parse tree in the form of an abstract syntax tree ( ast ) 120 . logic 122 is provided to implement semantic analysis and convert ast 120 to an abstract test case representation based on an application object model ( aom ). logic 124 enriches the abstract test case representation with information from an application metadata repository . logic 124 separates application object attributes and input data from external interaction sequencing to provide automatic parameterization . in another embodiment of the present invention , illustrated in fig9 and 10 , methods and systems 210 are provided for generating test cases 212 . the test cases 212 are generated from an abstract representation 214 that includes application states 216 , external interaction sequences 218 and input data 220 of test cases from data stores 222 . test cases 212 are produced that are then validated . test cases 212 are converted to test scripts 224 . a variety of data stores 222 can be utilized including but not limited to , a relational database management system , an xml database management system , file system , and the like . it will be appreciated that application states 216 can be the same as application states 26 . in one embodiment , rules 226 are provided for the selection of components of test case definition , namely application states 216 , external interaction sequences 218 and input data 220 , as well as rules for data driven test case generation 228 . the selection rules 226 can be specified using query languages including but not limited to , sql , xquery , api called from code written in a programming language , and the like . the use of query languages allows test cases to be generated from live customer data . in one embodiment of the present invention , generation of test case 212 includes composing the test case 212 as dictated by the input data set 220 for a test case 212 . multiple datasets 230 can be provided for at least a portion , or all , of the input data set 220 for a test case 212 . this results in a generation of multiple test cases 212 or external interaction sequences repeated within a loop control structure for each dataset 230 . use of multiple datasets 230 , for a portion of the input data 220 , results in the interaction sequences corresponding to this portion of input data repeated within loop control structure such as a while loop . in one embodiment , each element of input data 220 is flagged as valid or invalid using a data validity flag 232 . the presence of a validity flag 232 in the input data 220 , that is different from the one corresponding to the input data 220 when the test cases 212 were recorded or authored , results in the generation step including appropriate interaction sequences for exception handling . for example , a test case that was stored in the abstract representation 214 can have normal interaction sequence 218 when the valid input data sets 220 are provided . the abstract representation also can contain interaction sequence 218 to be followed in the case of an exception condition such invalid data entry . the generator when generating the test case 212 from this abstract representation along with invalid input data will create a test case which includes interaction sequence 218 for exceptional situation rather than the normal interaction interaction sequence . the generated test cases 212 can be validated against an external application meta data repository 238 . the behavior of the validation can be controlled through additional validation rules 240 . the conversion of test cases 212 from an internal representation to a scripting language can be through platform specific mapping 234 . the platform specific mappings include language mappings and other environment mappings . the language mapping used can map external interactions 218 , captured as events on an application object , to appropriate statements in the scripting language 236 . more than one language mapping can be provided at the same time . this allows generation of test scripts for multiple test execution environments . additional environment mappings are provided to support additional platform independence . for example , if an application under test uses a third party report writer , the test cases can be represented using a generic report writer object and mappings for the specific report writer can be provided through the environment maps . this level of support can be extended to any level of underlying platform . in another embodiment of the present invention , as illustrated in fig1 a computer system 310 is provided that includes a processor 312 and a memory 314 coupled to processor 310 . memory 314 stores rule - based generation of test cases 316 from an abstract representation 318 . abstract representation 318 includes application states , external interaction sequences and input data of test cases from data stores to produce test cases . logic 320 validates the test cases . logic 322 is provided for converting the test cases to test scripts . logic 320 provides that components of a test case definition , namely application states , external interaction sequences and input data , are consistent with each other and with an application object model . logic 320 can be external validation logic . the external validation logic can include steps that validate a generated test case against an application metadata repository . computer system 310 can also include logic 324 that provides rules for selection of components of test case definition , namely application states , external interaction sequences and input data ; rules for data driven test case generation . computer system 310 can also include logic 326 that provides data driven test case generation . logic 326 can compose the test case as dictated by the input data . while embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described , it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention . rather , the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation , and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
as discussed above in the summary , the invention is primarily directed to two assays . in the first , second and third embodiments , the invention is directed to methods for determining the neutralizing activity of a test antibody . in the fourth and fifth embodiments , the invention is directed to methods for determining the inhibitory activity of a test antibody . in the methods for determining the neutralizing activity of a test antibody , fluorescently - labeled virus is prepared or obtained , and a first portion of the labeled virus is incubated with serum / sera or antibody solution ( s ) of interest ( the “ test antibody ”). a second portion of the labeled virus is incubated with a positive or negative control , such as an antibody that is known to bind ( or not bind ) the labeled virus or no antibody at all . a population of target cells are then prepared and incubated with the mixture of labeled virus and antibody under conditions permitting endocytosis of the labeled virus by the target cells . after a period of time , fluorescence of the labeled virus that has been endocytozed by the target cells is measured . comparison of the fluorescence measured in the population of cells exposed to the labeled virus - test antibody against the fluorescence measured in the population of cells exposed to the labeled virus - control provides an indication of the ability of the test antibody to inhibit penetration of the target cells by the labeled virus , and thus the neutralizing activity of a test antibody . the second and third embodiments of the invention provide aspects of the invention that reduce background fluorescence in the assay . in the second embodiment , after the population of cells is incubated with the mixture of labeled virus and antibody under conditions permitting endocytosis , the target cells are incubated with a quencher that quenches the fluorescence of any labeled virus that remains bound to the surface of the cells . in this manner , the signal produced by labeled virus that has been internalized can be more readily distinguished from the background signal produced by labeled virus that remains on the surface of the cell . the third embodiment of the invention adds the additional step of staining the population of target cells with a dye . the dye facilitates classification of the cells in a bioplex bead array reader , or the dye quenches the fluorescent label of the labeled virus . in certain embodiments , the dye serves both functions . when facilitating classification of the cells , the dye has a weak red and infrared fluorescence . preferred dyes include trypan blue and crystal violet . the fourth and fifth embodiments of the invention are similar to the first , second and third , but in contrast to assaying for endocytosis of the labeled virus into a target cells , these latter embodiment are directed to methods for determining the ability of a test antibody to block adherence of the virus to the surface of the cell . in the fourth embodiment , fluorescently - labeled virus is prepared or obtained , and a first portion of the labeled virus is incubated with serum / sera or antibody solution ( s ) of interest ( the “ test antibody ”). a second portion of the labeled virus is incubated with a positive or negative control , such as an antibody that is known to bind ( or not bind ) the labeled virus or no antibody at all . a population of target cells are then prepared and incubated with the mixture of labeled virus and antibody under conditions that subdue endocytosis and permit cell surface adherence of the labeled virus to the target cells . after a period of time , fluorescence of the labeled virus that has adhered to the surface of the target cells is measured . comparison of the fluorescence measured in the population of cells exposed to the labeled virus - test antibody against the fluorescence measured in the population of cells exposed to the labeled virus - control provides an indication of the ability of the test antibody to inhibit binding by the labeled virus to the surface of the target cells , and thus the inhibitory activity of a test antibody . the fifth embodiment of the invention adds the additional step of staining the population of target cells with a dye . the dye facilitates classification of the cells in a bioplex bead array reader , or the dye quenches the fluorescent label of the labeled virus . in certain embodiments , the dye serves both functions . when facilitating classification of the cells , the dye has a weak red and infrared fluorescence . as used in the various embodiments and aspects of the invention , the quencher of surfaced - localized labeled virus may be any means that quenches surface fluorescence alone , without reducing the fluorescence of internalized labeled virus . suitable quenchers include proteases specific for the fluorescent label . in a preferred aspect , the quencher is an antibody that specifically recognizes and binds to the fluorescent label of the virus . such antibodies are conjugated to at least one quenching compound . as indicated above , suitable quenching compounds include dyes , such as quenching dye qsy - 9 ( invitrogen ) and quenching dye qsy - 21 . the antibodies may be conjugated to more than one dye . there are few limitations of the identity of the virus that may be used in the embodiments and aspects of the invention . for example , the virus may be selected from among the adenoviruses , filoviruses , flaviviruses , herpesviruses , poxviruses , parvoviruses , reoviruses , picornaviruses , togaviruses , orthomyxoviruses , rhabdoviruses , retroviruses , and hepadnaviruses . in a preferred aspect , the virus comprises an influenza virus , such as an influenza a virus . in a equally preferred aspect the virus comprises the h1n1 influenza virus or h3n2 influenza virus or h5n1 ‘ avian ’ influenza virus . in another preferred aspect , the virus comprises marburg virus - like particles ( vlps ) or gamma - inactivated ebola virus . the label that is used to produce the labeled viruses of the present invention is preferably a fluorescent label . as taught herein , three means of labeling a virus with a fluorescent label have been developed . in a first aspect , the virus may be directly labeled by conjugating a fluorescent label to a virus , using chemical means known in the art , such as chemical linking . in a second aspect , the virus may be biotinylated and then labeled with a streptavadin : fluorescent label conjugate . many medically important biotinylated viruses are also commercially available . in a third aspect , the virus may be labeled using fluorescently - labeled antibody that specifically recognizes and binds the virus . such antibodies may be directly tagged by conjugating a fluorescent label to the antibody , using chemical means known in the art , such as chemical linking . alternatively , the anti - virus antibodies may be biotinylated and then labeled with a streptavadin : fluorescent label conjugate . as with the virus , many biotinylated antibodies are commercially available . suitable antibodies include the biotinylated anti - influenza a h1 specific antibody # 1307 ( virostat ) and the biotinylated anti - influenza a h3 specific antibody # 1317 ( virostat ). in each of the embodiments of the invention , the virus may be a live virus , an inactivated virus , or an attenuated virus . when inactivated , the virus may be inactivated using bpl , or uv or gamma irradiation , or by any other chemical or physical method that preserves the ability of the virus to adhere specifically to the target cells . in each of the embodiments of the invention , the population of target cells may be any cell line that can be bound by a virus , and / or into which a virus can penetrate . suitable cell lines include mammalian cell lines , avian cell lines , amphibian cell lines , and other cell lines susceptible to viral attack . in one aspect , the population of target cells comprises a human cell line . in another aspect , the population of target cells comprises avian erythrocytes . in a further aspect , the population of target cells comprises a cell line selected from the group consisting of madin - darby canine kidney epithelial cells and vero green monkey kidney epithelial cells . in each of the embodiments of the invention , fluorescence may be measured through the use of a flow cytometer or a bead array reader . for example , a bioplex - 100 , a bioplex - 200 , a luminex - 100 , or a luminex - 200 bead array reader may be used . in each of the embodiments of the invention , the various steps in the disclosed methods can be conducted at different temperatures . for example , the step of incubating target cells with the labeled virus may conducted at temperatures conducive or inhibitory to endocytosis , such as at 37 ° c . or 4 ° c . in each of the embodiments of the invention , the neutralizing activity of sera or an antibody is the blocking of entry of the labeled virus into the target cells . in each of the embodiments of the invention , the fluorescent label may be phycoerythrin or allophycocyanin , or any other fluorescent molecule or molecular complex detectable via flow cytometry . materials : suitable cells , viruses , biological materials , and equipment for conducting the examples described here include the following : cells : mdck cell line ( atcc , # ccl - 34 ); vero cell line ( atcc ); turkey blood in citrate buffer , rockland immunochemicals . viruses : solomon islands h1n1 bpl - inactivated influenza virus ; new caledonia h1n1 bpl - inactivated influenza virus ; wisconsin h3n2 bpl - inactivated influenza virus . all viruses can be obtained as bpl - inactivated standards from the centers for disease control , atlanta , ga . antibodies : rabbit anti - human ldl , r & amp ; d systems , # baf2148 ; goat anti - r - phycoerythrin , rockland immunochemicals # 600 - 101 - 387 ; goat anti - influenza a h1 igg , virostat # 1301 ; goat anti - influenza a h1 igg : biotin , virostat # 1307 ; goat anti - influenza a h3 igg : biotin , virostat # 1317 ; goat anti - influenza a h1 igg , millipore # ab1074 . other components : streptavidin - phycoerythrin , millipore , # 45 - 001 ; ez - link sulfo - nhs - lc - biotin , pierce # 21335 ; amine - reactive quenching dye qsy - 9 , invitrogen # q - 20131 ; human anti - influenza sera , from florida blood bank , as used at vaxdesign for testing anti - influenza vaccination responses in the year 2008 ; bovine serum albumin , heat - shock separated , low endotoxin , sigma - aldrich # a9430 ; chicken egg albumin , grade v , sigma - aldrich # a5503 ; human serum albumin , sigma - aldrich # a8763 . equipment : bead array readers : bioplex - 100 and bioplex - 200 ( biorad ) were used effectively as simplified flow cytometers ; flow cytometer : bd lsr ii ( bd biosciences ); orbital digital shakers : vwr # 97006 - 944 ; 96 - well u - shaped plates , clear polystyrene : vwr # 29445 - 154 . influenza virus as a model for developing the neutralization assay : affinity fluorescent labeling bpl - inactivated influenza virus standards of various strains are readily available , for example , from the us centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). solomon islands h1n1 , new caledonia h1n1 , and wisconsin h3n2 strains containing ˜ 10 9 viral particles / ml were used in most of the experiments , as examples . experiments were conducted with various labels , including direct biotinylation , quantum dots and fluorescent nanoparticles . affinity labeling with biotinylated influenza a - specific antibodies with subsequent attachment of the fluorescent streptavidin - phycoerythrin ( sa - pe ) conjugate provided the brightest labeling of the influenza a virus . direct biotinylation of the virus also provided an acceptable level of signal . it was previously found that the goat polyclonal anti - influenza a h1 specific antibody # 1301 ( virostat ) had a high affinity for h1n1 viruses , but low neutralizing capacity , when compared with the sera of influenza - vaccinated donors ( data not shown ). the biotinylated version of the same antibody ( virostat # 1307 ) was used for labeling solomon islands h1n1 and new caledonia h1n1 viruses , while the biotinylated h3 - specific antibody ( virostat # 1317 ) was used for labeling wisconsin h3n2 virus . labeling was performed at a low concentration of the antibodies , to prevent significant modification of the virus surface by the label . in embodiments of the present invention , an aliquot of the bpl - inactivated influenza virus , cdc standard , was typically diluted 1 : 10 in pbs containing 0 . 1 % high - grade ovalbumin and 0 . 1 % sodium azide ( nan 3 ). a biotinylated anti - influenza virus antibody , virostat # 1307 or # 1317 was added to the virus sample on ice , with stirring , to a final concentration 2 . 3 μg / ml . the sample was incubated overnight at 4 ° c . on a planetary shaker at 600 rpm . afterwards , phycoerythrin - streptavidin conjugate ( sa - pe ) was added to the reaction mix on ice with constant stirring to a final dilution of 1 : 20 in the sample . after a further 24 - h incubation at 4 ° c ., the sample was diluted 1 : 10 in pbs containing 0 . 1 % ovalbumin and 0 . 1 % nan 3 , wrapped in aluminum foil , and stored in the refrigerator until further use . the preparation showed high stability for more than 3 months . labeling with a non - neutralizing antibody and sa - pe fluorescent conjugate proved to be facile and reliable , and provided the brightest fluorescence . such labeling could be applied to inactivated and live viruses alike , with minimal effect from the contaminants in the virus culture . from the relative sizes of the virus and the label , sparse surface labeling of the virus , even with a tag of high molecular weight , such as an antibody coupled with a sa - pe conjugate , was not expected to significantly alter adherence of the virus to target cells or to interfere with subsequent endocytosis of the virus by the target cells ( fig1 ). an important question needed to be addressed before using the described affinity labeling in the neutralization experiments . testing the neutralizing capacity of a test sera or other fluids requires incubating the labeled virus with a significant excess of other virus - specific antibodies in the tested sample , many of which may be cross - reactive with the viral epitopes recognized by the labeling antibody . it was therefore important to check whether other virus - specific antibodies would displace the labeling antibodies on the virus surface . label replacement tests were performed at the same concentrations , volumes , temperatures , and times of incubation as the prospective neutralization assays ( fig2 ). in the first test , four wells of the elisa plates were coated with inactivated solomon islands virus (“ virus ”), and the other four wells were left blank (“ blank ”), as negative controls . after blocking with 2 % bsa and washing , the wells were then filled with the labeling biotinylated anti - influenza a antibody ( virostat # 1307 ), at 2 μg / ml . after incubation for 2 h at 4 ° c . and washing , the wells were filled with sa - pe conjugate , at 4 μg / ml . after the second 30 - min incubation at 4 ° c . and washing , the wells were filled with pbs , and the plates were read in a synergy ht plate reader ( biotek ) in the phycoerythrin fluorescence channel (“ 0 hours ”). then , the wells were re - filled with either pbs (“ no serum ”) or high - responder post - vaccination anti - influenza serum (“ serum ”, # 1250 ) at a dilution of 1 / 200 ( estimated level of anti - influenza igg , ˜ 5 - 10 μg / ml ). one of the plates was incubated at room temperature ( fig2 a ), and the other at 37 ° c . ( fig2 b ). after the first hour of incubation , the plates were washed , filled with pbs , and read again (“ 1 hour ”), and then re - filled with the serum and pbs , incubated for 2 h , washed , and read again (“ 3 hours ”). no label replacement was detected . another setup was performed using luminex beads , chemically decorated with recombinant h1 hemagglutinins from solomon islands and new caledonia h1n1 viruses , according to a modified bio - rad protocol ( can be found at the bio - rad website www . bio - rad . com ) ( fig3 ). the h1 - coated beads were first incubated with the labeling biotinylated anti - influenza antibody ( virostat # 1307 ) in the same conditions as described above for the elisa setup . after staining with sa - pe and washing , the beads were further incubated with either pbs (“ no serum ”), or a high - responder anti - influenza serum (“ no serum ”; # 1250 ) at a dilution of 1 : 200 . then , the beads were washed and read in the bioplex in the regular multiplex mode ( fig3 ). no replacement was detected . the results shown in fig2 and 3 demonstrated that within the tested ranges of incubation times and temperatures , no replacement of the labeling antibodies took place . insignificant decrease in the fluorescence signal observed for the elisa samples after the first incubation , with or without the overlaying anti - influenza serum alike , was caused by washing out of a portion of loosely attached virus . some other tests of the replacement of the labeling antibody were performed ; all of them showed negative results . especially interesting was a test with the anti - influenza a h1 ( virostat # 1301 ), which is actually the same antibody as used for the labeling , although not biotinylated . in this experiment , the overlay of antibody # 1301 contained 45 μg / ml of the antibody ( i . e ., 20 times higher than was used in the labeling with ab # 1307 ). nonetheless , no replacement of the label was observed after a 1 - h incubation at 37 ° c . ( data not shown ). monitoring fluorescently labeled virus engulfed by target cells inevitably requires subduing the fluorescence of surface - adherent virus . this can be done via extensive protease treatment of the cell surface , or ( preferably ) quenching of the surface - bound fluorescence using non - or low - fluorescence quenching agents . trypan blue ( tb ) and crystal violet have been used successfully to quenching surface - bound fluorescein ( nichols et al . ( 1993 ) arch . virol . 130 , 441 ; collins & amp ; buchholz ( 2005 ) j . virol . meth . 128 , 192 - 197 ). it was found , however , that these non - specific quenchers were less effective in quenching the fluorescence of phycoerythrin ( pe ), likely because some of the phycobilin fluorescent clusters of pe are buried deep in the protein globule and inaccessible to the occasional contacts with quenching molecules . to achieve more efficient quenching , an “ addressed ” affinity quencher was prepared , based on anti - pe antibodies . specifically , fluorescence quenching dyes qsy - 9 and qsy - 21 ( invitrogen ) were linked to a goat anti - r - phycoerythrin antibody ( rockland immunochemicals # 600 - 101 - 387 ). such an affinity quencher binds specifically to the pe tags labeling the virus . the quenching occurs through forster resonance energy transfer ( fret ) between the adjacent qsy molecules and phycobilin fluorescent clusters of pe rather than via direct contacts of the fluorochrome with a non - specific quencher . to assess the quenching protocol , an interim model was used : mdck cells tagged with biotinylated anti - ldl antibodies and stained with sa - pe conjugate . this model mimicked the same mdck cells bearing surface - attached pe - labeled virus . the anti - pe quenching qsy - 9 - linked antibody was added to the labeled cells at 10 - 30 μg / ml , and the cells were incubated at 4 ° c . combined with 400 μg / ml trypan blue , anti - pe quenchers subdued 65 % of the pe fluorescence of the labeled cells ( fig4 ). use of a bioplex bead array reader as a simplified flow cytometer upon incubation of fluorescently labeled virus with target cells , the latter can be read in a flow cytometry device to detect incorporated virus . modern flow cytometers are versatile and expensive machines able to monitor multi - colored labels . this powerful capacity may be excessive and too expensive for microneutralization assays , which are intended to be high - throughput and routine procedures . in this example , we used a bioplex - 100 bead array reader for reading pe fluorescence of the virus engulfed by the target cells ( fmnt mode ) or attached to the surface of the target cells ( fadi mode ). the bioplex reader and its accessories are significantly less expensive than a flow cytometer , and the reader requires less maintenance . literature regarding bioplex readers may be found at the website beginning with “ www .” and ending with “ bio - rad . com / cmc_upload / literature / 54967 / bulletin — 2890 . pdf .” the bioplex reader is designed for immunosorption experiments , where it reads fluorescence from phycoerythrin - conjugated anti - analyte antibodies attached to the 5 . 6 - μm plastic beads coated with analyte - capturing antibodies . the beads flow through the capillary fluorescence chamber . in general , this scheme is similar to a most basic flow cytometry experiment , where calibrated micro beads play the role of the cells . however , there is an important difference . the beads used in the bioplex are coded via their intrinsic red / infrared fluorescence in such a way that the ratio of the red and infrared components determines the code number of the bead . this allows discrimination of signals from a multitude ( currently , up to 200 ) of beads with different codes , which provides for the exceptional multiplexing capacity of the bioplex ( biorad bulletin 2890 ). as a result of this design , fluorescence signals from ordinary cells cannot be measured on the bioplex directly , because the cells do not produce a recognizable red / infrared fluorescence code . however , additional staining of the cells with an appropriate red / infrared fluorescent dye ( s ) can overcome this hurdle . we found that common staining dyes , such as trypan blue ( tb ) and crystal violet ( cv ), when used at low concentrations , were able to ‘ code ’ target cells such as mdck and vero mammalian kidney epithelial cultures , or avian erythrocytes . tb , a dark blue staining dye , is commonly used in the dye exclusion method , where apoptotic cells with damaged surface membranes take up the dye , turning dark blue , while normal cells do not . however , it is also true that normal cells become weakly stained with tb on their surface , which is normally not observable by light microscopy as used in the dye exclusion assays . tb possesses a weak red / infrared fluorescence , and surface staining of normal and healthy cells with tb occurs sufficient for their recognition by the classification system of the bioplex reader as readable objects . damaged and dying cells carry higher loads of tb , which results in stronger red / infrared fluorescence and , accordingly , different positioning of the cells in the classification panel of the bioplex . this allows effective discrimination between normal and abnormal cells in these flow experiments ( fig5 ). it was found that staining cells with tb usually produced certain background fluorescence in the detecting channel of the bioplex reader , which is tuned to the orange fluorescence of the pe fluorochrome . however , this background was normally significantly lower than the signal from the pe tag of the labeled viruses in and on the target cells , and therefore the background and the informative signal from the sa - pe tag could be readily discriminated ( fig5 and 6 ). comparison of results obtained in the flow cytometer and the bioplex bead array reader to demonstrate the capacity of the bioplex to function as a simplified flow cytometer , an experiment on quenching of the pe fluorescence of surface - labeled mdck cells was performed using a bd lsr ii flow cytometer ( pe channel ) and a bioplex - 100 bead array reader in parallel ( fig6 ). the bioplex results were found to be fully consistent with the flow cytometer data . the efficiency of cell reading in the bioplex was about 35 - 40 %. the bioplex also showed a capacity to produce reliable results from a limited number of the registered cells as compared to tens of thousands cells normally required for the experiments on a flow cytometer . in the conditions of the experiment , reading regions # 11 , # 17 and # 25 were selected for calculating the pool averaged mean fluorescence index ( mfi ), which represented the averaged fluorescence signal from the target cells . two identical 96 - well format round - bottom plates were prepared as shown in the layout table in fig7 . in these plates , mdck target cells were mixed with influenza h1n1 solomon islands bpl - inactivated virus , affinity - labeled using anti - influenza a biotinylated antibody and sa - pe conjugate . the labeled virus was , or was not pre - incubated with high - titer anti - influenza human serum . one of the plates was further incubated at 37 ° c ., where endocytosis of the virus is efficient . another plate was incubated at 4 ° c ., where endocytosis is strongly subdued . after the incubation , the plates were centrifuged ( 400 g ; 4 ° c .) and washed with cold pbs solution twice . then the cells in half of the wells in each plate were re - suspended with 0 . 1 % bsa in cold pbs , while the cells in the other half were re - suspended in the same solution containing 30 μg / ml anti - pe : qsy quencher , and the plates were incubated for another 1 h at 4 ° c . then , 70 μl of pbs containing 160 μg / ml trypan blue was added to each well , the plates were incubated for min at room temperature and read in the bioplex reader . after that , another portion of 30 μl of concentrated tb solution was added , to a final concentration of 600 μg / ml , and the plates were read again ( see fig7 for the protocol and fig8 and 9 for the results ). the resultant mean fluorescence index ( mfi ) numbers were calculated using the same reading regions # 11 , # 17 and # 25 , and the same calculation procedure as described in example 5 . the results of the bp - fmnt experiment shown in fig8 and 9 demonstrate important features of the fmnt assays of the present invention . without virus , neither sa - pe conjugate alone , nor its complex with biotinylated anti - influenza antibody produced any significant fluorescence in the target cells , showing only a low non - specific background coming from tb staining of the target cells . in contrast , influenza virus labeled with the anti - influenza : biotin : sa - pe complex and applied to the target cells provided bright fluorescence . this demonstrated the efficient interaction of the target cells with the labeled virus . pre - incubation of the labeled virus with human anti - influenza serum significantly reduced the fluorescence of the target cells , as it should be expected in the neutralization experiment . this reduction was more dramatic for the samples incubated at 37 ° c . versus 4 ° c . the latter effect likely reflected the relatively smaller portion of the labeled virus bound to the surface of the target cells at 37 ° c ., compared with engulfed virus . the quenching effect of both the pe - specific quenching antibodies and nonspecific tb was stronger for samples incubated at 4 ° c . versus 37 ° c . this likely reflected the higher share of the surface - bound virus towards the engulfed virus , as it should be expected at 4 ° c ., where endocytosis is effectively subdued . in summary , the bp - fmnt assay described in this example demonstrated crucially important elements of a microneutralization experiment : ( i ) selective binding of the labeled virus by the target cells , but not of the bare label ; ( ii ) efficient quenching of the surface bound fluorescence , and ( iii ) efficient blocking of virus attachment and engulfment by anti - virus serum . determination of the neutralizing titer of commercial anti - influenza polyclonal antibodies using the fmnt technique the neutralizing capacity of commercial anti - influenza a polyclonal antibodies was determined using the fmnt protocol described in example 6 , with the following minor modifications . the concentration of the labeled virus was reduced ; the second reading with an increased concentration of tb was eliminated , and dilutions of the tested antibodies varied from 100 to 72 , 900 ( fig1 , 11 ). all the samples were assayed in duplicates . the dilutions corresponding to the 50 % cut - off of the fluorescence , chosen as the neutralizing titers , were determined by the least - square best fit to the theoretical titration curve . the fmnt titers , 520 and 350 , obtained for the commercial polyclonal antibodies , virostat # 1031 and millipore # ab1074 , respectively ( fig1 ), corresponded to concentrations of the igg of 70 - 90 nm , demonstrating that these antibodies were weak - to - moderate neutralizers . the neutralizing capacity of human anti - influenza sera was assessed using a scheme similar to that used for the commercial anti - influenza antibodies described in example 7 . samples of human sera taken before and after vaccination from donors # 355 and # 419 ( high - level responders , as was found in earlier screening of the sera samples in the standard hai assays ) were pre - diluted roughly in accordance with their expected neutralizing capacity , and then serially diluted as shown in fig1 , which displays the results of the assay . the fmnt experiments showed a significant increase of the neutralizing titers of the post - vaccination versus pre - vaccination sera . the fmnt titers demonstrated that the neutralizing capacity of the anti - influenza antibodies of the post - vaccination human sera was ˜ 100 times higher than for the commercial antibodies , taking into consideration an average igg level ˜ 10 - 15 mg / ml in the normalized human sera , ˜ 10 % of which can be ascribed to an anti - influenza immune response . for example , the fmnt titer for the post - vaccination serum # 355 was determined to be ˜ 15000 , corresponding to a concentration of neutralizing igg of ˜ 0 . 7 nm ( compare with the results for the anti - influenza a antibodies in example 7 , fig1 ). comparison of neutralizing titers found in the fmnt assays with bpl - inactivated virus with approved mn protocols using live virus comparative microneutralization experiments were performed on a panel of 16 sera from eight donors vaccinated in the 2007 / 2008 flu season . the sera were selected from a whole panel of 36 sera , in such a way that their hai titers would cover a wide range , from the lowest titers for the pre - vaccination sera to the highest titers of high - responding post - vaccination sera . the fluorescent microneutralization ( fmnt ) experiments using the bpl - inactivated solomon islands h1n1 virus were performed in march - april 2009 . solomon islands h1n1 virus was expanded on the mdck culture , and microneutralization ( mn ) assays using the immunosorption enzyme linked protocol ( cdc protocol ; rowe et al . ( 1999 ) j . clin . microbiol . 37 , 937 - 943 ) and direct mn protocol based on hemagglutination ( ha ) measurements of the expanding virus ( who protocol described in the “ who manual on animal influenza diagnosis and surveillance ,” ( who / cds / csr / ncs / 2002 . 5 rev . 1 ) using live solomon islands h1n1 virus were performed in may - august 2009 . the results shown in fig1 demonstrate remarkable parallelism in the neutralization titers obtained for the inactivated virus using the fmnt technique , and for the live virus using the standard cdc and who protocols . this observation was corroborated by significant cross - correlation coefficients for the inactivated virus and the live virus results , shown in table 1 . additionally , the fmnt assay demonstrated sensitivity to the neutralizing sera 3 - 5 times higher than the fia and the mn protocols , as can be seen by comparing the corresponding mn and fmnt titers for the different assays in fig1 . adherence of the virus to the surface of the target cells is normally considered an obstructing factor in fluorescent microneutralization , which should be minimized or eliminated . however , surface adherence of the virus is a necessary step for infection , preceding engulfment by the target cell . logically , such a phenomenon has no less relevance to infectivity of the virus than agglutination of erythrocytes employed as signaling factor in the ha and hai assays . it is reasonable to expect that virus - specific antibodies will be able to block surface adherence with an efficiency at least comparable with that demonstrated in blocking the penetration of the virus into the target cells . the well - known and widely used hemagglutination inhibition assay ( hai ) actually explores blocking of the attachment of the virus to the surface of the target cells ( erythrocytes ). the importance of the hai and continuing interest in using it supports the idea that monitoring of the inhibition of adherence of the virus to the target cells by a virus - specific antibody , in general , can provide data of significant interest . further , the protocol for a fluorescent adherence inhibition assay ( fadi ) can be simpler , shorter , and less material - and time - consuming than a fmnt experiment , because the fadi does not require application of surface fluorescence quenchers and an additional incubation ( fig1 ). the fadi assay measures the capacity of virus - specific antibody or sera to block adherence of the virus to the target cell . importantly , the fluorescent fadi experiment can provide a stronger fluorescence signal from the target cells ( fig1 ). this , in its turn , can allow working at lower concentrations of the labeled virus , thus providing higher sensitivity of the assay versus the fmnt , as is shown in the titration of a commercial anti - influenza a antibody ( virostat # 1301 ) using fmnt and fadi methods , displayed in fig1 . the dilutions of the affinity - labeled influenza virus used in these assays were 100 and 3200 , respectively , and the 50 % blocking titers for the antibody were found as 520 ± 180 and 32700 ± 18500 ( i . e ., roughly proportional to the virus dilution ). fadi experiments using turkey erythrocytes and new caledonia h1n1 influenza virus the capacity of influenza viruses to attach to erythrocytes of different species ( e . g ., human , guinea pig , swine , chicken , turkey ) is widely used in the routine titration of virus cultures in the ha technique , and in testing the neutralizing capacity of sera with hai assays . in these methods , erythrocytes used at relatively high concentrations (˜ 1 % hct ) are agglutinated by virus particles in a translucent three - dimensional gel matrix . at lower concentrations , spatial agglutination is not possible , although virus attachment remains strong . adherence of the fluorescently labeled virus to erythrocytes can be detected in a flow cytometry experiment analogous to that described above for mdck target cells . for such experiments , large and heavy avian erythrocytes were found to be preferable to mammalian erythrocytes , because the bioplex bead array reader and the flow cytometer better detected the former . fresh samples of turkey blood balanced with citrate buffer were washed three times in pbs ( at 400 g ), and the upper layer of the pellet containing lymphocytes was discarded . the washed erythrocytes were diluted in 1 % human serum albumin ( hsa ) in pbs to the level of 0 . 03 % hct . as an example , new caledonia h1n1 bpl - inactivated virus was chosen for these experiments ( solomon islands h1n1 strain also showed acceptable results ; data not shown ). new caledonia h1n1 bpl - inactivated virus , affinity labeled with the same biotinylated anti - h1 virostat antibody # 1307 , as described above for solomon islands h1n1 , was finally diluted 3200 - fold in 1 % hsa in pbs . samples of donor sera were diluted in 1 % hsa / pbs to the levels of their previously determined hai titers ( e . g ., the sample of the post - vaccine serum # 608 with a hai titer of 320 was diluted 320 - fold ), and then subjected to a further 10 - fold sub - dilution followed by the two - step triple serial sub - dilution ( e . g ., to 1 to 3200 , 1 to 9600 , and 1 to 28800 , for the post - vaccination serum # 608 ). the aliquots of diluted sera and labeled virus , 40 μl of each , were mixed in 96 - well round bottom plates and incubated in the refrigerator (˜ 4 ° c .) for 40 min . then , 40 - μt aliquots of diluted erythrocytes were added , thus making the final volumes 120 μl , and the plates were incubated for another 30 min on the bench at room temperature on an xy shaker with low shaking (˜ 500 rpm ). then , the plates were centrifuged ( 400 g , 4 min ), and the supernatant was discarded . the erythrocyte pellets were re - suspended in 120 μl of 1 % hsa / pbs per well , and centrifuged again . the next wash was performed using 1 % hsa / pbs containing 4 . 5 μg of tb , to stain erythrocytes and make them suitable for classification in the bioplex bead array reader , in the manner described in example 4 for mdck cells . with this low - level staining , the classification region # 1 of the bead array reader was used for reading the tb - stained erythrocytes . after the last wash , the erythrocytes were resuspended in the same staining solution , 100 μl per well , and the plate was read in the bioplex reader . fig1 shows typical results of the fadi titrations for the pre - and post - vaccination sera of donors # 608 and # 145 . the fadi titration curves were fit to the standard sigmoidal titration curve to determine fadi subtiters , as described in examples 7 and 8 . the final fadi titers were found as products of the initial serum dilution and the found fadi sub - titer ( e . g ., for the post - vaccine serum # 608 , the final fadi titer was 320 × 26 . 7 = 8550 . 4 ). the fadi experiments with affinity - labeled new caledonia h1n1 influenza virus and turkey erythrocytes described here were further performed for a panel of 36 pre - and post - vaccine donor sera . fig1 demonstrates a good correlation between the classical hai and fadi data , as well as an approximately 80 - fold higher sensitivity of the fadi technique , as shown by the slope of the scatter plot . after successful testing with the h1n1 virus , the fadi technique with turkey erythrocytes was also examined with the h3n2 virus . the affinity fluorescent labeling was performed basically as described in example 1 and example 11 for solomon islands and new caledonia h1n1 viruses , but using virostat anti - h3 biotinylated antibody # 1317 instead of the anti - h1 # 1307 . also , the final dilution of the virus was 400 - fold rather than 3200 - fold for the new caledonia h1n1 virus , due to the weaker capacity of the wisconsin h3n2 strain to adhere to target cells . samples of the donor sera were diluted in 2 % bsa / pbs to the levels of their previously determined hai titers for the wisconsin strain ( e . g ., the sample of the post - vaccination serum # 608 having the hai titer of 160 was diluted 160 - fold ), and then subjected to a further 20 - fold sub - dilution , followed by two - step triple serial sub - dilution ( e . g ., to 1 to 3200 , 1 to 9600 and 1 to 28800 , for the post - vaccination serum # 608 ). the rest of the experimental protocol was similar to that described in example 11 above . fig1 shows typical results of the fadi titrations for the pre - and post - vaccine sera of the donor # 608 . the fadi experiments with affinity - labeled wisconsin h3n2 bpl - inactivated influenza virus and turkey erythrocytes were further performed for a panel of 36 pre - and post - vaccination donor sera . fig2 demonstrates the correlation between the hai and fadi data , as well as an approximately 70 - fold increased sensitivity of the fadi technique , compared with the classical hai . higher scattering of the data in the fadi versus hai plot can be explained by altogether weaker binding and agglutinating capacity of the h3n2 virus , which resulted in less reliable titration in the traditional hai assay . all documents , books , manuals , papers , patents , published patent applications , guides , abstracts , and other references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety . other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein . it is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only , with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims . | 0 |
the above described drawing figures illustrate the described apparatus and its method of use in at least one of its preferred , best mode embodiment , which is further defined in detail in the following description . those having ordinary skill in the art may be able to make alterations and modifications to what is described herein without departing from its spirit and scope . therefore , it must be understood that what is illustrated is set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as a limitation in the scope of the present apparatus and method of use . the present invention is a learning system apparatus providing a base 10 , preferably an enclosure with an interior compartment or space as is well known in the art for most electrical equipment and electronic devices and for children &# 39 ; s learning toys , as shown in fig1 . a plurality of receivers 12 are secured to the base 10 and each of the receivers 12 provides a proximity sensor 14 having a unique sensor identity . in the preferred embodiment shown in fig1 , the receivers 12 are upright pegs . however , the receivers 12 may be any one or more of a large number of possible mechanical receiving devices , as for instance the receivers might be apertures that can accept the insertion of objects . the proximity sensors 14 are preferably optical scanners , but may also be magnetic , rfid , or other types of sensory instrumentation , and they are placed so as to detect when an object of a certain type is engaged with the receivers . a plurality of mutually distinguishable hand pieces , referred to generally by numeral 50 in the attached drawing figures , and individually by numerals 51 - 56 ( fig3 ) and 61 - 66 ( fig2 and 4 ), each possess a unique hand piece identity feature 15 capable of being sensed by any one of the proximity sensors 14 when a hand piece 50 is engaged with a receiver 12 . as shown in fig3 and 4 , the hand pieces 50 are preferably donut shaped blocks with central holes that engage the receivers 12 when the hand pieces 50 are placed onto the receivers 12 . the identity feature 15 may be a bar code printed on the inside surface of the central hole of each of the hand pieces 50 as shown in fig3 and 4 , and , of course , each bar code is different so as to provide a unique identity to each hand piece 50 . in an alternate embodiment , the proximity sensor 14 may be a magnetic switch closing in two opposing directions depending on the presence of a permanent magnet north or south pole . when each of the hand pieces 50 comprises three ring magnets with facial poles , the number of arrangements is two to the third power so that eight arrangements are possible , and this would suffice for a receiver 12 that will accept up to eight hand pieces 50 . in this case , as for instance , a particular hand piece 50 might produce the sequence of : n - s , s - n , n - s when placed onto the receiver 12 . the interior of the receivers 12 is preferably hollow so that a sensor 14 is easily mounted within each . the sensors , too , are easily adapted , as known in the art , to identify itself within an electrical circuit so that the identity of each hand piece 50 onto each specific receiver 12 is known during use of the apparatus . an information processor 42 such as a cpu , functions in a circuit 40 held within the base 10 , as shown in fig1 . the circuit 40 also includes a memory device 44 such as a solid state digital memory , in communication with the processor 42 . the sensors 14 , processor 42 and memory device 44 are mutually engaged as a data processing system , a part of circuit 40 , which further includes a power source and support components as would be well known to those of skill in the art , and which is enabled for storing data defining relations between the hand pieces 50 and the receivers 12 . in the present case , which hand pieces 50 are placed onto the receivers 12 and in which order is determined by the present apparatus . if hand pieces 50 are removed and / or replaced onto the same or different receivers 12 these actions are also sensed and stored in the memory device 44 . in summary then , we have an apparatus that is able to automatically record the actions of a child in using the apparatus . the hand pieces 50 are organized in sets . for instance fig3 represents a set of six different hand pieces 51 - 56 wherein each of the hand pieces has a different color . also hand pieces 51 - 56 represents hand pieces that each have a different surface texture but common color . fig4 shows that a further variant is shape , as illustrated by hand pieces 61 - 66 having a hexagonal 61 , round 62 , oval 63 , square 64 , diamond 65 and triangular 66 shapes . clearly , other shapes may be used instead of those shown . as shown in fig2 , six of each of the shaped hand pieces 50 comprise a full set . clearly , a full set may include less or more than six of each shape , and likewise for color and texture . there does not appear to be a compelling reason why a full set for different channels might not have different numbers of variants and different quantities of hand pieces 50 . the full set , in the present invention includes six identical hand pieces of each of the six different colors , textures and shapes , so that each full set has a total of 36 pieces for a grand total of 108 hand pieces 50 . the circuit 40 preferably further includes a tone generator 46 with input touch sensors 20 for generating a novel tone upon receiving a touch . in fig1 are shown four individual sensors 20 so that four distinct tones may be produced and heard from loud speakers 18 . clearly , more than four such sensors 20 may be used for a greater number of tones . switch 22 is also part of the circuit 40 and it is enabled for generating a first tone , one of the four tones related to sensors 20 . when placed in an alternate mode , the same sensors 20 and switch 22 function to produce a monotone rhythm , such as tone , tone , tone , space , tone , tone , or tone , space , tone , tone , space , tone . the use of these tones and rhythms will be described presently . finally , the circuit 40 includes a display device 24 such as an lcd screen , a mode leaning channel switch 28 for moving from one learning channel to another , and a go / no - go lamp 26 . this lamp 26 provides green illumination for go or continue testing , and red illumination for stop testing . an algorithm is programmed to determine when results of a test in a currently tested channel is sufficient or insufficient to make a determination of the child &# 39 ; s current ability . testing will continue until fixed sufficiency parameters are met or until a selected number of repeated testing cycles have been completed . a data communicator such as a removable solid state memory 30 may be inserted into a port in the base 10 , the port preferably a usb type or similar connector socket . other means for transferring data from the memory device 44 of circuit 40 to a remote computer may be used instead of a usb port . alternatives include data transfer by wire or cable , and wireless using bluetooth technology or radio frequency or infrared signals , all of which are common and well known signaling methods for the transfer of data from one unit to another unit in a data processing system , or information system . in each case , the objective is to move the data collected in the memory device 44 to a local computer 70 ( fig6 ), and further , or alternatively , to a remote server 80 . it should be clear that control and monitoring function controls such as elements 22 , 24 , 26 and 28 on base 10 , may preferably be placed on the rear of the base 10 so as to be more or less excluded from the child , or may be incorporated in a hand held remote unit manipulated by the parent . the above described apparatus is used in a novel method for identifying learning channel preferences and proficiencies of a child . the method includes the step of producing a learning channel specific stimulus having selective variability comprehensible to the child . the specific stimulus in the present invention is one of color , shape , surface texture , tone and rhythm . a stated above , these five stimuli represent five distinct and separate channels used by the child in learning . each is tested independently so that the hand pieces of differing color do not have different shapes . the hand pieces of differing shapes and textures all have the same color . each stimulus is provided in isolation to the others . a response by the child to each stimulus is facilitated either by coaching or by demonstrating . for a child that has never been exposed to a pin and donut game , a demonstration may be necessary for the child to understand the basic mechanical hand - eye coordination principles involved in placing a donut onto a pin . once a child understands this , he / she is left to figure out that there are more satisfactory and more pleasing arrangements of the hand pieces on the pins than others . ideally , the child will determine that all of the hand pieces 50 of one type may be placed onto a single receiver 12 and we can conclude that the child then has discovered the idea of commonality and segregation according to such . this is an advanced and important stage in the learning process and child maturation . the hand piece placements for each learning channel are automatically detected and this data is stored as a data set . in testing for tone the parent presses button 22 and the child tries to identify the tone by touching one of the sensors 20 . if the child fails , the test is repeated with parent pressing button 22 and child selecting one of the sensors 20 . in this test , the value of the repetition variable may be of interest . in testing for rhythm , the parent again presses button 22 and the child repeatedly touches any one of sensors 20 to try to replicate the rhythm . in this case , the tone remains constant . again , the repetition variable ( how many tries needed to succeed ) may be the variable of interest . in any case , the data is automatically collected as in the case of the placement of the hand pieces 50 . the entire data set is compared with normalized distributions of data taken using identical procedures from a population of children of the same age group as the tested child . this comparison may be accomplished by a remote server 80 managed by a trained staff or by a local computer 70 using a standardized algorithm operating on the normalized distribution which may be located remotely with communication over the internet or other wan , or located within the local computer 70 . finally , the entire comparative analysis may be accomplished within the base 10 itself . it is clear that the collection of test data and its analysis with respect to expected results is so well known as to not require specific explanation here . variances between normalized performance and that of the child are determined to form score values defining a proficiency of the child within each of the learning channels . the same procedure is used for each of the learning channels . a responsive report quantitatively defining the learning channel preferences and proficiencies of the child and recommended remediation are provided to the child &# 39 ; s parent or guardian . fig5 is a chart that indicates the proficiency of a child in each of the five channels discussed . on a proficiency scale of 1 to 10 with 5 representing a normalized mean , the scores of the child are shown by small circles . in this case , we see scores of : 1 - 3 , 2 - 5 , 3 - 5 , 4 - 6 , and 5 - 2 ; wherein the first numeral represents the channel number and the second numeral represents the score on the 10 scale . such a scale may represent standard deviations from the mean , or any other method of grading . the full set of five channel tests are preferably repeated periodically ; and the recommended remediation is adjusted in accordance with changes in the learning channel preferences and proficiencies for the child . our research has shown that the preferred channels for children between the ages of 36 months and 59 months are shape , color , texture , tone , and rhythm . however , other channels may be included within the human senses responsive to visual , tactile , audible , olfactory ; and taste stimuli . additional learning channels may be utilized for young children and others for slightly older children . clearly , the materials used for testing and the types of thinking required by the child will differ according to age , but the principles of the present invention apply broadly to all classes of subjects , i . e ., the techniques of observation and measurement of activities within isolated channels are similar to those described above . three dimensional — learning using three dimensional channel — see and remember structures having characteristics in three spatial dimensions . two dimensional — learning using two dimensional channel — see and remember structures having characteristics primarily in two spatial dimensions . experiential — complex learning channel — learning new things by doing a task or performing a function . observational — complex learning channel — learning new things by observing another person doing a task or performing a function . the basic ideas of observing and measuring using the above four learning channels will be the same as previously described , i . e ., isolate each channel in a simple task that can be observed and measured . preliminary research indicates that we can in fact measure these channels and that they are significant . our current thinking is that they are probably most significant for children a little older than the current population we are dealing with — probably 4 - 6 year olds . the enablements described in detail above are considered novel over the prior art of record and are considered critical to the operation of at least one aspect of the apparatus and its method of use and to the achievement of the above described objectives . the words used in this specification to describe the instant embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings , but to include by special definition in this specification : structure , material or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings . thus if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning , then its use must be understood as being generic to all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word or words describing the element . the definitions of the words or drawing elements described herein are meant to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth , but all equivalent structure , material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result . in this sense it is therefore contemplated that an equivalent substitution of two or more elements may be made for any one of the elements described and its various embodiments or that a single element may be substituted for two or more elements in a claim . changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art , now known or later devised , are expressly contemplated as being equivalents within the scope intended and its various embodiments . therefore , obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements . this disclosure is thus meant to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above , what is conceptually equivalent , what can be obviously substituted , and also what incorporates the essential ideas . the scope of this description is to be interpreted only in conjunction with the appended claims and it is made clear , here , that each named inventor believes that the claimed subject matter is what is intended to be patented . | 6 |
fig1 shows a telecommunication system constructed as a dect system , with radio cells pc 1 and pc 2 constructed as picocells . information is transmitted in each case via a dect air interface designed in accordance with the dect standard , via which the wireless “ dect radio channel ” transmission medium is accessed by a combination of fdma ( frequency division multiple access ), tdma ( time division multiple access ) and tdd ( time division duplex ) access methods . in this system , ten carrier frequencies with a channel spacing of , in each case , 1 . 728 mhz ( fdma ) are available in the frequency range between 1880 mhz and 1900 mhz , the time frame established per carrier being divided into 24 time slots or channels ( also called “ slots ” ( tdma )). during the transmission of voice data , dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 12 , fp 21 , fp 22 use time slots with 32 kbit / s transmission rate ( full slots ), whereas time slots having a transmission rate of 64 kbit / s ( double slots ) are mainly used for the transmission of packet data by first dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 21 . a first dect portable part pp 21 uses full slots for transmitting voice data , whereas a second dect portable part pp 11 uses full slots for voice transmission and double slots for the transmission of packet data . the second dect portable part pp 11 stores data records from the dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 12 , fp 21 , fp 22 which use full slots and the dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 12 , fp 21 , fp 22 which use double slots , in the form of separate lists l 1 , l 2 in a memory sp 1 , sp 2 . a controller fpc , which is connected to the dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 12 , fp 21 , fp 22 via a line in order to control them in dependence on the traffic , is superordinate to the radio cells pc 1 and pc 2 . as an alternative , the connection between dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 12 , fp 21 , fp 22 and the controller fpc also can be implemented via the dect air interface . the dect system also can be implemented without controller ; i . e ., the traffic - dependent control is implemented by the fixed parts fp 11 , fp 12 , fp 21 , fp 22 . the flowchart shown in fig2 illustrates the sequence of traffic - dependent control which takes place in the dect system according to fig1 between a first dect fixed part fp 11 , a second dect fixed part fp 12 , the higher - level controller fpc and the dect portable part pp 11 within the picocell pc 1 in dependence on a value fs of the traffic load which has been detected by the second dect fixed part fp 12 . in the initial state , the second fixed part fp 12 signals to the second portable part pp 11 in a second system information item that it supports full slots and the first fixed part fp 11 signals to the second dect portable part pp 11 in a first system information item that it supports double slots . signaling is carried out in each case , for example , by setting and resetting flags . if the second dect portable part pp 11 finds from the flag set or , respectively , reset in the first system information item that the first dect fixed part fp 11 supports a transmission mode m 2 ( i . e ., use of double slots for transmitting , for example , packet data ), the second dect portable part pp 11 stores connection - related data from this system information item , for example , among other things , the identification of the dect fixed part fp 11 , in the form of a first list l 1 . if the second dect fixed part fp 12 signals to the second dect portable part pp 11 in the second system information item that it supports a transmission mode m 1 , i . e . full slots , for transmitting voice , the second dect portable part pp 11 stores connection - related data from this system information item , for example , among other things , the identification of the dect fixed part , in the form of a second list l 2 . the lists l 1 , l 2 are updated by a change in the system information items . if the number fs of the full slots used by the second dect fixed part fp 12 is greater than or equal to a first threshold value fs_max which , together with a second threshold value fs_hy , is determined , e . g . centrally in an information and operation center , or locally in the relevant dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 21 , the second dect fixed part fp 12 sends a first signaling information item to the controller fpc . the first dect fixed part fp 11 is thereupon controlled by the higher - level controller fpc in such a manner that it signals in the first system information item directed to the second dect portable part pp 11 located in the radio cell pc 1 that it supports both full slots and double slots . after having received this system information item , the second dect portable part pp 11 updates its list ( s ) l 1 , l 2 . if the number fs is smaller than the first threshold value fs_max , the second dect fixed part fp 12 checks whether the number fs is less than the second threshold value fs_hy . if this is so , the second dect fixed part fp 12 sends a second signaling information item to the higher - level controller fpc . the first dect fixed part fp 11 is thereupon controlled by the higher - level controller fpc in such a manner that it signals the support of double slots to the second portable part pp 11 . after having received this system information item , the second dect portable part pp 11 updates the lists l 1 , l 2 , if necessary . in addition , the controller fpc requests the first dect fixed part fp 11 to determine the number of existing full - slot connections ( transmission mode m 1 ) between the first dect fixed part fp 11 and the dect portable parts pp 11 , pp 21 and , if these exist , to report them . if there is at least one full - slot connection , the controller fpc can initiate the handover of a full - slot connection from the first dect fixed part fp 11 to the second dect fixed part fp 12 via the second dect portable part pp 11 . if the number is not less than the second threshold value fs_hy or if there is no full - slot connection between the first dect fixed part fp 11 and the second dect portable part pp 11 , only the lists l 1 , l 2 of the second dect portable part are updated , as necessary , and the process recommences with the current number fs . as an alternative to centralized control by the controller fpc , the traffic - dependent control also can be performed by the dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 12 , fp 21 , fp 22 as already described with fig1 . in this case , the second dect fixed parts fp 12 , fp 22 determine the current value of the number fs , perform the threshold value comparisons and signal the results to the first dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 21 . the first dect fixed parts fp 11 , fp 21 signal the corresponding transmission modes to the dect portable parts pp 11 , pp 21 and , if necessary , initiate a handover . as an alternative to the iterative handover procedure of only one full - slot connection , a number of full - slot connections can be handed over in one step . the number of connections is limited , however , to such an extent that the first threshold value fs_max is not reached or exceeded by the handover . although the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments , those of skill in the art will recognize that changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the hereafter appended claims . | 7 |
a monocrystalline mof ( or a single crystal mof ) consists of a mof in which the crystal lattice of the entire solid is continuous , unbroken ( with no grain boundaries ) to its edges . monocrystalline is opposed to amorphous material , in which the atomic order is limited to short range order only . polycrystalline materials lie between these two extremes ; they are made up of small crystals . a polycrystalline solid or polycrystal is comprised of many individual grains or crystallites . there is no relationship between the grains . therefore , on a large enough length scale , there is no periodicity across a polycrystalline sample . they are different from monocrystalline materials . large single crystals are very rare in nature and can be difficult to produce in the laboratory . it is desired that metal organic framework materials should be free from objectionable or incompatible impurities which detrimentally affect the crystal structure or the physical properties of the crystal . the material should be finely divided and uniform in size . due to the absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries , monocrystalline metal organic frameworks have high surface areas and provide control over the crystallization process . the differences between amorphous , polycrystalline and ( mono ) crystalline are illustrated in fig1 . the mof , as achieved by the present invention , is a monocrystalline or polycrystalline product . a single crystal or monocrystalline solid is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample , with no grain boundaries . the symmetry exhibited by real single crystals is determined by the crystal structure of the material , normally by single - crystal x - ray diffraction ( scrd ) studies . scrd is quite accessible in normal chemistry labs and become a routine way to obtain structures of single crystals . in contrast , a polycrystalline solid or polycrystal is comprised of many individual grains or crystallites . in most polycrystalline solids , there is no relationship between neighbouring grains . therefore , there is no periodicity across a polycrystalline sample . in the absence of single crystals , the structure of polycrystals can be determined by high - resolution powder x - ray diffraction ( pxrd ), such as synchrotron resources . however , synchrontron resources are very limited all over the world . in preferred embodiments of the invention , the metal organic frameworks comprise a low occurrence of twinning . for example , the monocrystalline metal organic frameworks may comprise less than about 5 % twinning crystals . most preferred , the monocrystalline metal organic frameworks comprise no twinning crystals . in a preferred embodiment , the inorganic cornerstones of the metal organic frameworks of the invention have between 6 and 12 coordination sites . for example , a mof ( preferably monocrystalline ) comprising a al 3 o cluster may have 12 coordination sites . suitable cornerstones that can be employed in the mofs of the invention al 3 o . in the context of an aluminium mof of the present invention , the metal - organic framework may comprise inorganic cornerstones having at least 10 coordination sites , preferably having 12 coordination sites . in the context of an aluminium mof of the present invention , the metal - organic framework may have a molar ratio of metal ions to organic linker of from about 1 : 0 . 45 to about 1 : 0 . 55 , preferably about 1 : 0 . 5 . in the context of an aluminium mof of the present invention , the metal - organic framework may have a surface area of at least 1000 m 2 / g , preferably at least 1100 m 2 / g , more preferably greater than or equal to 1200 m 2 / g . in the context of an aluminium mof of the present invention , the metal - organic framework may have a surface area of less than or equal to 6000 m 2 / g , preferably less than or equal to 4000 m 2 / g , more preferably less than or equal to 3000 m 2 / g . in the context of an aluminium mof of the present invention , the metal - organic framework may comprise cavities having a free diameter of about 8 å to about 12 å , preferably about 10 å . in the context of an aluminium mof of the present invention , the metal - organic framework may comprise pores having a pore volume from about 0 . 3 cm 3 / g to about 0 . 7 cm 3 / g , preferably about 0 . 5 cm 3 / g . all aspects and embodiments of the invention employ carboxylate ligands . in all aspects and embodiments , these ligands may be derived from a dicarboxylic acid , a tricarboxylic acid , a tetracarboxylic acid , a hexcarboxylic acid or an octacarboxylic acid . for the purposes of the present invention , the term “ derived ” means that the carboxylic acid compounds are present in partly deprotonated or fully deprotonated form . for example , a ligand may be derived from a dicarboxylic acid , such as , for instance , oxalic acid , succinic acid , tartaric acid , 1 , 4 - butanedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 - butenedicarboxylic acid , 4 - oxopyran - 2 , 6 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 6 - hexanedicarboxylic acid , decanedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 8 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 9 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , acetylenedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 - benzene - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 2 , 3 - pyridinedicarboxylic acid , pyridine - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 - butadiene - 1 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 - benzene - dicarboxylic acid , p - benzenedicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 2 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - methylquinoline - 3 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 2 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoxaline - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 6 - chloroquinoxaline - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 4 , 4 ′- diaminophenylmethane - 3 , 3 ′- dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 3 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 4 - hydroxyquinoline - 2 , 8 - dicarboxylic acid , diimidedicarboxylic acid , pyridine - 2 , 6 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - methylimidazole - 4 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , thiophene - 3 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - isopropylim idazole - 4 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , tetrahydropyran - 4 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , perylene - 3 , 9 - dicarboxylic acid , perylenedicarboxylic acid , pluriol e 200 - dicarboxylic acid , 3 , 6 - dioxaoctanedicarboxylic acid , 3 , 5 - cyclo - hexadiene - 1 , 2 - dicarboxylic acid , octanedicarboxylic acid , pentane - 3 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 4 , 4 ′- diamino - 1 , 1 ′- diphenyl - 3 , 3 ′- dicarboxylic acid , 4 , 4 ′- diaminodiphenyl - 3 , 3 ′- dicarboxylic acid , benzidine - 3 , 3 ′- dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 - bis ( phenylamino ) benzene - 2 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 1 ′- binaphthyidicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 8 - methylquinoline - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 - anilinoanthraquinone - 2 , 4 ′- dicarboxylic acid , poly - tetrahydrofuran - 250 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 - bis ( carboxymethyl ) piperazine - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloroquinoline - 3 , 8 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 -( 4 - carboxyl ) phenyl - 3 -( 4 - chloro ) phenylpyrazoline - 4 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 7 - hexachloro - 5 - norbornene - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , phenylindanedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 - cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid , naphthalene - 1 , 8 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - benzoylbenzene - 1 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4 , 5 - cis - dicarboxylic acid , 2 , 2 ′- biquinoline - 4 , 4 ′- dicarboxylic acid , pyridine - 3 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , 3 , 6 , 9 - trioxaundecanedicarboxylic acid , hydroxybenzophenonedicarboxylic acid , pluriol e 300 - dicarboxylic acid , pluriol e 400 - dicarboxylic acid , pluriol e 600 - dicarboxylic acid , pyrazole - 3 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 , 3 - pyrazinedicarboxylic acid , 5 , 6 - dimethyl - 2 , 3 - pyrazine - dicarboxylic acid , 4 , 4 ′- diamino ( diphenyl ether ) diimidedicarboxylic acid , 4 , 4 ′- diaminodiphenylmethanediimidedicarboxylic acid , 4 , 4 ′- diamino ( diphenyl sulfone ) diimidedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2 , 6 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 - adamantanedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 8 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2 , 3 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8 - methoxy - 2 , 3 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8 - nitro - 2 , 3 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8 - sulfo - 2 , 3 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , anthracene - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 ′, 3 ′- diphenyl - p - terphenyl - 4 , 4 ″- dicarboxylic acid , ( diphenyl ether )- 4 , 4 ′- dicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 4 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , 4 ( 1h )- oxothiochromene - 2 , 8 - dicarboxylic acid , 5 - tert - butyl - 1 , 3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 7 , 8 - quinolinedicarboxylic acid , 4 , 5 - imidazoledicarboxylic acid , 4 - cyclohexene - 1 , 2 - dicarboxylic acid , hexatriacontanedicarboxylic acid , tetradecanedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 7 - heptane - dicarboxylic acid , 5 - hydroxy - 1 , 3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 2 , 5 - dihydroxy - 1 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , pyrazine - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , furan - 2 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 - nonene - 6 , 9 - dicarboxylic acid , eicosenedicarboxylic acid , 4 , 4 ′- dihydroxy - diphenylmethane - 3 , 3 ′- dicarboxylic acid , 1 - amino - 4 - methyl - 9 , 10 - dioxo - 9 , 10 - dihydroanthracene - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 , 5 - pyridinedicarboxylic acid , cyclohexene - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 , 9 - dichlorofluorubin - 4 , 11 - dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 3 - methylquinoline - 6 , 8 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 , 4 - dichlorobenzophenone - 2 ′, 5 ′- dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 2 , 6 - pyridinedicarboxylic acid , 1 - methylpyrrole - 3 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 - benzyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , anthraquinone - 1 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid , 3 , 5 - pyrazoledicarboxylic acid , 2 - nitro - benzene - 1 , 4 - dicarboxylic acid , heptane - 1 , 7 - dicarboxylic acid , cyclobutane - 1 , 1 - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 14 - tetradecanedicarboxylic acid , 5 , 6 - dehydronorbomane - 2 , 3 - dicarboxylic acid , 5 - ethyl - 2 , 3 - pyridinedicarboxylic acid or camphordicarboxylic acid . for example , a ligand may be derived from a tricarboxylic acid , such as for instance 2 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 - propanetricarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 2 , 3 , 8 - quinolinetricarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 3 -, 1 , 2 , 4 - benzenetricarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 4 - butanetricarboxylic acid , 2 - phosphono - 1 , 2 , 4 - butanetricarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 , 5 - benzenetricarboxylic acid , 1 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 - propanetricarboxylic acid , 4 , 5 - dihydro - 4 , 5 - dioxo - 1h - pyrrolo [ 2 , 3 - f ] quinoline - 2 , 7 , 9 - tricarboxylic acid , 5 - acetyl - 3 - amino - 6 - methyl - benzene - 1 , 2 , 4 - tricarboxylic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - benzoyl - 6 - methylbenzene - 1 , 2 , 4 - tricarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 3 - propanetricarboxylic acid or aurintricarboxylic acid . for example , a ligand may be derived from a tricarboxylic acid , such as for instance 2 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 - propanetricarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 2 , 3 , 8 - quinolinetricarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 3 -, 1 , 2 , 4 - benzenetricarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 4 - butanetricarboxylic acid , 2 - phosphono - 1 , 2 , 4 - butanetricarboxylic acid , 1 , 3 , 5 - benzenetricarboxylic acid , 1 - hydroxy - 1 , 2 , 3 - propanetricarboxylic acid , 4 , 5 - dihydro - 4 , 5 - dioxo - 1h - pyrrolo [ 2 , 3 - f ] quinoline - 2 , 7 , 9 - tricarboxylic acid , 5 - acetyl - 3 - amino - 6 - methyl - benzene - 1 , 2 , 4 - tricarboxylic acid , 3 - amino - 5 - benzoyl - 6 - methylbenzene - 1 , 2 , 4 - tricarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 3 - propanetricarboxylic acid or aurintricarboxylic acid . for example , a ligand may be derived from a tetracarboxylic acid , such as , for instance , 1 , 1 - dioxidoperylo [ 1 , 12 - bcd ] thiophene - 3 , 4 , 9 , 10 - tetracarboxylic acid , perylene - tetracarboxylic acids such as perylene - 3 , 4 , 9 , 10 - tetracarboxylic acid or perylene - 1 , 12 - sulfone - 3 , 4 , 9 , 10 - tetracarboxylic acid , butanetetracarboxylic acids such as 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - butanetetracarboxylic acid or meso - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - butanetetracarboxylic acid , decane - 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 - tetracarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 16 - hexaoxacyclooctadecane - 2 , 3 , 11 , 12 - tetracarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 - benzenetetracarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 11 , 12 - dodecanetetracarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 - hexanetetracarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 - octane - tetracarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 , 5 , 8 - naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 , 9 , 10 - decanetetracarboxylic acid , benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid , 3 , 3 ′, 4 , 4 ′- benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid , tetrahydrofurantetracarboxylic acid or cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acids such as cyclopentane - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetracarboxylic acid . the ligands may also be derived from a carboxylic acid selected from compounds of formula l1 to l30 and combinations thereof : alternatively , the ligand may be derived from a carboxylic acid selected from the following compounds or combinations thereof : in a particular embodiment , the metal - organic framework comprises a metal cluster having formula al 2 xo and one or more ligands derived from a carboxylic acid of formula l8 : for example , the metal - organic framework may have a metal cluster of formula al 3 o and comprise six ligands derived from a carboxylic acid of formula l8 . alternatively , a metal - organic framework comprising a metal cluster having formula al 3 o preferably further comprises a ligand derived from the carboxylic acids selected from : unless otherwise specified , the crystal size may be measured as the largest dimension of the single crystal . for example , the length of the largest dimension of a crystal can be determined from a two - dimensional optical microscope image of a crystal . alternatively , the size may be measured as the circular equivalent ( ce ) diameter . for example , using a two - dimensional optical microscope image of a crystal ( of any shape ), the diameter of a circle with equivalent projected area can be calculated . the specific surface area measurements were carried out by nitrogen adsorption - desorption techniques using a machine sold under the name micrometrics asap 2010 , on around 50 mg of material previously activated under a primary vacuum ( 10 − 3 torr ) for 15 hours at 200 ° c . ; the analysis being carried out by bet calculation methods . unless otherwise mentioned , all the reagents were purchased and used without further purification . nmr spectra were recorded on mercury 300 ( 1 h 300 mhz ). the following abbreviations were used to explain the multiplicities : s = singlet , d = doublet , t = triplet , q = quartet , m = multiplet , b = broad . the abbreviation for some solvent and reagent were listed here : p - toluenesulfonate ( tos ). 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane ( dme ). tris - o - tolylphosphine ( p ( o - tolyl ) 3 ). n - methyl - 2 - pyrrolidone ( nmp ). the ligands listed in scheme s1 were purchased from sigma aldrich or vwr and used without further purification . to obtain the tga data , a tga - 50 ( shimadzu ) thermogravimetric analyzer was used with a heating rate of 5 ° c . min − 1 under n 2 flow . for a single crystal analysis , a pink block crystal was taken directly from the mother liquor , transferred to oil and mounted into loop . the diffraction data set was collected at 110 k on a bruker apex ccd diffractometer with mokα radiation ( λ = 0 . 71609 å ). the powder x - ray diffraction patterns ( pxrd ) were collected on a bruker d8 - focus bragg - brentano x - ray powder diffractometer equipped with a cu sealed tube ( λ = 1 . 54178 å ) at a scan rate of 0 . 5 s deg − 1 . low pressure gas adsorption measurements were performed by an asap 2020 with the extra - pure quality gases . high pressure excess adsorption of h2 and ch4 were measured using an automated controlled sieverts &# 39 ; apparatus ( pct - pro 2000 from setaram ) at 77 k ( liquid nitrogen bath ) or 298 k ( room temperature ). regarding x - ray crystallography , the data frames were collected using the program apex2 and processed using the program saint routine within apex2 . the data were corrected for absorption and beam corrections based on the multi - scan technique as implemented in sadabs ( g . m . sheldrick , shelxtl , version 6 . 14 , structure determination software suite , bruker axs , madison , wis ., 2003 ). the structure was solved by direct methods using the shelxs program of the shelxtl package and refined by full - matrix least - squares methods with shelxl ( a . l . spek , platon , a multipurpose crystallographic tool , utrecht university , utrecht , the netherlands , 1998 ). metal atoms were located from the e - maps and other non - hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters during the final cycles . hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions with isotropic displacement parameters set to 1 . 2 × ueq of the attached atom . the solvent molecules are highly disordered , and attempts to locate and refine the solvent peaks were unsuccessful . contributions to scattering due to these solvent molecules were removed using the squeeze routine of platon ( a . l . spek , platon , a multipurpose crystallographic tool , utrecht university , utrecht , the netherlands , 1998 ) structures were then refined again using the data generated . the contents of the solvent region are not represented in the unit cell contents in the crystal data . ccdc numbers ( 975771 - 975791 and 975820 - 975828 ) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper . these data can be obtained free of charge from the cambridge crystallographic data centre via www . ccdc . cam . ac . uk / data_request / cif . synthesis of l6 was carried out in accordance with v . k , ol &# 39 ; khovik , yu . v . matveenko , g . v . kalechits , a . a . pap , and a . a . zenyuk . synthesis and properties of 4 , 4 ′- bis [ 5 - alkyl ( aryl ) benzoxazol - 2 - yl ]- 2 - hydroxy ( alkoxy ) biphenyls . russian journal of organic chemistry , 2006 , 42 , 1164 - 1168 . synthesis of l8 was carried out in accordance with w . zhou , x . yang , e . jia , x . wang , j . xua , g . ye . ultraviolet resistance of azo - containing poly ( 1 , 3 , 4 - oxadiazole ) fibres . polymer degradation and stability , 2013 , 98 , 691 - 696 . synthesis of l9 was carried out in accordance with jiang , h .- l . ; feng , d . ; liu , t .- f . ; li , j .- r . ; zhou , h .- c ., pore surface engineering with controlled loadings of functional groups via click chemistry in highly stable metal - organic frameworks , j . am . chem . soc ., 2012 , 134 , 14690 - 14693 . synthesis of l22 was carried out in accordance with wang , x .- s . ; ma , s . ; rauch , k . ; simmons , j . m . ; yuan , d . ; wang , x . ; yildirim , t . ; cole , w . c . ; lopez , j . j . ; de meijere , a . ; zhou , h .- c . metal - organic frameworks based on double - bond - coupled di - isophthalate linkers with high hydrogen and methane uptakes , chemistry of materials 2008 , 20 , 3145 . synthesis of l28 was carried out in accordance with fournier , j .- h . ; wang , x . ; wuest , j . d . can . derivatives of tetraphenylmethane and tetraphenylsilane . synthesis of new tetrahedral building blocks for molecular construction . j . chem . 2003 , 81 , 376 - 380 . a ( 2 g , 6 . 4 mmol ), b ( 3 . 78 g , 21 mmol ), csf ( 3 g , 20 mmol ) and pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 2 g , 0 . 17 mmol ) was added to a 250 ml flask , and the flask was connected to schlenk line . 200 ml dme was degassed and added through a canula . the mixture was refluxed under the nitrogen for 48 hours . the solution was dried on rotary evaporator . 100 ml h 2 o was added and then extract with chcl 3 . the residue was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel ( ethyl acetate : hexane = 20 : 80 ) to yield the title compound c as white solid 2 . 0 g . ( yield : 65 %). compound c ( 2 . 0 g , 4 . 2 mmol ) was suspended in 60 ml thf / meoh ( v : v = 1 : 1 ), and 30 ml 10 % naoh solution was added . the mixture was stirred overnight . the ph value was adjusted to approximately 2 using hydrochloric acid . the resulting white precipitate was collected by filtration , washed with water , and dried under vacuum to give l15 ( 1 . 7 g , 92 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ = 3 . 97 ( s , 9h ), 7 . 90 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 06 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 44 ( d , 2h ) 8 . 49 ( t , 1h ). l16 , l17 and l18 were synthesis as the same procedure for l15 except that the starting material of 1 , 3 , 5 - tribromobenzene were replaced by 2 , 4 , 6 - tribromoaniline ( for l16 ), 2 , 4 , 6 - tribromotoluene ( for l17 ) and 2 , 4 , 6 - tribromophenol ( for l18 ) respectively . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) for l16 . δ = 4 . 74 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 52 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 74 ( d , 4h ), 7 . 85 ( d , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 10 ( d , 4h ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , ydmso - d6 ) for l17 . δ = 2 . 13 ( s , 3h ), 7 . 64 ( t , 6h ), 7 . 92 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 01 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 06 ( d , 4h ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d6 ) for l18 : δ = 3 . 97 ( s , 9h ), 7 . 90 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 06 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 44 ( d , 2h ) 8 . 49 ( t , 1h ). to a round bottomed flask add a ( 2 . 0 g , 4 . 0 mmol ), b ( 1 . 2 g , 5 mmol ), k 2 co 3 ( 0 . 7 g ), and dmf ( 30 ml ). the resulting mixture was heated up to 60 ° c . for 12 h . after cooling to rt , ice water was added . the precipitate was collected , washed thoroughly with water , and dried to produce ( 2 . 1 g , 93 %) of c . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) for : δ = 0 . 49 ( m , 6h ), 0 . 78 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 01 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 95 ( m , 9h ), 7 . 61 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 72 ( m , 6h ), 8 . 11 ( m , 2h ). c ( 2 . 1 g , 3 . 7 mmol ) was dissolved in 100 ml mixture of thf and meoh ( v / v = 1 / 1 ), 50 ml 2n koh aqueous solution was added . the mixture was stirred and refluxed overnight . the organic phase was removed . the aqueous phase was diluted to 100 ml and acidified with concentrated hcl . the precipitate was collected , washed thoroughly with water and dried to produce 1 . 6 g ( yield . 82 . 5 %) of l19 . l20 was synthesized as the same procedure for l19 except the starting material b (( s )- 2 - methylbutyl p - toluenesulfonate ) was replace by hexyl p - toluenesulfonate . a ( 2 g , 11 mmol ), b ( 2 g , 7 . 4 mmol ), csf ( 3 g , 15 mmol ) and pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 2 g , 0 . 17 mmol ) was added to a 250 ml flask . the flask was connected to schlenk line . 200 ml 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane was degassed and added through a canula . the flask was equipped with a water condenser and refluxed under the nitrogen for 48 hours . the solution was dried on rotary evaporator . 100 ml h 2 o was added and then extract with chcl 3 . the organic phase was evaporated to dryness and purified with chloroform through a short silica gel column to yield a light yellow powder 1 . 56 g . ( yield : 62 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ = 3 . 97 ( s , 9h ), 7 . 90 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 06 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 44 ( d , 2h ) 8 . 49 ( t , 1h ). compound c ( 1 . 6 g , 4 . 6 mmol ) was suspended in 50 ml thf / meoh ( v : v = 1 : 1 ), and 30 ml 10 % naoh solution was added . the mixture was stirred overnight . the ph value was adjusted to approximately 2 using hydrochloric acid . the resulting white precipitate was collected by filtration , washed with water , and dried under vacuum to give l21 ( 1 . 2 g , 91 %). a mixture of a ( 12 . 2 g , 73 . 5 mmol ), ag 2 so 4 ( 13 . 3 g , 43 mmol ) and br 2 ( 5 ml , 97 mmol ) in conc . sulphuric acid was stirred at 60 ° c . for 32 h . the excess of br 2 was removed by addition of saturated na 2 s 2 o 3 solution very slowly . the residue was poured into ice - water . the solids were isolated by filtration and given into a nahco 3 solution . the agbr was then removed by filtration . the solution was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give white precipitates . the solid was filtered and washed with water several times to give the product as white solid 20 . 5 g ( yield . 86 . 7 %). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ = 8 . 23 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 40 ( t , 1h ). a solution of conc . sulphuric acid ( 8 ml ) in methanol ( 30 ml ) was added dropwise to a solution of b ( 13 . 2 g , 0 . 054 mol ) in methanol ( 150 ml ). the reaction mixture was refluxed for 20 h . after cooling to room temperature , the product was obtained as colourless crystals . after filtration , the product was washed with cold methanol to give c 11 . 3 g ( yield . 76 . 6 %). 1 h - nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ = 3 . 96 ( s , 6h ), 8 . 35 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 6 ( t , 1h ). a 300 ml glass autoclave was charged with b ( 2 . 00 g , 7 . 3 mmol ), pd ( oac ) 2 ( 16 . 4 mg , 0 . 0732 mmol ), and p ( o - tolyl ) 3 ( 44 . 5 mg , 0 . 146 mmol ). the autoclave was evacuated and filled with nitrogen alternately for several times . anhydrous triethylamine ( 2 . 2 ml , 15 . 8 mmol ) and anhydrous nmp ( 2 . 2 ml ) were added under nitrogen . the autoclave was evacuated , filled with 1 . 5 bar of ethane . the pressure was released , and then built up again , and this release and repressurization was repeated three more times in order to saturate the solvent with ethene . the contents of the autoclave were then kept under a pressure of 1 . 5 bar of ethene and stirred at 100 ° c . for 25 . 5 h . after having been cooled down to ambient temperature , the autoclave valve was opened to release excess ethene , and the mixture was taken up in methylene chloride ( 100 ml ). the solution was washed with water ( 3 × 50 ml ), dried mgso 4 , and concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel to yield 1 . 181 g ( 78 %) of the title compound as a light yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 250 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ = 3 . 98 ( s , 12h ), 7 . 31 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 38 ( d , 4h ), 8 . 59 ( t , 2h ). d ( 3 g , 7 . 3 mmol ) was suspended in 100 ml thf / meoh ( v : v = 1 : 1 ), and 20 ml 10 % naoh solution was added . the mixture was stirred overnight . the ph value was adjusted to approximately 2 using hydrochloric acid . the resulting white precipitate was collected by filtration , washed with water , and dried under vacuum to give l23 2 . 46 g ( yield . 95 %). a was synthesized as the same way for d in l23 . a mixture of compound a ( 170 mg , 0 . 412 mmol ), 10 % pd / c ( 54 mg ) and toluene ( 30 ml ) was hydrogenated at 50 ° c . ( h 2 , 3 bar ) for 4 h . the catalyst was filtered off through a pad of celite and then washed with chloroform . the filtrate was evaporated to dryness on rotary evaporator . the residue was recrystallized from chloroform / toluene to give 152 mg of b as colorless solid ( yield . 89 %). 1 h - nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ = 3 . 02 ( s , 4h ), 3 . 91 ( s , 12h ), 8 . 01 - 8 . 03 ( m , 4h ), 8 . 49 - 8 . 52 ( m , 2h ). compound c ( 130 mg ) was suspended in 50 ml thf / meoh ( v : v = 1 : 1 ), and 3 ml 10 % naoh solution was added . the mixture was stirred overnight . the ph value was adjusted to approximately 2 using hydrochloric acid . the resulting white precipitate was collected by centrifuge , washed with water , and dried under vacuum to give l24 ( 100 mg , 92 %). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ): δ = 13 . 10 ( s , br , 4h ), 8 . 29 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 4h ), 3 . 02 ( s , 2h ). 12 ml socl 2 , ( 165 mmol ) was slowly added to a stirred solution of a ( 10 g , 60 mmol ) in 100 ml of absolute etoh . after stirring under reflux for 5 hours , there are a lot of precipitates formed . the solvent was removed and the crude product was washed with a saturated aqueous solution of na 2 co 3 . after filtered , the solid was dried at 60 ° c . overnight to give b as white solid of 12 . 8 g ( yield . 90 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ = 1 . 4 ( t , 3h ), 4 . 3 ( q , 2h ), 7 . 5 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 1 ( s , 1h ). a solution of nano 2 ( 2 . 32 g ) in 20 ml water was added to a cloudy mixture of b ( 6 . 6 g , 27 . 8 mmol ) in 30 ml 2m hydrochloric acid at 0 ° c . the mixture changed to clear solution slowly . after stirred at 0 ° c . for 45 minutes , an ice - cold ki aqueous solution was added . then mixture changed to dark red and sticky . after 100 ml ch 2 cl 2 was added , the mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 4 hours . the aqueous phase was washed with ch 2 cl 2 three times . the combined organic phases were dried with mgso 4 . after the solvent was removed , the crude product was purified by column chromatography with ch 2 cl 2 as the eluent . 1 h nmr ( acetone ): δ = 1 . 4 ( t , 3h ), 4 . 4 ( q , 2h ), 8 . 2 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 6 ( s , 1h ). c ( 7 . 3 g , 20 . 9 mmol ), pd ( pph 3 ) 2 cl 2 ( 0 . 2 g ). cui ( 0 . 1 g ) were dissolved in 200 ml et 2 nh under nitrogen atmosphere . the mixture was bubbled with acetylene for 8 hours at rt , and then stirred overnight . the solvent was removed and the residual powder was dissolved in ch 2 cl 2 ( 300 ml ) and 200 ml hydrochloric acid ( 2m ). the aqueous phase was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 twice . the mixed organic phase was washed with water twice and dried with na 2 so 4 . after the solvent was removed , the crude product was purified by column chromatography with ch 2 cl 2 as eluent to give the product as pale - yellow powder . 1 h nmr ( chcl 3 ): δ = 1 . 5 ( t , 3h ), 4 . 4 ( q , 2h ), 8 . 4 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 7 ( s , 1h ). d was suspended in 100 ml thf , to which was added 20 ml 2 m koh aqueous solution . the mixture was refluxed under n 2 overnight . thf was removed on rotary evaporator and diluted hydrochloric acid was added into the aqueous solution until the solution became acidic . the solid was collected by filtration , washed with water several times and dried in the air . a solution of nano 2 ( 2 . 32 g ) in 20 ml water was added to a cloudy mixture of a ( 6 . 6 g , 27 . 8 mmol ) in 30 ml 2m hydrochloric acid at 0 ° c . after stirred at 0 ° c . for 45 minutes , an ice - cold ki aqueous solution was added . then mixture changed to dark red and sticky . after 100 ml ch 2 cl 2 was added , the mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 4 hours . the aqueous phase was washed with ch 2 cl 2 three times . the combined organic phases were dried with mgso 4 . after the solvent was removed , the crude product was purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate : hexans = 4 : 1 as the elute . ( 8 . 8 g , yield . 91 %) 1 h nmr ( acetone ): δ = 1 . 4 ( t , 3h ), 4 . 4 ( q , 2h ), 8 . 2 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 6 ( s , 1h ). degassed dry dmf ( 18 ml ) was added to a mixture of b ( 3 . 48 g , 10 mmol ), c ( 3 . 1 g , 12 mmol ), potassium acetate ( 2 . 2 g , 24 mmol ), and pd ( oac ) 2 ( 49 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ). the mixture was heated to 90 ° c . ( oil bath ) for 24 h . after cooling to room temperature , the solution was added dropwise to water ( 90 ml ) and stirred vigorously for 10 min . the solid was collected by filtration and purified through column chromatography on silica gel ( hexane / ethyl acetate , 80 : 20 , second point ) to afford product as a white solid ( 2 . 01 g , 86 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ = 1 . 346 ( s , 12h ), 1 . 396 ( t , 6h ), 4 . 39 2 ( q , 4h ), 8 . 600 ( d , 2h ), 8 . 739 ( t , 1h ). a solution of nano 2 ( 2 . 32 g ) in 20 ml water was added to a cloudy mixture of e ( 6 . 6 g , 27 . 8 mmol ) in 30 ml 2m hydrochloric acid at 0 ° c . after stirred at 0 ° c . for 45 minutes , an ice - cold ki aqueous solution was added . then mixture changed to dark red and sticky . after 100 ml ch 2 cl 2 was added , the mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 4 hours . the aqueous phase was washed with ch 2 cl 2 three times . the combined organic phases were dried with mgso 4 . after the solvent was removed , the crude product was purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate : hexane = 4 : 1 as the eluent . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ = 2 . 538 ( s , 12h ), 7 . 261 ( s , 4h ). a 250 - ml schlenk flask was charged with of d ( 0 . 8 g , 3 . 05 mmol ), f ( 3 . 7 g 8 mmol ), csf ( 4 g , 26 . 4 mmol ), and 0 . 2 g of pd ( p ( ph ) 3 ) 4 . 120 ml of dme was degassed and transferred . a water condenser was then equipped and the flask was heated to reflux under the nitrogen for 72 hours . the solvent was dried on rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved by ch 2 cl 2 and purified by column chromatography to white crystal . the white crystal was dissolved in a 500 - ml schlenk flask with 200 ml mixture of thf and meoh ( v / v = 1 : 1 ). 100 ml of 0 . 3m naoh aqueous solution was added . the flask was heated to reflux overnight . the solution is then acidified by diluted hydrochloric acid to give white precipitate , which was filtered and washed with water several times to get l26 1 . 2 g ( yield . 68 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso ): δ = 2 . 051 ( s , 12h ), 7 . 516 ( s , 4h ), 7 . 925 ( d , 4h ), 8 . 490 ( t , 2h ). a 250 - ml schlenk flask was charged with of a ( 1 . 2 g , 3 . 05 mmol ), b ( 3 . 28 g 18 . 30 mmol ), csf ( 4 g , 26 . 4 mmol ), and 0 . 2 g of pd ( p ( ph ) 3 ) 4 . 120 ml dme was degassed and transferred . a water condenser was then equipped and the flask was heated to reflux under the nitrogen for 72 hours . the solvent was dried on rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved by ch 2 cl 2 and purified by column chromatography to white crystal . the white crystal was dissolved in a 500 ml schlenk flask with 200 ml mixture of thf and meoh ( v / v = 1 : 1 ). 100 ml of 0 . 3m naoh aqueous solution was added . the flask was heated to reflux overnight . the solution is then acidified by diluted hydrochloric acid to give white precipitate of c , which was filtered and washed with water several times to get l27 1 . 2 g ( yield . 68 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso ): δ = 12 . 9 ( s , 4h ), 7 . 83 ( t , 4h ), 7 . 80 ( s , 4h ), 7 . 55 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 45 ( d , 4h ), 7 . 40 ( d , 4h ). b is prepared according to the procedure described in reference 5 . a 250 ml schlenk flask was charged with a ( 4 g , 6 . 3 mmol ), b ( 6 . 79 g , 37 . 7 mmol ), csf ( 9 . 5 g , 63 . 9 mmol ), and pd ( p ( ph ) 3 ) 4 0 . 3 g . 120 ml dme was degassed and transferred . a water condenser was then equipped . the flask was heated to reflux under the nitrogen for 48 hours . the solvent was dried on rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved by ch 2 cl 2 , and purified by column chromatography to get c 4 . 1 g ( yield . 76 %). c ( 4 . 1 g , 4 . 8 mmol ) was dissolved in a 500 ml schlenk flask with 200 ml mixture of thf and meoh ( v / v = 1 : 1 ). 100 ml of 1 . 25m naoh aqueous solution was added . the flask was heated to reflux overnight . the solution is then acidified by diluted hydrochloric acid to give white precipitate , which was filtered and washed with water and acetone several times . 1 hnmr ( dmso ): δ = 12 . 93 ( s , 4h ), 7 . 99 ( d , 8h ), 7 . 81 ( d , 8h ), 7 . 76 ( d , 8h ), 7 . 41 ( d , 8h ). b is prepared according to the procedure described in reference 1 . a 250 - ml schlenk flask was charged with a ( 3 g , 4 . 0 mmol ), b ( 4 . 2 g , 24 mmol ), csf ( 9 . 5 g , 63 . 9 mmol ), and pd ( p ( ph ) 3 ) 4 0 . 3 g . 120 ml of dme was degassed and transferred . a water condenser was then equipped . the flask was heated to reflux under the nitrogen for 48 hours . the solvent was dried on rotary evaporator . the residue was dissolved by ch 2 cl 2 , and purified by column chromatography to get c 2 . 9 g ( yield . 76 %). c ( 2 . 9 g , 3 . 0 mmol ) was dissolved in a 500 ml schlenk flask with 200 ml mixture of thf and meoh ( v / v = 1 : 1 ). 100 ml of 1 . 25 m naoh aqueous solution was added . the flask was heated to reflux overnight . the solution is then acidified by diluted hydrochloric acid to give white precipitate , which was filtered and washed with water and acetone several times . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ): δ = 2 . 29 ( s , 8h ), 3 . 92 ( s , 12h ) 7 . 64 ( m , 6h ) 8 . 08 ( d , 2h ). the structures shown in the examples below represent the ligands employed which replace the ( ch 3 coo ) ligands seen in the starting material whilst retaining the same metal ion cluster . 10 mg of [ al 3 o ( oocch 3 ) 6 . 3ch 3 cn ][ alcl 4 ] and 10 mg of abtc were dissolved in 2 ml of dmf , then 0 . 5 ml of acetic acid was added . the solution was sealed in a 4 ml vial and put into oven at 150 ° c . for 5 days . after cooling down to room temperature , light yellow crystals were harvested . optical microscope images of pcn - 250 ( al ) ( example 1 ) are shown in fig2 - 4 . crystal sizes of 42 μm , 10 μm , and 72 μm respectively were observed . the crystal data and structure refinements for a single crystal of pcn - 250 ( al ) ( example 1 ) are shown in table 1 . before measurements were carried out , as - synthesized pcn - 250 ( al ) samples were washed with dry dmf several times , and immersed in dmf for 2 days to remove unreacted starting ligands , inorganic species and acetic acid . after that , dmf was decanted , washed with dry methanol several times , and immersed in methanol at 65 ° c . this was repeated for 2 days to completely substitute the coordinating molecule . after that , methanol was decanted , the sample was washed with dry ch 2 cl 2 several times , and ch 2 cl 2 solvent exchange was conducted under a well - sealed vial at 60 ° c . for 3 days . after that , the solvent was removed on a vacuum line and the sample was transported in a glove box to prevent the re - adsorption of h 2 o from the air . the sample was then activated again using the ‘ outgas ’ function of the adsorption instrument for 12 h at 190 ° c . gas adsorption was then measured . fig5 shows the h 2 uptake ( adsorption ) measured for pcn - 250 ( al ). fig6 shows the n 2 uptake ( adsorption ) measured for pcn - 250 ( al ). fig7 shows the ch 4 uptake ( adsorption ) measured for pcn - 250 ( al ). fig8 shows the co 2 uptake ( adsorption ) measured for pcn - 250 ( al ). the uptake properties exhibited by pcn - 250 ( al ) are observed to be excellent . about 15 mg samples of pcn - 250 ( al ) was heated on a tga - 50 ( shimadzu ) thermogravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 650 ° c . at a rate of 5 ° c . min − 1 under n 2 flow of 15 ml min − 1 . fig9 shows the thermogravimetric analysis trace for a fresh sample of pcn - 250 ( al ). | 2 |
hidden markov model ( hmm ) speech recognition systems are based on a model of speech production as a markov source . the speech units being modeled may be represented by finite state machines . each phone in the system may be represented by a three - state directed network . associated with each transition between states is a probability of taking that transition when visiting its source node . a probability distribution over output symbols is associated with each node . ( the output probability distributions model features of speech , and the transition probability distributions implicitly model duration .) word pronunciations are modeled as directed networks of phones . fig1 represents a directed word network 10 of a state machine used for recognizing a sample word , such as the word &# 34 ; water .&# 34 ; probabilities a , b , c , d , e , f are , according to the invention , associated with the transitions 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 leaving each node 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 20 , specifying the probability of taking each transition upon leaving a node in the directed network . in this example , there are four unique paths through the directed network 10 . the path of transitions 22 - 24 - 28 - 30 is the most - likely path based on the probability calculations , which probabilities have been obtained in accordance with the invention . the system according to the invention builds pronunciation networks by replacing each arc in the word pronunciation networks with the corresponding hmm phone network . the probability distributions for transitions and output symbols are estimated during the training phase using labeled examples of speech . the recognition technique comprises determining the path through the markov chain ( the whole directed pronunciation network , as opposed to the word network ) that has the highest probability of generating the observed sequence . for continuous speech , this path will correspond to a sequence of word models . fig2 is a block diagram of a general embodiment of a speech recognition system 40 according to the invention . the techniques described herein for generating word pronunciation models are applicable to other types of systems as well , including systems which use different feature sets , and non - hmm systems . the system 40 comprises a feature extraction element 42 coupled to receive input speech , a word model set 46 , and a hidden markov model decoder element 44 coupled to receive feature vectors and to compare the feature vectors with word models from the word model set 46 to produce recognized words . the system 40 models speech as a sequence of feature vectors generated by a markov source . therein features are extracted from input speech 48 , quantized , and sent to the hmm decoder 44 . the decoder 44 finds the sequence of word models from a database of trained word models of the word model set 46 that generates the observed sequence of feature vectors with highest probability . the output is a sequence of words in a machine recognizable form ( e . g ., ascii code ) of an hypothesized sentence . the feature extraction element 42 of the system 40 takes speech input and produces a string of feature vectors as output . there are four elements in each feature vector : the technique for processing speech in this manner is relatively well understood . the input speech is sampled at 16 khz , and a mel - cepstrum analysis is performed with a window size of 25 ms and frame rate of 100 hz according to the teachings in davis 80 . the energy feature is derived from the first mel - cepstral coefficient , and the spectral features from the next twelve coefficients . the difference features are derived by smoothing the mel - cepstral and energy features using a three point finite impulse response ( fir ) filter and taking the difference four frames apart . both vector - quantization codebooks contain 256 codewords and are generated using the lloyd algorithm as found in gray 84 . energy is quantized into 25 levels , and delta - energy is quantized into 25 levels . a feature vector is output from the feature extraction element 42 for every 10 ms of input speech . training the system involves estimating the parameters of the markov source with the forward - backward algorithm as taught in for example levinson 83 . each word has its own markov source . words are represented as probabilistic networks of hmm phone models , as for example illustrated in fig1 each phone model 10 indicating the possible pronunciations of the words . since the amount of training data is inadequate to reliably estimate the parameters for many of the words , training data must be shared between words by similar sub - word units . the same phone in different words share training data . recognition consists of solving for the state sequence that is most - likely to have generated the input features , given a list of input feature vectors and a set of trained word models . the well known viterbi algorithm is used to compute the probability of being at a word - final state at a time corresponding to the final input vector . the algorithm provides a backtrace of the most - likely state sequence given the input data . the word sequence corresponding to this state sequence is the recognized sentence . according to the invention , the word pronunciation networks are generated using a new technique which results in efficient networks with high coverage of likely pronunciations . the approach to generating these networks is illustrated with reference to fig3 . first , a vocabulary must be chosen ( step a ). second , a set of baseforms is developed for the vocabulary items ( b ). these baseforms can either be specified by hand , or generated automatically . mechanisms for the automatic generation of baseforms can be derived from available commercially - available speech synthesizers , such as in the prose - 2000 speech synthesizer , available from centigram communications corp . of san jose , calif . the automatic generation of baseforms involves the execution of a set of letter - to - sound rules on the orthographic representation of the words . third , a phonological rule set is developed using a method described herein ( step c ). fourth , the phonological rules are applied to the baseforms , using the approach described herein ( step d ). fifth , pronunciation probabilities are estimated using the approach described herein ( step e ). finally , the networks are pruned , i . e ., either single most - likely pronunciations are determined using a technique described herein , or sparse multiple pronunciation networks are generated using a technique described herein ( step f ). the development of the phonological rule set ( step c ) will now be described . a phonological rule set consists of a set of rules defining the possible allophonic realizations of phonetic segments in context . when used in conjunction with a speech recognition system , each word in the vocabulary of the system is typically represented by a baseform pronunciation and a set of phonological rules to be applied to the baseforms for generating the set of pronunciations for each word . the method of step c illustrated in fig4 is used to develop the phonological rule sets according to the invention . the goal of this approach is to minimize the size of the resulting pronunciation networks while maximizing the coverage of input pronunciations , in order to overcome the problems previous approaches have had due to the large number of model parameters that must be estimated with a fixed training set size . the phonological rules describe variations in the realization of phonetic segments in specified contexts . the actions of rules are to either insert , delete , or substitute phones , sequences of phones , or phonetic features . the contexts within which rules apply can be expressed as a boolean function over phones , distinctive features , and specifications of stress . any number of neighboring phones can be included in the context . both intra and inter - word rules can be handled . the application of rules across words results in frayed edge networks . such networks are used to represent coarticulatory phenomena between words . these will be described hereinafter . referring to fig4 the rules generation method ( step c ) makes use of a lexicon 50 of base forms , a test corpus 52 of pronunciations , and ( optionally ) a phonological rule set 54 ( i . e ., either start with an existing rule set and refine it , or start with just baseforms ). the optional aspect may be implemented by making available the rule set as a null set . the baseforms in the lexicon 50 represent standard pronunciations of words prior to the application of phonological rules . the test corpus 52 comprises a phonetic database which may be either a set of hand phonetic transcriptions of spoken sentences or phonetic output from a recognition system . both the baseforms of lexicon 50 and the phonetic transcription strings of test corpus 52 are linked to textual representations of the words they represent . the first step in generating a phonological rule set is to measure the coverage of output forms ( either baseforms or , if there already exist some rules , forms resulting from the application of current rules to baseforms ) on the pronunciations in the test corpus ( step g ). the system , which is typically implementable on a computer workstation with adequate storage capacity for the programs and data , may display diagnostic information on uncovered pronunciations ( step g - 1 ). the second step is to write rules to cover pronunciations which the system indicates are not currently covered ( step h ). the third step is to measure the coverage and overgeneration of individual rules ( step i ). the system may thereafter display diagnostic information on coverage and overgeneration ( step i - 1 ). as a result there may follow the refinement of the contextual specifications of rules ( step j ). the purpose of these refinements is to prevent a rule from applying in the cases leading to overgeneration , while allowing the rule to apply in the cases leading to coverage . lisp code for measuring coverage and overcoverage and for reporting diagnostic information , which are described further below , is provided in appendix f . steps one through four ( g - j ) are repeated in loop k until a high coverage rule set is determined to have been achieved at decision point l . finally , if necessary , the network size can be reduced by either ranking the rules by probability ( for example by the ratio : coverage /( coverage + overgeneration )) and choosing the n best rules ( step m ), or by estimating pronunciation probabilities ( step n ) for the networks in a system using a method described herein and eliminating low probability arcs ( pruning the networks ) using another method described herein ( step p ). in order to measure coverage of a data set ( corpus of pronunciations ) by a set of rules , the path must be found through the pronunciation networks for the data set which minimizes the number of insertions plus deletions plus substitutions of phones . coverage is computed by the following procedure : in order to find the path for the data set through the pronunciation network which minimizes the number of insertions , deletions and substitutions , a dynamic programming algorithm is used based on the following recurrence relation : ## equ1 ## by way of explanation ; the goal of the recurrence relation described in eq 2 above is to compute s ( l , t ), or the distance between the transcription string and its best matching path through the pronunciation network . the recurrence relation defines an algorithm in which the basic step is a comparison of an arc in a pronunciation network to a transcription symbol . if the symbols match , the score is computed as the minimum penalty path ( where a penalty of 1 is counted for each insertion , deletion , or substitution error ) leading to the previous transcription symbol and any predecessor arc . if the symbols do not match , the score is computed as 1 + the minimum penalty path considering the current error as either an insertion , deletion , or substitution error . ( i . e ., if it is an insertion error , compute the minimum penalty path to a predecessor arc and the current transcription symbol , if it is a deletion error , compute the minimum penalty path to the current arc and the previous transcription symbol , and if it is a substitution error , compute the minimum penalty path to a predecessor arc and the previous transcription symbol .) the necessary initial conditions include returning a score of 0 when at the beginning of the network and the transcription , and a score of i + the minimum penalty path to the preceding symbol or to a predecessor arc , if at the beginning of the network or the transcription , respectively . the value s ( l , t ) returned by this algorithm is a count of the number of ( insertion plus deletion plus substitution ) errors for the best matching path of the transcription string through the pronunciation network ( the numerator of eq 1 ). this value can be computed once all the scores for the partial paths upon which it depends have been computed . the denominator of eq 1 is the total number of segments in the data set . overgeneration is readily computed . a value of merit for overgeneration is the average number of arcs per sentence that are not in the best path . a number of phonological rule sets have been developed using the approach described above . the rule set used in the current embodiment of the invention is defined in appendix a attached hereto and made a part hereof . the speech recognition portion of the invention can be used with any appropriate rule set . in addition , the approach described here for developing phonological rule sets can be used to develop pronunciation models for many types of systems requiring pronunciation models besides the hmm system described herein . the phonological rule set is applied in the current invention in the context of multiple pronunciations of words represented as networks of phonetic segments wherein the networks are generated by applying phonological rules set forth above to a set of baseform pronunciations of words . each phonological rule is allowed to apply at only one time , and at that time it applies everywhere in the network where its context is fulfilled . the order in which rules apply can be specified , and groups of rules can be specified to apply in parallel . it is allowed that words have single or multiple baseforms . multiple baseforms are useful in cases in which an alternative pronunciation is not the result of a generally applicable phonological process . lisp computer code of the preferred embodiment , for applying phonological rules to baseforms to determine word networks , is provided in appendix b . -- find all the places where each of the rules can apply to the current set of pronunciation networks ; -- make the set of pronunciation networks deterministic by applying hopcroft and ullman &# 39 ; s ( first ) algorithm as found in john e . hopcroft et al ., &# 34 ; introduction to automata theory , languages , and computation ,&# 34 ; addison - wesley publishing , co ., ( 1979 ), pp . 22 - 24 ( incorporated herein by reference ); and -- minimize the set of pronunciation networks using hopcroft and ullman &# 39 ; s ( second ) algorithm as found in john e . hopcroft et al ., pp . 68 - 71 ( incorporated by reference ). associated with each arc in a pronunciation network is a record of the rule or rules which applied to bring the arc into existence . this record is needed for the estimation of pronunciation probabilities . cross - word coarticulation must be modeled in a fully functional continuous speech recognition system . it is known that there are substantial cross - word effects on pronunciation , both acoustic and phonological . these effects are most extreme at the starts and ends of words , the pronunciation of which may vary substantially depending on the adjacent phonetic segments in neighboring words . according to the present invention , both acoustic and phonological cross - word coarticulatory effects are explicitly modeled . in the preferred embodiment this modeling is performed by the c language code provided in appendix g . frayed edge word pronunciation networks model the cross - word phonological effects . to generate frayed edge word networks , first , phonological rules are designed based on eq 1 and eq 2 above which capture cross - word phonological coarticulatory effects . these rules are allowed to apply across words , leading to networks with multiple start and / or end nodes . any initial arc may have an associated set of constraints on which final arcs of words may connect to it . these constraints may be in the form of boolean combinations of phonetic segments , distinctive features , and specifications of stress . these sets of constraints are automatically determined according to the constraints associated with application of the rules which created the arc in question . final arcs of words are handled in a similar manner . during execution of the training and recognition algorithms , the constraints determine which end - arcs can connect to which start - arcs . acoustic cross - word effects are modeled by the addition of extra start and end arcs to pronunciation networks which also have constraints on what previous or following arcs they can connect to . the addition of acoustic cross - word arcs is limited to initial and final phones which have a sufficient number of training samples to estimate additional acoustic parameters reliably . the algorithm for modeling cross - word effects is as follows : for every initial ( final ) arc a i : let p i = phone label on arc a i . and then for every phone label p j in the phonetic inventory : count the number of occurrences c in the training database of the word w preceded ( or followed ) by a word ending ( beginning ) with the phone p i ; i ) add an initial ( final ) arc a k to word w with the phone label p i which connects to the same to - node as arc a i ; ii ) constrain arc a k to only connect to arcs with label p j ; and iii ) constrain arc a i not to connect to arcs with phone label p j . in a system according to the invention it is important to estimate pronunciation probabilities . it has been shown that there are substantial differences in the probabilities of the various pronunciations of words . in order to minimize the increase in false alarm rates based on multiple pronunciations , the current invention employs a new method to obtain reliable estimates of pronunciation probabilities , based on sharing training samples between sub - word units . c language computer code implementing this method is provided in appendix c . fig5 illustrates this , showing three network diagrams of three words in order to show sharing training samples . fig5 repeats the network diagram 10 for the word &# 34 ; water &# 34 ; of fig1 omitting the estimated pronunciation probabilities . fig5 also shows similar networks for &# 34 ; butter &# 34 ; 60 and for &# 34 ; to &# 34 ; 62 . according to the inventive method , to estimate pronunciation probabilities , the set of nodes in the networks for the entire vocabulary are divided into what are called equivalence classes , such as 66 . all nodes in the same equivalence class , such as 16 and 74 share training samples for estimating pronunciation probabilities ( i . e ., the probability of taking each of the outgoing arcs when visiting the node ). ideally , to determine equivalence classes , it is desirable to know , for each allophonic choice ( i . e ., for each node in the word pronunciation networks ), how much of the surrounding context plays an important role in determining the pronunciation at that point . if none of the context matters , that node can be placed in the same equivalence class with all similar nodes ( i . e ., nodes representing a similar allophonic choice ), while if some aspect of the context does play an important role in determining allophonic choice at that node , the node should only be placed in a class with similar nodes sharing the relevant contextual constraints . for example , node 80 in &# 34 ; to &# 34 ; is not placed in equivalence class 66 because the rules or contextual constraints of 80 are not shared with 74 and 16 . in the current invention , nodes are placed in the same equivalence class if and only if both of the following conditions hold : there is a one - to - one correspondence between labels ( of phones ) on outgoing arcs , such as &# 34 ; dx &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; t &# 34 ; at nodes 16 , 74 , and 80 . there is a one - to - one correspondence between the sets of rules responsible for bringing each of those arcs into existence , such as nodes 16 and 74 . this set of conditions assures that similar sub - word units with similar contextual constraints share training samples . when there are relevant contextual constraints , arcs leaving the node will depend on rules which apply in that context . when the next symbol is not conditioned by the context , there will not be any rules on arcs leaving the node which depend on that context . fig6 illustrates one phonological rule , showing that [ t ] may be pronounced as [ dx ] in the context of an unstressed vowel . the phonological rule depicted in fig6 is also presented on page a - 7 of the appendix labeled &# 34 ; t to d 1 : latter .&# 34 ; the estimation of pronunciation probabilities using these equivalence classes is incorporated into the forward - backward algorithm described in levinson 83 , incorporated herein by reference , which is used to train the phonetic models . hidden markov models of words are generated by replacing the arcs in word pronunciation networks with hidden markov models of phones . the forward - backward algorithm provides estimated counts of traversals of each transition for each training sample . transitions into initial nodes of hmm phone models correspond to arcs in word pronunciation networks . these counts are used for estimating the probabilities of each of the outgoing arcs from each node in the word pronunciation networks after combining the counts for nodes in the same equivalence class . at the end of each iteration of the forward - backward algorithm , the probability of each arc in each equivalence class is estimated as : ## equ3 ## where p i , j = estimated probability for arc i in equivalence class j ; once pronunciation probabilities have been estimated for the word networks using the method outlined hereinabove , low probability arcs may and preferably should be eliminated by pruning . a pruning algorithm according to the invention eliminates low probability arcs while insuring that there are no disconnected components ( i . e ., sections of the word network that cannot possibly be reached ), that there is at least one complete path from beginning to end through the word network with no start or end constraints , and that there are no incomplete paths ( e . g ., paths that can start but which never reach an end ). c language computer code of the preferred embodiment for performing this pruning is provided in appendix e . the pruning algorithm according to the invention is as follows : -- find the single most - likely path through the network which begins with an arc that has no constraints on which ( word - final ) arcs can precede it , and ends with an arc that has no constraints on which ( word - initial ) arcs can follow it and mark all such arcs as undeletable ; -- delete all arcs with probability less than a threshold unless it is marked undeletable ; -- using a depth - first search of the word network , starting from each possible start arc , mark all arcs reached as start - visited ; -- using a depth - first backward search of the word network , starting from each possible end arc , mark all arcs reached as end - visited ; and in certain applications of speech recognition according to the invention , it may suffice to use only the single most - likely pronunciation for each word , rather than a network representing multiple pronunciations . c language computer code for determining single most - likely pronunciations is provided in appendix d . in accordance with the invention , it is possible to determine the single most - likely pronunciation for each word by the following algorithm : -- generate word networks using a rule set developed by the inventive method ; -- choose the most - likely next arc for each node along the most - likely path by starting from the most - likely start arc , and testing at each node for the most - likely next arc . in some embodiments of the invention , the system is preferably speaker - dependent . in such cases , all the training data is taken from a single speaker , who is the intended user of the system , to generate speaker - dependent pronunciation networks , thereby capturing the speaker - specific pronunciations . -- generate a set of word networks using a rule set derived as described hereinabove ; -- train the pronunciation probabilities of the word networks using the node equivalence class training algorithm described hereinabove ; -- derive either a set of speaker - specific multiple pronunciation networks using the network pruning algorithm described hereinabove or a set of speaker - specific single pronunciation networks using the algorithm described hereinabove . a disclosure of a specific implementation of methods according to the invention are attached hereto as appendices b through g as source code listings incorporating algorithms described herein . the invention has now been explained with reference to specific embodiments . other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art in view of this disclosure . therefore , it is not intended that this invention be limited , except as indicated by the appended claims . | 6 |
fig1 is a schematic , pictorial illustration showing a roof of an oral cavity 20 and associated anatomical structures , where dissection commences in a surgical procedure to access the sphenopalatine ganglion ( spg ) system , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , soft tissue is dissected to expose a greater palatine foramen 22 , in order to allow access via the greater palatine canal ( also known as the pterygopalatine canal ) to the spg system by means of an endoscopic transpalatine approach . to start the procedure , the patient is typically positioned with an open mouth , and a topical and local anesthetic is applied to the oral palatine mucosa . typically , after the local anesthetic has taken the desired effect ( typically after about 2 - 3 minutes ), a greater palatine nerve block is performed . greater palatine foramen 22 is then located , typically by the anatomical landmark of a second upper molar 24 . typically , a mucoperiosteal incision is made in front of the location of greater palatine foramen 22 , and the contents of the foramen are dissected and revealed . fig2 is a schematic illustration showing endoscopic apparatus 30 , which is used in the surgical procedure to access the spg once the contents of greater palatine foramen 22 have been dissected and revealed , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . apparatus 30 comprises a handle 38 , which contains a keyhole opening 42 , through which a flexible hollow sleeve 36 is placed . typically sleeve 36 serves as a conduit and guide for introduction of endoscopic tools , while handle 38 is used to move and orient sleeve 36 and any introduced endoscopic tools . further typically , sleeve 36 comprises a slit 43 , running the length of the sleeve , which is lined up with keyhole opening 42 , such that handle 38 and sleeve 36 can be removed from around wires subsequently introduced through the sleeve . in some embodiments of the present invention , hollow sleeve 36 is adapted to permit a flexible shaft 34 to be introduced and advanced to a desired operative site . flexible shaft 34 is typically adapted such that a surgical tool 40 may be attached to the distal end of the shaft . for example , fig2 shows a surgical tool comprising a periosteal elevator . in some embodiments of the present invention , flexible shaft 34 is hollow so as to allow the introduction of additional apparatus to the operative site . fig2 shows an embodiment in which a trocar 32 is introduced through hollow flexible shaft 34 . typically , endoscopic apparatus 30 is used to proceed with the surgical procedure subsequent to dissection of the contents of the greater palatine foramen , by inserting hollow sleeve 36 into the greater palatine foramen with the aid of handle 38 . once the hollow sleeve is suitably positioned , flexible shaft 34 with attached surgical tool 40 and trocar 32 are typically inserted through hollow sleeve 36 . in an embodiment , surgical tool 40 comprises a periosteal elevator . trocar 32 is typically advanced using a gentle 180 degree axial rotation , and subperiosteal dissection is performed with the aide of surgical tool 40 so as to detach the contents of the greater palatine canal from the osseous portion of the canal . typically , the dissection is monitored with endoscopic visualization , while irrigation and suction are used as necessary to maintain the site of dissection . trocar 32 should typically be introduced about 2 centimeters relative to the bony entrance of the greater palatine canal , with allowable variation for the anatomy of individual patients . fig3 illustrates shaft 34 and the anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa 50 , which shows an spg 52 adjacent to a sphenopalatine artery 54 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . the pterygopalatine fossa is a bilateral intraosseous space at the craniofacial junction . because of its location , it is considered together with the structures of the paranasal sinuses . the fossa resembles a four - sided pyramid with an imaginary base , anterior , posterior and medial wall all converging at the vertex . the base corresponds to the region of the orbital vertex . the anterior wall is bordered by a small vertical portion of the maxillary tuberosity close to its junction with the palatine vertical plate . the medial wall is formed by the vertical plate of the palatine bone and is crossed by the sphenopalatine foramen . the posterior wall corresponds to the anterior face of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone . the lateral wall lies against the skull , sealed by fibrous tissue , and allows the passage of the vascular and nervous structures . the vertex of the pyramid is the junction of the walls , where the palatine osseous canals connect the pterygopalatine fossa with the oral cavity through the hard palate . a vidian nerve 57 , contained in a vidian foramen 56 , is seen to be connected to spg 52 . typically , the vidian foramen and nerve are approached under direct endoscopic visualization , after the steps described hereinabove with reference to fig2 . typically , hollow flexible shaft 34 ( see also fig2 ) is introduced towards vidian nerve 57 and / or spg 52 . fig4 a shows an electrode introducer 60 , comprising a flexible rod 62 , to which an electrode support 58 is attached , and a handle 64 for manipulating the introducer , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . typically , electrode support 58 is introduced to the region of the vidian nerve and the spg via flexible shaft 34 . fig4 b shows flexible electrode support 58 , rolled to fit inside shaft 34 , at a point in time as support 58 is advanced out from shaft 34 , such that support 58 opens upon exiting the distal end of shaft 34 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . electrodes , such as plate electrodes 66 a , described hereinbelow with reference to fig5 a , are affixed to one or more sites on the electrode support , and are positioned to be in contact with a target site such as the spg when the support unrolls . fig5 a , 5 b , and 5 c show several electrode configurations for use with electrode support 58 , in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention . the three illustrated electrode configurations are typically flat , providing a relatively large surface area for contact with the spg or other tissue . additionally , the flexibility and flat thin shapes of the electrode support and the electrodes are conducive to being rolled up , for some applications , so as to fit through flexible shaft 34 and subsequently return to essentially their initial flat shape ( see fig4 b ). fig5 a shows a simple plate electrode design comprising two plate electrodes 66 a , which are each connected to respective leads 65 , typically but not necessarily by laser welding . other embodiments comprise more than two plate electrodes 66 a . typically , plate electrodes 66 a comprise platinum / iridium or other suitable substances known in the art of tissue stimulation . fig5 b shows an alternate electrode design where each of two compound plate electrodes 66 b typically comprises a horizontal strip 67 , to which a plurality of vertical plates 69 is coupled . typically , each horizontal strip 67 is coupled to a respective lead 65 by laser welding . horizontal strip 67 and vertical plates 69 typically comprise platinum / iridium or other suitable substances known in the art of tissue stimulation . fig5 c shows another electrode design providing a large surface area for contact with the spg , comprising two shaped electrodes 66 c , which are shaped to provide the desired electrical stimulation to the spg . in an embodiment , electrodes 66 c are formed by cutting the shapes out of a simple plate comprising platinum / iridium or other suitable substances known in the art of tissue stimulation . for some applications , electrode support 58 shown in fig5 a , 5 b , and 5 c is about 4 mm by about 6 - 10 mm . the total contact surface area between the spg ( or other tissue ) and the electrodes in the embodiments shown in these figures is , for some applications , between about 0 . 5 mm 2 and about 2 mm 2 . fig6 shows an electrode 68 that is configured to wrap around a nerve , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . electrode 68 is shown in the figure in a bipolar configuration , for placement at respective longitudinal sites on the nerve . for some applications , electrode 68 comprises a single monopolar “ hook ” electrode . typically , electrode 68 comprises two conductive strips 70 , pre - bent to a curved shape such that they can be placed during a procedure to wrap around a target nerve , for example the vidian or ethmoidal nerves . the inner portion of conductive strips 70 is designated to be in contact with the target nerve ( or only slightly separated therefrom ), and provides the electrical stimulation to the nerve . the outer surfaces of strips 70 , i . e ., those surfaces not in contact with the nerve , are typically sheathed or otherwise coated in a non - conductive material 72 , to reduce or eliminate stimulation of tissues surrounding the target nerve . fig7 shows details of flexible rod 62 ( see fig4 a and 4b ), which is used in the placement of electrode support 58 and comprises one or more electrical leads 74 for transmitting electrical power to the electrodes ( e . g ., electrodes 66 a , 66 b , or 66 c ) on electrode support 58 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . typically , electrical leads 74 are cast into a solid elastomer sheathing 76 to provide a desired degree of flexibility and strength during the introduction of the electrodes , and to also provide the isolation of the leads from bodily tissues and fluids . fig8 shows apparatus for supporting and protecting electrical leads 74 while maintaining sufficient strength and flexibility , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . typically , leads 74 are threaded through a hollow tube 80 , chosen to provide appropriate strength and flexibility , which typically comprises a plurality of supports 82 along the length of tube 80 for holding leads 74 and preventing damage to the leads during introduction or operation of the electrodes . fig9 a shows a partially sectional view of a receiver 78 , which is adapted to be coupled to the proximal end of rod 62 ( fig4 a ) by a base 92 and to receive power and control signals from a control unit that drives electrodes , such as electrodes 66 a , 66 b , or 66 c , on electrode support 58 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . receiver 78 comprises a coil 90 and an electronics pod 94 , which are coupled to a base 92 and adapted to receive power and drive the electrodes . typically , coil 90 is constructed using drawn filled tube technology , and typically comprises a combination of mp35n and silver . in an embodiment , coil 90 is adapted to receive control and power inputs wirelessly . by way of example but not limitation , rf electromagnetic fields and / or oscillating magnetic fields are used to wirelessly power and control the electrodes via coil 90 and electronics pod 94 . fig9 b shows a partially sectional view of a receiver 100 , which is adapted to be coupled to the proximal end of rod 62 ( fig4 a ) by a base 92 and to receive power and control signals from a control unit that drives electrodes , such as electrodes 66 a , 66 b , or 66 c , on electrode support 58 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . receiver 100 comprises an electronics module 102 , which comprises a plurality of connectors 104 for wired connections to a typically non - implanted control unit . typically , receivers 78 and 100 are coated with a non - permeable coating such as , but not limited to , parylene , which isolates the receiver from physiological fluids and tissues . further typically , the receivers are encased in a relatively pliant layer such as an elastomer , which serves as an outer casing for the receiver . alternatively or additionally , techniques are used that are described in u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 426 , 182 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , entitled , “ stimulation circuitry and control of electronic medical device ,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference . typically , once electrode support 58 is properly placed , endoscopic device 30 ( see fig2 ) is removed from the patient , and receiver 78 or receiver 100 remains in the patient , typically immediately above or below the hard palate or at the ridge of the eye , and is connected by leads to the electrodes on electrode support 58 . note that keyhole opening 42 in hollow sleeve 36 and slit 43 in handle 38 allow for the removal of these items without affecting leads 74 , because the leads pass through the keyhole and slit as the handle and sleeve are removed . alternatively , sleeve 36 is made so as to split along its length prior to removal . fig1 shows the placement of electrode support 58 adjacent to spg 52 and the placement of a stimulator 112 comprising receiver 78 in the supraperiosteal region of the hard palate of the patient , typically at midline , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . alternatively , stimulator 112 is implanted in the nasal cavity on the upper surface of the hard palate . typically , stimulator 112 receives power wirelessly from an external control unit temporarily placed in or near the mouth . stimulator 112 is typically fixed to the hard palate with microscrews . alternatively , the control unit powers and controls stimulator 112 by a wired connection between the control unit and a receiver 100 ( fig9 b ) incorporated into the stimulator . further alternatively , one or more lead wires are brought out through the skin and coupled to an external control unit . typically , but not necessarily , techniques described in pct patent publication wo 01 / 85094 to shalev and gross , entitled , “ method and apparatus for stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion to modify properties of the bbb and cerebral blood flow ,” or the u . s . national phase application thereof , u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 258 , 714 , filed oct . 25 , 2002 , both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and incorporated herein by reference , are adapted for use with the techniques of these embodiments of the present invention . in particular , electrodes implanted adjacent to the spg , using the relatively minimally - invasive surgical techniques and associated surgical tools of the present invention , are driven by a stimulator ( e . g . control unit ), using control and driving circuitry and treatment protocols described therein , to control the blood brain barrier and / or treat neurological symptoms or disease . in an embodiment of the present invention , a combined trans - maxillary sinus and trans - nasal endoscopic - assisted approach to the spg is used in order to implant at least one electrode in a region of the spg . typically , to start the procedure , the patient is given a local and topical anesthesia in the intraoral vestibulum at the area of the canine fossa , and a topical intranasal anesthesia at the region of the lateral nasal wall of the operated side . the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus is typically dissected , and the anterior part of the sphenopalatine fossa is dissected via a trans - maxillary approach . typically , the dissection is performed approximately 0 . 5 mm from the medial wall of the maxillary sinus under direct endoscopic visualization . typically , a complete nasal endoscopic examination is performed on both sides and then under direct visualization an incision is made about 0 . 4 - about 0 . 8 mm under the second conchae on the operating side . a mucoperiosteal flap is typically raised posteriorly and inferiorly followed by dissection and clamping of the sphenopalatine artery . subsequently , under direct visualization , the lateral wall of the nose is typically penetrated and the sphenopalatine fossa is approached . in an embodiment of the present invention , the surgeon now approaches the spg via the trans - maxillary sinus . in another embodiment , the surgeon approaches the spg via the trans - nasal approach . the specific approach is typically dependent on the anatomical topography of the patient . at this stage of the procedure , endoscopic device 30 ( see fig2 ) is typically inserted in the dissected tissue and used to place an electrode adjacent to the spg , as discussed hereinabove for the endoscopic transpalatine approach to the spg . yet another embodiment of the present invention comprises an upper blepharoplasty approach to the anterior and / or posterior ethmoidal nerves , in order to implant at least one electrode adjacent to the anterior and / or posterior ethmoidal nerves . typically , to start the procedure , the patient &# 39 ; s upper and lower eyelids are sterilized . a local anesthetic is typically applied to the upper eyelid . once the anesthetic has taken effect , an incision in the skin following an eyelid crest is typically performed . in an embodiment , the incision is approximately 15 mm long . once the skin has been dissected , the orbicularis muscle is typically passed through by performing a blunt dissection . subsequently , a sharp incision of the periosteum , typically about 15 mm in length , is made on the superomedial aspect of the orbit . typically , the subperiosteal tissue is then dissected to expose the anterior ethmoidal foramen and its contents , including the anterior ethmoidal nerve . alternatively or additionally , the dissection is performed so as to expose the posterior ethmoidal nerve . once the anterior and / or posterior ethmoidal nerve has been exposed , at least one electrode is implanted adjacent to the nerve . fig1 shows the placement of an electrode 120 adjacent to the posterior ethmoidal nerve 124 in the region of an orbital cavity 128 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . typically , electrode 120 is coupled to a stimulator 122 by a lead 130 . stimulator 122 is typically fixed to the superior orbital rim . following placement of electrode 120 , lead 130 , and stimulator 122 , incisions in the periosteum , muscle and skin are closed with standard surgical techniques . alternatively , electrode 120 is placed adjacent to an anterior ethmoidal nerve 126 . further alternatively , a plurality of electrodes 120 is placed so as to stimulate both the anterior and the posterior ethmoidal nerves . typically , verification and / or optimization of the electrode nerve interface after the electrodes are placed is performed by observing the effects of stimulation on one or more physiological responses . potential observations include , but are not limited to : ( 1 ) evaluating the vasodilatation of blood vessels of the eye , ( 2 ) assessment of cerebral blood flow by using trans - cranial doppler , ( 3 ) assessment of forehead perfusion by using laser - doppler , and ( 4 ) assessment of forehead perfusion by a temperature sensor . fig1 is a schematic , pictorial illustration showing incisions 200 in a roof of oral cavity 20 and associated anatomical structures , where dissection commences in a surgical procedure to access the spg system , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , soft tissue is dissected to expose greater palatine foramen 22 ( see fig1 ), in order to allow access via the greater palatine canal to the spg system by means of a transpalatine approach . prior to beginning the surgical procedure , the patient is typically instructed to rinse his mouth with an antimicrobial oral rinse , such as 0 . 2 % chlorhexidine solution , for at least about five minutes . for some patients , the surgical procedure is performed under general anesthesia . to begin the procedure , the patient is typically positioned with an open mouth ( typically using a mouth gag ). greater palatine foramen 22 ( fig1 ) is then located , typically by the anatomical landmark of second upper molar 24 . ( greater palatine foramen 22 is typically located 1 cm medial to second upper molar 24 at the border between the hard and the soft palates .) the area of greater palatine foramen 22 is anesthetized , such as by 2 ml lidocaine . a full - thickness about 3 cm mucogingival incision 210 is made at the midline of the hard palate , including about 0 . 5 cm of the soft palate . two releasing incisions 212 , about 1 cm each , are made at the ends of midline incision 210 . typically , electrosurgery is used to make these releasing incisions in order to minimize bleeding . a mucoperiosteal flap 214 is raised , and the greater palatine neurovascular bundle is carefully exposed , typically using jeter cleft palate scissors and a periosteal elevator , such as an obwegeser periosteal elevator . the neuromuscular bundle is typically preserved using a molt curette . mucoperiosteal flap 214 is gently and firmly retracted using a flap retractor , such as a jensen flap retractor , revealing the contents of greater palatine foramen 22 . fig1 is a schematic illustration of a stylet 240 , which is the first instrument to be inserted into the greater palatine canal once the contents of greater palatine foramen 22 have been dissected and revealed , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . stylet 240 comprises a handle 242 and a rod 244 coupled to the handle , such as with a screw ( screw not shown ). rod 244 comprises a proximal rod shaft 246 and a narrower distal rod shaft 248 . proximal rod shaft 246 typically has a length l 1 of between about 20 mm and about 150 mm , such as about 88 mm or about 100 mm , and a diameter of between about 1 . 5 mm and about 6 mm , such as about 4 mm or about 4 . 6 mm . distal rod shaft 248 typically has a length l 2 of between about 3 mm and about 20 mm , such as about 10 mm or about 12 mm , and a diameter of between about 1 mm and about 1 . 5 mm , such as about 1 . 3 mm . a distal tip of distal rod shaft 248 typically comprises a cutting implement 249 , such as a blade . typically , rod 244 is shaped so as to define a shoulder 250 between proximal rod shaft 246 and distal rod shaft 248 . shoulder 250 is adapted to prevent insertion of distal rod shaft 248 into the sphenopalatine fossa beyond the depth of the greater palatine canal . fig1 is a schematic , pictorial illustration of a posterolateral roof 280 of oral cavity 20 ( fig1 ), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . shown in the figure are greater palatine foramen 22 , a greater palatine canal 282 , and a posterior wall 284 of greater palatine canal 282 . during the surgical procedure , stylet 240 is inserted posteriorly through the greater palatine canal to the greater palatine neurovascular bundle , and supported against posterior wall 284 . stylet 240 is pushed vertically using a gentle plus and minus 45 - degree clockwise and counterclockwise rotational motion , until shoulder 250 of stylet 240 ( fig1 ) reaches the exposed entrance to greater palatine foramen 22 ( at the roof of the mouth ). fig1 a and 15b are schematic illustrations of a passive tip periosteal elevator 300 used to widen the path created using stylet 240 , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention . passive tip periosteal elevator 300 comprises a handle 310 and a rod 312 coupled to the handle , such as with a screw ( screw not shown ). rod 312 comprises a proximal rod shaft 314 and a distal rod shaft 316 , a distal tip 318 of which is typically rounded . proximal rod shaft 314 typically has a length l 3 of between about 30 mm and about 150 mm , such as about 70 mm or about 100 mm , and a diameter of between about 2 mm and about 6 mm , such as about 4 mm or about 4 . 6 mm . distal rod shaft 316 typically has a length l 4 of between about 15 mm and about 50 mm , such as about 30 mm or about 40 mm , and a diameter of between about 1 mm and about 2 mm . typically , passive tip periosteal elevators having certain distal rod shaft 248 diameters ( such as between about 1 mm and about 1 . 4 mm ) have a rounded distal rod shaft ( configuration not shown in figures ), while passive tip periosteal elevators having other distal rod shaft 248 diameters ( such as greater than about 1 . 4 mm ) have a distal rod shaft with at least one flattened surface 320 , as shown in the figures . optionally , flattened surface 320 is shaped to define file - like slots 322 , having a depth of about 0 . 2 mm , for example . for some applications , distal rod shaft 316 is straight , as shown in fig1 a , while for other applications , distal rod shaft 316 is bent , as shown in fig1 b . such a bend is typically located between about 3 mm and about 10 mm , such as about 4 mm , from distal tip 318 , and typically has an angle between about 5 degrees and about 15 degrees , such as about 10 degrees . during the surgical procedure , after stylet 240 has been removed , a series of passive tip periosteal elevators 300 , having successively greater distal rod shaft 316 diameters , is typically used to widen the path created using stylet 240 . first , the narrowest passive tip periosteal elevator of the series ( e . g ., having a distal rod shaft 316 diameter of about 1 mm ) is introduced through the path created by stylet 240 , keeping tight contact between the instrument and posterior wall 284 of greater palatine canal 282 . this insertion is typically performed with a plus and minus 45 - degree clockwise and counterclockwise rotational motion and gentle abrading maneuver . if using a passive tip periosteal elevator having a flattened surface , as described hereinabove , the flattened surface is typically used for the abrading maneuver . the passive tip periosteal elevator is typically inserted into the greater palatine canal to a depth of about 25 mm . alternatively , the depth of the greater palatine canal is measured prior to or during the implantation procedure , in which case the tip is inserted to the measured depth . typically , the depth of insertion is indicated on the elevator by one or more marks 324 on distal rod shaft 316 . the first , narrowest , passive tip periosteal elevator is removed , and this widening step of the surgical procedure is repeated using elevators having successively wider distal rod shaft diameters , until greater palatine canal 282 is widened , typically , to about 2 mm . generally , irrigation and suction are performed between periosteal elevator replacements in order to remove osseous debris . fig1 is a schematic illustration of an implantable neural stimulator 350 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . stimulator 350 comprises an electrode support 352 , a receiver 354 , and a connecting element 356 , such as a connecting tube . ( other suitable structures for connecting element 356 will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art , having read the disclosure of the present patent application .) electrode support 352 comprises one or more electrodes 358 , positioned on an electrode surface 360 of the support , such that the electrodes are in contact with a target site ( e . g ., the spg ) when stimulator 350 is implanted . for some applications , electrodes 358 are arranged in the electrode configuration described hereinbelow with reference to fig1 . alternatively , for other applications , electrodes 358 are arranged in one of the electrode configurations described hereinabove with reference to fig5 a , 5 b , or 5 c . receiver 354 receives power and control signals from a control unit that drives electrodes 358 . for some applications , receiver 354 is similar to receiver 78 or receiver 100 , described hereinabove with reference to fig9 a and fig9 b , respectively . alternatively , other suitable configurations are utilized . optionally , connecting element 356 comprises one or more marks 362 that indicate the depth of insertion of stimulator 350 into the greater palatine canal . fig1 shows an electrode configuration for use with electrode support 352 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . in this configuration , electrode support 352 comprises two insulated regions : an insulated shaft region 370 and an insulated tip region 372 . electrodes 358 comprise an annular electrode 374 and a rod electrode 376 , electrically isolated from one another by insulated tip region 372 . fig1 is a schematic illustration of an electrode introducer 400 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . introducer 400 is used for introducing stimulator 350 into the greater palatine canal . introducer 400 typically comprises a handle 402 for manipulating the introducer , a rod 404 , to which electrode support 352 ( fig1 ) is attached , and a protective sleeve 406 . fig1 is a schematic illustration ( not necessarily to scale ) of stimulator 350 mounted on electrode introducer 400 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . stimulator 350 is mounted on electrode introducer 400 by inserting electrode support 352 into protective sleeve 406 . during the surgical procedure , after greater palatine canal 282 has been widened , electrode introducer 400 is inserted into greater palatine canal 282 , typically to depth of about 25 mm . alternatively , the depth of the greater palatine canal is measured prior to or during the implantation procedure , in which case the introducer is inserted to the measured depth . if connecting element 356 comprises marks 362 , as described hereinabove with reference to fig1 , such marks are typically used to determine the depth of the introducer . typically , electrode surface 360 of stimulator 350 is placed in contact with the posterior aspect of the spg . mucoperiosteal flap 214 ( fig1 ) is sutured over receiver 354 , which is located flush with the palatine bone , typically using forceps , such as adson forceps , and a needle holder . fig2 shows the placement of electrode support 352 posteriorly adjacent to spg 52 and the placement of a stimulator 380 comprising receiver 354 in the supraperiosteal region of the hard palate of the patient , typically at midline , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . alternatively , stimulator 112 is implanted in the nasal cavity on the upper surface of the hard palate . typically , stimulator 380 receives power wirelessly from an external control unit temporarily placed in or near the mouth . stimulator 380 is typically fixed to the hard palate with microscrews . further alternatively , one or more lead wires are brought out through the skin and coupled to an external control unit . still further alternatively , stimulator 380 is battery powered , and comprises control circuitry to allow it to operate independently of outside control . in some embodiments , techniques described herein are practiced in combination with techniques described in one or both of the following co - assigned u . s . applications : ( i ) u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 294 , 310 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , and a corresponding pct application claiming priority therefrom , filed on even date herewith , entitled , “ stimulation for treating eye pathologies ,” and ( ii ) u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 426 , 182 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , entitled , “ stimulation circuitry and control of electronic medical device .” all of these applications are incorporated herein by reference . techniques described in this application may be practiced in combination with methods and apparatus described in one or more of the following patent applications , which are assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and are incorporated herein by reference : u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 258 , 714 , filed oct . 25 , 2002 , entitled , “ method and apparatus for stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion to modify properties of the bbb and cerebral blood flow ,” or the above - referenced pct publication wo 01 / 85094 u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 364 , 451 , filed mar . 15 , 2002 , entitled , “ applications of stimulating the sphenopalatine ganglion ( spg )” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 368 , 657 , filed mar . 28 , 2002 , entitled , “ spg stimulation ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 376 , 048 , filed apr . 25 , 2002 , entitled , “ methods and apparatus for modifying properties of the bbb and cerebral circulation by using the neuroexcitatory and / or neuroinhibitory effects of odorants on nerves in the head ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 388 , 931 , filed jun . 14 , 2002 , entitled “ methods and systems for management of alzheimer &# 39 ; s disease ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 400 , 167 , filed jul . 31 , 2002 , entitled , “ delivering compounds to the brain by modifying properties of the bbb and cerebral circulation ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 426 , 180 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , entitled , “ surgical tools and techniques for sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 426 , 182 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , entitled , “ stimulation circuitry and control of electronic medical device ” u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 294 , 310 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , entitled , “ spg stimulation for treating eye pathologies ” u . s . patent application ser . no . 10 / 294 , 343 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , and a corresponding pct application claiming priority therefrom , filed on even date herewith , entitled , “ administration of anti - inflammatory drugs into the cns ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 426 , 181 , filed nov . 14 , 2002 , entitled , “ stimulation for treating ear pathologies ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 448 , 807 , filed feb . 20 , 2003 , entitled , “ stimulation for treating autoimmune - related disorders of the cns ” u . s . provisional patent application 60 / 461 , 232 to gross et al ., filed apr . 8 , 2003 , entitled , “ treating abnormal conditions of the mind and body by modifying properties of the blood - brain barrier and cephalic blood flow ” a pct patent application to shalev , filed apr . 25 , 2003 , entitled , “ methods and apparatus for modifying properties of the bbb and cerebral circulation by using the neuroexcitatory and / or neuroinhibitory effects of odorants on nerves in the head ” a u . s . provisional patent application , filed sep . 26 , 2003 , entitled , “ diagnostic applications of stimulation ” a u . s . patent application , filed oct . 2 , 2003 , entitled , “ targeted release of nitric oxide in the brain circulation for opening the bbb ” a pct patent application , filed on even date herewith , entitled , “ stimulation circuitry and control of electronic medical device ” a pct patent application , filed on even date herewith , entitled , “ stimulation for treating ear pathologies ” it is noted that the figures depicting embodiments of the present invention are not necessarily drawn to scale , and , instead , may change certain dimensions in order to more clearly demonstrate some aspects of the invention . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove . rather , the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove , as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art , which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description . | 0 |
in accordance with the present invention , there are provided compounds which are useful as potent and specific inhibitors of thrombin and blood coagulation in vitro and in vivo in mammals . the compounds of formula i of the invention may be prepared according to the following reaction sequence i : the amino acid ii is protected with a tert - butoxycarbonyl group ( boc ) using di - tert - butyl dicarbonate in 10 % triethylamine ( tea ) in methanol , or with a benzyloxycarbonyl group ( cbz ) using benzyl chloroformate and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in an organic solvent such as dioxane , tetrahydrofuran ( thf ) or ether . the protected amino acid iii is esterified using a coupling reaction with an alcohol in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( dcc ), diisopropylcarbodiimide ( dic ) or 2 -( 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate ( tbtu ) and 4 - dimethylaminopyridine ( dmap ) or n - hydroxybenzotriazole ( hobt ) and in the presence of an inert organic solvent such as dimethylformamide ( dmf ), n - methyl pyrrolidinone ( nmp ), dichloromethane ( dcm ) or thf at temperatures within the range of − 20 ° c . to − 5 ° c ., to form an ester iv . the ester iv is deprotected by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid ( tfa ) or hydrochloric acid ( hcl ) in the presence of a dry inert solvent such as dcm , thf , ethyl acetate or chloroform ( boc ), or by hydrogenation over palladium on carbon in an alcoholic solvent ( cbz ) at ambient temperature . alternatively , the ester v may be prepared by the addition of thionyl chloride to an alcoholic solution of amino acid ii at a temperature range within 0 ° c . to 20 ° c . followed by neutralization with a base such as sodium bicarbonate or potassium carbonate and the like . the ester v is made to undergo a coupling reaction with a protected amino acid derivative vi in the presence of a coupling reagent such as dcc , dic or tbtu , and dmap or hobt , and a tertiary organic amine base such as tea or diisopropylethylamine ( dipea ), and in the presence of an inert organic solvent such as dmf , nmp , thf or dcm at temperatures within the range of 0 ° c . to 20 ° c . to form the peptide vii . the peptide vii is deprotected and cyclized in the presence of piperidine or diethylamine , and an inert organic solvent such as dmf , nmp , dcm or thf and at ambient temperature ( fmoc ), or deprotected by treatment with tfa or hcl in the presence of a dry inert solvent such as dcm , thf , ethyl acetate or chloroform ( boc ), or by hydrogenation over palladium on carbon in an alcoholic solvent ( cbz ) at ambient temperature , followed by addition of base to cause cyclization . the diketopiperazine viii is treated with an amide organic base such as lithium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide ( lhmds ) or lithium diisopropylamide ( lda ), and in dry thf solvent at 0 ° c ., followed by the addition of an alkylating agent ix at a temperature within the range of 0 ° c . and 20 ° c . to form the diketopiperazine i . the compounds of formula i of the present invention may also be prepared according to the following reaction sequence ii : the peptide vii wherein pg is boc or cbz , is deprotected by treatment with tfa or hcl in the presence of a dry inert solvent such as dcm , thf , ethyl acetate or chloroform at ambient temperature ( boc ), or by hydrogenation over palladium on carbon in an alcoholic solvent ( cbz ). the peptide x is made to undergo a reaction with an alkylating agent ix , in the presence of a tertiary organic amine base such as pyridine , tea or dipea , and in the presence of a dry inert solvent such as dcm , thf or chloroform at ambient temperature to form a peptide xi . the ester of peptide xi is hydrolyzed by treatment with an alkali metal base such as sodium hydroxide ( naoh ) or lithium hydroxide ( lioh ) in the presence of an alcohol solvent such as methanol or ethanol . the reaction mixture is acidified with hcl or sulfuric acid ( h 2 so 4 ) to form an acid xii . the acid xii is made to undergo an intramolecular cyclization reaction in the presence of tbtu , and hobt , and dipea in an inert organic solvent such as dmf , nmp , thf or dcm at ambient temperature to form the diketopiperazine i . the compounds of formula i of the present invention , wherein r 6 is and y is an alkyl , aryl , hydroaryl , heteroaryl or hydroheteroaryl moiety , may be prepared according to the following reaction sequence iii : the diketopiperazine i is prepared following reaction sequence i or ii wherein r 6 is and deprotected by treatment with tfa or hcl in the presence of a dry inert solvent such as dcm , thf , ethyl acetate or chloroform ( boc , trityl and the like ), or by hydrogenation over palladium on carbon in an alcoholic solvent ( cbz ) at ambient temperature . the diketopiperazine xiii is guanidinylated in the presence of guanidinylating reagents xiv such as n , n ′- bis ( tert - butoxycarbonyl )- n ″- trifluromethanesulfonylguanidine , 1 -[ n , n ′- bis ( tert - butoxycarbonyl ) amido ] pyrazole or n , n ′- bis ( tert - butoxycarbonyl )- s - methylisothiourea , and a tertiary organic amine base such as tea or dipea , and in the presence of an inert organic solvent such as dmf , nmp , thf or dcm at ambient temperature to form a protected guanidinylated diketopiperazine xv . the diketopiperazine xv is deprotected by treatment with tfa or hcl in the presence of a dry inert solvent such as dcm , thf , ethyl acetate or chloroform at ambient temperature to form diketopiperazine i , wherein r 6 is the compounds of formula i of the invention wherein r 5 is hydroheteroaryl may be prepared according to the following reaction sequence iv . the acid xii is prepared following reaction sequence ii wherein r 5 is an aryl moiety and is subjected to a reduction in the presence of a catalyst containing metals such as palladium , platinum , rhodium or nickel , and at temperatures within the range of 20 ° c . to 100 ° c ., and pressures within the range of 1 to 100 atmospheres to form the acid xii , wherein r 5 is a hydroheteroaryl moiety . the acid xii wherein r 5 is hydroheteroaryl is made to undergo an intramolecular cyclization reaction in the presence of a coupling agent tbtu , and hobt , and dipea , and in the presence of an inert organic solvent such as dmf , nmp , thf or dcm at ambient temperature to form the diketopiperazine i , wherein r 5 is hydroheteroaryl . the present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples , which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope . n -( tert - butoxycarbonyl )- d - 2 - piperidinecarboxylic acid ( 2 . 0 g , 8 . 7 mmol , bachem ) was dissolved in dichloromethane ( 40 ml ), cooled to − 20 ° c ., allyl alcohol ( 1 . 0 ml , 15 . 0 mmol , aldrich ), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 1 . 8 g , 8 . 7 mmol , aldrich ) and 4 - dimethylaminopyridine ( 0 . 11 g , 0 . 87 mmol , aldrich ) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred between − 5 ° c . and − 10 ° c . for 4 h . after filtration to remove the urea byproduct , the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 100 g of silica gel and eluted with 15 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a clear colorless liquid ( 2 . 33 g , 99 %). ( 2r , 4r )- 4 - methyl - 2 - piperidinecarboxylic acid ( 250 mg , 1 . 75 mmol ) was dissolved in 10 % triethylamine in methanol ( 30 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c . and di - tert - butyl dicarbonate ( 0 . 48 ml , 2 . 10 mmol , aldrich ) was added . after 2 h , the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and sodium phosphate monobasic ( 10 mg ) was added . the residue was dissolved in 1 : 1 ethyl acetate / water ( 10 ml ) and the solution was adjusted to ph 2 with 1n hydrochloric acid . the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 4 × 20 ml ) and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting white solid was dissolved in dichloromethane ( 8 ml ) and cooled to − 20 ° c . allyl alcohol ( 0 . 20 ml , 2 . 98 mmol , aldrich ), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 361 mg , 1 . 75 mmol , aldrich ) and 4 - dimethylaminopyridine ( 22 mg , 0 . 18 mmol , aldrich ) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred between − 5 ° c . and − 10 ° c . for 5 h . after filtration to remove the urea byproduct , the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 10 g of silica gel and eluted with 9 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a clear colorless liquid ( 457 mg , 92 %). the pipecolic ester of example 1 ( 259 mg , 0 . 96 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 5 ml ) and stirred for 3 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and placed on a vacuum pump overnight . the resulting oil was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 5 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c . and diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 50 ml , 2 . 88 mmol , aldrich ) was added . after stirring for 5 min , n α -( 9 - fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy )- l - 4 - nitrophenylalanine ( 500 mg , 1 . 16 mmol , novabiochem ), n - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 205 mg , 1 . 34 mmol , novabiochem ) and 2 -( 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate ( 430 mg , 1 . 34 mmol , novabiochem ) were added . the reaction mixture was stirred for 72 h , poured into ethyl acetate ( 125 ml ) and washed with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 25 ml ), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 25 ml ) and brine ( 25 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 50 g of silica gel and eluted with 7 : 3 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 457 mg , 82 %). to a solution of part 3a ester ( 200 mg , 0 . 34 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 68 ml ) was added piperidine ( 1 . 68 ml , 17 . 0 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 20 g of silica gel and eluted with 19 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid ( 69 mg , 67 %). to a solution of part 3b diketopiperazine ( 20 mg , 0 . 066 mmol ) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 1 ml , aldrich ) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0 ° c . was added 1 . 0 m lithium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide in tetrahydrofuran ( 0 . 090 ml , 0 . 090 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h . 4 - tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride ( 23 mg , 0 . 10 mmol ) was added in one portion and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h . brine ( 5 ml ) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 10 ml ). the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 25 g of silica gel and eluted with 9 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 7 : 3 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 23 mg , 70 %): mass spec . ( ei ): ( m + ) at 499 . example 1 pipecolic ester ( 500 mg , 1 . 86 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 8 ml ) and stirred for 3 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and placed on a vacuum pump overnight . the resulting oil was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 8 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c . and diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 97 ml , 5 . 58 mmol , aldrich ) was added . after stirring for 5 min , n γ -( 4 - methyltrityl )- n α -( 9 - fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy )- l - ornithine ( 1 . 36 g , 2 . 23 mmol , novabiochem ), n - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 398 mg , 2 . 60 mmol , novabiochem ) and 2 -( 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate ( 835 mg , 2 . 60 mmol , novabiochem ) were added . the reaction mixture was stirred for 96 h , poured into ethyl acetate ( 125 ml ) and washed with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 25 ml ), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 25 ml ) and brine ( 25 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 75 g of silica gel and eluted with 3 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 1 . 22 g , 86 %). to a solution of part 4a ester ( 500 mg , 0 . 66 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 132 ml ) was added piperidine ( 3 . 26 ml , 33 . 0 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 40 g of silica gel and eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 288 mg , 91 %). to a solution of part 4b diketopiperazine ( 150 mg , 0 . 31 mmol ) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 5 ml , aldrich ) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0 ° c . was added 1 . 0 m lithium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide in tetrahydrofuran ( 0 . 42 ml , 0 . 42 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h . 4 - tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride ( 109 mg , 0 . 47 mmol ) was added in one portion and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h . brine ( 10 ml ) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 20 ml ). the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 25 g of silica gel and eluted with 9 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 7 : 3 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 135 mg , 64 %). part 4c diketopiperazine ( 296 mg , 0 . 44 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 % trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane ( 30 ml ) and stirred for 30 min . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 25 g of silica gel , eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 4 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol and lyophilized to give ( 3s , 6r )- bicyclo [ 4 . 4 . 0 ]- 1 , 4 - diaza - 3 -( 3 - aminopropyl )- 4 - n -( 4 - tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl )- 2 , 5 - decanedione , trifluoroacetate salt as a white solid . to a solution of the above amine in dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) was added triethylamine ( 0 . 061 ml , 0 . 44 mmol , aldrich ) and n , n ′- di - tert - butoxy - n ″- trifluoromethanesulfonyl guanidine ( 157 mg , 0 . 40 mmol , journal of organic chemistry 63 ( 12 ): 3804 - 3805 ( 1998 ). after stirring for 12 h , the reaction mixture was poured into dichloromethane ( 50 ml ) and washed with 1m aqueous sodium bisulfate ( 10 ml ), 5 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate ( 10 ml ) and water ( 10 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 20 g of silica gel and eluted with 9 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 239 mg , 93 %). a solution of part 4d diketopiperazine ( 100 mg , 0 . 16 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 2 ml ), stirred for 1 h and the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 5 g of silica gel , eluted with 19 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol then 9 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 88 mg , 96 %). electrospray m . s . : ( m + h + ) at 464 . 5 . example 1 pipecolic ester ( 253 g , 0 . 94 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 5 ml ) and stirred for 2 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and placed on a vacuum pump overnight . the resulting oil was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 5 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c . and diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 49 ml , 2 . 82 mmol , aldrich ) was added . after stirring for 5 min , n ε -( 4 - methyltrityl )- n α -( 9 - fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy )- l - lysine ( 706 mg , 1 . 13 mmol , novabiochem ), n - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 202 mg , 1 . 32 mmol , novabiochem ) and 2 -( 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate ( 424 mg , 1 . 32 mmol , novabiochem ) were added . the reaction mixture was stirred for 72 h , poured into ethyl acetate ( 125 ml ) and washed with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 25 ml ), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 25 ml ) and brine ( 25 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 50 g of silica gel , eluted with 3 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 605 mg , 83 %). to a solution of part 5a ester ( 250 mg , 0 . 32 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 64 ml ) was added piperidine ( 1 . 58 ml , 16 . 0 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 25 g of silica gel and eluted with ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 149 mg , 94 %). to a solution of part 5b diketopiperazine ( 50 mg , 0 . 10 mmol ) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 1 . 5 ml , aldrich ) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0 ° c . was added 1 . 0 m lithium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide in tetrahydrofuran ( 0 . 14 ml , 0 . 14 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h . 4 - tert - butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride ( 35 mg , 0 . 15 mmol ) was added in one portion and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h . brine ( 5 ml ) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 10 ml ). the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 10 g of silica gel and eluted with 9 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 7 : 3 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 47 mg , 68 %). part 5c diketopiperazine ( 57 mg , 0 . 082 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 % trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane ( 2 ml ) and stirred for 15 min . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 2 g of silica gel , eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then methanol and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 40 mg , 89 %). to a solution of part 5d amine ( 40 mg , 0 . 073 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 5 ml ) was added triethylamine ( 0 . 011 ml , 0 . 082 mmol , aldrich ) and n , n ′- di - tert - butoxy - n ″- trifluoromethanesulfonyl guanidine ( 29 mg , 0 . 074 mmol , journal of organic chemistry 63 ( 12 ): 3804 - 3805 ( 1998 ). after stirring for 12 h , the reaction mixture was poured into dichloromethane ( 25 ml ) and washed with 1m aqueous sodium bisulfate ( 5 ml ), 5 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate ( 5 ml ) and water ( 5 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 5 g of silica gel and eluted with 9 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 35 mg , 71 %). a solution of part 5e diketopiperazine ( 35 mg , 0 . 052 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 1 ml ), stirred for 1 h and the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 4 g of silica gel and eluted with 19 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol then 9 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol to give the title compound as a white solid ( 28 mg , 90 %). electrospray m . s . : ( m + h + ) @ 478 . 0 . to a solution of example 4 part b diketopiperazine ( 350 mg , 0 . 73 mmol ) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 12 ml , aldrich ) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0 ° c . was added 1 . 0 m lithium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide in tetrahydrofuran ( 0 . 88 ml , 0 . 88 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h . 3 - methyl - 8 - quinolinesulfonyl chloride ( 168 mg , 0 . 69 mmol ) was added in one portion and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h . brine ( 15 ml ) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 25 ml ). the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 35 g of silica gel and eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 304 mg , 64 ). part 6a diketopiperazine ( 304 mg , 0 . 44 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 % trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane ( 30 ml ) and stirred for 30 min . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 25 g of silica gel , eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 4 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 240 mg , 100 %). to a solution of part 6b amine ( 240 mg , 0 . 44 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) was added triethylamine ( 0 . 12 ml , 0 . 88 mmol , aldrich ) and n , n ′- di - tert - butoxy - n ″- trifluoromethanesulfonyl guanidine ( 164 mg , 0 . 42 mmol , journal of organic chemistry 63 ( 12 ): 3804 - 3805 ( 1998 ). after stirring for 12 h , the reaction mixture was poured into dichloromethane ( 50 ml ) and washed with 1m aqueous sodium bisulfate ( 10 ml ), 5 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate ( 10 ml ) and water ( 10 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 25 g of silica gel and eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 216 mg , 73 %). a solution of part 6c diketopiperazine ( 10 mg , 0 . 015 mmol ) was dissolved in 3n hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate ( 0 . 27 ml ), stirred for 1 h , the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 7 mg , 88 %). electrospray m . s . : ( m + h + ) @ 473 . 5 . example 2 pipecolic ester ( 406 mg , 1 . 43 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 7 ml ) and stirred for 2 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and placed on a vacuum pump overnight . the resulting oil was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 7 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c . and diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 75 ml , 4 . 29 mmol , aldrich ) was added . after stirring for 5 min , n γ -( 4 - methyltrityl )- n α -( 9 - fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy )- l - ornithine ( 1 . 05 g , 1 . 72 mmol , novabiochem ), n - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 306 mg , 2 . 00 mmol , novabiochem ) and 2 -( 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate ( 642 mg , 2 . 00 mmol , novabiochem ) were added . the reaction mixture was stirred for 72 h , poured into ethyl acetate ( 125 ml ) and washed with 10 % hydrochloric acid ( 2 × 25 ml ), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 25 ml ) and brine ( 25 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 75 g of silica gel and eluted with 3 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 1 . 05 g , 95 %). to a solution of part 7a ester ( 958 mg , 1 . 23 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 246 ml ) was added piperidine ( 6 . 1 ml , 61 . 7 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 65 g of silica gel and eluted with 4 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 520 mg , 96 %). to a solution of part 7b diketopiperazine ( 250 mg , 0 . 50 mmol ) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran ( 7 ml , aldrich ) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0 ° c . was added 1 . 0 m lithium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide in tetrahydrofuran ( 0 . 50 ml , 0 . 50 mmol , aldrich ) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h . 3 - methyl - 8 - quinolinesulfonyl chloride ( 97 mg , 0 . 40 mmol ) was added in one portion and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h . brine ( 7 ml ) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 20 ml ). the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 25 g of silica gel and eluted with 3 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 3 : 2 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 177 mg , 63 %). part 7c diketopiperazine ( 264 mg , 0 . 38 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 % trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane ( 26 ml ) and stirred for 30 min . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 20 g of silica gel , eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate then 19 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 206 mg , 100 %). to a solution of part 7d amine ( 206 mg , 0 . 38 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 8 ml ) was added triethylamine ( 0 . 053 ml , 0 . 38 mmol , aldrich ) and n , n ′- di - tert - butoxy - n ″- trifluoromethanesulfonyl guanidine ( 82 mg , 0 . 34 mmol , journal of organic chemistry 63 ( 12 ): 3804 - 3805 ( 1998 ). after stirring for 12 h , the reaction mixture was poured into dichloromethane ( 50 ml ) and washed with 1m aqueous sodium bisulfate ( 10 ml ), 5 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate ( 10 ml ) and water ( 10 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 15 g of silica gel and eluted with 1 : 1 hexane / ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a white solid ( 140 mg , 60 %). a solution of part 7e diketopiperazine ( 10 mg , 0 . 15 mmol ) was dissolved in 3n hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate ( 0 . 27 ml ), stirred for 1 h , the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 7 . 5 mg , 94 %). electrospray m . s . : ( m + h + ) at 487 . 5 . example 2 pipecolic ester ( 375 mg , 1 . 32 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 8 ml ) and stirred for 2 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and placed on a vacuum pump overnight . the resulting oil was dissolved in dimethylformamide ( 8 ml ), cooled to 0 ° c . and diisopropylethylamine ( 1 . 15 ml , 6 . 6 mmol , aldrich ) was added . after stirring for 5 min , n γ -( 4 - methoxy - 2 , 3 , 6 - trimethylbenznesulfonyl )- n α -( tert - butoxycarbonyl )- l - arginine ( 769 mg , 1 . 58 mmol , novabiochem ), n - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 283 mg , 1 . 85 mmol , novabiochem ) and 2 -( 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium ( 594 mg , 1 . 85 mmol , novabiochem ) were added . the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h , poured into ethyl acetate ( 75 ml ) and washed with 10 % citric acid ( 2 × 10 ml ), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2 × 10 ml ) and brine ( 10 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give ( 2r , 4r )- 1 -[ n γ -( 4 - methoxy - 2 , 3 , 6 - trimethylbenzenesulfonyl )- n α -( tert - butoxycarbonyl )- l - arginyl ]- 4 - methyl - 2 - piperidinecarboxylic acid , allyl ester as a white foamy solid . the peptide from above was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluoroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 8 ml ) and stirred for 5 min . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and placed on a vacuum pump for 5 min . the resulting oil was dissolved in dichloromethane ( 20 ml ) and triethylamine ( 1 . 8 ml , 13 . 2 mmol , aldrich ) and 3 - methyl - 8 - quinolinesulfonyl chloride ( 319 mg , 1 . 32 mmol ) were added . after stirring for 1 h , the reaction mixture was poured into dichloromethane ( 50 ml ) and washed with water ( 15 ml ) and brine ( 15 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give ( 2r , 4r )- 1 -[ n γ -( 4 - methoxy - 2 , 3 , 6 - trimethylbenzenesulfonyl )- n α -( 3 - methyl - 8 - quinolinesulfonyl )- l - arginyl ]- 4 - methyl - 2 - piperidinecarboxylic acid , allyl ester as a pale yellow foamy solid . the peptide from above was dissolved in absolute ethanol ( 14 ml ) and 1n aqueous sodium hydroxide ( 3 . 6 ml ). after stirring for 21 h , the reaction mixture was adjusted to ph 7 with 1n hydrochloric acid and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting residue was dissolved in 1 : 1 ethyl acetate / water ( 20 ml ), the solution was adjusted to ph 11 with 1n sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 30 ml ). the aqueous layer was adjusted to ph 2 with 1n hydrochloric acid and extracted with chloroform ( 3 × 50 ml ). the combined chloroform extracts were dried over anhydrous / sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound as a white foamy solid ( 829 mg , 88 % over 3 steps ). a suspension of part 8a acid ( 100 mg , 0 . 14 mmol ) and 10 % palladium on carbon ( 28 mg , aldrich ) in 95 % ethanol ( 2 ml ) and 1n hydrochloric acid ( 0 . 12 ml ) was heated in a 15 ml sealed tube under a hydrogen atmosphere at 75 °- 80 ° c . for 65 h . the mixture was cooled to room temperature , filtered and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 15 g of silica gel and eluted with ethyl acetate then 4 : 1 dichloromethane / methanol to give the title compound as a white solid ( 58 mg , 58 %). to a solution of part 8b acid ( 58 mg , 0 . 080 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 16 ml ) was added n - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 12 mg , 0 . 080 mmol , novabiochem ), 2 -( 1h - benzotriazole - 1 - yl )- 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate ( 26 mg , 0 . 080 mmol , novabiochem ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 014 ml , 0 . 080 mmol , aldrich ). the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h , poured into ethyl acetate ( 30 ml ) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution ( 10 ml ) and brine ( 10 ml ). the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 6 g of silica gel , eluted with 1 : 4 hexane / ethyl acetate and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 51 mg , 91 %). part 8c diketopiperazine ( 36 mg , 0 . 051 mmol ) was dissolved in 1 : 1 trifluoroacetic acid / dichloromethane ( 4 ml ), stirred for 20 h and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was dissolved in 3n hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate ( 4 ml ), stirred for 1 h and concentrated in vacuo . the resulting oil was subjected to chromatography on 2 g of silica gel , eluted with ethyl acetate then methanol and lyophilized to give the title compound as a white solid ( 20 mg , 74 %). electrospray m . s . : ( m + h + ) at 491 . 5 . biological assays of cycloargatroban ( formula i ) where r 1 , r 2 and r 4 are hydrogen , r 3 is me ═ ch 3 , r 5 is 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 3 - methyl - 8 - quinolinesulfonyl and r 6 is 3 - guanidinopropyl the activity and selectivity of the present invention can be identified by determination of the inhibition constant ( ki ) for serine proteases such thrombin and trypsin and fibrinolytic enzymes such as urokinase , plasmin and tissue plasminogen activator ( tpa ). all of enzymes are purchased from sigma . the general assay conditions are as follows . the fluorogenic substrates are dissolved in dmso and diluted using assay buffer containing 50 mm tris . hcl ( ph 7 . 8 at 25 ° c . ), 0 . 1 m nacl and 0 . 1 % polyethylene glycol 8000 ( peg 8000 ). the fluorogenic substrates are tos - gly - pro - arg - amc ( sigma , km = 4 . 0 μm at 25 ° c ., ph7 . 8 )( yudu cheng et al ., biochemistry , 1996 , 35 : 13021 - 13029 ) for thrombin , bz - arg - amc . hcl ( bachem , km = 59 ± 2 μm at 25 ° c ., ph8 . 0 ) for trypsin , n - cbz - gly - gly - arg - amc ( sigma , k m = 400 μm at 24 ° c . and ph 7 . 5 ) for urokinase , d - ala - leu - lys - amc ( sigma , k m = 620 μm at 25 ° c . and ph 8 . 0 ) for plasmin and boc - l -( p - f ) fpr - ansnh - c 2 h 5 ( haematologic technologies inc ., k m = 71 μm at 25 ° c . and ph 7 . 4 ) for tpa . the assays were conducted using hitachi f2500 spectrophotometer under ambient temperature and at the excitation and emission wavelengths of 383 nm and 455 nm , respectively . the typical progressive data of the enzymatic assays are shown in fig1 - 3 , and the determination of inhibition constant ( ki ) is shown in fig4 . the assay results , in comparison to argatroban , an anticoagulant currently in clinic use and with the chemical structure xiii , are shown in table i . the results demonstrate that the cycloargatroban derived from the cyclization of backbone of argatroban are featured by : ( 1 ) retaining high thrombin inhibition activity ( 2 . 1 - fold lower than argatroban ); ( 2 ) achieving high selectivity for thrombin over trypsin ( 12 - fold higher than argatroban ); ( 3 ) retaining no significant inhibition for fibrinolytic enzymes ( similar to argatroban ); ( 4 ) retaining the diversity in side chains ( similar to argatroban ). table i assay results of comparision of argatroban ( see chemical structure xiii below ) and cycloargatroban ( formula i ) where r 1 , r 2 and r 4 are hydrogen , r 3 is me ═ ch 3 , r 5 is 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - 3 - methyl - 8 - quinolinesulfonyl and r 6 is 3 - guanidinopropyl cycloargatroban vs . activity cycloargatroban argatroban argatroban * k i ( thrombin ) 40 nm 19 nm − 2 . 1 fold k i ( trypsin ) 126 μm 5 μm + 12 fold k i ( urokinase ) 295 μm 999 μm − 0 . 14 fold k i ( plasmin ) 528 μm 372 μm − 0 . 67 fold k i ( tpa ) 2021 μm 777 μm + 1 . 2 fold xiii the ex vivo anticoagulant effects of npi999 in comparison with argatroban , a reference anticoagulant currently in clinical use with the following chemical structure : were determined by measuring the prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time ( aptt ) over a broad concentration range of each added thrombin inhibitor , using pooled normal human plasma . frozen - pooled human plasma was obtained from sigma . measurement of aptt was made using the electra ™ 800 automated coagulometer ( medical laboratory automation inc .) using the automated aptt reagent ( sigma ) as the initiator of clotting according to the manufacture &# 39 ; s instructions . the assay was conducted by making a series of dilution of the reference and test compounds in rapidly thawed plasma ( compound : plasma = 0 . 1 ml : 0 . 9 ml ) followed by adding the mixed solution to the wells of the assay carousel . tris buffers ( ph 7 . 8 at 25 ° c .) were used through the entire assay . [ 0101 ] fig5 depicts the effect of npi999 ( open circle ) and argatroban ( open square ) on the activated partial thromboplastin time ( aptt ) of normal citrated human plasma . as shown in fig5 both compounds prolonged the aptt in a dose dependent manner . this demonstrates the deactivation of coagulating enzymes presented in the human plasma . it is to be noted that aptt measures the overall anticoagulant effects of a compound against the clotting enzymes such as thrombin , plasmin , urokinase , tissue plasminogen activator ( tpa ) and serine protease such as trypsin , factor x etc . therefore , the less strong effect of cycloargatroban ( formula i ) than argatroban on aptt may be attributed to higher selectivity of cycloargatroban ( formula i ) to the clotting and serine protease than argatroban . while the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof , it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations , uses , or adaptations of the invention following , in general , the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth , and as follows in the scope of the appended claims . | 2 |
a drilling tool 2 , which is shown in fig1 , includes a housing 4 , a drill 6 , and a cylindrical receiving region 8 . instead of an auxiliary handle , which is normally secured to the receiving region 8 , a connection device 10 is releaseably secured to the cylindrical region . the attachment and release of the connection device 10 are effected with simple clamp means 12 of the connection device 10 . a suction device 16 is displaceably supported for displacement in a displacement direction s relative to the drilling tool 2 on a rigid suction pipe 18 that extends through a guide opening 14 of the connection device 10 . the displacement direction s is substantially parallel to a drilling direction b of the drilling tool 2 . the suction pipe 18 performs a double function . on the one hand , it serves as a stable guide for the suction device 16 and , on the other hand , it serves as a suction conduit for connecting the suction head 20 with an aeration device 22 . the guide opening 14 functions as a common guide for both the suction head 20 and the aeration device 22 or for the entire suction device 16 . the suction head 20 is provided on an end of the suction pipe 18 facing in the drilling direction b and has a suction nozzle 24 through which the drill 6 extends , as shown with dash lines . the aeration device 22 , which is provided at the opposite end of the suction pipe 18 has , as shown with dash lines , a ventilator 28 which is driven by a motor 26 . the power supply of the motor 26 is effected from the power supply of the drilling tool 2 via a connection cable 30 . as shown in fig2 - 3 , instead of the power supply from the power supply of the drilling tool 2 , the aeration device 22 can be provided with an accumulator package 32 for supplying power to the motor 26 . fig2 , as discussed above , shows the drilling tool 2 during the drilling process . the drill 6 penetrated into a wall 34 . as a result of counter - pressure of the wall 34 on the suction head 20 , the suction device 16 , which includes the suction head 20 , the suction pipe 18 , and the aeration device 22 together with the accumulator package 32 , has been displaced rearwardly relative the drilling tool 2 in the direction opposite the drilling direction b . because of a rigid connection of the suction head 20 with the aeration device 22 by the rigid suction pipe 18 , the distance between the suction head 20 and the aeration device 22 remains constant despite the displacement of the suction device 16 . as a result , the flow characteristics remain substantially constant . as shown in fig3 , the suction pipe 18 has a receiving chamber 36 over substantially its entire length and in which a filter element 38 can be inserted . at its outer side , the filter element 38 has a filter region 40 and inside , the filter element 38 has a flow channel 42 opening toward the aeration device 22 . as further shown in fig3 , the suction pipe 18 is positively connected with both the suction head 20 and the aeration device 22 by rapid - connection means in form of respective bayonet catches 44 . this permits to use the suction device 16 with suction pipes 18 having different lengths which , in turn , permits to use the suction device 16 with drilling tools having different lengths . for using a suction device 16 , firstly , it is provided with a suction pipe 18 , the length of which permits to place the suction nozzle 24 of the suction head 20 on the free end of the drill 6 of the drilling tool 2 with which the suction device 16 is to be used . before the suction device 16 is secured to the tool , a filter element 38 is placed or is already located in the receiving chamber 36 of the suction pipe 18 . finally , the suction device 16 is secured on the receiving region 8 of the drilling tool 2 with the connection device 10 that includes the clamp means 12 . then , the drilling tool 2 is placed on the wall 34 at a predetermined location . as soon as the drill 6 starts to penetrate into the wall 34 , the wall 34 applies pressure to the end surface of the suction head 20 , displacing the suction head 20 in the direction opposite the drilling direction b rearwardly relative to the drilling tool 2 . because of the rigid connection of the aeration device 22 with the suction head 20 by the suction pipe 18 , the aeration device 22 is also displaced in the same direction and by the same amount as the suction head 20 . the displacement direction s of the suction device 16 remains parallel to the drilling direction b , with the suction pipe 16 functioning as guide means upon its displacement in the guide opening 14 . during the drilling process , the ventilator 28 , which is driven by the motor 26 , generates a suction air current , the flow path 46 of which is indicated in fig3 with arrows . the suction air current provides for aspiration of the material , which is removed during the drilling process through the suction nozzle 24 and into the suction device 16 . the material is aspirated through the filter region 40 into the flow channel 42 , with the material , such as dust and drillings , being retained on the outer side of the filter region 40 in the receiving chamber 36 . the filtered air flows through the opening 48 into the aeration device 22 over the motor 26 and is removed outwardly out of the suction device 16 by the ventilator 28 . in order to clean the receiving chamber 36 or replace the filter element 38 , the bayonet catch 44 between the suction head 20 and suction pipe 18 is released by a short pivotal and axial movement of the suction head 20 relative to the suction pipe 18 . then , the filtered - out drillings can be removed from the receiving chamber 36 . though the present invention was shown and described with references to the preferred embodiment , such is merely illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as a limitation thereof and various modifications of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art . it is therefore not intended that the present invention be limited to the disclosed embodiment or details thereof , and the present invention includes all variations and / or alternative embodiments within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims . | 1 |
the methods of the present invention are applicable to both single layer and multi - layer rsa problems . with reference to fig3 , an example distribution network is shown in a normal operating topology . fig4 shows the network of fig3 wherein a fault occurred at load ldff - 3 . as can be seen , in such a scenario upstream recloser rbw85 senses the fault , proceeds through a reclosing sequence , and finally locks - out ( remains open ). this results in an outage area including loads ldff - 1 , ldff - 2 , ldff - 3 , ldff - 5 , ldff - 6 and ldff - 7 . in a next step , the faulted load is isolated from the out - of - service area . with reference to fig5 , in the example network , the isolation switches include the immediately downstream switches sw - ifanet - 1 and sw - ifanet - 2 . once switches sw - ifanet - 1 and sw - ifanet - 2 are opened , power restoration to the out - of - service area can begin . in the present example , two separate out of service areas ( oosa ) are formed after fault isolation . oosa 1 includes ldff - 5 and oosa 2 includes ldff - 1 , ldff - 2 , ldff - 6 and ldff - 7 . each oosa can be back - fed by one or more ( if the oosa is separable into different sub - areas ) of the remaining back - feed sources . the restoration problem is complex because of the large number of back - feed sourcing combinations . for example , in the network of fig5 , source pdn 16 may be a single - layer back - feed source for oosa 2 and / or a second - layer back - feed source for oosa 1 . depending on the final network configuration , source 54 z 66 could be a single - layer or second - layer back - feed source for oosa 2 . the restoration problem is further complicated because the oosa could be partitioned ( by opening switches rc 145 , sw - ifanet - 3 or sw - ifnet - 4 ). according to the present invention , solving for a network configuration that back - feeds the oosas first requires that a chromosome architecture of a genetic algorithm ( ga ) be developed . a chromosome represents a particular network topology and , according to the present invention , is represented by a string of fixed length . according to the present invention , the string length is determined by the number of normally open ( no ) switches ( also known as tie switches ) in the pre - fault network . each character in the chromosome ( also referred to as a bit or gene ) represents the application options with respect to that tie switch . for each tie switch , three options are available : ( 1 ) the tie switch can remain unchanged and stay open ; ( 2 ) the tie switch can be closed ; or ( 3 ) the tie switch may be swapped with another normally closed ( nc ) switch . according to the third option , “ swapping ” means that the tie switch would close and the identified nc switch would open . a swap switch is an nc switch that is either , upstream of the tie switch or is an nc switch in the oosa adjacent thereto . each tie switch has a specific set of corresponding swap switches . the set of swap switches may be determined by running a network tracing from the tie switch to its respective source ( s ). this is otherwise known as back - path tracing . for each of the first - layer tie switches , only one source can be traced to . for each of the higher layer switches , two sources can be traced to . in addition to the back - traced switches , for a tie switch that bounds an oosa , the set of corresponding swap switches also includes the nc switches in that oosa . in order to simplify the restoration problem solution , according to one embodiment , the feeder breakers may be excluded from the listing of available swap switches . according to another aspect of the invention , the listing of available swap switches for a given tie switch may be further limited by limiting the number of switches that are swappable in the back - feed path . for example , for a given tie switch , the available back - feed swap switches may be limited to the first n number of upstream nc switches . for the example of fig5 , the first layer tie switches are : rcr 03 , bq 70 bl , rc 137 , rc 871 , and rbx 58 . the second layer tie switches are : rcf 91 and rcp 75 . if the number of back - feed switches to be considered is limited to n = 1 , the respective swap switch sets for the first and second layer tie switches are : according to one embodiment of the present invention , the gene representation of the swap switch sets uses a single character to represent the action for each tie switch . according to one embodiment , an ascii character may be used to represent each swap switch or other action ( i . e . open or close ). thus , a space character ( hereinafter represented as “ l ” for clarity ) ( ascii value 32 ) may represent “ remain open ” and character “!” ( ascii value 33 ) may represent the “ close ” action . characters having an ascii value higher than 33 may represent the “ swap status with swapped switch n .” because the ascii characters are used , a large number of representative variables are available ( 255 − 33 = 222 unique switch swaps ). to create the chromosomes , the tie switches are arranged in any order . according to the example network of fig5 , the tie switches are arranged in the following manner : [ rcr 03 , bq 70 bl , rc 137 , rcf 91 , rc 871 , rbx 58 , rcp 75 ]. the swapped switches are associated with a character in the following manner : ″— rc 145 #— sw - ifanet - 3 $— sw - ifanet - 4 %— 2 wk 02 & amp ;— bp 52 bl ′— rcf 65 (— rd 618 )— 13 b 670 *— bs 73 bl +— reu 99 ,— rbp 32 valid chromosomes include : [! l l l l ! l ] which correlates to a network where rcr 03 and rbx 58 are closed and all other tie switches remain open ; [ l ! l * l ! l ] which correlates to a network where bq 70 bl and rbx 58 are closed and rcf 91 and bs 73 bl are swapped ( i . e . bs 73 bl closes and rcf 91 opens ); [! llll )!] which correlates to a network where rcr 03 and rcp 75 are closed and rbx 58 is swapped with 13 b 670 ( i . e . rbx 58 closes and 13 b 670 opens ). as will be described later in greater detail , for each candidate network , it &# 39 ; s suitability for a final solution is judged by calculating a fitness function value . according to one embodiment , a fitness function is defined below , wherein the objective is to minimize the value of this function : fit ( idv )= w sw swop nr ( idv )+ w ivio ivio nr ( idv )+ w p p nr ( idv ) ( eq . 1 ) where idv is the index of the individual network topology ( hereafter the candidate system ) to be evaluated ( corresponds to the chromosomes generated in the genetic algorithm below ). ivionr is the normalized number of back - path current violations in the candidate network , swopnr is the normalized switching operations ( excluding isolation switching ) and pnr is the normalized total unserved load for the candidate network . the corresponding weighting factors are represented by wivio , wsw , wp . the weighting factor definition in eq . 1 allows the users of this algorithm to place an emphasis on different optimization variables , thereby increasing the application flexibility . it should be appreciated that , though the above fitness function is well suited for the present invention , additional factors may be considered in a fitness function , such as , for example , minimizing system losses or voltage violations . according to one embodiment of the present invention pnr reduces faster than the other two components of the fitness function , thus after a few generations the contributions from swopnr and ivionr would dominate the final fitness values . in order to achieve a balanced contribution solution , the weight wp may be increased by a factor larger than 1 ( for example 1 . 05 ) for each new generation of chromosomes . the calculation of the normalized values is defined according to the following : p nr ( idv )=( totalweightedload base − totalweightedload ( idv )/ totalweightedload base ( eq . 3 ) where base represents the network in the post - isolation configuration and ( idv ) represents the candidate network . notieswitchesbase is the total number of no tie switches in the network . noswitchoperations is the number of switch operations ( excluding isolation switching operations ) needed for the transition from the fault isolated system state ( the base configuration ) to the candidate network configuration . totalweightedload is the weighted total load of the candidate network corresponding to a chromosome : as the objective is to minimize the fitness function value , the paneltyfactor of eq . 4 is advantageously greater than 1 , to prevent load shedding in the back - feeding areas . the calculation of the normalized current violations ivionr is performed according to the following : for each chromosome in a generation , the corresponding network is created and a balanced or unbalanced load flow analysis is conducted . from the results of the load flow analysis , the current violations from the closed switches and all the feeder sections to their sources are counted . these current violations are referred to as the back - path current violations . of all the chromosomes in a generation , the network having the largest number of current violations iviomax is determined , and that number is used according to : with reference now to fig6 , a flow - chart shows the process according to the present invention . as discussed above , the process begins after a fault is isolated on a network . thereafter , the process according to the present invention is evoked at 100 . at step 100 new chromosomes are randomly created in accordance with the methods discussed above . thus , chromosomes are created wherein each no tie switch is either left open , closed , or swapped with a nc switch . concurrently , the new chromosomes are validated to ensure no energized loops are created . if so , the chromosome is discarded . a reactive tabu search ( rts ) is incorporated , by defining a search list lst rts that contains the chromosomes or indices of each candidate network . thus , each newly created chromosome ( whether valid or not ) is added to the lst rts . to limit the genetic algorithm processing time , a population size is defined for each generation . according to one embodiment , the population size = 4 * n + 1 ; where n = notieswitchesbase / 2 ( n is an integer ) and where n & lt ;= 10 . thus , for the example network of fig5 , 7 normally open tie switches are included in the base network , giving a population size of 13 ( where n is rounded from 3 . 5 to 3 ). at step 102 , it is determined whether the number of valid chromosomes has reached the population limit . new chromosomes are generated until the population number is reached . at step 104 , a fitness value ( see eq . 1 ) is calculated for each chromosome in the generation . as discussed above , for the population of chromosomes , for each chromosome , the corresponding network is determined and a balanced or unbalanced load flow analysis is conducted to determine current violations and total weighted load which is used in the fitness function value calculation . at step 106 the chromosomes are sorted in order of fitness value , wherein the lowest fitness value is “ best ” or 1st . at step 108 it is determined whether either the generation limit is reached or if the best fitness value is below a threshold value . if either case is true , the network configuration corresponding to the best chromosome is output as the solution . the solution may be sent to a dms or other distribution control manager for implementation to restore power to some or all of the oosa . the generation limit is a user defined ( or default ) maximum generation number that effectively limits the iterations the algorithm proceeds through . the fitness function threshold value is a user defined ( or default ) value for the fitness function , wherein network configurations having a fitness function value below the threshold are “ good ” solutions . this is because a low fitness function value indicates ; ( 1 ) minimized current violations , ( 2 ) minimized switching operations and ( 3 ) minimized unserved load . if the best chromosome does not have a fitness value beneath the threshold value and the max generation number has not yet been reached , the algorithm proceeds to step 110 . at step 110 a new generation of chromosomes are created using genetic manipulations . according to one embodiment , the best n + 1 chromosomes ( chromosomes with the lowest fitness function values ) from the previous generation are directly copied into the new generation . next , crossover is used to create n new chromosomes . next , mutation is used to create n new chromosomes . as is known in the art , a crossover is accomplished by merging any two generated chromosomes randomly and mutations are accomplished by randomly redoing one or more of the swappings or open / close actions in a chromosome . the additional chromosomes needed to complete the generation are created by random chromosome creation . each newly created chromosome ( not the direct copies ) is checked for validity and against lstrts . if the chromosome is not valid ( energized loops ), it is added to the lstrts and is not added to the new generation . if the chromosome is already in lstrts the chromosome is not added to the new generation . if the chromosome is valid and not in the lstrts , it is added to the new generation and to the lstrts . according to one embodiment , the cross - over is performed using the topmost ( lowest fitness function value ) chromosome with the next n chromosomes to generate n new chromosomes . next , the direct copied n chromosomes each mutate once to generate the next n chromosomes . once the new generation of chromosomes is created , the process returns to step 104 , and in this manner , the process repeats until a good solution ( below the fitness function threshold ) is reached or until the maximum generation number is reached . with reference now to fig7 , a flow - chart shows the step 110 of creating a new generation in greater detail . at 200 the mutation function begins by initializing the nomutation variable to zero . next , at 202 a chromosome mutation is performed to create a newchromosome and the nomutation variable is increased by one . at 204 it is determined whether the newchromosome is in the rtsmap ( i . e . lstrts ). if so , the algorithm proceeds to step 212 where it is determined whether nomutation variable is greater than nmutationlimit . if so , the algorithm proceeds to step 214 , which will be described in greater detail below . if not , the algorithm proceeds back to step 202 . if , at 204 it is determined that the newchromosome is not in the rtsmap , the algorithm proceeds to step 206 where the newchromosome is saved in the rtsmap . next , at 208 a network validation check is performed on the newchromosome to identify energized loops ( i . e . invalid network configurations ). if the newchromosome is valid it is added to the new generation at 246 . if the newchromosome is not valid , the algorithm proceeds to 212 , where it is determined whether nomutation is greater than nmutationlimit . the crossover function begins at 216 by initializing the nobreed variable to zero . next , at 218 a chromosome crossover is performed to create a newchromosome and the nobreed variable is increased by one . at 220 it is determined whether the newchromosome is in the rtsmap ( i . e . lstrts ). if so , the algorithm proceeds to step 228 where it is determined whether nobreed variable is greater than nbreedlimit . if so , the algorithm proceeds to step 214 , which will be described in greater detail below . if not , the algorithm proceeds back to step 218 . if , at 220 it is determined that the newchromosome is not in the rtsmap , the algorithm proceeds to step 222 where the newchromosome is saved in the rtsmap . next , at 224 a network validation check is performed on the newchromosome to identify energized loops ( i . e . invalid network configurations ). if the newchromosome is valid it is added to the new generation at 246 . if the newchromosome is not valid , the algorithm proceeds to 228 , where it is determined whether nobreed is greater than nbreedlimit . as can be seen , if either the crossover or the mutation functions reach their limit , the algorithm proceeds to step 214 , where the norandom variable is initialized to zero . the algorithm then proceeds to step 230 where the random chromosome generation function begins . the random chromosome generation function may also be called independently , in which case the process would begin at 230 . next , at 232 a chromosome is created by randomly closing or swapping one or more no tie switches . the norandom variable is increased by one . at 234 it is determined whether the newchromosome is in the rtsmap ( i . e . lstrts ). if so , the algorithm proceeds to step 242 where it is determined whether norandom variable is greater than nrandomlimit . if so , the algorithm proceeds to step 244 , which returns a null ( meaning no additional chromosome can be generated ). if not , the algorithm proceeds back to step 232 . if , at 234 it is determined that the newchromosome is not in the rtsmap , the algorithm proceeds to step 236 where the newchromosome is saved in the rtsmap . next , at 238 a network validation check is performed on the newchromosome to identify energized loops ( i . e . invalid network configurations ). if the newchromosome is valid it is added to the new generation at 246 . if the newchromosome is not valid , the algorithm proceeds to 242 , where it is determined whether norandom is greater than nrandomlimit . thus , for each generation , n crossover calls , n mutation calls and at least n random calls will be made . the ultimate number of random calls may be higher depending on the results of the crossover and mutation calls . ( i . e . if nomutation or nobreed exceeds nmutationlimit or nbreedlimit respectively .) with reference now to fig8 and 9 , an exemplary graphical user interface is shown . the interface shown displays the results of the algorithms discussed above . as can be seen , the “ restoration switching plans ” area displays the final generation , wherein the chromosomes are sorted in order of fitness value ( lowest being first ). as can also be seen , when a chromosome is highlighted , ( chromosome 1 in fig8 and chromosome 3 in fig9 ) the corresponding switching sequence is displayed in the “ switching sequences for the selected restoration switching plan ” area . as can be seen , for completeness and clarity , the switching sequences provided in the “ switching sequences for the selected restoration switching plan ” includes the switching operations for both isolation ( the determination of which is not the subject of the present invention ) and restoration , which is determining in the manner discussed above . the method of the present invention requires network load flow calculations ( in order to evaluate the fitness function ) only for the valid chromosomes in question , as opposed to many more load flow calculations if approaches such as classical genetic algorithm , network tracing or deterministic optimization methods are used . this increases the speed of solution finding , thus making it appropriate for real - time restoration switching applications . it is especially practical for multi - layer rsa , when the network topology is complex ( for example , many tie switches between adjacent feeders ) and many different alternatives for back - feed restoration exist . the functionality of multi - layer rsa would reside at either at dms or in a sub - station . thus , the network configuration ( solution ) is generated by the dms or sub - station control system . the dms or sub - station control system then implements the switching operations to convert the network topology to match the network configuration solution . in this manner , power is restored to the oosas . as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art , the present invention may be embodied as or take the form of the method and system previously described , as well as of a computer readable medium having computer - readable instructions stored thereon which , when executed by a processor , carry out the operations of the present inventions as previously described . the computer - readable medium may be any medium that can contain , store , communicate , propagate , or transport the user - interface program instruction for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system , apparatus , or device and may by way of example but without limitation , be an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system , apparatus , device , or propagation medium or other suitable medium upon which the program is printed . more specific examples ( a non - exhaustive list ) of the computer - readable medium would include : a portable computer diskette , a hard disk , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), an erasable programmable read - only memory ( eprom or flash memory ), an optical fiber , a portable compact disc read - only memory ( cd - rom ), an optical storage device , a transmission media such as those supporting the internet or an intranet , or a magnetic storage device . computer program code or instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in any suitable programming language provided it allows achieving the previously described technical results . it is to be understood that the description of the foregoing exemplary embodiment ( s ) is ( are ) intended to be only illustrative , rather than exhaustive , of the present invention . those of ordinary skill will be able to make certain additions , deletions , and / or modifications to the embodiment ( s ) of the disclosed subject matter without departing from the spirit of the invention or its scope , as defined by the appended claims . | 7 |
relations of drop velocity of ink versus operating temperature as shown in fig2 can be obtained by experiment . the claimed invention utilizes these known relations to decide locations of each ink nozzle according to the drop velocity of each kind of ink under a predetermined temperature in order to calibrate errors due to different drop velocities . the predetermined temperature should be chosen within a reasonable rage of operating temperature . please refer to fig3 . fig3 is a diagram of the present invention carriage 30 printing ink droplets of different kinds of ink . an ink jet chip on the carriage 30 is capable of printing two kinds of ink , c 2 and c 3 . m 3 is a medium being printed to . 36 and 37 are ink droplets of ink c 2 and c 3 printed from ink nozzle 33 and 34 respectively . l 1 is the distance from the ink nozzle 33 to the medium m 3 , and l 2 is the distance from the ink nozzle 34 to the medium m 3 . as aforementioned , assume that under a predetermined temperature , say , 30 degrees centigrade , the drop velocities of ink c 2 and c 3 are 8 m / s and 10 m / s respectively . accordingly , l 1 and l 2 are designed as 1 . 6 mm and 2 mm respectively . assuming the sliding velocity of the carriage 30 is 2 m / s , when the operating temperature is 30 degrees centigrade , the ink droplet 36 and 37 are both printed onto the medium m 3 0 . 4 mm away from directly below the nozzles 33 and 34 . this shows that when ink droplets of ink c 2 and c 3 are printed to the same point on the medium , the present invention is capable of printing the ink droplets of ink c 2 and c 3 to the same point precisely . the ink jet chip is designed according to the drop velocities of ink under a certain temperature . however , the drop velocities change during a printing task because the operating temperature of the ink jet chip increases as the time of successive printing accumulates . in the present invention printing system , there are further calibration methods for calibrating errors due to the changing operating temperature of the ink jet chip . the printing system further includes a thermometer for measuring the operating temperature of the ink jet chip . the thermometer may be located on the ink jet chip . in the present printing system , the thermometer measures the operating temperature of the ink jet chip when the printing system prints data and therefore the data to be printed can be adjusted and calibrated . the present invention printing system may print a testing chart for calibration as conventional printing systems do . please refer to fig4 . fig4 is a diagram of a testing chart to be printed by the claimed printing system . data c 241 , c 242 , c 244 and c 245 are data of ink c 2 , and data c 341 , c 343 and c 345 are data of ink c 3 . though the ink jet chips included in the printing system are to be suitably designed , there is still inaccuracy resulting from handling and manufacturing concerns when the systems leave the factory , or resulting from inconsistent operating temperature . hence the actual printed testing chart may be different from the chart in fig4 , for instance , such as fig5 . data c 251 , c 252 , c 254 and c 255 are data of ink c 2 , and data c 351 , c 353 and c 355 are data of ink c 3 . as shown in fig5 , the arrangement of data c 251 , c 252 , c 254 , c 255 , c 351 , c 353 and c 355 is not equivalent to the arrangement illustrated in fig4 , which means there is some error . according to the present invention method , when the printing system prints data , a predetermined testing page may be printed so the operating temperature can be measured in advance . the testing page includes a plurality of testing charts . each testing chart is printed with a corresponding set of time delays of trigger signals and data shift parameters . by delaying the time of trigger signals , the locations onto which the ink droplets are printed can be adjusted and calibrated . additionally , the data shift parameters are capable of shifting the data to be printed for compensating the errors before the ink nozzles print out the droplets of ink . please refer to fig6 . fig6 is a diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention testing page . s 1 , s 2 , s 3 and s 4 are four testing charts printed with an individual set of time delays of trigger signals and data shift parameters . data c 2611 , c 2612 , c 2614 , c 2615 , c 2621 , c 2622 , c 2624 , c 2625 , c 2631 , c 2632 , c 2634 , c 2635 , c 2641 , c 2642 , c 2644 and c 2645 are data of ink c 2 , and data c 3611 , c 3613 , c 3615 , c 3621 , c 3623 , c 3625 , c 3631 , c 3633 , c 3635 , c 3641 , c 3643 and c 3645 are data of ink c 3 . assume that the operating temperature of the ink jet chip is 34 degrees centigrade when printing the testing page , the data shift parameter of data of ink c 2 is 0 , the time delay of trigger signals of data of ink c 2 is 0 , the data shift parameter of data of ink c 3 in the testing chart s 1 , s 2 , s 3 and s 4 are 0 , 1 , 1 and 1 respectively , and the time delay of trigger signals of data of ink c 3 in the testing chart s 1 , s 2 , s 3 and s 4 are 0 , 0 , 1 and 2 respectively . in the present invention method , the printed testing page is scanned and the scanned data is processed . in this example , it is determined that the testing chart s 3 is the most precise one among the four testing charts . therefore , the data shift parameter of data and the time delay of trigger signals of ink c 2 and c 3 are adjusted to the settings with which the testing chart s 3 was printed . after the aforementioned calibration , when the present printing system prints data , the operating temperature of the inkjet chip is automatically measured periodically ( according to a predetermined duration ), such as every one third of a second . the time delays of trigger signals can be dynamically adjusted according to each measurement of the operating temperature of the ink jet chip and the known influence upon the drop velocities of ink , even during the printing . relatively , the data shift parameters can only be set in advance to the data being printed . following the example described above , that is , the data shift parameters of ink c 2 and c 3 are set to 0 and 1 , and the time delays of trigger signals of ink c 2 and c 3 are set to 0 and 1 respectively . however , the operating temperature is measured as 36 degrees centigrade rather than 34 degrees centigrade when the printing system is about to start to print . according to the knowledge of the drop velocities of the ink , the data shift parameter of ink c 3 is changed to 0 . 75 , and the time delay of trigger signals of ink c 3 is kept as is . when the printing system starts to print and the predetermined duration , that is , one third of a second passes , the operating temperature of the ink jet chip is measured again automatically . this time , it is found that the operating temperature has risen to 37 degrees centigrade . since the data is already being printed and cannot be shifted anymore , the time delay of trigger signals of ink c 2 and ink c 3 are adjusted according to the ratios of the drop velocities under 36 degrees centigrade to 37 degrees centigrade . as explained before , the operating temperature of the inkjet chip increases as the time of successive printing accumulates . therefore the present printing system is designed to measure the operating temperature and adjust the time delays of trigger signals every predetermined duration . please refer to fig7 . fig7 is a flowchart of the present invention method of calibrating jet printing of ink in a printing system . step 710 : design locations of ink nozzles according to drop velocities of ink under a predetermined temperature ; step 720 : print a predetermined testing page and measuring the operating temperature of the ink jet chip ; step 730 : set data shift parameters and adjust time delays of trigger signals according to the printed testing page ; step 740 : if there is a printing command , go to step 750 ; otherwise go to step 780 ; step 750 : measure the operating temperature of the ink jet chip and adjust time delays of trigger signals accordingly ; step 755 : adjust time delays of trigger signals according to the measured operating temperature ; step 760 : print data ; measure the operating temperature of the ink jet chip after a predetermined period ; step 770 : if the print is completed , go to step 780 ; otherwise go to step 755 ; in the above flowchart , step 710 has to be performed before the printer leaves the factory while other steps can be performed repeatedly after leaving the factory in order to calibrate the printing operations whenever needed . the present invention printing system may be designed to automatically perform step 720 whenever the power of the printing system is turned on , or whenever a command is issued by a user . the testing page can be scanned by a scanner , and the most appropriate set of data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals is therefore chosen according to the result of processing the scanned data . otherwise , decisions about the setting of data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals can be made according to estimations made by a user evaluating the testing page with the naked eye . the claimed method can be applied to calibrate both printing of ink nozzles on the same ink jet chip and printing of ink nozzles on a plurality of ink jet chips for balancing errors due to unequal drop velocities under different operating temperatures . the design of the locations of the ink nozzles may bring up a preliminary compensation for disparate drop velocities under a reasonable predetermined operating temperature . for further calibration , a testing page including a plurality of testing charts with different sets of data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals may be printed by the present invention printing system . the operating temperature of the ink jet chip is measured when the testing page is being printed , and the data of the testing page is processed . then , the settings of data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals are chosen according to the results of the processing . after the initial data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals are set , when the present printer prints data , the operating temperature of the inkjet chip is measured and the data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals are adjusted according to the measurement with the knowledge of the relations of drop velocities of ink versus the operating temperature . the preliminary calibration , that is , the design of the locations of the ink nozzles , may be omitted , and the adjustments of the data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals can be utilized directly for calibrating printing errors . the present invention provides a printing system and related methods for calibrating jet printing of ink in a printing system . the method is not only capable of initially calibrating printing errors due to different drop velocities of different kinds of ink by compensating for the locations of ink nozzles before the printing system leaves the factory , but is also capable of calibrating printing errors due to unequal drop velocities under different operating temperatures by adjusting data shift parameters and time delays of trigger signals after the printing system leaves the factory . in contrast to the prior art , the present invention printing system and related methods solve the problems resulting from different physical properties of the different kinds of ink that are utilized at the same time . hence the present invention helps to improve the quality of printing . those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention . accordingly , the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims . | 1 |
the present invention provides a sink support shell and a method of making a sink support shell . the present invention is especially suited for use with sinks that are typically fabricated from heavy and / or expensive materials such as marble , granite and other stone materials , metal , glass , ceramics and the like . while the present invention is especially suited for such sinks , the present invention is not limited to such . it should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art while reviewing the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein , that the present invention may be used with sinks of any material and configuration . fig1 a - 1b illustrate a sink support shell apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . fig1 a is an exemplary diagram illustrating a top - down view of a sink support shell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . fig1 b is an exemplary diagram of a front view of the sink support shell according to the exemplar embodiment of the present invention shown in fig1 a . fig1 c is an exemplary cross - sectional view of the sink support shell according to the exemplary embodiment shown in fig1 a . these figures will be referenced together through the use of the common reference numbers in the following description . as shown in fig1 a - 1c , the sink support shell 100 includes a first portion 110 that is formed and configured to conform to a shape of a bowl of a sink that is to be placed inside the concave portion of the sink support shell 100 . by stating that the sink support shell 100 is configured to conform to a bowl of a sink , what is meant is that the dimensions , curvature , shape , and the like of the bowl portion 110 of the sink support shell 100 are matched to that of a sink with which the sink support shell 100 is designed to be used . preferably , the shape and configuration of the sink support shell 100 compliments the shape of the sink such that there is minimal gap between the surface of the sink and the concave surface of the bowl portion 110 of the sink support shell 100 when the sink is placed inside the concave opening of the sink support shell 100 , with the exception of the overflow / vent channel 130 , discussed hereafter . any gaps that may be present may be filled with a silicon glue or other type of sealant that both seals the junction between the sink and the sink support shell 100 and adhesively attaches the sink to the sink support shell 100 so that the sink does not move relative to the sink support shell 100 . on a top edge of the bowl portion 110 of the sink support shell 100 is provided a rim 120 that extends out beyond the top edge . the rim 120 is provided as mechanism by which the sink support shell 100 may be attached to a substrate , such as a cabinet or countertop support structure . the sink support shell 100 may be attached to either a top side or a bottom side of the substrate using the rim 120 . for example , a silicon glue may be used on a surface of the rim 120 to glue the rim 120 , and subsequently the sink support shell 100 , to a top or bottom surface of the substrate . alternatively , holes may be provided in the rim 120 such that the sink support shell 100 may be fastened to the substrate by way of bolts , screws , or other similar fastening devices . moreover , the rim 120 may provide a surface by which the sink support shell may be attached via one or more clips to the substrate such as clips that are glued or drilled into the substrate . such clips are generally known in the art . also provided is a stand - off 140 for coupling the sink support shell 100 to existing plumbing fixtures , such as a drainage pipe or the like . the stand - off 140 has an opening 150 . a drain attachment may extend through an opening in the sink , through opening 150 in the stand - off 140 of the sink support shell 100 and may contact the existing plumbing fixtures and be coupled to them . the contact between the sides of the opening 150 in the stand - off 140 and the drain attachment may be sealed using a sealant for waterproofing the contact . an overflow / vent channel 130 is provided in the bowl portion 110 of the sink support shell 100 . in a preferred embodiment , the overflow / vent channel 130 extends from the top edge of the bowl portion 110 to the opening 150 in the stand - off 140 . the overflow / vent channel 130 provides a channel through which fluid may flow in the event of an overflow fluid level occurring in the sink . in such a case , the fluid may flow down the channel to the opening 150 in the stand - off 140 and drain out the drain attachment ( which typically has openings provided therein ) and plumbing fixture to which it is attached through the opening 150 . the fluid may enter the overflow / vent channel 130 from the sink through an overflow opening in the sink . in addition to providing a channel through which fluid may flow in the case of an overflow condition , the overflow / vent channel 130 provides an air channel during non - overflow conditions that suppresses suction noise during drainage of fluid down the plumbing fixture via the opening 150 in the stand - off 140 . the sink support shell 100 is preferably fashioned from a high - impact material such as a metal or hard plastic material . while the preferred embodiment shown in fig1 a - 1c shows the sink support shell 100 being formed from a single piece of high - impact material , the present invention is not limited to such . rather , the present invention may be fashioned from any number of separate portions that are coupled and sealed so as to provide a shell structure for supporting a sink . in fabricating the sink support shell 100 any method of fabricating a shell structure may be used to fabricate the sink support shell 100 . some such methods include , for example , injection molding , thermally formed plastic techniques , laid fiberglass , stamped metal and the like . in a preferred embodiment , the sink support shell 100 is fabricated using a thermally formed plastic technique . in such a technique , a mold of the sink with which the sink support shell 100 is to be used , is provided . holes are drilled in the mold to provide for suction in a later step of the process . a single sheet of plastic is then heated to a high temperature to make the plastic pliable . the heated plastic sheet is then applied to the sink mold such that the plastic sheet covers the sink mold . suction is applied to the interior of the sink mold thereby causing the plastic sheet to adhere to the sink mold as much as possible . in this way , the plastic sheet takes on the shape of the sink mold . as the plastic sheet cools , the plastic material becomes hardened . the hardened plastic material is removed from the sink mold and tooled to smooth the edges , remove excess material and create the rim 120 . in addition , tooling is performed on the hardened plastic material to create the overflow / vent channel 130 , the stand - off 140 and the opening 150 in the stand - off 140 . after tooling in this manner , the sink support shell 100 is ready for use . as mentioned previously , the rim 120 of the sink support shell 100 provides for mounting of the sink support shell 100 to either a top or bottom side of a substrate , such as a structure associated with a cabinet or countertop . fig2 illustrates the installation of a sink , using the sink support shell of the present invention , where the sink support shell is mounted to a top surface of a substrate . with reference to fig2 it should be appreciated that the sink may be already assembled with the sink support shell 200 prior to installation . for example , a manufacturer may manufacture both the sink and the sink support shell 200 and assemble them prior to shipping to a customer . alternatively , the manufacturer may manufacture one or both of the sink and sink support shell 200 and ship them to a third party vendor that assembles the sink and the sink support shell 200 prior to subsequent delivery to an installer of the sink structure . in yet another alternative , the sink and sink support shell 200 may be provided as two separate units to an installer who is responsible for assembling the sink and sink support shell 200 and installing them in a cabinet or countertop . regardless of the particular alternative taken , the result is that the sink support shell 200 is mounted to the substrate with the sink being held within the sink support shell 200 . for purposes of illustration , however , it will be assumed that the sink and sink support shell 200 are provided to an installer as two separate units that are assembled during installation . as shown in fig2 the installation of the sink 210 involves mounting the sink support shell 200 to the top side of the substrates 220 and connecting the sink support shell 200 to the existing plumbing fixture 230 . while fig2 illustrates only the left and right sides of the sink support shell 200 being mounted to the substrates 220 , it should be appreciated that the sink support shell 200 will typically be placed in an opening made in the top surface of the substrate 220 . thus , substrate surfaces will surround the sink support shell 200 and the sink support shell 200 will be fastened to the substrate 220 everywhere the rim of the sink support shell 200 abuts the substrate 220 . the sink support shell 200 may be fastened to the substrate 220 by placing silicon glue or other waterproof adhesive material between the bottom surface of the rim of the sink support shell 200 and the top surface of the substrate 220 . alternatively , fasteners , such as bolts and / or screws , may be used to attach the sink support shell 200 to the substrate 220 through holes fashioned in the rim of the sink support shell 200 . of course , it would still be beneficial to waterproof the coupling between the sink support shell 200 and the substrate 220 with a waterproof material , such as silicon or caulk . the connection between the plumbing fixture 230 and the sink support shell 200 may also be sealed and waterproofed through the use of silicon glue , a waterproof adhesive , or the like . either before or after the sink support shell 200 is mounted and fastened into place , the sink 210 may be placed in the sink support shell 200 . the sink 210 is preferably aligned so that the drainage hole in the sink 210 matches the drainage hole present in the stand - off of the sink support shell 200 and the plumbing fixture 230 . additionally , the sink 210 is preferably positioned so that an overflow hole in the sink , or other overflow mechanism , is aligned with the overflow / vent channel formed in the sink support shell 200 . the sink 210 may be sealed and fastened to the sink support shell 200 using silicon glue , a waterproof adhesive , or the like . the sink 210 and sink support shell 200 may be secured to the plumbing fixture 230 by way of a drain assembly ( not shown ) that is inserted into the hole of the sink and which passes through the stand - off to connect with the plumbing fixture 230 . such drain assemblies are generally known in the art and thus , a detailed description is not provided herein . fig3 is an exemplary diagram illustrating installation of a sink , using the sink support shell of the present invention , where the sink support shell is fastened to a bottom side of a substrate . the installation of the sink 210 is similar to that shown in fig2 with the differences between the two mounting possibilities being that the sink support shell 200 is fastened to a bottom or underside of the substrate 220 and that a lip of the sink 210 is fastened to a top surface of the substrate 220 . in such an embodiment , the sink 210 and sink support shell 200 are formed taking into account the width of the substrate 220 so that the sink 210 and sink support shell 200 still abut one another as much as possible . with the use of the sink support shell 200 of the present invention , the sink 210 may be fashioned from a thinner and less costly amount of material that prior art sinks . that is , because the sink support shell of the present invention provides the protection and strength needed to mount the sink to the countertop , protect against impacts , and the like , the sink may be fabricated from a thinner material . as a result , the weight and cost of the sink is reduced making it more affordable to customers and less of a concern with regard to installation in locations where weight is an issue . thus , with the use of the present invention , owners of aircraft , boats , recreational vehicles , and the like may now have the elegance of real marble and / or stone sinks with less cost and less concern regarding performance due to weight issues . while the primary embodiment described above illustrates the sink support shell and the sink to be oval in shape , the present invention is not limited to such . rather , the sink support shell and sink may take any configuration desired without limitation . thus , the sink support shell of the present invention can be formed to be compatible with any geometry of sink . one such sink geometry is a multifaceted sink as described hereafter . fig4 a is an exemplary diagram illustrating a top - down view of a multifaceted sink support shell in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention . fig4 b is an exemplary diagram illustrating a front view of the multifaceted sink support shell shown in fig4 a . the multifaceted sink support shell shown in fig4 a and 4b is similar to the sink support shell of fig1 a - 1c . the multifaceted sink support shell includes a bowl portion 410 , a rim 420 , an overflow / vent channel 430 , a stand - off 440 and an opening 450 similar to that of fig1 a - 1c . however , the bowl portion 410 is formed to have a plurality of facets to accommodate a multifaceted sink , such as that described in u . s . pat . no . d443 , 683 , entitled “ multi - faceted sink ”, which is commonly owned and hereby incorporated by reference . the rim 420 differs from the rim 120 in that the edge of the rim is not a smooth curve but rather , has a plurality of straight edges at angles to one another in correspondence with the facets in the bowl portion 410 of the sink support shell 400 . of course any other configuration and geometry of sink support shell may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the present invention should not be interpreted to be limited to the exemplary embodiments discussed herein above . the description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description , and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed . many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art . the embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention , the practical application , and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . | 0 |
belt attachments are used to connect various implements such as buckets , blades , or rigid platforms to a belt for either driving the implements or using the implements to drive the belt for the generation of power . depending on the specific application , a single belt attachment can restrain the implement within predetermined limits , or fix the implement with six degrees of freedom . these six degrees of freedom are defined herein . there are three translational degrees of freedom and three rotational degrees of freedom . as shown in fig1 , a load orientated in - line with the travel of the belt , parallel to lift direction 116 ( z - axis ) is a “ lift load ” and will nominally result in a “ lift translation .” a load orientated perpendicular to the back of the belt , parallel to drag direction 117 ( y - axis ) is a “ drag load ” and will nominally result in a “ drag translation .” a load orientated transverse to the direction of travel of the belt , i . e . parallel lo side direction 118 ( x - axis ), is a “ side load ” and can result in a “ side translation .” a moment that occurs about an axis transverse to the direction of travel of the belt , i . e . a moment about side direction 118 ( x - axis ), will be termed a “ pitching moment ” and can result in a “ pitching rotation ” 119 . a moment that occurs about an axis normal to the back of the belt , i . e . a moment about drag direction 117 ( y - axis ), will be termed a “ cocking moment ” and will nominally result in a “ cocking rotation ” 120 . a moment that occurs about an axis in - line with the direction of travel of the belt , i . e . a moment about lift direction 116 ( z - axis ), will be termed a “ rolling moment ” and will nominally result in a “ rolling rotation ” 121 . it is further understood that these directions will travel with and remain relative to the belt regardless of the belt being in a straight or curved section . these six degrees of freedom should be considered in the design of a successful belt attachment . for example , a pair of parallel belts with a spanning implement can experience large loads in both the lift and drag directions as well as large pitching moments . in this case , it is desirable to have the implement be simply supported in both primary bending directions by restricting the lift translation and drag translation on each belt attachment while allowing for predetermined cocking rotation , rolling rotation , and side translation . at the same time , it is important to resist pitching moments by constraining pitching rotation . finally , when transferring high loads , a pair of sprockets connected by a cross - shaft will experience windup , which can result in an angular misalignment between sprockets . this effect , combined with manufacturing tolerances , requires the belt attachments to accommodate a small drag translation . other applications can impose different constraints on the belt attachment . belt attachments typically operate in demanding applications that could include high loads and moments , very high cyclic loads over millions of cycles , adverse environments including marine and heavy industry , tight space constraints , or any combinations of the foregoing . in addition , it is desirable that belt attachments operate continuously with little to no maintenance . in one aspect of the invention shown in fig1 - 6 , belt attachment 100 can accommodate multiple degrees of freedom and operate in various demanding applications . belt attachment 100 is designed for applications where it is desired to resist pitching moments of implements . pitching moments 113 arc resisted in this aspect by two belt attachment points in the lift direction 116 . these two attachment points are accomplished by attaching two crossbars 102 to a belt 101 using pre - drilled belt through - holes 208 and fastening hardware consisting of fasteners 107 , washers 206 , and nuts 108 . a belt cutout 207 can be provided to accept the recessed bearing cavity 209 on the crossbar 102 . the crossbars 102 are preferably positioned at the center of belt teeth so that washers 206 and fastener 107 heads are completely contained within the tooth profile . this allows the belt 101 to travel over a sprocket without modification to the sprocket . in another aspect , crossbars 102 can be positioned at other locations along the lift direction 116 of the belt . in this aspect , sprockets may require grooves to pass the hardware . fasteners 107 can have a shank portion 402 and a threaded portion 403 . crossbar holes 210 can preferably be made to have a locational clearance fit with the shank portion 402 of the fasteners 107 . where high cyclic loads are anticipated , the locational clearance fit significantly reduces the stresses in the threaded portion 403 of the fasteners 107 . due to the compliant nature of belts , washers 206 can be used to distribute the fastener load over a larger area and prevent fastener pull - through . many other types and configurations of fasteners are possible for attaching the crossbars 102 to the belt 101 . examples of different types of fasteners include , but are not limited to , regular bolts and screws with different head shapes , rivets , studs , and shoulder bolls . examples of different configurations of belt attachment 100 include : using a threaded crossbar 102 ; securing the fasteners with various types of locknuts . jam - nuts or lock - washers ; omitting or using various kinds of washers or spring washers , or any combination of the foregoing . the belt to which the attachments are affixed may include “ timing ” or positive drive belts , flat belts , or “ v ” belts , with or without reinforcing material . the belt may be manufactured of any common belt material , and can include flexible material such as , but not limited to , polyurethane , rubber , or neoprene . the belt may also be combined with reinforcing material such as , but not limited to , steel or stainless steel wire or cable , or fibers such as , but not limited to , kevlar , carbon , or fiber glass . contact between the crossbar 102 and belt 101 can be augmented with substantially pyramidal shaped spikes 401 that can engage belt 101 . for belts that are reinforced with tensile members 123 such as steel , kevlar , glass fiber or carbon fiber , it is desirable to design the spikes 401 to engage the tensile members 123 without cutting through them . the spikes 401 can be patterned around the belt through - holes 208 to fall within the belt area covered by the washers 206 , so that belt 101 and tensile members 123 are sandwiched between the washers 206 and crossbars 102 , thus ensuring lull engagement of the spikes 401 . in applications with high loads such as those corresponding to the maximum rated belt power for a given belt speed and / or very high cycle fatigue endurance on the order of tens of millions of cycles , the spikes 401 have not been observed to slip or fracture . in one aspect , spikes 401 withstood belt attachment loads of 9000n on a belt rated for 250 kw for 100 million load cycles without failure . spikes 401 can also be placed in additional locations on the underside of the crossbar 102 . as shown in fig2 - 6 , the bushing roller bearings 300 include a pin 202 . an inner cylinder 203 , a middle cylinder 204 , and an outer cylinder 205 , with cylinders 203 , 204 , 205 disposed concentric to and along the mid - span of the pin 202 . for example , pin 202 is contained within an inner area of inner cylinder 203 ; pin 202 and inner cylinder 203 are contained within an inner area of middle cylinder 204 ; and pin 202 , inner cylinder 203 , and middle cylinder 204 are contained within an inner area of outer cylinder 205 . the bearing subassembly is comprised of two sets of bushing roller bearings 300 disposed between two platforms 103 . it is also possible to use just one cylinder , two cylinders , four cylinders , five cylinders , six cylinders , or more than six cylinders in bushing roller bearings 300 . the pins can be press - fit at both ends to the two platforms , or could be connected by brazing , welding , swaging , heading , fasteners , as well as other methods known to those skilled in the art . in one aspect , a sandwiched pair of spring washer stacks 105 and a sandwiched second pair of spring washer stacks 201 can be used . the bearing subassembly spans the two crossbars 102 and is attached to them so that the outer cylinders 205 of the bearings are sandwiched between a bearing cavity 209 in the crossbar 102 and a mating bearing cavity in a bearing cap 104 . the spring washer stacks 105 and 201 can be disposed on the outside of the bearing cavity 209 and adjacent to ribs 501 in the crossbars 102 and matching ribs in the bearing caps 104 . the bearing caps 104 are held in contact to the crossbars 102 with fasteners 106 that engage threaded holes in the crossbars 102 . the bearing caps 104 and crossbars 102 can also have mating ramps 308 that help align the bearing cavities 209 . the ramps 308 can prevent relative movement between the bearing caps 104 and crossbars 102 in the lift direction 116 and can allow the crossbars 102 to sustain higher stresses . other methods of attaching the bearing caps 104 to the crossbars 102 are acceptable such as rivets , bolts and nuts , brazing , welding , clips , and other methods known to those skilled in the art . further detail for bushing roller bearings 300 is shown in fig3 a . the three concentric cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 are separated from the pin 202 and from one another by three small gaps . gap 304 is positioned between pin 202 and inner cylinder 203 . gap 305 is positioned between inner cylinder 203 and middle cylinder 204 . gap 306 is positioned between middle cylinder 204 and outer cylinder 205 . these gaps ensure slip fits and allow the cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 to translate and rotate relative to the pin 202 , bearing cavity 209 , and one another . in one aspect of the invention , the gaps range in size from approximately 0 mm to approximately 0 . 5 mm . in another aspect , the gaps range in size from approximately 0 . 02 mm to approximately 0 . 3 mm . in a further aspect , the gaps range in size from approximately 0 . 05 mm to approximately 0 . 2 mm . the gaps 304 , 305 , and 306 can also be defined to allow predetermined angles of cocking rotation 120 and rolling rotation 121 . for example , if significant cocking rotation 120 or rolling rotation 121 are expected , gaps 304 , 305 , and 306 could be increased by , for example , increasing the size of the bearing cavity 209 and diameters of cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 . increasing the gaps 304 , 305 , and 306 allows the belt attachment 100 to absorb rotations without transferring cocking moments 114 or rolling moments 115 to the belt 101 . in this example , gaps 304 , 305 , and 306 could also be set to allow predetermined angles of rotation and prevent further belt attachment cocking 120 or rolling rotation 121 . bearing cavity 209 is formed by crossbar 102 and bearing cap 104 and is the area between either crossbar 102 or bearing cap 104 and outer cylinder 205 . gap 307 can be positioned in bearing cavity 209 between outer cylinder 205 and either crossbar 102 or bearing cap 104 . as shown in fig3 a , in one aspect the bearing cavity 209 formed by crossbar 102 and bearing cap 104 is not perfectly circular , but is defined by two tangent arc segments of different radii . this is in contrast to bushing roller bearings that are housed in a circular cavity . in this aspect , gap 307 is therefore not of uniform thickness around the circumference of the bearing 300 . the shape of the bearing cavity 209 can thus be designed to allow for different amounts of pin 202 translation in the lift 116 and drag directions 117 , and / or to limit cocking rotation 120 and rolling rotation 121 independently . in one aspect of the invention , additional gap thickness is needed in the lift direction 116 to accommodate travel around the sprocket where the straight line distance between the two crossbars 102 changes . in this aspect , it is desirable to keep translation in the drag direction 117 to a minimum to minimize pitch rotation 119 . some translation in the drag direction 117 is required , however , to allow for rolling rotation 121 , free moving cylinders , tolerances , and any sprocket misalignment due to windup or tolerances . in another aspect of the invention , it might be desirable to allow a predetermined amount of pitching rotation 119 by increasing the size of the gaps in the drag direction 117 . the crossbar spacing 310 shown in fig3 and depends on several factors . in one aspect , crossbar spacing 310 is two belt pitches , with one pitch being defined as the distance between adjacent belt teeth . for a given pitching moment , placing the crossbars 102 closer together increases the drag loads and therefore total radial loads on the bearings and increases the pitching rotation 119 of the attached implement . however , placing the crossbars 102 closer together also reduces the side translation that each bearing must accommodate for every belt revolution . bearing wear is a function of bearing load and sliding distance and therefore changes with crossbar spacing . crossbar spacing 310 can be optimized for any of these variables or for any other variable of importance . a chart illustrating how design variables vary with crossbar pitch spacing is shown in fig1 . fig1 applies ( o one specific aspect of the invention where lift loads , drag loads , pitching moments and corresponding rotations and translations are all present . the variables listed are “ pin side trans ”, “ bearing wear ”, “ pitch rotation ”, and “ radial load .” “ pin side trans ” refers to pin 202 movement in the side direction 118 as a result of cocking rotation 120 and side translation . “ bearing wear ” describes the combined rate of wear of the bearing 300 components ( pin 202 , concentric cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 , and bearing cavity 209 ) for a bushing roller bearing configuration . “ pitch rotation ” refers to pitching rotation 119 of the platforms 103 or attached implement 901 . “ radial load ” is the combined bearing radial load due to lift loads , drag loads , and moments . the design variables in the chart are normalized , i . e . each has a maximum value of unity , so that they can easily be compared on a single chart . in this aspect of the invention , the maximum “ pin side trans ” is 2 . 5 mm , the maximum “ bearing wear ” is 0 . 08 mm ̂ 3 / hr , the maximum “ pitch rotation ” is 1 . 2 degrees , and the maximum “ radial load ” is 6300 n . fig1 illustrates how crossbar spacing could be selected for a given application . for example , in applications with high pitching moments , the crossbar spacing could be increased to reduce bearing radial loads and pitching angles at the expense of increased bearing wear and pin side translation . in this application , crossbar spacing could conceivably be increased to a value corresponding to the sheave 904 diameter , which in one aspect is twelve belt pitches . if , however , pin side translation is limited by geometrical constraints or deflection of spring washer stacks 105 or 201 , a lower crossbar spacing could be selected . in applications where bearing lifetime is the highest priority , a crossbar spacing could be selected to minimize bearing wear . for the loading scenario shown in fig1 , the optimal range for minimizing bearing wear is approximately two to approximately three belt pitches . in one aspect of the invention , the belt can have a pitch of 32 mm and a crossbar spacing 310 of 64 mm ( 2 pitches ). in another aspect of the invention , a smaller belt can have a pitch of 14 mm and crossbar spacing of 42 mm ( 3 pitches .) for belts without teeth , the crossbar spacing 310 can be similarly optimized for any variable of importance . the belt attachment 100 shown in fig1 - 6 can be used with a set of parallel belts 902 with an implement 901 supported between two belt attachments 100 at attachment points 903 , as shown in fig9 . various implements such as buckets or blades can be attached to the belt attachments using the threaded holes 109 in the platforms 103 . other methods of attaching implements 901 to the platforms 103 are possible such as through - bolts with nuts , brazing , welding , making the platforms and implement an integral single part , or other methods known to those skilled in the art . depending on the application , the implement 901 can be driven by the belts 902 , or the implement 901 can drive the belts 902 to produce power . in either case , loads and moments are imposed on the implements 901 that transfer to the belt 902 through the belt attachments 100 . during a typical cycle , belt attachments 100 travel over a linear portion 905 and then over a curved portion 906 as they travel over the sprockets 904 . rotational movement around sprocket 904 requires each bearing 300 to allow for a predetermined pitching rotation as well as a lift translation due to the change in straight line distance between crossbars 102 over the sprocket 904 . this combined movement of bearing surfaces results in sliding contact between bearing elements , which include the pin 202 , inner cylinder 203 , middle cylinder 204 , outer cylinder 205 , and bearing cavity 209 . this sliding contact results in wear . in the case of a normal bearing that is fixed to its housing , wear would occur at the same location with each cycle , resulting in rapid localized wear . however , for bearings 300 , the bearing cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 experience a net rotation with every cycle and thereby distribute wear evenly over all cylinder bearing surfaces : pin outer surface 311 , inner cylinder inner surface 312 , inner cylinder outer surface 313 , middle cylinder inner surface 314 , middle cylinder outer surface 315 , outer cylinder inner surface 316 , outer cylinder outer surface 317 , and bearing cavity 209 . in other words , the cylinders distribute the wear over a larger contact area leading lo longer maintenance intervals . while wear is a function of force and sliding distance , it is also a function of adhesion between mating materials . adhesive wear is caused by micro - welding and sliding induced rupture between opposing asperities on the rubbing surfaces of mating bodies . similar materials tend to experience a greater degree of attraction and adhesion than dissimilar materials . therefore , in one aspect of the invention , dissimilar materials can be used for adjacent parts and cylinders to reduce adhesive wear . in one aspect of the invention , adjacent parts can be formed of steel and bronze . for example , the pin 202 can be steel , the inner cylinder 203 can be bronze , the middle cylinder 204 can be steel , the outer cylinder can be bronze , and the bearing cavity 209 can be steel . in another aspect , if the pin 202 , inner cylinder 203 , middle cylinder 204 , outer cylinder , and bearing cavity 209 are all made of steel , adhesive wear would be approximately two orders of magnitude greater than when dissimilar materials are used for adjacent parts , depending on the specific materials and whether lubricant is used between adjacent surfaces . any bearing materials known to those skilled in the art could be used for any of the cylinders , including : steel ; stainless steel ; copper alloys , polymers ; composites , including impregnated metals , reinforced plastics , tri - metals , and coated materials . lubricants such as grease , oil , water , or graphite , or others could also be packed between bearings to reduce adhesive wear . as shown in fig9 , it is typical during operation for lift , drag , and moment loads to be placed on implements 901 during linear travel and then for these loads to change over the sprockets 904 . lift loads result in a lift translation of the pins 202 relative to the bearing cavities 209 . this causes the bearing cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 to be forced against the smaller diameter portion of the bearing cavity 209 causing the cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 to bend like a set of leaf springs . because the bearing cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 act like springs during lift , loads , resultant impact forces are reduced . in one aspect of the belt attachment pins 202 can be nominally situated at the center of the bearing cavity 209 with the belt 101 in a linear position , as shown in fig3 . this allows lift loads to be taken evenly by each of the bearings 300 during the linear portion 905 . for lower lift loads , the pins 202 could be offset in opposing lift directions relative to the bearing cavities 209 to reduce lift translation during the linear travel sections . in fig3 , this offset configuration would have the right pin 202 offset to the right side in its bearing cavity 209 and the left pin 202 offset to the left side in its bearing cavity 209 . lift loads on implements 901 can also result in the implement 901 bending unless it is perfectly rigid . bending of the implement 901 manifests itself as a cocking rotation 120 of the belt attachment 100 . at the bearings 300 , this is seen as a side translation and cocking rotation 120 . the amount of side translation is different from one pin 202 to the other pin 202 depending on where the centroid of the implement 901 is located relative to the platform 103 in the lift direction 116 . spring washer stacks 105 and 201 can be used to absorb the side translation and at the same time provide a restoring centering force . depending on the amount of side translation expected per pin , the spring washer stacks 105 or 201 can be configured to provide a high centering force and low displacement or low centering force and high displacement . for example , spring washer stacks 105 could be made from steel and spring washer stacks 201 could be made from plastic if the pin 202 corresponding to the plastic washers 201 experiences much greater side translation than the pin 202 corresponding to the steel washers 105 . the spring washer stacks 105 and 201 can also act to seal and isolate the bearings 300 from the surrounding environment . in another aspect of the invention , when the spring washer stacks 105 and 201 are not needed for their sealing or centering functions , they can be omitted . many other types of springs could be used to provide the centering force such as other types of spring washers , regular compression springs , various types of cantilever springs , elastomeric elements or other methods known to those skilled in the art . in addition , a bonded elastomer , bellows , boot , or other method could be used to seal and isolate bearings 300 from the surrounding environment . lift loads can also result in a pitching moment 113 of the crossbar 102 relative to the belt 101 . the lift load 110 will be reacted at the pin center 302 where it contacts the bearing cavity 209 . in fig3 . the offset 303 of the pin center 302 is shown relative to the pitch line of the belt 301 . as shown , the pin center 302 is coincident with the belt surface 122 . therefore , lift loads will nominally not result , in a pitching moment of the crossbar 102 relative to the belt 101 . this results in negligible pitching rotation of the crossbar 102 relative to the belt 101 , which can lead to lower loads at this crossbar to belt interface 404 and less wear on the belt surface 122 . having the pins 202 and bearings 300 coincident with the belt surface 122 also requires a belt cutout 207 . in another aspect of the invention for applications where the lift loads are lighter , the pin offset 303 can be increased so that , a belt , cutout 207 is no longer required . an example of this configuration is shown in fig7 . a lift load on an implement 901 that is not aligned with the pin centers 302 , can manifest itself as a pitching moment on the belt attachment 100 and be taken by the hearings 300 as opposing drag loads . a pitching moment on an implement 901 can also have the same result . both of these loads will result in a pitching rotation 119 of the belt attachment 100 . the amount of pitching rotation 119 can be limited by reducing the size of the bearing cavity 209 in the drag direction 117 or by increasing the spacing 310 between crossbars 102 . drag loads on implements can result in rolling rotation 121 and side translation of the belt attachments 100 . side translation will result in a side translation of the pins 202 relative to the bearing cavities 209 . this translation can be unconstrained or can be absorbed by spring washer stacks 105 and 201 . rolling rotation of the pins 202 relative to the bearing cavities 209 can be unconstrained until gaps 304 , 305 , 306 , and 307 are reduced to zero on either side of the cylinders 203 , 204 , and 205 . in the conveyor system shown in fig9 , implements 901 are perpendicular to parallel belts 902 . if implements 901 are not perfectly perpendicular to the parallel belts 902 , during operation , one belt attachment 100 will enter the curved section 906 slightly ahead of the parallel belt attachment 100 as a result of windup between parallel sprockets 904 or assembly tolerances . for the bearings 300 , this can result in a drag translation of pins 202 relative to bearing cavities 209 . unless the implement 901 is compliant in the twist direction , large bearing forces could result , causing increased wear and eventual failure . additionally , gaps 304 , 305 , 306 , and 307 can be made large enough to accommodate any anticipated twist due to windup or tolerances . in one example , a windup of 1 . 6 degrees causes a drag translation of 0 . 45 mm . if the total gap distance resulting from the addition of gaps 304 , 305 , 306 , and 307 is equal to or greater than 0 . 45 mm , bearing forces due to windup are eliminated . in the aspect shown in fig3 , each of the three gaps 304 , 305 , and 306 are nominally 0 . 1 mm with gap 307 being absent in the drag direction . if in this aspect the drag translation caused by windup is 0 . 45 mm , the additional 0 . 15 mm is taken up by compliance of implement 901 in twist . the aspect of the belt attachment as described and shown in fig1 - 6 does not substantially constrain cocking rotations , rolling rotations , or side translations . this results in simple support constraints of the attached implement 901 at the two belt attachments points 903 . simple supports are well known beam constraints that allow rotations and therefore do not transfer moments . these simple constraints are coincident with the mid - span of the belt 902 in the side direction 118 and the belt surface 122 in the drag direction 117 . the constraints therefore provide for an evenly distributed force along the width of the belt 902 and minimal transfer of moments to the belt 902 . belt 902 and belt attachment 100 fatigue lifetimes can therefore be substantially increased over prior art designs . at loads corresponding to the maximum rated belt power for a given belt speed , fatigue lifetimes of the belt and entire belt attachment have been observed to reach several tens of millions of cycles without failure . in another aspect of the invention , belt attachment 700 , shown in fig7 . is designed to resist cocking 114 and rolling moments 115 in addition to pitching moments 113 . belt attachment 700 accomplishes these additional restraints through placement of the bearing inner and outer cylinders 2030 and 2050 al the ends of the pins 2020 . the bearing caps 1040 are split and put at the ends of the pins 2020 . the platform 1030 is a single part and is placed at the center of the attachment 700 . in certain applications , belt attachment 700 can support loads in certain orientations , such as cantilevered loads , for example as shown in fig1 . belt attachment 700 can also provide additional cocking stability for a centrally - supported configuration , for example , as shown in fig1 and 12 . fig7 also includes several other aspects of the invention . for example , belt 1010 in fig7 does not include cutouts , as all of the attachment system 700 is located above the back of belt 1010 . this design preserves the tensile reinforcements in belt 1010 , and reduces manufacturing steps . however , belt attachment 700 is preferable for lower load cases where the resulting moment between crossbar 1020 and belt surface 1220 is acceptable . this moment is caused by pin offset 3030 in fig7 being greater than pin offset 303 shown in fig3 . the pin offset 303 results in zero moment because pin center 302 is coincident with belt surface 122 . any pin offset 3030 that is greater than this , i . e . pin center 3020 is offset from belt surface 1220 , will result in a non - zero moment and relative pitching rotation between crossbar 1020 and belt surface 1220 . the architecture shown in fig7 is possible if the lift loads 110 are low enough or the fatigue cycles are low enough to prevent unwanted belt wear caused by the relative pitching rotation described above . additionally the attachment 700 illustrated in fig7 utilizes a smaller spacing 3100 between crossbars 1020 . in this aspect , the crossbar spacing is one belt pitch or 32 mm . this compact spacing reduces the motions undertaken by the bearing components as the system articulates over a sprocket or sheave , but allows for greater implement pitching rotation . fig8 illustrates another belt attachment 800 in accordance with the present invention . this aspect is very similar to belt attachment 100 in fig1 - 6 , with the main difference being the use of a different type of bearing . rather than utilizing bushing roller bearings 300 , the bearing 802 illustrated in fig8 is an elastomeric bearing 802 . bearing 802 has a rigid interior 2021 and exterior cavity 2091 joined together by a bonded elastomer 801 . exterior cavity 2091 is comprised of matching substantially cylindrical cavities in crossbar 1021 and bearing cap 1041 . in one aspect , bonded elastomer 801 includes concentric laminae comprising alternating strata of elastomeric materials and rigid materials . in another aspect , the number of laminae , materials of composition of each laminae , and relative proportions of the laminae can be altered . additionally , the laminae can be composed of continuous , or interrupted , segments , as may best fit the intended use , without deviating from the intent of this belt attachment . the elastomeric bearing may be designed in a number of ways , with the elastomeric members performing a combination of functions including sealing of the rigid concentric members , provision of stability , and / or load carrying capabilities . the elastomeric bearing design can be further optimized to allow for different spring rates in the lift , drag , and translation directions . rigid concentric members consisting of fully cylindrical or partial arc sections can be added or subtracted to increase or decrease stiffness , respectively , in various directions . an aspect of a conveyor system 900 is shown in fig9 . in this aspect , a plurality of implements 901 are attached at attachment points 903 to a pair of belt assemblies 902 arranged in a parallel manner . the belts , and the attachment points 903 , are spaced apart from each other . the belts operate over sprockets 904 . the implements 901 spanning the two belts 902 can take any of a wide variety of forms depending upon the anticipated use of the resulting system . for example , the implement 901 could instead be a rake , for use in a trash rack cleaning device ; a platform or a specialized component for use in a conveyance device ; a bar for use in a bulk - materials moving machine ; and an aero - or hydro - dynamic profile for use in a kinetic energy conversion device , such as a turbine or a fan . in all of these aspects , and others which will be clear to those practiced in the art , the loads on the implement ( lift loads , drag loads , and moments ) are passed into the belts 902 through the belt attachments ( e . g . belt attachment 100 ) of the subject invention , and the resulting strains due to mechanical deformation under stress are borne by the belt attachments ( e . g . belt attachment 100 ). the machine described in this aspect may not require both sets of sprockets 904 illustrated . for example , it may be desirable to build a similar machine using one upper axle with two sprockets . this type of arrangement could find use as a trash rack for water intakes , for example , where it is desirable to reduce the number of submerged components in the machine . an additional aspect of a conveyor system 1000 is shown in the machine illustrated in fig1 . in this aspect , a plurality of implements 1001 are attached at attachment points 1003 to a single belt assembly 1002 . the implement 1001 can take a wide variety of forms in the same manner as described in fig9 . in this aspect , it may be desirable for the implement or alternate implement to remain at a specific angle relative to the vector of belt travel as shown in fig1 as a rotation 120 about the y axis . the implements 1001 illustrated in fig1 are orientated perpendicular to the vector of belt travel . in other applications , this angle may be any arbitrary value , as dictated by the intended use . for example , in a bulk transport device designed to move materials or fluids from one side of the machine to the other along the x axis , the implements could be attached at an acute angle , such as 45 degrees , relative to the vector of belt travel , by rotation about the attachment y - axis . to help restrain cocking rotations , belt attachment system 700 can be used , as shown in fig7 . a benefit of belt attachment system 700 is the simplification of the system by reducing quantity of components required to accomplish the stabilization of the implement 1001 while undergoing motion . for example , typical conveying machines require many additional components such as complex systems of rollers , bearings , guide rails , and supporting framing , to stabilize the load in a recirculating conveyor platform . many of these complex systems could be eliminated by the incorporation of the belt attachment system ( e . g . belt attachment 700 ), since it can inherently provide stability in multiple axes , while also withstanding large loads and high fatigue cycles . fig1 is a detailed cross - sectional view of the implement 1001 and conveyor system 1000 illustrated in fig1 . an implement 1001 is attached with bolts 1103 to the belt attachment 1101 , which communicates loads to the belt assembly 1002 . the shape of the implement 1001 is largely irrelevant ; as mentioned previously this component can be any load - bearing implement as dictated by the intended application . the pay load will , have a center of mass 1105 positioned at a distance 1107 from the belt pitchline 1106 , causing a pitching moment about the belt 1002 . the distance 1107 may be in the direction illustrated , but it may also be zero ( coincident ), or it may lie on the opposite side of the belt 1002 . any of these examples will result in some value ( including zero ) of pitching moment which the belt attachment 1101 must resist . additionally , dynamic operation may cause moments and loads different from static operation . high pitching moments or pitching rotations could be further accommodated by moving the crossbars 102 of the belt attachment 1101 farther apart on the belt in the lift direction ( refer to spacing 310 ). another aspect of a conveyor system 1200 is shown in fig1 . a plurality of load - bearing implements 1203 are attached to the belt assembly 1202 by a plurality of attachment points 1201 . the belt assembly 1202 operates around a plurality of sprockets 1204 . these components , combined with structural support components such as bearings and frame components not shown , comprise a module 1205 . pairs of these modules , such as 1205 and 1206 , operate in an opposed manner to move a plurality of payloads 1207 from one elevation to another . motions of the system are indicated by the arrows . more than one pair of modules may be configured . in another aspect of the invention , instead of one pair of modules , there could be two or more pairs . these alternate configurations may be desirable to provide for larger load capacity or greater stability , for example . the means of conveyance of the payload 1207 into and out of communication with the lift modules 1205 and 1206 may be accomplished with a large number of possible options , such as conveyor belts or other systems familiar to one skilled in the art of materials conveyance . another aspect of a conveyor system 1300 is illustrated in fig1 . in this aspect , a load - bearing platform 1301 is cantilevered off of a belt , system 1302 . the connection between the platform and the belt is provided at the attachment point 1303 . this aspect utilizes the ability of conveyor system 1300 to react to the resulting cantilever moment while providing a load bearing surface 1301 orientated at a stable angle 1304 relative to the belt . to help restrain cocking rotations , belt attachment system 700 can be used , as shown in fig7 . the platform illustrated is perpendicular to the belt , but the angle 1304 may be fixed at any arbitrary angle that may be desirable fox the intended use . similar to the discussion for fig1 , a different angle 1304 may be desirable to transferring materials or fluids in a certain direction . the platform illustrated may also fake the form of any load - bearing component , or system , such as an aero - or hydro - dynamic foil for use in an energy - conversion system such as a fan or turbine ; any desired shape for use in a material mixing or stirring application ; a platform to convey loads from one elevation to another : or any other such aspect as may be apparent to one skilled in the art . | 1 |
referring now to the accompanying drawings , a preferred test kit of the invention 10 has a body member 12 including an upwardly open tray divided into two compartments 14 and 16 by a longitudinally extending upright partition wall 18 . two outer edges of the larger open compartment 14 are closed by upstanding walls 20 and 22 . upstanding partition 18 closes a third inner side of compartment 14 , the fourth side of compartment 14 being open at 24 . the larger compartment 14 of the tray in the test kit contains a well 26 integral with the base 30 of the compartment 14 . the well 26 is open at 28 through base 30 of compartment 14 but is closed on its four sides and the bottom 32 which is upward in fig1 and downward in fig2 . the well 26 is preferably transparent although it is only necessary that it be open at 28 to make its contents visible . the well 26 is filled with a test composition 32 containing urea and a dye indictor which changes color when a gastric biopsy specimen containing helicobacter pylori is placed in the well . the well 26 containing the test composition 32 is closed at its open side 28 by a peelable sealing means 34 which extends over an indentation 62 in the open end 24 of compartment 14 . the peelable sealing means 34 is peelably adhered to the back of lower surface 30 of the compartment 14 . a means for handling a biopsy specimen is removably mounted in the second longitudinal compartment 16 which is upwardly and downwardly open as shown in fig1 and 3 . the means for handling the biopsy specimen is preferably a pick 36 having an elongated shaft 38 having a tapered bifurcated point 40 at one end and a forked 42 device at the other end including a sharp point 44 and a blunt prong or spatula 46 . the means for handling a biopsy specimen such as the pick 36 is removably mounted in the compartment 16 by any suitable means such as by an adhesive or by a frangible integral molded joint . in the preferred embodiment shown in fig1 and 3 , the pick 36 is integrally but frangibly molded with a boss 48 which is firmly molded with or mounted on the wall 18 and extending into the compartment 16 . the longitudinal compartment 16 containing the pick 36 has a deformable outer wall 50 which may optionally have a boss 52 extending into compartment 16 adjacent to or in contact with the pick 36 . the pick 36 preferably has an enlargement 54 at the center of its shaft 38 intermediate the boss 48 and boss 52 . the pick 36 is broken away from its frangible connection with boss 48 by deformation of the wall 50 , by thumb pressure of the user or otherwise , to press the wall 50 inwardly to force the boss 52 into contact with the enlarged portion 54 of the pick to break it away from its frangible mounting on the boss 48 . an especially preferred embodiment of the means for mounting and demounting the pick is shown in fig4 and 5 in which the preferred configuration of the boss 48 extends outwardly from the inner wall 18 of the compartment 16 and has an upper planar side 56 and a lower slanting side 58 and a generally triangular cross section . the central enlarged portion 54 of the pick is frangibly connected to the under side of the lower slanting edge 58 of the flange 48 . as the wall 50 is deformed inwardly by thumb pressure as shown in fig3 the enlarged portion 54 of the pick is forced against the slanted surface 58 of the boss 48 until the connection is broken between the pick and flange and the pick is freed from its mounting . having freed the pick 36 , it may be used as shown in fig7 and 6 to pick up the biopsy specimen by the point 44 as in fig7 and to force it into the test composition 32 in the well 26 with the bifurcated point 40 as seen in fig6 . as shown in fig7 the spatula 46 of forked end 42 of the pick 36 may alternatively be used to place the biopsy specimen in the test composition , as seen in phantom . in other words , the specimen is placed in the well 26 with either spatula 46 or point 44 of the pick 36 , and then submerged in composition 32 with bifurcated point 40 . point 40 does not pierce the specimen so there is no tendency to pull the specimen out of the composition upon withdrawal of the pick . fig8 shows the use of the peelable sealing means 34 to re - seal the well 26 after insertion of the biopsy specimen . this peelable sealing means may also serve as a label to record the identity of the patient , the time and date of the test as shown in fig8 . as shown in fig1 the other side of the peelable sealing means 34 preferably carries a spectrum of colors and designations of the ph and negative ( e . g . light green ), slightly positive ( e . g . medium green ), moderately positive ( e . g . dark green ), and markedly positive responses ( e . g . very dark green or blue ), to this test . other information and instructions may also be shown on this peelable label which can be read through the preferably transparent surface of the bottom wall 30 of compartment 14 . other embodiments of the invention will be apparent from the preferred embodiments described above . | 8 |
the following description of the structure of the invention in its various embodiments with reference to the drawings will aid in understanding the subsequently - to - be - described functioning of the various components of the invention . in fig . i , a designates the assembled unit of the invention whether the unit is to be employed as a pump or a motor . b designates the pump / motor unit , and c designates the controller unit . the housing for the pump / motor unit comprises a cylindrical sleeve 1 which is fitted between end plates 3 and 3a ( fig . xviii ), being the power side and plate and the output side end plate respectively . a plurality of housing bolts 3b pass through end plate 3a and are secured in end plate 3 . at least one inlet port 3c and at least one outlet port 3d are formed in at least one end plate . depending upon the use to which the pump / motor unit may be put , one or more inlet and outlet ports may be formed in each end plate . crankshaft 14 ( fig . xviii ) extends through the power side end plate 3 . when the unit is to be used as a pump , the crankshaft 14 is connected to a power source by any of the various well known means . in similar manner , when the unit is to be employed as a motor , the crank shaft 14 is coupled to the device to be driven . the housing for the controller unit is similar to that of the pump / motor unit . the cylindrical sleeve 1 continues from the pump / motor unit to enshroud the controller unit . this unit also has two end plates , 30 being the end plate abutting the output side end plate 3a of the pump / motor unit and 30a being the outside end plate of the controller unit . the controller unit is connected to the pump unit by housing bolts 31b which are secured in the outer surface of end plate 3a of the pump / motor unit . control rod assembly 54 of the controller unit has journals 54a in controller end plates 30 and 30a fig . xxiv . control rod cam assembly 55 actuates the controller cams , of which only outer controller cam sleeve 51 is visible in fig . i as will be explained subsequently . fig . ii , the output end plate 3a has on its interior surface a recess 2a for the adaptor plate 2 seen in fig . iii . the power side end plate 3 has an identical recess on its interior surface . aperture 14d receives the pump / motor crankshaft assembly seen in figs . v - vii and xvi . the apertures 10 for the housing bolts 3b have a seal 11 in end plate 3a . in end plate 3 the housing bolts are received in tapped holes 10b and require no seals . the inlet and outlet ports 3c and 3d respectively in end plate 3a match up with circular conduits on the underside of adaptor plate 2 as will be subsequently seen . a plurality of l - shaped grooves 21 are formed in the inner surface of end plates 3a to provide for the influx of fluid to be pressurized in the instance of use of the pump / motor unit as a pump or of pressurized fluid when the unit is being employed as a motor . similarly , an equal plurality of opposing l - shaped grooves 22 is formed in the surface of end plate 3a to provide an outlet for the fluid pressurized when the unit is employed as a pump and an outlet for the de - pressurized or reduced pressurized fluid received when the unit is employed as a motor . the structural and operational relationships of grooves 21 and 22 with the cylinders and pistons and the adaptor plate will be explained subsequently . port 12a receives lubricating fluid for the crankshaft , cylinder and piston assemblies as will be explained . as seen in fig . iii , the underside of the adaptor plate 2 contains a plurality of concentric channels formed in the surface of the underside about the aperture 14d for the crankshaft . channel 12e receives the lubricating fluid from port 12 ( fig . ii ). the lubricating fluid from this channel is conducted to the various bearings through port 24 as will be explained . the lubricating fluid is returned through port 25a into channel 25 . the incoming fluid which is to be pressurized within the pump or is under pressure when the unit is a motor is received from inlet port 3c in the end plate 3a into channel 28 . the outgoing fluid from the pump / motor unit flows around channel 27 to outlet port 3d in end plate 3a . the adaptor plate for end plate 3 may contain the same number of concentric channels and lubricating ports or the channels 27 and 28 may be omitted since the fluid inlet and outlet ports are not normally provided on end plate 3 . in some usages , fluid inlet and outlet ports may be necessary on both end plates . in the instance when hydraulic fluid is employed , a separate lubricating oil will not be required . instead , a small quantity of the pressurized hydraulic fluid will be passed into the channel 25 for circulation for lubrication of the various bearings and seals and returned into channel 12 to be passed through the lubricating route provided and explained subsequently . this will require making a small cut in the wall between channels 28 and 25 . a peripheral channel 30 is formed in the edge of adaptor plate 2 to receive any lubricating fluid which may pass by the cylinder and piston seal assemblies . it is drained from channel 30 by port 26 ( figs . iv and v ) and will collect in the bottom of the housing from whence it may be drained by plug 1a fig . viii . in fig . iv , the novel elements shown in figs . ii and iii have been placed in operational relationships and other novel elements of the invention have been added . the upper side of the adapter plate 2 has not been shown separately but since it contains but a few openings , it can be seen with sufficient clarity in fig . iv . when the adapter plate is inserted in operational relationship to the end plate 3a , it will be seen that the l - shaped slots 21 and 22 in the interior surface of end plate 3a having matching extensions 21a and 22a respectively , in the surface of adaptor plate 2 . the extensions 21a extend just beyond the inner edge of channel 28 on the underside of plate 2a to provide incoming flow of the fluid from channel 28 into slot 21 and into the chamber as will be explained . similarly , extension 22a extends just beyond the inner edge of channel 27 on the underside of plate 2 to provide for outgoing flow of fluid from the chamber via slot 22 . since channel 27 is farther from the outer edge of plate 2 , extension 22a is longer than extension 21a . the number of extensions 21a and 22a will be determined by the number of cylinders in the unit which can range from 1 to 4 , although the 3 and 4 cylinder arrangements will normally be used . since a four cylinder arrangement is the most complex , fig . iv is employed to show the novel sealing ring assemblies 7 , each of which assemblies comprises on resilient expansible sealing ring 7a which is inserted in a matching recess 7b in both the surface of adaptor plate 2 and the surface of end plate 3a . the sealing ring 7a is an inverted u - shape with one leg angled slightly . the interior of the ring forms a channel which is closed by another ring 7c ( fig . viii ). when end plate 3a is laying with the shown surface upward , the ring protrudes slightly above the surface so that when the end plate is assembled , the cylinder of the invention will press the sealing ring back into the recess sufficiently to forming a sealing fit between the end wall of the cylinder and the surface of the end plate / adaptor plate . the outer two - thirds of the sealing ring is provided with a plurality of spaced apertures 23 for the flow of lubrication fluid into and out of the sealing ring recess for lubricating the end walls of the cylinders as well as the matching surface of the end plate / adaptor plate . in a similar manner the inner third of each sealing ring 7a is provided with a plurality of spaced apertures 23a which not only insure lubrication of this portion of the sealing ring 7a but also provide lubricating oil for the novel piston assemblies of the present invention as will be explained subsequently . fig . iv for the end plate of the 4 - cylinder embodiment shows that the sealing rings , and therefore the cylinders are radially positioned about the crankshaft at a 90 ° spacing . for the 3 - cylinder embodiment the sealing rings would be positioned at 120 ° spacings . in the instance of a 2 - cylinder embodiment , the spacing of the sealing ring assemblies would be 180 ° about the center line of the crankshaft . the use of only 1 cylinder is within the scope of the present invention and hence the sealing ring assembly for such an embodiment would be positioned on a radial of the end plate . two of the most novel aspects of the present invention are the cylinder assemblies and the piston assemblies associated therewith to provide the pivotable expansible compression chambers . the individual components , cylinder assembly and piston assembly , are shown in figs . ix - xiv and xxii . their working relationship can be seen in figs . v - viii . figs . v , vi and vii show three embodiments of the invention and differ primarily in number of cylinder and piston assemblies . since only the number of components is the variant , the same reference numerals are employed in figs . v - vii . again , since the 4 - cylinder embodiment is the most complex , it will be the embodiment , as shown in fig . v , upon which the detailed description is based . generally , only one cylinder assembly and one piston assembly will be described . however , it is to be understood that such description applies to each cylinder assembly and piston assembly unless indicated otherwise . within the housing of the embodiment shown in fig . v there is to be seen a compression chamber assembly d , one of four , but may be one of one , two or three . this assembly comprises a cylinder assembly 4 , a piston assembly 6 and a crankshaft 14 upon which the piston assembly 6 is rotatably journaled . the cylinder assembly 4 comprises an inverted , u - shaped cross section cylinder 4a with a trunnion 5 on each end . as is seen in fig . xxii , the cylinder 4a is of rectangular form with a rectangular chamber 4b formed by the cylinder side walls 4c interiorly thereof . the trunnion 5 is integrally formed on each end wall 4d of the cylinder . as can be seen in fig . viii , each trunnion 5 is mounted in a trunnion recess 5a in each end plate . between each trunnion 5 and its recess 5a are means 5b to provide friction - free movement of the trunnion within the recess . this means may be in the form of a bushing , a bearing or a self - lubricating material such as tetraflorochloroethylene or equivalent compositions . the friction elimination means , if a bushing or bearing , may be in the form of an insert which is fitted into the recess 5 or it may be fitted onto the trunnion 5 . if a self lubricating material is used , the material may be an insert fitted into the recess 5 or fitted on the trunnion 5 or both . the choice of the friction - eliminating means 5b will be determined by the use of the unit and / or the composition of the fluid which will be passed through the unit . each trunnion 5 has an axial slot 15 on the upper and lower surfaces and an annular ring 15a interconnecting these slots for lubricating oil received from apertures 23 in sealing ring 7a . as seen in figs . v , vi , vii , ix - xiv , the piston assembly 6 shown has a block - like rectangular form comprising a piston head 6a and a piston rod 6b formed integrally with the piston head . the block - like form simplifies manufacture since it may be made from a rolled or drawn rod of proper cross - section . the piston head has vertical side walls 6c and end walls 6d . in the piston head shown in the foregoing figures just mentioned , the vertical side and end walls 6c and 6d have a peripheral recess 6e parallel to and spaced vertically downwardly from the piston head surface 6f . this recess 6e holds the novel pressure and lubricating sealing ring assembly 8 of the present invention . as seen in fig . xiv and xv with reference to the fig . vi , this novel ring assembly comprises two sets of two pairs of identical , rectangularly formed , notched plates 8a and 8b . each pair is pivotally joined at their respective intersection by a connecting pin 8c . each pair also has on its inner face 8d a vertical slot 8e which receives an end of the piston sealing assembly spring 8f which , as can be seen in figs . xiv and xv is flat with curved ends to be fitted into slots 8e , the spring resting against the inner wall 6g of recess 6e . in this manner , the spring maintains a free spacing between the sealing plates and the inner wall 6g of recess 6c for flow of lubricating oil in the recess and out through apertures 19 in the piston sealing plates into the groove 18 on the outer side of the plate . the piston head top surface 6f of the piston head is joined to the vertical end and side surfaces 6c and 6d by a chamfered surface 6h . the purpose of the chamfered edge is to allow the piston head to rise within the cylinder chamber to the fullest extent possible , including substantially full contact between the cylinder chamber upper surface and the piston head top surface . as seen in figs . ix and x the piston rod 6b is substantially a rectangular block depending from the underside of the piston head and is made integral therewith with a rounded lower end 6j . the rod 6b has an aperture 6k to receive the crankshaft 14 . the aperture 6e retains the piston rod crankshaft bushing 6m . the piston rod crankshaft bushing 6m may be of a roller bearing type well known in the art . to those skilled in the art , it will be apparent that a recess ( not shown ) may be formed on each side of the piston rod crankshaft aperture 61 for the insertion of well known ball bearing races . alternatively , depending upon the use of the invention , bushings in the form of bearings , per se , may be omitted and an insert of a self - lubricating , friction free material such as tetraflurochloreythylchloride or other similar well known material having the same properties may be placed within the aperture 61 and a complimentary coating of the same material may be placed on the crankshaft . within the scope of the invention , piston rod 6b has a lesser width along the axis of the crankshaft as shown in fig . x , i . e ., forming a t - shape . the piston rod of the present invention is unique and novel in comparison with the present state of the art of piston rods in that there is no need to provide the portion of the piston rod which encircles the crankshaft with an upper and lower segment which must be bolted together . additionally , there is no articulation between the cylinder and piston . the pistons employed in the present invention differ from each other only in the structure of the piston rod in the various embodiments shown in figs . ix - xiii . the piston rods , however , have a common feature and that is , equal cross - sectional area . thus , the number 2 - 4 pistons shown in figs . xi - xiii have two depending spaced piston rods 6b in order to be accommodated on the crankshaft 14 in a straddling fashion as can be seen in fig . viii . in addition to the lubrication for the piston head previously provided , means are provided on the piston rods to lubricate the piston rod crankshaft bushing as well as conduct oil from the piston sealing recess 6c to the bearing ; an aperture 16 is formed on each side of each piston rod 6b intersecting piston lubrication channel 20 and being connected by channel 17 passing along the face of the piston rod and becoming a bore 17 &# 39 ; as it passes through the piston head to piston seal recess 6e . another aspect of the novel piston of the present invention which is common to all forms of the piston is the arcuate under surface 6i of each piston head . this arcuate surface accommodates the arcuate end 6j of each other piston rod . this arcuate surface is formed on each side of each piston rod with the exception of the piston rod on the number 4 piston . on this latter piston , the arcuate surface is formed only between the inner surfaces of each piston rod , the outer surface of each piston rod of a number 4 piston being flush with the piston head . referring now to fig . viii , and reading generally from left to right , a fitting plate e , indicated in phantom , may be provided to provide support between the pump / motor unit a and the power source ( not shown ) so that the weight of the unit a is not borne by the crankshaft 14a as end portion 14f is connected to the power shaft ( not shown ) by known devices such as keying ( not shown ). in lieu of fitting plate e , a footed plate ( not shown ) may be used when the unit a is to be supported on the mounting for the power source . in either instance , it is contemplated that such supporting plate would be bolted to the external face of end plate 3 in a conventional manner . other forms of support for unit a will occur to those of skill in the art . in assembly of unit a , end plate 3 is placed horizontal with its interior surface upward . the trunnion seals 5a are then inserted into the trunnion seal recesses 5b in end plate 3 . the adaptor plate 2 is then inserted into the adaptor plate recess 2a in end plate 3 . the cylinder sealing ring assemblies 7a and 7c are then inserted into the cylinder sealing recesses 7b , one for each cylinder in the embodiment employed in the adaptor plate 2 inserted in end plate 3 . cylindrical sleeve seal 9 is inserted in sleeve seal recess 9a in end plate 3 . each piston assembly is put together by placing a piston sealing spring 8f in the recesses 8e in each of a pair of piston sealing rings 8a and 8b pivotally pinned together by pin 8c ( fig . xiva , b , c ) and the placing of each of the pairs in the piston sealing ring recess 6e in each piston . the crankshaft bearings 13 are inserted into the crankshaft bearing recesses 61 in each piston rod 6b . each compression chamber assembly is then assembled by inserting each piston assembly into the inner chamber 4b of the cylinder 4a so that the piston sealing ring pairs 8b which are biased by piston sealing ring spring 8f and are in contact with the inner walls 4c of the chamber 4b , thus leaving the piston sealing ring pairs 8a on each open end of each cylinder . the assembly of the crankshaft is then begun . the crankshaft sleeve 14a ( figs . xvi - xix ) is placed on the end of the crankshaft which is to be inserted in end plate 3 . the crankshaft / sleeve bearing 13 is inserted in crankshaft bearing recess 14b in end plate 3 . it is to be noted ( figs . xvi - xix ) that the centerline of the crankshaft is parallel but spaced from the centerline of the sleeve . each compression chamber assembly in the embodiment to be employed is then placed in proper relationship with the other compression assemblies so that the piston rod 6b of each assembly is in proper relationship to the other piston rods whereby a cylindrical form of the length of the cylinder is formed . as seen in fig . viii , piston rod 6b no . 1 is straddled by piston rod 6b no . 2 , which in turn is straddled by piston rod 6b no . 3 . with the compression chamber assemblies thus properly aligned , the end of the crankshaft 14 opposite the end bearing the crankshaft sleeve 14a is then inserted through the crankshaft bearings 13 which are mounted in the crankshaft bearing recesses 6e in each piston rod until the piston rods are flush with surface 14d of the crankshaft 14 . with end plate 3 lying horizontally with the cylinder sealing ring assemblies upward , the crankshaft carrying the compression chamber assemblies is then slid into the crankshaft bearing 13 in end plate 3 . the assemblies are pivotally moved around the crankshaft until the one trunnion 5 of each assembly can be fitted into its proper recess and the crankshaft on compression chamber assemblies are moved into seating engagement with the surface of end plate 3 and adaptor plate 2 inserted therein . cylindrical sleeve 1 is then placed into position over end plate 3 with end plate recess 1a abutting end plate 3 . crankshaft sleeve 14a is placed over stub shaft 14f &# 39 ; and crankshaft bearing 13a is inserted into end plate 3a . end plate 3a is then assembled in the same manner as described above with reference to end plate 3 and the portion of the pump / motor unit a previously assembled is inserted into end plate 3a in the manner described for end plate 3 . at this juncture , the pump / motor unit is assembled by insertion of the pump / motor unit a housing bolts 3b . if the thus assembled unit a is to be employed as a pump or motor without the controller unit , it will be apparent that end plate 3a will have a recess 14b &# 39 ; to receive the crankshaft bearing 13 and the end portion 14f &# 39 ; of the crankshaft which will not be accessible from the outside of unit a . this is indicated in fig . viii by dotted line . controller b is assembled in the following general manner , ( figs . xvi - xix , xx , xxiii and xxiv ) . controller cam shaft keys 14c are inserted into controller cam shaft key recesses 50a in the end of controller cam shaft 50 which is to be joined to crankshaft 14 . inner controller cam key 50a is inserted into inner cam key recess 50b in controller cam shaft 50 . inner controller cam 52 is then fitted onto cam shaft 50 by sliding key 50a into key recess 52a milled into inner cam 52 . as best seen in fig . xvi , note that the center line 63 of shaft 50 is coaxial with center line 61 of the power source shaft 14f and that center line 64 of cam 52 is coaxial with center line 61 of crankshaft sleeve 14a . outer controller cam 51 is then slid over inner control cam 52 so that the outer cam control slot 51a is perfectly matched in crossing pattern with inner cam control groove 52b , and slot 51a &# 39 ; is matched in cross pattern with groove 52b &# 39 ;. controller cam shaft 50 is then assembled by sliding controller cam shaft keys along recesses 14e in crankshaft 14 ; controller end plate 30 is then fitted over the controller cam shaft as assembled by sliding the cam shaft aperture 30a over the assembled shaft until the end plate 30 is in contact with end plate 3a . control rod assembly journal 45a is inserted into journal recess 30b in end plate 30 . control rod assembly 54 comprises a control shaft 54b , one end of which is to be fitted into journals 54a in end plate 30 , the opposite end having a perpendicularly extending lever 54c which is employed to turn the control shaft as will be explained subsequently . the lever 54c is secured on control shaft 54b and is mounted on upper control cam assembly 55 . the assembly comprises a camming unit 55a having a camming groove 55b , the camming unit 55a can be secured to the shaft 54b by a key 55c , a set screw or similar devices , or the camming unit may be formed by milling a piece of stock to produce the shaft 54b and the camming unit 55a as an integral part thereof . the camming unit 55a further includes an upper cam roller 55d positioned within camming groove 55b . the roller 55d is rotatably mounted on shaft 55c which is fixedly positioned in cam assembly housing 55e . cam assembly housing 55e has a cylindrical form as can be seen in fig . xxiv with due reference to fig . viii . camming unit 55a also includes a stabilizer plate 55f which extends parallel to control shaft 54b , is securable to the interior surfaces of controller end plates 30 and 30a and carries a slot 55g which is fitted around and precludes the rotational movement of cam assembly housing 55e during operation of the pump / motor unit . the cam assembly housing 55e surrounds a controller cam housing 55h which has an aperture 55s to accept outer and inner controller cams 51 and 52 and carries the lower roller cams 55i and 55j which are fitted into the cam slot 51a and 51a &# 39 ; and cam groove 52b and 52b &# 39 ; respectively in outer controller cam 51 and inner controller cam 52 respectively . the roller cams 55i and 55j are rotatably mounted on lower roller cam shafts 55k which are mounted in bores 55l in the housing 55h . each upper surface of roller cam shaft 55k has a keyway 55m which matches a keyway 55n in the upper surface of each bore 55l . a key 55p is fitted into keyways 55m and 55n to secure the roller cam shaft 55k within housing 55h and also to prevent rotation of the roller cam shaft . the cam assembly housing 55e has closed back surface 55t with a bore to fit over the controller cams . the housing 55h is fitted over the controller cams into contact with a first roller bearing assembly 55r mounted on the inner surface of housing back 55t . a second roller bearing assembly 55u in an assembly mounting plate 55u &# 39 ; is inserted into a recess 55v in housing 55e and provides rotational support against uncontrolled lateral movement of housing 55h . roller bearing assembly 55u is held in recess 55v by a split ring 55w insertable into a groove 55x in housing 55e . when the elements of the controller unit are in the positions shown in figs . viii and xxiii and xxiv , the unit permits the pump / motor unit to function with full output of pressurized fluid as will be described subsequently . in the position of elements shown in figs . viii and xxiii , the lever 54c is in an upright position . the upper control cam assembly 55 is stationary . within the cam assembly housing 55e , the housing 55h will rotate since the inner and outer controller cams 51 and 52 are rotating with controller cam shaft 50 which is locked to crankshaft 14 , and the roller cams 55i and 55j are held in their positions in cam slot 51a and cam groove 52b by the fact that cam shaft 55k is secured in housing 55h which is rotating about shaft 50 because key 55p locks housing 55h and cam shaft 55k against independent movement . the rotation of control lever 54c on shaft 54 in a counter clockwise direction produces a rotational movement of camming unit 55a . as camming unit 55a is rotated by shaft 54 , camming groove 55b , by its rotation , causes upper camming roller 55d to move in camming groove 55b towards the pump / motor unit . as camming roller 55d moves , its connection to cam assembly housing 55e causes this housing to move equally toward the pump / motor unit . the movement of housing 55e , even though this housing is rotating about shaft 50 , moves lower camming rollers 55i along camming slots 51a and 51a &# 39 ; in outer controller cam 51 thereby rotating outer controller cam 51 in a clockwise direction while simultaneously moving lower camming rollers 55j along camming slots 52b and 52b &# 39 ; in inner controller cam 52 thereby causing inner controller cam 52 to rotate in a counter clockwise direction . as inner controller cam 52 rotates in the counter clockwise direction , such rotation causes controller cam shaft 50 to similarly rotate in a clockwise direction . the counterclockwise rotation of cam shaft 50 , which is keyed to the crankshaft 14 of the pump / motor unit , rotates the crankshaft sleeves 14a and 14a &# 39 ; which are secured to crankshaft 14 . this rotation of crankshaft sleeve 14a and 14a &# 39 ; progressively moves the path circumscribed by the axis of rotation of crankshaft 14 above the power source shaft stub 14f from a position of parallel to , but spaced from , the centerline of the axis of rotation of the shaft of the power source to a position coaxial with the axis of rotation of the shaft of the power source as seen in figs . xxia - xxic . in this position of coaxiality , the pistons in all chamber assemblies are placed in a neutral position ; i . e ., the pistons will not move upwardly or downwardly as the shaft upon which they are mounted continues to rotate . in such a position the pistons cease to provide compression and decompression within the cylinders and the output from the pump / motor unit is substantially zero , thus placing the pump / motor unit in a neutral position or non - power producing status even though the power source continues to operate at the same speed or , in fact , at any speed . to reverse the power output from the pump / motor unit , the control lever 54c is rotated clockwise to the position shown in fig . viii and the related elements are consequentially moved in patterns reverse to those just described and in summary , the path circumscribed by the crankshaft 14 axis of rotation is moved from coaxiality with the axis of rotation of the shaft of the power source to a position wherein the axis of rotation of the crankshaft 14 is again parallel to , but spaced from , the axis of rotation of the shaft of the power source . within the controller unit , the only truly continuously moving part is the controller cam housing 55h . since this housing is not in frictional engagement with cam assembly housing 55e there is no problem of lubrication to prevent wear between the two housings . nonetheless , all surfaces of the controller unit have a coating of any friction - free material , such as tetrachlorofluorethylene ( teflon ) or any similar material having the same friction - free properties . in the present invention , one of the most important aspects to be understood is the crankshaft . as can be seen in fig . viii and figs . xvi - xix from the power source shafts 14f and 14f &# 39 ;, the crankshaft has a single offset portion 14 to which the piston rods are journaled . referring to figs . xvi - xix and xxia - xxic , the centerline of this offset portion is indicated by numeral 60 . this centerline 60 is offset from the centerline 61 of the power source shaft stub 14f and center line 63 of shaft 50 is one - half the distance , or throw , the pistons are moved relative to the cylinders in the course of their movement as the crankshaft rotates , as will be readily recognized by those of skill in this art . it has been previously described that the crankshaft 14 is mounted in sleeves 14a and 14a &# 39 ; which are eccentrically positioned with reference to the crankshaft 14 and as can be seen in fig . viii and figs . xiv - xix . in fig . xvi and figs . xxia - xxic it will be seen that the centerlines 62 of the sleeves and centerline 64 of cam 52r spaced from the centerline of the power shaft stub portion 14f and 14f &# 39 ; of the crankshaft and shaft 50 the same distance as the centerline 60 of the crankshaft portion on which the pistons are journaled but diametrally positioned relative thereto . thus , the crankshaft sleeve centerline 62 and the piston bearing crankshaft portion centerline 60 rotate about centerline 61 in the same path but spaced 180 ° from each other . similarly , cam center line 64 rotates about center line 63 which is coaxial with center line 61 but at the same distance therefrom as center line 62 . this relationship is constant and fixed when the unit a is employed as a pump or a motor to produce optimum output of pressurized fluid as a pump or optimum output of rotational force as a motor . however , when the cam 52 is rotated by the lateral movement of the upper control cam housing assembly 55 , this rotation is imparted to shaft 50 which in turn causes the crankshaft 14 to rotate the sleeves 14a and 14a &# 39 ; as described above in the functioning of the controller unit to change the output of the pump . during the rotation of the crankshaft in its normal pressurizing or driving centerline position , the varying positions of the pistons within the cylinders and the pivotal attitudes of the various cylinders about their trunnions as a result of the rotation of the crankshaft is seen in figs . v - vii . each piston on its downward stroke uncovers the inlet port 22 to draw fluid into its respective chamber by the negative pressure created by the downward movement of the piston . the piston end walls in conjunction with the cylinder end walls act as inlet valves . as each piston completes its downward movement , the inlet port is covered by the cylinder end wall as the cylinder is rotated about its trunnion . the outlet port for each chamber assembly is automatically closed by the opposite cylinder end wall due to the position of the cylinder during the downward movement of its respective piston . as the rotation of the crankshaft continues , each piston having completed its downward or negative - pressure producing movement , begins to move upwardly within its respective cylinder . at the beginning of this movement upwardly , both inlet and outlet ports 21 and 22 are covered by the end walls of the cylinder and the fluid within the chamber is placed under increasing pressurization . just as the optimum pressure is being attained , in the vicinity of 10 , 000 psi , the relative movement of the piston and its cylinder pivots the cylinder to begin to move the opposite side of the end wall sufficiently to uncover the upper portion of the outlet port 22 . as the piston continues to rise in its respective cylinder , the pivotal movement of the cylinder continues to uncover the remainder of the associated outlet port and when the piston has reached the upper limit of is movement and its upper surface is substantially in contact with the upper surface of the cylinder chamber , all fluid has been exhausted from the chamber and the cycle is repeated . the end walls of each cylinder are in constant contact with the cylinder sealing assemblies in the end walls of the pump / motor unit during the pivotal to - and - fro movement of the respective cylinder . the pistons also contact the cylinder sealing assemblies at the apex of their travel . since the piston sealing ring assemblies have almost a vertical knife edge at each corner of the piston sealing ring assemblies , the upper and lower ends of such knife edges is slightly chamfered as shown in fig . xiv . this chamfer acts as a cam when the piston sealing assembly contacts the cylinder sealing assembly and depresses the leading edge of the cylinder sealing assembly as the piston sealing assembly continues to ride over the cylinder sealing assembly , thereby preventing cutting of the surface of the cylinder sealing assembly by the piston sealing assembly knife edges . the piston sealing ring assemblies are novel in concept of providing sealing for rectangular or non - circular pistons and also in their structure . as seen in figs . xiva - xivd , each assembly comprises a plurality of pairs of flat plates which overlap each other at each corner of the piston and also overlap each other along the sides and ends of the pistons . each pair is pivotally pinned to each other at the corner intersections . each plate of each pair which is positioned in the side wall of the sealing assembly recess in each piston has a vertical groove into which one end of a sealing assembly spring is fitted , the intermediate portion of the spring between the ends resting against the back wall of the sealing assembly recess . when the sealing ring assembly is fitted into the recess prior to the insertion of the piston into its respective cylinder , the resilience of the spring causes those elements with which it has contact to protrude slightly beyond the side walls of the piston . since the pairs are joined at the corners by the pins , those sealing rings on the ends of the piston , in contrast to the plates in the side walls , will be drawn inwardly with reference to the recess . when the thus assembled piston is inserted into the chamber of the cylinder , the plates on the side walls which were slightly extended beyond the side surfaces of the piston head will be forced back into a position which is paralled with the side walls . because of the pivotal connection at the corners , the plates which are positioned on the end walls of the recess will be brought out into a sealing position with the end plates of the housing . the spring thus positions the plates with which it is directly in contact into sealing engagement with the side walls of the cylinder . in this instance , the spring exercises a radial movement of the plates to insure that the piston is in a sealed , or anti - pressure release , relationship with the cylinder . at the same time , the spring exerts a longitudinal force , which is translated through the pinning of the plates at the corners to cause the plates on the end walls of the piston to establish sealing contact with the end plates of the unit through the cylinder sealing ring assemblies . the inventive aspects of the present invention have been set forth in the specification and illustrative drawings encompassed herein . those modifications which may take form in the minds of those of skill in this particular art are encompassed in the claims of and for the invention which follow . | 5 |
as required , detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein ; however , it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention which may be embodied in various forms . therefore , specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting , but merely as a basis for the claims to be appended later and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure . reference will be made herein to the drawings in which like characteristics and features of the present invention shown in the various figures are designated by the same reference numerals . the apparatus includes three chambers , each of which is considered a zone . coal is gradually heated in the first two chambers ( zones ) and then cooled in the last chamber ( zone ). each heating zone may be viewed as a stand - alone partial gasification chamber . coal is heated under controlled temperatures , residence time , and ambient pressure as it progresses through each zone . process variables in each zone are adjusted to suit desired end product specifications . coal is first crushed and graded using conventional crushing machines , i . e . a gundlach double roll crusher or a mcclanahan type crusher to reduce the feedstock to an average 90 % passing 2 inches . it is then screened to remove any — ¼ ″ aterial and transferred via a bucket conveyor to zone 1 . zone 1 contains a vibratory bed that moves the coal along at a controlled rate to match the residence time for this zone . the vibratory bed is heated with hot carbon dioxide that is fed in from the bottom of the bed . the temperature of zone 1 is maintained at around 400 ° f ., which removes most of the surface moisture from the coal . at the end of the bed , the coal is deposited onto the second vibratory bed ( zone 2 ) via a chute utilizing gravity to save energy . as coal enters zone 2 , it is heated by gas fired heaters that maintain the temperature of the zone at about 1500 ° f . coal passes through this zone for a few minutes to remove any remaining moisture and any low - boiling volatile matter from the coal . the retention time of the coal in zones 1 and 2 varies depending upon the initial moisture and volatile content of the coal feed and the desired moisture / volatile content of the final product . typical residence times are on the order of 3 - 5 minutes per zone . the coal in the second heating chamber ( zone 2 ), is heated by a series of gas fired heaters to temperatures as high as 1 , 500 ° f . the carbon dioxide fed into zone 2 picks up additional moisture and the remaining heavier volatile gases emanating from the coal . this gaseous mixture is eventually delivered to the gas separation section . between zones 1 , 2 , and 3 , the coal loses the bulk of its volatile matter and undergoes some shrinkage as it losses a portion of its mass . typically , weight loss is in the range of 15 - 35 % of the coal &# 39 ; s initial mass , but weight loss is largely dependent upon the characteristics of the feed coal , zone temperature , residence time , and other factors . these influencing factors are integrated into the overall process control system that monitors these parameters and adjusts them accordingly to obtain the desired final product . control of the gaseous mixture inside each zone is critical to the successful operation of the process . when coal is heated to the above mentioned temperatures , its moisture and volatile matter are driven off from the coal macerals . the expansion of the volatile matter at increasing temperature creates fissures and voids within the coal structure . if expansion is too rapid , these fissures can split the coal and the entire coal undergoes size degradation . other undesirable characteristics are moisture re - absorption and spontaneous combustion after the coal reaches ambient temperature . however , the inventive process monitors the gaseous mix inside each heating zone to control the rate of removal of these volatile elements . this is accomplished by creating a dynamic phase equilibrium between the solid / liquid and gaseous forms of the volatile matter inside the coal via an inert atmosphere created in part by the volatized materials from the coal and the introduction of an external , non - oxidizing , inert gas such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen . the chambers are provided with entry and exit ports for the admission and retrieval of such gases . the residence time , the type , and individual amounts of gasses circulated within each zone are predetermined for each feed coal and used as control parameters in the process . the oxygen content of the gasses within each zone is typically less than 2 % oxygen . another effect of the atmosphere provided within each zone is to ensure that the coal maintains most of its natural structural integrity and resists the tendency to disintegrate into fines ( particles less than 1 / e ), even though the coal may be more fragile due to some loss of mass . the processed coal is ready for transfer by a chute using a gravity feed to the cooling zone ( zone 3 ). the gravity feed saves energy . in zone 3 , the coal is cooled by exposing it to a dry inert gas that is free of oxygen . in the process design , the cooling chamber ( zone 3 ) consists of a vibratory feeder moving the coal from one end of the vibratory feeder to the other while being exposed to a stream of cool carbon dioxide that has been reclaimed from the process at the gas separation section . this carbon dioxide is recycled from zone 1 after it had been cooled and de - humidified and supplied to zone 3 through a fluidized bed built into the bed of the vibratory feeder . the exhaust gasses from the cooling section are heated and re - circulated to zone 1 . control systems ensure that the cooling stream of carbon dioxide only contains 0 . 25 to 0 . 75 % oxygen , by volume , with a moisture content of less than 1 % by weight , and flows counter current to direction of flow of the coal . from zone 3 , the coal is now ready for shipment to utility and industrial markets . if needed , fines may be removed from the coal by screening so that the finished product has a size range of ¼ ″ to 2 ″. the fines are optionally converted into briquettes for home use or used as fuel to supply heat for the process . alternatively , the fines are sold to a third party for processing into briquettes for home use . the end result is the production of clean burning , low smoke coal briquettes that have strong structural make up , moisture resistant , long shelf life and are cost effective . what follows is a description of the individual pieces of equipment . the vibratory feeders are , for the most part , standard pieces of equipment designed to move solid products by inducing vibration on a flat bed . because of the high temperatures involved in the process , the vibrating beds are lined with refractory materials . the vibrating bed is mounted on springs and the vibration is generated by an eccentric arm mounted on a shaft and driven by an electric motor . the electric motor is controlled by a variable frequency drive in order to modulate the speed of the conveyor . the vibratory feeder bed is provided with a metal skirt that is immersed in a sand seal in order to prevent the carbon dioxide atmosphere inside the enclosure from escaping . the heaters comprise natural gas burners mounted on the walls of the chamber . the fuel / air mixture is controlled to maintain a constant exit temperature . as the amount of combustible gas produced by the process increases within the chamber , the external gas feed to the burner is reduced and combustion air is controlled to sustain combustion and maintain the exit temperature of the gas . any excess hydrocarbons being generated by the process are carried by the carbon dioxide to the chemical section for processing . heat , from external sources , is supplied to the process in three discrete , independent locations . all heat addition locations utilize propane as the start up fuel , produced by the gas plant installed as a part of the process . propane is stored at the facility . the first heat addition location is the co2 fired heater which raises the temperature of the co2 stream going to first heating chamber . this fired heater raises the co2 from an inlet temperature of 522 ° f . to a co2 discharge temperature of 938 ° f . a burner utilizing propane / ethane - methane as the burner fuel provides the necessary heat . the burner is equipped with both a vendor furnished combustion control system ( ccs ) and burner management system ( bms ). the burner temperature profile and consequently the burner heat release are chosen such that the requisite co2 temperature rise can be achieved . given the relatively high co2 inlet temperature , the flue gas exhaust temperature out of the fired heater is also elevated . a flue gas to combustion air heat exchanger is installed to preheat burner combustion air with the flue gas exiting the fired heater to reduce burner fuel demand . an un - insulated metal stack is installed downstream of the combustion air preheater to discharge the flue gas to ambient . the second heat addition location is the gas fired heater heating the coal going to the second chamber . this fired heater raises the incoming coal from the first chamber to a coal discharge temperature of 1500 ° f . burners fueled with propane / ethane - methane provide the necessary heat . the burners are also equipped with a vendor furnished combustion control system ( ccs ) and bms . the burner temperature profile and consequently the burner heat release are chosen such that the requisite co2 temperature rise can be achieved . given the high flue gas exit temperature , the system includes a flue gas to combustion air heat exchanger to raise incoming combustion air temperature . an un - insulated metal stack is installed downstream of the combustion air preheater to discharge the flue gas to ambient . one of the main advantages of the process is that it recycles 100 % of the heat removed from the coal during the cooling process to heat the first heating section of the process . centrifugal fans are utilized to move the process gas through the system . the fans are of the radial blade type and , in some cases , are made from specialty metals to handle the high temperatures and corrosive nature of the gasses being conveyed . the dust collector is utilized to separate any dust from the process gas and water vapor being generated in the first heating chamber . the dust collector is of the bag type and the bags are made of material suitable for temperatures up to 400 ° f . normally , compressed air is utilized to shake the bags but in this case carbon dioxide is utilized in order to keep an oxygen starved atmosphere in the process . because of the hot , humid and corrosive environment , all internal parts in contact with the process stream are made of stainless steel . the water separator consists of a finned water coil with a large drain pan that condenses the moisture from the process gas stream and drains it . cooling water for the coil is provided by a condenser water system consisting of cooling towers and circulating pumps . the cooling towers are the counterflow type and are sized to cool water from 115 ° f . down to 85 ° f . at an ambient wet bulb of 78 ° f . the condenser water system provides cooling to the coal processing as well as the gas processing side of the system . cooling tower fans utilize electrical reversing relays to reverse rotation on the fans in case of icing during winter . the condenser water pumps are of the vertical turbine type and are located in a wet well at the cooling tower structure where the water cooled by the towers is collected . the pumps discharge water into a piping system that conveys the water to cooling coils and heat exchangers throughout the facility . the pumps are controlled by variable speed drives to control the amount of water flowing through the system and minimize energy consumption in winter . metal chutes conveying coal from one area of the process to another are lined with refractory materials suitable for handling coal as well as the temperatures generated by the process . vibratory feeders are housed inside refractory enclosures that are under a slight negative pressure generated by the fans exhausting the gasses from the enclosure . the carbon dioxide atmosphere of course prevents the coal from igniting in the presence of oxygen above 400 ° f . the gas by - products from the coal heating chambers consist of those materials contained in the combined streams exiting the first and second chambers . these are the volatiles driven from the coal at the various temperature levels and the gas that is being used as a heat transfer medium being used to heat and cool the coal at various stages . the heat transfer gas is carbon dioxide , but nitrogen is also contemplated . at the low temperature level , i . e . 400 ° f ., volatiles consist primarily of surface moisture . at 1500 ° f ., the volatiles consist of moisture within the coal and light hydrocarbons , hydrogen , carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , hydrogen sulfide , and ammonia . at the highest temperatures , heavier hydrocarbon , liquids are driven off . much of the hydrocarbons are deficient in hydrogen , consisting of alkenes and aromatics . in addition to hydrocarbons , the volatiles consist of such contaminant inorganics that are released at higher temperatures , i . e . 2 , 000 ° f . such inorganic contaminants consist of chlorine , mercury , arsenic , etc . the purpose of the gas module is to remove contaminants and separate various components into saleable and transportable products . these products will be discussed in the products section . another important purpose is to separate carbon dioxide for recycle back to the coal drying section for its use as a heat medium . of critical importance to the design of the gas plant is the composition of the volatiles driven from the coal at the various stages of the cleaning process . fuel gas . this consists of c4 - material , i . e ., methane , ethane , ethylene , butanes , and butylenes . this is used in the coal plant burners as fuel gas . this gas is amine treated , and is relatively free of h2s . propane , propylenes . the coal plant requires a source of fuel for startup . for this reason , c3s separation and storage is provided . excess c3s above that required for the coal plant startup is sold , such as to a refinery as feedstock to a refinery alkylation unit . butanes , butylenes . this is a liquid product stream , and storage facilities are provided . this is optionally used as fuel or as a product to be sold , such as to a refinery as feedstock to a refinery alkylation unit . heavy liquid , c5 plus liquid . this is described in more detail below . co2 . co2 is a makeup to the inert gas which is used as a heating medium in the coal cleaning section . co . carbon monoxide is widely used in the chemical industry as the material to produce polyurethane or polycarbonate . solid adsorbents remove vapor contaminants such as mercury from gas to very low levels . this is accomplished with two or more adsorbent vessels . as one adsorbent vessel has filled with contaminants , it is brought offline to have the spent adsorbent replaced with fresh adsorbent . solid contaminants such as arsenic are removed from the liquids thru filtration . the removal of h2s from fuel gas is accomplished via amine treating . in this process , h2s is absorbed from the gas in an adsorption column by a specific type of amine . the purified gas is then sent to further processing or used as fuel gas . the h2s absorbed by the amine is then sent to a stripping column were h2s is driven off as a concentrated stream . the lean amine is then recycled back to the absorber . the h2s stripped from the amine is then sent to a sulfur recovery unit . removal of co2 is by 2 nd stage amine separation . the amine that was used for h2s removal was selective for h2s , leaving co2 in the gas . carbon monoxide is captured in a process involving absorption / desorption using a solvent containing cuprous aluminum chloride in toluene . water is collected from various locations within the gas plant . these include the adsorbent driers , water boots from the separators . the water is sour , and consequently is treated in a sour water stripper . h2s and ammonia dissolved in the water is stripped and combined with the acid gas from the amine treater , and together sent to sulfur recovery . the treated gas containing c4 minus material is sent to the light gas separation section . in this section , methane / ethane is first separated using a refrigerated j - t process . this includes an adsorbent dehydrator , propane chiller , cold separator , and de - ethanizer column operating at − 30 ° f . the bottoms product from the de - ethanizer is sent to a depolarizer and debutanizer where propanes / propylenes and butanes / butylenes are separated , respectively . the bottoms product from the debutanizer contain the c5 plus hydrocarbons which combine with the main separator liquid and sent to liquid product storage for subsequent sale . the heavy liquid ( c5 plus material ) consists of a wide boiling range material ranging from light naphtha to diesel and heavier . it is hydrogen deficient and highly aromatic . it contains oxygen bearing hydrocarbons such as ethers , aldehydes , esters , and ketones . it is a stabilized material suitable for storage and transportation to a petroleum / petrochemical refinery for further processing . to avoid gum formation , it is stored in a relatively air free environment , that being an insulated , gas blanketed storage tank . a final by - product is sulfur . it is captured from the h2s that is produced in the sour water stripper and amine units of the gas plant , and processed in a claus unit to produce elemental sulfur . the claus unit produces sulfur by reacting h2s over a catalyst with air . the reaction is highly exothermic , resulting in production of high pressure steam generated in a waste heat boiler . this steam is integrated in other sections of gas plant and used for heating . the excess steam could also be used with a turbine to generate electricity . sulfur is stored and transported both as a liquid and solid . it is a solid when cooled and formed into briquettes that are more easily transported to facilities for further processing , i . e ., fertilizer , sulfuric acid , etc . turning finally to the drawing , fig1 is the primary schematic diagram of the process showing the product flow through the facility , partial circulation of carbon dioxide through the process , and the gas separation unit that receives and separates by - products of the process . the schematic of the process is shown generally at 10 . raw coal 12 that has already been crushed to size and graded elsewhere at the facility ( not shown ) is loaded into a hopper / feeder 14 . it is then fed at 16 to the first zone chamber 18 where it is heated to 400 ° f . using hot carbon dioxide gas that enters the chamber 18 at 20 . this drives off moisture , which is carried out of the chamber 18 by the exiting carbon dioxide at 22 . the 400 ° f . temperature coal then exits the chamber 18 at 24 and moves to the second zone chamber 26 . there is heated to 1500 ° f . using gas fired burners described in connection with fig3 . at this temperature , by - products are driven out of the coal in the form of volatile matter the volatile matter passes to a gas separation unit 28 at 30 . it is carried there by carbon dioxide that enters second zone chamber 26 at 32 . in the gas separation unit 28 , various by - products are separated from each other and discharged into different streams . the first such stream is methane and ethane at 34 . the methane and ethane is recycled at 36 back to second zone chamber 26 where it is burned in gas fired burners to heat the coal to 1500 ° f . in an oxygen free environment . thus the first by - product at least partially fuels the inventive process , which was not taught by hunt , the primary prior art reference . the second stream is propane at 38 . at least some of the propane produced by the process is stored at the facility because it is used for heating at startup . left over amounts can be sold as a by - product of the process . the next stream is heavy carbons at 40 which can be sold to others for chemical feedstocks . the penultimate stream is pentane and heavier hydrocarbons at 42 , also saleable to others . the final stream 44 is to separate out the carrier carbon dioxide for recycling back at 32 to second zone chamber 26 the coal heated to 1500 ° f . in second zone chamber 26 exits that chamber at 46 and passes to third zone chamber 48 , where it is cooled in a dry and oxygen free environment . the carbon dioxide that carries moisture out of the first zone chamber 18 at 22 is directed to gas cleaning module 50 , where the carbon dioxide is dehumidified . after some other steps described in connection with fig5 , the carbon dioxide enters third zone chamber 48 at 52 , where it is used to cool the coal down to about 200 ° f . then the cleaned coal is discharged at 54 from the process for storage and delivery to users . the carbon dioxide , which is heated by cooling the coal in third zone chamber 48 exits that chamber at 56 and is returned at 20 to the first zone chamber 18 to heat the coal therein to 400 ° f . as described earlier . fig2 is a cross sectional view of the first heating chamber or zone 18 . coal 12 enters the chamber 18 at 16 and is moved on a vibratory feeder 58 which includes a fluidized bed 60 . hot carbon dioxide enters at 20 and is fed into the fluidized bed 60 to heat the coal and absorb the moisture . the dried coal heated to 400 ° f . then exits first zone chamber 18 at 24 enroute to the second zone chamber 26 as seen in fig3 . the carbon dioxide and moisture combination exit at 22 enroute to the gas cleaning module 50 as seen in fig1 . fig3 is a cross sectional view of the second heating chamber or zone 26 into which coal 12 enters at 24 and is moved on vibratory feeder 58 which includes fluidized bed 60 . in this chamber , the coal 12 is heated to 1500 ° f . by gas fired burners 62 . carbon dioxide enters the chamber 26 at 32 , picks up by - products given off the coal 12 by the 1500 ° f . temperature , and leaves zone 26 at 64 enroute to the gas separation unit 28 seen in fig1 . the 1500 ° f . temperature coal leaves zone 26 at 46 enroute to the third zone 48 seen in fig4 . fig4 is a cross sectional view of the cooling chamber or third zone 48 . coal at a temperature of 1500 ° f . enters the third zone 48 at 46 . coal 12 is moved on vibratory feeder 58 which includes fluidized bed 60 . carbon dioxide , which has been cooled by the apparatus described in connection with fig5 , enters zone 3 at 52 . the cooled carbon dioxide is fed to the fluidized bed 60 , and cools the coal 12 to 200 ° f ., at which temperature combustion cannot occur when the coal is again exposed to oxygen . the coal 12 then exits the cooling zone 48 at 54 for storage and shipment to users . the carbon dioxide is , of course , heated in the course of cooling the coal , reaching a temperature 522 ° f . the heated coal exits cooling zone 48 at 56 . fig5 is the secondary schematic diagram showing the thermal trail of the carbon dioxide through the process facility . the carbon dioxide heated to 522 ° f . in the cooling zone 48 exits that zone at 56 . it is then directed to a co2 gas fired burner 66 which raises the temperature of the co2 to 938 ° f . the gas fired burner 66 utilizes propane / ethane - methane as the burner fuel . the carbon dioxide at a temperature of 938 ° f . is then directed at 20 to the first zone 18 where it is used to heat incoming raw coal 12 to 400 ° f . as described earlier in connection with fig2 . this results in conservation of energy because a substantial amount of the heat of the process obtained from cooling the coal in the cooling zone 48 is recycled into heating incoming raw coal in the first zone 18 . the carbon dioxide thereafter exits the first zone 18 at 22 and then is sent to a dust collector 68 to be cleansed of dust for later use in the process . the carbon dioxide leaves the dust collector at 70 using centrifugal fan 72 , and is sent to a counterflow heat exchanger 74 which it enters at 76 . the heat exchanger 74 is used to cool the carbon dioxide for later use in the cooling zone 48 . the heat exchanger 74 receives cooled water from a cooling tower 78 . cooled water is maintained in a reservoir 80 and is sent to the heat exchanger 74 using pump 82 . cooled water enters the heat exchanger at 84 and leaves it at 86 . the water is warmed in the heat exchanger 74 by cooling the carbon dioxide . the warmed water is then directed to the cooling tower 78 where it passes through spray nozzles 88 and film file 90 to be cooled again . it then returns to reservoir 80 . the cooled carbon dioxide exits the heat exchanger 74 at 92 and sent using centrifugal fan 94 to the cooling zone 48 which it enters at 52 to cool the coal from 1500 ° f . to 200 ° f . as described previously in connection with fig4 . while the invention has been described , disclosed , illustrated and shown in various terms or certain embodiments or modifications which it has assumed in practice , the scope of the invention is not intended to be , nor should it be deemed to be , limited thereby and such other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved especially as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims hereto appended . | 2 |
in the following detailed description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced . in this regard , directional terminology , such as “ top ,” “ bottom ,” “ front ,” “ back ,” “ leading ,” “ trailing ,” etc ., is used with reference to the orientation of the figure ( s ) being described . because components of the embodiments can be positioned in a number of different orientations , the directional terminology is used for purposes of illustration and is in no way limiting . it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . the following detailed description , therefore , is not to be taken in a limiting sense , and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims . fig1 a illustrates a front view of a combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 according to one embodiment of the present invention . combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 includes a shaft 22 , a sampler 24 , and a combination exo - endocervical sampler 26 . as a point of reference , shaft 22 and sampling device 20 are aligned along a central axis a . central axis a is a major , or longitudinal , axis of sampling device 20 . although combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 is not typically employed in a sterile field when cell samples are collected , one embodiment provides for combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 to be sterilized or sterilizable . in any regard , combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 is provided with a reduced bio - load that does not disrupt cell sampling or analysis . shaft 22 defines a first end 30 opposite a second end 32 , a transverse break line 34 between the first end 30 and the second 32 , and a textured surface 36 adjacent to break line 34 . in one embodiment , shaft 22 is integrally formed of molded plastic . suitable molded plastics for shaft 22 include thermoplastic materials in general , and medical grade polyolefins including polypropylene and polyethylene in particular . in one embodiment , shaft 22 defines a first portion 37 that extends from break line 34 to sampler 24 , and a second portion 39 that extends from break line 34 to combination exo - endocervical sampler 26 . in one embodiment , textured surface 36 is disposed on second portion 39 adjacent to break line 34 . in this regard , when shaft 22 is severed at break line 34 , sampler 24 defines a distal end of first portion 37 . in a similar manner , when shaft 22 is severed at break line 34 , combination exo - endocervical sampler 26 defines a distal end of second portion 39 . in one embodiment , break line 34 is approximately centered within textured surface 36 . in one embodiment , first portion 37 defines a length l 1 between about 5 to 7 cm , and preferably the length l 1 of first portion 37 is about 6 . 5 cm . in one embodiment , second portion 39 defines a length l 2 that is between about 16 to 20 cm , preferably about 18 cm . sampler 24 is coupled to first end 30 . in one embodiment , sampler 24 includes a cotton - tipped swab . in another embodiment , sampler 24 is a rigid spatula ( as best illustrated in fig4 ). combination exo - endocervical sampler 26 is coupled to second end 32 of shaft 22 . combination exo - endocervical sampler 26 includes a pair of opposing wings 40 , 42 that are disposed transverse to shaft 22 ( i . e ., transverse to central axis a ), and a brush 46 that extends away from the wings 40 , 42 along the central axis a of shaft 22 . the wings 40 , 42 combine to define a generally curved sampling surface 44 separate from a sampling surface area provided by brush 46 . in one embodiment , brush 46 defines a height h between about 1 to 3 cm , and preferably the height h of brush 46 is about 1 . 5 cm when sampling device 20 is employed in a pap test on a non - parous patient , and height h of brush 46 is about 2 cm when sampling device 20 is employed in a pap test for a parous patient . the sampler 24 and the combination exo - endocervical sampler 26 of the combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 enable the simultaneous collection of cells during pap test procedures and wet prep procedures through the use of a single device 20 . as employed herein , parous means a patient who has given birth vaginally one or more times . the terms non - parous and nulli - parous mean a woman who has never given birth vaginally . pregnant means a patient carrying developing offspring within the body , and in particular within the uterus . stenotic means a constriction or narrowing of a canal and in particular , a constriction or narrowing of the cervical canal . fig1 b illustrates a right side view of combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 according to one embodiment of the present invention . in one embodiment , at least a portion of brush 46 defines a diameter that is wider than a thickness of wing 42 . in other words , portions of brush 46 extend transverse to the central axis a and are wider than the wings 40 , 42 are thick . fig1 c illustrates a top view of exo - endocervical sampler 26 according to one embodiment of the present invention . in one embodiment , exo - endocervical sampler 26 includes rigid , molded wings 40 , 42 and a flexible brush 46 formed from looped fibers ( as best illustrated in fig2 ). wings 40 , 42 define a thickness t that is between about 1 . 5 to 5 mm , and preferably thickness t is between about 2 to 4 mm . in one embodiment , wings 40 , 42 extend transverse to the central axis a ( fig1 a ) and combine to define sampling surface 44 . wings 40 , 42 are molded from a plastic , such as thermoplastic polyolefin including polyethylene , polypropylene , polyester , nylon , or “ soft ” polymers including block co - polymers such as block co - polyesters . in general , wings 40 , 42 are molded from plastics that are fda approved for medical devices . sampling surface 44 is provided to atraumatically scrape a face portion of a cervix to collect exocervical cells . in one embodiment , sampling surface 44 includes an array of beads 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d , 60 e , 60 f that project from sampling surface 44 by between about 1 - 2 mm . in one embodiment , the array of beads 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d , 60 e , 60 f is a staggered array of alternating beads , as illustrated . as shown in the illustrated embodiment , the sampling surface 44 has a first row of first projections ( e . g ., beads in the top row in fig1 c including beads 60 b and 60 d ) with each of the first projections spaced one from a next by a gap and a second row of second projections ( e . g ., beads in the bottom row in fig1 c including beads 60 a , 60 c , 60 e , and 60 f ) with each of the second projections spaced apart and disposed in one of the gaps formed by the first row of first projections . it is to be understood that other patterns of arranging 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d , 60 e , 60 f are also acceptable , and other suitable arrangements of beads is contemplated . in addition , although beads 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d , 60 e , 60 f are illustrated as circular , other shapes and conformations of beads 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d , 60 e , 60 f are contemplated . sampling surface 44 and beads 60 a , 60 b , 60 c , 60 d , 60 e , 60 f combine to atraumatically collect , or sample , exocervical cells during a pap test procedure . fig2 illustrates a perspective , simplified view of brush 46 according to one embodiment of the present invention . in general , brush 46 is provided to atraumatically collect endocervical cell samples . brush 46 includes multiple loops of fibers 70 , only three of which are illustrated in the simplified view . it is to be understood that brush 46 includes many multiples of loops of fibers 70 . in this regard , in one embodiment the multiple loops of fibers 70 are wound in a helical fashion . in another embodiment , the multiple loops of fibers 70 are wound and uniformly spaced in a symmetric “ christmas tree ” configuration . in any regard , the loops of fibers 70 do not terminate in an end , as is commonly associated with a bristle of a bristle - styled brush . bristles of a bristle brush have the potential to damage cells as they are collected . in contrast , the endless loops of fibers 70 atraumatically collect exo - endocervical and retain the cells in a void space defined between the loops of fibers 70 . brush 46 includes a semi - rigid or rigid strand 68 , and looped fibers 70 a , 70 b , and 70 c that are coupled to strand 68 . strand 68 is generally oriented along central axis a , and looped fibers 70 a , 70 b , and 70 c generally extend transverse to strand 68 and central axis a . in one embodiment , strand 68 includes two twined or twisted strands wrapped to capture looped fibers 70 a , 70 b , and 70 c . strand 68 includes corrosion resistant metal , such as stainless steel . alternatively , strand 68 is formed from plastic materials , such as nylon or polyester . in one embodiment , each looped fiber includes a first closed end 72 opposite a second closed end 74 , and the closed ends 72 , 74 extend transverse from the central axis a . the open spaces between the closed loop ends 72 , 74 provide a first means to atraumatically collect endocervical cell samples . looped fibers 70 a , 70 b , and 70 c capture and retain cervical cell samples between loop ends 72 , 74 . in contrast to the known bristle brushes that have bristle ends ( i . e . end - on bristles ), looped fibers 70 a , 70 b , and 70 c do not have bristle ends that can potentially puncture or otherwise damage tissue . significantly , looped fibers 70 a , 70 b , and 70 c are provided with closed loop ends 72 , 74 that present a lower puncture / trauma risk to tissue when compared to end - on bristles of the known cervical brushes . fig3 a illustrates a cross - sectional view of looped fiber 70 a according to one embodiment of the present invention . in one embodiment , looped fiber 70 a defines a transverse cross - section that is tri - lobal . for example , looped fiber 70 a includes a first lobe 80 a , a second lobe 80 b , and a third lobe 80 c . in one embodiment , looped fiber 70 a defines an effective diameter d 1 of between about 50 micrometers ( microns ) to about 1 , 000 microns . diameter and effective diameter are terms that are used broadly in this specification to define the outermost planform ( or perimeter ) of an object viewed in cross - section . diameter , as used herein , is not limited to circular objects . in particular , shaped looped fibers , such as fiber 70 a , define a perimeter that is non - circular . the open area between each lobe 80 a , 80 b , 80 c defines a trough that is suitable for the atraumatic collection of cervical cells . looped fiber 70 a defines a non - circular perimeter in transverse cross - section that is configured for atraumatic collection of cervical cells in a pap test procedure . in this regard , the surfaces of looped fiber 70 a are suited to abrade portions of the endocervical canal to remove cervical cells for sampling without traumatizing the surface from which the cells are removed , and without damaging the collected cells . the cross - sectional non - circular shape of looped fibers 70 provide a second means for atraumatically collecting endocervical cell samples . suitable fibers and equipment to produce suitable fibers are available from , for example , hills , inc ., w . melbourne , fla . other suitable fibers are shaped fibers available from du pont , wilmington , del . one such suitable fiber is a mushroom - shaped bicomponent fiber identified as a 3gt fiber available from du pont - torray co ., as marketed by du pont - torray co ., ltd ., and available through du pont in wilmington , del . fig3 b illustrates a cross - sectional view of another looped fiber 70 a . in one embodiment , looped fiber 70 a is x - shaped in transverse cross - section . in another embodiment , looped fiber 70 a is cross - shaped in transverse cross - section . in this regard , x - shaped looped fiber 70 a defines an effective diameter d 2 that is between about 50 to 1 , 000 microns . the open areas illustrated between legs of the x - shaped fiber 70 a form troughs that are suitable for atraumatic collection of cervical cells in a pap test procedure , as described above . suitable materials for forming / extruding shaped looped fibers 70 include polyolefins in general and thermoplastic polymers such as nylon , or polyester in particular . fig4 illustrates a front view of another combination exo - endocervical sampling device 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention . combination exo - endocervical sampling device includes a shaft 102 , a sampler 104 , and a combination exo - endocervical sampler 106 . in general , shaft 102 and exo - endocervical sampler 106 are similar to shaft 22 and exo - endocervical sampler 26 , respectively , illustrated in fig1 a above . in one embodiment , sampler 104 includes a molded plastic spatula that defines a width s of between about 0 . 5 to 2 cm , and preferably width s is about 0 . 75 cm . in one embodiment , molded plastic spatula sampler 104 is integrally formed with shaft 102 of a molded plastic , such as , for example , polyethylene . sampler 104 is suitable for atraumatic collection of cervical cells from a face of a cervix and / or cells from a vaginal wall , for example , during a pap test procedure . fig5 a illustrates a front view of an exocervical sampling device 220 according to one embodiment of the present invention . in one embodiment , exocervical sampling device 220 is configured for cervical cell sampling of a pregnant patient and includes a shaft 222 , a sampler 224 , and an exocervical sampler 226 . in one embodiment , exocervical sampling device 220 is sterilized or sterilizable , similar to device 20 above . shaft 222 defines a first end 230 opposite a second end 232 , a transverse break line 234 between the first end 230 and the second 232 , and a textured surface 236 adjacent to break line 234 . in one embodiment , shaft 222 is integrally formed of molded plastic . suitable molded plastics for shaft 222 include thermoplastic materials in general , and medical grade plastics including polypropylene and polyethylene in particular . in one embodiment , shaft 222 defines a first portion 237 that extends from break line 234 to sampler 224 , and a second portion 239 that extends from break line 234 to combination exo - endocervical sampler 226 . in one embodiment , textured surface 236 is disposed on second portion 239 adjacent to break line 234 . in this regard , when shaft 222 is severed at break line 234 , sampler 224 defines a distal end of first portion 237 . in a similar manner , when shaft 222 is severed at break line 234 , combination exo - endocervical sampler 226 defines a distal end of second portion 239 . in another embodiment , textured surface 236 spans either side of break line 234 . in one embodiment , first portion 237 defines a length ll 1 between about 5 to 7 cm , and preferably the length ll 1 of first portion 237 is about 6 . 5 cm . in one embodiment , second portion 239 defines a length ll 2 that is between about 16 to 20 cm , preferably about 16 . 5 cm . sampler 224 is coupled to first end 230 . in one embodiment , sampler 224 is a mat of fibers , such as are provided in a cotton - tipped swab . in another embodiment , sampler 224 is a rigid spatula ( similar to spatula 104 illustrated in fig4 ). exocervical sampler 226 is coupled to second end 232 of shaft 222 . exocervical sampler 226 includes a pair of opposing wings 240 , 242 that are disposed transverse to shaft 222 ( i . e ., transverse to central axis a ) and are curved to correspond to a shape compatible with an exterior surface of the cervix . the wings 240 , 242 combine to define a sampling surface 244 . fig5 b illustrates a top view of exocervical sampler 226 according to one embodiment of the present invention . wings 240 , 242 define a thickness t 2 that is between about 1 . 5 to 5 mm , and preferably thickness t 2 is between about 2 to 4 mm . in one embodiment , wings 240 , 242 extend transverse to the central axis a ( fig1 a ) and combine to define sampling surface 244 . sampling surface 244 is provided to atraumatically scrape a face portion of a cervix of a pregnant patient to collect exocervical cells . in one embodiment , sampling surface 244 includes an array of beads 260 a , 260 b , 260 c , 260 d that project above sampling surface 244 . in one embodiment , array of beads 260 a , 260 b , 260 c , 260 d is a staggered array , although other arrangements for beads 260 a , 260 b , 260 c , 260 d are also acceptable . beads 260 a , 260 b , 260 c , 260 d are illustrated as cylinders , although other shapes are also acceptable . sampling surface 244 and beads 260 a , 260 b , 260 c , 260 d combine to atraumatically collect , or sample , exocervical cells from a face of a cervix of a pregnant patient during a pap test procedure . in one embodiment , wings 240 , 242 are molded from a plastic , such as thermoplastic polymers including polyethylene , polypropylene , polyester , nylon , or “ soft ” polymers including block co - polymers such as block co - polyesters . in general , wings 240 , 242 are molded from plastics that are fda approved for medical devices . in another embodiment , wings 240 , 242 include a lofted intertwined mat of endless fibers that form a surface that is characterized by a random collection of interconnecting fibrils , as more fully described below in fig9 a . fig6 illustrates a front view of another combination exo - endocervical sampler 326 according to one embodiment of the present invention . combination exo - endocervical sampler 326 includes a pair of opposing wings 340 , 342 that are disposed transverse to shaft 322 ( i . e ., transverse to central axis a ), and a brush 346 that extends away from the wings 340 , 342 along the central axis a of shaft 322 . the wings 340 , 342 combine to define a sampling surface 344 separate from a sampling surface area provided by brush 346 . in one embodiment , brush 346 is substantially cylindrical in shape and defines a height h 2 between about 1 to 3 cm , and preferably the height h 2 of brush 346 is about 1 . 5 cm when sampler 326 is employed in a pap test on a non - parous patient , and height h 2 of brush 346 is about 2 cm when sampler 326 is employed in a pap test for a parous patient . brush 346 includes multiple loops of fibers 370 . brush 346 includes a semi - rigid or rigid strand 368 , and looped fibers 370 that are coupled to strand 368 . strand 368 is generally oriented along central axis a , and looped fibers 370 generally extend transverse to strand 368 and central axis a . in one embodiment , strand 368 includes two twined or twisted strands wrapped to capture looped fibers 370 . strand 368 includes corrosion resistant metal , such as stainless steel . alternatively , strand 368 is formed from plastic materials , such as nylon . in one embodiment , each looped fiber includes a first closed end opposite a second closed end , and the closed ends extend transverse from the central axis a , in a manner similar to that illustrated in fig2 . fibers 370 are similar to the fibers illustrated in fig2 and 3a and 3 b . in this regard , fibers 370 are looped and can include a non - circular perimeter in transverse cross - section that is configured for atraumatic collection of cervical cells in a pap test procedure . looped fibers 370 are suited to abrade portions of the endocervical canal to remove cervical cells for sampling without traumatizing the surface from which the cells are removed . fig7 illustrates a front view of another embodiment of a combination exo - endocervical sampler 426 according to one embodiment of the present invention . combination exo - endocervical sampler 426 includes a pair of opposing wings 440 , 442 that are disposed transverse to shaft 422 ( i . e ., transverse to central axis a ), and a brush 446 that extends away from the wings 440 , 442 along the central axis a of shaft 422 . the wings 440 , 442 combine to define a sampling surface 444 separate from a sampling surface area provided by brush 446 . in one embodiment , brush 446 is substantially conical in shape and defines a height h 3 between about 1 to 3 cm , and preferably the height h 3 of brush 446 is about 1 . 5 cm when sampler 426 is employed in a pap test on a non - parous patient , and height h 3 of brush 446 is about 2 cm when sampler 426 is employed in a pap test for a parous patient . brush 446 includes multiple loops of fibers 470 wound conically in a helical fashion about a semi - rigid or rigid strand 468 . strand 468 is generally oriented along central axis a , and looped fibers 470 generally extend transverse to strand 468 and central axis a . in one embodiment , strand 468 includes two twined or twisted strands wrapped to capture looped fibers 470 . strand 468 includes corrosion resistant metal , such as stainless steel . alternatively , strand 468 is formed from plastic materials , such as nylon . in one embodiment , each looped fiber includes a first closed end opposite a second closed end , and the closed ends extend transverse from the central axis a , in a manner similar to that illustrated in fig2 . fibers 470 are similar to the fibers illustrated in fig2 and 3a and 3 b . in this regard , fibers 470 are looped and can include a non - circular perimeter in transverse cross - section that is configured for atraumatic collection of cervical cells in a pap test procedure . looped fibers 470 are suited to abrade portions of the endocervical canal to remove cervical cells for sampling without traumatizing the surface from which the cells are removed . fig8 illustrates a perspective view of a brush 546 according to one embodiment of the present invention . brush 546 is usefully employed on any one of the combination exo - endocervical samplers 26 , 106 , 326 , and 426 illustrated above . in one embodiment , brush 546 is substantially conical in shape and defines a height h 4 between about 1 to 3 cm , and preferably the height h 4 of brush 546 is about 1 . 5 cm when employed in a pap test on a non - parous patient , and height h 4 of brush 546 is about 2 cm when employed in a pap test for a parous patient . brush 546 includes a sponge 550 that defines a helical surface 552 wound about a semi - rigid or rigid strand 568 . in one embodiment , sponge 550 is an open celled absorbent sponge formed of natural or synthetic cellulose or its derivatives , or of polymers . in another embodiment , sponge 550 is a closed cell sponge form of polyurethane or the like . strand 568 is generally oriented along central axis a , and includes corrosion resistant metal , such as stainless steel . alternatively , strand 568 is formed from plastic materials , such as nylon . helical surface 552 includes helically spaced ledges 554 a , 554 b , and 554 c . helical surface 552 is suited to abrade portions of the endocervical canal to remove cervical cells for sampling without traumatizing the surface from which the cells are removed . in one embodiment , brush 546 includes a pair of opposing wings defined by helical surfaces 552 that are disposed transverse to the strand 568 , and a prominence defined by top 550 of sponge . prominence , or top 550 of sponge , extends from the wings 552 along a central axis a of the strand 568 . in this regard , the opposing wings 552 define a first sampling surface and the prominence 550 defines a second sampling surface . the sponge 550 is characterized by an absence of bristles and defines pores or a void space within the sponge 550 that is configured to capture exo - endocervical cells . fig9 a illustrates a perspective view of another combination exo - endocervical sampling device 620 according to one embodiment of the present invention . combination exo - endocervical sampling device 620 includes a shaft 622 , and a combination exo - endocervical sampler 626 extending from shaft 622 and aligned along a central longitudinal axis a . in one embodiment , a separate sampler such as a swab or a spatula is coupled to shaft 622 opposite sampler 626 in a manner similar to that illustrated in figure la ( swab ) or fig4 ( spatula ). combination exo - endocervical sampler 626 includes a pair of opposing wings 640 , 642 that are disposed transverse to shaft 622 ( i . e ., transverse to central axis a ), and a prominence 646 that extends away from the wings 640 , 642 along the central axis a of shaft 622 . the prominence 646 and wings 640 , 642 combine to define a sampling surface 644 . in one embodiment , sampling surface 644 is covered at least partially by a lofted intertwined mat 648 of looped fibers that is suitable for the collection of cells from the cervical face and / or the endocervical canal . in one embodiment , prominence 646 is substantially conical in shape and defines a height h 5 between about 1 to 3 cm , and preferably the height h 5 of prominence 646 is about 1 . 5 cm when sampler 626 is employed in a pap test on a non - parous patient , and height h 5 of prominence 646 is about 2 cm when sampler 626 is employed in a pap test for a parous patient . lofted intertwined mat 648 of fibers forms a surface that is characterized by a random collection of interconnecting fibrils . the interconnecting fibrils define open spaces between the fibrils . the fibrils and the opens spaces combine to create a “ lofty ” structure that is useful in the atraumatic collection of cervical cells in a pap test procedure . the looped fibrils may be referred to as “ endless ” fibers or fibrils , as individual fibrils forming the lofted intertwined mat 648 are formed to have no distinct “ beginning ” or “ end ” ( i . e ., the fibrils are not bristles ). the lofted intertwined mat 648 is suited to abrade portions of the endocervical canal to remove cervical cells for sampling , and the open spaces between fibrils gather / retain the cells and minimize trauma to the cells as the cells are removed from the patient . fig9 b illustrates a cross - sectional view of combination exo - endocervical sampler 626 . wings 640 , 642 and prominence 646 are covered by lofted intertwined mat 648 of fibers . in one embodiment , lofted intertwined mat 648 of fibers includes a base 650 and intertwined fibers 652 extending from base 650 . in one embodiment , lofted intertwined mat 648 of fibers is formed by extruding fibers 652 from a strand die onto a carrier web , or base 650 . in an alternative embodiment , lofted intertwined mat 648 of fibers is formed by extruding fibers 652 from a strand die onto a moving conveyor belt , where the speed of the conveyor belt is selected to enable a portion of fibers 652 to cool into a continuous polymeric base 650 , and another portion of fibers 652 becomes randomly tangled and intertwined as they cool on top of base 650 . in this manner , a single process is employed to form base 650 and intertwine fibers 652 . by an appropriate selection of fiber extrusion rate and collection speed , the mat of randomly intertwined fibers 652 will extend a distance from base 650 to provide a lofty structure . between each of the randomly intertwined fibers 652 , a void or space 653 is defined that is suited for the collection of cervical cell samples . in one embodiment , base 650 and intertwined fibers 652 are formed from a thermoplastic polymeric material . preferably , thermoplastic polymeric material is flexible , soft , and suited for medical applications . examples of suitable thermoplastic materials include polyurethane , polyolefins , and polyolefins including a soft fraction of another polymer , for example , polybutylene . in one embodiment , after forming base 650 and intertwined fiber 652 , lofted intertwined mat 648 of “ endless ” fibers is thermo - formed onto sampler 626 to cover wings 640 , 642 and prominence 646 . fig1 illustrates a cross - sectional view of combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 employed to collect cervical cells from a cervix during a pap test according to one embodiment of the present invention . with reference to fig1 a , second portion 39 of combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 has been severed from first portion 37 . first portion 37 including sampler 24 ( fig1 a ) is provided to permit the clinician to collect a sample of cells from a wall of vagina v . generally , sampler 24 is swabbed along walls of the vagina v to capture cells for analysis . first portion 37 having the cells collected on sampler 24 is removed from the vagina v , deposited inside a standard sized test tube , the test tube is capped , and the collected sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis . thereafter , second portion 39 is inserted into the vagina v to collect cervical cells . for example , exo - endocervical sampler 26 is placed in contact with the cervix c such that sampling surface 44 contacts exocervical surface ex and brush 46 enters the cervical os to contact endocervical surface en . textured surface 36 on shaft 22 is available to provide a gripping surface that enables a clinician , for example a clinician wearing gloves , to rotate shaft 22 . rotation of shaft 22 rotates exo - endocervical sampler 26 such that sampling surface 44 sweeps across the exocervical surface ex and brush 46 rotates within and around the endocervical surface en . in this manner , sampling surface 44 collects cells from exocervical surface ex and looped fibers 70 atraumatically abrades and collects cells from the endocervical surface en of cervix c . the exo - endocervical cells that are collected are appropriately “ smeared ” across one or more microscope plates and readied for subsequent laboratory analysis , or alternatively , deposited in a standard wet prep broth container . in one embodiment , combination exo - endocervical sampling devices described above are selected based upon a status of the patient . for example , one algorithm of use provides that the clinician determines whether the patient is pregnant , and if so selects exocervical sampling device 200 ( fig5 a ). if the patient is not pregnant , the clinician determines if the patient is nulli - parous and / or likely stenotic , and if so employs combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 ( fig1 a ). in this regard , in the case where the patient is nulli - parous , height h of brush 46 is selected to have a height of about 1 . 5 cm . if the clinician determines that the patient is parous , the clinician selects combination exo - endocervical sampling device 20 provided with brush 46 having a height h of about 2 . 0 cm . embodiments described above permit the clinician to use one tool to collect both endocervical and exocervical cell samples during a pap test procedure . this reduces the duration of the office visit , which translates to improved clinic efficiency , and reduces the cost of the instruments used to collect the samples . the looped fibers effectively collect endocervical cell samples without traumatizing the endocervical tissue or the cells . the combination exo - endocervical sampling devices described above permit the clinician to match the device to a given cervix type and sample tissue , which after analysis and diagnosis provides vitally important information useful to the clinician in the early diagnosis of cytopathologic abnormalities and common vaginoses . although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein , it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and / or equivalent implementations may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention . this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein . therefore , it is intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof | 0 |
the voltage multiplication circuit of the present invention according to fig1 contains a first and second stage st1 , st2 that are driven by a fourth inverter stage i4 as well as of a level converter pu having connected thereto a third inverter stage i3 . each of the two stages contains an inverter circuit , a capacitor and a two - channel field effect transistors . the capacitor has a first terminal connected to the output of the inverter stages and has a second terminal connected to ground gnd via one of the two n - channel field effect transistors . the further transistor is connected between a second reference potential v ss and the second terminal of the capacitor , whereby the second reference potential v ss is connected to the output of the voltage multiplier circuit . the supply voltage is connected between the ground gnd and the lead having the first reference potential v dd , whereas a voltage at the second reference potential having v ss =- v dd ( with reference to ground gnd ) can be generated by the voltage multiplier circuit . to this end , the capacitor has its first terminal connected to the first reference potential v dd during the first clock phase and has its second terminal simultaneously connected to ground gnd via one of the two field effect transistors . in the following clock phase , this transistor is inhibited and the first terminal is discharged from the first reference potential v dd to ground gnd via the inverter stage , so that the second terminal drops from ground gnd to - v dd . during this clock phase , the field effect transistor connected between the second terminal and the second reference potential v ss is conductive and transfers the charge from the capacitor c1 onto a further smoothing capacitor c3 . this smoothing capacitor is connected between the second reference potential v ss and ground gnd . the recited cycle is repeated with the next clock period and the reference potential v ss becomes more and more negative until the voltage - v dd is reached . while the capacitor c1 in the first stage is now charged in the first clock period , the capacitor c2 in the second stage that is already charged can output its charge to the smoothing capacitor . this makes it possible to utilized both clock phases , this increasing the current yield and reducing the voltage change at the smoothing capacitor c3 during a clock phase . the voltage between the second terminal point of the capacitor c1 and the second reference potential v ss moves between 0 volts ( ground gnd ) and - v dd . the two field effect transistors in the respective first and second stage must thus be driven such that they are reliably inhibited for a voltage of - v dd . this is the case when the gate terminal voltage is less than the voltage of - v dd + v tn . the voltage v tn thereby references the threshold voltage of an n - channel field effect transistor . the low level is shifted from ground gnd to the second reference potential v ss =- v dd with the level converter pu and the connected , third inverter circuit i3 . this occurs when the level converter pu has its output side supplied by the generated voltage v ss . in general , it can be assumed that the smoothing capacitor c3 is discharged upon turn - on , since an ohmic load in the form of a user is also connected to it in parallel . the level converter then operates immediately and a voltage multiplication is achieved . in detail , the voltage multiplier circuit of fig1 is constructed in the following way . the first stage st1 of the voltage multiplier circuit contains a first inverter stage i1 , a first capacitor c1 and first and second n - channel field effect transistors n1 and n2 . the output of the first inverter stage i1 is connected to a first terminal of the capacitor c1 and the second terminal of the capacitor c1 is connected to ground gnd via the first n - channel field effect transistor n1 . the appertaining substrate terminal to the first n - channel field effect transistor n1 is likewise connected to the second terminal of the capacitor . further , the second n - channel field effect transistor n2 is connected between the second terminal of the capacitor c1 and a first terminal of the smoothing capacitor c3 . the substrate terminal of this latter field effect transistor is also connected to the first terminal of the smoothing capacitor c3 . the smoothing capacitor c3 itself has its second terminal connected to the ground gnd and sees a low ripple of the output voltage . the inverter stage i1 contains a fourth p - channel field effect transistor p4 and a twelfth n - channel field effect transistor n12 , whereby the two gate terminals are connected in common to the output of the fourth inverter stage i4 and both first terminals form the output of the first inverter stage in common . in the inverter stage i1 , further , the substrate terminal and the second terminal of the twelfth n - channel field effect transistor n12 are connected to the ground gnd and the second terminal and substrate terminal of the fourth p - channel field effect transistor p4 are connected to the first reference potential v dd . the second stage st2 is constructed similar to the first stage st1 and contains a second inverter stage i2 formed by a fifth p - channel field effect transistor p5 and of a thirteenth n - channel field effect transistor n13 , of a capacitor c2 and of the third and fourth n - channel field effect transistor n3 and n4 . the capacitor c2 is also connected between the output of the inverter stage i2 and is connected to ground gnd via the third n - channel field effect transistor n3 and is connected to the second reference potential v ss via the n - channel field effect transistor n4 . the two gate terminals of the fifth p - channel field effect transistor p5 and of the thirteenth n - channel field effect transistor n13 the second inverter stage i2 form the input of the second inverter stage i2 and , contrasting to the first inverter stage i1 , are connected to the input of the fourth inverter stage i4 . for driving the two stages st1 and st2 via the inverter i4 , the latter has a sixth p - channel field effect transistor p6 and a fourteenth n - channel field effect transistor n14 available , whereby the substrate terminal and a first terminal of the n - channel field effect transistor n14 are connected to ground gnd and a first terminal and a substrate terminal of the sixth p - channel field effect transistor p6 is connected to the first reference potential v dd , whereas the two gate terminals of these latter field effect transistors form the input of the fourth inverter stage i4 and the clock input φ . the output of the fourth inverter stage i4 is formed by the second terminals of the respectively sixth p - channel field effect transistor p6 and of the respectively fourteenth n - channel field effect transistor n14 . the level converter circuit pu is connected to the input of the fourth inverter stage i4 or , respectively , to the clock input φe , to the ground gnd , to the first reference potential v dd and to the second , generated reference potential v ss and further has its clock output φa connected to the two gate terminals of the ninth n - channel field effect transistor n9 and of the seventeenth p - channel field effect transistor p17 . both field effect transistors form the third inverter stage i3 . a substrate terminal and a first terminal of the ninth p - channel field effect transistor p9 is thereby connected to the first reference potential v dd and a first terminal and substrate terminal of the seventeenth n - channel field effect transistor n17 are connected to the second reference potential v ss . the output of the third inverter stage i3 is formed by the two terminals of these two latter field effect transistors and is connected to the gate terminal of the third n - channel field effect transistor n3 and to the gate terminal of the second n - channel field effect transistor n2 . further , the gate terminal of the first n - channel field effect transistor n1 and the gate terminal of the fourth n - channel field effect transistor n4 is to be connected to the clock output φa of the level converter pu . when , instead of a voltage doubling , a multiple boost of the voltage is desired , then more than two stages are to be connected following one another . a four - stage circuit that generates the output voltage v kk =- 3 × v dd is shown in fig2 . the level converter pu for driving the individual stages via the third inverter i3 is required only once and is therefore connected to the most negative voltage , in this case v . sub . κκ . the interconnection of the individual stages st1 and st2 , their realization , and the realization of the inverter stages i3 and i4 is to be undertaken as in the two - stage voltage multiplier circuit of fig1 . components identical to those in fig1 are provided with the same reference characters in the four - stage embodiment of the voltage multiplier circuit . the structure of the third and fourth stage st3 and st4 is similar to that of the two first stages st1 and st2 . the third stage st3 contains an inverter stage i5 a capacitor c4 as well as two n - channel field effect transistors n8 and n9 . a first terminal of the fourth capacitor c4 is connected to an output of the fifth inverter stage i5 and a second terminal thereof is connected to the second reference potential v ss via the eighth n - channel field effect transistor n8 . the substrate terminal of the eighth n - channel field effect transistor n8 is likewise connected to the second terminal of the capacitor c4 . the ninth n - channel field effect transistor n9 is connected between the third reference potential v . sub . κκ , which represents the most negative voltage in the circuit of fig2 and the second terminal of the fourth capacitor c4 , whereby the substrate terminal of the ninth n - channel field effect transistor n9 is likewise connected to v . sub . κκ . the inverter stage i5 is again constructed by two complementary field effect transistors p7 and n15 , whereby a first terminal of p7 and n15 form the output of the inverter stage i5 and the gate terminals of both field effect transistors represent the input of the fifth inverter stage i5 that is to be connected , first , to the gate terminals of the n - channel field effect transistor n3 , the n - channel field effect transistor n9 and the n - channel field effect transistor n2 and , second , to the output of the fifth inverter stage i3 . further , the inverter stage i5 is connected between the first reference potential v dd and the second reference potential v ss , whereby the second terminal and the substrate terminal of the p - channel field effect transistor p7 is connected to the first reference potential v dd and the substrate terminal and second terminal of the n - channel field effect transistor n15 is connected to the second reference potential v ss . the structure of the fourth stage st4 connected to the third stage st3 is similar . it is composed of the sixth inverter stage i6 of the fifth capacitor c5 and of the two n - channel field effect transistors n10 and n11 . the first terminal of the capacitor c5 is in turn connected to the output of the sixth inverter stage i6 and the second terminal of the capacitor c5 is connected to the first reference potential v ss via the tenth n - channel field effect transistor n10 . the substrate terminal is likewise connected to the second terminal of the capacitor c5 and the second terminal is connected to the third reference potential v . sub . κκ via the n - channel field effect transistor n11 . the substrate terminal of the same field effect transistor is also connected to the third reference potential v . sub . κκ . an analogous capacitor c3 in the first and second stage is represented by the capacitor c6 for the two stages st3 and st4 , being connected between the ground gnd and the third reference potential v . sub . κκ . both capacitors c3 and c6 serve the purpose of smoothing the output signal and are not absolutely required for a connected user having capacitative characteristics . the sixth inverter stage i6 contains a n - channel and a p - channel field effect transistor p8 and n16 , whereby the substrate terminal and the first terminal of n16 is connected to the second reference potential v ss and the first terminal and substrate terminal of p8 is connected to with the first reference potential v dd . the two gate terminals of p8 and n16 are to be connected to the gate terminal of the eighth n - channel field effect transistor n8 and to the gate terminals of n1 , n4 and n11 . the output of the sixth inverter stage i6 is respectively formed in common from the second terminal of p8 and n16 . for driving the n - channel field effect transistors n1 through n4 and n8 through n11 , the gate terminals are to be connected to the output of the third inverter stage i3 or , respectively , to the clock output φa of the level converter . these transistors must be driven such that they are reliably inhibited for a voltage of - 3 v dd . this is reliably the case when their gate terminal voltage is less than the voltage of - 3 × v dd + v tn ( v tn again references the threshold voltage of an n - channel field effect transistor ). the low level is shifted from ground gnd toward v . sub . κκ = 3 ×- v dd with the level converter pu . this occurs in that the level converter has its output side supplied by the generated voltage v . sub . κκ . in detail , the clock output φa of the level converter is connected to the gate terminal of the first n - channel field effect transistor n1 , to that of the fourth n - channel field effect transistor n4 , to that of the eighth n - channel field effect transistor n8 and to the gate terminal of the eleventh n - channel field effect transistor n11 . the input of the sixth inverter stage i6 is also connected to the clock output φa of the level converter . the gate terminal of the second n - channel field effect transistor n2 , the gate terminal of the third n - channel field effect transistor n3 , the gate terminal of the ninth and that of the tenth n - channel field effect transistor n9 and n10 are connected to the output of the third inverter stage i3 . the input of the fifth inverter stage i5 is also connected to the output of the third inverter i3 . the output of this four - stage voltage multiplier circuit is connected to the third reference potential v . sub . κκ , whereby a voltage of v . sub . κκ =- 3 × v dd appears at this third reference potential . a voltage v ss =- v dd is built up in the first two stages st1 , this voltage being forwarded to the third and fourth stage st3 and st4 and , ultimately , generating the voltage v . sub . κκ =- 3 × v dd . the realization of the level converter pu that is used in the voltage multiplier circuits of fig1 and 2 is described in the following fig3 . the level converter pu of fig3 contains three n - channel field effect transistors n5 , n6 as well as n7 , as well as three p - channel field effect transistors p1 , p2 and p3 . the p - channel field effect transistor p3 and the n - channel field effect transistor n7 are connected as an inverter and the two n - channel field effect transistors n5 and n6 form a bistable circuit . the clock alternates between a positive voltage ( for example , v dd ) and the ground gnd equals zero volts , so that a positive voltage signal is present at the gate terminal of the p - channel field effect transistor p1 during the first half of a clock period and the field effect transistor is inhibited . the p - channel field effect transistor p2 , by contrast , is in the conductive condition since it has its gate terminal driven inversely with the same clock via the inverter stage formed by p3 and n7 . the gate terminal of the n - channel field effect transistor n6 is now connected to a positive voltage v dd via the p - channel field effect transistor p2 , so that p6 is conductive and applies the output φa of the level converter to the voltage v ss or , respectively , v . sub . κκ . in this case , the n - channel field effect transistor n5 is in its inhibited condition . in the second half of the clock period , the voltage on the clock line φe is 0 volts and the field effect transistor p1 is conductive . since the clock line is also connected to the field effect transistors p3 and n7 , the p - channel field effect transistors p3 is conductive and the n - channel field effect transistor n7 is inhibited in this case . the gate terminal of the p2 field effect transistor is therefore also applied to a positive voltage v dd and inhibits the transistor . in this case , the positive voltage v dd is situated at the clock output φa and at the gate terminal of the n - channel field effect transistor n5 . the n - channel field effect transistor n5 is conductive and thus inhibits the sixth n - channel field effect transistor n6 since the negative reference potential v ss or v . sub . κκ is connected its gate line . a square - wave voltage derives therefrom at the clock output φa , this alternating between the first reference potential v dd and the respectively second or , respectively , third reference potential v ss , v . sub . κκ in the clock of the square - wave voltage on the clock line . in detail , the wiring of the level converter is to be undertaken in the following way . a first terminal and a substrate terminal of the fifth n - channel field effect transistor n5 and a first terminal and substrate terminal of the sixth n - channel field effect transistor n6 are connected in common to the output of the voltage multiplier circuit or , respectively , to the second or third reference potential v ss , v . sub . κκ and a gate terminal of the fifth n - channel field effect transistor n5 , a second terminal of the sixth n - channel field effect transistor n6 and a first terminal of the first p - channel field effect transistor pl form the clock output φa of the level converter in common . a gate terminal of the sixth n - channel field effect transistor n6 is connected to a second terminal of the fifth n - channel field effect transistor n5 and to a first terminal of the second p - channel field effect transistor p2 and a first terminal and substrate terminal of the seventh n - channel field effect transistor are to be applied to ground gnd . a second terminal of the same transistor is connected to the gate terminal of the second p - channel field effect transistor p2 and to a first terminal of the third p - channel field effect transistor p3 and a second terminal and substrate terminal of the third p - channel field effect transistor p3 , a second terminal and substrate terminal of the second p - channel field effect transistor p2 and a second terminal and substrate terminal of the first p - channel field effect transistor p1 are connected to the first reference potential v dd . the drive occurs via the clock line at the clock input φe , whereby the gate terminal of the third p - channel field effect transistor p3 and the gate terminal of the seventh n - channel field effect transistor n7 are to be connected to the clock line . when generating positive voltage with a given negative voltage , all n - channel and p - channel field effect transistors in the voltage multiplier circuits of fig1 and 2 are to be interchanged , whereby the first reference potential v dd is to be provided with a negative voltage and the second and the third reference potential v ss , v . sub . κκ supply a positive voltage . the invention is not limited to the particular details of the apparatus depicted and other modifications and applications are contemplated . certain other changes may be made in the above described apparatus without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention herein involved . it is intended , therefore , that the subject matter in the above depiction shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense . | 7 |
referring now to fig1 the feedthrough concept according to the present invention is illustrated in schematic form for connecting a pressurized large diameter coaxial transmission line to a smaller diameter vacuum operated coaxial transmission line . the feedthrough comprises an inner tapered conductor 11 , an outer tapered coaxial conductor 13 and a cylindrical insulator barrier 15 formed of a ceramic electrical insulating material , such as alumina . the feedthrough is connected at an upstream end 17 to a gas - filled high voltage coaxial transmission line , or other suitable source of high voltage rf power , while the downstream end 19 is connected to a coaxial line or rf power utilization device , such as an antenna disposed in a vacuum environment . the insulator 15 forms a vacuum barrier between a gas - filled annular cavity 21 which communicates with the pressurized gas dielectric , such as sf 6 at a pressure of 0 - 10 atmospheres , of the upstream end transmission line and an annular vacuum cavity 23 which communicates with the downstream vacuum system . the insulating cylinder supports the inner conductor and may be brazed at the upstream and downstream ends to the inner and outer conductors , respectively , to form a vacuum - tight seal . in this case , the insulating barrier 15 is much longer than its diameter . this permits the construction of very gradual tapers of the inner and outer conductors toward the center of feedthrough . this , in turn , produces potential contours , shown by superimposed lines 25 , that are nearly parallel to the surface of the insulator 15 so that the electric field ( e ) is nearly perpendicular to the surface of the insulator 15 . this substantially reduces the possibility of surface breakdown along the insulator surface due to the long breakdown path and eliminates the need for large diameter structures . a constant characteristic impedance results from the use of the straight tapers on the inner and outer conductors . maintenance of a constant characteristic impedance with a value equal to the connecting transmission line ( typically 50 ohms ) minimizes voltages on the feedthrough and on the connecting transmission lines . this is because the maximum voltage on a transmission line is governed by the relation , where p is the input power , z o is the transmission line characteristic impedance , and s is the voltage standing - wave ratio . if the feedthrough characteristic impedance equals z o , then s will be minimized for a given load impedance , which in turn minimizes v max . the characteristic impedance of the feedthrough is governed by the ratio of outer conductor radius to inner conductor radius . a constant characteristic impedance results from the use of the straight tapers on inner and outer conductors . the value of the characteristic impedance for tapered lines is found approximately from ## equ1 ## where μ is 4π × 10 - 7 henrys / meter , ε is 8 . 854 × 10 - 12 farads / meter , l l is the inductance per unit length , c l is the capacitance per unit length . and θ 2 and θ 1 are the angles made by the outer and inner conductors , respectively , relative to the axis of the feedthrough . the cylindrical ceramic barrier not only provides a simpler feedthrough construction , but also simplifies the problem of cooling the ceramic in high power applications where cooling is required . referring now to fig2 wherein like reference numerals refer to identical parts shown in fig1 there is shown one embodiment of the invention in which cooling of the ceramic is accomplished by flowing a coolant , such as water , between concentric cylindrical ceramics 15a and 15b . these cylinders may be purchased commercially in specified sizes preferably formed of alumina ( al 2 o 3 ) of specified purity . typically , the cylinders are at least 94 % pure al 2 o 3 which may be purchased from various ceramic suppliers . the cylinders are brazed at each end to metal mounting rings which are connected to the inner conductor 11 and outer conductor 13 , respectively , so that the inner conductor is supported in proper coaxial alignment with the outer conductor . the mounting rings 27a and 27b may be attached to an upstream end closure member 31 of the inner conductor structure in a concentric spaced relationship to form a cooling channel 35 therebetween which is in fluid communication with an annular coolant header 37 . the coolant is supplied to the header 37 through hoses ( not shown ) connected to couplings 39 . the mounting rings 29a and 29b may be attached to a flange member 33 forming a downstream end portion of the outer conductor in a corresponding concentric spaced relationship . the flange 33 has an annular exhaust manifold 41 through which the coolant flows exiting the system through ports 43 . this embodiment further illustrates one means by which the inner conductor 11 may also be cooled by introducing coolant through inlet ports 45 in the end closure member 31 which flows through a central coaxially disposed inlet tube 47 to the downstream end of the inner conductor and back through the chamber 49 formed between the inlet tube 47 and the inner walls of conductor 11 before exiting through exhaust ports 51 in the end member 31 . ports 45 and 51 may also be connected through hosing to an external coolant circulating system ( not shown ). these coolant connections may be made through conventional impedance matching stubs in the upstream coaxial line connected to the feedthrough . all coolant connections are made on the inside of the inner conductor so that rf power is kept off the coolant lines , since rf currents flow only on the outside of the inner conductor . the upstream end of the feedthrough is adapted to be connected to a coaxial transmission line with the outer conductors connected by means of a flange 53 and the inner conductors connected through a flange 55 of a coupling sleeve 57 . the sleeve 57 includes a corona shield 59 in the form of a guard ring which extends over the ceramic mounting rings 27 . an expansion joint 61 may also be provided in the sleeve 57 to allow for longitudinal expansions of the ceramic tubes 15 and the connecting transmission line . an additional corona shield 63 is provided at the downstream connecting end of the ceramic tube 15 which extends over the support rings 29 on the inside diameter of the ceramic tube 15b . referring now to fig3 there is shown an embodiment of the invention which has been adapted for an application in which spacing constraints prevent the use of an extremely long cylindrical ceramic insulator / barrier 15 . the outer conductor is formed of a copper coated stainless steel cylinder 71 which is sealably welded to an upstream flange 73 for connection to the outer conductor of an 8 - inch pressurized transmission line ( not shown ). the outer conductor 71 has an inner constant tapered portion 75 which is matched to the inward tapered portion 77 of the inner conductor 79 so that the spacing ratio between the tapered surfaces 75 and 77 remains constant through the region of the insulator 15 to provide a constant characteristic impedance along the transition between the pressurized region 81 and the vacuum region 83 . to maintain matched impedance throughout the feedthrough coupling and thereby minimize the ivswr , the upstream end of the inner surface of outer conductor 71 is formed of an enlarged diameter segment 85 to maintain the constant spacing ratio relative to the inner conductor contour so that the constant characteristic impedance of the connecting transmission line is maintained through the upstream transition portion of the feedthrough . an adapter coupling 87 is bolted to the upstream end of the inner conductor 79 through which connection is made to the inner conductor of the pressurized transmission line . as in the previous embodiment , an inner conductor cooling channel 89 is provided in the inner conductor which communicates with input and output coolant flow ports 91 and 93 , respectively , provided within the inner conductor coupling member 87 , as shown . the ceramic cylinder 15 is brazed to electrically conductive metal rings 95 and 97 at the upstream and downstream ends respectively . the upstream ring 95 has an annular spacing flange portion which extends radially inward over the end of cylinder 15 and is sandwiched between the coupling 87 and the inner conductor 79 during assembly . the downstream end ring 97 extends about the end of the cylinder 15 and has a pair of radially outward extending annular flanges which form an annular channel 99 in which a two - piece stainless steel reinforcing ring 101 is disposed to prevent bending of the annular flanges when assembled . the annular channel 99 of ring 97 is disposed in an annular recess of a downstream end faceplate 103 of the outer conductor cylinder 71 which is bolted to a downstream outer conductor transition coupling 105 . metal 0 - ring seals 107 are provided as shown between the annular channel 99 and the faceplate 103 and coupling 105 adjacent the location of the support ring 101 . this provides a vacuum - tight seal between pressurized region 81 and the vacuum region 83 when the parts are bolted together by means of a plurality of blots 109 which extend through the faceplate 103 and threadably engage the coupling 105 . another metal o - ring 111 is provided between the upstream end mounting ring 95 and the upstream end of the inner conductor 79 to provide a vacuum tight seal at the upstream end of the ceramic barrier 15 . the metal o - ring seals permit operation for extended periods of time in the radiation environments of a fusion experiment and at elevated temperatures . the o - rings are preferably &# 34 ; helicoflex &# 34 ; seals which are available commercially from the helicoflex company , boonton , n . j . these rings are formed of a nickel alloy ( nimonic 90 ) helical spring enclosed in a circular cross section outer aluminum jacket . although the vacuum feedthrough transition ends at the downstream end of the ceramic barrier 15 , the interface between the outer conductor 71 and the coupling 105 , this embodiment illustrates the manner in which the feedthrough may be easily adapted for various applications . in this case the downstream end is to be connected to a vacuum transmission line housing having an outer conductor of the same diameter as the pressurized transmission line . thus , the coupling 105 is welded at the downstream end to a connecting flange 113 which is identical to flange 73 at the upstream end . the inner surface 115 of coupling 105 , forming a continuation of the outer conductor , and the extending portion 117 of the inner conductor are tapered outwardly from the center axis to provide a constant characteristic impedance match in the transition coupling to the vacuum transmission line . the inner conductor 79 of the feedthrough is connected to the center conductor of the vacuum transmission line at the end face 119 . thus , the relative spacing requirements between the inner and outer conductors are maintained in the transition region which provides the required continuous characteristic impedance match . the outer conductor , especially in the narrow portion thereof , may be cooled by providing coolant inlet and outlet channels 121 and 123 in the coupling 105 which are connected in fluid communication with an annular coolant chamber which surrounds the ceramic cylinder 15 connecting ring 97 . further , additional advantages are obtained in the embodiment shown in fig3 when the feedthrough is used in feeding rf power into the vacuum environment of a fusion device , for example , in that the downstream transition portion provides additional shielding of the ceramic 15 from particle radiation emanating from the plasma confined in the vacuum region . in the embodiment shown in fig3 the inner and outer conductor structural components are formed from stainless steel which has been coated with copper to a depth of about 0 . 003 inch to provide the required low resistance conducting surfaces . the feedthrough shown in fig3 has been designed as a 50 ohm matched feedthrough for use in fusion energy experiments to transmit rf energy from a pressurized transmission line ( sf 6 at about 20 psig ) to a vacuum transmission line operated at a hard vacuum of about 10 - 6 torr . tests indicate that the feedthrough is capable of handling power levels greater than 1 megawatt in long pulse ( 3 seconds ) operation at a voltage of 100 kv without breakdown . the length of the ceramic cylinder in this case is 4 . 875 inches . referring now to fig4 there is illustrated another embodiment of the invention , wherein the inner and outer conductors are indicated by dashed lines , which further reduces spatial changes in the characteristics impedance over the structure of fig3 shown by solid lines . in this embodiment the voltage standing wave ratio is reduced by a direct analysis of laplace &# 39 ; s equation and an infinitesimal circuit model . this procedure is found to be more accurate , and the fig4 embodiment is therefore expected to produce the lowest standing wave ratio obtainable . the ivswr has been determined to be less than 1 . 01 : 1 for frequencies below 200 mhz and less than 1 . 1 : 1 at frequencies less than 800 mhz . thus , it will be seen that an rf coaxial feedthrough has been provided which is simple to construct from geometrically simple components and which is capable of being easily adapted to various rf feedthrough applications at high voltages and currents for matched impedance and minimum ivswr . although the invention has been described by means of specific embodiments , it will be understood that various modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims attached to and forming a part of this specification . for example , in applications requiring a very short feedthrough design the taper angles of the inner and outer conductors may be arranged at steeper angles than that shown by increasing the diameter of the feedthrough as long as the angle of the electric field to the surface of the ceramic barrier does not fall substantially below 45 ° to prevent surface breakdown at high voltages . | 7 |
referring to fig1 a post - mix beverage dispenser 10 has a housing 12 onto which a transparent bowl 14 is mounted . the bowl holds liquid 16 in each of four separately sealed compartments 18 . within each compartment , a straight , plastic spray tube 20 extends vertically to direct a spray of the liquid against an underside surface of a lid 40 , thus causing the liquid to cascade downward in the bowl . liquid 16 is cooled to a sufficiently low temperature , preferably less than about 8 ° c . ( 45 ° f . ), so that the bowl sweats , thus forming drops 22 of condensation that run down the sides of the bowl . the liquid should be sufficiently low in temperature to cool the body so that condensation forms under most normal temperature and humidity conditions in which the dispenser would be used . one type of liquid can be used in each of the compartments , or up to four different types of liquid can be provided in respective compartments . the liquid in the compartments is not actually dispensed for drinking ; rather , the drink is made by reconstituting a concentrated syrup and water that are provided from external sources via conduits 24 . these conduits include four syrup lines , a potable water line , an ac power line , and a drain conduit . the syrup may be held in a bag - in - box container in a remote location , while the water may be from a municipal water supply . the syrup and water conduits are fluidly coupled to four dispensing valves 34 , each of which combines the water and syrup in adjustable , pre - settable proportions and provides a cold drink . to draw the drink , a cup 26 is positioned over a grille 28 that is on a drip tray 29 . some valves have a push handle switch 30 against which the user can push the cup to activate the switch by physical contact . if a valve is used that does not have such a switch , one or more buttons 32 can be provided to cause the dispenser to dispense the drink . buttons 32 , which are mounted on a bezel portion 33 , are coupled to circuitry that is incorporated in the valve . the buttons can include a &# 34 ; stop - and - hold &# 34 ; switch , which dispenses the drink for as long as the button is held , or , additionally or alternatively , can include buttons that provide measured portions . these measured portions can be preset by adjusting controls in system circuitry ( not shown ) or by using a learning mode in which the circuitry causes a drink to be dispensed for as long as a user causes the dispenser to dispense during a test run . such a learning mode and an ability to set proportions in circuitry are provided , for example , in a model oj 2000 , a different type of post - mix dispenser that is available from jet spray corp . ( a type that has a refrigerated compartment for holding one or more containers of syrup within the housing , as in reissue 33 , 943 ). referring also to fig2 - 6 and particularly to fig2 bowl 14 has an integral compartment - defining body 42 , which has a gently sloping floor 45 , side walls 37 , three dividers 43 that define four compartments , and an open top . the body has openings with integral downward extensions 46 , 48 that define a front inlet and a rear outlet , respectively , for each compartment 18 . each front inlet is fluidly coupled to a respective spray tube 20 . the rear outlets are at a lowest part of the floor in each compartment for providing drainage to a respective pump 70 . the body rests on a condensate tray 44 that is rigidly connected to a shelf 55 ( fig5 ). condensate tray 44 has a sloping floor 56 on which standoffs 54 are distributed so that when the body is on the tray , a space 57 is defined between them . at the lowest point of the floor is a drain 58 . as shown in fig4 and 5 , in operation , the bowl sweats and the condensation rolls down the side of the body . because of the space provided by spacers 54 , the condensation collects on the floor of the tray and eventually is drained through drain 58 that is fluidly coupled to a drain conduit 59 . referring in particular to fig5 the underside of the condensate tray has integral extensions 47 , 49 for fluidly coupling conduits 66 , 68 to respective extensions 46 , 48 . extensions 46 , 47 and 48 , 49 are sealed with o - rings 51 that are disposed in annular grooves in extensions 46 , 48 . referring also to fig6 a two - piece lid 40 that covers the open top of the body has a top piece 60 bonded to a bottom piece 62 . the top piece has a generally flat top with a downwardly directed flange 65 that extends around the periphery of the flat top . the bottom piece is formed to define a sealed air space 64 over each compartment 18 , while the top and bottom pieces meet and are bonded together at portions over dividers 43 . the insulating air space prevents condensation from forming on the top of top piece 60 . the spray tube extends within about 1 / 8 inch of a bottom concave portion 61 of bottom piece 62 . the lid rests on the body , preferably without any additional coupling means and without a gasket or other seal member . the lid , body , and spray tubes are all designed to fit together and to sufficiently seal while also being easy to disassemble and remove for maintenance and cleaning . because of the mating extensions and the o - ring seals , the body can be easily separated from the tray by simply lifting it from the tray . thus , the body can be easily removed and replaced for maintenance , replacement , or cleaning without removing , disturbing , or disconnecting the pumps , the valves , and conduits 66 , 68 that are coupled to the tray . referring in particular to the schematic representation of fig4 each liquid 16 is fluidly coupled through a conduit 68 to a representative pump 70 . the pump circulates the liquid from compartment 18 through conduit 68 and 72 and into a cooling system 76 . the liquid , having been cooled in the cooling system , is fluidly coupled to spray tube 20 via conduit 66 . the cooling system is remote from the bowl in that it is physically spaced from the bowl rather than extending into the bowl . the pump is also fluidly coupled to a short conduit 80 through which the liquid in the compartment can be pumped out . to drain the liquid from the compartment , a user removes a cap 82 that covers an end of conduit 80 . the short conduit direct the liquid into a suitable container or into the drip tray . while the liquid in the bowl is circulated to the cooling system , it is not fluidly coupled to dispenser valves 34 , and thus the liquid is fluidly insulated or fluidly separated from the valves . this means that the liquid in the bowl and the drink that is dispensed are not the same and are not mixed . referring to fig3 , 9 , and 10 , and particularly to fig9 cooling system 76 cools the liquids in the bowl , the potable water , and the syrup . system 76 includes an ice bath assembly that has a box - shaped container 90 . the container is filled to a desired level with cold bath water 77 . to prevent overfilling , an overfill conduit 91 extends vertically through a floor of the container to the desired level . disposed in the bath water is an evaporator coil 92 that winds around the inner periphery of the walls 93 of the container . referring also to fig4 coil 92 carries a refrigerant , such as r134a , that is fluidly coupled to , and circulated by , a compressor 94 and a condenser 96 . a fan 98 ( fig3 and 4 ) blows warm air through louvers 99 that can be located in either side walls 166 or in a rear wall 101 of the housing . when circulated , the refrigerant in the evaporator coil causes the coil to be substantially below 0 ° c ., thus causing ice 78 to build up on , and completely surround , the coil . the ice thus causes the bath water in the container to be kept very close to 0 ° c ., typically about 0 . 1 °- 0 . 3 ° c . a drain conduit 103 that is typically capped extends away from the floor of the container and is used when the container is emptied for cleaning or maintenance . a sensor 102 ( fig9 ) is mounted in the container near coil 92 to sense a level of ice build - up by detecting water through capillary action . the sensor is electrically coupled to the compressor for causing the compressor to be activated and deactivated in response to the level of ice build - up . the compressor can cause up to about fifteen pounds of ice to form on the evaporator coil . this ice creates a reserve cooling capacity that keeps the compressor from being run continuously . to maintain the bath water at an even and consistent temperature within the container , an agitator motor 97 continuously drives an impeller 100 that creates turbulence in the water . the turbulence also improves heat transfer between potable water in a water coil and the bath water . copper heat sinks 104 are mounted on the exterior surface of motor 98 and extend from the motor into the bath water . referring to fig9 and 10 , four inverted u - shaped coils 110 are welded to a floor of the ice bath container 90 and are fluidly coupled to a respective pump 70 and a respective compartment 18 through conduits 66 , 72 . two of the coils are positioned on either side of the impeller . the coils position and hold in place a water coil 95 that is pressed over coils 110 so that there is a close fit . this positioning is important because the water coil must be sufficiently spaced from the evaporator coil , which is coaxially disposed around the water coil , so that the potable water in the water coil does not freeze . the u - shaped coils thus prevent the water coil from shifting after the water coil is positioned . referring in particular to fig1 , two syrup coils 112 are mounted against the exterior walls of each of two sides 114 of container 90 . these coils are coupled to the exterior so that the design of the interior of the ice bath is not further complicated . the syrup coils are connected against the sides with copper plates 116 that have channels 117 though which straight portions of the syrup coils extend . the heat sinking plates are held to the sides with threaded studs 118 that are welded to the sides . around the exterior of the sides and the bottom of the container is a one - inch thick layer of foam insulation 120 ( fig9 ). on top of the container is a cover 162 that has 0 . 25 inches of foam insulation 164 on its underside . ice bath container is supported on shelf 121 with standoffs 122 . referring also to fig4 the syrup and potable water that are cooled by the ice bath assembly are provided to dispenser valves 34 for dispensing . the syrup may be provided from a bag - in - box container 124 that is kept at a remote location , e . g ., behind a counter or in a storage room . pump 125 pumps syrup from container 124 , to coils 112 , conduit 128 , and into valve 34 . the potable water received by coil 95 has a pressure that is regulated with a pressure regulator 170 . the water is then fluidly coupled to valve 34 through a conduit 126 to a splitting assembly ( not shown ) and then to each valve 34 . referring to fig3 , 7 , and 8 in general and particularly to fig7 and 8 , the water and syrup are provided to valves 34 through conduits 126 , 128 . the valves have electrical lines 136 for connecting to electrical circuitry 138 ( fig4 ). circuitry 138 is coupled to buttons 32 ( fig1 ) for controlling dispensing . adjustable control screws 130 are on a front face of the valve . with these screws , a user can adjust the proportions of water and syrup . on top of the valve and at the rear are dials 132 , 133 for adjusting ball valves ( not shown ) that control the coupling between valves 34 and conduits 126 , 128 . dials 132 are set so that the handles point in the direction of flow , meaning that the ball valves are open ; dials 133 have handles that are 90 ° from the handles of dials 132 , indicating that the ball valves are closed . to remove valves 34 for service or replacement , the ball valves are closed as indicated by dials 133 , a bail ( not shown ) is raised , and a front part 154 of the valve is removed from a rear part 156 at a break line 158 . the front part has the circuitry , which is most likely to require maintenance . because of the need for access to dials 132 , 133 to disconnect conduits 126 , 128 , typical dispensers provide a significant space above the valves for replacement and service . according to the present invention , the valves are rigidly mounted to a bracket 143 that has an l - shaped cross - section behind the valves . behind the valves , the bracket has a portion that is in a plane parallel to rear wall 101 of the housing . at the sides of the dispenser , the bracket curves to two portions 147 that are in planes parallel to side walls 166 ( fig1 ) of the housing . portion 147 are pivotally connected to vertical support members 144 through pivots 148 . the support members have an l - shaped bend and are screwed to stationary vertical frame members 149 . plate 142 and bracket 143 are rotatable downward by 25 ° until they contact stops 146 . these stops are projections of support members 144 , and may , if desired , have end portions that slant downward by 25 °. the bracket is normally held in a first operating position with release screws 150 that extend through support members 144 and engage threaded nuts attached to portions 147 of the bracket . when the screws are removed , the bracket 143 and plate 142 can be lowered . thus , in a first operating position ( in phantom line in fig3 ), the valves partially extend through shelf 55 ( fig8 ) to a position very close to tray 44 . in a second servicing position ( in solid line in fig3 ), the bracket pivots downward about 25 ° and rests on the stops to provide sufficient space to allow easy access to dials 132 , 133 for maintenance and replacement ( note that the pivoting angle is exaggerated in the figures ). the housing includes internal frame components , including shelf 121 , shelf 55 , and vertical frame members 149 , that provides structural support and are constructed of 14 gauge galvanized steel . these frame components are assembled with 1 / 4 inch diameter rivets and bolts and are designed to eliminate shear forces on the rivets . the drip tray grille 28 , side walls 166 , bottom wall 168 , rear wall 101 , bezel portion 33 , and a lower front wrapper 84 ( fig1 ) of the housing are preferably made of stainless steel . body 42 and lid 40 are preferably made from clear polycarbonate . the body is preferably completely clear and transparent , although it could be partially transparent . the body is preferably made from two molded pieces , one of which has side walls 37 and dividers 43 , and a second of which has the floor with extensions 46 , 48 . these pieces are rigidly and tightly bonded together to be essentially an integral piece . the drip tray 29 , lid 170 , and condensate tray 44 are molded from black polycarbonate . the evaporator coil is preferably a 0 . 375 ( od ) copper conduit , while u - shaped coils 110 , potable water coil 95 , and syrup coils 112 are preferably stainless steel . sensor 102 is available from ranco north america , located in dublin , ohio . alternatively , the sensor could extend downward into the container for physically detecting ice build - up . the valve is preferably a model prv1 , available from wilshire corporation , torrington , conn . other valves can also be used , including , for example , a valve made by lancer for use with coca - cola ® products . the pumps are preferably g - 100 a5 models , available from beckett corporation , dallas , tex . the ice bath container is preferably made of stainless steel , and measures about 7 . 5 × 14 . 75 × 12 inches in dimension . having described a preferred embodiment of the present invention , it should become apparent that other alterations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the impending claims . other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims . for example , while the present assembly has been described as having three dividers and four separate compartments , the number of compartments can be varied . of course , a user can provide one type of juice in more than one compartment . since the liquid in the bowl is not dispensed , it could be the same as the dispensed drink , and thus the container can be filled with liquid drawn from the dispensing valves . alternatively , a liquid , such as colored water , that simulates a drink that is dispensed can be provided in the compartments . the syrup coils could extend into the ice bath assembly . if the spraying feature were omitted , coils similar to the u - shaped coils could be used as syrup coils . while the coils have been shown as having a particular shape , such as having an s - shape , u - shape , or helical winding , these coils can take on any shape that accomplishes the desired function . the coils and the conduits can refer to a single member or multiple members coupled together , such as coils 110 and conduits 66 and 72 , or also multiple members with intervening components , such as pumps , valves , and regulators . | 1 |
turning now descriptively to the drawings , in which similar reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views , fig2 - 3 shows an energy convertor machine 10 adaptable for converting heat energy into mechanical work as depicted or into electrical energy ( not shown ). the machine 10 generally comprises an elongated member 12 having a top planar surface 14 and an upwardly extending support member 16 which has a base 18 and a plurality of upwardly extending walls 20 which converge together and terminate in a sharp top elongated edge 22 . the bottom surface 24 of the elongated member 12 is center balanced on edge 22 , wherein hinge members 25 communicate between the support member 16 and the bottom surface 24 of the elongated member 12 . the combination of the elongated member 12 and support member 16 is generally termed a see - saw device . one of a pair of elongated elements 26 , 28 is joined to each end 30 , 32 of the elongated member 12 by hinge elements 34 , 36 . one of a pair of elastomeric bag members 38 , 40 is secured to the top surface 14 of the elongated member 12 at each end 30 , 32 thereof , such that elongated element 26 engages the top surface 42 of the elastomeric bag member 38 and element 28 engages the top surface 44 of bag member 40 . each elastomeric bag member 38 , 40 is composed of elastomeric type which can be a natural or synthetic rubber such as butyl rubber , neoprene or isobutylene . a liquid having a low vaporization temperature such as freon is disposed in each elastomeric bag member 38 , 40 . a track assembly 46 having a pair of elongated rail members 48 , 50 is longitudinally disposed and secured on the top planar surface 14 of the elongated member 12 , wherein the track assembly 46 extends between the bag members 38 , 40 . a stop member 49 is secured to each end 51 , 53 of track assembly 46 . a dolly member 52 comprises a body 54 having a base 56 , at least one upwardly extending wall 58 , a chamber therein , and an open top 62 ; a pair of axle members 64 , 66 ; and a pair of wheels 68 , 70 affixed on each axle member 64 , 66 , wherein each axle member 64 , 66 is journaled for rotation through bearing members 67 which are secured to and extending downwardly from the bottom surface of base 56 . weights 57 are disposed in the chamber of dolly member 52 . the wheel members 68 , 70 of dolly member 52 are rotatably disposed on rail members 48 , 50 such that when elongated element 28 , 26 is tilted from a horizontal plane the dolly member 52 moves along the track assembly 46 towards the upper end of elongated member 12 . a pair of pulley members 72 , 74 are affixed onto the upper surface 14 of the elongated member 12 , wherein one of the pully members 72 is disposed between a first end 76 of track assembly 46 and the first bag member 38 and the other pulley member 74 is disposed between the other end 78 of track assembly 46 and the second bag member 40 . a first chord member 80 is secured at one end thereof to an outer free end 82 of elongated element 26 , wherein chord member 80 extends through pulley member 72 and is secured at its other end to dolly member 52 . a second chord member 84 is secured at one end thereof to an outer free end 86 of elongated element 28 , wherein chord member 84 extends through pulley member 74 and is secured at its other end to dolly member 52 . a pair of latch trigger elements 88 , 90 are rotatably mounted in holes of elongated member 12 , wherein one of the latch trigger elements 88 is disposed on one side of the center of the elongated member 12 and the other latch trigger element 90 is disposed on the other side of the center of the elongated member 12 such that the handle portion 95 of the latch trigger element 88 extends above elongated member 12 and a handle portion 97 of latch trigger element 90 also extends above elongated member 12 . a spring member 79 communicates between the latch portion 81 of latch trigger element 88 and the bottom surface of elongated member 12 and another spring member 83 communicates between the latch portion 85 of latch trigger element 90 and the bottom surface of the elongated member 12 . a pair of open tank members 94 , 96 are provided , wherein each tank member 94 , 96 has a base 98 at least one upwardly extending wall 100 , and an open top 102 , and a chamber 104 , therein , wherein a fluid 106 such as water having a low freezing temperature is disposed in chamber 104 . a first latch member 108 is affixed to the upper rim 107 of tank member 96 and a second latch member 110 is affixed to the upper rim 107 of tank member 94 . tank member 94 is positioned on one side of support member 16 and below end 30 of the elongated member 12 such that when end 30 is depressed downwardly , end 30 of the elongated member 12 and bag member 38 affixed thereon become immersed in the liquid 106 disposed in tank member 94 . tank member 96 is positioned on the other side of support member 16 and below end 32 of the elongated member 12 such that when end 32 is depressed downwardly , end 32 of elongated member 12 with bag member 40 becomes immersed in the liquid 106 disposed in tank member 96 . an external hot air source such as a hot air blower or other heat source means 114 is provided , wherein the blower 114 is positioned such that hot air impinges upon bag members 38 , 40 , when either bag member is in a raised condition . an elongated rod member 116 is affixed to the bottom surface of elongated member 12 and extends downwardly therefrom wherein the lower end of rod member 116 is in communication with a mechanical work device 120 such as a pump as depicted in fig2 . in use bag member 38 which is in a collapsed state is disposed in fluid 106 in tank member 94 , since the cold fluid 106 has caused the gas in bag member 38 to condense into a liquid . latch trigger element 88 is locked onto latch 110 . end 32 of elongated member 12 and bag member 40 are disposed above and outside of tank member 96 . as the heat from the hot air means 114 impinges upon bag member 40 , the condensed liquid in bag member 40 is transformed into a gas provided sufficient heat is imparted to raise the liquid above its vaporization temperature , thereby causing bag member 40 to expand thereby causing elongated element 28 to move upwardly and away from elongated member 12 . chord member 84 is pulled taut as elongated 28 moves upwardly thereby causing dolly member 52 to move upwardly on track assembly 46 towards end 32 of elongated member 12 . as dolly member 52 moves upwardly towards end 32 of elongated member 12 , chord member 80 is pulled taut thereby causing elongated element 26 to be pulled downwardly towards elongated member 12 and to engage against handle portion 95 thereby causing latch trigger element 88 to rotate and disengage from latch 110 . the latch assembly prevents the premature raising of the bag members 40 , 42 from their respective tank members 94 , 96 . the weight of dolly member 52 and weights 57 will cause end 32 of elongated member 12 and bag member 40 to move downwardly and become immersed in fluid 106 , wherein latch trigger element 90 engages on latch 108 . the gas in bag member 40 begins to condense due to the bag member 40 being immersed in the cold fluid 106 contained in tank 96 . as end 32 of elongated member 12 moves downwardly , it causes rod 116 to move downwardly thereby causing mechanical work to be done on device 120 . as end 32 of elongated member 12 and bag member 40 move downwardly end 30 of elongated member 12 and bag member 38 move upwardly the heat from heat means 114 begins to impinge on bag member 38 thereby causing the liquid in bag 38 to vaporize into a gas and to expand . as the bag member 38 expands the elongated element 26 moves upwardly and away from elongated member 12 thereby causing pressure to be exerted on chord member 80 which causes dolly member 52 to move along track assembly 46 towards the end 30 of elongated member 12 . when dolly member 52 is moved to a certain distance along track assembly 46 , the tension on chord 84 will cause elongated element 28 to press on arm 97 , thereby releasing latch 90 . the weight of dolly member 52 and weights 57 will cause end 30 of elongated member 12 to move downwardly which causes rod member 116 to move upwardly thereby causing work to be exerted on device 120 . this process will continually repeat itself with the ends 30 , 32 of elongated member 12 alternately being immersed in tank members 94 , 96 and positioned such that the heat of heat means 114 will impinge alternately on bag members 38 , 40 . the embodiment as shown in fig1 of the energy convertor machine 10 , shown in fig2 - 3 , has certain identical elements and cooperation of elements as that previously described in the embodiment , as shown in fig2 - 3 . these elements are the elongated member 12 , support member 16 , elongated elements 26 , 28 , bag members 38 , 40 , track assembly 46 , dolly member 52 , tank members 94 , 96 , pulley members 72 , 74 , latch members 88 , 90 and rod member 116 . the modifications to the first embodiment of the energy convertor machine which create the second embodiment is the elimination of the heat means 114 . furthermore , the fluid 106 which is disposed in tank members 94 , 96 , is at a sufficient temperature such that when bag members 38 , 40 are immersed respectively in fluid 106 the liquid within bag members 38 , 40 will heat up and expand into a gas . optionally , a cold air means such as an air conditioner is provided and disposed such that the cold air will impinge upon expanded bag members 38 , 40 disposed in space above tank members 94 , 96 . other modifications are a first pulley element 130 mounted on the upper surface of elongated member 12 between pulley member 72 and end 76 of track assembly 46 . a second pulley element 132 is mounted on elongated member 12 between end 78 of track assembly 46 and pulley member 74 . one end of chord member 80 is affixed to end 82 of elongated element 26 , wherein chord member 80 extends through pulley member 72 and pulley element 132 and the other end of chord member 80 being affixed to dolly member 52 . one end of chord member 84 is affixed to end 86 of elongated element 28 , wherein chord member 84 extends through pulley member 74 and pulley element 130 and the other end of chord member 84 is affixed to dolly member 52 . one end of a first string member 134 is affixed to elongated element 26 and the other end of string member 134 is affixed to handle portion 95 of latch trigger member 88 . one end of a second string member 136 is affixed to elongated element 28 and the other end of string member 136 is affixed to handle portion 97 of latch trigger member 90 . handle portions 95 , 97 have been repositioned in the apparatus shown in fig1 . in use , the embodiment of the machine 10 , shown in fig1 operates identically to the embodiment shown in fig2 - 3 except that the bag members 38 , 40 expand while immersed in the hot fluid 106 in the tank members 94 , 96 and the bag members 38 , 40 contract while disposed in the cold air above and outside the fluid 106 . since obvious changes may be made in the specific embodiment of the invention described herein , such modifications being within the spirit and scope of the invention claimed , it is indicated that all matter contained herein is intended as an illustrative and not as limiting in scope . | 5 |
fig1 illustrates a schematic horizontal sectional view of a fuel cell system 10 with a chamber 12 for a fuel cell stack 14 and an air inlet channel 16 to a chamber 12 and an air outlet channel 18 from the chamber 12 . between the air inlet channel 16 and the chamber 12 a deflection channel 17 is disposed through which the air flowing though the air inlet channel 16 is deflected in a u - shape by 180 °. furthermore a compressor or fan 20 is schematically illustrated in the air inlet channel 16 . these components are enclosed by a schematically illustrated housing 22 . according to an independent feature of the invention the air inlet channel 16 , the deflection channel 17 , the air outlet channel 18 , the chamber 12 and the fan 20 are configured as independent modules which are exchangeable and combinable with one another any manner . thus fig1 illustrates an first feature of the invention according to which the air inlet channel 16 and the air outlet channel 18 originate respectively on the same side of the housing 22 ( the left side in the figure ). this provides an advantageous u - shaped air duct which facilitates disposing the fuel cell system in a space in any arrangement , wherein optionally the air inlet channel and the air outlet channel can lead into the ambient or into the space . accordingly the fuel cell system can be disposed in the space . fig2 illustrates a fuel cell system 10 ′ similar to the one illustrated in fig1 , wherein on the one hand the fan 20 configured as an axial fan 20 ′ is illustrated . furthermore fig2 illustrates that the housing 22 ′ includes a proper housing section 24 for receiving control components , this means particularly configured for receiving control electronics , and a third additional housing section 26 for receiving the components for the hydrogen supply . as can already be derived from fig2 , the third housing section 26 for receiving the components for hydrogen supply preferably includes a hydrogen connection 28 , which is not disposed on the same housing side , like the openings of the air inlet channel 16 and the air outlet channel 18 , but which is disposed on another , preferably opposite housing side . on the side of the chamber 12 for the fuel cell stack 14 , a connection terminal 30 is provided through which the fuel cell stack 14 has to be connected with the components for the hydrogen supply ( not illustrated in fig2 ) in the third housing component 26 , so that the required hydrogen can be supplied to the fuel cell stack 14 through the connection terminal 30 . providing proper housing sections for control components and for components for hydrogen supply represents a second feature of the invention which can also be implemented independently . fig3 a - 3 c eventually illustrate a third feature of the invention which can also be implemented independently , wherein the feature includes a bypass air channel 32 , which connects the air inlet channel 16 with the air outlet channel 18 . as can also be derived from the three figures , an air supply flap 34 is provided in the air inlet channel 16 , an air outlet flap 36 is provided in the air outlet channel 18 , and a recirculation flap 38 is provided in the air bypass channel 32 . an air inlet flap , air outlet flap and recirculation air flap in the sense of the invention designates any device through which a hydraulic diameter of the air inlet channel , air outlet channel or bypass channel can be changed in a controlled manner , thus e . g . also an iris aperture or a slide . also the bypass channel 32 and the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 can be configured as exchangeable modules that can be combined in any manner , so that a modular configuration of the fuel cell system is provided overall . fig3 a illustrates an operating condition in which the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 are completely open and the recirculation air flap 38 is completely closed , so that the bypass air channel 32 is de facto ineffective and the fuel cell system operates like a conventional fuel cell system . for cold ambient temperatures , e . g . ambient temperatures of less than 10 ° c ., the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 can be closed for starting the fuel system 10 and the recirculation air flap 38 can be opened , so that de facto no ambient air is sucked into the air inlet channel 16 , but so that air rather circulates through the air inlet channel 16 , the chamber 12 for the fuel cell stack 14 the air outlet channel 18 and the air bypass channel 32 . this way , the heat generated in the fuel cell stack 14 can be used effectively and the fuel system 10 can be brought to an advantageous operating temperature of e . g . 50 ° c . to 60 ° c . in an advantageous manner as quickly as possible . this is illustrated in fig3 b . as illustrated in fig3 c , a partial recirculation of the air run through the chamber 12 can also be provided by opening or closing the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 or closing it , while the recirculation flap 28 is open . a fuel cell system 10 with a bypass air channel 32 provides the following possible operating modes . for example , the air can be recirculated in the system several times , e . g . 10 - fold until the fuel cell stack 14 has reached an acceptable temperature of at least e . g . 20 ° c . thus , as illustrated in fig3 b , the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 are closed and the recirculation flap 38 is open . when a fuel cell stack temperature of approximately 20 ° c . is reached , the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 in turn can be opened completely or partially in order to partially or completely provide ambient air to the fuel cell stack . instead of closing the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 completely , when starting the fuel cell system as illustrated in fig3 b , the air inlet flap 34 and the air outlet flap 36 can also be partially closed and opened as illustrated in fig3 c . with respect to fig3 a - 3 c , it is appreciated that in case of a bypass air channel 32 , a required fan has to be disposed behind the port of the bypass air channel into the air inlet channel 16 and / or in front of the port of the bypass air channel 32 into the air outlet channel 18 , so that the fan can also be effective in the operating mode illustrated in fig3 b . fig4 a and 4 b illustrate a modular fuel cell system in a detailed illustration . according to the preferred embodiment of the chamber 12 illustrated in fig4 a and 4 b , the chamber 12 is formed by two shells 12 . 1 and 12 . 2 . this facilitates assembly . when the upper shell is removed ( shell 12 . 1 ) all components are easily accessible . the lower shell 12 . 2 illustrates an opening and a circumferential frame 42 with a seal surface 44 . this frame forms a support 42 for the fuel cell stack 14 , which closes the opening as soon as the frame is applied . the shell 12 . 1 includes press contours 52 , which press upon the fuel cell stack 14 and press it onto the seal surface 44 of the lower shell 12 . 2 as soon as the chamber 12 is closed . ideally , the contact surface 42 and also the press contours 52 adapt precisely to the geometry of the fuel cell stack . thus , fixating the fuel cell stack in the chamber is performed through form locking as soon as the chamber is closed and no separate elements are required for attaching the fuel cell stack . by slanting the fuel cell stack , the chamber 12 is divided , so that two intermediary spaces are created , which are sealed relative to one another through inserting the fuel cell stack . the support 42 for the fuel cell stack simultaneously forms the seal surface . the chamber 12 does not have to be sealed completely any more in outward direction . air flowing into the first intermediary cavity can only reach the intermediary cavity by flowing through the fuel cell stack 14 . a short circuit flow past the fuel cell stack is thus not possible . slanting the fuel cell stack provides a very low installation height for the assembly and simultaneously provides optimum air distribution . the fuel cell stack acts like a “ divider wall ” and forms a tapering first intermediary space 50 . 1 on the side of the air entry and an expanding second intermediary space 50 . 2 on the side of the air exit . this assembly provides optimum flow through for the fuel stack itself , and there is no air blockage in the intermediary cavities . the chamber concept is easily adaptable to different stack sizes of the same type . only one dimension has to be changed , which can be implemented through accordingly configured intermediary components at the chamber walls . the chamber concept implements a portion of the preferred modularity in that an air filter 54 or the fan 20 ″ is easily exchangeable . a fourth feature of the invention , which can also be implemented independently relates to the compressor 20 schematically illustrated in fig1 . according to the feature , plural compressors , e . g . provided in the form of axial compressors , are disposed behind one another in the air cycle ( cascaded instead of the typical one compressor ). for example , two compressors 20 . 1 and 20 . 2 can be disposed behind one another in an air supply channel or two compressors 20 . 3 and 20 . 4 can be disposed behind one another in the air outlet channel . by the same token , a first compressor 20 . 1 can be disposed in the air inlet channel and a second compressor 20 . 4 can be disposed in the air outlet channel . fig4 illustrates an embodiment with a total of four compressors 20 . 1 - 20 . 4 , of which two are respectively disposed in the inlet channel 16 and in the outlet channel 18 . between the inlet channel 16 and the outlet channel 18 , a fuel cell stack 14 ′ is schematically illustrated . when the compressors are respectively configured as particular modules , they can be combined with one another in any manner and can be adapted in an optimum manner to different operating conditions or fuel cell stacks . the compressors 20 . 2 - 20 . 4 are preferably axial fans and furthermore preferably have different nominal or maximum power . by using plural compressors or fans instead of the typical singular compressor or fan , the subsequent problems typically occurring when using only one fan can be avoided : the minim startup volume flow of the compressor is too high ; the maximum volume flow of the compressor for high ambient temperatures , e . g . more than 35 ° c . is not sufficient ; and additional pressure losses by including additional conduits after installing the fuel cell system onsite influence the compressor power negatively , and cannot be easily compensated by a single compressor . when using two compressors , the problem of minimum startup volume flow can be solved in that for minimum air requirement in a partial load range of the fuel flow system only one of the two fans is being operated . when using axial fans , overall a higher pressure difference between inlet and outlet can be generated because the two axial fans are connected in series , so that pressure delivery of the combined compressor arrangement is increased . alternatively , two compressors can also be disposed in parallel with one another in order to increase volume flow . thus , the required fan power can be implemented in a more efficient manner through a respective arrangement of the compressors or through controlled switching them on and off , than this would be possible with a single fan , which may have to be operated in partial load operation with a reduced efficiency . this way , also the total efficiency of the fuel cell system can be increased . overall , thus any power points can be easily controlled through single controlling of the compressors . in this respect , another feature of the invention can be helpful , which is not depicted in the figures , and which is comprised in that the fan or compressor is associated with an air flap that is spring loaded in operating condition and which acts as a pressure reducer and for optimizing the operating point of the fan in partial load operation , wherein the air flap can be opened under full load , so that it does not operate as a pressure reducer then . when at least one compressor is disposed in a push mode in the air inlet channel 16 and the other compressor is disposed in the air outlet channel 18 in a suction mode as illustrated in fig5 , so that one compressor is disposed on the pressure side and the other compressor is disposed on the suction side , this furthermore provides an improvement of the uniform distribution of the flow over the fuel cell stack 14 . overall , it is advantageous that the volume flow and the pressure of the supply are easily scalable . furthermore , a simple configuration with low installation size is provided , since also axial fans can be used , which are otherwise rather unfavorable . eventually , also the even distribution of the airflow over the stack can be improved . a fifth embodiment of the invention which can also be implemented independently from the other embodiments relates to optimizing the arrangement of the fuel cell stacks 14 in the chamber 12 or the housing 22 . for the fuel cell systems known in the art with a fuel cell stack with an open cathode , typically air scoops 40 . 1 and 40 . 2 are provided as they are illustrated in combination with a stack 14 in fig6 . air is supplied to a first air scoop 40 . 1 and inducted through the air scoop 40 . 1 into the stack 14 and flows past the open cathodes through the stack to the second air scoop 40 . 2 . in order to arrive at optimum housing dimensions , which facilitate overall a small exterior housing and thus also overall small heat losses through the housing wall , the fifth embodiment provides disposing the stack 14 at a slant angle as illustrated in fig7 . the outsides of the air scoops 40 . 1 and 40 . 2 thus extend preferably parallel to an outer wall , e . g . a topside or bottom side of a housing 20 of a fuel cell system 10 . fig7 additionally illustrates a radial fan 20 ″ configured as a compressor , which is connected to the air inlet scoop 40 . 1 . fig8 eventually illustrates a particularly optimized variant of an assembly of a fuel cell stack 14 in a particular chamber 12 of the housing 22 . thus , the chamber 12 is aligned , so that its chamber walls 12 . 1 and 12 . 2 extend approximately parallel to outer walls of the housing 22 . the fuel cell stack 14 is disposed in the chamber 12 at a slant angle . as can be derived from fig7 , furthermore an air inlet channel 16 and an air outlet channel 18 are connected to the chamber 12 , so that this yields in top view ( fig7 represents a vertical sectional view ) an assembly of a chamber 12 for a fuel cell stack 14 and an air outlet channel 18 as schematically illustrated in fig9 . furthermore , the u - shaped air duct according to the invention is illustrated which has already been described with reference to fig1 and 2 . fig9 in turn illustrates a radial fan 20 ″ configured as a compressor 20 in a schematic manner . advantageously , an assembly of plural fans can be provided instead of a single radial fan 20 ″ as described in more detail with reference to fig5 . fig1 eventually illustrates an embodiment again which includes dividing the housing 22 into at least three housing sections , wherein one housing section includes the chamber 12 and the air channels 16 and 18 and a housing section 24 that is separate there from includes control components , and a third housing section 26 eventually includes the components for the hydrogen supply . when all embodiments which can also be implemented independently from one another are simultaneously implemented in a fuel cell system is provided which has a compact housing with small dimensions . this is preferably made from a heat insulating material for further reducing the heat losses . the particular embodiments by themselves and in particular in combination with one another implement a fuel cell system which has a high efficiency also in partial load ranges and which can be brought to an optimum operating temperature quickly , also for low ambient temperatures . | 7 |
fig1 a illustrates a two - piece , two stage reusable non - lethal , sub - lethal or lethal , mechanically operating cartridge in a fully compressed or “ static ” position in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the two - piece cartridge includes a primary case 2 and a piston sleeve 4 which contains a projectile 6 , 8 . note that the projectile 6 , 8 may include any of a variety of projectile shapes , weights and sizes and preferably comprises a non - lethal composition . the projectile 6 , 8 is preferably formed of polyethylene or a similarly plyable plastic , but other polymers or rubber or other materials may be used as understood by those skilled in the art . the projectile 6 , 8 is also preferably formed of two or more components that fit together in a substantially sealed assembly and having a cavity filled with a marking material which may be a thick paste such as liquid soap or glycerin , with tempora added for color . the terms “ projectile ” and “ bullet ” are generally used interchangeably herein , although as understood by those skilled in the art , a bullet may be housed within the piston sleeve 4 in static condition and become a projectile when launched . as shown , the piston sleeve 4 or bullet - containing sleeve 4 couples over the primary case 2 , as preferred . the primary case 2 will be referred to as a primer base when such is used with a primer cartridge of detonatable or explosive material as is used in the preferred embodiment . that is , the preferred cartridge is configured and contemplated to be coupled with such a primer cartridge ( not shown in fig1 a ), although a primary case 2 in accordance with alternative embodiments may use the same or differently - configured cavity 10 for coupling with a propellant mechanism such as a pressurized gas or another such mechanism known to those skilled in the art . further , the primary case 2 could be configured to be coupled over the piston sleeve 4 , or the coupling could be interlocking . a substantial longitudinal portion of the primary case 2 overlaps with that of the piston sleeve 4 when the two pieces 2 , 4 are relatively disposed in the static position . the primary case 2 and piston sleeve 4 are preferably formed from brass or stainless steel , and alternatively copper or another durable metal or other material that does not substantially deform during firing , so that the primary case 2 and sleeve 4 may be respectively recharged and reloaded for reuse . a projectile 6 and a projectile 8 , each of non - lethal composition , are outlined in fig1 a as being alternative bullet - types that may be loaded into the piston sleeve 4 . the portion of the projectile 6 or bullet 6 or projectile 8 or bullet 8 that is not shown in fig1 a is preferably substantially cylindrical and coupled into a correspondingly cylindrical cavity of the piston or bullet sleeve 4 . a difference between the projectile 6 and the projectile 8 is that the projectile 6 remains substantially cylindrical for more than half of its exposed length when loaded into the sleeve 4 , and more particularly , for about two - thirds of its exposed length . the projectile 8 , on the other hand , departs from cylindrical before reaching half of its exposed length , and more particularly , at about one - third of its exposed length . the shape of projectile 8 is advantageous in that its less pointed shape facilitates enhanced dispersion upon impact . the projectile 8 advantageously may also include etchings , scores or slits to facilitate this dispersing upon impact with a target , and dispersion of marking material if loaded within the projectile 8 or if the projectile may be substantially composed thereof . where each of the projectiles 6 , 8 depart from cylindrical , they round at the leading end of each projectile 6 , 8 . the preferred projectile 6 is formed of any of a variety of polymeric materials as understood by those skilled in the art . fig1 b illustrates a two - piece , two stage reusable , reduced - energy , non - lethal , sub - lethal or lethal , mechanically - operating cartridge telescoped from the stage 1 , static position of fig1 a , such as would occur upon firing in the stage 2 , dynamic condition , in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the sleeve 4 remains in place having a shoulder that contacts a shoulder of a non - lethal modified or dedicated firearm , while the primary case 2 moved or thrust to the left , as illustrated at fig1 b or to the rear of the chamber or barrel of the firearm . fig1 b illustrates the telescoping feature of the cartridge upon firing and its enhanced longitudinal or axial extent may be compared with its longitudinal or axial extent when in the static position illustrated at fig1 a . this relative axial displacement is referred to as telescoping , and it occurs when the primer , pyrotechnic , or other propellant mechanism that is coupled with the primary case cavity 10 is exploded or detonated , or the cavity 10 is otherwise rapidly pressurized , providing energy to thrust the primary case 2 and piston sleeve 4 apart to a combined axially extended position in dynamic condition of stage 2 illustrated at fig1 b from the static position of stage 1 illustrated at fig1 a . at one end of the primary case 2 , a primary case cavity 10 is defined by a rim and includes an installed snap ring , which is shown in more detail in fig4 b . the cavity 10 extends into the case 2 for insertion of the primer cartridge ( not shown , but see fig4 a ) or for coupling with a pressurized gas source , for charging the two - piece cartridge . the cavity 10 may be further or alternatively configured for coupling with another propellant mechanism such as a pressurized gas or other fluid container or a port extending therefrom . the preferred primer cartridge includes explosive material which detonates to propel the primary case 2 rearward from the bullet sleeve or piston sleeve 4 , as illustrated at fig1 b , such that the case 2 and sleeve 4 telescope apart from a static position . the propellant pressure also releases through a firing hole regulator 40 ( see fig1 d ) having a size selected to regulate the velocity of the projectile , i . e ., to release the projectile 6 , 8 down the barrel of a non - lethal dedicated or modified firearm . the combination of the rearward thrust of the primary case 2 and the regulation by the regulator hole 40 serve to reduce and / or regulate the energy of the propelled projectile . as will be described in more detail below when the cogs and channels of the internal coupling structures of the primary case 2 and piston sleeve 4 are discussed , another energy reduction mechanism preferably becomes involved if propellant is manipulated creating an overcharging . in that case , piston sleeve 4 will separate from primary case via a sheering action of cogs releasing excessive energy preventing projectile of traveling at excessive velocity . some of the exterior structure of the primary case 2 are shown in fig1 b as a result of the case 2 having telescoped or moved away from the sleeve 4 in a rearward thrust characteristic of stage 2 dynamic operation of the two - piece reduced energy cartridge of the preferred embodiment . a partially annularly protruding ridge 12 , or hereinafter “ cog ” 12 is shown along with a groove or channel 14 . although not shown , in fig1 b , the cog 12 and channel 14 stagger further to the right in fig1 b . the piston sleeve 4 also includes complementary cogs and channels that couple with the one or more cogs 12 and one or more channels 14 of the primary case 2 . fig1 c illustrates a preferably actual size of the cartridge in stage 1 , static position . referring to fig1 d , an annular protrusion 16 , preferably comprising an o - ring , is also shown serving to seal the two - pieces 2 , 4 of the cartridge into a stable , static position in stage 1 ( see also fig2 a - 2 b ). this annular protrusion 16 preferably couples complementarily with an annular groove 26 within the sleeve 4 . alternatively , an annular groove of the primary case 2 may be coupled with an annular protrusion of the sleeve 4 interior . in an alternative embodiment , the annular protrusion 16 may be formed from the material that forms the primary case 2 , e . g ., brass or stainless steel or another durable metal . the protrusion 16 may be part of the piece of material forming the primary case 2 . as shown in fig1 d , the annular protrusion 16 is preferably an o - ring or otherwise separate component coupled or joined with the primary case 2 for seating with the groove 26 of the sleeve 4 ( or vice - versa ), and in this case may be made from any of a variety of materials such as a metal , rubber or plastic material that is durable to preferably withstand the detonation and firing of the cartridge ( such that it may be reused ). fig1 d also illustrates the internal structures of the case 2 and sleeve 4 that serve to facilitate the coupling of the two pieces 2 , 4 of the reusable , reduced - energy , mechanically - operating cartridge of fig1 a - 1 b preferably couple together . the primary case 2 is shown in illustrative partial cross - section with its primer cavity 10 for charging the reusable cartridge with a primer cartridge of explosive and / or detonatable material , or for pressurizing , etc ., and one or more cogs 12 and one or more channels 14 that couple respectively with complementary channels and cogs ( not shown ) on the interior of the piston sleeve 4 . the cogs 12 and channels 14 shown illustrate a first longitudinal section 12 for axially coupling the primary case 2 with the bullet - containing piston sleeve 4 . the section 12 may be longitudinally as short as illustrated , or shorter or longer for reduced or further axial displacement along that section 12 . when the axial coupling of the primary case 2 and sleeve 4 reach the end of the section 12 , the primary case 2 and sleeve 4 are relatively rotatable . upon rotation , cog portions 12 a of the primary case 2 and complementary ones of the sleeve 4 , which move along channel 32 of the case , become overlapped , so that the primary case 2 and sleeve 4 are no longer separable by straight axial or telescope - like separation . in ordinary operation , these angularly overlapping cog portions 12 a of the case 2 and corresponding cogs of the sleeve 4 , overlapping by movement through channel 32 during rotation , serve to prevent the separation of the case 2 and sleeve 4 upon dynamic activation in stage 2 . as referred to above , however , in stage 2 dynamic operation , the cog portions 12 a , and corresponding cogs of the sleeve 4 , may be preferably configured to shear to reduce further the energy of the projectile . these cog portions 12 a of the primary case 2 are shown angularly extending from one end of the longitudinal portions of the cogs 12 to overlap channels between complementary cogs of the sleeve 4 after the relative rotation of the case 2 and sleeve 4 following their initial axial coupling by relative axial or longitudinal movement . this in part permits the case 2 and sleeve 4 to remain coupled , absent the described shearing action , within the chamber upon firing and release of the bullet 6 , 8 down the barrel of the non - lethal firearm . after the relative rotation , the primary case 2 and piston sleeve 4 are preferably further axially moved until they reach the static , stage 1 , position illustrated at fig1 a and 2 a . at the static , stage 1 position , preferably the annular protrusion 16 of the primary case 2 is coupled with the annular groove 26 at the interior of the sleeve to provide stability and consistency to the static stage 1 position . as alternative embodiments , the annular protrusion 16 and groove 26 may be interchanged to a groove within the case 2 and a protrusion within the sleeve 4 , and / or the sleeve 4 may be differently configured to insert within the case 2 rather than the case 2 inserting within the bullet sleeve 4 . the primary case 2 of fig1 d includes a narrow cylindrical portion 28 , with a bevel at the end , which couples into a complementarily narrow cylindrical cavity portion 30 of the bullet sleeve 4 , with a corresponding bevel at its end . a second cylindrical insertion portion 32 of the primary case 2 couples with a complementary cavity 34 within the sleeve 4 , including another complementary pair of bevel rings . a third end portion 36 does not insert into the sleeve 4 in the preferred embodiment . an alternative embodiment may have the primary case 2 fully inserted inside the bullet sleeve 4 although flat with the end of the cavity 34 of the sleeve 4 would be best in this alternative so that the primer cartridge within the primer cavity 10 can be easily accessed for detonation . there is a flash hole 40 connecting the cavity 30 with a projectile cavity 42 also defined within the piston sleeve 4 . the projectile cavity 42 is configured to couple with a projectile 6 , 8 . although not shown in fig1 d , the preferred projectile 6 or bullet 6 includes etched sides for ease of plastic separation upon impact . in addition , the primary case cavity 10 may include multiple inwardly protruding fins that allow a primer cartridge or other propellant mechanism to firmly couple with the cavity 10 , such as to gently protrude into the material ( e . g ., copper , particularly of a primer cartridge casing ). alternatively , a primer cartridge may have such outwardly protruding fins for the same purpose , and the primer cartridge or other propellant mechanism such as a pressurized gas container or port or connecting mechanism attached thereto may couple within the primer cavity 10 without the assistance of fins . fig2 a - 2 b illustrate the cartridge in static stage 1 position and in dynamic stage 2 condition , respectively , in view through the wall of the piston sleeve 4 . the cartridge includes a primer cavity 50 at a hollowed interior of the case 2 within which a detonating cartridge ( not shown ) may be inserted . the case 2 is stably resting within a hollowed interior of the sleeve 4 when the cartridge is fully compressed in the longitudinal or axial direction during stage 1 . in the fig2 a view , the firing hole 40 is seen connecting the primer cavity 50 with the projectile cavity 42 within which the projectile 6 , 8 is resting . fig2 b illustrates how , upon detonation of a cartridge that is within primer cavity 50 , the case 2 thrusts rearward expanding the volume of the propellant gas within combined cavities 50 and the hollow interior of cylinder portion 28 of the case 2 and sleeve 4 reducing the energy conveyed to the projectile . the expansion of propellant gas is illustrated clearly showing that pressure builds up on the projectile through the firing hole 40 . the projectile 6 releases down the barrel of a non - lethal firearm as a result . fig2 c - 2 d respectively illustrate actual sizes of the cartridge in a view through an outer wall of the piston sleeve 4 in the static stage 1 position and in the dynamic stage 2 condition . fig3 a is a cross - sectional view of the two - piece , two stage non - lethal , sub - lethal or lethal , reduced energy , mechanically operating cartridge in a static , stage 1 position in accordance with a preferred embodiment . a propellant unit 50 within a primer cavity 10 at the interior of the case 2 may include a primer cartridge containing detonating and / or exploding material or pressurized gas or a coupling thereto . the primary case 2 of fig3 a shows a cylindrical portion 28 having defined therein a hollow interior . the hollow interior cavity of the cylindrical portion 28 may be right cylindrical as in fig1 d , or the cavity may have a steadily increasing radius from the primer cavity 50 towards the flash hole 40 that fluidly couples the cavity of the cylindrical portion 28 and the propellant cavity 42 . alternatively , the cavity of the cylindrical portion 28 may have another suitable shape that permits expanding gas within the cavity of the cylindrical portion 28 to flow appropriately to permit the telescoping of the primer base 2 and bullet sleeve 4 and ultimately the release of the projectile 6 , 8 , i . e ., upon firing or detonation of the primer cartridge 50 or propellant unit 50 that is charging the nlat cartridge within the primary case cavity 10 . fig3 b is a cross - sectional view of the two - piece , two stage , non - lethal mechanically operating cartridge telescoped from the static position of fig3 a , into the dynamic stage 2 condition illustrating effects of firing , in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the nlat cartridge is shown telescoping from the static position illustrated at fig3 a due to the pressure of the gas expansion within cavity of the cylindrical portion 28 upon firing of the propellant mechanism 50 . gas pressure also rapidly builds up where the projectile 6 , 8 and flash hole 40 meet . when the telescoping reaches its maximum extent due to the coupling of the primary case 2 with the piston sleeve 4 , the projectile 6 , 8 releases from the cavity 42 down the barrel of a nlat firearm . the release of the projectile 6 , 8 from the cavity 42 is also facilitated by the etched sides described with reference to fig1 d . this maximum telescoping is preferably facilitated and / or determined in accordance with one or more of the following features of the nlat cartridge of the preferred embodiment which will each be described in more detail below . first , the primary case 2 and the piston sleeve 4 preferably have one or more complementary and partially annular ridges , which may be channel / cog pairs , or inward / outward protrusion pairs . these are offset when the case 2 and sleeve 4 are initially coupled , e . g ., with cogs 12 of the case 2 aligning with channels of the sleeve 4 , and cogs of the sleeve 4 aligning with channels of the case 2 . note that the channels may be particularly carved or may simply comprise areas between cogs . then , the case 2 and sleeve 4 are relatively rotated to overlap cog portions 12 a of the case 2 and ridges of the sleeve 4 so that where these cog portions 12 a meet angularly overlapping cog portions of the sleeve , a maximum telescoping extent is defined ( again , unless the cog portions 12 a and / or those of the sleeve 4 shear to reduce the projectile energy ). second , the shoulders 52 of the piston sleeve 4 illustrated at fig3 a preferably define a diameter of the sleeve 4 that is greater than a diameter of the barrel 53 of the nlat firearm from which the nlat ammunition cartridge is fired . referring now to fig3 c , where the shoulders 52 of the sleeve 4 meet the shoulders 55 of the barrel 53 of the nlat firearm , and the primary case 2 is thrust away from the sleeve 4 upon firing , then a maximum telescoping of the sleeve 4 from the base 2 is ultimately reached . an optional vent 58 is also illustrated at fig3 b . the vent 58 is designed to relieve the pressure within the cavity of the cylindrical portion 28 an appropriate amount to achieve a sufficient balance . the vent 58 may be utilized to provide a balance with respect to safety as well , and may serve to reduce the energy of the projectile further . the propellant units 50 release a predetermined average amount of energy with a narrow statistical deviation . however , when the energy released is higher than average , the pressure could quickly build too high and the firearm could fail or other malfunction could occur . the advantageous vent 58 , however , can release an enhanced amount of the expanding gas during the firing and potentially prevent the dangerous safety situation described above . fig4 a illustrates a propellant unit 50 in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the preferred propellant unit 50 is a primer cartridge 50 generally made from copper or other light metal and is filled with an explosive material . the cartridge 50 and primer cavity 10 ( see fig1 d ) are designed to couple firmly together . the advantageous fins described above with reference to fig1 d may be used facilitate this firm coupling , in addition to the snap ring of fig4 b . fig4 c illustrates a primary case 2 in accordance with a preferred embodiment . a longitudinal cog portion 12 and an angular cog portion 12 a are shown . the primary case 2 may include additional cogs 12 than those shown in fig4 c . note that the cog 12 that is shown includes portion 12 a that angularly overlaps with the channel 14 . this portion 12 a of the cog 12 overlaps a complementary , preferably inwardly protruding cog of the sleeve 4 when the case 2 and sleeve 4 are relatively rotated after axial coupling . an annular o - ring 16 is shown in fig4 d for coupling with a complementary annular groove 26 of the sleeve 4 , or just to seat with the wall of cavity 30 of the interior of the sleeve 4 as described with reference to fig1 d , tending to stabilize the two - piece configuration at its most compressed position when it is loaded and charged and ready to be utilized in conjunction with a nlat firearm . fig4 e and 4 f illustrate , respectively , a piston sleeve 4 and a projectile 6 , 8 in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the sleeve 4 shown has an outer cylindrical shape . certain terms describing features of the sleeve are shown including shoulder , mouth , throat and hips . the label “ cogs ” is shown over where a cog of the sleeve 4 preferably resides within the sleeve 4 , although not shown in fig4 e . the projectile 6 , 8 of fig4 f is as already described with reference to fig1 a . fig4 g illustrates a cross - sectional view of a preferred propellant unit 50 of fig4 a . this view illustrates a contour of the content of the propellant unit . fig4 h illustrates the primary case with o - ring coupled at the port end . this view is otherwise the same as fig4 c with the o - ring of fig4 d attached . fig4 i illustrates a view through the outer casing of the piston sleeve revealing inner structure in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the cogs of the piston sleeve 4 are particularly illustrated , along with the flash hole and shoulders . fig5 a illustrates a view through the outer wall of the primary case 2 in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the primer cavity 10 and cavity 28 are illustrated . portions of channels 14 and one of the overlapping cog sections 12 a are illustrated . fig5 b illustrates an end view of the primary case 2 of fig5 a at the end including the cog portions 12 a in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the channels 14 are shown in this end view as overlapping angularly with the cog portions 12 a . thus , it is illustrated in fig5 b how the complementary cogs of the sleeve 4 when coupled into channels 14 are angularly overlapped with cog portions 12 a . the longitudinal cog portions 12 are shown angularly offset from the cog portions 12 a . fig5 c illustrates an end view of the primer cavity of the primary case 2 and snap ring assembly of fig5 a - 5 b at the opposite end for coupling with a primer cartridge in accordance with a preferred embodiment . fig6 a - 6 c illustrates a view through the outer wall of a piston sleeve 4 in accordance with a preferred embodiment . the sleeve 4 has a preferably cylindrical shape on the outer surface . at the end which is the left in fig6 a , a primary case 2 may be coupled with the sleeve 4 as described above . partially annular cogs 60 are shown that are for mating with channels 14 of the case 2 . the outside of partially annular channels 62 are illustrated disposed angularly between the cogs 60 . the axial coupling of the case 2 and sleeve 4 involves a cog portion 12 a ( see fig4 c and 5 a , e . g .) of a case 2 initially sliding within channel 62 , while a channel 14 of the base initially slides axially along a channel 62 of the sleeve 4 . at this point , the cog portions 12 a and the protrusions 60 are not angularly overlapped and are instead fully offset . when the one or more cog portions 12 a have axially displaced far enough , i . e ., so as to not axially overlap the protrusions 60 , then the case 2 and sleeve 4 may be relatively rotated until the cog portion ( s ) 12 a are now overlapping the cogs 60 . at this point , the cog portion ( s ) 12 a are coupled within “ channel ” 64 . “ channel ” 64 is not really a channel in the sense that preferably there are no protrusions angularly adjacent to them . however , channel 64 represents an axial extent of the sleeve 4 between the partially annular cogs 60 and the other end of the sleeve 4 that is proximate the flash hole 40 . the inner diameter of the sleeve 4 at channels 64 is greater axially after the protrusions 60 than where the protrusions 60 are present . upon firing , the telescoping of the case 2 and sleeve 4 have a maximum where the cog portions 12 a meet the protrusions 60 , while the shoulder 55 of the firearm ( see fig3 c ) remains in contact with the shoulder 52 of the sleeve 4 , preferably such that the sleeve 4 and primer case 2 actually remain coupled within the chamber of the nlat firearm when the projectile 6 , 8 is released down the barrel . as mentioned , to reduce energy , the cog 60 and / or cog portions 12 a may shear such that the case 2 and sleeve 4 actually separate . fig6 b illustrates an end view of the piston sleeve 4 of fig6 a at the end for coupling with a projectile 6 , 8 of non - lethal composition in accordance with a preferred embodiment . fig6 c illustrates an end view of the piston sleeve of fig6 a - 6 b at the opposite end including cogs 60 for coupling with the primary case 2 of fig5 a - 5 c in accordance with a preferred embodiment . fig7 a - 7 g illustrate a sequence of operations for the two - stage , reduced energy cartridge of the preferred embodiment . these figures illustrate a first assembly of the cartridge into stage 1 , static condition , through stage 2 , dynamic condition upon activation or discharge , and then through uncoupling and recoupling again into a recharged , reloaded , stage 1 , static cartridge for reuse . fig7 a illustrates coupling of components in an exploded view of the two - stage cartridge of the preferred embodiment . the components shown include the primary case 2 and piston sleeve 4 , along with the projectile 6 , 8 and primer cartridge 50 . the arrows indicate how the components are coupled together . the projectile is “ loaded ” straight into the projectile cavity of the sleeve 4 , and the primer cartridge 50 is “ charged ” directly into the primer cavity of the primary case 2 . the primary case 2 and piston sleeve 4 are first axial coupled straight together with cogs 12 a of the case 2 matching channels of the sleeve 4 , and / or vice - versa . then , the two 2 , 4 are relatively rotated . finally , the two 2 , 4 are further compressed together axially cogs of the sleeve 4 matching channels 14 of the case 2 until the stage 1 , static position is reached . fig7 b illustrates the cartridge in static condition ( stage 1 ). fig7 c illustrates the cartridge in dynamic condition ( stage 2 ). one arrow indicates that the projectile moves straight away from the piston sleeve 4 . another arrow indicates that the primary case 2 move straight rearward from the piston sleeve 4 . the piston sleeve is indicated as remaining in a same position from stage 1 through stage 2 . fig7 d illustrates the uncoupling of the piston sleeve from the primary case . this uncoupling occurs just the opposite as the coupling describes with reference to fig7 a . first , the cogs of the sleeve 4 are slid axially along channel 14 of the case 2 . then , the two 2 , 4 are relatively rotated until the cog portions 12 a of the case 2 and the cogs of the sleeve 4 are completely offset . then , the two 2 , 4 are axially separated . if the cogs 12 a and / or cogs of the sleeve 4 are sheared during the dynamic event of the stage 2 firing , then the case 2 and sleeve 4 will be already separated , and this uncoupling will be skipped . in addition , the case 2 and / or sleeve 4 having sheared cogs will not be recharged and / or reloaded into another stage 1 cartridge . fig7 e illustrates removal of the spent propellant unit from the primary case . a propellant unit removal tool may be used which inserts through the firing hole 40 ( see fig1 d , 2 b ), contacts the spent unit and pushes it until it completely removes from the case 2 , or sufficiently removes from the case 2 so that it can easily be manually separated from that point . fig7 f illustrates the recharging , recoupling and reloading of the cartridge . fig7 g illustrates the recharged , recoupling and reloaded cartridge of fig7 f in reusable , static condition ( stage 1 ). fig7 f and 7 g are the same as fig7 a and 7 b are included to shown that the case 2 and sleeve 4 may be “ reloaded ” with a new projectile , and “ recharged ” with a new primer case , as well as being recoupled together , such that all form another stage 1 cartridge . fig8 a - 8 c illustrate operations of the two stage , reduced energy , mechanically - operating cartridge of the preferred embodiment within modified or dedicated firearms . fig8 a illustrates a chambered cartridge in stage 1 ( static ) condition . the shoulders 52 and 55 of the sleeve 4 and the firearm , respectively , as shown contacted within the chamber . the bolt or slide is flush with the rim of the case 2 when the cartridge is chambered . fig8 b illustrates extraction of the cartridge in stage 2 ( dynamic ) condition . the projectile 6 , 8 is shown propelling down the barrel of the firearm and the case 2 is shown thrusting rearward against the bolt or slide pushing it rearward reducing the projectile energy compared with a firearm and cartridge wherein the bolt or slide did not move rearward upon rearward thrust of the primary case . fig8 c illustrates ejection of the cartridge after discharge when the bolt or slide is pulled sufficiently back . fig9 a illustrates a two stage , reduced energy rifle cartridge in stage 1 ( static ) condition . fig9 b illustrates the rifle cartridge of fig9 a in stage 2 ( dynamic ) condition . the primary case 2 is shown thrusting rearward while the projectile propels forward . fig9 c illustrates a two stage , reduced energy shot shell cartridge in stage 1 ( static ) condition . fig9 d illustrates the shot shell cartridge of fig9 c in stage 2 ( dynamic ) condition . as with the rifle cartridge , the case 2 thrusts rearward when the shot projectile or shot projectiles propel forward . while an exemplary drawing and specific embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated , it is to be understood that that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to the particular embodiments discussed . thus , the embodiments shall be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive , and it should be understood that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the arts without departing from the scope of the present invention which is set forth in the claims that follow and includes structural and functional equivalents thereof . for example , in addition to that which is described as background , the brief description of the drawings , the abstract and the invention summary , u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 899 , 660 , 5 , 016 , 536 , 5 , 121 , 692 , 5 , 219 , 316 , 5 , 359 , 937 , 5 , 492 , 063 , 5 , 974 , 942 , 5 , 520 , 019 , 5 , 740 , 626 , 5 , 983 , 773 , 5 , 974 , 942 , 6 , 276 , 252 , 6 , 357 , 331 , 6 , 442 , 882 , 6 , 625 , 916 , 5 , 791 , 327 , 6 , 393 , 992 , 6 , 374 , 741 , 5 , 962 , 806 , 6 , 672 , 218 , 6 , 553 , 913 , 6 , 564 , 719 , 6 , 250 , 226 , 5 , 983 , 548 , 5 , 221 , 809 , 4 , 270 , 293 and 5 , 983 , 773 , are hereby incorporated by reference into the detailed description of the preferred embodiments , as disclosing alternative embodiments of elements or features of the preferred embodiments not otherwise set forth in detail . a single one or a combination of two or more of these references may be consulted to obtain a variation of the preferred embodiments described in the detailed description . portions of the primary case 2 , piston sleeve 4 and projectile 6 , 8 have been described as cylindrical or substantially cylindrical . these shapes may differ from cylindrical into any shape that permits the case 2 to be coupled with the sleeve 4 and then to telescope upon firing . thus , a “ substantially cylindrical jacket ” may be preferably similar to those shown in the drawings or may be another shape different from purely or very nearly cylindrical , as long as they may couple , telescope and fire to produce the desired resulting non - lethal projectile velocity . in addition , herein it is described that a piston sleeve 4 and a primary case 2 are initially axially coupled . this term is meant to describe the relative displacement of the sleeve 4 and case 2 along a long axis , which is a longitudinal cylindrical axis in a preferred embodiment . in the of this axial displacement , the sleeve 4 and case 2 become coupled either by the sleeve 4 radially overlapping the case 2 ( or the case 2 inserting into the sleeve 4 ), or the case 2 radially overlapping the sleeve 4 ( or the sleeve 4 inserting into the case 2 ), or a combination of these such as by an interlocking coupling . the relative rotational displacement that is described is generally around this preferred longitudinal axis and involves relative rotational displacement of the sleeve 4 and case 2 . also , ridge portions , cogs , and partially annular protrusions are recited herein each to generally include protruding sections from a general contour . the protruding sections extend either inwardly from the inner walls of a cavity , which is substantially cylindrical according to a preferred embodiment , or outwardly from an outer surface of a complementary piece being coupled into the cavity . in a preferred embodiment , the primary case 2 has cogs , or ridge portions or partially annular protrusions , that match channels of the sleeve 4 , and the sleeve has partially annular protrusions or ridge portions or cogs that protrude inwardly and match channels disposed between the cogs of the primary case 2 . the protrusions , cogs or ridges may preferably form part of a single piece of machined material of the base and / or sleeve , or alternatively may be coupled with the bulk of either of these pieces . channels may include particular machining or may simply be the absence of protruding material . likewise , the protrusions , or cogs , may include particular machining or may be location where channels or grooves have not been machined . the primary case 2 and piston sleeve 4 of the two - piece , two stage mechanically operating cartridge are recited as including “ substantially non - deformable ” jackets . this means that upon firing , generally these jackets either do not deform at all , or at least do not deform so much that they are not reusable . they may deform so little that they may be used in slightly deformed condition , or such that their material may be worked back into usable shape , e . g ., as metals may be typically worked by hand tools or with machines typically found in a metal machine shop . in contrast , the deformable primer bases of conventional non - lethal ammunition cartridges typically render them non - reusable such that they are generally thrown away after one use . the materials conventionally used includes plastics or other polymer - based materials that may perhaps be reused upon remolding of the material , which is to say that new pieces are formed from the previously used material , but not that the piece itself is reused . the cog portions 12 a of fig5 a - 5 c of the primary case 2 and / or the ridges 60 of fig5 a - 5 c of the piston sleeve 4 may be configured with many different shapes . in addition , the cog portions 12 a and / or the ridges 60 may be configured to break away , e . g ., when the cog portions 12 a and ridges 60 meet during the telescoping of the two - piece , two stage cartridge . in this case , the case 2 and sleeve 4 may de - couple and may be extracted and / or ejected separately or together . preferably , when the case 2 and sleeve 4 telescope , the case 2 move to the rear of the chamber of the non - lethal dedicated or modified firearm causing the extractor of the firearm to extract the case 2 until the ejector of the firearm ejects the cartridge . in addition , in methods that may be performed according to the claims and / or preferred embodiments herein and that may have been described above and / or recited below , the operations have been described and set forth in selected typographical sequences . however , the sequences have been selected and so ordered for typographical convenience and are not intended to imply any particular order for performing the operations unless expressly set forth in the claims or understood by those skilled in the art as being necessary . | 5 |
the architecture of the circuit of the present invention is shown in fig4 . it includes essentially a data transmission bus , divided into sections separated from each other by switches which prevent or allow the passage of data from one section to the other . the switches surrounding a given section are actuated in phase opposition so that one section may communicate with one or other of its two neighbors , but not with both at the same time . the switches are designated by i1 , i2 etc . in the order of their succession along the bus . the closure phases for the switches are designated by phi and phib respectively , phib being the logic complement of phi . to each section are connected either one or more computation operators , or a buffer memory . the computation operators receive data arriving over a bus section to which they are connected and they deliver a result over this same section . the buffer memories record data arriving over the section to which they are connected and they send back this data over the same section , but in a different order from that in which it arrived . the computation operators like the buffer memories are each controlled by a respective microprogrammed sequencer , the whole of the sequencer being controlled by an overall counter whose counting cycle lasts n periods tech for a computation over n data . the switching period for the switches separating the sections is the period tech at which the data to be processed appears at the input of the circuit , for example 74 nanoseconds . the results of the computation leave at the same rate . with this architecture applied to the graph of fig1 it may be provided for the first section b1 to be assigned to a first memory mem1 whose role is to receive the data x j to be processed in the order in which it arrives , this during the phases phi , then restoring it during the phases phib , but in a different order and more particularly in an order which lends itself well to the first computing operation which will be carried out on this data . the second bus section b2 is connected to one or possibly more computing operators which receive data to be processed from memory memi during the periods phib . for example , a &# 34 ; butterfly &# 34 ; operator op1 and a butterfly operator op2 may be provided which work practically in parallel ( so as to go faster ). the operator op1 takes for example the data x 0 and x 15 and calculates the result whilst the operator op2 takes the data x 1 and x 14 , then operator op1 takes x 3 and x 12 while op2 carries out its computation , etc . the third bus section b3 is connected to a buffer memory mem2 whose role is to receive , during the phases phi , the results of the computations carried out by the operators op1 and op2 , then to restore this data during the phases phib but in an order more appropriate to processing by the operators of the following sections . the fourth bus section includes for example two other operators op3 and op4 assigned to a second series of butterfly operations , that is to say , referring to the graph of fig1 to the series of butterfly operations which are to be carried out on the results of the butterfly operations of the first series . for example , x 0 and x 15 had given a first and second results ; x 7 and x 8 a third and fourth results ; in the operators op3 and op4 , the first result and the third will undergo a butterfly operation and similarly the second and the fourth will also undergo an operation . thus , successive bus sections will be established with operators which correspond narrowly to the columns of the graph of fig1 the sections connected to these operators being able to be separated , although it is not always necessary , by sections connected to memories serving for reorganizing the order in which the data produced by an operator must appear at the input of the next operator . in the graph of fig1 four consecutive columns of butterfly operations can be counted to which four bus sections b2 , b4 , b6 , b8 may be assigned , these sections being separated by sections b1 , b3 , b5 , b7 assigned to four reorganization memories mem1 , mem2 , mem3 , mem4 . then three columns of addition operations can be seen to which three bus sections b10 , b12 , b14 may be assigned separated by sections b9 , b11 , b13 assigned to three reorganization memories mem5 , mem6 , mem7 . the addition operators are designated by the letters ad and the butterfly operators by the letters op . in fig4 an rom has been shown which contains the instructions for controlling the operators and the buffer memories , as well as the coefficient cr used in the different butterfly operations . this rom contains then in particular the successive addresses of the memories mem1 to mem7 in which a datum is to be recorded or from which a datum is to be read , since theoretically these addresses will not be consecutive ( or in any case will not be consecutive both for writing and for reading ). the rom receives as addresses the outputs of a general counter cp2 whose counting cycle corresponds to the time required for computing the whole of a transformation of n data . for example , the counting period is tech / 2 and the cycle is 256 × tech . each operator may be similar to the one which is shown in fig5 : it would include a simple arithmetic and logic unit ual capable of carrying out elementary operations of addition , subtraction , or left right shift of one or two bits ; it would also include registers r1 , r2 , l1 , l2 for carrying out these elementary operations ; and it would receive from the rom control bits specifying at all times the operations to be carried out . by changing the instructions contained in the rom , the computing algorithm can be changed ; by masking certain instructions , the algorithm may be modified for processing for example groups of 8 data instead of 16 . finally , the circuit is reversible in that , still through a modification of the instruction programs in the rom , it makes it possible to apply data to the output of the bus so as to carry out a reverse transformation of the original transformation . it should in fact be understood that the reverse transformation takes place , particularly for beyong ge lee &# 39 ; s algorithm , by passing from left to right in the graph of fig1 . in this case , the instruction microprograms contained in the rom are such that an operator of a bus section takes data , for processing it , coming from the following section and not from the preceding section . the phases phi and phib are permuted . to end this description , it must be stated that it may be advantageous to reorganize the graph describing the computation algorithm before defining the precise architecture , that is to say the different bus sections and the operators and buffer memories which are attached thereto . thus , a new presentation of the byeong gi lee graph is proposed here , shown in fig6 which presentation has the advantage of minimizing the number of bus sections required . in the graph shown in fig6 the multiplier coefficients are indicated inside each block . the data must be presented to the input of the graph with the organization defined by the indices x j of the column at the extreme right of the graph . as can be seen in this graph , a first bus section b1 is required for carrying out the butterfly operations of the first column of blocks ; to this section will be connected for example two operators op1 and op2 working practically in parallel ; another section b2 is required for carrying out the operations of the second column from the results supplied by op1 and op2 ; hereagain , two other operators op2 and op4 may work in parallel . but it is not necessary to provide a data reorganization memory between these two groups of two operators , for the crossing of the computing paths of the graph are sufficiently simple for the reorganization to be made directly by the instruction microprogram which drives the operators op3 and op4 . on the contrary , after processing by the operators op3 and op4 , the reorganization is very important and consequently requires a third bus section b3 coupled to a buffer memory mem2 . a fourth section b4 is then provided with two operators op5 and op6 , a fifth section b5 with two operators op7 and op8 , a sixth section b6 with a reorganization memory mem3 ( this section and this memory are optional ), a seventh section b7 with an adder ad1 , an eighth section b8 with another adder a2 ( hereagain a reorganization memory between sections b7 and b8 may be dispensed with ); finally , a ninth section b9 is provided with a reorganization memory mem4 and a tenth section with a last adder ad3 . thus , particularly efficient integrated circuit architecture has been described , particularly for implementing byeong gi lee &# 39 ; s algorithm . | 6 |
the present invention will be described as implemented in a programmed digital computer . it will be understood that a person of ordinary skill in the art of digital image processing and software programming will be able to program a computer to practice the invention from the description given below . the present invention may be embodied in a computer program product having a computer readable storage medium such as a magnetic or optical storage medium bearing machine readable computer code . alternatively , it will be understood that the present invention may be implemented in hardware or firmware . a large obstacle to high performance in semantic scene classification is the immense variety , both in terms of color and composition , of images in each class . obtaining enough training data for an exemplar - based system can be a daunting task , especially when the classes contain many variations . manually collecting large numbers of high - quality , prototypical images is time - consuming , even with the help of themed stock photo libraries . therefore , it is critical to make efficient use of all available training data . furthermore , the best match of a testing image with the set of training exemplars occurs when the image matches an exemplar of its class , both in its color and its composition . however , the test image may contain variations not present in the training set . the degree of match is affected by the photographer &# 39 ; s choice of what to capture in the image ( affecting its composition ) and when to capture the image ( potentially affecting its color due to changes in the scene illuminant over time ). if it were possible to “ relive ” the scene , one could attempt to obtain an image with more prototypical color and composition for the class . for instance , referring to fig2 ( a )- 2 ( d ), an original scene ( fig2 ( a )) contains a salient sub - region ( fig2 ( b )) which is cropped and re - sized ( fig2 ( c )). finally , in fig2 ( d ), an illuminant shift is applied , simulating a sunset occurring later in time . how can one “ relive ” the scene ? in other words , how can one transform an arbitrary image into one that will match a prototypical exemplar better ? according to the invention , a concept called effective spatial and temporal recomposition is used to address the above issues . image recomposition is generally defined as a process that systematically creates altered versions of the same image , including spatial composition and color composition . the different types and uses of spatial recomposition ( mirroring and cropping images ) and effective ( simulated ) temporal recomposition ( shifting the color of images ) are presented in table 1 and will be elaborated in more detail below . they are categorized as recomposition in training , testing , and both . some type - use combinations need visual inspection to ensure such recompositions do not destroy the integrity of the training examples ( e . g ., aggressive crop may result in the loss of the main subject of the picture ). using recomposition on a limited - size set of training data can yield a much richer , more diverse set of exemplars . the goal is to obtain these exemplars without having to inspect each image visually . one technique is to reflect each image about the vertical axis , thereby doubling the number of exemplars . for instance , as shown in fig3 ( a )- 3 ( c ), the original image ( 3 ( b )) is transformed by a horizontal mirroring ( 3 ( a )) or a crop ( 20 % from the bottom as shown in 3 ( c )). clearly , the classification of the new image is unchanged ; that is , while reflecting a sunset image with the sun on the left side of the image moves the sun to the right side , the image remains a valid sunset image . another technique is to crop the edges of an image . the assumption is that the salient portion of an image is in the center and imperfect composition is caused by distractions in the periphery . cropping from each side of the image in turn produces four new images of the same classification . of course , one does not want to lose a salient part of the image ( such as the sun or the horizon line in a sunset ), but for a conservative crop of a small amount , e . g ., 10 %, the semantic classification of a scene is highly unlikely to change , although the classification by an algorithm may change . while recomposing the training set yields more exemplars , recomposing a test image and classifying each new , recomposed image yields multiple classifications of the original image . in terms of spatial recomposition , the edges of the image can be cropped in an attempt to match better the features of a test image against the exemplars . it may be necessary to crop more aggressively ( as in fig2 ) to obtain such a match . however , if the classifier has been trained using mirrored images , there is no need to mirror the test image due to symmetry already built into the classifier . for example , when using a 1 - nn classifier , the feature vector , t , of a testing image will lie a certain distance from the nearest exemplar vector e . call the vectors of the reflected images of e and t , e ′ and t ′, respectively . due to symmetry in the features , d ( e , t )= d ( e ′, t ′), making t ′ redundant . some classes of images contain a large variation in their global color distribution , and shifting the overall color of the test image appropriately can yield a better match with a training exemplar . using the class of sunset images as an example , an early and a late sunset may have the same spatial distribution of color ( bright sky over dark foreground ), but the overall appearance of the early sunset is much cooler , due to a color change in the scene illuminant . by artificially changing the color along the illuminant (= red - blue ) axis towards the warmer side , we can simulate the appearance of capturing the image later in time ; we dub this illuminant shift an effective temporal recomposition . for example , as shown in fig4 ( a )- 4 ( f ), a temporal recomposition comprises a series of illuminant shifts in 3 - button increments , starting from − 6 buttons ( fig4 ( a )) and ending at + 9 buttons ( fig . ( f )), where a button equals 0 . 4 of a photographic stop . likewise , variation within the amount of illuminant in the scene can be handled using changes along the luminance axis . color shift along other axes may be applicable in other problem domains . whether using spatial or temporal recomposition , the classifier may or may not label a new , recomposed image with the same class as the original image . how does one adjudicate when the classifications of the recomposed images differ ? duin ( see r . p . w . duin , “ the combining classifier : to train or not to train ?”, proceedings of international conference on pattern recognition , 2002 ) discussed two types of combiners , fixed and trained . fixed combining rules include voting schemes and using the sum or average of the scores . a trained combiner is a second classifier for mapping the scores to a single score . two considerations affect the choice of which to use : the availability of training data and the degree to which the base classifiers have been trained . duin suggests that undertrained classifiers can benefit from a trained combiner , while those that are overtrained ( e . g ., support vector machines ( svms )) cannot . in the present study , this was found to be the case ( e . g ., a second - stage svm did not help ). in a two - class problem , one interesting fixed combiner of r recompositions is to use the m - th order statistic , e . g ., the maximum ( m = 1 ), the second largest ( m = 2 ), or the median ( m = r / 2 ). varying the parameter m moves the classifier &# 39 ; s position on the operating curve . small m classifies images positively in an aggressive manner , giving greater recall at the expense of more false positives . the choice of m will clearly depend on the application . the scores can also be combined in such a way as to find the most consistent image classification . for instance , a voting scheme can be used for combination . this is desirable : classification based on a number of slightly varied recomposed images with the same salient scene content should be more robust than classification based on the original image alone . if the single classification based on the original image is incorrect due to some statistical anomaly ( e . g . foreground distractions or poor spatial registration with the set of exemplars ), yet many of the recomposed images are classified correctly , a majority rule will correct the anomaly . for some applications , recomposition may be used on both the training and testing data . since each serves a different purpose , they may be combined readily . one may question the need for using both types of recompositions ; namely , if one had a sufficiently rich set of training exemplars , why would recomposing the test image be necessary ? the need to use recomposition in both training and testing is practical . there is no guarantee that the training data is diverse enough to begin with , or that recomposition in training exemplars has exhaustively created all possible variations and completely fills the image space . a related question is the choice between recomposing training images and obtaining additional unique exemplars . aside from the argument presented earlier about the lack of good training data , and the time necessary to gather it , there is also the question of the quality of the data available . recomposing a small set of prototypical exemplars is likely to be more desirable than using more but lesser quality exemplars . in addition , use of recomposition in testing on top of recomposition in training is certainly a way to boost recall if so desired , though potentially at the expense of a higher false alarm rate . a last question is whether a more aggressive approach may be used in recomposing the training data so as to minimize the need to recompose the test data . because aggressive recomposition can cause images to lose their salient content , one must ensure that the integrity of the expanded training set is not compressed ; the discussion now turns to a technique for doing exactly this . our goal in using conservative recompositions on the training set is to make the process completely unsupervised . however , if yet more training data is desired and aggressive recompositions , such as larger amounts of cropping or significant color shifts , are used , a training methodology is needed so that one does not need to go to the other extreme , that of inspecting every recomposed image . admittedly , because some aggressive recompositions can remove some scene content characteristic to the class of an image , a more rigorous approach to adding these images to the training data would be to visually inspect each of the recomposed training images . doing so can be tedious and laborious . only inspecting a subset of the recomposed images needing attention would be more efficient . in order to screen the recomposed images , one can train a classifier using the original training images and then classify the recomposed versions of the training images using this classifier . only those recomposed images that fail ( or pass with low confidence ) the classifier need to be evaluated visually to determine if the recomposition has caused the image to lose salient scene content . such recomposed images are then eliminated while the remaining recomposed images are added to the expanded training set to improve its richness . this is a preferred tradeoff between generating fewer recomposed images in an unsupervised manner and generating many recomposed images in a completely supervised fashion . next , three preferred embodiments of the present invention are described for sunset detection , outdoor scene classification , and automatic image orientation detection , respectively . in the aforementioned hierarchical image classification scheme described by vailaya et al ., sunsets were easily separated from mountain / forest scenes . color was found to be more salient for the problem than other features , such as edge direction alone , confirming an intuition that sunsets are recognizable by their brilliant , warm colors . furthermore , spatial information should be incorporated to distinguish sunsets from other scenes containing warm colors , such as those of desert rock formations . therefore , spatial color moments may be used , dividing the image into 49 regions using a 7 × 7 grid and computing the mean and variance of each band of a luv - transformed image . this yields 49 × 2 × 3 = 294 features . a support vector machine ( svm ) is preferably used as the classifier because svms have been shown to give higher performance than other classifiers such as learning vector quantizers ( lvq ) on similar problems ( see , for example , b . scholkopf , c . burges , and a . smola , advances in kernel methods : support vector learning , mit press , cambridge , mass ., 1999 , pp . 263 - 266 , and y . wang and h . zhang , “ content - based image orientation detection with support vector machines ,” proceedings of ieee workshop on content - based access of image and video libraries , 2001 ). in particular , a gaussian kernel was used , creating an rbf - style classifier ( rbf = radial basis function , see wang and zhang ). svms are designed for two - class problems , and output a real number for each testing image . the sign is the classification and the magnitude can be used as a loose measure of the confidence . using recomposition in the training set increased performance significantly , presumably because the set was much richer . this overcomes some of the effects of having a limited training set . using recompositions in the testing set increased both the number of hits and the number of false positives . finally , using recompositions in both training and testing gave the best results overall . note that these results correspond to optimal operating points on different curves . using spatial recomposition on the testing images met the goal of correctly classifying sunset images with large distracting foreground regions : for example , the images presented in fig1 were all classified incorrectly by the baseline system , but correctly when recomposition was used ( gained by recomposition ). the image ( b ) on the upper right is a good example of how recomposition by cropping can help . cropping the large , dark , water region in the foreground from the image increases the svm score substantially . the other images fared similarly : for example , cropping the bottom 20 % from the bottom left image ( a ) eliminates the confusing reflection in the water . however , the number of false positive images also increased , partially offsetting the gain in recall . typical false positives induced by recomposition are shown in fig5 a and 5 b . each of these images contains patterns not typical of sunsets ( e . g ., the multiple bright regions in the night image , or the sky in the desert image ), which when cropped out , make the image appear to be much more sunset - like . some sunset images have prototypical composition , but weak colors , corresponding to early or late sunsets . shifting the scene illuminant “ warms up ” these images , causing them to be classified correctly , but also introduces many false positives , both of which are shown in fig6 . the above system is extended to distinguish between six types of outdoor scenes : beach , sunset , fall foliage , field , mountain , and urban ( defined in table 2 ). the images used for training and testing included professional and consumer images . the same features and classifier are used as for the sunset detector , although the svm classifier was extended to multiple classes by using a one - vs .- all approach ( see b . scholkopf , c . burges , and a . smola . advances in kernel methods : sunport vector learning . mit press , cambridge , mass ., 1999 , pp 256 - 258 ). spatial recomposition was especially effective when used in training , since the training set was still limited . recomposition was not used on the testing set . the goal of automatic image orientation detection ( see y . wang and h . zhang , “ content - based image orientation detection with support vector machines ”, proceedings of ieee workshop on content - based access of image and video libraries , 2001 ) is to classify an arbitrary image into one of four compass directions ( n , s , e , w ), depending on which direction the top of the image is facing . doing so based on image content alone is a difficult problem . for the preferred embodiment , a baseline system uses spatial color moments and a one - vs .- all svm classifier , which is similar and achieves similar results to that in wang et al . recomposition in testing can be expected to improve classification in this domain as well , but the rationale for using it is much different : cropping the edges of an image should not affect the perceived orientation of the image . therefore , the combined classification based on a number of slightly different images should be more robust than that of a single image . experimenting with both fixed ( voting ) and trained combiners , the performance of each was found to be comparable ; voting was chosen for its simplicity . in this application , an image is classified with four scores , each coming from a svm tuned to recognize images of a given orientation . the one - vs .- all classifier classifies the image with the orientation corresponding to the svm that yields the maximum score . this process is repeated nine times , once for each cropped version of the image . the process finally votes among the nine classifications , using the scores to break ties ( although a tie means no single orientation dominated and that the image is a good candidate for rejection , i . e ., no apparent orientation ). an example of the voting scheme is given in fig7 . sample images that were gained by using the recomposition scheme are shown in fig8 . in each of these cases , some region on the border of the image is distracting . the dark shadows ( fig8 ( c )), the dark trees ( fig8 ( b )), and the reflection of the sun ( fig8 ( c )) all confused the classifier ; bright or dark regions appear at the side of an image , not at the top or bottom . image recomposition is similar in spirit to bootstrapping or bagging methods , with a major distinction being that only a single classifier is trained and used in classification . the key to successful application of this scheme to an image classification problem is that such image recomposition would only affect the distractive components in the image in such a way that they can be discounted in the final classification and the salient content is invariant to such perturbation to the image . thus , this is a general approach to boosting classification performance as long as appropriate ways of recomposition are selected according to the domain of problem and the features / classifier used . the following guidelines are offered to help decide how to use image recomposition in image classification . first , if the training set is sparse , using conservative spatial recompositions can help greatly . more aggressive recomposition , both spatial and temporal , should be done in a semi - supervised manner . in a two - class problem , recomposing the test image can cause a better match with an exemplar of the same class , giving an operating curve parameter that can be used to customize the performance to the application . in a multi - class problem , voting among the classifications of recomposed images is more robust . clearly , in the ideal case where classes are well separated in training data and testing images match the exemplars well , recomposition is not expected to help much . fig9 shows a diagram of the method for improving the scene classification of a digital image according to the invention . initially either an input exemplar image 10 or an input test image 12 is provided in an input stage 14 and then applied to a recomposition stage 16 , where the input image is systematically recomposed according to either a spatial recomposition algorithm 18 or a temporal recomposition algorithm 20 ( or both ), as described heretofore in the detailed description of the invention . the result of the recomposition is an expanded set of images 22 , which depending on the type of input image ( exemplar or test image ) will be an expanded set of exemplar images 24 or an expanded set of test images 26 ( or both ). if the expanded set of images are exemplar images , they are used to train the classifier in a training stage 28 , thereby providing an improved classifier according to the invention . if the expanded set of images are test images , they are used in a classifier stage 30 , thereby providing an improved image classification result according to the invention . as indicated by the broken line 32 connecting the training stage 28 and the classification stage 30 , the improved classifier resulting from the expanded set of exemplar images 24 may be used together with the expanded set of test images 26 to provide an overall improved classification result . however , it is also possible to apply the recomposition stage 16 in only one of the two paths shown in fig1 ( i . e ., either in training an improved classifier or in providing an improved image classification result , but not both ). the subject matter of the present invention relates to digital image understanding technology , which is understood to mean technology that digitally process a digital image to recognize and thereby assign useful meaning to human understandable objects , attributes or conditions and then to utilize the results obtained in the further processing of the digital image . scene classification can also find application in image enhancement . rather than applying generic color balancing and exposure adjustment to all scenes , the adjustment could be customized to the scene , e . g ., retaining or boosting brilliant colors in sunset images while removing warm - colored cast from tungsten - illuminated indoor images . the recomposition technique described by the present invention is not limited to photographic images . for example , spatial recomposition can also be applied to medical images for medical image classification ( although color recomposition does not apply ). the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention . | 6 |
as best seen in fig1 and 2 , the retrofitable attachment of the present invention includes an upright , elongated arm unit 1 ( see fig1 ) mounted adjacent the front caster 3 , rear drive arrangement 5 ( see fig1 and 2 ) mounted on the rear wheel 7 , and connecting member 9 ( see fig1 ) extending between the arm 1 and drive arrangement 5 . the elongated arm unit 1 ( see fig1 ) is mounted at 11 to a gear box 13 for pivotal or reciprocating movement back and forth about the axis 11 relative to the frame of the wheelchair 15 . this feature is also illustrated in fig3 - 5 . as best seen in fig5 the arm unit 1 actually consists of an outer or drive arm portion 17 and an inner or steering arm portion 19 . both arm portions 17 and 19 pivot together about the axis 11 when the arm unit 1 is moved forward and backward ( i . e ., left and right in fig1 ). however , the inner or steering arm portion 17 additionally is mounted for rotational or twisting movement relative to the outer or drive arm 19 about the axis 21 ( see fig5 ). consequently , as the entire arm unit 1 is manually manipulated by the wheelchair occupant forward and backward about the axis 11 ( i . e ., left and right in fig1 ), the handle portion 23 ( see fig5 ) and attached steering arm 19 can be additionally twisted about the axis 21 relative to the outer drive arm 17 . the rotational movement of the steering arm portion 19 within the outer , drive arm portion 17 allows the wheelchair 15 to be steered regardless of where or how the entire arm unit 1 is being manipulated . more specifically , and as the handle 23 and steering arm 19 are rotated about the steering arm axis 21 as best illustrated in fig5 the conventional ball and socket arrangement 25 will at all times transfer this rotational movement to the gear box 13 and in particular to the pin 27 on which is mounted the first gear 29 . this rotation of gear 29 about its axis 22 then drives the meshing , intermediate gear 31 ( see fig6 ) about its axis 32 . this in turn rotates gear 33 and elongated yoke pin 35 about its axis 37 to turn the attached yoke 39 and caster wheel 3 ( see fig5 ) to steer the wheelchair 15 in any desired direction . yoke pin 35 in fig5 in most retrofit applications of the present invention will be the original pin for the caster yoke 39 of the wheelchair 15 . this feature is illustrative of the ease and simplicity of the retrofitable nature of the present invention . that is , to mount the arm unit 1 to the original structure of the wheelchair 15 , it is only necessary to first slide the gear box 13 over the existing bearing housing 41 to the position shown in fig5 . thereafter , one need only loosen nut 43 , remove the yoke 39 with its attached pin 35 , slide the gear 33 and attached bracket 45 onto the pin 35 , and then re - secure the yoke 39 in place with the original nut 43 as shown in fig5 . in addition to the gear box 13 , the only other non - original equipment in this procedure is then the gear 33 with its attached , depending bracket 45 ( which simply serves to prevent the gear 33 from rotating relative to the pin 35 and yoke 39 as illustrated in fig7 and 8 ). the gear box 13 itself is held at its rear against rotation about the bearing housing 41 and axis 37 by a simple u - clip 47 ( see fig1 and 7 ) secured over the horizontal frame member 49 of the wheelchair 15 . in most anticipated retrofits , the original yoke pin 35 will be long enough to accommodate the additional thickness of gear 33 and attached angle bracket 45 ; however , in some cases , it may be necessary to replace the pin 35 with a longer one . nevertheless , in either case , the retrofit procedure is extremely simple and quick to do . in use and unlike any prior devices , the steering of the caster yoke 39 of the wheelchair 15 is accomplished by rotating the gear 33 which is symmetrically mounted about the vertical axis 37 of the yoke pin 35 . this arrangement is in contrast to prior devices that attempt to steer the yoke 39 by toggle and other arrangements driving off of one of the yoke arms 51 . in doing so , such prior devices often result in the creation of dead spots where the yoke 39 cannot be turned when it is in certain positions or cannot always be turned in the desired direction . they also result in the need to use varying amounts of force depending upon how the caster 3 is facing . in contrast , the steering arrangement of the present invention has no dead spots , can always be turned in the desired direction , and requires substantially the same easy force to turn the yoke 39 regardless of which direction the caster 3 is facing . the entire , retrofitable attachment of the present invention is shown in fig9 separate and apart from the wheelchair 15 . as shown , it includes the elongated arm unit 1 with gear box 13 , connecting number 9 , and rear drive arrangement 5 . in retrofitting it to the wheelchair 15 , the elongated arm unit 1 with gear box 13 can be easily and quickly attached to the frame of the wheelchair 15 as set forth above . similarly , and with equal ease and speed , the drive arrangement 5 can be attached to the rear wheel 7 of the wheelchair 15 as discussed below . the rear drive arrangement 5 ( see fig2 ) consists essentially of a reversible ratchet unit with exposed gears 60 and 62 , a reversible ratchet control within the housing 64 , and an attaching hub member 66 secured to the gear 62 . in retrofitting the drive arrangement 5 to the rear wheel 7 , the equally spaced arms 68 ( see fig1 ) of the hub member 66 are dimensioned to fit between adjacent pairs of spokes 72 of the rear wheel 7 ( see also fig2 ). in doing so , each arm 68 is received between two of the wheel spokes 72 with the arm edges 74 ( see fig1 ) respectively abutting the planar surfaces 75 of the spokes 72 for a secure fit . in the illustrated embodiments , the rear wheel 7 of the wheelchair 15 is shown with eight spokes 72 ; however , the present invention is equally adaptable to the other most common wheel design of six spokes or to any other number ( e . g ., 4 - 10 ). with the six spoke wheel , the hub member 66 would preferably have three arms 68 but like the illustrated embodiment of fig1 , the arms 68 would still be dimensioned to fit snugly between pairs of spokes 72 with the planar , edge surfaces 74 abutting the planar surfaces 75 of the spokes 72 . as shown in fig1 , each spoke 72 has two parallel surfaces 75 wherein the surfaces 75 on adjacent spokes 72 face one another and can receive an arm 68 of hub member 66 therebetween . the completed assembly of the drive arrangement 5 on the rear wheel 7 is best seen in fig1 . as shown in fig1 and to accomplish this assembly , it is only necessary to remove the original rear wheel 7 by loosening the axle locknut 76 and then sliding the drive arrangement 5 onto the axle 78 with the arms 68 of the hub member 66 being received between adjacent pairs of spokes 72 . the original axle 78 ( or a lengthened one if necessary ) can then be re - secured to the frame 80 of the wheelchair 15 by re - tightening the axle locknut 76 . this then draws the hub member 66 securely into the spokes 72 of the rear wheel 7 and additionally draws and maintains the gears 60 and 62 of the rear drive arrangement 5 into engagement . thereafter , pivotal or rocking movement of the arm unit 1 about the axis 11 ( see fig1 and 9 ) will reciprocate the connecting arm 9 back and forth to rotate the upright link 82 ( see fig9 ) of the rear drive arrangement 5 about axis 83 of the rear wheel 7 . this in turn will rotate the ratchet housing 64 and attached gear 60 to drive gear 62 and rear wheel 7 of the wheelchair 15 . in this regard , the driven direction of the wheelchair 15 ( i . e ., forward or reverse ) is selectively determinable by manipulating the control lever 84 on the handle 23 in fig1 . in the position of fig1 the ratchet member 86 of fig9 will be in the position shown and the interior ratchet pawl 88 ( see fig1 and 12 ) controlling the engaged versus free ratcheting direction of attached gears 60 &# 39 ; and 60 will be in the position of fig1 and 12 . conversely , to reverse the driven direction of the wheelchair 15 , the control lever 84 on the handle 23 is simply moved to the dotted position of fig3 and 9 . this will then activate the cable 90 in fig9 to draw the ratchet member 86 and attached , interior ratchet pawl 88 ( see fig1 ) about axis 92 to the opposite engaging position . motion of the arm unit 1 about axis 11 will then serve to drive the wheelchair 15 in the reverse direction . the retrofit nature and ease and quickness with which it can be done are important elements of the invention and were foremost in mind during its development . as pointed out above , the retrofit procedure in most anticipated applications will use all of the original equipment of the wheelchair and can be accomplished with only the simplest of tools . for example , assembling the front or steering arrangement of the present invention onto the wheelchair 15 involves only sliding the gear box 13 over the existing housing 41 ( see fig5 ), removing the yoke 39 and attached pin 35 by unscrewing nut 43 , sliding the gear 33 and attached bracket 45 onto the pin 35 , and re - securing the pin 35 in the housing 41 with nut 43 . in this manner , the orthogonal nature of the original equipment has been maintained . that is , the yoke 39 is still mounted to the frame of the wheelchair 15 for rotation about the vertical axis 37 with the axes of the elongated pin 35 coincident with axis 37 . additionally , the axis 94 of the caster wheel 3 is still horizontal and perpendicular to the vertical axis 37 . similarly , the axes of the retrofit unit are in the same orthogonal alignment with axis 11 horizontal and gear axes 22 , 32 , and 37 vertical . steering arm 17 at its lower end portion is then mounted to the gear box 13 for pivotal movement about the axis 11 relative to the frame of the wheelchair 15 . further , the steering arm 19 is also mounted by the multi - directional joint 25 for twisting motion about the steering arm axis 21 relative to the gear box 13 and frame of the wheelchair 15 . in this manner , the axes 11 and 21 not only intersect but also are perpendicular . similarly , the vertical axis 22 of the gear 29 intersects axis 11 and is perpendicular to it . vertical axis 22 also intersects the steering arm axis 21 and when the steering arm 19 is vertical , the axes 21 and 22 are colinear . in use , twisting movement of the handle 23 about axis 21 will then operate through the interconnecting gears 29 , 31 , and 33 of the gear box 13 to rotate the original yoke pin 35 and yoke 39 about the vertical axis 37 . the original orthogonal alignment of the wheelchair 15 is also maintained by the assembly of the rear drive arrangement 5 . this is evident by the simple hub mounting 66 wherein its equally spaced arms 68 are dimensioned to fit between pairs of the outwardly extending , radial spokes 72 of the rear wheel 7 . consequently , to assemble the rear drive 5 , it is only necessary to unscrew nut 76 ( see fig1 ), align the axis of the hub member 66 with the axis 83 of the rear wheel 7 and axle 78 , move the hub member 66 into the rear wheel 7 with the hub arms 68 interspersed between pairs of spokes 72 , and retightened the nut 76 to fixedly attach the hub member 66 to the rear wheel 7 . in this assembled position as illustrated in fig1 , the axis of the hub member 66 and axis 83 of the rear wheel 7 are colinear . additionally , the original axis 83 is parallel to the pivotal axis 11 of the elongated arm unit 1 and in keeping with the orthogonal nature of the design , the axes of the drive arm 17 and steering arm 19 are not only colinear with each other but also perpendicular to the axes 11 and 83 . consequently , the overall assembly of the present invention results in a retrofit unit that easily and quickly meshes with the original equipment of the wheelchair while maintaining the operational alignment and integrity of the original equipment of the wheelchair 15 . further , although the retrofitable attachment of the present invention has been shown mounted on the right side of the chair 15 , its design is equally adaptable for use on the left side . while several embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described in detail , it is to be understood that various changes and modifications could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention . | 0 |
the present invention is generally described by the referenced drawing figures attached . fig1 discloses the manner in which the assembly of the invention is attached to a bow stock and provides a first preferred embodiment of the invention . in general the invention comprises an assembly of components that provide multiple adjustable aiming spots within the field of view of the archer . the ambient light for the aiming spots is gathered in an assembly of fiber optic coils held on a bracket to one side of the bow sight . the light is carried by the fiber optic wave guides along the bracket frame of the bow sight to a fiber optic terminal block adjustment assembly . the light is then projected onto an angled partially reflective objective optic where it is reflected into the archer &# 39 ; s field of view . the multiple aiming spots are positioned vertically one above the other and allow the archer to place an aiming spot on the target according to an estimate range to the target . that is , a target that is close might require use of the highest aiming spot ( lowering the angle of the bow ) in the field of view while a very distant target might require use of the lowest aiming spot ( lifting the angle of the bow ). the side to side placement of the aiming spots in the field of view is achieved by way of a pivoting sight tube bracket . the elevation ( vertical adjustment ) of the individual aiming spots may be varied according to one of a number of different mechanisms within the fiber optic terminal block assembly as disclosed in the attached drawing figures . four ( 4 ) spot and five ( 5 ) spot versions of the preferred embodiments are shown although those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention lends itself to use in conjunction with systems that incorporate from three ( 3 ) to as many as seven ( 7 ) or more aiming spots . it is preferable to use different colored fiber optic wave guides for the different aiming spots to facilitate the choice of an appropriate spot for a particular range . fig1 is a top plan view of a first embodiment of the complete bow sight system of the present invention . bow stock 10 is shown in cross section ( dashed outline ) and provides the support for bow mounting plate 12 . clamp screw ( horizontal adjustment ) 14 tightens the clamp component of bow mounting plate 12 onto clamp ( vertical ) 16 . likewise , clamp screw ( vertical adjustment ) 18 tightens the clamp component of clamp ( vertical ) 16 onto sight stock 20 . sight stock 20 supports projection stock 22 and integrates fiber optic channel 24 with channel cover plate 26 . fiber optic terminal blocks ( four spot version ) 28 a - 28 d incorporate fiber optic adjustment set screws ( four spot version ) 30 a - 30 d projection stock 22 . fiber optic wave guides ( four spot version ) 32 a - 32 d carry light from the light receptor coil assembly 34 mounted on the coil bracket 36 which is positioned on the sight base assembly 38 . sight tube ( sight ring ) 40 integrates and holds reflective objective optic 42 with optic retainer ring 44 . the angle of sight tube 40 can be adjusted using sight pivot screw 46 and sight adjustment screw 48 . fig2 is a side plan view of the first embodiment of the complete bow sight system of the present invention shown in fig1 with the same referenced components identified therein . fig3 is an end view of the first embodiment of the bow sight system of the present invention as seen from the point of view of the archer with the mounting plate components removed for clarity . in this view the aiming spot images 50 a - 50 d can be seen . fig4 a through 4c are orthogonal plan views of the sight stock component of the present invention . in this view the manner of attachment of the remaining components ( as shown in fig1 & amp ; 2 ) can be seen . fig5 a through 5c are orthogonal plan views of a bow sight tube bracket of a preferred embodiment of the present invention . fig6 a and 6b are orthogonal plan views of a bow sight tube ring component of a preferred embodiment of the present invention . fig7 a and 7b are orthogonal plan views of a retention ring for the sight tube component of the present invention . fig8 a through 8c are orthogonal plan views of a fiber optic terminal block structure of the preferred embodiment of the present invention , with fig8 b being an assembly view . fig9 is a cross - sectional view of a first preferred embodiment of the fiber optic channel and terminal block structure of the present invention . fig1 , 11 a & amp ; 11 b , 12 a & amp ; 12 b , and 13 a & amp ; 13 b are detailed views of alternate preferred embodiments of the fiber optic terminal block assembly of the present invention . fig1 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the complete bow sight system of the present invention . in this view alternate embodiment bow sight system 60 is shown to include bow mounting plate 62 , vertical adjustment clamp 64 , lens bracket 66 , sight tube with optic 68 , main beam 70 , and fiber optic holder rack 72 . fiber optic holder rack 72 is shown to include right fiber optic holder shell 74 and left fiber optic holder shell 76 . together these components support and position fiber optic holders 80 . fig1 is a side plan view of an alternative embodiment of the complete bow sight system of the present invention . in this view mounting holes 82 in bow mounting plate 62 are disclosed . fiber optic light gathering slots 84 which carry the fiber optics for the system are shown integrated into main beam 70 . fiber optic adjustment window 86 allows the user to view the vertical adjustment of the fiber optic light guides and therefore of the light images in the sight tube . fig1 is a top plan view of an alternative embodiment of the complete bow sight system of the present invention . in this view mounting plate clamp tightening screw 88 is shown as the means for clamping bow mounting plate 62 to vertical adjustment clamp 64 . sight tube mounting screw 90 attaches sight tube 68 to main beam 70 . horizontal fiber optic adjustment screw 92 is position to provide a means for moving fiber optic holder rack 72 side to side , thereby adjusting the horizontal position of the light spots on the optics . these components are shown in greater detail in fig1 & amp ; 18 . fig1 a through 19c are orthogonal views of the bow mounting plate 62 component of an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention . mounting holes 82 are seen clearly in this view . fig2 a - 20c are orthogonal views of the vertical adjustment clamp 64 component of an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention . vertical adjustment clamp tightening screw 94 is seen in this view . fig2 a - 21c are orthogonal views of the lens bracket 66 component of an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention . sight tube mounting screws 96 are seen in this view . fig2 a - 22c are orthogonal views of the main beam 70 component of an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention . the manner of routing the fiber optic light guides around the sides and edges of the main beam 70 , as well as fiber optic passage 98 , are shown . fig2 a - 23c are orthogonal views of the fiber optic holder rack 72 component of an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention . fig2 a - 24d are orthogonal views of a typical fiber optic holder 80 component of an alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention . in this view , fiber optic holder adjustment screw 100 and fiber optic channel aperture 102 , as integrated in each of the fiber optic holders 80 , are shown . the changing the configuration from side mounted fibers in the first preferred embodiment to mounting them vertically provides certain additional advantages . when the orientation is vertical with a side configuration , the virtual image generated by the concave lens can sometimes be skewed and as a result may not accurately track the arrow point of impact due to the extreme side angle of reflection . if this is the case , the second preferred embodiment provides an orientation where the fiber holders are located vertically and back in an adjustable housing . the entire adjustable housing can move side to side with an adjustment screw as described above . this arrangement allows the archer to sight the bow with the overall sight adjustments and then center the dots in the lens with the housing adjustments . each fiber holder is still individually adjustable vertically , to sight in at the varying distances . the fiber optic fibers are run out of the housing and through the grove in the main support beam . they are run along the top , side and front of this beam to gather ambient light from all directions . in the preferred embodiment , these fibers are held in clear plastic tubing which may be adhered to the main beam . the lens in the second preferred embodiment is a concave semi - reflective lens . depending on availability , a 4 - base circular lens with a red semi - reflective coating may be used ( the type often used on sunglasses ). the fibers must be placed at a specific distance in order to generate the proper virtual image in the lens . this distance is critical to track the point of impact . the light source must be at a precise proportion to the focal length of the lens . the resulting virtual image is greatly magnified and perfectly in line with the point of impact . depending on the diameter of the fiber optic fiber the above mentioned magnification can cause some problems . with a fiber of 0 . 020 ″ the lens magnifies about 3 times and the resulting dot is too big in the view of the archer . the large image is not accurate enough at the longer ranges . one solution is to countersink a 0 . 023 ″ hole into the holder and then drill out a 0 . 010 ″ hole for the light to shine through . this cuts the fiber image in half so that it is usable to the archer . this may be a practical approach to reducing the size of the light spot image when necessary . although a specific advantage of the present invention is its ability to gather ambient light , it is adaptable for use in conjunction with artificial light sources . the basic system of the present invention may be used in conjunction with standard bow sight mounts that provide horizontal and vertical support adjustments . in addition , the system allows for use on either right or left handed bows by simply inverting the assembly . the system does not interfere with the arrow or the arrow rest in any configuration and generally adds little to the weight of the bow . the various components of the system of the present invention are easily assembled and disassembled as needed for adjustment , maintenance , and / or replacement . the same basic frame , sight tube , and light gathering assembly , may be used with any of the various described fiber optic terminal block assemblies . the system of the present invention combines the advantages of an ambient light fiber optic bow sight with the advantages of a reflex bow sight . specifically , the bow sight of the present invention requires no electrical power and collect sufficient ambient light to provide easily visible aiming spots . the system utilizes multiple fiber optic wave guides in order to provide multiple , independently adjustable , aiming spots . the system uses a reflective objective optic to reflect an image of the bright ends of the fiber optics within the field of view . unlike most systems that utilize fiber optic wave guides , the present invention does not clutter or obstruct the field of view with support structures or other components required by non - reflex systems . | 5 |
in the mode of realisation shown on fig4 , the microcontroller 30 takes the form of a right parallelepiped of thickness about 180 μm and area about 10 mm 2 . this microcontroller 30 includes a main layer 301 of silicon whose active face , which includes a circuit and supports the contact studs 300 , is sealed to an additional protective layer 302 of silicon using a sealing layer 303 . this additional layer 302 has openings 304 located opposite the contact studs 300 so that they can be connected to the contact pads 32 . in practice , there are five contact studs 300 . they are the studs vcc , rst , clk , i / o and gnd respectively connected to the contact pads vcc , rst , clk , i / o and gnd of module 3 . the supply contact stud vcc is intended to power the microcontroller . the reset stud rst is intended to transmit a reset signal to the microcontroller , the clock stud clk is intended to transmit a clock signal to the microcontroller , the input / output stud i / o is intended to enable the exchange of logical data between the microcontroller and the outside world , and the ground stud gnd is used to connect the microcontroller to ground . the integrated circuit of the microcontroller 30 according to the invention includes several active parts . in particular , there is an interface microcontroller part μci and an efficient data processing part μce shown on fig5 . the interface microcontroller part or interface microcontroller μci preferably only includes means which consume energy that is not likely to reveal information concerning the confidential data processed by the microcontroller . in practice , the interface microcontroller μci includes for example a loading pump or interface circuits associated with the contact studs rst , clk and i / o . the contact stud rst mainly concerns the means to detect an initialisation signal and associated means to initialise the microcontroller . the contact stud clk concerns the means to detect frequencies between an upper limit and a lower limit . lastly , the contact stud i / o concerns the means enabling the microcontroller to communicate by switching from an input mode to an output mode or vice versa . the efficient data processing part or efficient microcontroller μce is part of the microcontroller 30 which includes subassemblies whose inverters are intended for the processing of the confidential data . consequently , it represents the part of the microcontroller likely to provide the defrauders with information on this confidential data . in practice , it includes the central processing unit ( cpu ), possibly a cryptoprocessor associated with this unit , data and address bus command circuits as well as the ram , rom and eeprom memories or all memories of another type . the microcontroller 30 according to the invention also includes a pulse generator gen , a capacitor cap and a switch com . the pulse generator , the capacitor and the switch are the means used to vary the supply voltage of the efficient microcontroller . the pulse generator gen consists , for example , of two oscillators each composed of a schmitt type inverter with hysteresis on the input circuit , a capacitor connected between the inverter input and the ground , and a resistor connected between the output of this inverter and its input , the said two oscillators being coupled together by a resistor to form a modulated frequency signal source . in addition , the pulse generator gen preferably includes a voltage crossing synchronisation circuit for the threshold voltage v threshold of the voltage vμce across the terminals of the efficient microcontroller . this circuit may consist of a voltage comparator whose positive input is connected to a reference voltage , the voltage v threshold , whose negative input is connected to the voltage across the terminals of the efficient microcontroller , and whose output is connected to the input d of a flip - flop synchronised by the synchronisation signal from the modulated frequency signal source . the capacitor cap has a capacitance greater than approximately 0 . 1 nanofarad , especially between approximately 1 nanofarad and approximately 10 nanofarads , for example of the order of 6 nanofarads . note that the electrodes of a 1 . 5 nanofarad capacitor have an area of approximately 1 mm 2 . also , a 6 nanofarad capacitor has an area of approximately 4 mm 2 . in the invention the switch com can be replaced by a time variable resistor connected in series with the microcontroller power supply contact stud vcc . in the invention , the contact studs i / o , rst and clk are connected by electrical connection lines to the interface microcontroller μci . the contact stud gnd is connected by electrical connection lines to the pulse generator gen , to the capacitor cap , to the efficient microcontroller μce and to the interface microcontroller μci . in addition , the contact stud vcc is connected by electrical connection lines to the pulse generator gen , to the switch com and to the interface microcontroller μci . in addition , the switch com is connected by electrical connection lines to the pulse generator gen and to the capacitor cap . lastly , an electrical connection line connects the efficient microcontroller μce to the electrical connection line connecting the capacitor cap to the switch com and an electrical connection line connects the generator gen to this last line so as to monitor the voltage v μce to compare it with the voltage v threshold . for a microcontroller of the type shown in fig4 , the above - mentioned parts are arranged as shown on fig6 a and 6b where the additional layer 302 ( fig6 b ) includes the pulse generator gen , the capacitor cap and the switch com , and the main layer 301 ( fig6 a ), which supports the contact studs , includes the efficient microcontroller parts μce and interface microcontroller μci . in addition , the main layer 301 includes three interconnection studs p 1 , p 2 and p 3 , a first stud p 1 connected to the stud vcc , a second stud p 2 connected to the efficient microcontroller and a third stud p 3 connected to the stud gnd . similarly , the additional layer 302 includes three interconnection studs p 1 ′, p 2 ′ and p 3 ′ which will be fitted , in the microcontroller , opposite and vertically above the studs p 1 , p 2 and p 3 , respectively . the first stud p 1 ′ is connected firstly to the switch com and secondly to the pulse generator gen , the second stud p 2 ′ is connected to the common point between the switch com and the capacitor cap , and the third stud p 3 ′ is connected firstly to the capacitor cap and secondly to the pulse generator gen . in the microcontroller 30 shown on fig4 , the studs p 1 , p 2 and p 3 are connected electrically to studs p 1 ′, p 2 ′ and p 3 ′ respectively via conducting bosses . obviously , the microcontroller described above only represents one mode of realisation according to the invention and it is quite possible to design other modes of realisation of microcontrollers which do not have a multi - layer structure but a more traditional structure where the various above - mentioned parts : contact studs , interface and efficient microcontrollers , capacitor , pulse generator and switch , are integrated in a single layer of silicon substrate not covered with an additional layer . the energy ec μc consumed by a microcontroller according to the invention is equal to the sum of the energies ec μci , ec μce and ec m consumed respectively by the interface microcontroller , the efficient microcontroller and the pulse generator / capacitor / switch assembly . we therefore obtain the relation : the energy ec μci consumed by the interface microcontroller does not reveal the instructions executed by the microcontroller 30 and hence does not reveal the confidential data processed during the execution of the said instructions . the elementary gates of the efficient microcontroller are inverters 40 as shown on fig7 . these inverters 40 consist of a p type transistor 401 connected in series with an n type transistor 402 . a voltage v μce is applied to the p type transistor and the n type transistor is connected to the ground gnd . a capacitor c 1 is associated with each inverter 40 . the capacitance of this capacitor c 1 is equivalent to the physical capacitances of the inverter interconnection lines and to the capacitances of the grids forming the p and n type transistors of the inverter possibly connected below the inverter shown on fig7 . from a functional point of view , the p and n type transistors are controlled by a common command signal v e corresponding to the input voltage of the inverter . when this signal carries a logical 0 ( v e = gnd ), the p type transistor is on and the n type transistor is off so that a logical 1 is obtained in output ( v s = v μce ) and the capacitor c 1 charges up . however , when this signal carries a logical 1 ( v s = v μce ), the p type transistor is off and the n type transistor is on so that a logical 0 is obtained in output ( v s = gnd ) and the capacitor c , discharges . fig8 shows the variations of the command signal v e , of the supply current i cc and of the output signal v s against time t , when the working frequency of the inverter is equal to f μce , which is generally the clock frequency imposed by the terminal via the contact stud clk , but which may be a special frequency , if the microcontroller can generate an internal clock signal . when the voltage v s is constant , the p and n type transistors are off and the inverter 40 is crossed by a leakage current not shown on fig8 whose average value is i f over a period 1 / f μce . the energy dissipated , or static energy e s , is then equal to : when the voltage v e varies so that the signal at the inverter input changes from logical 1 to logical 0 or vice versa , the current i cc varies as shown on fig8 . the inverter consumes a short circuit energy e cc , equal to : where i sc is the average value of the short circuit current over the period 1 / f μce . moreover , when the voltage v e varies so that the signal at the inverter input changes from logical 1 to logical 0 , the capacitor c 1 charges up until it reaches a voltage of v μce and the dynamic energy e d then consumed equals the sum of the energy stored in the capacitor c 1 as electrostatic energy and the energy dissipated in the limiting equivalent resistance of the charging current , in this case the p type transistor , i . e . : e d = 1 / 2 c 1 v 2 μce + 1 / 2 c 1 v 2 μce = c 1 v 2 μce . lastly , when the voltage v e varies so that the signal at the inverter input changes from logical 0 to logical 1 , the capacitor c 1 discharges across the n type transistor , dissipating the energy previously stored and equal to 1 / 2 c 1 v 2 μce . for an inverter produced using smc technology , e cc is less than 20 % of e d and e s is much less than e d . consequently , the energy e d consumed by the inverter i is mainly dynamic and we consider that e s is roughly equal to e d . consequently , the energy consumed by the efficient microcontroller on one clock transition is , when the said efficient microcontroller is supplied by a voltage v μce , roughly equal to : ec pcr = ∑ i = 1 1 - n α i c 1 v μ c π 2 where α = 1 when the inverter i consumes energy by in particular making a switching operation during this transition and α = 0 when the inverter i does not consume energy by in particular not making a switching operation during this transition and where n is the number of inverters in the efficient microcontroller . the energy consumed by the efficient microcontroller therefore varies according to the square of its supply voltage v μce . the energy ec m consumed by the means of the invention is equal to the energy ec gen consumed by the pulse generator gen plus the energy ec com consumed by the switch com and the energy ec cap consumed by the capacitor cap . thus : the energy ec gen consumed by the pulse generator gen is of the same type as the energy consumed by the interface microcontroller . it gives , in fact , no indication concerning the confidential data processed when executing the instructions . the energy ec com consumed by the switch com is in fact the energy dissipated by this switch when the capacitor cap charges up . thus : the energy ec cap consumed by the capacitor cap depends on the state , open or closed , of the switch com . the open or closed state of the switch com is controlled by the pulse generator gen . this generator can in fact send a command signal s to open or close the switch com . depending on the signal s received , this switch is closed or open . it is closed during time intervals t on . it is open during time intervals t off . during the time interval t off the capacitor discharges and the energy it consumes is equal to ec cap ( t off ) such that : where δv represents the voltage variation across the terminals of the capacitor during t off . during the time interval t on , the capacitor supplied by the current icc charges up , and its energy consumed ec cap ( t on ) is equal to : where δv represents the voltage variation across the terminals of the capacitor during t on . a defrauder only has access to the total microcontroller supply current and hence to the total energy consumed by the microcontroller . during the time interval t off , the energy consumed by the microcontroller is equal to the energy consumed by the interface microcontroller . the efficient microcontroller is in fact supplied by the capacitor cap which is discharging . thus , in t off : as we have seen earlier , ec μci does not reveal any information concerning the switching of the efficient microcontroller inverters and hence no information concerning the confidential data processed . consequently , with the invention , the defrauder cannot access the said data during the time intervals t off . however , during the time interval t on , the energy consumed by the microcontroller is equal to the energy consumed by the interface microcontroller , plus the energy consumed by the means according to the invention and plus the energy consumed by the efficient microcontroller . thus : given an instruction ins applied to the same operands ope and executed by the microcontroller according to the invention . in practice , this instruction ins is executed on several clock transitions . on each clock transition , part of the instruction ins is executed and some of the n inverters of the efficient microcontroller change state for this purpose . the energy consumed by the efficient microcontroller during such a transition is directly proportional to the square of the voltage v μce across the terminals of the said microcontroller . since the capacitor cap is connected in parallel with the efficient microcontroller , the voltage v μce across the terminals of the efficient microcontroller is the same as the voltage v cap across the terminals of the capacitor cap . the voltage across the terminals of the efficient microcontroller therefore varies constantly . consequently , the energy consumed to execute part of the instruction ins and , all the more so , for a complete instructions ins , is not always the same . in fast , with identical instructions applied to the same operands , the difference between the energies consumed by the efficient microcontroller is even greater since they are related to the square of the supply voltage v μce of this microcontroller . as a result of the above , the principle mentioned in the preamble of this description according to which ec μc ( t ; ins ; ope )= constant is no longer true in the invention and the defrauder is therefore unable to access the confidential information . fig1 a to 10 d show respectively the signal s , the supply current i cap of the capacitor cap , the supply voltage v μce of the efficient microcontroller and the supply current icc of the microcontroller against time t . as shown on fig1 a , the time intervals t off and t on vary from one period t s = t off + t on to another . the cyclic ratio t off /( t on + t off ) therefore varies with time and also randomly , which is an advantage , hence making it unpredictable for the defrauder . moreover , since the switch com is not closed at the exact moment when the voltage across the terminals of the capacitor reaches the threshold value v actual but on the first clock tick following this moment , and since the time interval between the said moment and this first clock tick is variable , the value of t s = 1 / f s varies randomly . in addition to the variations of t s described above , there are the variations of t s due to the way that the pulse generator is made , including two coupled oscillators with schmitt type inverter . also , as shown on fig1 b , the supply current i cap of the capacitor cap is positive during the time intervals t on during which the capacitor charges up . however , i cap decreases during these intervals until i cap ( t )= 0 . consequently , the capacitor has its maximum charge when the switch opens . furthermore , the current i cap is negative during the time intervals t off during which the capacitor discharges to supply the efficient microcontroller . as shown on fig1 c , the supply voltage v μce of the efficient microcontroller increases during the time intervals t on and decreases during the time intervals t off . δv represents the depth of the voltage modulation across the capacitor terminals . lastly , as shown on fig1 d , the supply current icc of the microcontroller is equal to i μci during t off then increases during t on , where it is equal to i μci + i cap + i μce . fig1 shows the variations of current i cc against t , for a microcontroller in the state of the art technology ( signature a ), and also for the same microcontroller according to the invention ( signature b ) for the execution of identical instructions applied to the same operands . although these instructions are executed in the same way in time , the curves are totally different . the current peaks seen on the first curve do not appear on the second curve . the time intervals t off and t on are clearly seen on the second curve . it is therefore extremely difficult to determine any details concerning the confidential data from the second curve . obviously , the description of the mode of realisation of the invention described above does not limit the invention which must be understood in the broad sense . other more complicated modes of realisation could provide extremely interesting results . this refers for example to the mode of realisation described in fig1 showing a microcontroller equipped with two capacitors cap 1 and cap 2 , three switches com 1 , com 2 and com 3 and three command signals s 1 , s 2 and s 3 to open and close the three switches com 1 , com 2 and com 3 , respectively . in this mode of realisation , the capacitor cap 1 is discharged at a reference voltage , for example gnd , through the switch com 3 while switches com 1 and com 2 are open , before being recharged through switch com 1 while switches com 2 and com 3 are open . the capacitor cap 1 , once charged through switch com 1 , discharges into capacitor cap 2 in parallel with the efficient microcontroller μce through switch com 2 while switches com 1 and com 2 are open . fig1 showed the variations of the signals s 1 , s 2 and s 3 against time . the mode of realisation provides a means of keeping the energy consumption constant irrespective of the activity of the μce . confidential information can no longer be obtained by analysing the current icc . this mode of realisation increases the energy consumption of the efficient microcontroller . | 6 |
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